The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.
The action characteristic of a diuretic hormone, any peptide hormone that, upon receptor binding, regulates water balance and fluid secretion.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, one of the vitamin B6 compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of queuosines, any of a series of nucleosides found in tRNA and having an additional pentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methylguanosine. The pentenyl ring may carry other substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanine, guanine riboside, a nucleoside with a wide species distribution.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 7-methylguanosine, a modified nucleoside that forms a cap at the 5'-terminus of eukaryotic mRNA.
A heterotetrameric DNA polymerase complex that catalyzes processive DNA synthesis in the absence of PCNA, but is further stimulated in the presence of PCNA. The complex contains a large catalytic subunit and three small subunits, and is best characterized in Saccharomyces, in which the subunits are named Pol2p, Dpb2p, Dpb3p, and Dpb4p. Some evidence suggests that DNA polymerase epsilon is the leading strand polymerase; it is also involved in nucleotide-excision repair and mismatch repair.
An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2H in mammals, Isw2 in S. cerevisiae), an ACF1 homolog, and additional small histone fold subunits (generally two of these, but Xenopus has only one and some additional non-conserved subunits). CHRAC plays roles in the regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription and in DNA replication and repair.
An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2H in mammals, Isw2 in S. cerevisiae), an ACF1 homolog, and additional small histone fold subunits (generally two of these, but Xenopus has only one and some additional non-conserved subunits). CHRAC plays roles in the regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription and in DNA replication and repair.
An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2H in mammals, Isw2 in S. cerevisiae), an ACF1 homolog, and additional small histone fold subunits (generally two of these, but Xenopus has only one and some additional non-conserved subunits). CHRAC plays roles in the regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription and in DNA replication and repair.
A series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
A series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
A series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
A series of molecular signals induced by granzymes which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a granzyme signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. Granzymes are serine proteases that are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to induce apoptosis in target cells.
A series of molecular signals induced by granzymes which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a granzyme signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. Granzymes are serine proteases that are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to induce apoptosis in target cells.
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to changes in intracellular ion homeostasis, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone, and which triggers the apoptotic signaling pathway in a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a hormone signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone, and which triggers the apoptotic signaling pathway in a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a hormone signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process and is mediated by cytochrome c.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process and is mediated by cytochrome c.
The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis.
Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
The process in which hexose is transported across a membrane. Hexoses are any aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva.
Any process that increases the diameter of blood vessels.
Any process that increases the diameter of blood vessels.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a nucleoside residue in an rRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing 2'-O-methyluridine.
Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.
Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an identical protein or proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
Any process that generates a pyrimidine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a pyrimidine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.
Increases the rate of proteolysis catalyzed by a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of ATP-hydrolyzing DNA topoisomerase. ATP-hydrolyzing DNA topoisomerase catalyzes the DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; product release is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis; changes the linking number in multiples of 2.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with penicillin, any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = tetradecenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = tetradecenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + H(2)O = 2-oxobutanate + NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + H(2)O = 2-oxobutanate + NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + H(2)O = 2-oxobutanate + NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + H(2)O = 2-oxobutanate + NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + H(2)O = 2-oxobutanate + NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(+) + pyruvate = 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(+) + pyruvate = 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(+) + pyruvate = 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(+) + pyruvate = 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(+) + pyruvate = 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose 1-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose 1-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose 1-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose 1-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose 1-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose 1-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 2'-hydroxyl group at the end of one DNA chain and the 5'-phosphate group at the end of another.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + succinyl-CoA = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + succinyl-CoA = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + succinyl-CoA = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + succinyl-CoA = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + succinyl-CoA = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + succinyl-CoA = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + succinyl-CoA = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H(2)O + succinyl-CoA = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (2S,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate + NAD(+) = 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: (2S,3S)-2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate + NAD(+) = 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + ATP = 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl 5'-adenylate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + ATP = 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl 5'-adenylate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-2,3-didehydroacyl-CoA + NADP+ = trans,trans-2,3,4,5-tetradehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-2,3-didehydroacyl-CoA + NADP+ = trans,trans-2,3,4,5-tetradehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-2,3-didehydroacyl-CoA + NADP+ = trans,trans-2,3,4,5-tetradehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-2,3-didehydroacyl-CoA + NADP+ = trans,trans-2,3,4,5-tetradehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: trans-2,3-didehydroacyl-CoA + NADP+ = trans,trans-2,3,4,5-tetradehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ATP = 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ATP = 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ATP = 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ATP = 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ATP = 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate = pyruvate + tartronate semialdehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate = pyruvate + tartronate semialdehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate = pyruvate + tartronate semialdehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate = pyruvate + tartronate semialdehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + ATP = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + ATP = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + ATP = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + ATP = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + ATP = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + ATP = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + ATP = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + ATP = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate 6-phosphate = pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose 5-phosphate + H(2)O + phosphoenolpyruvate = 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantoate + NADP(+) = 2-dehydropantoate + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantoate + NADP(+) = 2-dehydropantoate + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantoate + NADP(+) = 2-dehydropantoate + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantoate + NADP(+) = 2-dehydropantoate + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantoate + NADP(+) = 2-dehydropantoate + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantoate + NADP(+) = 2-dehydropantoate + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantoate + NADP(+) = 2-dehydropantoate + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-deoxy-D-gluconate + NAD+ = 3-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-deoxy-D-gluconate + NAD+ = 3-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-deoxy-D-gluconate + NAD+ = 3-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-glycerate + NADP+ = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-glycerate + NADP+ = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxyphenol + O2 + 4 H+ = 2-octaprenyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinol + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octoprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + O2 = 2-octoprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octoprenyl-3-methyl-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone + O2 = 2-octoprenyl-3-methyl-5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + H(+) = CO(2) + succinate semialdehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + H(+) = CO(2) + succinate semialdehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + H(+) = CO(2) + succinate semialdehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + H(+) = CO(2) + succinate semialdehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + H(+) = CO(2) + succinate semialdehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = 2-oxopent-4-enoate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = 2-oxopent-4-enoate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = 2-oxopent-4-enoate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = 2-oxopent-4-enoate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = 2-oxopent-4-enoate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = 2-oxopent-4-enoate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate = 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclic diphosphate + CMP.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate = 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclic diphosphate + CMP.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate = 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclic diphosphate + CMP.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-CDP-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate = 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclic diphosphate + CMP.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate = (2S)-2-hydroxy-3-oxobutyl phosphate + formate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + O(2) = 5-formyl-2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-dienedioate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + O(2) = 5-formyl-2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-dienedioate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + O(2) = 5-formyl-2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-dienedioate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + O(2) = 5-formyl-2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-dienedioate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionate + NADH + oxygen + H+ = 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propionate + NAD+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinone-9 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinone-9.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinone-9 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinone-9.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinone-9 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinone-9.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinone-9 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinone-9.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = diphosphate + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = diphosphate + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = diphosphate + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = diphosphate + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = diphosphate + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = diphosphate + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = diphosphate + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = diphosphate + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = diphosphate + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = diphosphate + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = diphosphate + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA + NADP+ = 3-acetoacetyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA + NADP+ = 3-acetoacetyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA + NADP+ = 3-acetoacetyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA + NADP+ = 3-acetoacetyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA + NADP+ = 3-acetoacetyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA + NADP+ = 3-acetoacetyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA + NADP+ = 3-acetoacetyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA = (R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA = (R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA = (R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = 2,3-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] or 3,4-decenoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxy benzoate = 2-octaprenylphenol + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxy benzoate = 2-octaprenylphenol + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxy benzoate = 2-octaprenylphenol + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxy benzoate = 2-octaprenylphenol + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxy benzoate = 2-octaprenylphenol + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxy benzoate = 2-octaprenylphenol + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxy benzoate = 2-octaprenylphenol + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxy benzoate = 2-octaprenylphenol + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phenylpropionate + NADH + H+ + O2 = NAD+ + cis-3-(3-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phenylpropionate + NADH + H+ + O2 = NAD+ + cis-3-(3-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phenylpropionate + NADH + H+ + O2 = NAD+ + cis-3-(3-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phenylpropionate + NADH + H+ + O2 = NAD+ + cis-3-(3-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronate = 3-deoxy-D-glycero-2,5-hexodiulosonate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronate = 3-deoxy-D-glycero-2,5-hexodiulosonate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronate = 3-deoxy-D-glycero-2,5-hexodiulosonate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + glyoxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = acetaldehyde + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = acetaldehyde + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = acetaldehyde + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = acetaldehyde + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = acetaldehyde + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = acetaldehyde + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate = acetaldehyde + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil + NADP(+) = 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil + NADP(+) = 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil + NADP(+) = 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate = 5-carboxy-2-oxohept-3-enedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate = 5-carboxy-2-oxohept-3-enedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate = 5-carboxy-2-oxohept-3-enedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate = 5-carboxy-2-oxohept-3-enedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate = 5-carboxy-2-oxohept-3-enedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate = 5-carboxy-2-oxohept-3-enedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate = 5-carboxy-2-oxohept-3-enedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate = 5-carboxy-2-oxohept-3-enedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate = 5-carboxy-2-oxohept-3-enedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-homocysteine = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-beta-D-glucoside-(1,4)-D-glucose + H2O = D-glucose 6-phosphate + glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-beta-D-glucoside-(1,4)-D-glucose + H2O = D-glucose 6-phosphate + glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-beta-D-glucoside-(1,4)-D-glucose + H2O = D-glucose 6-phosphate + glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-beta-D-glucoside-(1,4)-D-glucose + H2O = D-glucose 6-phosphate + glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + H2O = 1-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5-pentakisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + H2O = 1-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5-pentakisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + H2O = 1-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5-pentakisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + H2O = 1-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5-pentakisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + H2O = 1-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5-pentakisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: cholate + NAD(+) = 3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5beta-cholanate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: cholate + NAD(+) = 3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5beta-cholanate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: cholate + NAD(+) = 3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5beta-cholanate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: cholate + NAD(+) = 3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5beta-cholanate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: cholate + NAD(+) = 3alpha,12alpha-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5beta-cholanate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H(+) + pimelyl-CoA = 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + CO(2) + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H(+) + pimelyl-CoA = 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + CO(2) + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H(+) + pimelyl-CoA = 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + CO(2) + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H(+) + pimelyl-CoA = 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + CO(2) + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H(+) + pimelyl-CoA = 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + CO(2) + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H(+) + pimelyl-CoA = 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + CO(2) + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H(+) + pimelyl-CoA = 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + CO(2) + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H(+) + pimelyl-CoA = 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + CO(2) + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-alpha,beta-D-heptose-7-phosphate + ATP = D-beta-D-heptose-1,7-bisphosphate + ADP.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-beta-D-heptose-1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-D-glycero-D-manno-heptose.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-beta-D-heptose-1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-D-glycero-D-manno-heptose.
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-D-glycero-D-manno-heptose = ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose.
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-D-glycero-D-manno-heptose = ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose.
Catalysis of the reaction: heptosyl-KDO2-lipid A + ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose = heptosyl2-KDO2-lipid A + ADP + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + H(2)O = D-ribose 5-phosphate + adenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + H(2)O = D-ribose 5-phosphate + adenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + H(2)O = D-ribose 5-phosphate + adenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + H(2)O = a phosphatidate + CMP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + H(2)O = a phosphatidate + CMP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + H(2)O = a phosphatidate + CMP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + H(2)O = a phosphatidate + CMP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 D-alanine + ATP = D-alanyl-D-alanine + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 D-alanine + ATP = D-alanyl-D-alanine + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 D-alanine + ATP = D-alanyl-D-alanine + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 D-alanine + ATP = D-alanyl-D-alanine + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 D-alanine + ATP = D-alanyl-D-alanine + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 D-alanine + ATP = D-alanyl-D-alanine + ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a D-amino acid + H2O + acceptor = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: a D-amino acid + H2O + acceptor = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: dihydroneopterin triphosphate = dihydromonapterin-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-lactate + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-lactate + NAD(+) = H(+) + NADH + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-serine = pyruvate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-serine = pyruvate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-serine = pyruvate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-serine = pyruvate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-serine = pyruvate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-serine = pyruvate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-serine = pyruvate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-serine = pyruvate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-serine = pyruvate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 3-methyladenine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 3-methyladenine. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 3-methyladenine and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the 3-methyladenine, leaving an abasic site.
Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 3-methyladenine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 3-methyladenine. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 3-methyladenine and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the 3-methyladenine, leaving an abasic site.
Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 3-methyladenine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 3-methyladenine. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 3-methyladenine and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the 3-methyladenine, leaving an abasic site.
Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 3-methyladenine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 3-methyladenine. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 3-methyladenine and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the 3-methyladenine, leaving an abasic site.
Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 3-methyladenine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 3-methyladenine. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 3-methyladenine and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the 3-methyladenine, leaving an abasic site.
Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 3-methyladenine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 3-methyladenine. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 3-methyladenine and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the 3-methyladenine, leaving an abasic site.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alkanesulfonate + O2 + FMNH2 = an aldehyde + sulfite + H2O + FMN.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alkanesulfonate + O2 + FMNH2 = an aldehyde + sulfite + H2O + FMN.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alkanesulfonate + O2 + FMNH2 = an aldehyde + sulfite + H2O + FMN.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alkanesulfonate + O2 + FMNH2 = an aldehyde + sulfite + H2O + FMN.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alkanesulfonate + O2 + FMNH2 = an aldehyde + sulfite + H2O + FMN.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alkanesulfonate + O2 + FMNH2 = an aldehyde + sulfite + H2O + FMN.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alkanesulfonate + O2 + FMNH2 = an aldehyde + sulfite + H2O + FMN.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-alpha-D-mannose + H2O = GDP + D-mannose + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tartrate = H(2)O + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tartrate = H(2)O + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tartrate = H(2)O + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tartrate = H(2)O + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tartrate = H(2)O + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tartrate = H(2)O + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-allo-threonine = glycine + acetaldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-allo-threonine = glycine + acetaldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinose = L-ribulose.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinose = L-ribulose.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + O2 = iminosuccinate + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-carnitine = crotono-betaine + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-carnitine = crotono-betaine + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-carnitine = crotono-betaine + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-fucose = L-fuculose.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-fucose = L-fuculose.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-fuculose + ATP = L-fuculose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-fuculose + ATP = L-fuculose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-fuculose + ATP = L-fuculose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-fuculose 1-phosphate = (S)-lactaldehyde + glycerone phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-fuculose 1-phosphate = (S)-lactaldehyde + glycerone phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-fuculose 1-phosphate = (S)-lactaldehyde + glycerone phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-fuculose 1-phosphate = (S)-lactaldehyde + glycerone phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-rhamnose = L-rhamnulose.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-rhamnose = L-rhamnulose.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-rhamnose = L-rhamnulose.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L(or D)-ribulose = ADP + L(or D)-ribulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L(or D)-ribulose = ADP + L(or D)-ribulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L(or D)-ribulose = ADP + L(or D)-ribulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-ribulose 5-phosphate = D-xylulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine + NAD(+) = aminoacetone + CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine + NAD(+) = aminoacetone + CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine + NAD(+) = aminoacetone + CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine + NAD(+) = aminoacetone + CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-xylulose = ADP + L-xylulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-xylulose = ADP + L-xylulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-xylulose = ADP + L-xylulose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain bacterial cell-wall glycopeptides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain bacterial cell-wall glycopeptides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain bacterial cell-wall glycopeptides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain bacterial cell-wall glycopeptides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain bacterial cell-wall glycopeptides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain bacterial cell-wall glycopeptides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain bacterial cell-wall glycopeptides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain bacterial cell-wall glycopeptides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain bacterial cell-wall glycopeptides.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate = N-acetyl-D-mannosamine + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-ethylmaleimide + NADPH + 2 H+ = N-ethylsuccinimide + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+. The reaction is A-specific (i.e. the pro-R hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NAD+ and B-specific (i.e. the pro-S hydrogen is transferred) with respect to NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+. The reaction is A-specific (i.e. the pro-R hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NAD+ and B-specific (i.e. the pro-S hydrogen is transferred) with respect to NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+. The reaction is A-specific (i.e. the pro-R hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NAD+ and B-specific (i.e. the pro-S hydrogen is transferred) with respect to NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+. The reaction is A-specific (i.e. the pro-R hydrogen is transferred from the 4-position of reduced nicotinamide cofactor) with respect to NAD+ and B-specific (i.e. the pro-S hydrogen is transferred) with respect to NADP+.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD(P)+ = FMN + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + a quinone = NADP+ + a quinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + a quinone = NADP+ + a quinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + a quinone = NADP+ + a quinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: Lipid A-core + colanic acid = MLPS.
Catalysis of the polymerization of o-antigen chains. O-antigens are tetra- and pentasaccharide repeat units of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria and are a component of lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-succinylbenzoate + ATP + CoA = 2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-succinylbenzoate + ATP + CoA = 2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-succinylbenzoate + ATP + CoA = 2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-succinylbenzoate + ATP + CoA = 2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-succinylbenzoate + ATP + CoA = 2-succinylbenzoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a substrate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a substrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + UDP-2,3-bis(3-hydroxymyristoyl)glucosamine = 2,3-bis(3-hydroxymyristoyl)-beta-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate + UMP.
Catalysis of the removal of an acetyl group from the 2-N position of glucosamine in the lipid A precursor UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = phosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramate + NADP+ = UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramate + NADP+ = UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramate + NADP+ = UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramate + NADP+ = UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramate + NADP+ = UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramate + NADP+ = UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramate + NADP+ = UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramate + NADP+ = UDP-N-acetyl-3-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-D-glucosamine + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glutamate + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glutamate + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glutamate + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glutamate + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glutamate + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glutamate + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glutamate + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: meso-2,6-diaminopimelate + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: meso-2,6-diaminopimelate + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: meso-2,6-diaminopimelate + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: meso-2,6-diaminopimelate + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: meso-2,6-diaminopimelate + ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate = ADP + 2 H(+) + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-gamma-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate + D-alanyl-D-alanine = ADP + phosphate + UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-6-carboxy-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-galactopyranose = UDP-D-galacto-1,4-furanose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-galactopyranose = UDP-D-galacto-1,4-furanose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-sugar + H2O = UMP + sugar 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-sugar + H2O = UMP + sugar 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-sugar + H2O = UMP + sugar 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-sugar + H2O = UMP + sugar 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-sugar + H2O = UMP + sugar 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: [acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = 4'-phosphopantetheine + apoprotein.
Catalysis of the reaction: [acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = 4'-phosphopantetheine + apoprotein.
Catalysis of the reaction: [acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = 4'-phosphopantetheine + apoprotein.
Catalysis of the reaction: [acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = 4'-phosphopantetheine + apoprotein.
Catalysis of the reaction: [acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = 4'-phosphopantetheine + apoprotein.
Catalysis of the reaction: [acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = 4'-phosphopantetheine + apoprotein.
Catalysis of the reaction: [acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = 4'-phosphopantetheine + apoprotein.
Catalysis of the reaction: [acyl-carrier protein] + H2O = 4'-phosphopantetheine + apoprotein.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (thiol form) = AMP + diphosphate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (acetyl form).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (thiol form) = AMP + diphosphate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (acetyl form).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (thiol form) = AMP + diphosphate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (acetyl form).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (thiol form) = AMP + diphosphate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (acetyl form).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (thiol form) = AMP + diphosphate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (acetyl form).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (thiol form) = AMP + diphosphate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (acetyl form).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) = ADP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) = ADP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) = ADP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) = ADP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) = ADP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) = ADP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) = ADP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) = ADP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) = ADP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) = ADP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) = ADP + (isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP)) phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + (protein-PII) = diphosphate + uridylyl-(protein-PII).
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + (protein-PII) = diphosphate + uridylyl-(protein-PII).
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + (protein-PII) = diphosphate + uridylyl-(protein-PII).
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + (protein-PII) = diphosphate + uridylyl-(protein-PII).
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + (protein-PII) = diphosphate + uridylyl-(protein-PII).
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + (protein-PII) = diphosphate + uridylyl-(protein-PII).
Catalysis of the reaction: acetaldehyde + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetaldehyde + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetaldehyde + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetaldehyde + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetaldehyde + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetate = a fatty acid anion + acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetate = a fatty acid anion + acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetate = a fatty acid anion + acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetate = a fatty acid anion + acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetate = a fatty acid anion + acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + acetate = a fatty acid anion + acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate = ADP + acetyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate = ADP + acetyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate = ADP + acetyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate = ADP + acetyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate = ADP + acetyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate = ADP + acetyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N2-acetyl-L-ornithine + H2O = acetate + L-ornithine.
Catalysis of the reaction: N2-acetyl-L-ornithine + H2O = acetate + L-ornithine.
Catalysis of the reaction: N2-acetyl-L-ornithine + H2O = acetate + L-ornithine.
Catalysis of the reaction: N2-acetyl-L-ornithine + H2O = acetate + L-ornithine.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + O-(2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)ethanolamine = [acyl-carrier protein] + O-(1-beta-acyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)ethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + O-(2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)ethanolamine = [acyl-carrier protein] + O-(1-beta-acyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)ethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + O-(2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)ethanolamine = [acyl-carrier protein] + O-(1-beta-acyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)ethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + O-(2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)ethanolamine = [acyl-carrier protein] + O-(1-beta-acyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)ethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-N-acetylglucosamine = [acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-N-acetylglucosamine = [acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-N-acetylglucosamine = [acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-N-acetylglucosamine = [acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-N-acetylglucosamine = [acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-hydroxytetradecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-N-acetylglucosamine = [acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-3-O-(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + N-acylneuraminate = diphosphate + CMP-N-acylneuraminate.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenine + S-D-ribosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenine + S-D-ribosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenine + S-D-ribosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenine + S-D-ribosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenine + S-D-ribosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenine + S-D-ribosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: agmatine + H(2)O = putrescine + urea.
Catalysis of the reaction: agmatine + H(2)O = putrescine + urea.
Catalysis of the reaction: agmatine + H(2)O = putrescine + urea.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine = D-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: octane hydroperoxide + NADH + H+ = H2O + NAD+ + 1-octanol.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-allose-6-phosphate = D-allulose-6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-allose = ADP + D-allose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-allose = ADP + D-allose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-allose = ADP + D-allose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-allose = ADP + D-allose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-allose = ADP + D-allose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha,alpha-trehalose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + D-glucose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-altronate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-altronate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose = D-ribulose.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose = D-ribulose.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose = D-ribulose.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose = D-ribulose.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + L-arginine = CoA + N2-succinyl-L-arginine.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + L-arginine = CoA + N2-succinyl-L-arginine.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + L-arginine = CoA + N2-succinyl-L-arginine.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + L-arginine = CoA + N2-succinyl-L-arginine.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + L-arginine = CoA + N2-succinyl-L-arginine.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + L-arginine = CoA + N2-succinyl-L-arginine.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + L-arginine = CoA + N2-succinyl-L-arginine.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + L-arginine = CoA + N2-succinyl-L-arginine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H(+) = agmatine + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H(+) = agmatine + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H(+) = agmatine + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic amino acid + 2-oxoglutarate = an aromatic oxo acid + L-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic amino acid + 2-oxoglutarate = an aromatic oxo acid + L-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic amino acid + 2-oxoglutarate = an aromatic oxo acid + L-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic amino acid + 2-oxoglutarate = an aromatic oxo acid + L-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic amino acid + 2-oxoglutarate = an aromatic oxo acid + L-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: arsenate + reduced glutaredoxin = arsenite + oxidized glutaredoxin. Glutaredoxin functions as the electron donor for arsenate reduction. The electron flow therefore is ( NADPH -> glutathione reductase (EC:1.6.4.2) -> ) glutathione -> glutaredoxin -> arsenate reductase, i.e. glutathione is reduced by glutathione reductase and glutaredoxin is reduced by glutathione.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-nucleosyl)tetraphosphate into two nucleotides.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate = fumarate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate = fumarate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate = fumarate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate = fumarate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate = fumarate + NH3.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a beta-linked aspartic residue from the N-terminus of a polypeptide.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a beta-linked aspartic residue from the N-terminus of a polypeptide.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucose 1-phosphate = beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: betaine aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = betaine + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H(2)O = 2 ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NH3 + CO2 = ADP + carbamoyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NH3 + CO2 = ADP + carbamoyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NH3 + CO2 = ADP + carbamoyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NH3 + CO2 = ADP + carbamoyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + ferrocytochrome b-561 = CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b-561.
Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + ferrocytochrome b-561 = CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b-561.
Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + ferrocytochrome b-561 = CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b-561.
Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + ferrocytochrome b-561 = CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b-561.
Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + ferrocytochrome b-561 = CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b-561.
Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + ferrocytochrome b-561 = CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b-561.
Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + ferrocytochrome b-561 = CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b-561.
Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + ferrocytochrome b-561 = CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b-561.
Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + ferrocytochrome b-561 = CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b-561.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olide + H2O = 4 oxohex-2-enedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olide + H2O = 4 oxohex-2-enedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olide + H2O = 4 oxohex-2-enedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olide + H2O = 4 oxohex-2-enedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olide + H2O = 4 oxohex-2-enedioate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-carboxyvinyl carboxyphosphonate = 3-(hydrohydroxyphosphoryl)pyruvate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-carboxyvinyl carboxyphosphonate = 3-(hydrohydroxyphosphoryl)pyruvate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-carboxyvinyl carboxyphosphonate = 3-(hydrohydroxyphosphoryl)pyruvate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + phosphatidylglycerol = diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) + glycerol.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + phosphatidylglycerol = diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) + glycerol.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + phosphatidylglycerol = diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) + glycerol.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + phosphatidylglycerol = diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) + glycerol.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + phosphatidylglycerol = diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) + glycerol.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-carnitine = L-carnitine.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin and cereal beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the reaction: chloramphenicol + acetyl-CoA = chloramphenicol 3-acetate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: chloramphenicol + acetyl-CoA = chloramphenicol 3-acetate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: chloramphenicol + acetyl-CoA = chloramphenicol 3-acetate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: chloramphenicol + acetyl-CoA = chloramphenicol 3-acetate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: chloramphenicol + acetyl-CoA = chloramphenicol 3-acetate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: chloramphenicol + acetyl-CoA = chloramphenicol 3-acetate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: chloramphenicol + acetyl-CoA = chloramphenicol 3-acetate + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: A + choline = AH(2) + betaine aldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: A + choline = AH(2) + betaine aldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: A + choline = AH(2) + betaine aldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: A + choline = AH(2) + betaine aldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: A + choline = AH(2) + betaine aldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate = 4-hydroxybenzoate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate = 4-hydroxybenzoate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate = 4-hydroxybenzoate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate = 4-hydroxybenzoate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate = 4-hydroxybenzoate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate = 4-hydroxybenzoate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + citrate = acetate + (3S)-citryl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = acetate + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = acetate + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = acetate + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = acetate + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = acetate + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = acetate + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = acetate + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = acetate + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = acetate + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3S)-citryl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3S)-citryl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + cob(I)alamin + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + adenosylcobalamin.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + cob(I)alamin + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + adenosylcobalamin.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + cob(I)alamin + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + adenosylcobalamin.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + cob(I)alamin + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + adenosylcobalamin.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + cob(I)alamin + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + adenosylcobalamin.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + cob(I)alamin + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + adenosylcobalamin.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + cob(I)alamin + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + adenosylcobalamin.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + cob(I)alamin + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + adenosylcobalamin.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + cob(I)alamin + H2O = phosphate + diphosphate + adenosylcobalamin.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide-GDP + alpha-ribazole-5'-phosphate = adenosylcobalamin-5'-phosphate + GMP.
Catalysis of the reaction: cobinamide + ATP = cobinamide phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group of the 1-amino-2-propanol residue of cobinamide, in the presence of ATP, to form cobinamide phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide phosphate + GTP + 2 H(+) = adenosylcobinamide-GDP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide phosphate + GTP + 2 H(+) = adenosylcobinamide-GDP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide phosphate + GTP + 2 H(+) = adenosylcobinamide-GDP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide phosphate + GTP + 2 H(+) = adenosylcobinamide-GDP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide phosphate + GTP + 2 H(+) = adenosylcobinamide-GDP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide phosphate + GTP + 2 H(+) = adenosylcobinamide-GDP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide phosphate + GTP + 2 H(+) = adenosylcobinamide-GDP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-carnitine + CoA + ATP = AMP + diphosphate + D-carnitinyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-carnitine + CoA + ATP = AMP + diphosphate + D-carnitinyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + crotono-betaine + ATP = AMP + diphosphate + crotonobetainyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + crotono-betaine + ATP = AMP + diphosphate + crotonobetainyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: Cu+ + NAD+ + H+ = Cu2+ + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyanate + H2O = carbamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyanate + H2O = carbamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyanate + H2O = carbamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyanate + H2O = carbamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyanate + H2O = carbamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyanate + H2O = carbamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phospholipid olefinic fatty acid = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phospholipid cyclopropane fatty acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-sulfinoalanine = L-alanine + sulfite.
Catalysis of the reaction: ubiquinol + O2 = ubiquinone + 2 H2O; cytochrome O is the electron acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: deoxy-ATP + H2O = dAMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: dCTP + H2O = dUTP + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: dCTP + H2O = dUTP + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: dCTP + H2O = dUTP + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucose = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose.
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucose = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose.
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucose = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose.
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucose = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose.
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucose = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose.
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-6-deoxy-L-mannose + NADP(+) = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-6-deoxy-L-mannose + NADP(+) = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-6-deoxy-L-mannose + NADP(+) = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-6-deoxy-L-mannose + NADP(+) = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-6-deoxy-L-mannose + NADP(+) = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-6-deoxy-L-mannose + NADP(+) = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-6-deoxy-L-mannose + NADP(+) = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-L-mannose + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: dGTP + H(2)O = 2'-deoxyguanosine + 2 H(+) + triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: dGTP + H(2)O = 2'-deoxyguanosine + 2 H(+) + triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: dGTP + H(2)O = 2'-deoxyguanosine + 2 H(+) + triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: dGTP + H(2)O = 2'-deoxyguanosine + 2 H(+) + triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: dGTP + H(2)O = 2'-deoxyguanosine + 2 H(+) + triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: dGTP + H(2)O = 2'-deoxyguanosine + 2 H(+) + triphosphate.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end-products.
Catalysis of the reaction: di-trans-poly-cis-decaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + di-trans-poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: di-trans-poly-cis-decaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + di-trans-poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: di-trans-poly-cis-decaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + di-trans-poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: di-trans-poly-cis-decaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + di-trans-poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: di-trans-poly-cis-decaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + di-trans-poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: di-trans-poly-cis-decaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + di-trans-poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: di-trans-poly-cis-decaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + di-trans-poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: di-trans-poly-cis-decaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + di-trans-poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: di-trans-poly-cis-decaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + di-trans-poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)-pyrimidine + H(2)O + H(+) = 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)-pyrimidine + H(2)O + H(+) = 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)-pyrimidine + H(2)O + H(+) = 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)-pyrimidine + H(2)O + H(+) = 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: meso-2,6-diaminopimelate + H(+) = L-lysine + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: meso-2,6-diaminopimelate + H(+) = L-lysine + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: meso-2,6-diaminopimelate + H(+) = L-lysine + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: meso-2,6-diaminopimelate + H(+) = L-lysine + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: meso-2,6-diaminopimelate + H(+) = L-lysine + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: meso-2,6-diaminopimelate + H(+) = L-lysine + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = meso-2,6-diaminopimelate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diaminopropionate + H2O = pyruvate + 2 NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diaminopropionate + H2O = pyruvate + 2 NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diaminopropionate + H2O = pyruvate + 2 NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diaminopropionate + H2O = pyruvate + 2 NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate + NAD(P)+ + H2O = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate + NAD(P)+ + H2O = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate + NAD(P)+ + H2O = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydropterate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + dihydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydropterate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + dihydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydropterate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + dihydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydropterate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + dihydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydropterate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + dihydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydropterate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + dihydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydropterate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + dihydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydropterate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + dihydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydropterate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + dihydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydropterate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + dihydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydropterate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + dihydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dihydropterate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + dihydrofolate.
Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + a purine nucleoside = monophosphate + a purine mononucleotide.
Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + a purine nucleoside = monophosphate + a purine mononucleotide.
Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + a purine nucleoside = monophosphate + a purine mononucleotide.
Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + a purine nucleoside = monophosphate + a purine mononucleotide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal (1->4)-beta linkages of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) polymers of chitin and chitodextrins. Typically, endochitinases cleave randomly within the chitin chain.
Catalysis of the removal of damaged bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the removal of damaged bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the removal of damaged bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 3'-phosphomononucleotides and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 3'-phosphomononucleotides and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
Catalysis of the reaction: enterobactin + 3 H2O = 3 N-23-dihydroxybenzoyl-L-serine + 3 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ethanolamine = acetaldehyde + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: ethanolamine = acetaldehyde + NH3.
Catalysis of the degradation of single-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the degradation of single-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the degradation of single-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the degradation of single-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the degradation of double-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the degradation of double-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the degradation of double-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the degradation of double-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the degradation of double-stranded DNA. It acts progressively in a 3' to 5' direction, releasing 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage (in the presence of ATP) in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage (in the presence of ATP) in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage (in the presence of ATP) in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage (in the presence of ATP) in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage (in the presence of ATP) in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage (in the presence of ATP) in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage (in the presence of ATP) in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage (in the presence of ATP) in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphomononucleotides.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of supercoiled plasma DNA to linear DNA duplexes.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of supercoiled plasma DNA to linear DNA duplexes.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of supercoiled plasma DNA to linear DNA duplexes.
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA + H2O = 5'-phosphomononucleotides. Cleaves RNA in the 3' to 5' direction.
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA + H2O = 5'-phosphomononucleotides. Cleaves RNA in the 3' to 5' direction.
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA + H2O = 5'-phosphomononucleotides. Cleaves RNA in the 3' to 5' direction.
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA + H2O = 5'-phosphomononucleotides. Cleaves RNA in the 3' to 5' direction.
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA + H2O = 5'-phosphomononucleotides. Cleaves RNA in the 3' to 5' direction.
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA + H2O = 5'-phosphomononucleotides. Cleaves RNA in the 3' to 5' direction.
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA + H2O = 5'-phosphomononucleotides. Cleaves RNA in the 3' to 5' direction.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + formate = CoA + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + formate = CoA + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + formate = CoA + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + formate = CoA + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + formate = CoA + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + formate = CoA + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + H(2)O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + formate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + H(2)O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + formate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + H(2)O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + formate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose = ADP + D-fructose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose = ADP + D-fructose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose = ADP + D-fructose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose = ADP + D-fructose 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate + NAD(+) = D-fructuronate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate + NAD(+) = D-fructuronate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate + NAD(+) = D-fructuronate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate + NAD(+) = D-fructuronate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate + NAD(+) = D-fructuronate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate + NAD(+) = D-fructuronate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: galactarate = 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: galactarate = 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: galactitol-1-phosphate + NAD+ = D-tagatose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-galactonate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + a beta-D-galactoside = CoA + a 6-acetyl-beta-D-galactoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + a beta-D-galactoside = CoA + a 6-acetyl-beta-D-galactoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + a beta-D-galactoside = CoA + a 6-acetyl-beta-D-galactoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + a beta-D-galactoside = CoA + a 6-acetyl-beta-D-galactoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + aminoglycoside = diphosphate + 2''-nucleotidylaminoglycoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + aminoglycoside = diphosphate + 2''-nucleotidylaminoglycoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + aminoglycoside = diphosphate + 2''-nucleotidylaminoglycoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + aminoglycoside = diphosphate + 2''-nucleotidylaminoglycoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + aminoglycoside = diphosphate + 2''-nucleotidylaminoglycoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucarate = 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucarate = 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucarate = 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + NADP+ = 2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + NADP+ = 2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + NADP+ = 2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + NADP+ = 5-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + NADP+ = 5-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + NADP+ = 5-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + NADP+ = 5-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + NADP+ = 5-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-gluconate + NADP+ = dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose + ubiquinone = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + ubiquinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose + ubiquinone = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + ubiquinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose + ubiquinone = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + ubiquinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose + ubiquinone = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + ubiquinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose + ubiquinone = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + ubiquinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + dTTP = diphosphate + dTDP-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + dTTP = diphosphate + dTDP-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + dTTP = diphosphate + dTDP-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + dTTP = diphosphate + dTDP-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + dTTP = diphosphate + dTDP-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + dTTP = diphosphate + dTDP-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + dTTP = diphosphate + dTDP-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + dTTP = diphosphate + dTDP-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronate = D-fructuronate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronate = D-fructuronate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronate = D-fructuronate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronate = D-fructuronate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronate = D-fructuronate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronate = D-fructuronate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate = D-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)] = diphosphate + adenylyl-[L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)].
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)] = diphosphate + adenylyl-[L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)].
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)] = diphosphate + adenylyl-[L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)].
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)] = diphosphate + adenylyl-[L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)].
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)] = diphosphate + adenylyl-[L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)].
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)] = diphosphate + adenylyl-[L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)].
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoate + NADP(+) + tRNA(Glu) = L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: N1-(gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl)-spermidine + H2O = gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine + spermidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: N1-(gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl)-spermidine + H2O = gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine + spermidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: N1-(gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl)-spermidine + H2O = gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine + spermidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine + spermidine + ATP = N1-(gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl)-spermidine + ADP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine + spermidine + ATP = N1-(gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl)-spermidine + ADP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine + spermidine + ATP = N1-(gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl)-spermidine + ADP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine + spermidine + ATP = N1-(gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl)-spermidine + ADP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine + spermidine + ATP = N1-(gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl)-spermidine + ADP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H(2)O + NADP(+) = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol + NAD(+) = glycerone + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol + NAD(+) = glycerone + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: a glycerophosphodiester + H2O = an alcohol + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a glycerophosphodiester + H2O = an alcohol + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a glycerophosphodiester + H2O = an alcohol + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a glycerophosphodiester + H2O = an alcohol + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + glycine = L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoate + CoA + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + glycine = L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoate + CoA + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + glycine = L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoate + CoA + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + glycine = L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoate + CoA + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + glycine = L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoate + CoA + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + glycine = L-2-amino-3-oxobutanoate + CoA + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: glycolate + O2 = glyoxylate + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanine + H2O = xanthine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanine + H2O = xanthine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanine + H2O = xanthine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanine + H2O = xanthine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + substrate-serine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + substrate-serine-4'-phosphopantetheine. The transfer of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) co-factor from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl side chain of the serine residue of acyl- or peptidyl-carrier protein (ACP or PCP) to convert them from the apo to the holo form.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-methionine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-homoserine + succinyl-CoA = O-succinyl-L-homoserine + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-homoserine + succinyl-CoA = O-succinyl-L-homoserine + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-homoserine + succinyl-CoA = O-succinyl-L-homoserine + CoA.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out) + K+(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine + ATP = 4-amino-2-methyl-5-phosphomethylpyrimidine + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine + ATP = 4-amino-2-methyl-5-phosphomethylpyrimidine + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypyruvate = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypyruvate = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + hygromycin B = 7''-O-phosphohygromycin B + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + hygromycin B = 7''-O-phosphohygromycin B + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + hygromycin B = 7''-O-phosphohygromycin B + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + hygromycin B = 7''-O-phosphohygromycin B + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + hygromycin B = 7''-O-phosphohygromycin B + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + hygromycin B = 7''-O-phosphohygromycin B + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group from GTP or GDP to a mannose molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + inosine = ADP + IMP.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + inosine = ADP + IMP.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + inosine = ADP + IMP.
Catalysis of the integration of one segment of DNA into another.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + isochorismate = 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + isochorismate = 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + isochorismate = 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + isochorismate = 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + isochorismate = 2,3-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzoate + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate = isochorismate.
Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate = isochorismate.
Catalysis of the reaction: chorismate = isochorismate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + kanamycin = ADP + 2 H(+) + kanamycin 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + kanamycin = ADP + 2 H(+) + kanamycin 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + kanamycin = ADP + 2 H(+) + kanamycin 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + kanamycin = ADP + 2 H(+) + kanamycin 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + kanamycin = ADP + 2 H(+) + kanamycin 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + kanamycin = ADP + 2 H(+) + kanamycin 3'-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = (S)-lactate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = (S)-lactate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = (S)-lactate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: propane-1,2-diol + NAD+ = lactaldehyde + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: propane-1,2-diol + NAD+ = lactaldehyde + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: propane-1,2-diol + NAD+ = lactaldehyde + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: propane-1,2-diol + NAD+ = lactaldehyde + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the transfer of a lauroyl (dodecanoyl) group from one compound to another.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucyl-tRNA + protein = tRNA + L-leucyl-protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucyl-tRNA + protein = tRNA + L-leucyl-protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucyl-tRNA + protein = tRNA + L-leucyl-protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucyl-tRNA + protein = tRNA + L-leucyl-protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucyl-tRNA + protein = tRNA + L-leucyl-protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucyl-tRNA + protein = tRNA + L-leucyl-protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucyl-tRNA + protein = tRNA + L-leucyl-protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-beta-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate + UDP-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosamine = 2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosaminyl-(1->6)-beta-D-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-beta-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate + H(+) + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,3 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,3 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,3 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,3 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,3 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,3 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,3 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,3 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,3 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,3 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + D-glucosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + D-glucosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + D-glucosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + D-glucosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + D-glucosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + D-glucosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + D-glucosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: a lipopolysaccharide + ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose = a heptosylated lipopolysaccharide + ADP + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,6 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an acid + [acyl-carrier protein] = AMP + diphosphate + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein]. A long-chain fatty acid is fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + H(+) = cadaverine + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + H(+) = cadaverine + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + a quinone = oxaloacetate + a quinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + a quinone = oxaloacetate + a quinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + a quinone = oxaloacetate + a quinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + a quinone = oxaloacetate + a quinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + maltose = CoA + acetyl-maltose.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + maltose = CoA + acetyl-maltose.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannitol 1-phosphate + NAD+ = D-fructose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GDP + H(+) = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GDP + H(+) = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GDP + H(+) = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GDP + H(+) = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GDP + H(+) = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GDP + H(+) = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GDP + H(+) = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GDP + H(+) = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GDP + H(+) = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GDP + H(+) = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GDP + H(+) = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerone phosphate = methylglyoxal + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylthioadenosine + H2O = adenine + 5-methylthio-D-ribose.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylthioadenosine + H2O = adenine + 5-methylthio-D-ribose.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylthioadenosine + H2O = adenine + 5-methylthio-D-ribose.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylthioadenosine + H2O = adenine + 5-methylthio-D-ribose.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylthioadenosine + H2O = adenine + 5-methylthio-D-ribose.
Catalysis of the specific cleavage of the beta-(1->4) glycosidic linkage between N-acetylmuramyl and N-acetylglucosaminyl residues in peptidoglycan, with the concomitant formation of 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramyl residues. Acts on linkages within peptidoglycan chains (i.e. not at the ends) to produce shorter strands with 1,6-anhydromuramic acid ends.
Catalysis of the specific cleavage of the beta-(1->4) glycosidic linkage between N-acetylmuramyl and N-acetylglucosaminyl residues in peptidoglycan, with the concomitant formation of 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramyl residues.
Catalysis of the specific cleavage of the beta-(1->4) glycosidic linkage between N-acetylmuramyl and N-acetylglucosaminyl residues in peptidoglycan, with the concomitant formation of 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramyl residues.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 1-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 1-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 1-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 1-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 1-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 1-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 1-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoyl-CoA = 1,4-dihydroxy-2-napthoyl-CoA + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoyl-CoA = 1,4-dihydroxy-2-napthoyl-CoA + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoyl-CoA = 1,4-dihydroxy-2-napthoyl-CoA + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoyl-CoA = 1,4-dihydroxy-2-napthoyl-CoA + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoyl-CoA = 1,4-dihydroxy-2-napthoyl-CoA + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoyl-CoA = 1,4-dihydroxy-2-napthoyl-CoA + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoyl-CoA = 1,4-dihydroxy-2-napthoyl-CoA + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: nicotinamide + H2O = nicotinate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: nicotinamide + H2O = nicotinate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: nicotinamide + H2O = nicotinate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: nicotinamide + H2O = nicotinate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: nicotinamide + H2O = nicotinate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: nicotinamide + H2O = nicotinate + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced ferredoxin + NAD(P)+ = oxidized ferredoxin + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + nicotinate = N-methylnicotinate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + nicotinate = N-methylnicotinate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate + H(+) + nicotinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate + H(+) + nicotinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate + H(+) + nicotinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate + H(+) + nicotinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate + H(+) + nicotinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate + H(+) + nicotinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate + H(+) + nicotinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate + H(+) + nicotinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + acceptor = nitrate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + acceptor = nitrate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + acceptor = nitrate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + acceptor = nitrate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 NO + 2 O2 + NADPH + H+ = 2 nitrate + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 NO + 2 O2 + NADPH + H+ = 2 nitrate + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ammonium hydroxide + 3 NAD(P)+ + H2O = nitrite + 3 NAD(P)H + 3 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ammonium hydroxide + 3 NAD(P)+ + H2O = nitrite + 3 NAD(P)H + 3 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ammonium hydroxide + 3 NAD(P)+ + H2O = nitrite + 3 NAD(P)H + 3 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ammonium hydroxide + 3 NAD(P)+ + H2O = nitrite + 3 NAD(P)H + 3 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ammonium hydroxide + 3 NAD(P)+ + H2O = nitrite + 3 NAD(P)H + 3 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ammonium hydroxide + 3 NAD(P)+ + H2O = nitrite + 3 NAD(P)H + 3 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ammonium hydroxide + 3 NAD(P)+ + H2O = nitrite + 3 NAD(P)H + 3 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ammonium hydroxide + 3 NAD(P)+ + H2O = nitrite + 3 NAD(P)H + 3 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + NADP+ + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = NADPH + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + NADP+ + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = NADPH + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + NADP+ + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = NADPH + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + NADP+ + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = NADPH + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + NADP+ + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = NADPH + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + NADP+ + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = NADPH + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + NADP+ + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = NADPH + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + NADP+ + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = NADPH + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + NADP+ + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = NADPH + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate.
Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of oligonucleotides to yield nucleoside 5'-phosphates.
Catalysis of the reaction: oxaloacetate = pyruvate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: oxaloacetate = pyruvate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: oxaloacetate = pyruvate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: oxaloacetate = pyruvate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: oxaloacetate = pyruvate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + oxalyl-CoA = CO(2) + formyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + oxalyl-CoA = CO(2) + formyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + oxalyl-CoA = CO(2) + formyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: a palmitoleoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + alpha-KDO-(2->4)-alpha-KDO-(2->6)-lipid IVA = KDO2-(palmitoleoyl)-lipid IVA + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein].
Catalysis of the reaction: penicillin + H2O = a carboxylate + 6-aminopenicillanate.
Catalysis of the reaction: penicillin + H2O = a carboxylate + 6-aminopenicillanate.
Catalysis of the reaction: penicillin + H2O = a carboxylate + 6-aminopenicillanate.
Catalysis of the reaction: penicillin + H2O = a carboxylate + 6-aminopenicillanate.
Catalysis of the reaction: penicillin + H2O = a carboxylate + 6-aminopenicillanate.
Catalysis of the reaction: penicillin + H2O = a carboxylate + 6-aminopenicillanate.
Catalysis of the reaction: penicillin + H2O = a carboxylate + 6-aminopenicillanate.
Catalysis of the reaction: penicillin + H2O = a carboxylate + 6-aminopenicillanate.
Catalysis of the reaction: [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n)-diphosphoundecaprenol + GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol = [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n+1)-diphosphoundecaprenol + undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n)-diphosphoundecaprenol + GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol = [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n+1)-diphosphoundecaprenol + undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n)-diphosphoundecaprenol + GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol = [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n+1)-diphosphoundecaprenol + undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n)-diphosphoundecaprenol + GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol = [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n+1)-diphosphoundecaprenol + undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n)-diphosphoundecaprenol + GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol = [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n+1)-diphosphoundecaprenol + undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n)-diphosphoundecaprenol + GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)-diphosphoundecaprenol = [GlcNAc-(1,4)-Mur2Ac(oyl-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala)](n+1)-diphosphoundecaprenol + undecaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 a peptidoglycan dimer (tetrapeptide) + 3 H2O = a peptidoglycan tetramer with L,D cross-links (L-Lys-D-Asn-L-Lys) + di-trans,poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate + 4 D-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phenylacetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = phenylacetate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + phosphate = CoA + acetyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + phosphate = CoA + acetyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + phosphate = CoA + acetyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + phosphate = CoA + acetyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + membrane-derived-oligosaccharide D-glucose = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + membrane-derived-oligosaccharide 6-(glycerophospho)-D-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + membrane-derived-oligosaccharide D-glucose = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + membrane-derived-oligosaccharide 6-(glycerophospho)-D-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + membrane-derived-oligosaccharide D-glucose = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + membrane-derived-oligosaccharide 6-(glycerophospho)-D-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + membrane-derived-oligosaccharide D-glucose = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + membrane-derived-oligosaccharide 6-(glycerophospho)-D-glucose.
Catalysis of the transfer of the diacylglyceryl group from phosphatidylglycerol to the sulfhydryl group of the prospective N-terminal cysteine residue in an unmodified prolipoprotein.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerophosphate + H2O = phosphatidylglycerol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerophosphate + H2O = phosphatidylglycerol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerophosphate + H2O = phosphatidylglycerol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerophosphate + H2O = phosphatidylglycerol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + oxaloacetate = phosphoenolpyruvate + HCO3-.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + oxaloacetate = phosphoenolpyruvate + HCO3-.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + oxaloacetate = phosphoenolpyruvate + HCO3-.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + oxaloacetate = phosphoenolpyruvate + HCO3-.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + oxaloacetate = phosphoenolpyruvate + HCO3-.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + oxaloacetate = phosphoenolpyruvate + HCO3-.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + oxaloacetate = phosphoenolpyruvate + HCO3-.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + protein L-histidine = pyruvate + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + protein L-histidine = pyruvate + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + protein L-histidine = pyruvate + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + protein L-histidine = pyruvate + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + protein L-histidine = pyruvate + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + protein L-histidine = pyruvate + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + protein L-histidine = pyruvate + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate + protein L-histidine = pyruvate + protein N(pi)-phospho-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate = D-glucosamine 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phosphoglycolate + H(2)O = glycolate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phosphoglycolate + H(2)O = glycolate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phosphoglycolate + H(2)O = glycolate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phosphoglycolate + H(2)O = glycolate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phosphoglycolate + H(2)O = glycolate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate = D-alpha,beta-D-heptose 7-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 4-amino-2-methyl-5-phosphomethylpyrimidine = ADP + 4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 4-amino-2-methyl-5-phosphomethylpyrimidine = ADP + 4-amino-2-methyl-5-diphosphomethylpyrimidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 1-phosphate = D-ribose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 1-phosphate = D-ribose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 1-phosphate = D-ribose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 1-phosphate = D-ribose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 1-phosphate = D-ribose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 1-phosphate = D-ribose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 1-phosphate = D-ribose 5-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate + ATP = D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate + ATP = D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate + ATP = D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate + ATP = D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate + ATP = D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate + ATP = D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate + ATP = D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate + ATP = D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate + ATP = D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + phosphate(n) = ADP + phosphate(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + phosphate(n) = ADP + phosphate(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + phosphate(n) = ADP + phosphate(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + phosphate(n) = ADP + phosphate(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + prephenate = (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + prephenate = (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + prephenate = (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + CO(2) + NADH.
Catalysis of the integration of prophage DNA into a target DNA molecule, usually a bacterial chromosome, via a sequence-specific recombination event which involves the formation of an intasome, a DNA-protein-complex designed for site-specific recombination of the phage and host DNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + propanoate = ADP + propanoyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + propanoate = ADP + propanoyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + propanoate = ADP + propanoyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + propanoate = ADP + propanoyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-glutamate O(5)-methyl ester + H2O = protein L-glutamate + methanol.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-glutamate O(5)-methyl ester + H2O = protein L-glutamate + methanol.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-glutamate O(5)-methyl ester + H2O = protein L-glutamate + methanol.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-glutamate O(5)-methyl ester + H2O = protein L-glutamate + methanol.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-glutamate O(5)-methyl ester + H2O = protein L-glutamate + methanol.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-glutamate O(5)-methyl ester + H2O = protein L-glutamate + methanol.
Catalysis of the reaction: a ubiquinone + H2O + pyruvate = a ubiquinol + acetate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: a ubiquinone + H2O + pyruvate = a ubiquinol + acetate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: a ubiquinone + H2O + pyruvate = a ubiquinol + acetate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: a ubiquinone + H2O + pyruvate = a ubiquinol + acetate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H(2)O + pyruvate = AMP + 3 H(+) + phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H(2)O + pyruvate = AMP + 3 H(+) + phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H(2)O + pyruvate = AMP + 3 H(+) + phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H(2)O + pyruvate = AMP + 3 H(+) + phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H(2)O + pyruvate = AMP + 3 H(+) + phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H(2)O + pyruvate = AMP + 3 H(+) + phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H(2)O + pyruvate = AMP + 3 H(+) + phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H(2)O + pyruvate = AMP + 3 H(+) + phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H(2)O + pyruvate = AMP + 3 H(+) + phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H(2)O + pyruvate = AMP + 3 H(+) + phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: iminoaspartate + dihydroxy-acetone-phosphate = quinolinate + 2 H2O + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N6-methyladenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N6-methyladenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N6-methyladenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N6-methyladenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N6-methyladenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N6-methyladenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N6-methyladenine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N1-methylguanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N1-methylguanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N1-methylguanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N2-methylguanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N2-methylguanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N2-methylguanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-rhamnulose = ADP + L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-rhamnulose = ADP + L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-rhamnulose = ADP + L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-rhamnulose = ADP + L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-rhamnulose = ADP + L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-rhamnulose = ADP + L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate = glycerone phosphate + (S)-lactaldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate = glycerone phosphate + (S)-lactaldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate = glycerone phosphate + (S)-lactaldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate = glycerone phosphate + (S)-lactaldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate = glycerone phosphate + (S)-lactaldehyde.
Catalysis of the cleavage of single-stranded RNA that is monophosphorylated at its 5'-end; cleavage occurs predominantly at 5 nucleotides from the 5'-end and in A + U-rich regions, and is blocked by the presence of a 5'-triphosphate group.
Catalysis of the cleavage of single-stranded RNA that is monophosphorylated at its 5'-end; cleavage occurs predominantly at positions 5 and 6 nucleotides from the 5'-end and in A + U-rich regions, and is blocked by the presence of a 5'-triphosphate group.
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA + H2O = 5'-phosphomononucleotides. Cleaves RNA in the 3' to 5' direction, leaving an undigested core of 3-5 nucleotides.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = ribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = ribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = ribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + ribosomal-protein L-alanine = CoA + ribosomal-protein N-acetyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + ribosomal-protein L-alanine = CoA + ribosomal-protein N-acetyl-L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-selenocysteine + reduced acceptor = hydrogen selenide + L-alanine + acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-selenocysteine + reduced acceptor = hydrogen selenide + L-alanine + acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-selenocysteine + reduced acceptor = hydrogen selenide + L-alanine + acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + acetyl-CoA = O-acetyl-L-serine + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + acetyl-CoA = O-acetyl-L-serine + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + acetyl-CoA = O-acetyl-L-serine + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + acetyl-CoA = O-acetyl-L-serine + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + acetyl-CoA = O-acetyl-L-serine + CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanyl-D-alanine + H2O = (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanine + D-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanyl-D-alanine + H2O = (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanine + D-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanyl-D-alanine + H2O = (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanine + D-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanyl-D-alanine + H2O = (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanine + D-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanyl-D-alanine + H2O = (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanine + D-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanyl-D-alanine + H2O = (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanine + D-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanyl-D-alanine + H2O = (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanine + D-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanyl-D-alanine + H2O = (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanine + D-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanyl-D-alanine + H2O = (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanine + D-alanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + precorrin-2 = 2 H(+) + NADH + sirohydrochlorin.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + precorrin-2 = 2 H(+) + NADH + sirohydrochlorin.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + precorrin-2 = 2 H(+) + NADH + sirohydrochlorin.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + precorrin-2 = 2 H(+) + NADH + sirohydrochlorin.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + precorrin-2 = 2 H(+) + NADH + sirohydrochlorin.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + precorrin-2 = 2 H(+) + NADH + sirohydrochlorin.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + precorrin-2 = 2 H(+) + NADH + sirohydrochlorin.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + precorrin-2 = 2 H(+) + NADH + sirohydrochlorin.
Catalysis of the reaction: siroheme + 2 H+ = Fe(2+) + sirohydrochlorin.
Catalysis of the reaction: siroheme + 2 H+ = Fe(2+) + sirohydrochlorin.
Catalysis of the reaction: siroheme + 2 H+ = Fe(2+) + sirohydrochlorin.
Catalysis of the reaction: siroheme + 2 H+ = Fe(2+) + sirohydrochlorin.
Catalysis of the reaction: siroheme + 2 H+ = Fe(2+) + sirohydrochlorin.
Catalysis of the reaction: siroheme + 2 H+ = Fe(2+) + sirohydrochlorin.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA adenine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA 6-methylaminopurine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA adenine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA 6-methylaminopurine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA adenine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA 6-methylaminopurine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA adenine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA 6-methylaminopurine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA adenine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA 6-methylaminopurine.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.
Catalysis of the formation of new phosphodiester bonds between a pair of short, unique DNA target sequences.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NAD+ = D-fructose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NAD+ = D-fructose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NAD+ = D-fructose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NAD+ = D-fructose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NAD+ = D-fructose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NAD+ = D-fructose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NAD+ = D-fructose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + streptomycin = 3''-adenylylstreptomycin + diphosphate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + streptomycin = 3''-adenylylstreptomycin + diphosphate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + streptomycin = 3''-adenylylstreptomycin + diphosphate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = succinate + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = succinate + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate + H(2)O = LL-2,6-diaminopimelate + succinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate + H(2)O = LL-2,6-diaminopimelate + succinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine + 2 H(2)O + 2 H(+) = N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine + CO(2) + 2 NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine + 2 H(2)O + 2 H(+) = N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine + CO(2) + 2 NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine + 2 H(2)O + 2 H(+) = N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine + CO(2) + 2 NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine + 2 H(2)O + 2 H(+) = N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine + CO(2) + 2 NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine + 2 H(2)O + 2 H(+) = N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine + CO(2) + 2 NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine + 2 H(2)O + 2 H(+) = N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine + CO(2) + 2 NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine + 2 H(2)O + 2 H(+) = N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine + CO(2) + 2 NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine + 2 H(2)O + 2 H(+) = N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine + CO(2) + 2 NH(4)(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + L-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + L-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + L-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + L-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-succinyl-L-glutamate + H(2)O = L-glutamate + succinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-succinyl-L-glutamate + H(2)O = L-glutamate + succinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-succinyl-L-glutamate + H(2)O = L-glutamate + succinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-succinyl-L-glutamate + H(2)O = L-glutamate + succinate.
Catalysis of the reaction: sucrose + phosphate = D-fructose + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: sucrose + phosphate = D-fructose + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: sucrose + phosphate = D-fructose + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N1-methylguanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N1-methylguanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N1-methylguanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N1-methylguanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA(n+1) + phosphate = tRNA(n) + a nucleoside diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA(n+1) + phosphate = tRNA(n) + a nucleoside diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA(n+1) + phosphate = tRNA(n) + a nucleoside diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA(n+1) + phosphate = tRNA(n) + a nucleoside diphosphate.
The addition a sulfur atom to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule.
The addition a sulfur atom to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of sulfur atoms from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the transfer of sulfur atoms from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-tagatose 6-phosphate = ADP + D-tagatose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-tagatose 6-phosphate = ADP + D-tagatose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-tagatose 1,6-diphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + glycerone phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-tagatose 1,6-diphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + glycerone phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-tagatose 1,6-diphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + glycerone phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-tagatose 1,6-diphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + glycerone phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-tagatose 1,6-diphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + glycerone phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-tagatose 1,6-diphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + glycerone phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-tagatose 1,6-diphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + glycerone phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-tagatose 1,6-diphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + glycerone phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-altronate + NAD(+) = D-tagaturonate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-altronate + NAD(+) = D-tagaturonate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-altronate + NAD(+) = D-tagaturonate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-altronate + NAD(+) = D-tagaturonate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-altronate + NAD(+) = D-tagaturonate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-altronate + NAD(+) = D-tagaturonate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-altronate + NAD(+) = D-tagaturonate + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: tartrate + NAD+ = oxaloglycolate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: tartrate + NAD+ = oxaloglycolate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glyoxylate + H(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glyoxylate + H(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glyoxylate + H(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glyoxylate + H(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glyoxylate + H(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glyoxylate + H(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glyoxylate + H(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glyoxylate + H(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glyoxylate + H(+) = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosaminyl-(1->6)-beta-D-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-beta-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP + 2 H(+) + lipid IV(a).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosaminyl-(1->6)-beta-D-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-beta-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP + 2 H(+) + lipid IV(a).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine phosphate = ADP + H(+) + thiamine diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine phosphate = ADP + H(+) + thiamine diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine phosphate = ADP + H(+) + thiamine diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine phosphate = ADP + H(+) + thiamine diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine phosphate = ADP + H(+) + thiamine diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine phosphate = ADP + H(+) + thiamine diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine phosphate = ADP + H(+) + thiamine diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: thymidine + phosphate = thymine + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: thymidine + phosphate = thymine + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: thymidine + phosphate = thymine + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: thymidine + phosphate = thymine + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: thymidine + phosphate = thymine + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: thymidine + phosphate = thymine + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: thymidine + phosphate = thymine + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: thymidine + phosphate = thymine + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: thymidine + phosphate = thymine + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + trimethylamine-N-oxide = NAD+ + trimethylamine + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + trimethylamine-N-oxide = NAD+ + trimethylamine + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + trimethylamine-N-oxide = NAD+ + trimethylamine + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + trimethylamine-N-oxide = NAD+ + trimethylamine + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H(2)O = indole + NH(4)(+) + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H(2)O = indole + NH(4)(+) + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H(2)O = indole + NH(4)(+) + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H(2)O = indole + NH(4)(+) + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H(2)O = indole + NH(4)(+) + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H(2)O = indole + NH(4)(+) + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H(2)O = indole + NH(4)(+) + pyruvate.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5' or 3' protrusions; ATP is simultaneously hydrolyzed. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site. Cleavage may occur hundreds or thousands of base pairs away from the recognition site due to translocation of DNA.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5' or 3' protrusions; ATP is simultaneously hydrolyzed. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site. Cleavage may occur hundreds or thousands of base pairs away from the recognition site due to translocation of DNA.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5' or 3' protrusions; ATP is simultaneously hydrolyzed. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site. Cleavage may occur hundreds or thousands of base pairs away from the recognition site due to translocation of DNA.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5' or 3' protrusions; ATP is simultaneously hydrolyzed. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site. Cleavage may occur hundreds or thousands of base pairs away from the recognition site due to translocation of DNA.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5' or 3' protrusions; ATP is simultaneously hydrolyzed. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site. Cleavage may occur hundreds or thousands of base pairs away from the recognition site due to translocation of DNA.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5' or 3' protrusions; ATP is simultaneously hydrolyzed. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site. Cleavage may occur hundreds or thousands of base pairs away from the recognition site due to translocation of DNA.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates and 3' hydroxyls. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site; cleavage occurs at or very near this recognition site.
Catalysis of the formation of new phosphodiester bonds between a pair of short, unique DNA target sequences; occurs through a phosphotyrosyl intermediate in which the target sequence is first cleaved by the nucleophilic attack by a tyrosine in the active site.
Catalysis of the formation of new phosphodiester bonds between a pair of short, unique DNA target sequences; occurs through a phosphotyrosyl intermediate in which the target sequence is first cleaved by the nucleophilic attack by a tyrosine in the active site.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol = ADP + undecaprenyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol = ADP + undecaprenyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol = ADP + undecaprenyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol = ADP + undecaprenyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol = ADP + undecaprenyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol = ADP + undecaprenyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol = ADP + undecaprenyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol = ADP + undecaprenyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol = ADP + undecaprenyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: urea + H2O = CO2 + 2 NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-ureidoglycolate + NAD(P)+ = oxalureate + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (d)UMP = ADP + (d)UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylans so as to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylans so as to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylans so as to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylans so as to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylans so as to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylans so as to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylans so as to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylose = D-xylulose.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylose = D-xylulose.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylose = D-xylulose.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylose = D-xylulose.
Catalysis of the cleavage of the D-alanyl-D-alanine bond in (Ac)2-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.
Catalysis of the cleavage of the D-alanyl-D-alanine bond in (Ac)2-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.
Catalysis of the cleavage of the D-alanyl-D-alanine bond in (Ac)2-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.
Catalysis of the cleavage of the D-alanyl-D-alanine bond in (Ac)2-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.
Catalysis of the cleavage of the D-alanyl-D-alanine bond in (Ac)2-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.
Catalysis of the cleavage of the D-alanyl-D-alanine bond in (Ac)2-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.
Catalysis of the cleavage of the D-alanyl-D-alanine bond in (Ac)2-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.
Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global hyperactivation of all, or most of, the genes on the X-chromosome in the heterogametic sex, leading to a two-fold increase in gene expression from this chromosome. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on one of the X-chromosomes in the XX sex.
Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on one of the X-chromosomes in the XX sex.
Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on one of the X-chromosomes in the XX sex.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycopeptides, any compound in which carbohydrate is covalently attached to an oligopeptide composed of residues of L and/or D-amino acids. The term usually denotes a product of proteolytic degradation of a glycoprotein but includes glycated peptide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycopeptides, any compound in which carbohydrate is covalently attached to an oligopeptide composed of residues of L and/or D-amino acids. The term usually denotes a product of proteolytic degradation of a glycoprotein but includes glycated peptide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycopeptides, any compound in which carbohydrate is covalently attached to an oligopeptide composed of residues of L and/or D-amino acids. The term usually denotes a product of proteolytic degradation of a glycoprotein but includes glycated peptide.
The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which involves the oxidation of glucose 6-P and produces ribulose 5-P, reduced NADP+ and carbon dioxide (CO2).
The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which involves the oxidation of glucose 6-P and produces ribulose 5-P, reduced NADP+ and carbon dioxide (CO2).
The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which involves the oxidation of glucose 6-P and produces ribulose 5-P, reduced NADP+ and carbon dioxide (CO2).
The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which involves the oxidation of glucose 6-P and produces ribulose 5-P, reduced NADP+ and carbon dioxide (CO2).
The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which involves the oxidation of glucose 6-P and produces ribulose 5-P, reduced NADP+ and carbon dioxide (CO2).
The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which does not involve oxidation reactions. It comprises a series of sugar phosphate interconversions, starting with ribulose 5-P and producing fructose 6-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P.
The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which does not involve oxidation reactions. It comprises a series of sugar phosphate interconversions, starting with ribulose 5-P and producing fructose 6-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P.
The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which does not involve oxidation reactions. It comprises a series of sugar phosphate interconversions, starting with ribulose 5-P and producing fructose 6-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which uses compounds other than oxygen (e.g. nitrate, sulfate) as the terminal electron acceptor.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylalanine and tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate prephenate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylalanine and tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate prephenate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylalanine and tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate prephenate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylalanine and tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate prephenate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylalanine and tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate prephenate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coenzymes, any of various nonprotein organic cofactors that are required, in addition to an enzyme and a substrate, for an enzymatic reaction to proceed.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (a ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleoside), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxynucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine deoxynucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP, cytidine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP, cytidine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP, cytidine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP, cytidine monophosphate.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the menaquinones, quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the menaquinones, quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the menaquinones, quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the menaquinones, quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the menaquinones, quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the menaquinones, quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the menaquinones, quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderophores have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderophores have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderophores have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of colanic acid, a capsular bacterial polysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of colanic acid, a capsular bacterial polysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of colanic acid, a capsular bacterial polysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of colanic acid, a capsular bacterial polysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of colanic acid, a capsular bacterial polysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of colanic acid, a capsular bacterial polysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the O side chain of a lipopolysaccharide, which determines the antigenic specificity of the organism. It is made up of about 50 repeating units of a branched tetrasaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the O side chain of a lipopolysaccharide, which determines the antigenic specificity of the organism. It is made up of about 50 repeating units of a branched tetrasaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the O side chain of a lipopolysaccharide, which determines the antigenic specificity of the organism. It is made up of about 50 repeating units of a branched tetrasaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the O side chain of a lipopolysaccharide, which determines the antigenic specificity of the organism. It is made up of about 50 repeating units of a branched tetrasaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which contains ten saccharide residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which contains ten saccharide residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which contains ten saccharide residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which contains ten saccharide residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which contains ten saccharide residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipid A, the glycolipid group of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, consisting of four to six fatty acyl chains linked to two glucosamine residues. Further modifications of the backbone are common.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipid A, the glycolipid group of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, consisting of four to six fatty acyl chains linked to two glucosamine residues. Further modifications of the backbone are common.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipid A, the glycolipid group of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, consisting of four to six fatty acyl chains linked to two glucosamine residues. Further modifications of the backbone are common.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipid A, the glycolipid group of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, consisting of four to six fatty acyl chains linked to two glucosamine residues. Further modifications of the backbone are common.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enterobacterial common antigen, an acidic polysaccharide containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosaminouronic acid, and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose. A major component of the cell wall outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enterobacterial common antigen, an acidic polysaccharide containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosaminouronic acid, and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose. A major component of the cell wall outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enterobacterial common antigen, an acidic polysaccharide containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosaminouronic acid, and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose. A major component of the cell wall outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enterobacterial common antigen, an acidic polysaccharide containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosaminouronic acid, and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose. A major component of the cell wall outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a K antigen, a capsular polysaccharide antigen carried on the surface of bacterial capsules that masks somatic (O) antigens.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a K antigen, a capsular polysaccharide antigen carried on the surface of bacterial capsules that masks somatic (O) antigens.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a K antigen, a capsular polysaccharide antigen carried on the surface of bacterial capsules that masks somatic (O) antigens.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a K antigen, a capsular polysaccharide antigen carried on the surface of bacterial capsules that masks somatic (O) antigens.
The lipoylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-lipoyl-L-lysine.
The lipoylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-lipoyl-L-lysine.
The lipoylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-lipoyl-L-lysine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.
The continual breakdown and regeneration of peptidoglycan required to maintain the cell wall.
The continual breakdown and regeneration of peptidoglycan required to maintain the cell wall.
A pathway that converts a carbohydrate to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate by producing 6-phosphogluconate and then dehydrating it.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a desiccation stimulus, extreme dryness resulting from the prolonged deprivation of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a humidity stimulus, moisture in the atmosphere.
A response by bacterial cells to a variety of stresses including filamentous phage infection, mislocalization of envelope proteins, extremes of temperature, osmolarity or ethanol concentration, and the presence of proton ionophores such as carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), that involves expression of the phage shock protein operon, and acts to protect the bacterial cells from damage.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a fungal-type cell wall. The fungal-type cell wall contains beta-glucan and may contain chitin.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a fungal-type cell wall. The fungal-type cell wall contains beta-glucan and may contain chitin.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a fungal-type cell wall. The fungal-type cell wall contains beta-glucan and may contain chitin.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a fungal-type cell wall. The fungal-type cell wall contains beta-glucan and may contain chitin.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a fungal-type cell wall. The fungal-type cell wall contains beta-glucan and may contain chitin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the peptidoglycan-based cell wall. An example of this process is found in Escherichia coli.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the peptidoglycan-based cell wall. An example of this process is found in Escherichia coli.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the peptidoglycan-based cell wall. An example of this process is found in Escherichia coli.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the peptidoglycan-based cell wall. An example of this process is found in Escherichia coli.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the peptidoglycan-based cell wall. An example of this process is found in Escherichia coli.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the peptidoglycan-based cell wall. An example of this process is found in Escherichia coli.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the peptidoglycan-based cell wall. An example of this process is found in Escherichia coli.
A protective structure outside the cytoplasmic membrane composed of peptidoglycan (also known as murein), a molecule made up of a glycan (sugar) backbone of repetitively alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid with short, attached, cross-linked peptide chains containing unusual amino acids. An example of this component is found in Escherichia coli.
A protective structure outside the cytoplasmic membrane composed of peptidoglycan (also known as murein), a molecule made up of a glycan (sugar) backbone of repetitively alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid with short, attached, cross-linked peptide chains containing unusual amino acids. An example of this component is found in Escherichia coli.
A protective structure outside the cytoplasmic membrane composed of peptidoglycan (also known as murein), a molecule made up of a glycan (sugar) backbone of repetitively alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid with short, attached, cross-linked peptide chains containing unusual amino acids. An example of this component is found in Escherichia coli.
A layer of peptidoglycan found outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. The peptidoglycan is relatively thick (20-80nm) and retains the primary stain of the Gram procedure, thus cells appear blue after Gram stain. The cell walls often contain teichoic acids (acidic anionic polysaccharides) bound to the peptidoglycan. Examples of this component are found in Gram-positive bacteria.
A layer of peptidoglycan found outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. The peptidoglycan is relatively thick (20-80nm) and retains the primary stain of the Gram procedure, thus cells appear blue after Gram stain. The cell walls often contain teichoic acids (acidic anionic polysaccharides) bound to the peptidoglycan. Examples of this component are found in Gram-positive bacteria.
The peptidoglycan layer of the Gram-negative cell envelope. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is relatively thin (1-2nm) and is linked to the outer membrane by lipoproteins. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is too thin to retain the primary stain in the Gram staining procedure and therefore cells appear red after Gram stain.
The peptidoglycan layer of the Gram-negative cell envelope. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is relatively thin (1-2nm) and is linked to the outer membrane by lipoproteins. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is too thin to retain the primary stain in the Gram staining procedure and therefore cells appear red after Gram stain.
A rigid yet dynamic structure surrounding the plasma membrane that affords protection from stresses and contributes to cell morphogenesis, consisting of extensively cross-linked glycoproteins and carbohydrates. The glycoproteins may be modified with N- or O-linked carbohydrates, or glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors; the polysaccharides are primarily branched glucans, including beta-linked and alpha-linked glucans, and may also include chitin and other carbohydrate polymers, but not cellulose or pectin. Enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis are also found in the cell wall. Note that some forms of fungi develop a capsule outside of the cell wall under certain circumstances; this is considered a separate structure.
A rigid yet dynamic structure surrounding the plasma membrane that affords protection from stresses and contributes to cell morphogenesis, consisting of extensively cross-linked glycoproteins and carbohydrates. The glycoproteins may be modified with N- or O-linked carbohydrates, or glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors; the polysaccharides are primarily branched glucans, including beta-linked and alpha-linked glucans, and may also include chitin and other carbohydrate polymers, but not cellulose or pectin. Enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis are also found in the cell wall. Note that some forms of fungi develop a capsule outside of the cell wall under certain circumstances; this is considered a separate structure.
A rigid yet dynamic structure surrounding the plasma membrane that affords protection from stresses and contributes to cell morphogenesis, consisting of extensively cross-linked glycoproteins and carbohydrates. The glycoproteins may be modified with N- or O-linked carbohydrates, or glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors; the polysaccharides are primarily branched glucans, including beta-linked and alpha-linked glucans, and may also include chitin and other carbohydrate polymers, but not cellulose or pectin. Enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis are also found in the cell wall. Note that some forms of fungi develop a capsule outside of the cell wall under certain circumstances; this is considered a separate structure.
A lipid bilayer that forms the outermost membrane of the cell envelope; enriched in polysaccharide and protein; the outer leaflet of the membrane contains specific lipopolysaccharide structures.
A motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope.
A proteinaceous hair-like appendage on the surface of bacteria ranging from 2-8 nm in diameter.
A proteinaceous hair-like appendage on the surface of bacteria ranging from 2-8 nm in diameter.
A proteinaceous hair-like appendage on the surface of bacteria ranging from 2-8 nm in diameter.
A proteinaceous hair-like appendage on the surface of bacteria ranging from 2-8 nm in diameter.
The directed movement of DNA into a cell that contributes to the process of transformation, the uptake of foreign genetic material into a cell.
The directed movement of DNA into a cell that contributes to the process of transformation, the uptake of foreign genetic material into a cell.
The directed movement of DNA into a cell that contributes to the process of transformation, the uptake of foreign genetic material into a cell.
The directed movement of DNA into a cell that contributes to the process of transformation, the uptake of foreign genetic material into a cell.
The directed movement of DNA into a cell that contributes to the process of transformation, the uptake of foreign genetic material into a cell.
The process of unidirectional (polarized) transfer of genetic information involving direct cellular contact between a donor and recipient cell; the contact is followed by the formation of a cellular bridge that physically connects the cells; some or all of the chromosome(s) of one cell ('male') is then transferred into the other cell ('female'); unidirectional conjugation occurs between cells of different mating types. Examples of this process are found in Prokaryotes.
In the absence of a sexual life cycle, the process involved in the introduction of genetic information to create a genetically different individual.
The transfer of genetic information to a bacterium from a bacteriophage or between bacterial or yeast cells mediated by a phage vector.
The introduction and uptake of foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA) into a cell, and often the expression of that genetic material.
The region of a virus, bacterial cell, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the nucleic acid is confined.
The assembly of a bacterial-type flagellum, a motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope which functions in cell motility.
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
The assembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.
The assembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.
The assembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.
The assembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.
The assembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.
The assembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.
The assembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.
The assembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.
The assembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.
The assembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.
The assembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.
The assembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.
The assembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.
The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.
The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.
The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.
The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.
The synthesis of antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis, on a template of DNA.
The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template.
The synthesis of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) from a DNA template.
The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template.
The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template.
The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template.
The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template.
The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template.
The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template.
The addition of biotin (vitamin B7 / vitamin H) to a protein amino acid.
The controlled release of proteins from a cell.
The controlled release of proteins from a cell.
The controlled release of proteins from a cell.
The controlled release of proteins from a cell.
The controlled release of proteins from a cell.
A defense process found in many bacteria and archaea that protects the organism from invading foreign DNA by cleaving it with a restriction endonuclease. The organism's own DNA is protected by methylation of a specific nucleotide, which occurs immediately following replication, in the same target site as the restriction enzyme.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a drug stimulus. A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of a disease.
A heterodimeric enzyme complex composed of subunits leuC and leuD. Catalyzes the isomerization between 2-isopropylmalate and 3-isopropylmalate, via the formation of 2-isopropylmaleate.
A protein complex that catalyzes the first step in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. For example, in E. coli the complex is heterohexameric and composed of biotin carbonyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and the acetate CoA-transferase complex.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes exonucleolytic cleavage in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield nucleoside 5'-phosphates; it prefers single-stranded DNA.
A protein complex that possesses cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase activity; consists of four polypeptide subunits and associated prosthetic groups.
A protein complex that possesses phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase activity.
An enzyme complex, usually a homodimer, which directly reduces cellular levels of organic hydroperoxides.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the reduction of trimethylamine N-oxide to trimethylamine.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to ribosomal-protein alanine, forming ribosomal-protein acetylalanine.
A protein complex that possesses D-amino-acid dehydrogenase activity.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of nitrate from nitrite with the concomitant reduction of an acceptor.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of formate to produce carbon dioxide (CO2).
A protein complex that possesses NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase (AB-specific) activity. Homodimeric, trimeric, and heterotetrameric complexes have been identified.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of phenylalanine to tRNA(Phe), forming L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe).
A heterotetrameric enzyme complex made up of two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. Part of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex. Catalyzes the transfer of a carboxyl group to form malonyl-CoA.
Complex that possesses DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form glycerone phosphate.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of glutamate and tRNA(Glu) to form glutamyl-tRNA(Glu).
Cysteine synthase is a multienzyme complex made up, in E. coli, of the heteromeric hexamer serine acetyltransferase and the homodimer O-acetylserine (thiol)-lyase A.
Enzyme complex consisting of four proteins: the two subunits of the hydroxylase component (hcaE and hcaF), a ferredoxin (hcaC) and a ferredoxin reductase (hcaD). Converts 3-phenylpropionic acid (PP) into cis-3-(3-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol (PP-dihydrodiol).
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation adenylylsulfate from sulfate and ATP.
A multisubunit iron flavoprotein, which in yeast is composed of 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits. Catalyzes the reduction of sulfite to sulfide.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes exonucleolytic cleavage (in the presence of ATP) in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides. Exodeoxyribonuclease V shows a preference for double-stranded DNA and possesses DNA-dependent ATPase activity. It acts endonucleolytically on single-stranded circular DNA.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidation of 2-hydroxy acid to form 2-oxo acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The enzyme is a flavoprotein (FMN).
A heterodimeric enzyme, which in most bacterial species is composed of two subunits, ParC and ParE. Functions in chromosome segregation and can relax supercoiled DNA.
A protein complex that possesses beta-galactosidase activity, i.e. catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-D-galactosides. In E. coli, the complex is a homotetramer; dimeric and hexameric beta-galactosidase complexes have been observed in other species.
A complex that possesses glutamate synthase (NADPH) activity.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of carboxybiotin-carboxyl-carrier protein from biotin-carboxyl-carrier protein and carbon dioxide (CO2).
Complex that possesses nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H] activity.
A multimeric enzyme complex which, in bacteria, is usually a tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains and in eukaryotes, is usually a homodimer. Functions in the ligation of glycine and tRNA(Gly) to form glycyl-tRNA(Gly).
Citrate lyase is a multienzyme complex with three constituents: the alpha subunit, citrate-ACP transferase; the beta subunit, citryl-ACP lyase; and the gamma subunit, an acyl-carrier protein which also carries the prosthetic group components. All three subunits are required for citrate lyase enzyme activity.
A multienzyme complex that catalyzes the formation N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate from carbamoyl phosphate and L-aspartate. It exhibits a variety of architectural organizations, but in all microorganisms the core catalytic component is a homotrimer of approximately 34 kDa polypeptides.
A homotrimeric protein complex that catalyzes the transfer of a carbamoyl group to ornithine, forming citrulline.
An flavoprotein that catalyzes the reaction the breakdown of dimethyl(ribityl)lumazine to form riboflavin and ribitylamino-amino-dihydroxypyrimidine.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the breakdown of ethanolamine to form acetaldehyde and ammonia.
A protein complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity.
A protein complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity.
Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).
A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) ; EC:1.2.4.2 (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase ; EC:2.3.1.61 (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase ; EC:1.8.1.4 (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2) within the mitochondrial matrix. An example of this complex is found in Mus musculus.
A complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) ; EC:1.2.4.2 (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase ; EC:2.3.1.61 (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase ; EC:1.8.1.4 (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2).
A DNA polymerase complex that contains two UmuD' and one UmuC subunits, and acts in translesion DNA synthesis.
A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase activity.
A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase activity.
A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase activity.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate from protein N(PI)-phosphohistidine to a sugar molecule. It is enzyme II of the phosphotransferase system.
A protein complex that possesses polyphosphate kinase activity.
A protein complex that functions as an endonuclease to cleave DNA at or near a specific recognition site, when that site is unmethylated. These complexes may be dimers or tetramers; it is also possible for the endonuclease to be in a complex with the corresponding methyltransferase that methylates the recognition site. DNA restriction systems such as this are used by bacteria to defend against phage and other foreign DNA that may enter a cell.
The DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is a complex that contains 10 different types of subunits. These subunits are organized into 3 functionally essential sub-assemblies: the pol III core, the beta sliding clamp processivity factor and the clamp-loading complex. The pol III core carries out the polymerase and the 3'-5' exonuclease proofreading activities. The polymerase is tethered to the template via the sliding clamp processivity factor. The clamp-loading complex assembles the beta processivity factor onto the primer template and plays a central role in the organization and communication at the replication fork.
A heterodimeric enzyme complex, composed of an alpha and beta chain, most usually found in (but not limited to) bacteria. Functions in the TCA cycle, hydrolyzing succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, thereby forming ATP.
A complex that possesses protein histidine kinase activity.
A multienzyme complex usually composed of four proteins, EntB, EntD, EntE and EntF. Plays a role in the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway.
A protein complex comprised of members of the ClpX, ClpC, ClpD, ClpP or ClpR protein families. ClpPs are the proteolytic subunit of active complexes, and ClpA and ClpX form the regulatory subunits. Enzymatically active and inactive complexes can form.
Any process involving pheromones that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
Any process involving pheromones that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
Any process involving pheromones that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
Any process involving pheromones that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
Any process involving pheromones that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
The process in which single-celled organisms monitor their population density by detecting the concentration of small, diffusible signal molecules produced by the cells themselves.
Any process involving pheromones that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidation of reduced ferredoxin. Hydrogenase contains iron-sulfur clusters, and some contain nickel; it can use molecular hydrogen for the reduction of a variety of substances.
A protein complex that possesses ATP-dependent protease activity; consists of an ATPase large subunit with homology to other ClpX family ATPases and a peptidase small subunit related to the proteasomal beta-subunits of eukaryotes. In the E. coli complex, a double ring-shaped homohexamer of HslV is capped on each side by a ring-shaped HslU homohexamer.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds formed between L-amino acids.
Catalysis of the unwinding of the DNA helix of DNA containing four-way junctions, including Holliday junctions.
A DNA helicase complex that forms part of a Holliday junction resolvase complex, where the helicase activity is involved in the migration of the junction branch point. The best-characterized example is the E. coli RuvAB complex, in which a hexamer of RuvB subunits possesses helicase activity that is modulated by association with RuvA.
Any of the protein complexes formed by the UvrABC excinuclease system, which carries out nucleotide excision repair. Three different complexes are formed by the 3 proteins as they proceed through the excision repair process. First a complex consisting of two A subunits and two B subunits bind DNA and unwind it around the damaged site. Then, the A subunits disassociate leaving behind a stable complex between B subunits and DNA. Now, subunit C binds to this B+DNA complex and causes subunit B to nick the DNA on one side of the complex while subunit C nicks the DNA on the other side of the complex. DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase can then repair the resulting gap.
Any of the protein complexes formed by the UvrABC excinuclease system, which carries out nucleotide excision repair. Three different complexes are formed by the 3 proteins as they proceed through the excision repair process. First a complex consisting of two A subunits and two B subunits bind DNA and unwind it around the damaged site. Then, the A subunits disassociate leaving behind a stable complex between B subunits and DNA. Now, subunit C binds to this B+DNA complex and causes subunit B to nick the DNA on one side of the complex while subunit C nicks the DNA on the other side of the complex. DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase can then repair the resulting gap.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid at sites flanking regions of damaged DNA to which the Uvr ABC excinuclease complexes bind.
Complex that possesses imidazoleglycerol-phosphate synthase activity.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine in small subunit ribosomal RNA.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine in small subunit ribosomal RNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine = ADP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine = ADP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine = ADP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine = ADP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine = ADP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine = ADP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine = ADP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine = ADP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine = ADP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-6-phosphate = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-phosphate.
Translational attenuation is a regulatory mechanism analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation. The system requires the presence of a short ORF, called a leader peptide, encoded in the mRNA upstream of the ribosome-binding site and start codon of the gene whose translation is to be regulated. Certain conditions, such as presence of the antibiotic tetracycline in bacteria or amino acid starvation, may cause slowing or stalling of the ribosome translating the leader peptide. The stalled ribosome masks a region of the mRNA and affects which of two alternative mRNA folded structures will form, therefore controlling whether or not a ribosome will bind and initiate translation of the downstream gene. Translational attenuation is analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation, in which mRNA remodeling caused by ribosome stalling regulates transcriptional termination rather than translational initiation.
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethyl sulfoxide + H+ = dimethyl sulfide + H2O.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of dimethyl sulfide from dimethyl sulfoxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: GlcNAc-1,6-anhMurNAc-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-DAP-D-Ala + H2O glcNAc-1,6-anhMurNAc + L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-DAP-D-Ala.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FMN, the oxidized form of flavin mononucleotide (riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)), which acts as a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FMN, the oxidized form of flavin mononucleotide (riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)), which acts as a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FMN, the oxidized form of flavin mononucleotide (riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)), which acts as a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FMN, the oxidized form of flavin mononucleotide (riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)), which acts as a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase.
The process in which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other chemical processes, such as ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide.
The uptake and phosphorylation of specific carbohydrates from the extracellular environment; uptake and phosphorylation are coupled, making the PTS a link between the uptake and metabolism of sugars; phosphoenolpyruvate is the original phosphate donor; phosphoenolpyruvate passes the phosphate via a signal transduction pathway, to enzyme 1 (E1), which in turn passes it on to the histidine protein, HPr; the next step in the system involves sugar-specific membrane-bound complex, enzyme 2 (EII), which transports the sugar into the cell; it includes the sugar permease, which catalyzes the transport reactions; EII is usually divided into three different domains, EIIA, EIIB, and EIIC.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
The set of specific processes that generate the ability of an organism to induce an abnormal, generally detrimental state in another organism.
A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.
A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.
A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.
A multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant. The other participant is the host. Includes infection of a host cell, replication of the viral genome, and assembly of progeny virus particles. In some cases the viral genetic material may integrate into the host genome and only subsequently, under particular circumstances, 'complete' its life cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a xenobiotic compound stimulus. Xenobiotic compounds are compounds foreign to living organisms.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating flooding, short-term immersion in water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.
The long, slender, mid section of a pilus.
The pointed extremity furthest from the cell of a pilus.
The long (approximately 20 nm), thin external structure of the bacterial-type flagellum, which acts as a propeller.
The long (approximately 20 nm), thin external structure of the bacterial-type flagellum, which acts as a propeller.
The proteinaceous structure at the distal tip of the bacterial-type flagellar filament.
The proteinaceous structure at the distal tip of the bacterial-type flagellar filament.
The region of the bacterial-type flagellum where the hook and filament meet.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the unsymmetrical ether derived from phosphoenolpyruvate and 5-phosphoshikimic acid formed as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and many other compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the unsymmetrical ether derived from phosphoenolpyruvate and 5-phosphoshikimic acid formed as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and many other compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the unsymmetrical ether derived from phosphoenolpyruvate and 5-phosphoshikimic acid formed as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and many other compounds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the unsymmetrical ether derived from phosphoenolpyruvate and 5-phosphoshikimic acid formed as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and many other compounds.
The portion of the bacterial-type flagellum that connects the filament to the basal body.
The portion of the bacterial-type flagellum that connects the filament to the basal body.
One of the three major substructures of the bacterial-type flagellum, the basal body is embedded in the cell envelope (the plasma membrane, peptidoglycan cell wall, and, if one is present, the outer membrane); it houses the secretion apparatus that exports the more distal components and the flagellar motor.
One of the three major substructures of the bacterial-type flagellum, the basal body is embedded in the cell envelope (the plasma membrane, peptidoglycan cell wall, and, if one is present, the outer membrane); it houses the secretion apparatus that exports the more distal components and the flagellar motor.
The portion of the central rod of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body that is distal to the cell membrane; spans most of the distance between the inner and outer membranes.
The portion of the central rod of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body that is distal to the cell membrane; spans most of the distance between the inner and outer membranes.
One of the rings of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; anchors the basal body to the outer membrane.
One of the rings of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; anchors the basal body to the outer membrane.
One of the rings of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; anchors the basal body to the peptidoglycan layer.
One of the rings of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; anchors the basal body to the peptidoglycan layer.
The portion of the central rod of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body that is proximal to the cell membrane; the proximal rod connects the distal rod to the flagellar motor.
The portion of the central rod of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body that is proximal to the cell membrane; the proximal rod connects the distal rod to the flagellar motor.
One of the rings of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; a double-flanged ring that anchors the basal body to the cytoplasmic membrane.
One of the rings of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; a double-flanged ring that anchors the basal body to the cytoplasmic membrane.
One of the rings of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; a double-flanged ring that anchors the basal body to the cytoplasmic membrane.
One of the rings of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; a double-flanged ring that anchors the basal body to the cytoplasmic membrane.
An error-prone process for repairing damaged microbial DNA.
Cytoplasmic ring located at the base of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; acts as a rotor; includes three switch proteins, which generate torque and can change their conformational state in a bimodal fashion, so that the motor direction can switch between clockwise and counterclockwise.
Cytoplasmic ring located at the base of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; acts as a rotor; includes three switch proteins, which generate torque and can change their conformational state in a bimodal fashion, so that the motor direction can switch between clockwise and counterclockwise.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).
The pathways by which allantoin is processed and converted to ureidoglycolate, and then into metabolically useful substrates. E. coli are able to utilize allantoin as a sole nitrogen source under anaerobic conditions by converting it to ureidoglycolate; this may be further metabolized to produce glyoxylate and thence 3-phosphoglycerate, or alternatively oxidized to oxolureate, which can converted into oxamate and carbamoylphosphate. This may then be further metabolized to CO2, NH4+ and ATP.
The pathways by which allantoin is processed and converted to ureidoglycolate, and then into metabolically useful substrates. E. coli are able to utilize allantoin as a sole nitrogen source under anaerobic conditions by converting it to ureidoglycolate; this may be further metabolized to produce glyoxylate and thence 3-phosphoglycerate, or alternatively oxidized to oxolureate, which can converted into oxamate and carbamoylphosphate. This may then be further metabolized to CO2, NH4+ and ATP.
The pathways by which allantoin is processed and converted to ureidoglycolate, and then into metabolically useful substrates. E. coli are able to utilize allantoin as a sole nitrogen source under anaerobic conditions by converting it to ureidoglycolate; this may be further metabolized to produce glyoxylate and thence 3-phosphoglycerate, or alternatively oxidized to oxolureate, which can converted into oxamate and carbamoylphosphate. This may then be further metabolized to CO2, NH4+ and ATP.
Any process that generates pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of pyruvate to acetylphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be synthesized from arginine or ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be synthesized from arginine or ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be synthesized from arginine or ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be synthesized from arginine or ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which the 5' cap structure, an inverted 7-methylguanosine linked via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge (m7G(5')ppp(5')X) to the first transcribed residue, is added to a nascent transcript.
The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which the 5' cap structure, an inverted 7-methylguanosine linked via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge (m7G(5')ppp(5')X) to the first transcribed residue, is added to a nascent transcript.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to redox potential.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to redox potential.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to redox potential.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cytochrome c oxidase complex.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cytochrome c oxidase complex.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cytochrome c oxidase complex.
Enables the directed movement of electrons from the CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex and the cytochrome c oxidase complex.
Enables the directed movement of electrons from the CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex and the cytochrome c oxidase complex.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the noncyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II.
Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ubiquinol + O2 + 4 H+ = 2 ubiquinone + 2 H2O + 4 H+ [periplasmic space].
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + electron acceptor = glutathione disulfide + electron donor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + electron acceptor = glutathione disulfide + electron donor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H(+)[side 1] + 2 oxidized plastocyanin + plastoquinol-1 = 2 H(+)[side 2] + 2 reduced plastocyanin + plastoquinone. This reaction involves the concomitant transfer of 2 H+ ions across a membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H(+)[side 1] + 2 oxidized plastocyanin + plastoquinol-1 = 2 H(+)[side 2] + 2 reduced plastocyanin + plastoquinone. This reaction involves the concomitant transfer of 2 H+ ions across a membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H(+)[side 1] + 2 oxidized plastocyanin + plastoquinol-1 = 2 H(+)[side 2] + 2 reduced plastocyanin + plastoquinone. This reaction involves the concomitant transfer of 2 H+ ions across a membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H(+)[side 1] + 2 oxidized plastocyanin + plastoquinol-1 = 2 H(+)[side 2] + 2 reduced plastocyanin + plastoquinone. This reaction involves the concomitant transfer of 2 H+ ions across a membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H(+)[side 1] + 2 oxidized plastocyanin + plastoquinol-1 = 2 H(+)[side 2] + 2 reduced plastocyanin + plastoquinone. This reaction involves the concomitant transfer of 2 H+ ions across a membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H(+)[side 1] + 2 oxidized plastocyanin + plastoquinol-1 = 2 H(+)[side 2] + 2 reduced plastocyanin + plastoquinone. This reaction involves the concomitant transfer of 2 H+ ions across a membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H(+)[side 1] + 2 oxidized plastocyanin + plastoquinol-1 = 2 H(+)[side 2] + 2 reduced plastocyanin + plastoquinone. This reaction involves the concomitant transfer of 2 H+ ions across a membrane.
A plastid whose main function is to synthesize and store starch.
A process, occurring as part of photosynthesis, in which light provides the energy for a series of electron carriers to operate together to transfer electrons and generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
A process, occurring as part of photosynthesis, in which light provides the energy for a series of electron carriers to operate together to transfer electrons and generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
A process, occurring as part of photosynthesis, in which light provides the energy for a series of electron carriers to operate together to transfer electrons and generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
A process, occurring as part of photosynthesis, in which light provides the energy for a series of electron carriers to operate together to transfer electrons and generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
A process, occurring as part of photosynthesis, in which light provides the energy for a series of electron carriers to operate together to transfer electrons and generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
A process, occurring as part of photosynthesis, in which light provides the energy for a series of electron carriers to operate together to transfer electrons and generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
A process, occurring as part of photosynthesis, in which light provides the energy for a series of electron carriers to operate together to transfer electrons and generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
A thylakoid membrane complex of chlorophylls a and b together with chlorophyll a-b binding proteins. In addition, LHCs contain a number of other proteins, the function of which is speculative, together with accessory pigments. The LHCs capture and transfer energy to photosystems I and II. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The nascent cell membrane and cell wall structure that forms between two daughter nuclei near the center of a dividing plant cell. It develops at the equitorial region of the phragmoplast. It grows outwards to join with the lateral walls and form two daughter cells.
A more or less rigid stucture lying outside the cell membrane of a cell and composed of cellulose and pectin and other organic and inorganic substances.
A more or less rigid stucture lying outside the cell membrane of a cell and composed of cellulose and pectin and other organic and inorganic substances.
A fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.
A chlorophyll-containing plastid with thylakoids organized into grana and frets, or stroma thylakoids, and embedded in a stroma.
A circular DNA molecule containing plastid encoded genes.
A plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll, usually yellow and orange carotenoid pigments.
A tightly wound cylinder of membrane that is located within the plasmodesmal pore and runs the length of the plasmodesma. The desmotubule likely provides a rigid stability to plasmodesmata and confers a fixed diameter and pore size to the plasmodesmal canal, and is linked to the endoplasmic reticulum in each of the adjacent cell.
A tightly wound cylinder of membrane that is located within the plasmodesmal pore and runs the length of the plasmodesma. The desmotubule likely provides a rigid stability to plasmodesmata and confers a fixed diameter and pore size to the plasmodesmal canal, and is linked to the endoplasmic reticulum in each of the adjacent cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum found in plasmodesmata, junctions connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.
Complex that transfers electrons from reduced plastoquinone to oxidized plastocyanin and translocates protons from the stroma to the lumen. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome f, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.
Complex that transfers electrons from reduced plastoquinone to oxidized plastocyanin and translocates protons from the stroma to the lumen. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome f, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.
Complex that transfers electrons from reduced plastoquinone to oxidized plastocyanin and translocates protons from the stroma to the lumen. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome f, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.
Complex that transfers electrons from reduced plastoquinone to oxidized plastocyanin and translocates protons from the stroma to the lumen. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome f, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.
Complex that transfers electrons from reduced plastoquinone to oxidized plastocyanin and translocates protons from the stroma to the lumen. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome f, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.
Complex that transfers electrons from reduced plastoquinone to oxidized plastocyanin and translocates protons from the stroma to the lumen. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome f, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.
Complex that transfers electrons from reduced plastoquinone to oxidized plastocyanin and translocates protons from the stroma to the lumen. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome f, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.
A plastid arrested in the development of chloroplasts from proplastids due to absence of light or low light conditions.
A specialized form of peroxisome that contains the enzymes of the glyoxylate pathway. The glyoxysome is found in some plant cells, notably the cells of germinating seeds.
Appressed thylakoid membranes that are part of a granum (stacked regions). A characteristic of these appressed regions is the preferential localization of photosystem II.
A colorless plastid involved in the synthesis of monoterpenes.
Protein-pigment complex associated with photosystem II.
Protein-pigment complex associated with photosystem I.
Layer of intercellular material, chiefly pectic substances, cementing together the primary walls of contiguous cells.
A complex located in a photosynthetic membrane that consists of a photoreaction center associated with accessory pigments and electron carriers. Examples of this component are found in Arabidopsis thaliana and in photosynthetic bacterial and archaeal species.
A complex located in a photosynthetic membrane that consists of a photoreaction center associated with accessory pigments and electron carriers. Examples of this component are found in Arabidopsis thaliana and in photosynthetic bacterial and archaeal species.
A complex located in a photosynthetic membrane that consists of a photoreaction center associated with accessory pigments and electron carriers. Examples of this component are found in Arabidopsis thaliana and in photosynthetic bacterial and archaeal species.
A photosystem that contains an iron-sulfur reaction center associated with accessory pigments and electron carriers. In cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, photosystem I functions as a light-dependent plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin; in photosynthetic bacteria that have only a single type I photosystem, such as the green sulfur bacteria, electrons can go either to ferredoxin (Fd) -> NAD+ or to menaquinone (MK) -> Cytb/FeS -> Cytc555 -> photosystem I (cyclic photophosphorylation).
A photosystem that contains a pheophytin-quinone reaction center with associated accessory pigments and electron carriers. In cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, in the presence of light, PSII functions as a water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from water to plastoquinone, whereas other photosynthetic bacteria carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis and oxidize other compounds to re-reduce the photoreaction center.
Fibrous structure (light microscope view) that arises between the daughter nuclei at telophase and within which the initial partition (cell plate), dividing the mother cell in two (cytokinesis), is formed. Appears at first as a spindle connected to the two nuclei, but later spreads laterally in the form of a ring. Consists of microtubules.
A flattened membranous vesicle containing cell wall components.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing a plastid and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the plastid envelope.
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the plastid envelope; also faces the plastid stroma.
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the plastid envelope.
A plant cell wall that is still able to expand, permitting cell growth. Primary cell walls contain more pectin than secondary walls and no lignin is present.
A plant cell wall that is no longer able to expand and so does not permit growth. Secondary cell walls contain less pectin that primary cell walls. The secondary cell is mostly composed of cellulose and is strengthened with lignin.
The proteinaceous ground substance of plastids.
Unstacked thylakoids that connect the grana stacks through the stroma.
Sac-like membranous structures (cisternae) in a chloroplast combined into stacks (grana) and present singly in the stroma (stroma thylakoids or frets) as interconnections between grana. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The pigmented membrane of a chloroplast thylakoid. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Any member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA. Plant plastids develop from a common type, the proplastid.
The precursor of other plastids.
A photochemical system containing P700, the chlorophyll a dimer that functions as a primary electron donor. Functioning as a light-dependent plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, it transfers electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin.
An integral membrane complex containing P680, the chlorophyll a molecule that functions as a primary electron donor. In the light, functioning as a water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, it transfers electrons from water to plastoquinone.
Catalysis of the reactions: zeaxanthin + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = antheraxanthin + NAD(P)+ + H2O; and antheraxanthin + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = violaxanthin + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reactions: zeaxanthin + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = antheraxanthin + NAD(P)+ + H2O; and antheraxanthin + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = violaxanthin + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
A three dimensional regular lattice found in etioplasts. It is composed of a continuous system of tubules but when exposed to light the symmetrical arrangement is rapidly lost as tubules become pinched off into two dimensional sections of lattice. These for perforated sheets of membrane that move apart, extend and increase, finally establishing the typical granal and intergranal lamellae of the mature chloroplast.
Distinct stack of lamellae seen within chloroplasts. Grana contain the pigments, electron transfer compounds, and enzymes essential to the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
The cavity enclosed within the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The protein complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP in chloroplasts.
A leucoplast in which oil is stored.
The space between the plasma membrane and the desmotubule of a plasmodesma.
A ribosome contained within a plastid.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasmodesma.
A microfibril composed of cellulose arranged in orthogonal layers. Cellulose is a straight chain polysaccharide composed of B(14) linked glucose subunits. It is a major component of plant cell walls. Higher plant microfibrils are about 10nm in diameter and extremely long in relation to their width. The cellulose molecules are oriented parallel to the long axis of the microfibril in a paracrystalline array, which provides great tensile strength. The microfibrils are held in place by the wall matrix and their orientation is closely controlled by the cell.
A plasmodesma that consists of a simple, single channel; found predominantly in young tissue and formed as a function of cell plate formation during cytokinesis.
A plasmodesma with a branched structure, often with many channels leading into a larger central cavity; found in older tissues and usually derived from preexisting primary plasmodesmata.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo sac over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the megasporocyte to form four haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores disintegrate, and the fourth undergoes mitosis giving rise to a binucleate syncytial embryo sac. The two haploid nuclei migrate to the opposite poles of the embryo sac and then undergo two rounds of mitosis generating four haploid nuclei at each pole. One nucleus from each set of four migrates to the center of the cell. Cellularization occurs, resulting in an eight-nucleate seven-celled structure. This structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. The two polar nuclei fuse resulting in a mononucleate diploid endosperm mother cell. The three antipodal cells degenerate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo sac over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the megasporocyte to form four haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores disintegrate, and the fourth undergoes mitosis giving rise to a binucleate syncytial embryo sac. The two haploid nuclei migrate to the opposite poles of the embryo sac and then undergo two rounds of mitosis generating four haploid nuclei at each pole. One nucleus from each set of four migrates to the center of the cell. Cellularization occurs, resulting in an eight-nucleate seven-celled structure. This structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. The two polar nuclei fuse resulting in a mononucleate diploid endosperm mother cell. The three antipodal cells degenerate.
The process in which the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, giving rise to four haploid megaspores in the nucellus.
The process in which the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, giving rise to four haploid megaspores in the nucellus.
The process in which the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, giving rise to four haploid megaspores in the nucellus.
The process in which the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, giving rise to four haploid megaspores in the nucellus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pollen grain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the microsporocyte to form four haploid microspores. The nucleus of each microspore then divides by mitosis to form a two-celled organism, the pollen grain, that contains a tube cell as well as a smaller generative cell. The pollen grain is surrounded by an elaborate cell wall. In some species, the generative cell immediately divides again to give a pair of sperm cells. In most flowering plants, however this division takes place later, in the tube that develops when a pollen grain germinates.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pollen grain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the microsporocyte to form four haploid microspores. The nucleus of each microspore then divides by mitosis to form a two-celled organism, the pollen grain, that contains a tube cell as well as a smaller generative cell. The pollen grain is surrounded by an elaborate cell wall. In some species, the generative cell immediately divides again to give a pair of sperm cells. In most flowering plants, however this division takes place later, in the tube that develops when a pollen grain germinates.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pollen grain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the microsporocyte to form four haploid microspores. The nucleus of each microspore then divides by mitosis to form a two-celled organism, the pollen grain, that contains a tube cell as well as a smaller generative cell. The pollen grain is surrounded by an elaborate cell wall. In some species, the generative cell immediately divides again to give a pair of sperm cells. In most flowering plants, however this division takes place later, in the tube that develops when a pollen grain germinates.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pollen grain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the microsporocyte to form four haploid microspores. The nucleus of each microspore then divides by mitosis to form a two-celled organism, the pollen grain, that contains a tube cell as well as a smaller generative cell. The pollen grain is surrounded by an elaborate cell wall. In some species, the generative cell immediately divides again to give a pair of sperm cells. In most flowering plants, however this division takes place later, in the tube that develops when a pollen grain germinates.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pollen grain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the microsporocyte to form four haploid microspores. The nucleus of each microspore then divides by mitosis to form a two-celled organism, the pollen grain, that contains a tube cell as well as a smaller generative cell. The pollen grain is surrounded by an elaborate cell wall. In some species, the generative cell immediately divides again to give a pair of sperm cells. In most flowering plants, however this division takes place later, in the tube that develops when a pollen grain germinates.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pollen grain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the microsporocyte to form four haploid microspores. The nucleus of each microspore then divides by mitosis to form a two-celled organism, the pollen grain, that contains a tube cell as well as a smaller generative cell. The pollen grain is surrounded by an elaborate cell wall. In some species, the generative cell immediately divides again to give a pair of sperm cells. In most flowering plants, however this division takes place later, in the tube that develops when a pollen grain germinates.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pollen grain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the microsporocyte to form four haploid microspores. The nucleus of each microspore then divides by mitosis to form a two-celled organism, the pollen grain, that contains a tube cell as well as a smaller generative cell. The pollen grain is surrounded by an elaborate cell wall. In some species, the generative cell immediately divides again to give a pair of sperm cells. In most flowering plants, however this division takes place later, in the tube that develops when a pollen grain germinates.
The process in which the microsporocyte undergoes meiosis, giving rise to four haploid microspores.
The process in which an uncellularized nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of an antipodal cell.
The process in which the eight-nucleate single celled female gametophyte develops into the seven-celled female gametophyte. This mature structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The process in which the eight-nucleate single celled female gametophyte develops into the seven-celled female gametophyte. This mature structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The process in which the eight-nucleate single celled female gametophyte develops into the seven-celled female gametophyte. This mature structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The process in which the eight-nucleate single celled female gametophyte develops into the seven-celled female gametophyte. This mature structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The process in which the two uncellularized polar nuclei cellularize, fuse and acquire the specialized features of a mononucleate diploid central cell.
The process in which the two uncellularized polar nuclei cellularize, fuse and acquire the specialized features of a mononucleate diploid central cell.
The process in which an uncellularized embryo sac nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of an egg cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The process in which an uncellularized embryo sac nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of an egg cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The process in which an uncellularized embryo sac nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of an egg cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo sac over time, from its formation as the megaspore to the mature structure. The process begins when three of the four haploid megaspores disintegrate, and the fourth undergoes mitosis giving rise to a binucleate syncytial embryo sac. The two haploid nuclei migrate to the opposite poles of the embryo sac and then undergo two rounds of mitosis generating four haploid nuclei at each pole. One nucleus from each set of four migrates to the center of the cell. Cellularization occurs, resulting in an eight-nucleate seven-celled structure. This structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo sac over time, from its formation as the megaspore to the mature structure. The process begins when three of the four haploid megaspores disintegrate, and the fourth undergoes mitosis giving rise to a binucleate syncytial embryo sac. The two haploid nuclei migrate to the opposite poles of the embryo sac and then undergo two rounds of mitosis generating four haploid nuclei at each pole. One nucleus from each set of four migrates to the center of the cell. Cellularization occurs, resulting in an eight-nucleate seven-celled structure. This structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center.
The directed movement of an embryo sac nucleus to the pole or center of the cell.
The directed movement of an embryo sac nucleus to the pole or center of the cell.
The directed movement of an embryo sac nucleus to the pole or center of the cell.
The directed movement of an embryo sac nucleus to the pole or center of the cell.
The directed movement of an embryo sac nucleus to the pole or center of the cell.
The process in which an uncellularized nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of a synergid cell.
The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
Fertilization where one of the two sperm nuclei from the pollen tube fuses with the egg nucleus to form a 2n zygote, and the other fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the 3n primary endosperm nucleus and then develops into the endosperm. The ploidy level of the 2n zygote and 3n primary endosperm nucleus is determined by the ploidy level of the parents involved. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Plant storage body for amylose and amylopectin, 1-100um in diameter, and located in amyloplasts. Also contains small amounts of enzymes, amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids. The shape of the grain varies widely amongst species, but is often spherical or disk-shaped.
Plant storage body for amylose and amylopectin, 1-100um in diameter, and located in chloroplasts. Also contains small amounts of enzymes, amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids. The shape of the grain varies widely amongst species, but is often spherical or disk-shaped.
The space enclosed by the double membrane of a chloroplast but excluding the thylakoid space. It contains DNA, ribosomes and some temporary products of photosynthesis.
The space enclosed by the double membrane of a proplastid.
A complex, located in the chloroplast, containing either both large and small subunits or just small subunits which carries out the activity of producing 3-phosphoglycerate from carbon dioxide and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A dense band of microtubules, 1-3 pm wide, that appears just beneath the cell membrane before the start of cell division in the cells of higher plants. It precedes the onset of prophase and then disappears as mitosis begins, yet it somehow determines the plane of orientation of the new cell plate forming in late telophase and marks the zone of the parental cell wall where fusion with the growing cell plate ultimately occurs.
The space enclosed by the double membrane of a chromoplast but excluding the photosynthetic material.
The space enclosed by the double membrane of a leucoplast.
The space enclosed by the double membrane of an elaioplast.
The space enclosed by the double membrane of an etioplast but excluding the prothylakoid space. It contains the etioplast DNA.
A membranous cellular structure that bears the photosynthetic pigments in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. In cyanobacteria thylakoids are of various shapes and are attached to, or continuous with, the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes they are flattened, membrane-bounded disk-like structures located in the chloroplasts; in the chloroplasts of higher plants the thylakoids form dense stacks called grana. Isolated thylakoid preparations can carry out photosynthetic electron transport and the associated phosphorylation.
A thylakoid that is derived from and attached to, but not necessarily continuous with, the plasma membrane, and is not enclosed in a plastid. It bears the photosynthetic pigments in photosynthetic cyanobacteria.
A pigment-bearing structure that is derived from the cytoplasmic membrane, sometimes consisting of simple invaginations and sometimes a complete vesicle. This component is found in certain photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria.
The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from red or far-red light into a molecular signal; the red, far-red light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range 660-730 nm.
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from red or far-red light into a molecular signal; the red, far-red light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range 660-730 nm.
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV-A or blue light into a molecular signal; the UV-A, blue light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range of 315 to 400 nm.
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV-A or blue light into a molecular signal; the UV-A, blue light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range of 315 to 400 nm.
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV-A or blue light into a molecular signal; the UV-A, blue light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range of 315 to 400 nm.
The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.
The series of events in which a gravitational stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a nutrient stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a nutrient stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a nutrient stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a virus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a nematode is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from an insect is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiont (an organism living in close physical association with an organism of a different species) is received and converted into a molecular signal. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiotic fungus, a fungus living in close physical association with another organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiotic fungus, a fungus living in close physical association with another organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiotic fungus, a fungus living in close physical association with another organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.
The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, in response to an external source of stimulus, usually toward or away from it.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiont, an organism living with an organism of a different species in close physical association. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiotic fungus, a fungus living in close physical association with another organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism.
Specific posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of viral gene(s), and host gene(s) homologous to the viral genes. This silencing is triggered by viral infection, and occurs through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA of both host and viral genes.
Specific posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of viral gene(s), and host gene(s) homologous to the viral genes. This silencing is triggered by viral infection, and occurs through a specific decrease in the level of mRNA of both host and viral genes.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a parasitic fungus, a fungus which spends all or part of its life in or on another organism from which it obtains nourishment and/or protection.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from an insect.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from an insect.
The rapid, localized death of plant cells in response to invasion by a pathogen.
The rapid, localized death of plant cells in response to invasion by a pathogen.
The rapid, localized death of plant cells in response to invasion by a pathogen.
The salicylic acid mediated response to a pathogen which confers broad spectrum resistance.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (non-living) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus.
The orientation of plant parts under the stimulation of gravity.
Any process that increases freezing tolerance of an organism in response to low, nonfreezing temperatures.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of prolonged deprivation of water that restores that organism to a normal (non-stressed) condition.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a herbicide stimulus. Herbicides are chemicals used to kill or control the growth of plants.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.
The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, in response to a light stimulus, usually toward or away from it.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red or far red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The control of plant growth, development, and differentiation by the duration and nature of light, independent of photosynthesis.
Shade avoidance is a set of responses that plants display when they are subjected to the shade of another plant. It often includes elongation, altered flowering time, increased apical dominance and altered partitioning of resources. Plants are able to distinguish between the shade of an inanimate object (e.g. a rock) and the shade of another plant due to the altered balance between red and far-red light in the shade of a plant; this balance between red and far-red light is perceived by phytochrome.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus.
A response to light intensity in which exposure to medium-intensity light results in increased tolerance to high-intensity light.
A response to light intensity in which exposure to medium-intensity light results in increased tolerance to high-intensity light.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high light intensity stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low light intensity stimulus. Low light intensity is defined as a level of electromagnetic radiation at or below 0.1 micromols/m2.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an absence of light stimuli.
The control of plant growth, development, and differentiation in response to growth in darkness.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species.
The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to environmental time cues such as light.
Any process in which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV.
Any process in which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV.
Any process in which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV.
Any process in which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV.
Any process in which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, such as leaves or tendrils, in response to a touch stimulus, usually toward or away from it.
A complex, composed of a cluster of manganese, calcium and chloride ions bound to extrinsic proteins, that catalyzes the splitting of water to O2 and 4 H+. In cyanobacteria there are five extrinsic proteins in OEC (PsbO, PsbP-like, PsbQ-like, PsbU and PsbV), while in plants there are only three (PsbO, PsbP and PsbQ).
A complex, composed of a cluster of manganese, calcium and chloride ions bound to extrinsic proteins, that catalyzes the splitting of water to O2 and 4 H+. In cyanobacteria there are five extrinsic proteins in OEC (PsbO, PsbP-like, PsbQ-like, PsbU and PsbV), while in plants there are only three (PsbO, PsbP and PsbQ).
The pigment-protein complex primarily associated to PSII in higher plants, green algae and cyanobacteria that directly transfers electrons to the reaction center.
The pigment-protein complex primarily associated to PSII in higher plants, green algae and cyanobacteria that directly transfers electrons to the reaction center.
The pigment-protein complex primarily associated to PSII in higher plants, green algae and cyanobacteria that directly transfers electrons to the reaction center.
Pigment-protein complex primarily associated to PSII in plants, green algae and cyanobacteria. Involved in state transitions that cause migration to PSI under certain environmental conditions such as high light.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plastid.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plastid.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the chloroplast.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the chloroplast.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a leucoplast. A leucoplast is a colorless plastid involved in the synthesis of monoterpenes.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a leucoplast. A leucoplast is a colorless plastid involved in the synthesis of monoterpenes.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an amyloplast. An amyloplast is a plastid whose main function is to synthesize and store starch.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an amyloplast. An amyloplast is a plastid whose main function is to synthesize and store starch.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the chromoplast. A chromoplast is a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll, usually yellow and orange carotenoid pigments.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the chromoplast. A chromoplast is a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll, usually yellow and orange carotenoid pigments.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an etioplast. An etioplast is a plastid arrested in the development of chloroplasts from proplastids due to absence of light or low light conditions.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an etioplast. An etioplast is a plastid arrested in the development of chloroplasts from proplastids due to absence of light or low light conditions.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasmodesma, a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasmodesma, a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasmodesma, a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.
A process that results in the assembly and arrangement of constituent parts of the cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall, or in the disassembly of the cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. This process is carried out at the cellular level. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A process that results in the assembly and arrangement of constituent parts of the cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall, or in the disassembly of the cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. This process is carried out at the cellular level. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A process that results in the assembly and arrangement of constituent parts of the cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall, or in the disassembly of the cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. This process is carried out at the cellular level. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A process that results in the assembly and arrangement of constituent parts of the cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall, or in the disassembly of the cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. This process is carried out at the cellular level. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The partitioning of plastids between daughter cells at cell division.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the outer membrane of a plastid.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the outer membrane of a plastid.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the inner membrane of a plastid.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the inner membrane of a plastid.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of either of the lipid bilayers surrounding a plastid.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of either of the lipid bilayers surrounding a plastid.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sucrose(out) + monovalent cation(out) = sucrose(in) + monovalent cation(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sucrose(out) + monovalent cation(out) = sucrose(in) + monovalent cation(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: triose-phosphate(out) + phosphate(in) = triose-phosphate(in) + phosphate(out).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: triose-phosphate(out) + phosphate(in) = triose-phosphate(in) + phosphate(out).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: triose-phosphate(out) + phosphate(in) = triose-phosphate(in) + phosphate(out).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: triose-phosphate(out) + phosphate(in) = triose-phosphate(in) + phosphate(out).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: triose-phosphate(out) + phosphate(in) = triose-phosphate(in) + phosphate(out).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nitrate(out) + H+(out) = nitrate(in) + H+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nitrate(out) + H+(out) = nitrate(in) + H+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nitrate(out) + H+(out) = nitrate(in) + H+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: auxin(out) + H+(out) = auxin(in) + H+(in).
Enables the transfer of phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(out) + Na+(out) = K+(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in). In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in). In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in). In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in). In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in). In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in). In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.
Rudimentary double fertilization where one of the two sperm nuclei from the pollen tube fuses with the egg nucleus to form a 2n zygote, and the other fuses with the ventral canal cell nucleus to form a second zygote, which soon degenerates. An example of this process is found in the Gnetophytes, such as Welwitschia mirabilis.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate, which generates a proton motive force.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: hexose(out) + H+(out) = hexose(in) + H+(in).
A response to non-pathogenic bacteria that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving abscisic acid, 5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid, 5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid, 5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid, 5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid, 5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid.
The activation of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins, low-molecular mass, lipophilic antimicrobial compounds that accumulate rapidly at sites of incompatible pathogen infection.
The activation of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins, low-molecular mass, lipophilic antimicrobial compounds that accumulate rapidly at sites of incompatible pathogen infection.
The activation of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins, low-molecular mass, lipophilic antimicrobial compounds that accumulate rapidly at sites of incompatible pathogen infection.
The activation of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins, low-molecular mass, lipophilic antimicrobial compounds that accumulate rapidly at sites of incompatible pathogen infection.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving jasmonic acid, a fatty acid derivative with the formula (1R-(1 alpha, 2 beta(Z)))-3-oxo-2-(2-pentenyl)cyclopentaneacetic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of jasmonic acid, a fatty acid derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of jasmonic acid, a fatty acid derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of jasmonic acid, a fatty acid derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of jasmonic acid, a fatty acid derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole phytoalexins, any indole compound produced by plants as part of their defense response.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole phytoalexins, any indole compound produced by plants as part of their defense response.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole phytoalexins, any indole compound produced by plants as part of their defense response.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole phytoalexins, any indole compound produced by plants as part of their defense response.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives isomeric with flavonoids that possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives isomeric with flavonoids that possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives isomeric with flavonoids that possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives isomeric with flavonoids that possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinose + ATP = beta-L-arabinose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinose + ATP = beta-L-arabinose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + NAD+ + H2O = nitrate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + NAD+ + H2O = nitrate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + NAD+ + H2O = nitrate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + NAD+ + H2O = nitrate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + NAD+ + H2O = nitrate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + NAD+ + H2O = nitrate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + NAD+ + H2O = nitrate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + NAD+ + H2O = nitrate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + NAD+ + H2O = nitrate + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + NAD+ + H2O = nitrate + NADH + H+.
The greening response of plants grown in the dark (etiolated) as a result of chloroplast biogenesis and the accumulation of chlorophyll.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole that retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole that retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole that retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the chloroplast envelope; also faces the chloroplast stroma.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the chloroplast envelope.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids, compounds with bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids, compounds with bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids, compounds with bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids, compounds with bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoid indole alkaloids, compounds formed from the condensation of tryptamine (derived from tryptophan) and secologanin (derived from geranyl pyrophosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoid indole alkaloids, compounds formed from the condensation of tryptamine (derived from tryptophan) and secologanin (derived from geranyl pyrophosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoid indole alkaloids, compounds formed from the condensation of tryptamine (derived from tryptophan) and secologanin (derived from geranyl pyrophosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoid indole alkaloids, compounds formed from the condensation of tryptamine (derived from tryptophan) and secologanin (derived from geranyl pyrophosphate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tropane alkaloids, compounds containing the 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane ring system.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tropane alkaloids, compounds containing the 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane ring system.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tropane alkaloids, compounds containing the 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane ring system.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tropane alkaloids, compounds containing the 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane ring system.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine alkaloids, compounds derived from purine and composed of an N-containing double ring structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine alkaloids, compounds derived from purine and composed of an N-containing double ring structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine alkaloids, compounds derived from purine and composed of an N-containing double ring structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine alkaloids, compounds derived from purine and composed of an N-containing double ring structure.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chalcones, phenyl steryl ketone or its hydroxylated derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chalcone, phenyl steryl ketone or its hydroxylated derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chalcone, phenyl steryl ketone or its hydroxylated derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chalcone, phenyl steryl ketone or its hydroxylated derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chalcone, phenyl steryl ketone or its hydroxylated derivatives.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton, which possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton, which possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton, which possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton, which possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives, isomeric with flavonoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives, isomeric with flavonoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives, isomeric with flavonoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives, isomeric with flavonoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins, any member of a group of intensely colored soluble glycosides of anthocyanidins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins, any member of a group of intensely colored soluble glycosides of anthocyanidins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins, any member of a group of intensely colored soluble glycosides of anthocyanidins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins, any member of a group of intensely colored soluble glycosides of anthocyanidins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins, any member of a group of intensely colored soluble glycosides of anthocyanidins.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.
The series of events in which a hormone stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an auxin stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a cytokinin stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethylene (ethene) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethylene (ethene) stimulus.
The series of events in which an abscisic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.
The series of events in which an endogenous stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an ethylene (ethene) stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an ethylene (ethene) stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an ethylene (ethene) stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a gibberellic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a brassinosteroid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a carbohydrate stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a sucrose stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a hexose is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auxin stimulus.
A series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone auxin to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone auxin to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone auxin to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone auxin to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone auxin to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokinin stimulus.
A series of molecular signals generated by the binding of a cytokinin to a receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the binding of a cytokinin to a receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the binding of a cytokinin to a receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abscisic acid stimulus.
A series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gibberellin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gibberellin stimulus.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a brassinosteroid stimulus.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of brassinosteroid.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sucrose stimulus.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of sucrose.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus.
A series of molecular signals mediated by hexose and dependent on the detection of hexokinase.
A series of molecular signals mediated by hexose and independent of hexokinase.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fructose stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salicylic acid stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salicylic acid stimulus.
The series of events in which a salicylic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus.
The series of events in which a jasmonic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Series of events required for a jasmonic acid stimulus to be detected and converted to a signal molecule.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of carbohydrate.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of hexose.
A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary carbohydrate sources,usually glucose, and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary carbohydrate source and to transport and metabolize alternate carbohydrate sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects carbohydrate levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize carbohydrates, and ends when the carbohydrate is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.
A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary carbohydrate sources,usually glucose, and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary carbohydrate source and to transport and metabolize alternate carbohydrate sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects carbohydrate levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize carbohydrates, and ends when the carbohydrate is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole glucosinolates, sulfur-containing compounds that have a common structure linked to an R group derived from tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole glucosinolates, sulfur-containing compounds that have a common structure linked to an R group derived from tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole glucosinolates, sulfur-containing compounds that have a common structure linked to an R group derived from tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole glucosinolates, sulfur-containing compounds that have a common structure linked to an R group derived from tryptophan.
The combination of atmospheric CO2 with a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) in the mesophyll cells to make a 4-carbon acid which is immediately converted to malic acid. The malic acid is then passed across to the bundle sheath cells where it is broken down again to pyruvic acid and CO2. The acid is passed back to the mesophyll cells to be used again, while the CO2 is fed into the reductive pentose-phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle) and converted into sugar and starch.
The combination of atmospheric CO2 with a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) to make malic acid. The malic acid is then passed into the vacuole where it is stored until daylight, when it is shuttled back out to be used as a substrate in the light reaction of photosynthesis.
The process of C4 photosynthesis, as it occurs in plants in which the enzyme decarboxylating C4 acids in the bundle sheath is NADP-malic enzyme.
The process of C4 photosynthesis, as it occurs in plants in which the enzyme decarboxylating C4 acids in the bundle sheath is NAD-malic enzyme.
The process of C4 photosynthesis, as it occurs in plants in which the enzyme decarboxylating C4 acids in the bundle sheath is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK).
Absorption and transfer of the energy absorbed from light photons between photosystem reaction centers.
In the photosynthetic reaction centers, primary charge separation is initiated by the excitation of a molecule followed by the transfer of an electron to an electron acceptor molecule following energy transfer from light harvesting complexes.
After a photon of light is absorbed by one of the many chlorophyll molecules, in one of the light-harvesting complexes of an antenna on photosystem I, some of the absorbed energy is transferred to the pair of chlorophyll molecules in the reaction center.
After a photon of light is absorbed by one of the many chlorophyll molecules, in one of the light-harvesting complexes of an antenna on photosystem II, some of the absorbed energy is transferred to the pair of chlorophyll molecules in the reaction center.
Energized reaction-center P700 chlorophylls on photosystem I donate an electron to a loosely bound Quinone acceptor molecule X, on the stromal surface of the thylakoid membrane. The result is charge separation; a negative charge on the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane and a positive charge on the luminal side.
Energized reaction-center P680 chlorophylls on photosystem II donate an electron to a loosely bound acceptor molecule, the quinone Q, on the stromal surface of the thylakoid membrane. The result is charge separation; a negative charge on the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane and a positive charge on the luminal side.
A photosynthetic electron transport chain in which electrons move from the primary electron acceptor (Quinone, Q) through a chain of electron transport molecules in the thylakoid membrane until they reach the ultimate electron acceptor of Photosystem II, which is plastocyanin (PC). The electron is then passed to the P700 chlorophyll a molecules of the reaction centre of photosystem I.
A photosynthetic electron transport chain in which electrons move from the primary electron acceptor (Quinone, X) through a chain of electron transport molecules in the thylakoid membrane until they reach ferredoxin which passes the electron to the ultimate electron acceptor; NADP.
Any metabolic process in which photosynthetic organisms use light energy to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water that occurs in phosphorylation.
A photosynthetic phosphorylation process in which ATP synthesis is driven by a proton gradient generated across the thylakoid membrane. Involves only photosystem I.
A photosynthetic phosphorylation process in which ATP synthesis is linked to the transport of electrons from water to NADP+ with the production of NADPH and dioxygen (O2). Involves photosystem I and photosystem II.
An NADPH regeneration process that contributes to the light reactions of photosynthesis. The light reactions of photosynthesis use energy from photons to generate high-energy electrons. These electrons are used directly to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. NADPH is a relatively stable molecule and can pass on its hydrogen atom to other molecules in chemical reactions.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H2O = O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-. The evolution of oxygen from oxidizing water is carried out by the oxygen evolving complex in photosystem II of plants. P680+, the photochemically oxidized reaction-center chlorophyll of PSII, is a strong biological oxidant. The reduction potential of P680+ is more positive than that of water, and thus it can oxidize water to give O2 and H+ ions. The oxygen escapes as a gas while the H+ ions remain in solution inside the thylakoid vesicle.
The antenna complex of photosystem I. A photosystem has two closely linked components, an antenna containing light-absorbing pigments and a reaction center. Each antenna contains one or more light-harvesting complexes (LHCs).
The antenna complex of photosystem II. A photosystem has two closely linked components, an antenna containing light-absorbing pigments and a reaction center. Each antenna contains one or more light-harvesting complexes (LHCs).
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of a membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-histidine = ADP + a protein-L-histidine phosphate.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of blue light by photoreceptor molecule, at a wavelength between 400nm and 470nm.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point.
The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism such that a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts around a common axis, or around each side of a plane is created.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coumarins, a class of compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coumarins, a class of compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coumarins, a class of compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coumarins, a class of compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lignans, any member of a class of plant metabolites related to lignins. Lignans are usually found as phenylpropanoid dimers in which the phenylpropanoid units are linked tail to tail and thus having a 2,3 dibenzylbutane skeleton, but higher oligomers can also exist.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignans, any member of a class of plant metabolites related to lignins. Lignans are usually found as phenylpropanoid dimers in which the phenylpropanoid units are linked tail to tail and thus having a 2,3 dibenzylbutane skeleton, but higher oligomers can also exist.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignans, any member of a class of plant metabolites related to lignins. Lignans are usually found as phenylpropanoid dimers in which the phenylpropanoid units are linked tail to tail and thus having a 2,3 dibenzylbutane skeleton, but higher oligomers can also exist.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignans, any member of a class of plant metabolites related to lignins. Lignans are usually found as phenylpropanoid dimers in which the phenylpropanoid units are linked tail to tail and thus having a 2,3 dibenzylbutane skeleton, but higher oligomers can also exist.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignans, any member of a class of plant metabolites related to lignins. Lignans are usually found as phenylpropanoid dimers in which the phenylpropanoid units are linked tail to tail and thus having a 2,3 dibenzylbutane skeleton, but higher oligomers can also exist.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lignins, a class of polymers of phenylpropanoid units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignins, a class of polymers formed by the dehydrogenetive radical polymerization of various phenylpropanoid monomers.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignins, a class of polymers formed by the dehydrogenetive radical polymerization of various phenylpropanoid monomers.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignins, a class of polymers formed by the dehydrogenetive radical polymerization of various phenylpropanoid monomers.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignins, a class of polymers formed by the dehydrogenetive radical polymerization of various phenylpropanoid monomers.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving stilbenes, a class of polyketides formed from a molecule of cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl-CoA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of stilbenes, a class of polyketide compounds formed from cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl CoA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of stilbenes, a class of polyketide compounds formed from cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl CoA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of stilbenes, a class of polyketide compounds formed from cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl CoA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of stilbenes, a class of polyketide compounds formed from cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl CoA.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton including flavones, flavonols and flavanoids, and anthocyanins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids, a group of phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids, a group of phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids, a group of phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids, a group of phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton.
A response of a plant to a pathogenic agent that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of a plant to a pathogenic agent that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of a plant to a pathogenic agent that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of a plant to a pathogenic agent that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + L-ascorbate + O(2) = CO(2) + dehydroascorbate + ethylene + 2 H(2)O + hydrogen cyanide. Ethene is also known as ethylene.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + L-ascorbate + O(2) = CO(2) + dehydroascorbate + ethylene + 2 H(2)O + hydrogen cyanide. Ethene is also known as ethylene.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + L-ascorbate + O(2) = CO(2) + dehydroascorbate + ethylene + 2 H(2)O + hydrogen cyanide. Ethene is also known as ethylene.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + L-ascorbate + O(2) = CO(2) + dehydroascorbate + ethylene + 2 H(2)O + hydrogen cyanide. Ethene is also known as ethylene.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + L-ascorbate + O(2) = CO(2) + dehydroascorbate + ethylene + 2 H(2)O + hydrogen cyanide. Ethene is also known as ethylene.
A response of an organism to a bacterium that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a bacterium that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a bacterium that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a bacterium that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a bacterium that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a bacterium that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a bacterium that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a fungus that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a fungus that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a fungus that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a fungus that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a fungus that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a fungus that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a fungus that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a fungus that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a protozoan that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a protozoan that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a protozoan that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a protozoan that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a protozoan that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a protozoan that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
A response of an organism to a protozoan that prevents the occurrence or spread of disease.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as plant growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as plant growth regulators.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as plant growth regulators.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + dimethylallyl diphosphate = N(6)-(dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + dimethylallyl diphosphate = N(6)-(dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + dimethylallyl diphosphate = N(6)-(dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + dimethylallyl diphosphate = N(6)-(dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + dimethylallyl diphosphate = N(6)-(dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + dimethylallyl diphosphate = N(6)-(dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + dimethylallyl diphosphate = N(6)-(dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in two or three [spatial] dimensions or along two or three axes.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in two or three [spatial] dimensions or along two or three axes.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis, resulting in the morphogenesis of the cell.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis, resulting in the morphogenesis of the cell.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis, resulting in the morphogenesis of the cell.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis, resulting in the morphogenesis of the cell.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis, resulting in the morphogenesis of the cell.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis, resulting in the morphogenesis of the cell.
The series of events leading to chemical and structural alterations of an existing cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall that can result in loosening, increased extensibility or disassembly. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The series of events causing chemical and structural alterations of an existing cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall that results in greater extensibility of the wall. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The series of events resulting in chemical or structural alterations of existing cell walls that contribute to fruit ripening.
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of the cell wall that contributes to the process of abscission.
The series of events that occur during cell growth that result in chemical or structural changes to existing cell walls of the type composed chiefly of cellulose and pectin. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The series of events that occur during cell growth that result in chemical or structural changes to existing cell walls of the type composed chiefly of cellulose and pectin. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of cellulose and pectin-containing cell walls that form adjacent to the middle lamella following cell division and during cell expansion. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of cellulose and pectin-containing cell walls that form adjacent to the middle lamella following cell division and during cell expansion. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of cellulose and pectin-containing cell walls that form adjacent to the middle lamella following cell division and during cell expansion. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of cellulose and pectin-containing cell walls that form adjacent to the middle lamella following cell division and during cell expansion. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of cellulose and pectin-containing cell walls that form adjacent to the middle lamella following cell division and during cell expansion. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of cellulose and pectin-containing cell walls that form adjacent to the middle lamella following cell division and during cell expansion. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of inextensible cellulose- and pectin-containing cell walls that are formed between the plasma membrane and primary cell wall after cell expansion is complete. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of inextensible cellulose- and pectin-containing cell walls that are formed between the plasma membrane and primary cell wall after cell expansion is complete. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of inextensible cellulose- and pectin-containing cell walls that are formed between the plasma membrane and primary cell wall after cell expansion is complete. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of inextensible cellulose- and pectin-containing cell walls that are formed between the plasma membrane and primary cell wall after cell expansion is complete. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of inextensible cellulose- and pectin-containing cell walls that are formed between the plasma membrane and primary cell wall after cell expansion is complete. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of inextensible cellulose- and pectin-containing cell walls that are formed between the plasma membrane and primary cell wall after cell expansion is complete. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
An aging process that has as participant a fruit. Ripening causes changes in one or more characteristics of a fruit (color, aroma, flavor, texture, hardness, cell wall structure) and may make it more attractive to animals and aid in seed dispersal.
An aging process that has as participant a fruit. Ripening causes changes in one or more characteristics of a fruit (color, aroma, flavor, texture, hardness, cell wall structure) and may make it more attractive to animals and aid in seed dispersal.
A fruit ripening process that involves a burst of respiration and ethylene (ethene) evolution at the onset.
A fruit ripening process that does not involve a respiratory burst.
The controlled shedding of a body part.
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).
A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).
A Clp endopeptidase complex located in the chloroplast.
A Clp endopeptidase complex located in the mitochondrion.
A plastid that contains unstacked, phycobilisome-bearing thylakoid membranes and is surrounded by a double membrane with a peptidoglycan layer in the intermembrane space between the two envelope membranes. Cyanelles are characteristic of algae in the class Glaucophyta, and may represent an ancestral form of plastid.
A plastid that contains unstacked, phycobilisome-bearing thylakoid membranes and is surrounded by a double membrane with a peptidoglycan layer in the intermembrane space between the two envelope membranes. Cyanelles are characteristic of algae in the class Glaucophyta, and may represent an ancestral form of plastid.
A thylakoid found in a cyanelle, which is a type of plastid found in certain algae. The cyanelle contains a photosynthetic membrane resembling that of cyanobacteria.
The physiological and developmental changes that occur in a seed commencing with water uptake (imbibition) and terminating with the elongation of the embryonic axis.
The physiological and developmental changes that occur in a heterosporous plant pollen grain, beginning with hydration and terminating with the emergence of the pollen tube through the aperture.
The physiological and developmental changes that occur in a spore following release from dormancy up to the earliest signs of growth (e.g. emergence from a spore wall).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid that occurs through metabolism of L-tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid that occurs through metabolism of L-tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid that occurs through metabolism of L-tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid that occurs through metabolism of L-tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indoleacetic acid, independent of tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indoleacetic acid, independent of tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indoleacetic acid, independent of tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indoleacetic acid, independent of tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indoleacetic acid, independent of tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indoleacetic acid, independent of tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indoleacetic acid, independent of tryptophan.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving auxins, a group of plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of auxins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of auxins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of auxins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of auxins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of auxins, a group of plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of auxins, a group of plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of auxins, a group of plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
A light-dependent catabolic process occurring concomitantly with photosynthesis in plants (especially C3 plants) whereby dioxygen (O2) is consumed and carbon dioxide (CO2) is evolved. The substrate is glycolate formed in large quantities in chloroplasts from 2-phosphoglycolate generated from ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate by the action of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; the glycolate enters the peroxisomes where it is converted by glycolate oxidase to glyoxylate which undergoes transamination to glycine. This then passes into the mitochondria where it is decarboxylated forming one molecule of serine for every two molecules of glycine. This pathway also exists in photosynthetic bacteria.
The reactions of the C2 pathway bring about the metabolic conversion of two molecules of 2-phosphoglycolate to one molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate, which can be used by the C3 cycle, and one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2).
The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.
The cascade of biological processes occurring in plants beginning when the pollen lands on the female reproductive organs of a plant and continuing up to, but not including, fertilization, as defined by sperm-egg cell fusion.
The process in which water is taken up by pollen.
Growth of pollen via tip extension of the intine wall.
The jasmonic acid and ethylene (ethene) dependent process that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease in response to wounding or a pathogen.
The jasmonic acid and ethylene (ethene) dependent process that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease in response to wounding or a pathogen.
The series of molecular signals mediated by salicylic acid involved in systemic acquired resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by salicylic acid involved in systemic acquired resistance.
A series of molecular signals mediated by salicylic acid.
A series of molecular signals mediated by salicylic acid.
A series of molecular signals mediated by salicylic acid.
The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in induced systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in induced systemic resistance.
The process in which the pollen tube adheres to cells of the stigma and style.
The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in induced systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in induced systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in induced systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in induced systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in induced systemic resistance.
A series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid.
A series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid.
A series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid.
The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene (ethene) dependent systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene (ethene) dependent systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene (ethene) dependent systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene (ethene) dependent systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene (ethene) dependent systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene (ethene) dependent systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene (ethene) dependent systemic resistance.
A series of molecular signals that depends upon R-genes and is activated during defense response.
A series of molecular signals that depends upon R-genes and is activated during defense response.
A series of molecular signals that depends upon R-genes and is activated during defense response.
The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene dependent systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene dependent systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene dependent systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene dependent systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene dependent systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene dependent systemic resistance.
The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene dependent systemic resistance.
A series of molecular signals generated by the reception of ethylene (ethene, C2H4) by a receptor and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the reception of ethylene (ethene, C2H4) by a receptor and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the reception of ethylene (ethene, C2H4) by a receptor and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the reception of ethylene (ethene, C2H4) by a receptor and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the reception of ethylene (ethene, C2H4) by a receptor and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals generated by the reception of ethylene (ethene, C2H4) by a receptor and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription.
The interaction between a pollen grain and pistil.
The process in which pollen deposited on the stigma adheres to cells of the stigma.
The formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on plant roots.
The formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on plant roots.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the nodule are generated and organized.
The establishment of an organism's body plan or a part of an organism such that it is symmetric around a central axis.
The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation.
The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation.
The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation.
The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation.
The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation.
The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation.
The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation.
The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation.
The function of absorbing and responding to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 400-470nm. The response may involve a change in conformation.
The function of absorbing and responding to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 660-730nm. The response may involve a change in conformation.
Combining with a cytokinin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a cytokinin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-histidine = ADP + a protein-L-histidine phosphate.
The process, occurring after animal embryonic development, by which anatomical structures are generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.
The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.
The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.
The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.
The leaflet the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.
The leaflet the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.
The leaflet the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.
Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate.
The opening of an anther, fruit or other structure, which permits the escape of reproductive bodies contained within it.
The dehiscence of an anther to release the pollen grains contained within it.
The process in which chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells migrate toward illuminated sites to optimize photosynthesis and move away from excessively illuminated areas to protect the photosynthetic machinery.
The relocation process in which chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells avoid strong light and move away from it in order to preserve the photosynthetic machinery.
The relocation process in which chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells move toward a brighter area in a cell to optimize photosynthesis.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate = ent-copalyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate = ent-copalyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate = ent-copalyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate = ent-copalyl diphosphate.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a blue light photoperiod stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red light photoperiod stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the flower over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The flower is the reproductive structure in a plant, and its development begins with the transition of the vegetative or inflorescence meristem into a floral meristem.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
The process in which the cellular identity of auditory hair cells is acquired and determined.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.
The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process of loading sucrose into the sieve tube or companion cell of the phloem for long distance transport from source to sink.
Catalysis of the oxidation of ubiquinol by diverting electrons from the standard electron transfer chain, transferring them from ubiquinol to oxygen and generating water as the product.
Catalysis of the removal of a C-5 double bond in the B ring of a sterol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-dehydroepisterol = 24-methylenecholesterol.
The cell cycle process in which the cell plate is formed at the equator of the spindle in the dividing cells during early telophase. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The protein complex associated with the plasma membrane of certain plant cells (e.g. root cortex, epidermal cells) that functions to transport auxin out of the cell.
Catalysis of the reaction: fatty acid (C-16 or longer) + 2-C = fatty acid (C-16 or longer + 2-C).
A tetrameric complex of four different subunits which catalyzes the elongation of fatty acids chains 2 carbon units at a time in the synthesis of very long chain fatty acids.
Catalysis of the reaction: octadecanal = heptadecane + CO.
The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.
The unidirectional movement of auxin in the stem from tip to base along the vector of gravity or basipetally.
Serves as a phospho-His intermediate enabling the transfer of phospho group between a hybrid kinase and a response regulator.
The side of the cell parallel to the zygotic axis.
Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; and ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate. These reactions are dependent on the presence of calcium ions.
Growth that occurs specifically at the tip of a cell.
Organization of a region of tissue in a plant that is composed of one or more undifferentiated cells capable of undergoing mitosis and differentiation, thereby effecting growth and development of a plant by giving rise to more meristem or specialized tissue.
Organization of a region of tissue in a plant that is composed of one or more undifferentiated cells capable of undergoing mitosis and differentiation, thereby effecting growth and development of a plant by giving rise to more meristem or specialized tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meristem organization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meristem organization.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an amino terminal propeptide, which functions as a sorting signal to sort away the soluble vacuolar protein from Golgi to lytic vacuole via clathrin-coated vesicles.
The double lipid bilayer enclosing the chloroplast and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the longitudinal axis. In plants, this is the axis that runs from the shoot to the root.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the longitudinal axis. In plants, this is the axis that runs from the shoot to the root.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the adaxial / abaxial axis. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure.
The process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the adaxial/abaxial axis. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis that initiates at a point and radiates outward from the point.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end).
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end).
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the centrolateral axis. In plants, this axis is duplicated and runs from the midrib to the margin of the leaf.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the centrolateral axis. In plants, this axis is duplicated and runs from the midrib to the margin of the leaf.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the anterior/posterior axis.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the dorsal/ventral axis.
Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the dorsal/ventral axis.
The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.
The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.
The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end).
The regionalization process in which differences in cell differentiation along the adaxial/abaxial are generated. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure.
The regionalization process that results in defined areas around a point in which specific types of cell differentiation will occur.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an epidermal cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an epidermal cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The orientation of plant parts towards gravity.
The orientation of plant parts away from gravity.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endosperm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endosperm is formed during fertilization and provides nutrients to the developing embryo.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the leaf are generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xyloglucan, the cross-linking glycan composed of (1->4)-beta-D glucan backbone substituted at regular intervals with beta-D-xylosyl-(1->6) residues, which is present in the primary cell wall of most higher plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xyloglucan, the cross-linking glycan composed of (1->4)-beta-D glucan backbone substituted at regular intervals with beta-D-xylosyl-(1->6) residues, which is present in the primary cell wall of most higher plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xyloglucan, the cross-linking glycan composed of (1->4)-beta-D glucan backbone substituted at regular intervals with beta-D-xylosyl-(1->6) residues, which is present in the primary cell wall of most higher plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xyloglucan, the cross-linking glycan composed of (1->4)-beta-D glucan backbone substituted at regular intervals with beta-D-xylosyl-(1->6) residues, which is present in the primary cell wall of most higher plants.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of sulfate.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the anastral spindle in male meiotic cells.
The removal of amino group in the presence of water.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + sulfite + acceptor = adenylyl sulfate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + sulfite + acceptor = adenylyl sulfate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + sulfite + acceptor = adenylyl sulfate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + sulfite + acceptor = adenylyl sulfate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + sulfite + acceptor = adenylyl sulfate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + sulfite + acceptor = adenylyl sulfate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + sulfite + acceptor = adenylyl sulfate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: zeinoxanthin + NADPH + O2 + H+ = lutein + NADP+ + H2O. Adds a hydroxyl group to the epsilon ring of the alpha-carotene.
Catalysis of a ring closure reaction.
Catalysis of the reaction: alkene group + alcohol group on same molecule = cyclic ether. Substrates are 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4- hydroquinone (forms delta-tocopherol) and 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytyl-1,4-hydroquinone (forms gamma-tocopherol).
Catalysis of the transfer of proteins from one side of a membrane to the other. Transportation is dependent on pH gradient across the membrane.
Catalysis of the transfer of proteins from one side of a membrane to the other. Transportation is dependent on pH gradient across the membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: 13(S)-hydroperoxylinolenate = 12,13(S)-epoxylinolenate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 13(S)-hydroperoxylinolenate = 12,13(S)-epoxylinolenate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 13(S)-hydroperoxylinolenate = 12,13(S)-epoxylinolenate + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 13(S)-hydroperoxylinolenate = 12,13(S)-epoxylinolenate + H2O.
Catalysis of the introduction of an omega-3 double bond into an unsaturated 16-carbon fatty acid in a monogalactosyldiacylglycerol molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: RNA uridine = RNA pseudouridine. Conversion of uridine in an RNA molecule to pseudouridine by rotation of the C1'-N-1 glycosidic bond of uridine in RNA to a C1'-C5.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving AMP, adenosine monophosphate.
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.
The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
Cell recognition between cells. May involve the formation of specialized cell junctions.
Cell recognition that involves the interaction of the cell with the extracellular matrix.
Cell recognition involving the deposition of specific pathways in the extracellular matrix that guide migrating cells.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within a cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete.
The recognition of soluble molecules in the environment.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from adopting a specific cell fate.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a retinal cone cell.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a retinal cone cell.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a retinal cone cell.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a retinal cone cell.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a retinal cone cell.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a retinal cone cell.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a retinal cone cell.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an auditory hair cell.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an auditory hair cell.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an auditory hair cell.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an auditory hair cell.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an auditory hair cell.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an auditory hair cell.
Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an auditory hair cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements, including germ band extension, that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
Arrays of microtubules underlying and connected to the plasma membrane, in the cortical cytosol, oriented mainly with their axes transverse to the long axis of the cell (and root in plants). In plants it influences the direction of cellulose microfibril deposition.
Protein translocon complex at the chloroplast outer membrane.
A heterotrimeric enzyme complex composed of three subunits, all of which are required for enzyme activity, which catalyzes the chelation of Mg by proto IX in an ATP-dependent manner.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.
The side (leaflet) of the endosome membrane that faces the cytoplasm.
The side (leaflet) of the endosome membrane that faces the cytoplasm.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with auxin, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-alpha-campestanaol + O2 = 6-deoxocathasterone + H2O.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid, an auxin transport inhibitor.
Initiation of a region of tissue in a plant that is composed of one or more undifferentiated cells capable of undergoing mitosis and differentiation, thereby effecting growth and development of a plant by giving rise to more meristem or specialized tissue.
The process in which the anatomical structures of roots are generated and organized. The root is the usually underground part of a seed plant body that originates from the hypocotyl, functions as an organ of absorption, aeration, and food storage or as a means of anchorage and support.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the shoot are generated and organized. The shoot is the part of a seed plant body that is usually above ground.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing by photoreceptor molecules of red light or far red light. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing by photoreceptor molecules of red light or far red light. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing by photoreceptor molecules of red light or far red light. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing by photoreceptor molecules of red light or far red light. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing by photoreceptor molecules of red light or far red light. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of far red light by a photoreceptor molecule. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of far red light by a photoreceptor molecule. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of far red light by a photoreceptor molecule. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The process in which a molecular signal is transduced between the chloroplast and nucleus, such that expression of nuclear encoding photosynthetic proteins is coupled with chloroplast biogenesis.
The division of a chloroplast within a cell to form two or more separate chloroplast compartments. This division occurs independently of mitosis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amylopectin, the (1->4) linked alpha glucose units with alpha-(1->6) linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amylopectin, the (1->4) linked alpha glucose units with alpha-(1->6) linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amylopectin, the (1->4) linked alpha glucose units with alpha-(1->6) linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amylopectin, the (1->4) linked alpha glucose units with alpha-(1->6) linkages.
The process in which a meristem becomes determinate (i.e. ceases to produce lateral organs and may or may not terminally differentiate).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proanthocyanidin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proanthocyanidin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proanthocyanidin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proanthocyanidin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytochromobilin, which involves the oxidative cleavage of heme by a heme oxygenase(HO) to form biliverdin IX alpha.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytochromobilin, which involves the oxidative cleavage of heme by a heme oxygenase(HO) to form biliverdin IX alpha.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytochromobilin, which involves the oxidative cleavage of heme by a heme oxygenase(HO) to form biliverdin IX alpha.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytochromobilin, which involves the oxidative cleavage of heme by a heme oxygenase(HO) to form biliverdin IX alpha.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wax, which includes C16 and C18 fatty acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wax, which includes C16 and C18 fatty acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wax, which includes C16 and C18 fatty acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wax, which includes C16 and C18 fatty acids.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epidermal cell acquires the specialized features of a trichome cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epidermal cell acquires the specialized features of a trichome cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the thylakoid membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the thylakoid membrane.
A cyclic series of interconversions involving three xanthophylls, violoxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin. The xanthophyll cycle is involved in regulating energy dissipation in light harvesting complex II.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of seed germination.
Any process that activates or increase the rate of seed germination.
Any process that activates or increase the rate of seed germination.
Any process that activates or increase the rate of seed germination.
Any process that activates or increase the rate of seed germination.
Any process that activates or increase the rate of seed germination.
The organismal movement by which the tip of a plant organ follows a spiral pattern as a consequence of growth.
Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetate stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a boron-containing substance stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbon dioxide (CO2) stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(II) ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(III) ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aluminum ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aluminum ion stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nickel cation stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycotoxin stimulus. A mycotoxin is a toxic chemical substance produced by fungi.
The process leading to the spontaneous opening of the fruit permitting the escape of seeds.
The process of thermal induction in plants in which flowering is promoted by exposure to low temperatures.
The process in which a plant acquires the ability to respond to a floral inductive signal.
Any process involved in the transition of a plant from a juvenile phase of vegetative development to an adult phase of vegetative development.
The regionalization process that gives rise to the patterning of the conducting tissues. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The process in which a guard mother cell acquires the specialized features of a guard cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell in the root epidermis acquires the specialized features of a trichoblast or atrichoblast.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trichoblast, a root epidermal cell that will give rise to a root hair.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an atrichoblast, a root epidermal cell that will not give rise to a root hair.
The process involved in the specification of an atrichoblast.
The process involved in the specification of a trichoblast.
Any process that modulates atrichoblast fate specification.
Any process that induces or promotes atrichoblast fate specification.
Any process that induces or promotes atrichoblast fate specification.
Any process that induces or promotes atrichoblast fate specification.
Any process that induces or promotes atrichoblast fate specification.
Any process that induces or promotes atrichoblast fate specification.
Any process that suppresses atrichoblast fate specification.
Any process that suppresses atrichoblast fate specification.
Any process that suppresses atrichoblast fate specification.
Any process that suppresses atrichoblast fate specification.
Any process that modulates trichoblast fate specification.
Any process that suppresses trichoblast fate specification.
Any process that suppresses trichoblast fate specification.
Any process that suppresses trichoblast fate specification.
Any process that suppresses trichoblast fate specification.
Any process that induces or promotes trichoblast fate specification.
Any process that induces or promotes trichoblast fate specification.
Any process that induces or promotes trichoblast fate specification.
Any process that induces or promotes trichoblast fate specification.
Any process that induces or promotes trichoblast fate specification.
The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic shoot are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary meristem over time, from formation to the mature structure, as it occurs during plant embryogenesis. The primary meristem tissue is the protoderm, ground meristem and procambium.
The formation of the primary meristem or meristematic tissue that gives rise to the ground tissues.
The formation of the primary meristem or meristematic tissue that gives rise to the primary vascular tissue.
The formation of the primary meristem or meristematic tissue that gives rise to the epidermis.
The division of the zygote in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the embryo sac to produce a larger basal cell near the micropyle and a small terminal cell close to what was the central cell and is now the developing endosperm. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The division of the zygote into two daughter cells that will adopt developmentally distinct potentials.
The specification of a meristem which will give rise to a primary or lateral root.
The specification of the meristem which will give rise to all post-embryonic above-ground structures of the plant as well as the non-root below-ground structures, such as rhizomes and tubers.
Any process involved in maintaining the identity, size and shape of a meristem.
The process in which an organism retains a population of meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
The process in which an organism retains a population of meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
The process in which an organism retains a population of meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
Any process involved in maintaining the size and shape of a meristem.
The process in which an organism retains a population of floral meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
The process in which an organism retains a population of inflorescence meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
The process in which an organism retains a population of root meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
The process in which an organism retains a population of vegetative meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
Any process involved in maintaining the size and shape of a floral meristem.
Any process involved in maintaining the size and shape of an inflorescence meristem.
Any process involved in maintaining the size and shape of a root meristem.
Any process involved in maintaining the size and shape of a vegetative meristem.
The process in which the polarity of an animal organ axis is specified.
Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the proximal/distal axis.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic root are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of phloem and/or xylem over time, from formation to the mature structure. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of phloem and/or xylem over time, from formation to the mature structure. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The formation of the principal food-conducting tissue of a vascular plant.
The formation of the principal water-conducting tissue of a vascular plant.
The process in which the structures of a hair cell (trichome) cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized epidermal cell is acquiring the specialized features of a hair cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The process in which the structures of a hair cell (trichome) cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized epidermal cell is acquiring the specialized features of a hair cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Any process involved in the formation of branches in plant hair cells. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The regionalization process in which the identity of an animal organ primordium is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The process in which the identity of a floral organ primordium is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The process in which a floral organ primordium acquires the carpel identity. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The process in which a floral organ primordium acquires petal identity. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The process in which a floral organ primordium acquires sepal identity. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The process in which a floral organ primordium acquires stamen or staminode identity. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the suspensor over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The suspensor is the extension at the base of the embryo that anchors the embryo in the embryo sac and pushes it into the endosperm.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of photomorphogenesis.
Any process that stops, reduces or prevents photomorphogenesis.
Any process that stops, reduces or prevents photomorphogenesis.
Any process that stops, reduces or prevents photomorphogenesis.
Any process that stops, reduces or prevents photomorphogenesis.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic root are generated and organized. The post-embryonic root is the root formed after the embryonic phase has been completed.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a lateral root are generated and organized. A lateral root is one formed from pericycle cells located on the xylem radius of the root, as opposed to the initiation of the main root from the embryo proper.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the stomatal complex are generated and organized. The stomatal complex is the stomatal guard cells and their associated epidermal cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene (ethene) signal transduction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene (ethene) signal transduction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene (ethene) signal transduction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene (ethene) signal transduction.
Any process that stops or prevents ethylene (ethene) signal transduction.
Any process that stops or prevents ethylene (ethene) signal transduction.
Any process that stops or prevents ethylene (ethene) signal transduction.
Any process that stops or prevents ethylene (ethene) signal transduction.
Any process that stops or prevents ethylene (ethene) signal transduction.
Any process that stops or prevents ethylene (ethene) signal transduction.
Any process that stops or prevents ethylene (ethene) signal transduction.
Any process that stops or prevents ethylene (ethene) signal transduction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of iron ions.
The directed movement of potassium ions into a cell or organelle.
The directed movement of potassium ions into a cell or organelle.
The series of events in which a glutamine stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a glutamine stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a glutamine stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photosynthesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photosynthesis dark reaction.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the glyoxysome. A glyoxysome is a microbody that contains the enzymes of the glyoxylate pathway.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the glyoxysome. A glyoxysome is a microbody that contains the enzymes of the glyoxylate pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid.
Protection mechanism used by plants under conditions of excess energy absorption as a consequence of the light reactions of photosynthesis.
The process of opening or closing of stomata, which is directly related to the stomatal conductance (measuring rate of passage of either water vapor or carbon dioxide (CO2) through stomata).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stomatal movement.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of camalexin, an indole phytoalexin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of camalexin, an indole phytoalexin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of camalexin, an indole phytoalexin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of camalexin, an indole phytoalexin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including proline, via ornithine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including proline, via ornithine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including alanine, via ornithine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including alanine, via ornithine.
The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate to form butyrate, ethanol, acetone and butanol.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylacetate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylacetate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylacetate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mycothiol, which consists of N-acetyl-L-cysteine linked to a pseudodisaccharide, D-glucosamine and myo-inositol. Mycothiol is produced in actinomycetes like mycobacteria and serves similar functions to glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mycothiol, which consists of N-acetyl-L-cysteine linked to a pseudodisaccharide, D-glucosamine and myo-inositol. Mycothiol is produced in actinomycetes like mycobacteria and serves similar functions to glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mycothiol, which consists of N-acetyl-L-cysteine linked to a pseudodisaccharide, D-glucosamine and myo-inositol. Mycothiol is produced in actinomycetes like mycobacteria and serves similar functions to glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mycothiol, which consists of N-acetyl-L-cysteine linked to a pseudodisaccharide, D-glucosamine and myo-inositol. Mycothiol is produced in actinomycetes like mycobacteria and serves similar functions to glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mycothiol, which consists of N-acetyl-L-cysteine linked to a pseudodisaccharide, D-glucosamine and myo-inositol. Mycothiol is produced in actinomycetes like mycobacteria and serves similar functions to glutathione.
The chemical reactions using mycothiol to convert an alkylating agent to an S-conjugate of mycothiol. The latter is cleaved to release mercapturic acid which is excreted from the cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of benzoate, by its ligation to Coenzyme A to form benzoyl-CoA, which is then broken by an aerobic or anaerobic pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of benzoate, by its ligation to Coenzyme A to form benzoyl-CoA, which is then broken by an aerobic or anaerobic pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of benzoate, by its ligation to Coenzyme A to form benzoyl-CoA, which is then broken by an aerobic or anaerobic pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of benzoate, by its ligation to Coenzyme A to form benzoyl-CoA, which is then broken by an aerobic or anaerobic pathway.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclohexane-1-carboxylate, a alicyclic acid, in the absence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclohexane-1-carboxylate, a alicyclic acid, in the absence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclohexane-1-carboxylate, a alicyclic acid, in the absence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with an ethyl group attached to the ring, which occurs in the absence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with an ethyl group attached to the ring, which occurs in the absence of oxygen.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with an ethyl group attached to the ring, which occurs in the absence of oxygen.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-fructose = UDP + sucrose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-fructose = UDP + sucrose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-fructose = UDP + sucrose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-fructose = UDP + sucrose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-fructose = UDP + sucrose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-fructose = UDP + sucrose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-fructose = UDP + sucrose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dhurrin, a cyanogenic glucoside which functions as a plant defense compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dhurrin, a cyanogenic glucoside which functions as a plant defense compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dhurrin, a cyanogenic glucoside which functions as a plant defense compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dhurrin, a cyanogenic glucoside which functions as a plant defense compound.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate.
The pathway by which inorganic sulfate is activated, reduced and incorporated into sulfated compounds, where the activated sulfate, adenylyl-sulfate, is reduced to sulfite by the activity of adenylyl-sulfate reductase.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ureide, allantoin and allantoate, which are the organic forms of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ureide, which is the organic form of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants with the release of ammonium.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ureide, which is the organic form of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants with the release of ammonium.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ureide, which is the organic form of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants with the release of ammonium.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ureide, the organic form of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants, from IMP, which is synthesized de novo during nitrogen fixation by roots.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ureide, the organic form of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants, from IMP, which is synthesized de novo during nitrogen fixation by roots.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ureide, the organic form of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants, from IMP, which is synthesized de novo during nitrogen fixation by roots.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ureide, the organic form of nitrogen in nitrogen fixing and transporting plants, from IMP, which is synthesized de novo during nitrogen fixation by roots.
The pathway by which pyrimidine bases or pyrimidine ribonucleosides from pyrimidine nucleotide breakdown are converted back to pyrimidine ribonucleotides. The salvage pathway is important where there is no de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis.
The pathway by which pyrimidine bases or pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides from pyrimidine nucleotide breakdown are converted back to pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides. The salvage pathway is important where there is no de novo pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis.
Any process that generates hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
Any process that generates hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.
The pathway that converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) through a series of mevalonate intermediates. Farnesyl diphosphate is an important substrate for other essential pathways, such as biosynthesis of sterols.
The pathway that converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) through a series of mevalonate intermediates. Farnesyl diphosphate is an important substrate for other essential pathways, such as biosynthesis of sterols.
The pathway that converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) through a series of mevalonate intermediates. Farnesyl diphosphate is an important substrate for other essential pathways, such as biosynthesis of sterols.
The pathway that converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) through a series of mevalonate intermediates. Farnesyl diphosphate is an important substrate for other essential pathways, such as biosynthesis of sterols.
The pathway that converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) through a series of mevalonate intermediates. Farnesyl diphosphate is an important substrate for other essential pathways, such as biosynthesis of sterols.
The pathway that converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) through a series of mevalonate intermediates. Farnesyl diphosphate is an important substrate for other essential pathways, such as biosynthesis of sterols.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cutin, a waxy substance, which combined with cellulose forms a substance nearly impervious to water and constituting the cuticle in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cutin, a waxy substance, which combined with cellulose forms a substance nearly impervious to water and constituting the cuticle in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cutin, a waxy substance, which combined with cellulose forms a substance nearly impervious to water and constituting the cuticle in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cutin, a waxy substance, which combined with cellulose forms a substance nearly impervious to water and constituting the cuticle in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from pyridoxamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from pyridoxamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from pyridoxamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from pyridoxamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from pyridoxamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from pyridoxamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructan, a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructan, a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructan a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructan a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructan a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructan a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructan a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructan a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructan, a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructan, a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructan, a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructan, a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructan, a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.
Release of water by the plant into the air as water vapor mainly through leaves.
The process that occurs in a leaf near the end of its active life that is associated with the dismantling of cell components and membranes, loss of functional chloroplasts, and an overall decline in metabolism.
Expansion of the chloroplast that usually precedes division.
The final stages of microgametogenesis after the trinucleate stage has been reached resulting in viable pollen grains.
Polarized growth from one end of a cell.
Polarized growth from one end of a cell.
Polarized growth from one end of a cell.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size along one axis through simultaneous polarized growth from opposite ends of a cell, resulting in morphogenesis of the cell.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size along one axis through simultaneous polarized growth from opposite ends of a cell, resulting in morphogenesis of the cell.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size along one axis through simultaneous polarized growth from opposite ends of a cell, resulting in morphogenesis of the cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fruit over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fruit is a reproductive body of a seed plant.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton transport into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized floral cell acquires the specialized features of a sporocyte. Sporocytes are the haploid spores of angiosperms. Once formed, they undergo meiotic divisions to form microspores and megaspores.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized floral cell acquires the specialized features of a sporocyte. Sporocytes are the haploid spores of angiosperms. Once formed, they undergo meiotic divisions to form microspores and megaspores.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chlorate stimulus.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an abaxial cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The regionalization process in which information that determines the correct position at which animal organ primordia are formed is generated and perceived resulting in correct positioning of the new animal organ.
The regionalization process that specifies animal organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues.
The regionalization process that specifies animal organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of red light by a photoreceptor molecule. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of red light by a photoreceptor molecule. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of red light by a photoreceptor molecule. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
A dormancy process in which dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is induced, maintained or broken in a seed. Seed dormancy is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth in a seed, including the embryo contained therein, that can be reactivated. It often requires special conditions for reactivation, such as specific temperature, scarification, or leaching of inhibitors.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cesium stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving wax, a compound containing C16 and C18 fatty acids.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrate stimulus.
A novel compartment found in plant cells that is derived from the ER. The structures have a characteristic shape and size (10 mm long and 0.5 mm wide) and are surrounded with ribosomes. They have been found in Arabidopsis thaliana and related Brassicaceae species.
A large (200-800 kDa) multiprotein complex formed by 70-kDa and 5-kDa myrosinases, myrosinase- binding proteins (MBPs), MBP-related proteins and myrosinase-associated proteins. The complex has been identified in Brassica napus seeds.
Complex that catalyzes the synthesis of ADP-glucose and pyrophosphate from glucose-1-phosphate and ATP. In plants, the complex is a heterotetramer composed of two types of subunits (small and large). In bacteria, the enzyme complex is composed of four identical subunits.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic soma are generated and organized.
Enables the transfer of a nucleoside, from one side of a membrane to the other, up a concentration gradient.
Enables the transfer of amino alcohol sphingosine from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisate + phytyl diphosphate + H+ = 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone + CO2 + diphosphate. 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone is also known as 2-methyl-6-phytylplastoquinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = 2-(2'-methylthio)ethylmalic-acid + coenzyme A + H+.
Catalysis of the cleavage of the amide bond between IAA (auxin) and the conjugated amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetyl-alanine + H2O = indole-3-acetate + L-alanine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the enzyme thioglucosidase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with flavin mono nucleotide. Flavin mono nucleotide (FMN) is the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.
The process in which a change in the level of a mono- or disaccharide such as glucose, fructose or sucrose triggers the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes.
The process in which the growth of pollen tube is directed towards the female gametophyte.
The directed movement of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular defense response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular defense response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular defense response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular defense response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular defense response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular defense response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular defense response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of seed germination.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of seed germination.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of seed germination.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of seed germination.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a microbial phytotoxin stimulus. A microbial phytotoxin is a chemical substance produced by microbes which is toxic to plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.
Formation of cytochrome b6f complex, a complex that transfers electrons from reduced plastoquinone to oxidized plastocyanin and translocates protons from the stroma to the lumen, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucilage, a gelatinous substance secreted by plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mucilage, a gelatinous substance secreted by plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mucilage, a gelatinous substance secreted by plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mucilage, a gelatinous substance secreted by plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mucilage, a gelatinous substance secreted by plants.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ozone stimulus.
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
Cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein.
The process by which excess light energy absorbed by chlorophyll and not used to drive photosynthesis is emitted as heat. This process helps maintain the balance between dissipation and utilization of light energy to minimize generation of oxidizing molecules, thereby protecting the plant against photo-oxidative damage.
The merging of the polar nuclei, the two nuclei contained within the same cell that are created from the mitotic division of the megaspore during angiosperm reproduction. Polar nuclear fusion takes place in the ovule, forming in the fusion nucleus and giving rise to the endosperm when fertilized.
Synergid cells undergo degeneration and death in response to penetration by the pollen tube. It is an active process that involves a dramatic decrease in cell volume, collapse of the vacuoles, and complete disintegration of the plasma membrane and most organelles.
Synergid cells undergo degeneration and death in response to penetration by the pollen tube. It is an active process that involves a dramatic decrease in cell volume, collapse of the vacuoles, and complete disintegration of the plasma membrane and most organelles.
Synergid cells undergo degeneration and death in response to penetration by the pollen tube. It is an active process that involves a dramatic decrease in cell volume, collapse of the vacuoles, and complete disintegration of the plasma membrane and most organelles.
The process in which boundaries between lateral organs and the meristem is established and maintained.
A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chitin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a continuous far red light stimulus by the high-irradiance response system. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. The activity of the high-irradiance response system is characterized by stronger effects of continuous than pulsed light at equal total fluence.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low fluence red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Low fluence red light is defined in this case as short pulses of red light followed by darkness, providing a light level of 0.001-0.1 mmol/m2/sec.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a very low fluence red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Very low fluence red light is defined in this case as short pulses of red light followed by darkness, providing light levels of less than 0.001 mmol/m2/sec.
A series of molecular signals that is activated during defense response and does not depend upon R-genes.
A series of molecular signals that is activated during defense response and does not depend upon R-genes.
The mechanism by which high light intensity inhibits photosynthesis through inactivation of the D1 protein of photosystem II.
Proteolysis of the damaged D1 protein and re-assembly of a new D1 subunit in the photosystem II following photoinhibition.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a photosystem II complex on the thylakoid membrane. The photosystem II complex consists of at least 20 polypeptides and around 80 cofactors in most organisms.
The formation of reticulate pollen wall pattern consisting of two layers, exine and intine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a vacuolar sorting signal, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the vacuole.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetyl-phenylalanine + H2O = indole-3-acetate + phenylalanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetyl-leucine + H2O = indole-3-acetate + L-leucine.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.
A DNA repair process that is involved in repairing UV-induced DNA damage under non-photoreactivating conditions. The mechanism by which this repair process operates has not yet been completely elucidated.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seed coat over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellulose microfibril, any of the cellulose structures laid down in orthogonal layers in a plant cell wall.
Any process involved in maintaining the methylation state of a nucleotide sequence.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of aluminum ions at the level of a cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of far red light stimulus. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures.
Any process that activates or induces the rate of the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures.
Any process that activates or induces the rate of the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures.
Any process that activates or induces the rate of the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures.
Any process that activates or induces the rate of the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures.
Any process that activates or induces the rate of the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the vernalization response, by which induction of flowering is normally caused by extended exposure to cold temperatures.
Vascular tissue pattern formation as it occurs in the stem of vascular plants.
The process that gives rise to secondary (or auxiliary or axillary) shoots in plants. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. These secondary shoots originate from secondary meristems initiated in the axils of leaf primordia. Axillary meristems function like the shoot apical meristem of the primary shoot initating the development of lateral organs.
The process that gives rise to secondary (or auxiliary or axillary) shoots in plants. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. These secondary shoots originate from secondary meristems initiated in the axils of leaf primordia. Axillary meristems function like the shoot apical meristem of the primary shoot initating the development of lateral organs.
The process that gives rise to secondary (or auxiliary or axillary) shoots in plants. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. These secondary shoots originate from secondary meristems initiated in the axils of leaf primordia. Axillary meristems function like the shoot apical meristem of the primary shoot initating the development of lateral organs.
The process that gives rise to secondary (or auxiliary or axillary) shoots in plants. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. These secondary shoots originate from secondary meristems initiated in the axils of leaf primordia. Axillary meristems function like the shoot apical meristem of the primary shoot initating the development of lateral organs.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.
The controlled shedding of floral organs.
The process involved in transforming a meristem that produces vegetative structures, such as leaves, into a meristem that produces reproductive structures, such as a flower or an inflorescence.
The process involved in transforming a meristem that produces vegetative structures, such as leaves, into a meristem that produces reproductive structures, such as a flower or an inflorescence.
The process involved in transforming a meristem that produces vegetative structures, such as leaves, into a meristem that produces reproductive structures, such as a flower or an inflorescence.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inflorescence over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Alternative respiration pathway consumes oxygen, oxidizes NADH to NAD+ and generates water. During electron flow, proton motive force is diminished resulting in fewer molecules of ATP compared to cytochrome pathway. The pathway is found in plants, algae and some protozoa.
Any process that maintains a seed in a dormant state.
The directed movement of substances, into, out of or within a cell, either in a vascular tissue or in the vascular membrane.
The directed movement of substances, into, out of or within the phloem during long distance transport between source and sink tissues.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a tapetal cell of anthers in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The stereotyped symmetric cell division by which guard mother cell give rise to stomatal guard cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of plastoquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme present in the chloroplast.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of plastoquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme present in the chloroplast.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of plastoquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme present in the chloroplast.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of plastoquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme present in the chloroplast.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a proline stimulus.
Steps involved in processing precursor RNAs arising from transcription of operons in the chloroplast genome into mature mRNAs.
Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). This complex is found in plant plastids and is distinct from the one found in mitochondria.
The three successive oxidations of the 4-methyl group of ent-kaurene to form ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate, kaurenoic acid. This process may be carried out entirely by the enzyme ent-kaurene oxidase.
The three successive oxidations of the 4-methyl group of ent-kaurene to form ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate, kaurenoic acid. This process may be carried out entirely by the enzyme ent-kaurene oxidase.
The three successive oxidations of the 4-methyl group of ent-kaurene to form ent-kaur-16-en-19-oate, kaurenoic acid. This process may be carried out entirely by the enzyme ent-kaurene oxidase.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a low fluence blue light stimulus by the blue low-fluence system. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm. The blue low-fluence system responds to blue light at or below 0.1 micromols/m2. In certain species excitation of the blue low fluence system induces the transcription of a number of nuclear and plastid coded genes.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a low fluence blue light stimulus by the blue low-fluence system. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm. The blue low-fluence system responds to blue light at or below 0.1 micromols/m2. In certain species excitation of the blue low fluence system induces the transcription of a number of nuclear and plastid coded genes.
Formation of radial microtubular systems during male meiotic cytokinesis in plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhamnogalacturonan I component of pectin, a rhamnose-rich pectic polysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhamnogalacturonan I component of pectin, a rhamnose-rich pectic polysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhamnogalacturonan I component of pectin, a rhamnose-rich pectic polysaccharide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhamnogalacturonan I component of pectin, a rhamnose-rich pectic polysaccharide.
The series of events in which a phosphate ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a phosphate ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a phosphate ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The directed movement of ions to establish or maintain an electrochemical gradient across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving auxin conjugates, a bound form of auxin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-methyl-methionine (SMM) from methionine and S-adenosyl-methionine (Ado-Met), catalyzed by methionine S-methyltransferase (MMT). SMM can be reconverted to methionine by donating a methyl group to homocysteine, and concurrent operation of this reaction and that mediated by MMT sets up the SMM cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-methyl-methionine (SMM) from methionine and S-adenosyl-methionine (Ado-Met), catalyzed by methionine S-methyltransferase (MMT). SMM can be reconverted to methionine by donating a methyl group to homocysteine, and concurrent operation of this reaction and that mediated by MMT sets up the SMM cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-methyl-methionine (SMM) from methionine and S-adenosyl-methionine (Ado-Met), catalyzed by methionine S-methyltransferase (MMT). SMM can be reconverted to methionine by donating a methyl group to homocysteine, and concurrent operation of this reaction and that mediated by MMT sets up the SMM cycle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-methyl-methionine (SMM) from methionine and S-adenosyl-methionine (Ado-Met), catalyzed by methionine S-methyltransferase (MMT). SMM can be reconverted to methionine by donating a methyl group to homocysteine, and concurrent operation of this reaction and that mediated by MMT sets up the SMM cycle.
A homeostatic process that maintains an endogenous steady-state concentration of primary auxin, or constant level of auxin in a biological system, by a number of biochemical processes including transport, biosynthesis, catabolism and conjugation.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-L-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-L-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-L-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-L-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the floral nectaries over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a change in the level of mono- and disaccharide glucose trigger the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an NADH dehydrogenase complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form NADH:plastoquinone dehydrogenase complex, which is involved in the non-photochemical reduction of plastoquinones, as well as the cyclic electron transport around photosystem I.
An aging process that has as participant a whole multicellular organism. Multicellular organism aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Multicellular organisms aging includes processes like cellular senescence and organ senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death (GO:0016265) of an organism and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).
The process that occurs in an animal organ near the end of its active life that is associated with the dismantling of cell components and membranes, and an overall decline in metabolism.
Initiation of a somatic embryo-an embryo arising from previously differentiated somatic cells, rather than from fused haploid gametes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with 6 isoprene units and 3 carbon rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with 6 isoprene units and 3 carbon rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with 6 isoprene units and 3 carbon rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with 6 isoprene units and 3 carbon rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytic acid, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, a regulator of intracellular signaling, a highly abundant animal anti-nutrient and a phosphate and mineral storage compound in plant seeds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytic acid, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, a regulator of intracellular signaling, a highly abundant animal anti-nutrient and a phosphate and mineral storage compound in plant seeds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytic acid, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, a regulator of intracellular signaling, a highly abundant animal anti-nutrient and a phosphate and mineral storage compound in plant seeds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytic acid, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, a regulator of intracellular signaling, a highly abundant animal anti-nutrient and a phosphate and mineral storage compound in plant seeds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytic acid, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, a regulator of intracellular signaling, a highly abundant animal anti-nutrient and a phosphate and mineral storage compound in plant seeds.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytic acid, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, a regulator of intracellular signaling, a highly abundant animal anti-nutrient and a phosphate and mineral storage compound in plant seeds.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the SKP1-Cullin/Cdc53-F-box protein ubiquitin ligase (SCF) complex.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B1 stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B1 stimulus.
Cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form trans-acting small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) of 21-23 nucleotides. ta-siRNAs arise from PolII genes and function like miRNAs to guide cleavage of target mRNAs.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of brassinosteroids within an organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from selenium ion.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II on a thylakoid membrane. The OEC protects the calcium-4 manganese-5 oxide cluster which is bound to the D1 and CP43 proteins. The exact protein composition of the OEC varies between cyanobacteria and plants, and in plants consists of three extrinsic nuclear-encoded polypeptides: PsbO, PsbP and PsbQ.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chlorophyll.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a silver ion stimulus.
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of copper ion. These include transport of copper away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of copper ion.
Growth or movement in a sessile organism toward or away from water, as of the roots of a plant.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex, which is involved in electron transport from an unidentified electron donor, possibly NAD(P)H or ferredoxin(Fd) to the plastoquinone pool.
Catalysis of the reaction: phytol + CTP = phytyl monophosphate + CDP + H+.
Catalysis of the reactions: chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+; and 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reactions: chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+; and 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reactions: chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+; and 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reactions: chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+; and 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reactions: chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+; and 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reactions: chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+; and 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reactions: chlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + H2O + NADP+; and 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + O2 + NADPH + H+ = chlorophyllide b + 2 H2O + NADP+.
The protein transport machinery of the chloroplast outer membrane that contains at least three components Toc159, Toc75 and Toc34, interacts with precursor proteins which are imported into the chloroplast in a GTP dependant manner.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetic acid + an amino acid = an indole-3-acetic acid amide conjugate.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetic acid + an amino acid = an indole-3-acetic acid amide conjugate.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetic acid + an amino acid = an indole-3-acetic acid amide conjugate.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-glucose + NADPH + H+ = UDP-L-rhamnose + NADP+ + H2O.
A lytic vacuole that is maintained at acidic pH and has different tonoplast composition compared to the central vacuole. Found during leaf senescence and develops in the peripheral cytoplasm of cells that contain chloroplast.
Catalysis of the reaction: pinoresinol + NADPH + H+ = lariciresinol + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: lariciresinol + NADPH + H+ = secoisolariciresinol + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + L-glutamate + H(2)O + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + L-glutamate + H(2)O + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + L-glutamate + H(2)O + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + L-glutamate + H(2)O + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + L-glutamate + H(2)O + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + L-glutamate + H(2)O + H(+).
Any process that increases heat tolerance of an organism in response to high temperatures.
A lipoprotein particle present in chloroplasts. They are rich in non-polar lipids (triglycerides, esters) as well as in prenylquinones, plastoquinone and tocopherols. Plastoglobules are often associated with thylakoid membranes, suggesting an exchange of lipids with thylakoids.
A lipoprotein particle present in chloroplasts. They are rich in non-polar lipids (triglycerides, esters) as well as in prenylquinones, plastoquinone and tocopherols. Plastoglobules are often associated with thylakoid membranes, suggesting an exchange of lipids with thylakoids.
A lipoprotein particle present in chloroplasts. They are rich in non-polar lipids (triglycerides, esters) as well as in prenylquinones, plastoquinone and tocopherols. Plastoglobules are often associated with thylakoid membranes, suggesting an exchange of lipids with thylakoids.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lead ion stimulus.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the pectidic homogalacturonan, characterized by a backbone of (1->4)-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues that can be methyl-esterified at C-6 and carry acetyl groups on O-2 and O-3.
Enables the directed movement of chlorophyll catabolites such as non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs), from one side of a membrane to the other.
Catalysis of the reaction: a carotene + a reduced electron acceptor + O2 = C3-hydroxylated carotene + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O. This is a general reaction to represent the C3 hydroxylation of the beta ring of a carotene.
Catalysis of the reaction: a carotene + a reduced electron acceptor + O2 = C3-hydroxylated carotene + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O. This is a general reaction to represent the C3 hydroxylation of the beta ring of a carotene.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP(out) + GDP(in) = GTP(in) + GDP(out).
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisic aldehyde + H(2)O + O(2) = abscisate + H(2)O(2) + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisic aldehyde + H(2)O + O(2) = abscisate + H(2)O(2) + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisic aldehyde + H(2)O + O(2) = abscisate + H(2)O(2) + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisic aldehyde + H(2)O + O(2) = abscisate + H(2)O(2) + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisic aldehyde + H(2)O + O(2) = abscisate + H(2)O(2) + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisate + UDP-D-glucose = abscisic acid glucose ester + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisate + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (+)-8'-hydroxyabscisate + H(2)O + NADP(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisate + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (+)-8'-hydroxyabscisate + H(2)O + NADP(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisate + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (+)-8'-hydroxyabscisate + H(2)O + NADP(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisate + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (+)-8'-hydroxyabscisate + H(2)O + NADP(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisate + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (+)-8'-hydroxyabscisate + H(2)O + NADP(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine methyl ester + H2O = protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine + methanol + H+.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with heteropolysaccharides. A heteropolysaccharide is a glycan composed of more than one type of monosaccharide residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: dihydrocamalexic acid = camalexin + CO2 + H+.
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of cobalt ion. These include transport of cobalt away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of cobalt ion.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + xanthoxin = (+)-abscisic aldehyde + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + xanthoxin = (+)-abscisic aldehyde + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + xanthoxin = (+)-abscisic aldehyde + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(+) + xanthoxin = (+)-abscisic aldehyde + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1,6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in alpha- and beta-limit dextrins of amylopectin and glycogen, and in amylopectin and pullulan.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1,6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in alpha- and beta-limit dextrins of amylopectin and glycogen, and in amylopectin and pullulan.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1,6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in alpha- and beta-limit dextrins of amylopectin and glycogen, and in amylopectin and pullulan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of one or more components of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II.
Vascular tissue pattern formation as it occurs in the leaf of vascular plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhamnogalacturonan II, a low molecular mass (5 - 10KDa) pectic polysaccharide, conserved in the primary walls of dicotyledenous and monocotyledenous plants and gymnosperms.
Modulates the enzyme activity of acetylglutamate kinase.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 3-(methylthio)propanoate + CO + formate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 3-(methylthio)propanoate + CO + formate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 3-(methylthio)propanoate + CO + formate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 3-(methylthio)propanoate + CO + formate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 3-(methylthio)propanoate + CO + formate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + formate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + formate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + formate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + formate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + formate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + formate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + formate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + formate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O(2) = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + formate + H(+).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.
The process that gives rise to a lateral root. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. A lateral root primordium represents an organized group of cells derived from the root pericycle that will differentiate into a new root, as opposed to the initiation of the main root from the embryo proper.
The process that gives rise to a lateral root. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. A lateral root primordium represents an organized group of cells derived from the root pericycle that will differentiate into a new root, as opposed to the initiation of the main root from the embryo proper.
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of zinc ion. These include transport of zinc away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of zinc ion.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phytochrome.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 5' position.
The process involved in the transport of auxin out of the cell.
Heterodimeric complex that catalyzes the pyrophosphate-dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate into D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Refers to the alpha subunit of the heterodimeric complex that possesses pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase activity.
Refers to the beta subunit of the heterodimeric complex that possesses pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase activity.
Thin filamentous structure extending from the surface of all plastid types examined so far, including chloroplast, proplastid, etioplast, leucoplast, amyloplast, and chromoplast. In general, stromules are more abundant in tissues containing non-green plastids, and in cells containing smaller plastids. The primary function of stromules is still unresolved, although the presence of stromules markedly increases the plastid surface area, potentially increasing transport to and from the cytosol. Other functions of stromules, such as transfer of macromolecules between plastids and starch granule formation in cereal endosperm, may be restricted to particular tissues and cell types.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vegetative phase change. Vegetative phase change is the set of post-embryonic processes involved in the transition of a plant from a juvenile phase of vegetative development to an adult phase of vegetative development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate produced via the methylerythritol (MEP) pathway (mevalonate-independent).
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate produced via the methylerythritol (MEP) pathway (mevalonate-independent).
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate produced via the methylerythritol (MEP) pathway (mevalonate-independent).
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate produced via the methylerythritol (MEP) pathway (mevalonate-independent).
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate produced via the methylerythritol (MEP) pathway (mevalonate-independent).
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate produced via the methylerythritol (MEP) pathway (mevalonate-independent).
The infolding of a membrane.
The infolding of a membrane.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs, such as raffinose, stachyose, verbascose and other molecules with a higher degree of galactosyl polymerization).
Catalysis of the reaction: methionine + a 2-oxo acid = 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate + an amino acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol = CoA + (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate.
Enables the transfer of auxin, from one side of a membrane to the other, into a cell.
Enables the transfer of auxin, from one side of a membrane to the other, out of a cell.
Enables the transfer of auxin, from one side of a membrane to the other, out of a cell.
A large, multimeric protein complex, organized in a rosette, which catalyzes the biosynthesis of cellulose for the plant cell wall.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with gibberellins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with gibberellins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
Catalysis of the formation of cyclic terpenes through the cyclization of linear terpenes (e.g. isopentenyl-PP, geranyl-PP, farnesyl-PP and geranylgeranyl-PP) containing varying numbers of isoprene units.
Catalysis of the reaction: trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate = a sesquiterpene + diphosphate. Sesquiterpenes are terpenes containing three isoprene units, i.e. 15 carbons.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of non-ionic solutes (e.g. mannitol, sorbitol) in the environment.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of gibberellic acid; may involve transport, biosynthesis, catabolism or conjugation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving salicylic acid.
The process that gives rise to a leaf. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
The side of the cell wall that is opposite to the side that faces the cell and its contents.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the carboxyl group of an acceptor molecule to form a methyl ester.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a gibberellin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a gibberellin methyl ester.
The separation of the multi-nucleate endosperm into individual cells. In many plant species, the endosperm that nurtures the embryo in the seed initially develops as a syncytium. This syncytial phase ends with simultaneous partitioning of the multi-nucleate cytoplasm into individual cells, a process referred to as cellularization.
Programmed cell death induced by singlet oxygen. Programmed cell death is the cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
Programmed cell death induced by singlet oxygen. Programmed cell death is the cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a seed oilbody. Seed oilbodies are simple organelles comprising a matrix of triglyceride surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer embedded and covered with unique proteins called oleosins. Seed oilbodies supply the energy requirements for the growth of the seedling after germination.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a seed oilbody. Seed oilbodies are simple organelles comprising a matrix of triglyceride surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer embedded and covered with unique proteins called oleosins. Seed oilbodies supply the energy requirements for the growth of the seedling after germination.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a seed oilbody. Seed oilbodies are simple organelles comprising a matrix of triglyceride surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer embedded and covered with unique proteins called oleosins. Seed oilbodies supply the energy requirements for the growth of the seedling after germination.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of suberin monomers and suberin polyesters. Suberin monomers are derived from fatty acids and trans-cinnamic acids. The monomers are then cross-linked with glycerols.
The process that gives rise to a shoot axis. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-galactose-1-phosphate + H2O = L-galactose + phosphate.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Li+(in) + H+(out) = Li+(out) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-galactose + NAD+ = L-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of magnesium.
The directed movement of lithium ion into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of lithium ion out of a cell or organelle.
The directed movement of lithium ion out of a cell or organelle.
The directed movement of lithium ion out of a cell or organelle.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trehalose stimulus.
Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to homogentisic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisic acid + farnesyl diphosphate = 2-methyl-6-farnesylplastoquinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisic acid + geranylgeranyl diphosphate = 2-methyl-6-geranylgeranylplastoquinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisic acid + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate + 3 H+ = 2-methyl-6-solanyl-1,4-benzoquinonone + CO2 + diphosphate. 2-methyl-6-solanyl-1,4-benzoquinonone is also known as 2-methyl-6-solanesylplastoquinol and all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate as solanesyl diphosphate.
The developmental process that pertains to the organization of a leaf in three-dimensional space once the structure has initially formed.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion channel activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the anion channel activity.
Any process in which blue light modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion channel activity.
Any process in which blue light stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the anion channel activity.
Any process in which blue light stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the anion channel activity.
Any endogenous process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the plant hypersensitive response.
Any endogenous process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the plant hypersensitive response.
Any endogenous process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the plant hypersensitive response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an ethylene biosynthetic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an ethylene biosynthetic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an ethylene biosynthetic process.
A protein complex whose composition varies amongst species; in rice it probably exists in a homo-tetramer to homo-hexamer form and in Gram negative bacteria as a dimer. Functions in the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,6)-D-glucosidic branch linkages. Isoamylases in animals are localized in the extracellular space.
A protein complex whose composition varies amongst species; in rice it probably exists in a homo-tetramer to homo-hexamer form and in Gram negative bacteria as a dimer. Functions in the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,6)-D-glucosidic branch linkages. Isoamylases in plants are intracellular and probably chloroplast localized.
A region in which centric, heterochromatic portions of one or more chromosomes form a compact structure.
A chromocenter adjacent to the nucleolus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellins.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellins.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellins.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomatal complex over time from its formation to the mature structure. The stomatal complex is the stomatal guard cells and their associated epidermal cells.
The regionalization process of establishing the non-random spatial arrangement of stomatal complex on the surface of a leaf. The stomatal complex is the stomatal guard cells and their associated epidermal cells.
The process that gives rise to the stomatal complex. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The stomatal complex is the stomatal guard cells and their associated epidermal cells.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a stomatal guard cell. Guard cells are located in the leaf epidermis and pairwise surround stomatal pores, which allow CO2 influx for photosynthetic carbon fixation and water loss via transpiration to the atmosphere.
The process in which the circadian clock maintains robust and accurate timing over a broad range of physiological temperatures. The circadian clock is an endogenous 24-h timer found in most eukaryotes and in photosynthetic bacteria. The clock drives rhythms in the physiology, biochemistry, and metabolism of the organisms.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phaseic acid (PA), a catabolite of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chlorophyll, any compound of magnesium complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring and which functions as a photosynthetic pigment, from less complex precursors.
The attachment of a peroxisome to a chloroplast via molecular tethers that physically bridge their respective membranes and attach them to each other. The tethering may facilitate exchange of metabolites between the organelles.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cell wall polysaccharides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cell wall peptidoglycan, a group of glycoproteins that consist of a core-protein backbone O-glycosylated by one or more complex carbohydrates.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded methylated DNA. Methylation of cytosine or adenine in DNA is an important mechanism for establishing stable heritable epigenetic marks.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a COP9 signalosome.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
The modification of histones by addition of a single ubiquitin group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucomannan, a polysaccharide composed of D-glucose and D-mannose. The mannose units form the backbone structure (a linear main chain) with the D-glucose as single side-units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactoglucomannan, a polysaccharide composed of D-glucose, D-galactose and D-mannose. The mannose units form the backbone structure (a linear main chain) decorated with a mixture of D-glucose and D-galactose side-units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galacturonan, a pectin polymer containing a backbone of alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving homogalacturonan, a pectin characterized by a backbone of alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues that can be methyl-esterified at C-6 and carry acetyl groups on O-2 and O-3.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI), a branched pectin with a backbone of alternating alpha-(1->2)-linked rhamnose and alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues that carries neutral side-chains of predominantly beta-(1->4)-D-galactose and/or alpha-(1->5)-L-arabinose residues attached to the rhamnose residues of the RGI backbone.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI), a branched pectin with a backbone of alternating alpha-(1->2)-linked rhamnose and alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues that carries neutral side-chains of predominantly beta-(1->4)-D-galactose and/or alpha-(1->5)-L-arabinose residues attached to the rhamnose residues of the RGI backbone.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving rhamnogalacturonan II, a low molecular mass (5-10KDa) pectic polysaccharide. The backbone of RG-II contains at least 8 1,4-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the pectic apiogalacturonan, characterized by a backbone of alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues substituted with apiose and apiobiose (D-apiofuranosyl-beta-(1->3)-D-apiose) side chains via O-2 or O-3 links.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylogalacturonan, a pectin characterized by a backbone of alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues substituted on C-3 with beta-D-xylopyranose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the alternating alpha-(1->2)-linked rhamnose and alpha-(1->2)-linked B-galacturonic acid residues of the rhamnogalacturonan I backbone.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the side chains of the pectin, rhamnogalacturonan I.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactan, a polymer of D-galactosyl units that can be found as a side chain of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan I.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectic arabinan, a polymer with an alpha-(1->5)-linked L-arabinofuranose (Araf) backbone that can be substituted with Araf-alpha-(1->2)-, Araf-alpha-(1->3)-, and/or Araf-alpha-(1->3)-Araf-alpha-(1->3)-side chains. Arabinan can be found as a side chain of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan I.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectic arabinogalactan I, an alpha-(1,4)-linked D-galactopyranose backbone that is substituted with alpha-l-Araf residues via the O-3 of the D-galactose residues. Arabinogalactan I can be found as a side chain of rhamnogalacturonan I.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein that consist of a core-protein backbone O-glycosylated by one or more complex carbohydrates.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein, which is composed of a group of core protein of highly varying length and domain complexity. These are O-glycosylated at one or more hydroxyproline residues by arabinogalactan (AG) type II groups, which consist of (1->3)-beta-galactan and (1->6)-beta-linked galactan chains connected to each other by (1->3,1->6)-linked branch points, O-3 and O-6 positions substituted with terminal arabinosyl residues. Also, rhamnose, fucose, glucuronic and galacturonic acid can be present in the glycan structures.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein, which is composed of a group of core protein containing Hyp, Ala, Ser, Thr and Gly as the major amino acid constituents, and the C-terminus is GPI anchored.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein where other amino acids besides Hyp, Ala, Ser, Thr and Gly can be present and grouped into regions, such as a Cys-rich or Asn-rich domains.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein variant which contains both an arabinogalactan protein (AGP) motif and a fasciclin domain.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving extensins, a group of 60-90 kDNA hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich glycoproteins whose polypeptide backbone consists of many repeats of structural Ser(Hyp)4-6 motifs, with heavily glycosylated 1-4 arabinose residues O-linked to contiguous stretches of Hyp residues, with most of the Ser residues being O-galactosylated.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hemicelluloses, plant cell wall polysaccharides that have a backbone of 1,4-linked beta-D-pyranosyl residues in which O4 is in the equatorial orientation. Many different hemicelluloses usually occur intermixed with each molecular type representing different degrees of polymerization and contain many different sugar monomers, which can include glucose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose. Hemicelluloses also contain most of the D-pentose sugars and occasionally small amounts of L-sugars as well. Xylose is always the sugar monomer present in the largest amount, but mannuronic acid and galacturonic acid also tend to be present.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving xyloglucan, the cross-linking glycan composed of (1->4)-beta-D-glucan backbone substituted at regular intervals with beta-D-xylosyl-(1->6) residues, which is present in the primary cell wall of most higher plants.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannan, a group of polysaccharides containing a backbone composed of a polymer of D-mannose units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylan, a polymer containing a beta-(1->4)-linked D-xylose backbone decorated with glucuronic acid side units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylan, a polymer containing a beta-(1->4)-linked D-xylose backbone decorated with glucuronic acid and arabinose side units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the mannan backbone, the unsubstituted polymer of D-mannose units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an arabinoxylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone decorated with arabinose side units.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an arabinoxylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone decorated with arabinose side units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucuronoxylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone substituted with glucuronic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucuronoxylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone substituted with glucuronic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucuronoxylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone substituted with glucuronic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucuronoxylan, a polymer containing a beta-1,4-linked D-xylose backbone substituted with glucuronic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the backbone structure of pectic rhamnogalacturonan II. The back bone contains at least 8 1,4-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the side chains of pectic rhamnogalacturonan II. A number of structurally distinct di- and oligosaccharides can be attached to the C-3 and C-2 of the backbone, respectively.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-polyprenyl-4,5-dihydroxybenzoate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3-polyprenyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoate + H+.
Programmed cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide. Programmed cell death is the cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of brassinosteroids.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of brassinosteroids.
The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 or N-4 of a cytosine located within a CG sequence in a DNA molecule.
The covalent transfer of a methyl group, to C-5 or N-4, of a cytosine located within a CNG sequence in a DNA molecule. N stands for any nucleotide.
The covalent transfer of a methyl group, to C-5 or N-4, of a cytosine located within an asymmetric CHH sequence in a DNA molecule. H stands for an adenine, cytosine, or thymine nucleotide.
The covalent transfer of a methyl group, to C-5 or N-4, of a cytosine located within an asymmetric CHH sequence in a DNA molecule. H stands for an adenine, cytosine, or thymine nucleotide.
The covalent transfer of a methyl group, to C-5 or N-4, of a cytosine located within an asymmetric CHH sequence in a DNA molecule. H stands for an adenine, cytosine, or thymine nucleotide.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with abscisic acid, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with abscisic acid, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a methylated cytosine/unspecified/guanine trinucleotide.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a methylated cytosine/unspecified/unspecified trinucleotide.
A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation.
A process in seed development that occurs after embryogenesis by which a quiescent state is established in a seed. Seed maturation is characterized by storage compound accumulation, acquisition of desiccation tolerance, growth arrest and the entry into a dormancy period of variable length that is broken upon germination.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A bract is a leaf, usually different in form from the foliage leaves, subtending a flower or inflorescence.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a bract are generated and organized. A bract is a leaf, usually different in form from the foliage leaves, subtending a flower or inflorescence.
The process that gives rise to a bract. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. A bract is a leaf, usually different in form from the foliage leaves, subtending a flower or inflorescence.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid + coenzyme A = AMP + diphosphate + 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoyl-CoA + H+. 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid is also known as OPC-8:0.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid + coenzyme A = AMP + diphosphate + 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoyl-CoA + H+. 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid is also known as OPC-8:0.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid + coenzyme A = AMP + diphosphate + 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoyl-CoA + H+. 3-oxo-2-(2'-pentenyl)-cyclopentane-1-octanoic acid is also known as OPC-8:0.
Catalysis of the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids.
Catalysis of the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids at the (9, 10) and/or (9', 10') double bond.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of sulfur.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosinolates, substituted thioglucosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae.
The process in which an unspecialized epidermal cell progresses through a series of divisions that culminate in the production of a stomatal complex.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the guard cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Generation and organization of the polarized cell that is capable of turgor driven movement.
The asymmetric cell division by which a meristemoid mother cells (MMC) give rise to a meristemoid and another cell. The other cell may itself become a MMC or may generate an epidermal cell. Any cell that undergoes this type of division is a MMC.
The process in which a meristemoid acquires the specialized features of a guard mother cell.
A small round nuclear body, measuring 0.2-0.8 microns in diameter that is diffusely distributed throughout the nucleoplasm. Several proteins known to be involved in miRNA processing have been localized to these structures. D-bodies are thought to be involved in primary-miRNA processing and/or storage/assembly of miRNA processing complexes.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH > 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH > 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
The increase in size or mass of a vegetative meristem, a population of undifferentiated cells in a plant shoot which maintains a continuous balance between the production of stem cells and the incorporation of their derivatives into lateral organ primordia.
The increase in size or mass of a root meristem, a population of undifferentiated cells in a plant root which maintains a continuous balance between the production of stem cells and the incorporation of their derivatives into the growth of the root.
The increase in size or mass of an inflorescence meristem, a population of undifferentiated cells in a plant shoot which produces small leaves and then floral meristems, which will give rise to flowers.
The increase in size or mass of a floral meristem, a population of undifferentiated cells in a plant that gives rise to a flower.
The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone.
The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 36 of the histone.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the dorsal spinal cord cell population.
The cell cycle process in which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired.
The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.
The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a light stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel activity.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
Combining with nerve growth factor (NGF), to prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth, or to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with nerve growth factor (NGF), to prevent apoptosis in neurons and promote nerve growth, or to initiate a change in cell activity.
Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity. Receptor activity is when a molecule combines with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-galactose + alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + alpha-L-galactose-1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-galactose + alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + alpha-L-galactose-1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-galactose + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = alpha-L-galactose-1-phosphate + GDP-alpha-D-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-galactose + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate = alpha-L-galactose-1-phosphate + GDP-alpha-D-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-galactose + myo-inositol 1-phosphate = alpha-L-galactose-1-phosphate + GDP-myoinositol.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP + D-glucose 1-phosphate = phosphate + GDP-glucose.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP + L-galactose 1-phosphate = phosphate + GDP-galactose.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of gibberellin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sulfur dioxide (SO2) stimulus.
A respiratory electron flow (from NAD(P)H to plastoquinone (PQ) and O2) involving both a nonphotochemical reduction and re-oxidation of PQ pool.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stele over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stele is the central column of primary vascular tissue in the root and any tissue that it surrounds.
The process aimed at the progression of a microsporocyte cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A microsporocyte is a diploid (2n) cell that undergoes meiosis and forms four haploid (1n) microspores; also called microspore mother cell and, in seed plants, pollen mother cell.
Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis, into daughter cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell into daughter cells. An epidermal cell is any of the cells that make up the epidermis.
Interaction between the pollen tube, part of the male gametophyte, and the ovule, part of the female gametophyte, that results in the arrest of pollen tube growth, rupture of the pollen tube and the release of the sperm cells.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 = CoA + acetyl-histone H3.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 = CoA + acetyl-histone H4.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Mn2+(in) + H+(out) = Mn2+(out) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methioninamine + spermidine = S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + thermospermine + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-glycan = galactose-beta-1,3-N-glycan + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose = UDP-4-keto-rhamnose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-4-keto-rhamnose + NADPH = UDP-rhamnose + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-L-arabinose 1-phosphate + UTP = UDP-L-arabinose + diphosphate.
The process in which an organism retains a population of shoot apical meristem cells, preventing the commitment of all stem cell progeny to a differentiated cell fate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a Lewis a epitope, a trisaccharide (Fuc-alpha-(1->4)[Gal-beta-(1->3)]GlcNAc) characteristic of plant protein N-linked oligosaccharides.
A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.
A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.
A posttranscriptional gene silencing process in which the silencing signal originates in a tissue separate from the tissue in which the silencing takes place.
The movement of substances between cells via plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata is a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.
The movement of substances between cells via plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata is a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.
The movement of substances between cells via plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata is a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.
The movement of substances between cells via plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata is a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.
The movement of substances between cells via plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata is a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.
The movement of substances between cells via plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata is a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome but do not involve ubiquitin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the transmitting tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The transmitting tissue is the tissue in the style of a carpel through which the pollen tube grows; it connects the stigma and the inside of ovary.
The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a polyamine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.
The process in which a cell initiates conjugation with cellular fusion. Conjugation with cellular fusion is the process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency or rate of initiation of conjugation with cellular fusion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular response to nitrogen starvation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a telomerase. Telomerase catalyzes the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.
Any process that modulates the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.
Any process that decreases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.
Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-mediated transposition. RNA-mediated transposition is a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-mediated transposition. RNA-mediated transposition is a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-mediated transposition. RNA-mediated transposition is a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via an RNA intermediate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transposition. Transposition results in the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Hsp27 proteins, a lightweight heat shock protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a misfolded protein.
The unidirectional movement of auxin from the apex to base of an organ, including the shoot, leaf, primary root, or lateral root.
The unidirectional movement of auxin from the base towards the apex of an organ, including the shoot, leaf, primary root, or lateral root.
Enables the transfer of nitrate from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Hsp90 proteins, any of a group of heat shock proteins around 90kDa in size.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Hsp90 proteins, any of a group of heat shock proteins around 90kDa in size.
The controlled breakdown of the thylakoid membrane in the context of a normal process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thylakoid membrane disassembly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane disassembly.
Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of one or more components of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II.
Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of one or more components of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mannitol stimulus.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, any protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ketone, carried out by individual cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ketone, carried out by individual cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth at the tip of a bud, in a cell that reproduces by budding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which a multicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.
The appearance of vascular endothelial growth factor production due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor.
Any process that increases or activates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that is an integral part of a G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that is an integral part of a G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that is an integral part of a G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.
An process which modulate the frequency, rate or extent of starch biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of starch.
The process in which a floral meristem becomes determinate (i.e. ceases to produce lateral organs and may or may not terminally differentiate).
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cyclopentenone stimulus. Cyclopentenones are oxylipins derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are structurally similar to jasmonic acid, but contain a reactive unsaturated carbonyl structure in the cyclo-ring. Cyclopentenones include phytoprostanes and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid.
The formation of the pollen exine. The reticulate pollen wall pattern consists of two layers, exine and intine.
The controlled release of glutamine by a cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.
Vascular tissue pattern formation as it occurs in the cotyledon of vascular plants.
The regionalization process within a leaf by which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of volatile molecules emitted from green plants, such as hexenal, hexenol and hexenyl acetate, from linoleic acid or linolenic acid.
Complex that possesses NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (plastoquinone) activity. The complex is one of the components of the electron transport chain. It is involved in electron transport from an unidentified electron donor, possibly NADH, NADPH or ferredoxin(Fd) to the plastoquinone pool.
Cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form lsiRNA (long small interfering RNA), a class of siRNAs 30 to 40 nt in length. lsiRNAs are induced by pathogen infection or under specific growth conditions.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of auxins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of auxins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.
Regulation of the chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, the anion of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, a natural product found in plant tissues. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene (ethene), a fruit-ripening hormone in plants.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of a mRNA transcript by its transport into, or maintainance in, a specific location within the cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of a mRNA transcript by its transport into, or maintainance in, a specific location within the cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of a mRNA transcript by its transport into, or maintainance in, a specific location within the cell.
Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation that is part of a change in state or activity of a cell as a result of an exogenous disturbance.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.
Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
Any process that modulates the concentration of cytosolic free calcium ion [Ca2+]cyt with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
Any process that modulates the concentration of cytosolic free calcium ion [Ca2+]cyt with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
Any process that modulates the concentration of cytosolic free calcium ion [Ca2+]cyt with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
Any process that modulates the concentration of cytosolic free calcium ion [Ca2+]cyt with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
The process that gives rise to aerenchyma, parenchyma tissue containing particularly large intercellular spaces of schizogenous or lysigenous origin. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glucose binding to a G protein-coupled receptor, where the pathway proceeds with activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glucose binding to a G protein-coupled receptor, where the pathway proceeds with activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glucose binding to a G protein-coupled receptor, where the pathway proceeds with activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of glucose binding to a G protein-coupled receptor, where the pathway proceeds with activation of adenylyl cyclase and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves the catabolism of a sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves the localization of a transcription factor.
The regionalization process in which the identity of an ovule is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development.
The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
Any process that decreases the frequency or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA by a mechanism that selects the start site along that template.
The orderly movement of an epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by the transfer of small, water-soluble molecules or metabolites between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via chemical coupling. Cell communication by chemical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by the transfer of small, water-soluble molecules or metabolites between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via chemical coupling. Cell communication by chemical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by the transfer of small, water-soluble molecules or metabolites between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via chemical coupling. Cell communication by chemical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by the transfer of small, water-soluble molecules or metabolites between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an apical cell. The apical cell is the upper cell formed after the first division of the zygote.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle.
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. Striated muscle cells make up striated muscle fibers which are divided by transverse bands into striations.
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an ectodermal cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of epithelial structure.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y, as carried out by individual cells.
Any cellular process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates carried out by repression of transcription.
Any cellular process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates carried out by repression of transcription.
Any cellular process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates carried out by repression of transcription.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid, which is then utilized in the metabolism of salicylic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid, which is then utilized in the metabolism of coumarin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid, which is then utilized in the metabolism of stilbene.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid, which is then utilized in the metabolism of flavonoids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 3 rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 3 rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetracyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 4 carbon rings.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetracyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 4 carbon rings.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter, as a result of a chemical stimulus.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter, as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the process involving the release of duplicated mitotic spindle pole bodies (SPBs) and their migration away from each other within the nuclear membrane.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the process involving the release of duplicated mitotic spindle pole bodies (SPBs) and their migration away from each other within the nuclear membrane.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the process involving the release of duplicated mitotic spindle pole bodies (SPBs) and their migration away from each other within the nuclear membrane.
Binds to and increases the activity of an acetyltransferase, an enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule.
The cell-cell signaling process in which single-celled organisms monitor population density by detecting the concentration of small diffusible signal molecules.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
The cell cycle process in which the 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang resulting in the transfer of genetic information from one helix to another.
The cell cycle process in which the 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang occurs resulting in double strand break formation and repair through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gangliosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gangliosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gangliosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gangliosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of globosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of globosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of globosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of globosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.
The formation of a stable duplex DNA that contains one strand from each of the two recombining DNA molecules resulting in the conversion of the mating-type locus from one allele to another.
The formation of a stable duplex DNA that contains one strand from each of the two recombining DNA molecules resulting in the error-free repair of a double-strand break without the exchange of adjacent sequences.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ferrochelatase activity; catalysis of the reaction: protoporphyrin + Fe2+ = protoheme + 2 H+.
Any process that increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter in response to an iron stimulus.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of definitive erythrocyte differentiation. Definitive erythrocyte differentiation occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of definitive erythrocyte differentiation. Definitive erythrocyte differentiation occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of definitive erythrocyte differentiation. Definitive erythrocyte differentiation occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of primitive erythrocyte differentiation. Primitive erythrocyte differentiation occurs as part of the process of primitive hemopoiesis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of primitive erythrocyte differentiation. Primitive erythrocyte differentiation occurs as part of the process of primitive hemopoiesis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of primitive erythrocyte differentiation. Primitive erythrocyte differentiation occurs as part of the process of primitive hemopoiesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.
The protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is the protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is the protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is the protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the specifically regulated synthesis of RNA from DNA encoding a specific set of genes as a result of a transcription factor interacting with a serum response element (SRE). A serum response element is a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the serum response element (SRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.
The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport. Plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport is the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport. Plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport is the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport. Plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport is the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is a series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is a series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is a series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling. cGMP-mediated signaling is a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic GMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling. cGMP-mediated signaling is a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic GMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling. cGMP-mediated signaling is a series of molecular signals in which a cell uses cyclic GMP to convert an extracellular signal into a response.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.
Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a fibroblast pseudopodium. A fibroblast is a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a UV damage stimulus.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a UV damage stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA resulting in meiotic gene conversion. Meiotic gene conversion is the cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another.
The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate resulting in meiotic recombination.
A system for the identification and correction of base-base mismatches, small insertion-deletion loops, and regions of heterology that are present in duplex DNA formed with strands from two recombining molecules resulting in meiotic gene conversion. Meiotic gene conversion is the cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another.
A system for the identification and correction of base-base mismatches, small insertion-deletion loops, and regions of heterology that are present in duplex DNA formed with strands from two recombining molecules resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
The synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
The synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template resulting in meiotic gene conversion. Meiotic gene conversion is the cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another.
The cell cycle process in which double-strand breaks are generated at defined hotspots throughout the genome during meiosis I resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
The cell cycle process in which double-strand breaks are generated at defined hotspots throughout the genome during meiosis I resulting in meiotic gene conversion. Meiotic gene conversion is the cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the proboscis that are derived from the labial disc are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the proboscis that are derived from the eye-antennal disc are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the proboscis that are derived from the clypeo-labral disc are generated and organized.
The addition of clathrin and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles that will move from the plasma membrane to the endosome, forming a vesicle coat.
The addition of clathrin and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of transport vesicles that will move from the trans-Golgi to the endosome, forming a vesicle coat.
The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of inter-Golgi cisterna transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.
The addition of COPI proteins and adaptor proteins to Golgi membranes during the formation of cis-Golgi to rough ER transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome during meiosis I.
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome during meiosis II.
The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang that results in the repair of a double strand break via synthesis-dependent strand annealing.
The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang that results in the repair of a double strand break via single-strand annealing.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dolichol biosynthesis. Dolichol biosynthesis consists of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquinone biosynthesis. Ubiquinone biosynthesis consists of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.
Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles.
Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body as part of the directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes or vacuoles.
Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle priming. Synaptic vesicle priming is the formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle priming. Synaptic vesicle priming is the formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle priming. Synaptic vesicle priming is the formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neuropeptides. Neuropeptides are signaling peptides that travel across a synaptic junction.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the neuropeptide substance P.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide bradykinin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide calcitonin.
Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action.
The directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and lengthening the telomeric DNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the wakeful phase of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. The wakeful phase is the part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep.
Any process that increases the frequency, or extent of the wakeful phase of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. The wakeful phase is the part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep.
The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.
The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region in a genome which promotes recombination.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
Any process that starts the inactive process of reciprocal meiotic recombination. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.
Any process the modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly. Chromatin assembly is the assembly of DNA, histone proteins, and other associated proteins into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin disassembly. Chromatin disassembly is the controlled breakdown of chromatin from a higher order structure into its simpler subcomponents, DNA, histones, and other proteins.
Any process that modulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase. Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Any process that modulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase. Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
A series of reactions within the cell that occur as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound interacting with a chemoreceptor resulting in a modulation of the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
Modulates the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.
Decreases the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.
Increases the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes a ring closure reaction.
Modulates the activity of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.
Decreases the activity of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.
Increases the activity of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP. This reaction requires the presence of calcium.
Modulates the activity of a calcium-dependent protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein in a calcium-dependent manner.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds in polypeptides by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile in a calcium-dependent manner.
Modulates the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes nonterminal peptide bonds in polypeptides.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
Any process that increases the rate of phospholipase C activity.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein histidine kinase activity.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stipule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A stipule is one of (usually) a pair of appendages at the bases of leaves in many broad-leaved angiosperms.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of receptor biosynthesis. Receptor biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
Any process that increases the frequency or rate of receptor biosynthesis. Receptor biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
Any process that decreases the frequency or rate of receptor biosynthesis. Receptor biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol esterification. Cholesterol esterification is the lipid modification process in which a sterol ester is formed by the combination of a carboxylic acid (often a fatty acid) and cholesterol. In the blood this process is associated with the conversion of free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester, which is then sequestered into the core of a lipoprotein particle.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol esterification. Cholesterol esterification is the lipid modification process in which a sterol ester is formed by the combination of a carboxylic acid (often a fatty acid) and cholesterol. In the blood this process is associated with the conversion of free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester, which is then sequestered into the core of a lipoprotein particle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.
Any process in which a lipid is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
The directed movement of lipids into cells that is part of their accumulation and maintenance.
The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
The directed movement of cholesterol into cells that is part of their accumulation and maintenance.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergosterol.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of phosphatidylcholine catabolism. Phosphatidylcholine catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of phosphatidylcholine catabolism. Phosphatidylcholine catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of UDP-glucose catabolism. UDP-glucose catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of UDP-glucose catabolism. UDP-glucose catabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis by an increase in epimerase activity. This epimerase activity catalyzes the reaction that converts D-glucuronate into its diastereoisomer in heparan sulfate.
Any process that modulates the activity of an isomerase. An isomerase catalyzes the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
Any process that increases the activity of an isomerase. An isomerase catalyzes the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of sterigmatocystin biosynthesis. Sterigmatocystin biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterigmatocystin, a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of sterigmatocystin biosynthesis. Sterigmatocystin biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterigmatocystin, a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reactions: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate, and 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of auxin mediated signaling pathway. Auxin mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated in response to detection of auxin.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of auxin mediated signaling pathway. Auxin mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated in response to detection of auxin.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of auxin mediated signaling pathway. Auxin mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated in response to detection of auxin.
A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in macrophages.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage tolerance induction.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
The appearance of a macrophage cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization.
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a cytoplasmic microtubule.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H2O = NMNH + ADP.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves direct competition for interaction with a promoter binding site.
Catalysis of the reaction: coenzyme A + H2O = 3',5'-ADP + 4'-phosphopantetheine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic joint molecule formation. Meiotic joint molecule formation is the conversion of the paired broken DNA and homologous duplex DNA into a four-stranded branched intermediate, known as a joint molecule, formed during meiotic recombination.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic joint molecule formation. Meiotic joint molecule formation is the conversion of the paired broken DNA and homologous duplex DNA into a four-stranded branched intermediate, known as a joint molecule, formed during meiotic recombination.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of phytosterols into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid import into a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of metal ion transport. Metal ion transport is the directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions at the level of a cell.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of glucan biosynthesis. Glucan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-arginine import. L-arginine import is the directed movement of L-arginine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, into a cell or organelle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin silencing by small RNA. Chromatin silencing by small RNA is the repression of transcription by conversion of large regions of DNA into heterochromatin, directed by small RNAs sharing sequence identity to the repressed region.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation. Mitotic sister chromatid separation is the process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transport. Phosphate transport is the directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine biosynthesis. Polyamine biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pheromone-dependent signal transduction during conjugation with cellular fusion, a signal transduction process resulting in the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to pheromone exposure in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion.
The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity.
The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity.
The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of progression from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any cell cycle regulatory process that decreases the rate or extent of progression of a cell from G2 to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is the assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of division septum formation. division septum formation is he assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).
Any transcriptional or post-transcriptional process, arising in non-dividing cells as they age, carried out at the cellular level that results in long-term gene inactivation.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell wall macromolecule metabolism. Cell wall macromolecule metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules forming, or destined to form, part of the cell wall. A cell wall is a rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of SMAD protein complex assembly. SMAD protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of SMAD protein complex assembly. SMAD protein complex assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ubiquitin monomers and free ubiquitin chains at the level of the cell by recycling ubiquitin from proteasome-bound ubiquitinated intermediates.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ubiquitin monomers and free ubiquitin chains at the level of the cell by recycling ubiquitin from proteasome-bound ubiquitinated intermediates.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ubiquitin monomers and free ubiquitin chains at the level of the cell by recycling ubiquitin from proteasome-bound ubiquitinated intermediates.
The process of creating free ubiquitin chains, compounds composed of a large number of ubiquitin monomers. These chains are not conjugated to a protein.
The process in which free ubiquitin chains, compounds composed of a large number of ubiquitin monomers, are broken down.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auditory stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auditory stimulus.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an anaphase-promoting complex. A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation in response to stress by the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation in response to stress by the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation as a result of heme levels.
A process that impedes the progress of the DNA replication fork at natural replication fork pausing sites within the mating type locus.
A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death.
A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death.
A process which directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death.
A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the Golgi to the ER.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the Golgi to the ER.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the Golgi to the ER.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the Golgi to the ER.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances within the Golgi.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.
A subcellular organelle of plant cells surrounded by 'half-unit' or a monolayer membrane instead of the more usual bilayer. The storage body has a droplet of triglyceride surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, interacting with the triglycerides and the hydrophilic head groups facing the cytosol, and containing major protein components called oleosins.
A subcellular organelle of plant cells surrounded by 'half-unit' or a monolayer membrane instead of the more usual bilayer. The storage body has a droplet of triglyceride surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, interacting with the triglycerides and the hydrophilic head groups facing the cytosol, and containing major protein components called oleosins.
A subcellular organelle of plant cells surrounded by 'half-unit' or a monolayer membrane instead of the more usual bilayer. The storage body has a droplet of triglyceride surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, interacting with the triglycerides and the hydrophilic head groups facing the cytosol, and containing major protein components called oleosins.
A subcellular organelle of plant cells surrounded by 'half-unit' or a monolayer membrane instead of the more usual bilayer. The storage body has a droplet of triglyceride surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, interacting with the triglycerides and the hydrophilic head groups facing the cytosol, and containing major protein components called oleosins.
A subcellular organelle of plant cells surrounded by 'half-unit' or a monolayer membrane instead of the more usual bilayer. The storage body has a droplet of triglyceride surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids, interacting with the triglycerides and the hydrophilic head groups facing the cytosol, and containing major protein components called oleosins.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sclerenchyma cell. A sclerenchyma cell is a plant cell with thick lignified walls, normally dead at maturity and specialized for structural strength. Includes fiber cells, that are greatly elongated; and sclereids, that are more isodiametric. Intermediate types exist. Cells may or may not be devoid of protoplasm at maturity. Cell form and size are variable.
The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.
The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell. Microglia are glial cells that act as the immune cells of the central nervous system. They form part of the supporting structure of this system.
The process aimed at the progression of a microglial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglia differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell.
The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others.
The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.
The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population in response to an axonal lesion. The newly generated Schwann cells support subsequent axon regeneration in the peripheral nervous system.
The regrowth of axons outside the central nervous system (outside the brain and spinal cord) following an axonal injury.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will differentiate into a neuroblast.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The process aimed at the progression of a neuroblast over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific state, to the mature neuroblast. It does not include processes where the neuroblast turns into a glial cell or a neuron.
The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube.
The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube.
The formation of the neural tube by coalescence of mesenchymal cells followed by their conversion to epithelial cells to form a solid cord that subsequently hollows out (cavitates) to create a hollow tube. Secondary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the neural tube posterior to the posterior neuropore in mammals.
The formation of the neural tube by coalescence of mesenchymal cells followed by their conversion to epithelial cells to form a solid cord that subsequently hollows out (cavitates) to create a hollow tube. Secondary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the neural tube posterior to the posterior neuropore in mammals.
The formation of the neural tube by coalescence of mesenchymal cells followed by their conversion to epithelial cells to form a solid cord that subsequently hollows out (cavitates) to create a hollow tube. Secondary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the neural tube posterior to the posterior neuropore in mammals.
The formation of the neural tube by coalescence of mesenchymal cells followed by their conversion to epithelial cells to form a solid cord that subsequently hollows out (cavitates) to create a hollow tube. Secondary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the neural tube posterior to the posterior neuropore in mammals.
The formation of the neural tube by coalescence of mesenchymal cells followed by their conversion to epithelial cells to form a solid cord that subsequently hollows out (cavitates) to create a hollow tube. Secondary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the neural tube posterior to the posterior neuropore in mammals.
The process in which the neural plate is shaped by the intrinsic movement of the epidermal and neural plate regions.
The formation of a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts.
The process of rod cavitation, which is the formation of a lumen in the neural rod during primary neurulation, producing the neural tube.
The formation of a thickened region of the neurectoderm that is roughly triangular in cross section. The neural keel develops from the neural plate and develops into the neural rod. Neural keel formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts.
The process of medullary cavitation, which is the formation of a lumen in the medullary cord during secondary neurulation, producing the neural tube.
The formation of the notochord from the chordamesoderm. The notochord is composed of large cells packed within a firm connective tissue sheath and is found in all chordates at the ventral surface of the neural tube. In vertebrates, the notochord contributes to the vertebral column.
The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes.
The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a mesenchymal cell.
The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell.
The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a neural crest cell.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neural crest cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neural crest cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell differentiation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.
The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.
Establishment of the endothelial barrier between the blood and the brain. The endothelial cells in the brain capillaries are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.
Establishment of the endothelial barrier between the blood and the brain. The endothelial cells in the brain capillaries are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.
The regulated release of dopamine by a cell. Dopamine is a catecholamine and a precursor of adrenaline and noradrenaline. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system but it is also produced peripherally and acts as a hormone.
The controlled release of glutamate by a cell. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.
The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell or a tissue. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.
The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell. The acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter that acts in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of acetylcholine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.
A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.
A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.
A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.
A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.
A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.
A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.
A series of reactions within the signal-receiving cell, mediated by the intracellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Many cell surface receptor linked signaling pathways signal through PI3K to regulate numerous cellular functions.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade.
An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.
An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.
An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.
An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.
An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.
An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cycloalkane stimulus. A cycloalkane is a cyclic saturated hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an isoquinoline alkaloid stimulus. An isoquinoline alkaloid is any member of a group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine which is a structure characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tropane stimulus. Tropane is a nitrogenous bicyclic organic compound mainly known for a group of alkaloids derived from it (called tropane alkaloids), which include, among others, atropine and cocaine.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoxetine stimulus. Fluoxetine increases the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of serotonin available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoxetine stimulus. Fluoxetine increases the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of serotonin available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor.
The part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane that contains calcium release channels, is devoted to calcium release and is juxtaposed to transverse tubule membrane. The junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane consists of the junctional region of the terminal cisterna membrane.
The part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane that contains calcium pumps and is devoted to calcium uptake. The free sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane consists of the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane and the non-junctional region of the terminal cisterna membrane.
A process in which force is generated within oscillatory skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Oscillatory muscle contraction occurs in insect wing muscles and is characterized by asynchrony between action potential and contraction and by stretch activation.
A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells.
A region of the A band in which myosin-binding protein C is located and that can be seen by electron microscopy. This is a functional zone that also includes myosin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The branchiomeric muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls facial expression, pharyngeal and laryngeal function, operating the jaw. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. Branchiomeric muscles of mammals correspond to the gill musculature of fish.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitomeric trunk muscle development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somitomeric trunk muscle development. The somitomeric trunk muscle is derived from somitomeric mesoderm. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somitomeric trunk muscle development. The somitomeric trunk muscle is derived from somitomeric mesoderm. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development. Branchiomeric skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development. Branchiomeric skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branchiomeric skeletal muscle development. Branchiomeric skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process, taking place in the head, whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The process taking place in the trunk whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
Skeletal muscle satellite cell asymmetric division that occurs during a process in which damaged muscle tissue is being rebuilt.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell activation. The satellite cell activation is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation of satellite cell involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. The activation of satellite cell is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate.
The change of a skeletal muscle satellite cell from a mitotically quiescent to a mitotically active state following exposure to some activating factor  such as a cellular or soluble ligand. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
A process in which force is generated within tonic skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The tonic skeletal muscle is characterized by long lasting contractile responses and high resistance to fatigue.
A process in which force is generated within twitch skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The twitch skeletal muscle responds to neurostimulations with a contraction followed by a relaxation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by changing calcium ion binding affinity of the myofibril.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of twitch skeletal muscle contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extraocular skeletal muscle development. Extraocular skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extraocular skeletal muscle development. Extraocular skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extraocular skeletal muscle development. Extraocular skeletal muscle development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the force of skeletal muscle contraction. The force of skeletal muscle contraction is produced by acto-myosin interaction processes through the formation of cross bridges.
Any process that modulates velocity of shortening of a skeletal muscle contraction. The shortening leads to reduction of the length of muscle fibers and sarcomeres.
The regrowth of muscle tissue to repair injured or damaged muscle fibers in the postnatal stage at the neuromuscular junction. Regeneration of neuromuscular junctions occurs in an orderly way and relies on communication between nerve and muscle. Skeletal myofibers regenerate after injury and form neuro-muscular junctions with motor axons similar to normal ones. Regenerating myofibers develop within the basal lamina sheaths (satellite cells) of original myofibers.
The part of the cytoskeleton composed of spectrin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton is associated with the plasma membrane.
A process, occurring in skeletal muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.
Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size (not length) of individual muscle fibers without cell division. In the case of skeletal muscle cells this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle atrophy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle atrophy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle atrophy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hyperplasia.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hyperplasia.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hyperplasia.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle adaptation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tonic skeletal muscle contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tonic skeletal muscle contraction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tonic skeletal muscle contraction.
The portion of the free sarcoplasmic reticulum consisting of longitudinal tubules that connect terminal cisternae.
The portion of sarcoplasmic reticulum devoted to calcium ion storage and calcium ion release.
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum envelope. The longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen is continuous with the lumen contained within the terminal cisternae.
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the terminal cisterna envelope. This space is enriched in calsequestrin.
Any process in which smooth muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
A process, occurring in smooth muscle, in which there is an increase in cell number by cell division, often leading to an increase in the size of an organ.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis.
The process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.
The orderly movement of a muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a satellite cell.
The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage at the neuromuscular junction. Motor axons regenerate after injury and they form neuro-muscular junctions with skeletal myofibers similar to normal ones.
Signalling between growth factors and their receptors that results in the activation of satellite cell, where this process is involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a satellite cell.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a skeletal muscle satellite cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a skeletal muscle satellite cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction.
A process in which force is generated within tonic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the tonic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Tonic smooth muscle contraction occurs as a sustained continuous contraction.
A process in which force is generated within phasic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the phasic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Phasic smooth muscle contraction occurs in a series of discrete contractions and relaxations.
The series of events by which an injury stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an activity stimulus.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the artery. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The artery is a vessel carrying blood away from the heart.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the fundus of stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the vein. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The vein is a vessel carrying blood away from the capillary beds.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the distal stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The distal stomach is composed of the lower body and antrum and develops strong peristaltic phasic contractions that increase in amplitude as they propagate toward the pylorus.
A process, occurring in the vascular tissue, whereby actin/myosin complex activity generates force through ATP hydrolysis resulting in a change in smooth muscle geometry. This process is always coupled to chemo-mechanical energy conversion.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the arteriole. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The arteriole is the smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract).
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary bladder. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract.
The asymmetric division of a skeletal muscle satellite stem cell to produce two daughter cells, one of which is destined to differentiate and the other to be a quiescent cell that restocks the satellite cell pool.
Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during muscle regeneration. There are at least three mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells.  Some adult skeletal muscle myoblasts (descendants of activated satellite cells) can develop back into quiescent satellite cells, replenishing the overall pool of satellite cells.
Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during muscle regeneration. There are at least three mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells.  Some adult skeletal muscle myoblasts (descendants of activated satellite cells) can develop back into quiescent satellite cells, replenishing the overall pool of satellite cells.
Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during muscle regeneration. There are at least three mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells.  Some adult skeletal muscle myoblasts (descendants of activated satellite cells) can develop back into quiescent satellite cells, replenishing the overall pool of satellite cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized satellite cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The process in which the developmental fate of a satellite cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a myoblast. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The process in which a satellite cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The process in which a satellite cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The process in which a myoblast migrates along an entire fiber to the site of injury. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The multiplication or reproduction of satellite cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell proliferation; dependent on specific growth factor activity such as fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factor beta.
The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the body of stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The body of stomach is the part of the stomach that lies between the fundus above and the pyloric antrum below; its boundaries are poorly defined.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the esophagus. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The esophagus is the muscular membranous segment between the pharynx and the stomach in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the proximal stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The proximal stomach, composed of the fundus and upper body, shows low frequency, sustained tonic contractions that are responsible for generating a basal pressure within the stomach.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the ureter. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by variation of the pattern of stimulation by nervous system.
Any process, involved in skeletal muscle contraction, that modulates the establishment or extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a temporay increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inactivity stimulus.
The multiplication or reproduction of striated muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Striated muscles contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.
The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.
The regulated release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft involved in skeletal muscle contraction. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, glycine, gamma aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and serotonin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by depolarization of muscle membrane and ionic fluxes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by regulating force and velocity of shortening. The force of skeletal muscle contraction is produced by acto-myosin interaction processes through formation of cross bridges. The shortening leads to reduction of length of muscle fiber and sarcomeres.
The series of events in which a inactivity stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a muscle activity stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an activity stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells.
A process in which cross bridges are broken and reformed during filament sliding as part of the regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction.
The series of events in which a muscle inactivity stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle inactivity stimulus.
The process in which actin and myosin interact, split ATP and generate force during skeletal muscle contraction. This process is one of the components of the regulation of the force of skeletal muscle contraction.
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a myoblast into daughter cells. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
The series of events by which a muscle activity stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a injury. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle inactivity stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
The series of events by which an electrical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle filament sliding, and consequently contributes to the regulation of the velocity of shortening of skeletal muscle contraction.
Any process that modulates the size of myofibrils. A myofibril is the contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle. It is a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.
Any process that modulates the number of myofibrils. A myofibril is the contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle. It is a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.
The process of conversion of fast-contracting muscle fibers to a slower character. This may involve slowing of contractile rate, slow myosin gene induction, increase in oxidative metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation.
The process of conversion of fast-contracting muscle fibers to a slower character. This may involve slowing of contractile rate, slow myosin gene induction, increase in oxidative metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation.
The process of conversion of fast-contracting muscle fibers to a slower character. This may involve slowing of contractile rate, slow myosin gene induction, increase in oxidative metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation.
The series of events in which a muscle inactivity stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
The series of events by which an injury stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
The process of conversion of slow-contracting muscle fibers to a faster character. This may involve increasing of contractile rate, fast myosin gene induction, increase in glycolytic metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation.
The process of conversion of slow-contracting muscle fibers to a faster character. This may involve increasing of contractile rate, fast myosin gene induction, increase in glycolytic metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation.
The process of conversion of slow-contracting muscle fibers to a faster character. This may involve increasing of contractile rate, fast myosin gene induction, increase in glycolytic metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation.
The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.
Any process in which striated muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.
A process, occurring in the muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.
A process, occurring in smooth muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.
A process, occurring in striated muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a rest stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a denervation stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of its smooth muscle cells without cell division. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development, and can also occur in mature structures on demand. In the uterus, smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.
The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of muscle cells without cell division. In the case of striated muscle, this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils.
The physiological enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.
A process, occurring in the heart, in which a decrease in cell mass and then in heart size occurs due to shrinking of the individual cells. The shrinkage is caused by protein degradation.
A muscle system process that results in an increase in cell number by cell division, often leading to an increase in the size of an organ.
The process that initiates skeletal muscle satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts, after migrating to the site of injury, fuse into existing damaged fibers or fuse to myotubes to form new fibers, as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. This occurs as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. This process occurs as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.
The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a myoblast cell to attain its fully functional state involved in muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.
Any process that modulates the velocity of muscle filament sliding, and consequently contributes to the regulation of the velocity of shortening of skeletal muscle contraction.
The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the lungs. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
An increase in the amount of urine excreted over a unit of time, as a result of pressure natriuresis.
An increase in the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time, as a result of pressure natriuresis.
Catalysis of the four-electron reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water, coupled to generation of a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane.
Enables the directed movement of electrons from the cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving corrin, C19H22N4, the fundamental heterocyclic skeleton of the corrinoids. It consists of four reduced pyrrole rings joined into a macrocyclic ring. Corrin is the core of the vitamin B12 molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrocorphins, tetrapyrroles that combine the structural elements of both porphyrins and corrins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an enzyme cofactor consisting of a tetrapyrrole structure containing nickel, such as the F-430 cofactor found in methyl-coenzyme M reductase.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an enzyme cofactor consisting of a tetrapyrrole structure containing nickel, such as the F-430 cofactor found in methyl-coenzyme M reductase.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.
The polymerization of one or more heparan sulfate chains via a xylose link onto serine residues in the core protein of a proteoglycan.
The polymerization of one or more heparan sulfate chains via a xylose link onto serine residues in the core protein of a proteoglycan.
The polymerization of one or more heparan sulfate chains via a xylose link onto serine residues in the core protein of a proteoglycan.
The polymerization of one or more heparan sulfate chains via a xylose link onto serine residues in the core protein of a proteoglycan.
The polymerization of one or more heparan sulfate chains via a xylose link onto serine residues in the core protein of a proteoglycan.
The polymerization of one or more heparan sulfate chains via a xylose link onto serine residues in the core protein of a proteoglycan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.
The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization.
The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization.
The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization.
The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization.
The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization.
The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 3-beta-D-glucuronosyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 3-beta-D-glucuronosyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 3-beta-D-glucuronosyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 3-beta-D-glucuronosyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + heparan alpha-D-glucosaminide = CoA + heparan N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + heparan alpha-D-glucosaminide = CoA + heparan N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + heparan alpha-D-glucosaminide = CoA + heparan N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.
Catalysis of the elimination of sulfate; appears to act on linkages between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and uronate. Product is an unsaturated sugar.
Catalysis of the elimination of sulfate; appears to act on linkages between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and uronate. Product is an unsaturated sugar.
Catalysis of the elimination of sulfate; appears to act on linkages between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and uronate. Product is an unsaturated sugar.
Catalysis of the elimination of sulfate; appears to act on linkages between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and uronate. Product is an unsaturated sugar.
Catalysis of the elimination of sulfate; appears to act on linkages between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and uronate. Product is an unsaturated sugar.
Catalysis of the elimination of sulfate; appears to act on linkages between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and uronate. Product is an unsaturated sugar.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 2-sulfate groups of the 2-O-sulfo-D-glucuronate residues of chondroitin sulfate, heparin and heparitin sulfate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 2-sulfate groups of the 2-O-sulfo-D-glucuronate residues of chondroitin sulfate, heparin and heparitin sulfate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 2-sulfate groups of the 2-O-sulfo-D-glucuronate residues of chondroitin sulfate, heparin and heparitin sulfate.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 2-sulfate groups of the 2-O-sulfo-D-glucuronate residues of chondroitin sulfate, heparin and heparitin sulfate.
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products that are tethered to the membrane only by a covalently attached anchor, such as a lipid group that is embedded in the membrane. Gene products with peptide sequences that are embedded in the membrane are excluded from this grouping.
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.
A class of nuclear body, first seen after silver staining by Ramon y Cajal in 1903, enriched in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors; ultrastructurally, they appear as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter; involved in aspects of snRNP biogenesis; the protein coilin serves as a marker for Cajal bodies. Some argue that Cajal bodies are the sites for preassembly of transcriptosomes, unitary particles involved in transcription and processing of RNA.
A class of nuclear body, first seen after silver staining by Ramon y Cajal in 1903, enriched in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors; ultrastructurally, they appear as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter; involved in aspects of snRNP biogenesis; the protein coilin serves as a marker for Cajal bodies. Some argue that Cajal bodies are the sites for preassembly of transcriptosomes, unitary particles involved in transcription and processing of RNA.
A class of nuclear body, first seen after silver staining by Ramon y Cajal in 1903, enriched in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and certain general RNA polymerase II transcription factors; ultrastructurally, they appear as a tangle of coiled, electron-dense threads roughly 0.5 micrometers in diameter; involved in aspects of snRNP biogenesis; the protein coilin serves as a marker for Cajal bodies. Some argue that Cajal bodies are the sites for preassembly of transcriptosomes, unitary particles involved in transcription and processing of RNA.
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxygen (O2).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oxygen (O2).
Catalysis of the reaction: a protein with reduced sulfide groups = a protein with oxidized disulfide bonds.
Catalysis of the reaction: a protein with reduced sulfide groups = a protein with oxidized disulfide bonds.
Catalysis of the reaction: a protein with reduced sulfide groups = a protein with oxidized disulfide bonds.
Catalysis of the reaction: a protein with reduced sulfide groups = a protein with oxidized disulfide bonds.
Catalysis of the reaction: a protein with reduced sulfide groups = a protein with oxidized disulfide bonds.
Catalysis of the reaction: a peptide with reduced sulfide groups = a peptide with oxidized disulfide bonds.
Catalysis of the reaction: oxidized adrenodoxin + NADPH + H+ = reduced adrenodoxin + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: oxidized adrenodoxin + NADPH + H+ = reduced adrenodoxin + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: oxidized adrenodoxin + NADPH + H+ = reduced adrenodoxin + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + trypanothione = NADPH + H+ + trypanothione disulfide.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + trypanothione = NADPH + H+ + trypanothione disulfide.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + trypanothione = NADPH + H+ + trypanothione disulfide.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + trypanothione = NADPH + H+ + trypanothione disulfide.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + trypanothione = NADPH + H+ + trypanothione disulfide.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + trypanothione = NADPH + H+ + trypanothione disulfide.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + trypanothione = NADPH + H+ + trypanothione disulfide.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + 2 ferrileghemoglobin = NADP+ + 2 ferroleghemoglobin.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + 2 ferrileghemoglobin = NADP+ + 2 ferroleghemoglobin.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD(P)+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD(P)+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD(P)+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD(P)+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD(P)+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD(P)+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD(P)+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NAD(P)H + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NADP+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome c2 = NADP+ + 2 ferrocytochrome c2.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome c2 = NADP+ + 2 ferrocytochrome c2.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome c2 = NADP+ + 2 ferrocytochrome c2.
Catalysis of the transfer of electrons between pyridine nucleotides (obligatory two-electron carriers) and hemes or (2Fe-2S) centers (obligatory one-electron carriers) in respiration, photosynthesis, and many oxygenase systems.
Catalysis of the reaction: methane + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = methanol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: methane + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = methanol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
A protein complex that possesses methane monooxygenase activity; dimeric and trimeric complexes have been characterized.
Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of beta3-adrenergic receptors.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 3,4-didehydroretinal, a form of retinal that plays a role in the visual process in freshwater fish and some amphibians analogous to that of all-trans retinal in other vertebrates. 3,4-didehydro-11-cis-retinal combines with an opsin to form cyanopsin (cone) or porphyropsin (rod).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 3,4-didehydroretinal, a form of retinal that plays a role in the visual process in freshwater fish and some amphibians analogous to that of all-trans retinal in other vertebrates. 3,4-didehydro-11-cis-retinal combines with an opsin to form cyanopsin (cone) or porphyropsin (rod).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 3,4-didehydroretinal, a form of retinal that plays a role in the visual process in freshwater fish and some amphibians analogous to that of all-trans retinal in other vertebrates. 3,4-didehydro-11-cis-retinal combines with an opsin to form cyanopsin (cone) or porphyropsin (rod).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 3,4-didehydroretinal, a form of retinal that plays a role in the visual process in freshwater fish and some amphibians analogous to that of all-trans retinal in other vertebrates. 3,4-didehydro-11-cis-retinal combines with an opsin to form cyanopsin (cone) or porphyropsin (rod).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 3,4-didehydroretinal, a form of retinal that plays a role in the visual process in freshwater fish and some amphibians analogous to that of all-trans retinal in other vertebrates. 3,4-didehydro-11-cis-retinal combines with an opsin to form cyanopsin (cone) or porphyropsin (rod).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 3,4-didehydroretinal, a form of retinal that plays a role in the visual process in freshwater fish and some amphibians analogous to that of all-trans retinal in other vertebrates. 3,4-didehydro-11-cis-retinal combines with an opsin to form cyanopsin (cone) or porphyropsin (rod).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 3,4-didehydroretinal, a form of retinal that plays a role in the visual process in freshwater fish and some amphibians analogous to that of all-trans retinal in other vertebrates. 3,4-didehydro-11-cis-retinal combines with an opsin to form cyanopsin (cone) or porphyropsin (rod).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with 3,4-didehydroretinal, a form of retinal that plays a role in the visual process in freshwater fish and some amphibians analogous to that of all-trans retinal in other vertebrates. 3,4-didehydro-11-cis-retinal combines with an opsin to form cyanopsin (cone) or porphyropsin (rod).
Combining with gastrin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with secretin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the corticotrophin-releasing factor family of ligands, including the urocortins, to initiate a change in cell activity.
A G protein-coupled receptor activity that is activated by cleavage by thrombin, which exposes a tethered ligand corresponding to the new N-terminus, which binds to the receptor and activates it.
A G protein-coupled receptor activity that is activated by cleavage by thrombin, which exposes a tethered ligand corresponding to the new N-terminus, which binds to the receptor and activates it.
A G protein-coupled receptor activity that is activated by cleavage by thrombin, which exposes a tethered ligand corresponding to the new N-terminus, which binds to the receptor and activates it.
Combining with UTP or UDP to initiate a change in cell activity.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of alpha-amylase.
Catalysis of the reversible transfer of an amidino group to an acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + glycine = L-ornithine + guanidinoacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + glycine = L-ornithine + guanidinoacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + glycine = L-ornithine + guanidinoacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + glycine = L-ornithine + guanidinoacetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-amino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol 4-phosphate + L-arginine = 1-guanidino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol 4-phosphate + L-ornithine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-amino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol 4-phosphate + L-arginine = 1-guanidino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol 4-phosphate + L-ornithine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-amino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol 4-phosphate + L-arginine = 1-guanidino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol 4-phosphate + L-ornithine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-amino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol 4-phosphate + L-arginine = 1-guanidino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol 4-phosphate + L-ornithine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-amino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol 4-phosphate + L-arginine = 1-guanidino-1-deoxy-scyllo-inositol 4-phosphate + L-ornithine.
Interacting selectively with one or more biological molecules in another organism (the "target" organism), initiating pathogenesis (leading to an abnormal, generally detrimental state) in the target organism. The activity should refer to an evolved function of the active gene product, i.e. one that was selected for. Examples include the activity of botulinum toxin, and snake venom.
Interacting selectively with one or more biological molecules in another organism (the "target" organism), initiating pathogenesis (leading to an abnormal, generally detrimental state) in the target organism. The activity should refer to an evolved function of the active gene product, i.e. one that was selected for. Examples include the activity of botulinum toxin, and snake venom.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity.
Modulates the activity of the enzyme 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity.
The process in which a segment of DNA is incorporated into another, usually larger, DNA molecule such as a chromosome.
Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of a inorganic cations with a valency of one from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
Enables the transfer of a proton from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of a proton from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of potassium ions (K+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of potassium ions (K+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of potassium ions (K+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of potassium ions (K+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of potassium ions (K+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of silver (Ag) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of aluminum (Al) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of aluminum (Al) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of aluminum (Al) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of aluminum (Al) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of calcium (Ca) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of a copper ions (Cu2+) from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
Enables the transfer of a copper ions (Cu2+) from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Fe2+(out) = Fe2+(in). In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Fe2+(out) = Fe2+(in). In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.
Enables the transfer of ferric iron (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of ferric iron (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
Enables the transfer of ferrous iron (Fe(II) or Fe2+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of ferrous iron (Fe(II) or Fe2+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of magnesium (Mg) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of mercury (Hg) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of molybdate (MoO4 2-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. Molybdate is the bivalent anion derived from molybdic acid.
Enables the transfer of vanadium (V) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that contain carbon in covalent linkage.
Enables the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.
Enables the transfer of antimonite from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of arsenite from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-.
Enables the transfer of chlorate, ClO3-, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of chloride ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of chromate from one side of a membrane to the other. Chromate is the anion of chromic acid, H2CrO4 (aq) or CrO3.
Enables the transfer of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of iodide ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of nitrate ions (NO3-) from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of nitrite (NO2-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of phosphate (PO4 3-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of phosphate (PO4 3-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of silicates from one side of a membrane to the other. Silicates are the salts of silicic acids, and are usually composed of silicon and oxygen (Si[x]O[y]), one or more metals, and possibly hydrogen. Types of silicate include unisilicates, metasilicates and hydrous silicates.
Enables the transfer of sulfate ions, SO4(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of sulfate ions, SO4(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of thiosulfate ions, S2O3(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of thiosulfate ions, S2O3(2-), from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of hexose phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. Hexose phosphates is any of a group of monophosphorylated aldoses with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.
Enables the transfer of phosphoglycerates from one side of a membrane to the other. Phosphoglycerates are important intermediates in glycolysis and 3-phosphoglycerate is a precursor in serine biosynthesis.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate(out) + phosphate(in) = phosphoenolpyruvate(in) + phosphate(out).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: phosphoenolpyruvate(out) + phosphate(in) = phosphoenolpyruvate(in) + phosphate(out).
Enables the transfer of acetate from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetate is the 2-carbon carboxylic acid ethanoic acid.
Enables the transfer of allantoate from one side of a membrane to the other. Allantoate is the end product of purine metabolism in mammals and some fish, formed form allantoin. It is widely distributed in plants as an important source of stored nitrogen.
Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts out of a hepatocyte and into the bile canaliculus by means of an agent such as a transporter or pore. Bile canaliculi are the thin tubes formed by hepatocyte membranes. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.
Enables the transfer of bilirubin from one side of a membrane to the other. Bilirubin is a linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system from biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin. In the liver, bilirubin is converted to bilirubin bisglucuronide, which is excreted in the bile.
Enables the transfer of gluconate from one side of a membrane to the other. Gluconate is the aldonic acid derived from glucose.
Enables the transfer of lactate from one side of a membrane to the other. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.
Enables the transfer of mevalonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Mevalonate is the anion of mevalonic acid; its (R)-enantiomer is a strategic intermediate derived from hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA in the biosynthesis of polyprenyl compounds.
Enables the transfer of oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of prostaglandins from one side of a membrane to the other. A prostaglandin is any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.
Enables the transfer of uronic acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Uronic acids are any monocarboxylic acid formally derived by oxidizing to a carboxyl group the terminal hydroxymethylene group of either an aldose with four or more carbon atoms in the molecule, or of any glycoside derived from such an aldose.
Enables the transfer of hexuronates from one side of a membrane to the other. A hexuronate is any monocarboxylic acid derived from a hexose by oxidation of C-6.
Enables the transfer of hexuronates from one side of a membrane to the other. A hexuronate is any monocarboxylic acid derived from a hexose by oxidation of C-6.
Enables the transfer of glucuronate from one side of a membrane to the other. Glucuronate is the uronic acid formally derived from glucose by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene group at C-6 to a carboxyl group.
Enables the transfer of sialic acid from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of fumarate from one side of a membrane to the other. Fumarate is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate.
Enables the transfer of alpha-ketoglutarate from one side of a membrane to the other. Alpha-ketoglutarate (or oxoglutarate) is a compound with important roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, especially in transamination reactions and as a component of the TCA cycle.
Enables the transfer of malate from one side of a membrane to the other. Malate is a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid, hydroxybutanedioic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.
Enables the transfer of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of urate from one side of a membrane to the other. Urate is the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals.
Enables the transfer of carbohydrate from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of carbohydrate from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of carbohydrate from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of a monosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of a pentose sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. Pentose is a monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms,
Enables the transfer of L-arabinose from one side of a membrane to the other. Arabinose occurs free, for example in the heartwood of many conifers and in the combined states, in both furanose and pyranose forms, as a constituent of various plant hemicelluloses, bacterial polysaccharides, etc.
Enables the transfer of D-xylose from one side of a membrane to the other. D-xylose (the naturally occurring enantiomer is always D-) is a constituent of plant polysaccharides.
Enables the transfer of a hexose sugar, a monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms, from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of fucose from one side of a membrane to the other. Fucose is 6-deoxygalactose and has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose.
Enables the transfer of alpha-glucosides from one side of a membrane to the other. Alpha-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in an alpha configuration.
Enables the transfer of glucose-6-phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.
Enables the transfer of rhamnose from one side of a membrane to the other. Rhamnose occurs commonly as a compound of plant glycosides, in polysaccharides of gums and mucilages, and in bacterial polysaccharides. It is also a component of some plant cell wall polysaccharides and frequently acts as the sugar components of flavonoids.
Enables the transfer of disaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of lactose from one side of a membrane to the other. Lactose is a disaccharide 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose, and constitutes roughly 5% of the milk in almost all mammals.
Enables the transfer of lactose from one side of a membrane to the other. Lactose is a disaccharide 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose, and constitutes roughly 5% of the milk in almost all mammals.
Enables the transfer of lactose from one side of a membrane to the other. Lactose is a disaccharide 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose, and constitutes roughly 5% of the milk in almost all mammals.
Enables the transfer of melibiose from one side of a membrane to the other. Melibiose is the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose and occurs as a constituent of the trisaccharide raffinose or in the exudates and nectaries of a number of plants.
Enables the transfer of oligosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of raffinose from one side of a membrane to the other. Raffinose occurs in plants almost as commonly as sucrose and is present in cereal grains, cotton seeds, and many legumes. It is synthesized from sucrose by transfer of a galactopyranoside from myo-inositol.
Enables the transfer of polysaccharides from one side of a membrane to the other. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
Enables the transfer of beta-glucans from one side of a membrane to the other. Beta-glucans are compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-glucosidic bonds.
Enables the transfer of capsular-polysaccharides from one side of a membrane to the other. Capsular polysaccharides make up the capsule, a protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi.
Enables the transfer of teichoic acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Teichoic acid is any polymer occurring in the cell wall, membrane or capsule of Gram-positive bacteria and containing chains of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate residues.
Enables the transfer of a glucuronosides from one side of a membrane to the other. Glucuronosides are any compound formed by combination of glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound (e.g. an alcohol or a saccharide) with the anomeric carbon atom of glucuronate.
Enables the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.