The distribution of mitochondria, including the mitochondrial genome, into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton.
The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome.
The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.
The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.
The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules) that contributes to the process of protein folding.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an unfolded protein.
Enables the transfer of zinc ions (Zn2+) from one side of a membrane to the other, probably powered by proton motive force. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
Enables the transfer of zinc ions (Zn2+) from one side of a membrane to the other, probably powered by proton motive force. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Zn2+ = Zn2+, probably powered by proton motive force. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.
Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.
Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.
Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.
Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.
Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.
Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.
Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.
Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.
Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.
Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: substrate with reduced sulfide groups = substrate with oxidized disulfide bonds.
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->6) linkage.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-hexaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = all-trans-heptaprenyl diphosphate + diphosphate.
The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.
The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within a single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within a single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks.
A multimeric enzyme complex, usually a dimer or an octamer, that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate and water.
Catalysis of the reaction: lactose + H2O = D-glucose + D-galactose.
Catalysis of the reaction: lactose + H2O = D-glucose + D-galactose.
The directed movement of alpha-glucosides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Alpha-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in an alpha configuration.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination during mitosis.
Any process that inhibits or decreases the rate of DNA recombination during mitosis.
Any process that inhibits or decreases the rate of DNA recombination during mitosis.
Any process that inhibits or decreases the rate of DNA recombination during mitosis.
Any process that inhibits or decreases the rate of DNA recombination during mitosis.
Any process that inhibits or decreases the rate of DNA recombination during mitosis.
The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle. Mitotic spindle elongation begins during mitotic prophase and ends during mitotic anaphase B.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose), an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose), an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose), an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->2) linkage.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the small ribosomal subunit.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the small ribosomal subunit.
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannosylphosphate group from one compound to another.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall mannoproteins, any cell wall protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall mannoproteins, any cell wall protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall mannoproteins, any cell wall protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall mannoproteins, any cell wall protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->3) linkage.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenine + H2O = hypoxanthine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenine + H2O = hypoxanthine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenine + H2O = hypoxanthine + NH3.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenine + H2O = hypoxanthine + NH3.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an acyl group, any group formally derived by removal of the hydroxyl group from the acid function of a carboxylic acid.
Binding an acyl group and presenting it for processing or offloading to a cognate enzyme. Covalently binds the acyl group via a phosphopantetheine prosthetic group and mediates protein-protein interactions with the enzyme conferring specificity. The acyl carrier protein (ACP) presents substrates to enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis or in polyketide secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.
Enables the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Enables the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Enables the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Enables the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Enables the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Enables the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Enables the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Enables the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
The directed movement of transition metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.
The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.
The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.
The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.
The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm.
Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Any molecular entity that serves as an electron acceptor and electron donor in an electron transport chain. An electron transport chain is a process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.
Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-tRNA(1) + aminoacyl-tRNA(2) = tRNA(1) + peptidylaminoacyl-tRNA(2).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with transfer RNA.
The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate.
The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate.
The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate.
The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate.
The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving argininosuccinate, 2-(N(omega)-arginino)succinate, an intermediate in the ornithine-urea cycle, where it is synthesized from citrulline and aspartate.
The directed movement of a ribosomal subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
A protein transport process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the vectorial transfer of a cargo-carrier protein complex through the nuclear pore complex from the cytoplasmic side to the nucleoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope.
A protein transport process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the vectorial transfer of a cargo-carrier protein complex through the nuclear pore complex from the cytoplasmic side to the nucleoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope.
A protein transport process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the vectorial transfer of a cargo-carrier protein complex through the nuclear pore complex from the cytoplasmic side to the nucleoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope.
A protein transport process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the vectorial transfer of a cargo-carrier protein complex through the nuclear pore complex from the cytoplasmic side to the nucleoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope.
A protein transport process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the vectorial transfer of a cargo-carrier protein complex through the nuclear pore complex from the cytoplasmic side to the nucleoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope.
A protein transport process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the vectorial transfer of a cargo-carrier protein complex through the nuclear pore complex from the cytoplasmic side to the nucleoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope.
A protein complex disassembly process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the dissociation of the cargo protein and the carrier (such as an importin alpha/beta heterodimer) from each other and from the nuclear pore complex.
A protein complex disassembly process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the dissociation of the cargo protein and the carrier (such as an importin alpha/beta heterodimer) from each other and from the nuclear pore complex.
A protein complex disassembly process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the dissociation of the cargo protein and the carrier (such as an importin alpha/beta heterodimer) from each other and from the nuclear pore complex.
A protein complex disassembly process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the dissociation of the cargo protein and the carrier (such as an importin alpha/beta heterodimer) from each other and from the nuclear pore complex.
A protein complex disassembly process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the dissociation of the cargo protein and the carrier (such as an importin alpha/beta heterodimer) from each other and from the nuclear pore complex.
A protein complex disassembly process that contributes to protein import into the nucleus, and that results in the dissociation of the cargo protein and the carrier (such as an importin alpha/beta heterodimer) from each other and from the nuclear pore complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group.
Enables the transfer of L-ornithine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-ornithine is 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid.
Enables the transfer of L-ornithine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-ornithine is 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid.
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome.
The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
The release of duplicated mitotic spindle pole bodies (SPBs) that begins with the nucleation of microtubules from each SPB within the nucleus, leading to V-shaped spindle microtubules. Interpolar microtubules elongate from each pole forming overlapping microtubules. Capture and antiparallel sliding apart promotes initial SPB separation. Following liberation (severing of the half-bridge), SPBs diffuse through the nuclear membrane until they are opposite each other. SPB separation must take place in order for a bipolar mitotic spindle to assemble.
A cell cycle process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction.
A cell cycle process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction.
A cell cycle process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction.
A cell cycle process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction.
A cell cycle process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction.
A cell cycle process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction.
A cell cycle checkpoint that prevents the initiation of nuclear division until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome.
A cell cycle checkpoint that regulates progression through the cell cycle in response to DNA damage. A DNA damage checkpoint may blocks cell cycle progression (in G1, G2 or metaphase) or slow the rate at which S phase proceeds.
A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects a defect in cytokinesis and prevents further rounds of nuclear division until cytokinesis is completed.
A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects a defect in cytokinesis and prevents further rounds of nuclear division until cytokinesis is completed.
A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint which delays mitotic onset in response to perturbations that affect cell shape via the actin cytoskeleton, septin organization, small cell size, and/or the extent of membrane growth.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA segregation by mitosis and the beginning of DNA synthesis.
The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated.
Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are involved in the transition between G1 and S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation by mitosis.
The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex.
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and occurs as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of M phase of mitosis and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.
The cell cycle phase, following prophase, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of a mitotic cell cycle.
The cell cycle phase during which the kinetochore microtubules shorten as chromosomes move toward the spindle poles as part of mitosis.
The cell cycle phase during which the polar microtubules elongate and the two poles of the spindle move farther apart as part of mitosis.
The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase during M phase of mitosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.
The process of marking the site where a division septum will form.
The process of marking the site where a division septum will form.
The process of marking the site where a division septum will form.
The process of marking the site where a division septum will form.
The process of marking the site where a division septum will form.
The process of marking the site where a division septum will form.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of septins and associated proteins to form an organized structure resembling a ring at the cell cortex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of septins and associated proteins to form an organized structure resembling a ring at the cell cortex.
Enables the transfer of S-adenosylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other. S-adenosylmethionine is S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.
Enables the transfer of S-adenosylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other. S-adenosylmethionine is S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.
Enables the transfer of S-adenosylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other. S-adenosylmethionine is S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.
Enables the transfer of S-adenosylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other. S-adenosylmethionine is S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.
Enables the transfer of S-adenosylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other. S-adenosylmethionine is S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.
Enables the transfer of S-adenosylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other. S-adenosylmethionine is S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.
Enables the transfer of S-adenosylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other. S-adenosylmethionine is S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.
Enables the transfer of sulfur amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Sulphur amino acids contain sulfur in the form of cystine, methionine or their derivatives.
Enables the transfer of sulfur amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Sulphur amino acids contain sulfur in the form of cystine, methionine or their derivatives.
Enables the transfer of sulfur amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Sulphur amino acids contain sulfur in the form of cystine, methionine or their derivatives.
Enables the transfer of S-methylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of S-methylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of S-methylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of amino acids containing sulfur (cystine, methionine and their derivatives) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of L-methionine from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.
The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds.
The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds.
The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds.
The pathways by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + acceptor = fumarate + reduced acceptor.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P + L-glutamine = D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate + aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide + L-glutamate + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P + L-glutamine = D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate + aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide + L-glutamate + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P + L-glutamine = D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate + aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide + L-glutamate + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphoribulosylformimino-AICAR-P + L-glutamine = D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol-phosphate + aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide + L-glutamate + 2 H(+).
Any complex formed of proteins that act in nucleotide-excision repair.
Any complex formed of proteins that act in nucleotide-excision repair.
One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses DNA damage recognition and endodeoxynuclease activities. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad1p, Rad10p, and Rad14p; in human the subunits are ERCC4/XPF, ERCC1 and XPA, respectively.
One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses DNA damage recognition and endodeoxynuclease activities. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad1p, Rad10p, and Rad14p; in human the subunits are ERCC4/XPF, ERCC1 and XPA, respectively.
One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses damaged DNA binding activity. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad4p and Rad23p.
One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses endodeoxynuclease and DNA helicase activities. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad2p and the core TFIIH-Ssl2p complex (core TFIIH is composed of Rad3p, Tfb1p, Tfb2p, Ssl1p, Tfb4p and Tfb5p. Note that Ssl2p is also called Rad25p).
One of several protein complexes involved in nucleotide-excision repair; possesses DNA damage recognition and DNA-dependent ATPase activities. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Rad7p and Rad16p.
Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed as part of the G2/M transition of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are transcribed as part of the G2/M transition of the mitotic cell cycle.
A protein complex that possesses histone deacetylase activity.
A transcription factor complex that acts at a regulatory region of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase I.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol-1-phosphate + H2O = glycerol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol-1-phosphate + H2O = glycerol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol-1-phosphate + H2O = glycerol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol-1-phosphate + H2O = glycerol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol-1-phosphate + H2O = glycerol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol-1-phosphate + H2O = glycerol + phosphate.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.
A protein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity.
A SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that contains Spt8 (in budding yeast) or a homolog thereof; additional polypeptides include Spt group, consisting of Spt7, Spt3, and Spt20/Ada5, which interact with the TATA-binding protein (TBP); the Ada group, consisting of Ada1, Ada2, Ada3, Ada4/Gcn5, and Ada5/Spt20, which is functionally linked to the nucleosomal HAT activity; Tra1, an ATM/PI-3 kinase-related protein that targets DNA-bound activators for recruitment to promoters; the TBP-associated factor (TAF) proteins, consisting of Taf5, Taf6, Taf9, Taf10, and Taf12, which mediate nucleosomal HAT activity and are thought to help recruit the basal transcription machinery; the ubiquitin specifc protease Ubp-8.
A large multiprotein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity and is involved in regulation of transcription. The composition is similar to that of the SAGA complex, but includes fewer Spt and Ada proteins, and more TAFs.
A large multiprotein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity and is involved in regulation of transcription. The composition is similar to that of the SAGA complex, but includes fewer Spt and Ada proteins, and more TAFs.
A transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIB contains the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and two Pol III-specific proteins, B'' and BRF.
A heterotrimeric transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIC contains three conserved subunits that associate with the proximal Pol III promoter element, and additional subunits that associate with sequence elements downstream of the promoter and are more diverged among species. It also functions as a boundary element to partition genome content into distinct domains outside Pol III promoter regions.
The reversible, non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms in suspension to form aggregates of many cells known as flocs.
The portion of the budding yeast plasma membrane where a daughter cell will emerge. The yeast marks this spot with bud-site selection proteins before bud emergence occurs. Actin is polarized to this spot just prior to and during bud emergence.
A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.
A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.
A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.
A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.
A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.
A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.
Protein complex that plays a role in determining cell polarity by directing the localized assembly of actin filaments at polarization sites; in Saccharomyces the polarisome includes Bni1p, Spa2p, Pea2p, and Bud6p.
A large, multiprotein complex with alpha-(1->6)-mannosyltransferase activity, located in the cis Golgi membrane; adds mannan to N-linked glycans on proteins.
The Golgi cisterna closest to the endoplasmic reticulum; the first processing compartment through which proteins pass after export from the ER.
The Golgi cisterna farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum; the final processing compartment through which proteins pass before exiting the Golgi apparatus; the compartment in which N-linked protein glycosylation is completed.
The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-palmitoylglycerol-3-phosphate + NADP+ = palmitoylglycerone phosphate + NADPH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-palmitoylglycerol-3-phosphate + NADP+ = palmitoylglycerone phosphate + NADPH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-palmitoylglycerol-3-phosphate + NADP+ = palmitoylglycerone phosphate + NADPH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-palmitoylglycerol-3-phosphate + NADP+ = palmitoylglycerone phosphate + NADPH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-palmitoylglycerol-3-phosphate + NADP+ = palmitoylglycerone phosphate + NADPH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-palmitoylglycerol-3-phosphate + NADP+ = palmitoylglycerone phosphate + NADPH + H(+).
A contractile ring, i.e. a cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin, that forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck in mitotic cells that divide by budding in preparation for completing cytokinesis. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A ring-shaped structure that forms at the site of cytokinesis in the bud neck of a budding cell; composed of members of the conserved family of filament forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. In S. cerevisiae, this structure forms at the time of bud emergence and the septins show a high rate of exchange.
A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals.
A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals.
Catalysis of movement along a microfilament, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP).
Catalysis of movement along a microfilament, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP).
Catalysis of movement along a microfilament, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP).
Catalysis of movement along a microfilament, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP).
Assembly of an actin cortical patch, a discrete actin-containing structure found at the plasma membrane of fungal cells.
A protein complex that catalyzes the transfer of a glucose group from UDP-glucose to a (1->3)-beta-D-glucan chain.
A protein complex that catalyzes the transfer of a glucose group from UDP-glucose to a (1->3)-beta-D-glucan chain.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attached protein receptor) protein.
Catalysis of the identification and base-pairing of homologous sequences between single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA.
A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. The complex also contains other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex.
A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the nucleus.
A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the cytoplasm.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an rRNA molecule to produce an rRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an rRNA molecule to produce an rRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a histidine residue in response to detection of an extracellular signal such as a chemical ligand or change in environment, to initiate a change in cell state or activity. The two-component sensor is a histidine kinase that autophosphorylates a histidine residue in its active site. The phosphate is then transferred to an aspartate residue in a downstream response regulator, to trigger a response.
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a histidine residue in response to detection of an extracellular signal such as a chemical ligand or change in environment, to initiate a change in cell state or activity. The two-component sensor is a histidine kinase that autophosphorylates a histidine residue in its active site. The phosphate is then transferred to an aspartate residue in a downstream response regulator, to trigger a response.
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a histidine residue in response to detection of an extracellular signal such as a chemical ligand or change in environment, to initiate a change in cell state or activity. The two-component sensor is a histidine kinase that autophosphorylates a histidine residue in its active site. The phosphate is then transferred to an aspartate residue in a downstream response regulator, to trigger a response.
Responds to a phosphorelay sensor to initiate a change in cell state or activity. The activity of the response regulator is regulated by transfer of a phosphate from a histidine residue in the sensor, to an aspartate residue in the response regulator. Many but not all response regulators act as transcriptional regulators to elicit a response.
A protein complex that has protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity that is polycation-stimulated (PCS), being directly stimulated by protamine, polylysine, or histone H1; it constitutes a subclass of several enzymes activated by different histones and polylysine, and consists of catalytic, scaffolding, and regulatory subunits. The catalytic and scaffolding subunits form the core enzyme, and the holoenzyme also includes the regulatory subunit.
A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins.
A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins.
A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals, containing at least a Hog1/Sty1 family MAPK, a Pbs2/Wis1 family MAPKK and a Ssk2/Win1 family MAP3K.
A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals, containing at least a Hog1/Sty1 family MAPK, a Pbs2/Wis1 family MAPKK and a Ssk2/Win1 family MAP3K.
A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals, containing at least a Hog1/Sty1 family MAPK, a Pbs2/Wis1 family MAPKK and a Ssk2/Win1 family MAP3K.
A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals, containing at least a Hog1/Sty1 family MAPK, a Pbs2/Wis1 family MAPKK and a Ssk2/Win1 family MAP3K.
A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals, containing at least a Hog1/Sty1 family MAPK, a Pbs2/Wis1 family MAPKK and a Ssk2/Win1 family MAP3K.
A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals, containing at least a Hog1/Sty1 family MAPK, a Pbs2/Wis1 family MAPKK and a Ssk2/Win1 family MAP3K.
A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals, containing at least a Hog1/Sty1 family MAPK, a Pbs2/Wis1 family MAPKK and a Ssk2/Win1 family MAP3K.
A series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays one or more of the signals, containing at least a Hog1/Sty1 family MAPK, a Pbs2/Wis1 family MAPKK and a Ssk2/Win1 family MAP3K.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid; tryptophan is synthesized from chorismate via anthranilate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid; tryptophan is synthesized from chorismate via anthranilate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid; tryptophan is synthesized from chorismate via anthranilate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid; tryptophan is synthesized from chorismate via anthranilate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid; tryptophan is synthesized from chorismate via anthranilate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid; tryptophan is synthesized from chorismate via anthranilate.
A protein complex that possesses magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase (AMD phosphatase) activity, and consists of a catalytic subunit and one or more regulatory subunits that dictates the phosphatase's substrate specificity, function, and activity.
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose or deoxyribose.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase activity during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase activity during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase activity during osmolarity sensing.
Catalysis of the hydroxylation of sphingolipid long chain bases.
Catalysis of the site-specific cleavage of RNA by a catalytic RNA-mediated mechanism; substrates include the A3 site in the ITS1 of pre-rRNA.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the snoRNA family, and cleaves the rRNA precursor as part of rRNA transcript processing. It also has other roles: In S. cerevisiae it is involved in cell cycle-regulated degradation of daughter cell-specific mRNAs, while in mammalian cells it also enters the mitochondria and processes RNAs to create RNA primers for DNA replication.
A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the snoRNA family, and cleaves the rRNA precursor as part of rRNA transcript processing. It also has other roles: In S. cerevisiae it is involved in cell cycle-regulated degradation of daughter cell-specific mRNAs, while in mammalian cells it also enters the mitochondria and processes RNAs to create RNA primers for DNA replication.
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase during osmolarity sensing.
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase during osmolarity sensing.
A signal transduction process resulting in the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to pheromone exposure in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A signal transduction process resulting in the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to pheromone exposure in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A signal transduction process resulting in the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to pheromone exposure in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of an RNA molecule.
A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive and distributive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity and endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.
A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive and distributive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity and endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.
A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive and distributive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity and endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.
A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.
A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.
A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.
A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime exoribonuclease activity and possibly endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.
A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime exoribonuclease activity and possibly endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.
Catalysis of the dimethylation two adjacent A residues in the loop closing the 3'-terminal stem of the 18S rRNA, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a methyl donor.
Catalysis of the dimethylation two adjacent A residues in the loop closing the 3'-terminal stem of the 18S rRNA, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a methyl donor.
Catalysis of the dimethylation two adjacent A residues in the loop closing the 3'-terminal stem of the 18S rRNA, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a methyl donor.
Catalysis of the dimethylation two adjacent A residues in the loop closing the 3'-terminal stem of the 18S rRNA, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a methyl donor.
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The small subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The small subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The small subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The small subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The small subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The small subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The small subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
The small subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA sequences encoding ribosomal RNA.
Repression of transcription of ribosomal DNA by altering the structure of chromatin.
Repression of transcription of ribosomal DNA by altering the structure of chromatin.
Repression of transcription of ribosomal DNA by altering the structure of chromatin.
The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.
The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.
The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.
The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.
The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.
The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK).
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK).
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK).
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK).
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK).
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK).
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK).
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK).
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK).
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK).
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK).
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase (MAPK).
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase (MAPK).
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase (MAPK).
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase.
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase.
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
A MAPK cascade that contributes to cell wall organization or biogenesis.
A MAPK cascade that contributes to cell wall organization or biogenesis.
A MAPK cascade that contributes to cell wall organization or biogenesis.
A MAPK cascade that contributes to cell wall organization or biogenesis.
A MAPK cascade that contributes to cell wall organization or biogenesis.
A MAPK cascade that contributes to cell wall organization or biogenesis.
A MAPK cascade that contributes to cell wall organization or biogenesis.
A MAPK cascade that contributes to cell wall organization or biogenesis.
A MAPK cascade that contributes to cell wall organization or biogenesis.
A MAPK cascade that contributes to cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase in the context of cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase in the context of cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells.
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme MAP kinase in the context of cell wall biogenesis, the assembly and arrangement of the cell wall, the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells.
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Any process that terminates the activity of the active enzyme MAP kinase in the context of cell wall organization or biogenesis.
Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain.
Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain.
Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = AMP + NMN.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = AMP + NMN.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = AMP + NMN.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = AMP + NMN.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = AMP + NMN.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = AMP + NMN.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = AMP + NMN.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = AMP + NMN.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protein or protein complex (a complex of two or more proteins that may include other nonprotein molecules).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.
Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.
A protein complex that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.
A protein complex that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-tRNA, producing 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini, and specifically removing the intron.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-phospho-[ligated tRNA] + NAD+ = mature tRNA + ADP ribose 1'',2''-phosphate + nicotinamide + H2O. This reaction is the transfer of the splice junction 2-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD+ to produce ADP-ribose 1'-2' cyclic phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-phospho-[ligated tRNA] + NAD+ = mature tRNA + ADP ribose 1'',2''-phosphate + nicotinamide + H2O. This reaction is the transfer of the splice junction 2-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD+ to produce ADP-ribose 1'-2' cyclic phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-phospho-[ligated tRNA] + NAD+ = mature tRNA + ADP ribose 1'',2''-phosphate + nicotinamide + H2O. This reaction is the transfer of the splice junction 2-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD+ to produce ADP-ribose 1'-2' cyclic phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-phospho-[ligated tRNA] + NAD+ = mature tRNA + ADP ribose 1'',2''-phosphate + nicotinamide + H2O. This reaction is the transfer of the splice junction 2-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD+ to produce ADP-ribose 1'-2' cyclic phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-phospho-[ligated tRNA] + NAD+ = mature tRNA + ADP ribose 1'',2''-phosphate + nicotinamide + H2O. This reaction is the transfer of the splice junction 2-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD+ to produce ADP-ribose 1'-2' cyclic phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-phospho-[ligated tRNA] + NAD+ = mature tRNA + ADP ribose 1'',2''-phosphate + nicotinamide + H2O. This reaction is the transfer of the splice junction 2-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD+ to produce ADP-ribose 1'-2' cyclic phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-phospho-[ligated tRNA] + NAD+ = mature tRNA + ADP ribose 1'',2''-phosphate + nicotinamide + H2O. This reaction is the transfer of the splice junction 2-phosphate from ligated tRNA to NAD+ to produce ADP-ribose 1'-2' cyclic phosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA containing secondary structure elements such as four-way junctions, bubbles, loops, Y-form DNA, or double-strand/single-strand junctions.
A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0, V0, or A0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1, V1, or A1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Two major types have been characterized: V-type ATPases couple ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient, whereas F-type ATPases, also known as ATP synthases, normally run in the reverse direction to utilize energy from a proton concentration or electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP. A third type, A-type ATPases have been found in archaea, and are closely related to eukaryotic V-type ATPases but are reversible.
A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0, V0, or A0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1, V1, or A1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Two major types have been characterized: V-type ATPases couple ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient, whereas F-type ATPases, also known as ATP synthases, normally run in the reverse direction to utilize energy from a proton concentration or electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP. A third type, A-type ATPases have been found in archaea, and are closely related to eukaryotic V-type ATPases but are reversible.
The V0 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane.
The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane.
The V0 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the plasma membrane.
The V1 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the plasma membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + H2O = D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + acetate. This reaction is the second step of the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), used to anchor various eukaryotic proteins to the cell-surface membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + H2O = D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + acetate. This reaction is the second step of the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), used to anchor various eukaryotic proteins to the cell-surface membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + H2O = D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + acetate. This reaction is the second step of the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), used to anchor various eukaryotic proteins to the cell-surface membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + H2O = D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + acetate. This reaction is the second step of the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), used to anchor various eukaryotic proteins to the cell-surface membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + H2O = D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + acetate. This reaction is the second step of the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), used to anchor various eukaryotic proteins to the cell-surface membrane.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + H2O = D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + acetate. This reaction is the second step of the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), used to anchor various eukaryotic proteins to the cell-surface membrane.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.
Enables the transfer of oxaloacetate from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.
A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.
A chromosome found in the cytoplasm.
A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct nuclear chromosome.
A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct nuclear chromosome.
A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure.
A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure.
A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + ethanolamine phosphate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylethanolamine phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + ethanolamine phosphate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylethanolamine phosphate.
Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.
The cell cycle phase in higher eukaryotes which follows mitotic prophase and during which the nuclear envelope is disrupted and breaks into membrane vesicles, and the spindle microtubules enter the nuclear region. Kinetochores mature on each centromere and attach to some of the spindle microtubules. Kinetochore microtubules begin the process of aligning chromosomes in one plane halfway between the poles.
The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of prophase I in meiosis, and during which the chromosomes first become visible.
The cell cycle phase which follows leptotene during prophase I of meiosis, and during which each chromosome pairs with its homolog; the two become aligned and crossing over may occur.
The cell cycle phase which follows zygotene during prophase I of meiosis, and during which crossing over occurs between a chromatid in one partner and another chromatid in the homologous chromosome.
The cell cycle phase which follows pachytene during prophase I of meiosis, during which the homologous chromosomes begin to separate and the synaptonemal complex dissolves.
The cell cycle phase which follows diplotene during prophase I of meiosis, the separation of homologous chromosomes is complete and crossing over has occurred.
A network of small fibers that surrounds the centrioles in cells; contains the microtubule nucleating activity of the centrosome.
A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the U1 snRNP with the 5' splice site of an unspliced intron in an RNA transcript.
A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the U1 snRNP with the 5' splice site of an unspliced intron in an RNA transcript.
A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the U1 snRNP with the 5' splice site of an unspliced intron in an RNA transcript.
The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex.
The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex.
The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex.
The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex.
The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex.
The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex.
The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex.
The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex.
The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a spliceosomal complex, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions.
Catalysis of the reaction: ergosterol + NADP(+) = ergosta-5,7,22,24(24(1))-tetraen-3beta-ol + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: ergosterol + NADP(+) = ergosta-5,7,22,24(24(1))-tetraen-3beta-ol + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: ergosterol + NADP(+) = ergosta-5,7,22,24(24(1))-tetraen-3beta-ol + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: ergosterol + NADP(+) = ergosta-5,7,22,24(24(1))-tetraen-3beta-ol + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: ergosterol + NADP(+) = ergosta-5,7,22,24(24(1))-tetraen-3beta-ol + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: ergosterol + NADP(+) = ergosta-5,7,22,24(24(1))-tetraen-3beta-ol + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: ergosterol + NADP(+) = ergosta-5,7,22,24(24(1))-tetraen-3beta-ol + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: ergosterol + NADP(+) = ergosta-5,7,22,24(24(1))-tetraen-3beta-ol + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: ergosterol + NADP(+) = ergosta-5,7,22,24(24(1))-tetraen-3beta-ol + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction: ergosterol + NADP(+) = ergosta-5,7,22,24(24(1))-tetraen-3beta-ol + H(+) + NADPH.
Catalysis of the reaction which results in unsaturation at C-7 in the B ring of sterols.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5,7,24(28)-ergostatrienol + O2 + NADPH = 5,7,22,24(28)-ergostatetraenol + 2 H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the formation of the C-22(23) double bond in the sterol side chain. An example reaction: 5,7,24(28)-ergostatrienol + O2 + NADPH = 5,7,22,24(28)-ergostatetraenol + 2 H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lanosterol. This is a cyclization reaction that forms the sterol nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-beta-hydroxy-4-beta-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-4-alpha-carboxylate + NAD(P)+ = 4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-one + CO2 + NAD(P)H.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-beta-hydroxy-4-beta-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-4-alpha-carboxylate + NAD(P)+ = 4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-one + CO2 + NAD(P)H.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-beta-hydroxy-4-beta-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-4-alpha-carboxylate + NAD(P)+ = 4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-one + CO2 + NAD(P)H.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-beta-hydroxy-4-beta-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-4-alpha-carboxylate + NAD(P)+ = 4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-one + CO2 + NAD(P)H.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-beta-hydroxy-4-beta-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-4-alpha-carboxylate + NAD(P)+ = 4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-one + CO2 + NAD(P)H.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-beta-hydroxy-4-beta-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-4-alpha-carboxylate + NAD(P)+ = 4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-one + CO2 + NAD(P)H.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-beta-hydroxy-4-beta-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-4-alpha-carboxylate + NAD(P)+ = 4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-one + CO2 + NAD(P)H.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-beta-hydroxy-4-beta-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-4-alpha-carboxylate + NAD(P)+ = 4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-one + CO2 + NAD(P)H.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-beta-hydroxy-4-beta-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-4-alpha-carboxylate + NAD(P)+ = 4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-one + CO2 + NAD(P)H.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxyl sterol + NADP+ = a 3-keto sterol + NADPH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxyl sterol + NADP+ = a 3-keto sterol + NADPH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxyl sterol + NADP+ = a 3-keto sterol + NADPH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-beta-hydroxyl sterol + NADP+ = a 3-keto sterol + NADPH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + NAD(P)H + H(+) + O2 = 4-beta-hydroxymethyl-4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + NAD(P)H + H(+) + O2 = 4-beta-hydroxymethyl-4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + NAD(P)H + H(+) + O2 = 4-beta-hydroxymethyl-4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + NAD(P)H + H(+) + O2 = 4-beta-hydroxymethyl-4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + NAD(P)H + H(+) + O2 = 4-beta-hydroxymethyl-4-alpha-methyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, an intermediate or end product of purine catabolism.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea.
Catalysis of the reaction: a nitrile + H2O = a carboxylate + NH3. Acts on a wide range of aromatic nitriles including (indole-3-yl)-acetonitrile and some aliphatic nitriles, and on the corresponding acid amides.
Catalysis of the reaction: a nitrile + H2O = a carboxylate + NH3. Acts on a wide range of aromatic nitriles including (indole-3-yl)-acetonitrile and some aliphatic nitriles, and on the corresponding acid amides.
Catalysis of the reaction: a nitrile + H2O = a carboxylate + NH3. Acts on a wide range of aromatic nitriles including (indole-3-yl)-acetonitrile and some aliphatic nitriles, and on the corresponding acid amides.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + Na+(out) = amino acid(in) + Na+(in).
Enables the transfer of L-valine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-valine is 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
Enables the transfer of L-valine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-valine is 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
Enables the transfer of L-valine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-valine is 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
Enables the transfer of L-valine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-valine is 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
Enables the transfer of L-valine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-valine is 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.
Enables the transfer of L-isoleucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-isoleucine is (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
Enables the transfer of L-isoleucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-isoleucine is (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
Enables the transfer of L-isoleucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-isoleucine is (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
Enables the transfer of L-isoleucine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-isoleucine is (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.
Enables the transfer of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide) from one side of a membrane to the other.
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
The living contents of a cell; the matter contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane, usually taken to exclude large vacuoles and masses of secretory or ingested material. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of protons from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out), by a rotational mechanism.
A chromosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell.
A chromosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell.
A chromosome found in the mitochondrion of a eukaryotic cell.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate.
Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors to an effector protein.
Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors to an effector protein.
Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors to an effector protein.
Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors to an effector protein.
The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.
The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome).
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome).
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome).
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a peroxisomal targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a peroxisomal targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a peroxisomal targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a peroxisomal targeting sequence, any of several sequences of amino acids within a protein that can act as a signal for the localization of the protein into the peroxisome.
Enables the energy independent passage of toxins, sized less than 1000 Da, across a membrane towards the outside of the cell. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found only in bacterial cell walls and consisting of strands of glycosaminoglycan cross-linked by oligopeptides to form a huge and rigid network.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found only in bacterial cell walls and consisting of strands of glycosaminoglycan cross-linked by oligopeptides to form a huge and rigid network.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found only in bacterial cell walls and consisting of strands of glycosaminoglycan cross-linked by oligopeptides to form a huge and rigid network.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found only in bacterial cell walls and consisting of strands of glycosaminoglycan cross-linked by oligopeptides to form a huge and rigid network.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the mitochondrial membrane-associated F0 proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core.
The catalytic sector of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane when the entire ATP synthase is assembled.
The catalytic sector of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane when the entire ATP synthase is assembled.
All non-F1 subunits of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral mitochondrial inner membrane proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cytochrome c L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cytochrome c N6-methyl-L-lysine. This is the addition of a methyl group to the N6 atom of a lysine residue in cytochrome c.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cytochrome c L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cytochrome c N6-methyl-L-lysine. This is the addition of a methyl group to the N6 atom of a lysine residue in cytochrome c.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cytochrome c L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cytochrome c N6-methyl-L-lysine. This is the addition of a methyl group to the N6 atom of a lysine residue in cytochrome c.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cytochrome c L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cytochrome c N6-methyl-L-lysine. This is the addition of a methyl group to the N6 atom of a lysine residue in cytochrome c.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cytochrome c L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cytochrome c N6-methyl-L-lysine. This is the addition of a methyl group to the N6 atom of a lysine residue in cytochrome c.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cytochrome c L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cytochrome c N6-methyl-L-lysine. This is the addition of a methyl group to the N6 atom of a lysine residue in cytochrome c.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cytochrome c L-lysine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cytochrome c N6-methyl-L-lysine. This is the addition of a methyl group to the N6 atom of a lysine residue in cytochrome c.
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.
A cell cycle phase during which nuclear division occurs, and which is comprises the phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.
A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.
The specification of the site where a daughter cell will form, in organisms that reproduce by budding. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types in organisms that undergo conjugation cellular fusion.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types in organisms that undergo conjugation cellular fusion.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types in organisms that undergo conjugation cellular fusion.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H2O + NAD+ = pyruvate + NH3 + NADH + H(+).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with magnesium (Mg) ions.
A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.
A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.
A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.
A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.
A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.
A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.
A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.
A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.
Shortening of the poly(A) tail of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
Shortening of the poly(A) tail of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
Shortening of the poly(A) tail of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear mRNA triggered by shortening of the poly(A) tail to below a minimum functional length.
Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear mRNA triggered by shortening of the poly(A) tail to below a minimum functional length.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 5'-cap or the 3'-poly(A) tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 5'-cap or the 3'-poly(A) tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 5'-cap or the 3'-poly(A) tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 5'-cap or the 3'-poly(A) tail.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fragment of RNA, such as excised introns or sequences removed from ribosomal RNA during processing.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fragment of RNA, such as excised introns or sequences removed from ribosomal RNA during processing.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fragment of RNA, such as excised introns or sequences removed from ribosomal RNA during processing.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fragment of RNA, such as excised introns or sequences removed from ribosomal RNA during processing.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fragment of RNA, such as excised introns or sequences removed from ribosomal RNA during processing.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe2+ + NAD+ = 2 Fe3+ + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe2+ + NAD+ = 2 Fe3+ + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe2+ + NAD+ = 2 Fe3+ + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe2+ + NAD+ = 2 Fe3+ + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe2+ + NAD+ = 2 Fe3+ + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe2+ + NAD+ = 2 Fe3+ + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe2+ + NAD+ = 2 Fe3+ + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe2+ + NAD+ = 2 Fe3+ + NADH + H(+).
A minor degradation pathway nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that begins with an endonucleolytic cleavage to generate unprotected ends.
A minor degradation pathway nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that begins with an endonucleolytic cleavage to generate unprotected ends.
A minor degradation pathway nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that begins with an endonucleolytic cleavage to generate unprotected ends.
A minor degradation pathway nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that begins with an endonucleolytic cleavage to generate unprotected ends.
A minor degradation pathway nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that begins with an endonucleolytic cleavage to generate unprotected ends.
A minor degradation pathway nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that begins with an endonucleolytic cleavage to generate unprotected ends.
Enables the transfer of adenine nucleotides (AMP, ADP, and ATP) from one side of a membrane to the other.
The directed movement of spermine, N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, a polyamine formed by the transfer of a propylamine group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to spermidine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of spermine from one side of a membrane to the other. Spermine is a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses, which is involved in nucleic acid packaging. Synthesis is regulated by ornithine decarboxylase which plays a key role in control of DNA replication.
Catalysis of the reaction: polyphosphate + n H2O = (n+1) oligophosphate. The product contains 4 or 5 phosphate residues.
Catalysis of the reaction: polyphosphate + n H2O = (n+1) oligophosphate. The product contains 4 or 5 phosphate residues.
Catalysis of the reaction: polyphosphate + n H2O = (n+1) oligophosphate. The product contains 4 or 5 phosphate residues.
Catalysis of the reaction: polyphosphate + n H2O = (n+1) oligophosphate. The product contains 4 or 5 phosphate residues.
Catalysis of the reaction: polyphosphate + n H2O = (n+1) oligophosphate. The product contains 4 or 5 phosphate residues.
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
The component of a membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
The retrograde movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by COP I vesicles. Cis-Golgi vesicles are constantly moving forward through the Golgi stack by cisternal progression, eventually becoming trans-Golgi vesicles. They then selectively transport membrane and luminal proteins from the trans- to the medial-Golgi while leaving others behind in the trans-Golgi cisternae; similarly, they selectively move proteins from the medial- to the cis-Golgi.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a singlet oxygen stimulus. Singlet oxygen is a dioxygen (O2) molecule in which two 2p electrons have similar spin. Singlet oxygen is more highly reactive than the form in which these electrons are of opposite spin, and it is produced in mutant chloroplasts lacking carotenoids and by leukocytes during metabolic burst.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.
The component of a vacuolar membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.
Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are enzyme complexes that contain a kinase catalytic subunit associated with a regulatory cyclin partner.
Cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) complex found in the cytoplasm.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + xanthine = (9-D-ribosylxanthine)-5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + xanthine = (9-D-ribosylxanthine)-5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + xanthine = (9-D-ribosylxanthine)-5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + xanthine = (9-D-ribosylxanthine)-5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + xanthine = (9-D-ribosylxanthine)-5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + xanthine = (9-D-ribosylxanthine)-5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + xanthine = (9-D-ribosylxanthine)-5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + xanthine = (9-D-ribosylxanthine)-5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + xanthine = (9-D-ribosylxanthine)-5'-phosphate + diphosphate.
The larger of the two subunits of a plastid ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).
The smaller of the two subunits of a plastid ribosome.
A ribosome contained within a subcellular membrane-bounded organelle.
The smaller of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome.
The larger of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).
The directed movement of sulfite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of sulfite ions from one side of a membrane to the other.
The resumption of the mitotic cell division cycle by cells that were in a quiescent or other non-dividing state.
The resumption of the mitotic cell division cycle by pheromone-arrested cells that have not mated. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A vacuole that functions primarily in the storage of materials, including nutrients, pigments, waste products, and small molecules.
A vacuole that is maintained at an acidic pH and which contains degradative enzymes, including a wide variety of acid hydrolases.
A vacuole that has both lytic and storage functions. The fungal vacuole is a large, membrane-bounded organelle that functions as a reservoir for the storage of small molecules (including polyphosphate, amino acids, several divalent cations (e.g. calcium), other ions, and other small molecules) as well as being the primary compartment for degradation. It is an acidic compartment, containing an ensemble of acid hydrolases. At least in S. cerevisiae, there are indications that the morphology of the vacuole is variable and correlated with the cell cycle, with logarithmically growing cells having a multilobed, reticulated vacuole, while stationary phase cells contain a single large structure.
A closed structure that is completely surrounded by a unit membrane, contains liquid, and retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. An example of this structure is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A storage vacuole that contains a lytic vacuole; identified in plants.
A membrane-bounded compartment containing crystals of phytic acid and proteins characteristic of a lytic vacuole, found within a storage vacuole.
The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane of a vacuole, the shape of which correlates with cell cycle phase. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole, the shape of which correlates with cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole, the shape of which correlates with cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane of a vacuole that retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
A specialized vacuole of eukaryotic cells, especially Protozoa, that fills with water from the cytoplasm and then discharges this externally by the opening of contractile vacuole pores. Its function is probably osmoregulatory.
Provision of the template used by reverse transcriptase to synthesize the G-rich strand of telomeric DNA.
Provision of the template used by reverse transcriptase to synthesize the G-rich strand of telomeric DNA.
The minimal catalytic core of telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex composed of a catalytic reverse transcriptase subunit and an RNA subunit that provides the template for telomeric DNA addition.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyanthranilate + O(2) = cis,cis-2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyanthranilate + O(2) = cis,cis-2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyanthranilate + O(2) = cis,cis-2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyanthranilate + O(2) = cis,cis-2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyanthranilate + O(2) = cis,cis-2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxyanthranilate + O(2) = cis,cis-2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioate + H(+).
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA transposition, the process of transposing (moving to a different location) a segment of a chromosome or a piece of a DNA molecule.
The removal of a ubiquitin-like protein of the NEDD8 type from a protein.
The removal of a ubiquitin-like protein of the NEDD8 type from a protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a 7-methylguanosine (m7G) group or derivative located at the 5' end of an RNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a 7-methylguanosine (m7G) group or derivative located at the 5' end of an RNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a 7-methylguanosine (m7G) group or derivative located at the 5' end of an RNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the 7-methylguanosine group added cotranscriptionally to the 5' end of RNA molecules transcribed by polymerase II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the trimethylguanosine (m(3)(2,2,7)-GTP) group located at the 5' end of some RNA molecules. Such trimethylated cap structures, generally produced by posttranscriptional modification of a 7-methylguanosine cap, are often found on snRNAs and snoRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II, but have also be found on snRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase III. They have also been found on a subset of the mRNA population in some species, e.g. C. elegans.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a hypermethylated cap structure consisting of 7-methylguanosine (m(7)G) followed by four methylated nucleotides (cap 4): 7-methylguanosine-ppp-N6, N6, 2'-O-trimethyladenosine-p-2'-O-methyladenosine-p-2'-O-methylcytosine-p-N3, 2'-O-dimethyluridine Such caps are known to be found at the 5' ends of SL RNAs of trypanosomatid protozoa.
A plastid-encoded DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex that resembles eubacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases, with a core composed of alpha, beta, and beta-prime subunits. An additional subunit, a sigma factor, is required for promoter recognition. PEP-A is generated from the PEP-B form during chloroplast maturation to generate a complex composed of at least thirteen polypeptides that is not sensitive to the antibiotic rifampicin, like its precursor form the PEP-B complex.
A plastid-encoded DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex that resembles eubacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases with a core composed of alpha, beta, and beta-prime subunits. An additional subunit, a sigma factor, is required for promoter recognition. PEP-B is distinguished from PEP-A by its sensitivity to the antibiotic rifampicin. PEP-B is found in both etioplasts and chloroplasts, but is the predominate form in etioplasts. It forms the core of the PEP-A form; the conversion from PEP-B to PEP-A occurs during chloroplast maturation.
The eubacterial DNA-directed RNA polymerase is a multisubunit complex with a core composed of the essential subunits beta-prime, beta, and two copies of alpha and a fifth nonessential subunit called omega. An additional subunit, a sigma factor, is required for promoter recognition and specificity.
The transcription export (TREX) complex couples transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II to mRNA export. The complex associates with the polymerase and travels with it along the length of the transcribed gene. TREX is composed of the THO transcription elongation complex as well as other proteins that couple THO to mRNA export proteins. The TREX complex is known to be found in a wide range of eukaryotes, including S. cerevisiae and metazoans.
The THO complex is a nuclear complex that is required for transcription elongation through genes containing tandemly repeated DNA sequences. The THO complex is also part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1p, Tho2p, Thp1p, and Mft1p, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits.
Recognition of the pre-mRNA branch site sequence by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the pre-mRNA branch site sequence by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the pre-mRNA branch site sequence by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the pre-mRNA branch site sequence by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the pre-mRNA branch site sequence by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the pre-mRNA branch site sequence by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the pre-mRNA branch site sequence by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the pre-mRNA branch site sequence by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the pre-mRNA branch site sequence by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome.
Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome.
Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome.
Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome.
Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome.
Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome.
Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome.
Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome.
Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome.
Formation of a catalytic spliceosome complex ready to perform the first splicing reaction. This occurs by an ATP-dependent conformational change of the pre-catalytic spliceosome.
Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing.
Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing.
Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing.
Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing.
Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing.
Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing.
Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing.
Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing.
Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing.
Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing.
Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing.
Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing.
Conformational rearrangement of the spliceosomal complex containing the RNA products from the 1st step of splicing to form the catalytic site for the second step of splicing.
Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the SL RNA and the pre-mRNA to be joined, as well as all the spliceosomal snRNPs involved in trans leader splicing. Formation of the trans leader spliceosome brings together the quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP and the complex of the U2 snRNP with the splice site of the pre-mRNA.
Formation of a quadruple snRNP complex composed of the spliced leader (SL) RNA along with the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex. Interactions that may facilitate this include a duplex between the SL and U6 RNAs and interactions between the U5 RNA and the exon sequence at the 5' splice site within the SL RNA.
Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner.
Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner.
Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner.
Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner.
Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner.
Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner.
Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner.
Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner.
Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner.
Assembly of a spliceosomal complex containing the intact pre-mRNA and all of the spliceosomal snRNPs. This occurs when the tri-snRNP associates with the pre-mRNA and associated snRNPs in an ATP-dependent manner.
Catalysis of the first transesterification reaction of spliceosomal mRNA splicing. The intron branch site adenosine is the nucleophile attacking the 5' splice site, resulting in cleavage at this position. In cis splicing, this is the step that forms a lariat structure of the intron RNA, while it is still joined to the 3' exon.
Catalysis of the second transesterification reaction of spliceosomal mRNA splicing. Ligation of the two exons occurs via a transesterification reaction where the free 3'-hydroxyl group of the 5' exon is the nucleophile attacking the 3' splice site. Non-expressed sequences are now detached from the exons. In cis splicing, the intron is in a lariat structure.
Catalysis of the second transesterification reaction of spliceosomal mRNA splicing. Ligation of the two exons occurs via a transesterification reaction where the free 3'-hydroxyl group of the 5' exon is the nucleophile attacking the 3' splice site. Non-expressed sequences are now detached from the exons. In cis splicing, the intron is in a lariat structure.
The joining together of exons from two different primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
The joining together of exons from two different primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
The joining together of two independently transcribed RNAs from two different genes, each of which also produces mRNA(s) via cis-splicing.
The splicing of Group I introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group I introns and involved in determining the locations of the splice sites (there do not appear to be consensus splice site sequences) as well as having a role in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions, generally with exogenous guanosine as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a linear piece (though it may subsequently circularize).
The splicing of Group II introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group II introns and containing splice site consensus sequences, that is involved in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions (mechanistically similar to those for splicing of nuclear mRNAs) initiated by a bulged adenosine residue within the intron sequence as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a lariat.
The splicing of Group III introns. This occurs by a ribozymic mechanism where the intron sequence forms a distinct 3D structure, characteristic of Group III introns, that is involved in catalyzing the splicing reactions, though protein factors are also required in vivo. Splicing occurs by a series of two transesterification reactions begun by a bulged adenosine residue within the intron sequence as the initiating nucleophile. The intron is excised as a lariat. Though very similar in structure and mechanism to Group II introns, Group III introns are smaller and more streamlined and the splice site consensus sequences are not as well conserved.
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions.
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions.
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions.
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions.
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions.
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with exogenous guanosine as the initiating nucleophile.
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with a bulged adenosine residue from the intron branch point as the initiating nucleophile. When the initial RNA for the splicing reaction is a single molecule (cis splicing), the excised intron is released in a lariat structure.
Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions with a bulged adenosine residue from the intron branch point as the initiating nucleophile. When the initial RNA for the splicing reaction is a single molecule (cis splicing), the excised intron is released in a lariat structure.
The RNA metabolic process that joins two exons, each of which has free ends that were generated by endonucleolytic cleavages, by a ligation reaction.
RNA processing that begins when the tertiary structure of a tRNA type intron is recognized, and ends when the endonucleolytic cleavage of the RNA at both the 5' and 3' splice sites occurs.
The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition.
The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alternative splicing of nuclear mRNAs.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alternative splicing of nuclear mRNAs.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of one or more snRNA and multiple protein components to form a ribonucleoprotein complex that is involved in formation of the spliceosome.
Rearrangement of the pre-catalytic spliceosome containing U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) snRNPs to unpair U4 (or U4atac) from U6 (or U6atac) and release it from the spliceosomal complex along with U1 (or U11).
Rearrangement of the pre-catalytic spliceosome containing U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) snRNPs to unpair U4 (or U4atac) from U6 (or U6atac) and release it from the spliceosomal complex along with U1 (or U11).
Rearrangement of the pre-catalytic spliceosome containing U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) snRNPs to unpair U4 (or U4atac) from U6 (or U6atac) and release it from the spliceosomal complex along with U1 (or U11).
Rearrangement of the pre-catalytic spliceosome containing U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) snRNPs to unpair U4 (or U4atac) from U6 (or U6atac) and release it from the spliceosomal complex along with U1 (or U11).
Rearrangement of the pre-catalytic spliceosome containing U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) snRNPs to unpair U4 (or U4atac) from U6 (or U6atac) and release it from the spliceosomal complex along with U1 (or U11).
Rearrangement of the pre-catalytic spliceosome containing U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) snRNPs to unpair U4 (or U4atac) from U6 (or U6atac) and release it from the spliceosomal complex along with U1 (or U11).
Rearrangement of the pre-catalytic spliceosome containing U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) snRNPs to unpair U4 (or U4atac) from U6 (or U6atac) and release it from the spliceosomal complex along with U1 (or U11).
Rearrangement of the pre-catalytic spliceosome containing U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) snRNPs to unpair U4 (or U4atac) from U6 (or U6atac) and release it from the spliceosomal complex along with U1 (or U11).
Rearrangement of the pre-catalytic spliceosome containing U4 (or U4atac) and U1 (or U11) snRNPs to unpair U4 (or U4atac) from U6 (or U6atac) and release it from the spliceosomal complex along with U1 (or U11).
Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome.
Disassembly of a spliceosomal complex with the ATP-dependent release of the product RNAs, one of which is composed of the joined exons. In cis splicing, the other product is the excised sequence, often a single intron, in a lariat structure.
Disassembly of a spliceosomal complex with the ATP-dependent release of the product RNAs, one of which is composed of the joined exons. In cis splicing, the other product is the excised sequence, often a single intron, in a lariat structure.
Disassembly of a spliceosomal complex with the ATP-dependent release of the product RNAs, one of which is composed of the joined exons. In cis splicing, the other product is the excised sequence, often a single intron, in a lariat structure.
Disassembly of a spliceosomal complex with the ATP-dependent release of the product RNAs, one of which is composed of the joined exons. In cis splicing, the other product is the excised sequence, often a single intron, in a lariat structure.
Disassembly of a spliceosomal complex with the ATP-dependent release of the product RNAs, one of which is composed of the joined exons. In cis splicing, the other product is the excised sequence, often a single intron, in a lariat structure.
Disassembly of a spliceosomal complex with the ATP-dependent release of the product RNAs, one of which is composed of the joined exons. In cis splicing, the other product is the excised sequence, often a single intron, in a lariat structure.
Structural rearrangements of the spliceosome complex, containing RNA to be spliced, to generate a catalytic conformation.
Splicing of RNA via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.
Any of a series of septin structures that are localized in the bud neck of a budding fungal cell during the cell cycle.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA containing four-way junctions, also known as Holliday junctions, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA containing four-way junctions, also known as Holliday junctions, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA containing the open form of a four-way junction, also known as a Holliday junction, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices. The open form of a four-way junction can be diagrammed without any of the strands crossing over.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA containing the crossed form of a four-way junction, also known as a Holliday junction, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices. The crossed form of a four-way junction cannot be diagrammed without any of the strands crossing over, and instead contains a single crossover between two of the strands.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with segment of DNA shaped like a Y. This shape occurs when DNA contains a region of paired double-stranded DNA on one end and a region of unpaired DNA strands on the opposite end.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with segment of DNA shaped like a Y. This shape occurs when DNA contains a region of paired double-stranded DNA on one end and a region of unpaired DNA strands on the opposite end.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA containing a loop. A loop occurs when DNA contains a large insertion or deletion that causes a region of unpaired single-stranded DNA to loop out, while the rest of the DNA is in a paired double-stranded configuration.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA that contains a bubble. A bubble occurs when DNA contains a region of unpaired, single-stranded DNA flanked on both sides by regions of paired, double-stranded DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region of DNA that contains double-stranded DNA flanked by a region of single-stranded DNA.
Punctate structures proximal to the endoplasmic reticulum which are the sites where the Atg machinery assembles upon autophagy induction.
Punctate structures proximal to the endoplasmic reticulum which are the sites where the Atg machinery assembles upon autophagy induction.
Punctate structures proximal to the endoplasmic reticulum which are the sites where the Atg machinery assembles upon autophagy induction.
A protein complex involved in t6A tRNA modification; originally proposed to be involved in transcription as well as promoting telomere uncapping and telomere elongation. For example, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex contains Bud32p, Kae1p, Gon7p, Cgi121p, and Pcc1p.
A protein complex involved in t6A tRNA modification; originally proposed to be involved in transcription as well as promoting telomere uncapping and telomere elongation. For example, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex contains Bud32p, Kae1p, Gon7p, Cgi121p, and Pcc1p.
A protein complex involved in t6A tRNA modification; originally proposed to be involved in transcription as well as promoting telomere uncapping and telomere elongation. For example, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex contains Bud32p, Kae1p, Gon7p, Cgi121p, and Pcc1p.
Any process involving galactose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent or transcription.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of galactose that leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of galactose that leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of galactose that leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of galactose that leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.
Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
The modification of a histone by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue.
The modification of a protein by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 36 of histone H3.
A protein complex proposed to be involved in replication-independent nucleosome assembly, by promoting histone deposition onto DNA. For example, in Saccharomyces, the complex contains Hir1p, Hir2p, Hir3p, and Hpc2p.
RNA polymerase IV is a multisubunit RNA polymerase complex found in the nucleus of plants and involved in accumulation of siRNAs and in DNA methylation-dependent silencing of endogenous repeated sequences. Pol IV is composed of subunits that are paralogous or identical to the 12 subunits of Pol II. The largest and second-largest subunits of Pol IV are the catalytic subunits and share similarity with the corresponding subunits of other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The second largest subunit is also found in RNA polymerase V, while the largest subunit is found only in RNAP IV complex.
RNA polymerase IV is a multisubunit RNA polymerase complex found in the nucleus of plants and involved in accumulation of siRNAs and in DNA methylation-dependent silencing of endogenous repeated sequences. Pol IV is composed of subunits that are paralogous or identical to the 12 subunits of Pol II. The largest and second-largest subunits of Pol IV are the catalytic subunits and share similarity with the corresponding subunits of other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The second largest subunit is also found in RNA polymerase V, while the largest subunit is found only in RNAP IV complex.
RNA polymerase IV is a multisubunit RNA polymerase complex found in the nucleus of plants and involved in accumulation of siRNAs and in DNA methylation-dependent silencing of endogenous repeated sequences. Pol IV is composed of subunits that are paralogous or identical to the 12 subunits of Pol II. The largest and second-largest subunits of Pol IV are the catalytic subunits and share similarity with the corresponding subunits of other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The second largest subunit is also found in RNA polymerase V, while the largest subunit is found only in RNAP IV complex.
RNA polymerase V is a multisubunit RNA polymerase complex found in the nucleus of plants and involved in accumulation of siRNAs and in DNA methylation-dependent silencing of endogenous repeated sequences. Pol V is composed of subunits that are paralogous or identical to the 12 subunits of Pol II. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The second largest subunit is also found in RNA polymerase IVa, while the largest subunit is found only in the IVa complex and contains an extended C-terminal domain (CTD) that includes multiple repeats of a 16 amino-acid consensus sequence as well as other sequences. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits.
RNA polymerase V is a multisubunit RNA polymerase complex found in the nucleus of plants and involved in accumulation of siRNAs and in DNA methylation-dependent silencing of endogenous repeated sequences. Pol V is composed of subunits that are paralogous or identical to the 12 subunits of Pol II. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The second largest subunit is also found in RNA polymerase IVa, while the largest subunit is found only in the IVa complex and contains an extended C-terminal domain (CTD) that includes multiple repeats of a 16 amino-acid consensus sequence as well as other sequences. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits.
RNA polymerase V is a multisubunit RNA polymerase complex found in the nucleus of plants and involved in accumulation of siRNAs and in DNA methylation-dependent silencing of endogenous repeated sequences. Pol V is composed of subunits that are paralogous or identical to the 12 subunits of Pol II. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The second largest subunit is also found in RNA polymerase IVa, while the largest subunit is found only in the IVa complex and contains an extended C-terminal domain (CTD) that includes multiple repeats of a 16 amino-acid consensus sequence as well as other sequences. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits.
The lipid bilayer surrounding an autophagosome, a double-membrane-bounded vesicle in which endogenous cellular material is sequestered.
The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.
The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.
Degradation of a mitochondrion by macroautophagy.
Degradation of a mitochondrion by lysosomal microautophagy.
Degradation of a peroxisome by macroautophagy.
Degradation of a peroxisome by lysosomal microautophagy.
An RNA polymerase complex containing polypeptides encoded by the plastid genome. Plastid-encoded DNA-directed RNA polymerases resemble eubacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases, with a core composed of alpha, beta, and beta-prime subunits. Some forms contain multiple additional subunits. An additional sigma factor subunit is required for promoter recognition.
A protein complex that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.
Any process involving glucose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving galactose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of glucose leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of glucose leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of glucose leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of glucose leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.
Any process involving galactose that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving galactose that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving galactose that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving galactose that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process involving carbon catabolites that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.
The core TFIIH complex when it is part of the general transcription factor TFIIH.
The core TFIIH complex when it is part of the general transcription factor TFIIH.
The 7 subunit core of TFIIH that is a part of either the general transcription factor holo-TFIIH or the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex. In S. cerevisiae/humans the complex is composed of: Ssl2/XPB, Tfb1/p62, Tfb2/p52, Ssl1/p44, Tfb4/p34, Tfb5/p8 and Rad3/XPD.
The 7 subunit core of TFIIH that is a part of either the general transcription factor holo-TFIIH or the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex. In S. cerevisiae/humans the complex is composed of: Ssl2/XPB, Tfb1/p62, Tfb2/p52, Ssl1/p44, Tfb4/p34, Tfb5/p8 and Rad3/XPD.
The 7 subunit core of TFIIH that is a part of either the general transcription factor holo-TFIIH or the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 complex. In S. cerevisiae/humans the complex is composed of: Ssl2/XPB, Tfb1/p62, Tfb2/p52, Ssl1/p44, Tfb4/p34, Tfb5/p8 and Rad3/XPD.
The core TFIIH complex when it is part of the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 (NEF3).
The core TFIIH complex when it is part of the nucleotide-excision repair factor 3 (NEF3).
A multiprotein kinetochore subcomplex that binds to centromeric chromatin and forms part of the inner kinetochore. It helps to recruit outer kinetochore subunits that will bind to microtubules. In humans, it consists of MIS12, DSN1, NSL1 and PMF1.
The THO complex when it is part of the TREX (TRanscription EXport) complex that is involved in coupling transcription to export of mRNAs to the cytoplasm. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1, Tho2, Thp1, and Mft1, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits.
The THO complex when it is acting as a nuclear complex that is required for transcription elongation through genes containing tandemly repeated DNA sequences. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of four subunits: Hpr1, Tho2, Thp2, and Mft1, while the human complex is composed of 7 subunits.
Endonucleolytic cleavage between the SSU-rRNA and the 5.8S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Endonucleolytic cleavage within ITS2 between the 5.8S rRNA and the LSU-rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Endonucleolytic cleavage within ITS2 between the 5.8S rRNA and the LSU-rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Endonucleolytic cleavage within ITS2 between the 5.8S rRNA and the LSU-rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA, and the 5S rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. For example, primary ribosomal RNA transcripts containing three genes, in this order, are produced in E. coli and other prokaryotic species. Note that the use of the word tricistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.
Endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-rRNAs originally produced as a bicistronic rRNA transcript that contains the SSU-rRNA and the LSU-rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with two genes in this order are produced in Archaeal species.
The addition of a methyl group to the 2'-oxygen atom of a nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis.
The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to the 2'-oxygen atom of nucleotide residues in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis using a snoRNA guide that targets the position of methylation.
The addition of methyl groups to the 2'-oxygen atom of nucleotide residues in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis where the methylase specifies the site that becomes methylated without using a guide RNA.
The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an rRNA molecule during ribosome biogenesis using a snoRNA guide that targets the position of pseudouridylation.
The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine during ribosome biogenesis where the enzyme specifies the site that becomes pseudouridylated without using a guide RNA.
Endonucleolytic cleavage to separate a pre-SSU-rRNA from a pre-LSU-rRNA originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA, and the 5S rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Note that the use of the word tricistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.
Endonucleolytic cleavage to separate a pre-LSU-rRNA from a pre-5S rRNA originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA, and the 5S rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Note that the use of the word tricistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.
Exonucleolytic digestion of a pre-rRNA molecule in the process to generate a mature rRNA molecule.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5.8S rRNA molecule.
Endonucleolytic cleavage at the 3'-end of the SSU-rRNA from an originally tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript, to produce the mature end of the SSU-rRNA.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Endonucleolytic cleavage within Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) upstream of the 5.8S rRNA derived from an originally tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. In S. cerevisiae, this endonucleolytic cleavage within ITS1 initiates the maturation of the LSU and the 5.8S rRNAs.
Exonucleolytic digestion of a pre-rRNA molecule to generate the mature 5'-end of a 5.8S rRNA molecule derived from an originally tricistronic pre-rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Any process involved in the maturation of an rRNA molecule originally produced as part of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Exonucleolytic digestion of a pre-rRNA molecule to generate the mature 3'-end of a 5.8S rRNA molecule derived from an originally tricistronic pre-rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Any process involved in generating the mature 3'-end of an LSU-rRNA derived from a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Any phosphodiester bond hydrolysis involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule.
Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 3'-External Transcribed Spacer (ETS) of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. In S. cerevisiae, endonucleolytic cleavage within the 3'-ETS of the pre-RNA, which may occur cotranscriptionally, is the first step in rRNA processing, and initiates a cascade of subsequent processing and modification events.
Endonucleolytic cleavage between the 5'-External Transcribed Spacer (5'-ETS) and the 5' end of the SSU-rRNA of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript, to produce the mature end of the SSU-rRNA.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8 S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8 S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 2S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 2S rRNA molecule.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 4.5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 4.5S rRNA molecule.
Cleavage within ITS2 to generate the mature 5'-end of an LSU-rRNA derived from a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Any endonucleolytic cleavage involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into a mature rRNA molecule. Some endonucleolytic cleavages produce the mature end, while others are a step in the process of generating the mature end from the pre-rRNA.
Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with three genes, in this order, are produced in the nuclei of many eukaryotic species, including S. cerevisiae.
Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 5'-External Transcribed Spacer (ETS) of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 5'-ETS of the pre-RNA is conserved as one of the early steps of rRNA processing in all eukaryotes, but the specific position of cleavage is variable.
Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 5'-External Transcribed Spacer (ETS) of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 5'-ETS of the pre-RNA is conserved as one of the early steps of rRNA processing in all eukaryotes, but the specific position of cleavage is variable.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5S rRNA molecule.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5S rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with four genes, in this order, are produced in the nuclei of D. melanogaster as well as in those of other dipteran species.
Endonucleolytic cleavage between the SSU-rRNA and the 5.8S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Endonucleolytic cleavage between the LSU-rRNA and the 2S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Endonucleolytic cleavage between the 5.8S rRNA and the 2S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, 2S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5.8S rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 8.8S rRNA, the 2S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a snoRNA to form a small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a box C/D snoRNA to form a box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a box H/ACA snoRNA to form a box H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a box C/D snoRNA molecule.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a box H/ACA snoRNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nucleic acid via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target nucleic acid molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nucleic acid via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target DNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ribonucleic acid (RNA) via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target RNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target mRNA molecule.
A complex required for the transcription of rDNA by RNA polymerase I. In yeast the complex consists of Rrrn5p, Rrn9p, Rrn10p, histones H3 and H4, and Uaf30p.
A complex required for the transcription of rDNA by RNA polymerase I. In yeast the complex consists of Rrrn5p, Rrn9p, Rrn10p, histones H3 and H4, and Uaf30p.
The reversible, non-sexual aggregation of cells mediated by the binding of proteins in the cell wall of one cell to carbohydrates in the cell wall of another cell.  An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which it is pH- and calcium-dependent.
A large multisubunit complex which catalyzes protein degradation, found in eukaryotes, archaea and some bacteria. In eukaryotes, this complex consists of the barrel shaped proteasome core complex and one or two associated proteins or complexes that act in regulating entry into or exit from the core.
A large multisubunit complex which catalyzes protein degradation, found in eukaryotes, archaea and some bacteria. In eukaryotes, this complex consists of the barrel shaped proteasome core complex and one or two associated proteins or complexes that act in regulating entry into or exit from the core.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to an acceptor phosphatidylinositol, the first step in the production of GPI anchors for cell surface proteins. The complex contains PIG-A, PIG-C, PIG-H, PIG-Q, PIG-P, and DPM2 in human, and Eri1p, Gpi1p, Gpi2p, Gpi15p, Gpi19p, and Spt14p in budding yeast.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to an acceptor phosphatidylinositol, the first step in the production of GPI anchors for cell surface proteins. The complex contains PIG-A, PIG-C, PIG-H, PIG-Q, PIG-P, and DPM2 in human, and Eri1p, Gpi1p, Gpi2p, Gpi15p, Gpi19p, and Spt14p in budding yeast.
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of GlcNAc from UDP-GlcNAc to an acceptor phosphatidylinositol, the first step in the production of GPI anchors for cell surface proteins. The complex contains PIG-A, PIG-C, PIG-H, PIG-Q, PIG-P, and DPM2 in human, and Eri1p, Gpi1p, Gpi2p, Gpi15p, Gpi19p, and Spt14p in budding yeast.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point in an embryo.
Catalysis of the removal of single bases present in mismatches by the cleavage the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the removal of purines present in mismatches, especially opposite oxidized purines, by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the removal of oxidized bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the removal oxidized pyrimidine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves formation of a covalent enzyme-pyrimidine base intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the removal oxidized pyrimidine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves formation of a covalent enzyme-pyrimidine base intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the removal oxidized pyrimidine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves formation of a covalent enzyme-pyrimidine base intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the removal oxidized pyrimidine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves formation of a covalent enzyme-pyrimidine base intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the removal oxidized pyrimidine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves formation of a covalent enzyme-pyrimidine base intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the removal oxidized pyrimidine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves formation of a covalent enzyme-pyrimidine base intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the removal oxidized pyrimidine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves formation of a covalent enzyme-pyrimidine base intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the removal oxidized pyrimidine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves formation of a covalent enzyme-pyrimidine base intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the removal oxidized pyrimidine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves formation of a covalent enzyme-pyrimidine base intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apyrimidinic (AP) site.
Catalysis of the removal of pyrimidine dimers by removing the 5' pyrimidine of the dimer by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the 5' pyrimidine of the dimer and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases the 5' pyrimidine of the dimer and leaves an apurinic (AP) site. The reaction involves the formation of a covalent enzyme substrate intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apyrimidinic (AP) site.
The first division of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, occurring in the constitutive absence of chiasmata.
The cell cycle process in which the 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang occurs. This takes place during meiosis.
During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA.
The cell cycle process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules. This occurs during meiosis.
The cell cycle process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules. This occurs during meiosis.
The cell cycle process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules. This occurs during meiosis.
The cell cycle process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules. This occurs during meiosis.
The conversion of the paired broken DNA and homologous duplex DNA into a four-stranded branched intermediate, known as a joint molecule, formed during meiotic recombination. These joint molecules contain Holliday junctions on either side of heteroduplex DNA.
A system for the identification and correction of base-base mismatches, small insertion-deletion loops, and regions of heterology that are present in duplex DNA formed with strands from two recombining molecules. Correction of the mismatch can result in non-Mendelian segregation of alleles following meiosis.
During meiosis, the synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.
The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during meiotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.
During meiosis, the formation of a stable duplex DNA that contains one strand from each of the two recombining DNA molecules.
The cell cycle process in which the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA is rejected. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules. This occurs during meiosis.
The cell cycle process in which the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA is rejected. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules. This occurs during meiosis.
The cell cycle process in which the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA is rejected. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules. This occurs during meiosis.
The cell cycle process in which the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA is rejected. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules. This occurs during meiosis.
The identification of lesions in DNA, such as pyrimidine-dimers, intrastrand cross-links, and bulky adducts. The wide range of substrate specificity suggests the repair complex recognizes distortions in the DNA helix.
The identification of lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex as well as a small subset of lesions not recognized by the general nucleotide-excision repair pathway.
The unwinding, or local denaturation, of the DNA duplex to create a bubble around the site of the DNA damage.
The removal of the oligonucleotide that contains the DNA damage. The oligonucleotide is formed by dual incisions that flank the site of DNA damage.
The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers by directly reversing the damage to restore the original pyrimidines.
The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T, and C-C dimers by the recognition and removal of the damaged DNA strand from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
Catalysis of the reversible reaction: (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH + H(+).
Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length.
Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences.
The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.
The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.
The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.
The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.
The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.
The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.
The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.
A DNA repair process that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA.
A DNA repair process in which that does not require the exchange of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous region of DNA.
The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the centromere-proximal end of a broken chromosome searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template, and progresses to the end of the chromosome.
The site-specific endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA at the mating-type locus which initiates the conversion of one mating-type allele to another.
The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) into higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA.
Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end and uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.
Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end and uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.
Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end and uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.
The rejection of the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules.
The rejection of the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules.
The rejection of the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules.
The rejection of the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules.
The identification and annealing of complementary base pairs in single-strand DNA.
Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end uses the homologous intact duplex as the template during gene conversion at the mating-type locus.
The removal of nonhomologous sequences at the broken 3' single-strand DNA end before DNA repair synthesis can occur.
During DSBR via single-strand annealing, the removal of nonhomologous sequences at the broken 3' single-strand DNA end before DNA repair synthesis can occur.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of internal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of DNA, involving the hydrolysis of terminal 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds in one or two strands of deoxyribonucleotides.
The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are reformed to regenerate double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). ssDNA is often bound and stabilized by proteins such as replication protein A (RPA) to form ssDNA bubbles. The bubbles can be rewound by ATP-dependent motors to reform base pairs between strands and thus dsDNA.
The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are reformed to regenerate double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). ssDNA is often bound and stabilized by proteins such as replication protein A (RPA) to form ssDNA bubbles. The bubbles can be rewound by ATP-dependent motors to reform base pairs between strands and thus dsDNA.
The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) are reformed to regenerate double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). ssDNA is often bound and stabilized by proteins such as replication protein A (RPA) to form ssDNA bubbles. The bubbles can be rewound by ATP-dependent motors to reform base pairs between strands and thus dsDNA.
Catalysis of the ATP-dependent rewinding of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to reform base pairs between strands. Often acts on ssDNA bubbles bound by replication protein A (RPA).
Catalysis of the ATP-dependent rewinding of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to reform base pairs between strands. Often acts on ssDNA bubbles bound by replication protein A (RPA).
Catalysis of the ATP-dependent rewinding of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to reform base pairs between strands. Often acts on ssDNA bubbles bound by replication protein A (RPA).
The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus.
The creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei.
The creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei.
The creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei.
During sexual reproduction, the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei. This occurs after cytogamy.
The microtubule-based movement of nuclei towards one another as a prelude to karyogamy in organisms undergoing conjugation with cellular fusion.
The microtubule-based movement of nuclei towards one another as a prelude to karyogamy in organisms undergoing conjugation with cellular fusion.
The microtubule-based movement of nuclei towards one another as a prelude to karyogamy in organisms undergoing conjugation with cellular fusion.
During sexual reproduction, the creation of a single nucleus from two nuclei as a result of fusing the nuclear envelopes that surround each nuclei. This takes place following the mutual exchange of one of the two nuclei produced by the mitosis that follows the second meiotic nuclear division. This occurs in ciliated protozoans such as Tetrahymena.
The net movement of nuclei towards one another, leading to the bilateral transfer of genetic material in organisms undergoing conjugation without cellular fusion.
The net movement of nuclei towards one another, leading to the bilateral transfer of genetic material in organisms undergoing conjugation without cellular fusion.
The union or introduction of genetic information from compatible mating types that results in a genetically different individual. Conjugation requires direct cellular contact between the organisms.
A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A conjugation process that results in the union of cellular and genetic information from compatible mating types. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A conjugation process that results in the mutual exchange and union of only genetic information between compatible mating types. Conjugation without cellular fusion requires direct cellular contact between the organisms without plasma membrane fusion. The organisms involved in conjugation without cellular fusion separate after nuclear exchange.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus that positively regulates the process of conjugation with cellular fusion. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus that positively regulates the process of conjugation with cellular fusion. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus that positively regulates the process of conjugation with cellular fusion. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The cell cycle regulatory process in which the mitotic cell cycle is halted during G1 as a result of a pheromone stimulus. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The cell cycle regulatory process in which the mitotic cell cycle is halted during G1 as a result of a pheromone stimulus. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
During conjugation with cellular fusion, the aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions. An example of this process is agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
During conjugation with cellular fusion, the aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions. An example of this process is agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
During conjugation with cellular fusion, the aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions. An example of this process is agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
During conjugation with cellular fusion, the aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions. An example of this process is agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
In organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses. An example of this is the adaptation to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
In organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses. An example of this is the adaptation to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
In organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses. An example of this is the adaptation to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
In organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses. An example of this is the adaptation to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
In organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses. An example of this is the adaptation to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
During conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in creating a single cell from complementary mating types. The localized remodeling and dissolution of external protective structures allow the fusion of the plasma membranes and cytoplasmic mixing. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
During conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in creating a single cell from complementary mating types. The localized remodeling and dissolution of external protective structures allow the fusion of the plasma membranes and cytoplasmic mixing. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
During conjugation with cellular fusion, the process resulting in creating a single cell from complementary mating types. The localized remodeling and dissolution of external protective structures allow the fusion of the plasma membranes and cytoplasmic mixing. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus regulating the process of conjugation without cellular fusion.
During conjugation without cellular fusion, the aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions.
During conjugation without cellular fusion, the aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types in organisms that undergo conjugation without cellular fusion.
In organisms that undergo conjugation without cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses.
In organisms that undergo conjugation without cellular fusion, the process resulting in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that act to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses.
During conjugation without cellular fusion, the process that results in pairing complementary mating types. Localized morphological, cytological, and cytoskeletal changes connect the mating types without cytoplasmic mixing.
The process of unidirectional (polarized) transfer of genetic information in response to a pheromone. It involves direct cellular contact between a donor and recipient cell; the contact is followed by the formation of a cellular bridge that physically connects the cells; some or all of the chromosome(s) of one cell ('male') is then transferred into the other cell ('female'); unidirectional conjugation occurs between cells of different mating types.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus that regulates the process of pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation.
In organisms that undergo pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation, the process involved in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that acts to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses.
In organisms that undergo pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation, the process involved in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that acts to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses.
In organisms that undergo pheromone-induced unidirectional conjugation, the process involved in desensitization following exposure to pheromone stimulus that acts to down-regulate further stimulation or block initial conjugation responses.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types.
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by one or more rounds of nuclear division without cytokinesis.
The directed movement of a peptide pheromone out of a cell by a secretion or export pathway used solely for the export of peptide pheromones.
The directed movement of a peptide pheromone out of a cell by a secretion or export pathway used solely for the export of peptide pheromones.
The aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions prior to the formation of irreversible cellular contacts during conjugation.
The activity of binding to and activating specific cell surface receptors, thereby inducing a behavioral or physiological response(s) from a responding organism or cell that leads to the transfer or union of genetic material between organisms or cells. The mating pheromone can either be retained on the cell surface or secreted.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + phosphatidyl-N-dimethylethanolamine.
Stimulates the hydrolysis and exchange of adenyl nucleotides by other proteins.
The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.
The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.
The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.
The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.
The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.
A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.
A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of a condensed chromosome and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.
A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of a condensed nuclear chromosome and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.
The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.
The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.
The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.
The region of a condensed nuclear chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.
The region of a condensed nuclear chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.
The region of a condensed nuclear chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.
The terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.
A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome.
A complex of DNA and protein located at the end of a linear chromosome in the nucleus that protects and stabilizes a linear chromosome.
The terminal region of a linear nuclear chromosome that includes the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.
A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.
A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA in the cytoplasm into higher order structures.
A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA in the nucleus into higher order structures.
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the cytoplasm.
The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome in the nucleus.
A dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin.
A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin.
A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It consists of 2 lateral elements and a central element, all running parallel to each other.  Transverse filaments connect the lateral elements to the central element.
A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation.
A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation.
A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation.
A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation.
The core heterodimer of a condensin complex, a multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation.
The core heterodimer of a condensin complex, a multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation.
The core heterodimer of a condensin complex, a multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation.
A cohesin complex required for cohesion between sister chromatids that remain in the nucleus.
A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in the condensation of chromosomes that remain in the nucleus.
A proteinaceous core found between sister chromatids during meiotic prophase.
A structural unit of the synaptonemal complex found between the lateral elements.
A structural unit of the synaptonemal complex that spans the regions between the lateral elements and connects them.
A chromosome involved in sex determination.
The sex chromosome present in females of species in which the female is the heterogametic sex; generally, the sex chromosome that pairs with the Z chromosome in the heterogametic sex. The W chromosome is absent from the cells of males and present in one copy in the somatic cells of females.
The sex chromosome present in both sexes of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex. Two copies of the X chromosome are present in each somatic cell of females and one copy is present in males.
The sex chromosome present in males of species in which the male is the heterogametic sex; generally, the sex chromosome that pairs with the X chromosome in the heterogametic sex. The Y chromosome is absent from the cells of females and present in one copy in the somatic cells of males.
The sex chromosome present in both sexes of species in which the female is the heterogametic sex. Two copies of the Z chromosome are present in each somatic cell of males and one copy is present in females.
A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome.
A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome.
A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome in the cytoplasm.
A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome in the cytoplasm.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-diphosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-diphosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-diphosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + phosphate.
A heterotetrameric protein complex that associates with replication origins, where it is required for the initiation of DNA replication, and with replication forks.
A multisubunit protein complex that is involved in chromatin remodeling. It is required for the incorporation of the histone variant H2AZ into chromatin. In S. cerevisiae, the complex contains Swr1p, a Swi2/Snf2-related ATPase, and 12 additional subunits.
An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and interacts with ubiquitinated cargoes.
An endosomal sorting complex required for transport and functions downstream of ESCRT I complex. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and is required for the membrane recruitment of ESCRT III complex and binds to ubiquitinated cargoes.
An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. Consists of two soluble subcomplexes of highly charged coiled-coil proteins and is required for sorting and/or concentration of multivesicular body (MVB) cargoes.
A multiprotein complex in yeast consisting of Ctf19p, Okp1p, Mcm21p, and Ame1p. This complex bridges the subunits that are in contact with centromeric DNA and the subunits bound to microtubules during kinetochore assembly.
A multiprotein kinetochore subcomplex that binds to centromeric chromatin and forms part of the inner kinetochore of a chromosome in the nucleus. It helps to recruit outer kinetochore subunits that will bind to microtubules. Nuclear localization arises in some organisms because the nuclear envelope is not broken down during mitosis. In S. cerevisiae, it consists of at least four proteins: Mtw1p, Nnf1p, Nsl1p, and Dsn1.
A multiprotein kinetochore subcomplex that binds to centromeric chromatin and forms part of the inner kinetochore of a chromosome in the nucleus. It helps to recruit outer kinetochore subunits that will bind to microtubules. Nuclear localization arises in some organisms because the nuclear envelope is not broken down during mitosis. In S. cerevisiae, it consists of at least four proteins: Mtw1p, Nnf1p, Nsl1p, and Dsn1.
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with inositol hexakisphosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with inositol hexakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + ATP = D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + ATP = D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + ATP = D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + ATP = D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ADP.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ADP.
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into inositol. Inositol is the cyclic alcohol 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, which is widely distributed in nature and acts as a growth factor in animals and microorganisms.
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into inositol. Inositol is the cyclic alcohol 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, which is widely distributed in nature and acts as a growth factor in animals and microorganisms.
The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into inositol. Inositol is the cyclic alcohol 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, which is widely distributed in nature and acts as a growth factor in animals and microorganisms.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate = ADP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate. The isomeric configuration of diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate is unknown.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate = ADP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate. The isomeric configuration of diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5) is unknown.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate = ADP + bis(diphospho)-1D-myo-inositol-tetrakisphosphate. The isomeric configurations of the diphospho-1D-myo-inositol-pentakisphosphate (PP-IP5) and bis(diphospho)-1D-myo-inositol-tetrakisphosphate (bis-PP-IP4) are unknown.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate = ADP + 4-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,5,6)pentakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate = ADP + 6-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5)pentakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate = ADP + 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,6)pentakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,6)pentakisphosphate = 4,5-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myoinositol (1,2,3,6)tetrakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,6)pentakisphosphate = 4,5-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myoinositol (1,2,3,6)tetrakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,6)pentakisphosphate = 5,6-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myoinositol (1,2,3,4)tetrakisphosphate.
A ubiquitin ligase complex found in the ER.
A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with misfolded luminal and membrane domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p. In mammals, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase HRD1 (Synoviolin) or AMFR (gp78).
A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates membrane proteins with misfolded cytosolic domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Ssm4p/Doa10p.
A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with misfolded membrane domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p.
A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with misfolded luminal domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p.
Antagonizes the ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide via direct binding (through a selective and non-covalent interaction) to nucleic acid.
Antagonizes the ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide but does not bind directly to nucleic acid.
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.
The formation of a spore-bearing structure by fungus where spores will arise from asexual reproduction.
The formation of a spore-bearing structure by fungus where spores will arise from asexual reproduction.
The formation of a spore-bearing structure by fungus where spores will arise from asexual reproduction.
The formation of a spore-bearing structure by fungus where spores will arise from asexual reproduction.
The formation of a spore-bearing structure by fungus where spores will arise from asexual reproduction.
The formation of a spore-bearing structure by fungus where spores will arise from asexual reproduction.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate + 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione = 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: sulfonate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = sulfite + aminoacetaldehyde + succinate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: sulfonate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = sulfite + aminoacetaldehyde + succinate + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + O(2) + taurine = aminoacetaldehyde + CO(2) + succinate + sulfite.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + O(2) + taurine = aminoacetaldehyde + CO(2) + succinate + sulfite.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + O(2) + taurine = aminoacetaldehyde + CO(2) + succinate + sulfite.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a fruiting body organ over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fruiting body is a spore bearing structure. In fungi, the sporocarp (also known as fruiting body) is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruiting body is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cycle, with the rest of the life cycle being characterized by vegetative mycelial growth. The sporocarp of a basidiomycete is known as a basidiocarp, while the fruiting body of an ascomycete is known as an ascocarp. A significant range of different shapes and morphologies is found in both basidiocarps and ascocarps; these features play an important role in the identification and taxonomy of fungi.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a fruiting body organ over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fruiting body is a spore bearing structure. In fungi, the sporocarp (also known as fruiting body) is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruiting body is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cycle, with the rest of the life cycle being characterized by vegetative mycelial growth. The sporocarp of a basidiomycete is known as a basidiocarp, while the fruiting body of an ascomycete is known as an ascocarp. A significant range of different shapes and morphologies is found in both basidiocarps and ascocarps; these features play an important role in the identification and taxonomy of fungi.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a fruiting body organ over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fruiting body is a spore bearing structure. In fungi, the sporocarp (also known as fruiting body) is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruiting body is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cycle, with the rest of the life cycle being characterized by vegetative mycelial growth. The sporocarp of a basidiomycete is known as a basidiocarp, while the fruiting body of an ascomycete is known as an ascocarp. A significant range of different shapes and morphologies is found in both basidiocarps and ascocarps; these features play an important role in the identification and taxonomy of fungi.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a fruiting body organ over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fruiting body is a spore bearing structure. In fungi, the sporocarp (also known as fruiting body) is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruiting body is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cycle, with the rest of the life cycle being characterized by vegetative mycelial growth. The sporocarp of a basidiomycete is known as a basidiocarp, while the fruiting body of an ascomycete is known as an ascocarp. A significant range of different shapes and morphologies is found in both basidiocarps and ascocarps; these features play an important role in the identification and taxonomy of fungi.
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.
The process of dividing the cytoplasm of a parent cell where a structure forms in the cytoplasm and grows until reaching the plasma membrane, thereby completely separating the cytoplasms of adjacent progeny cells. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The assembly and arrangement of an apparatus composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
The assembly and arrangement of an apparatus composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
The assembly and arrangement of an apparatus composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the preprophase band, a dense band of microtubules that marks the position in the cell where cytokinesis will occur in cells that perform cytokinesis by cell plate formation.
The formation of a structure composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis in cells that perform cytokinesis by cell plate formation. The structure usually contains antiparallel microtubules and membrane (often visible as vesicles).
The process of assembly of a ring composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
The process of assembly of a ring composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
The process of assembly of a ring composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
The process of assembly of a ring composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
The process of assembly of a ring composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
The process of assembly of a ring composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
The process of assembly of a ring composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
The process of assembly of a ring composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.
The process of an actomyosin ring getting smaller in diameter, in the context of cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle.
The process of an actomyosin ring getting smaller in diameter, in the context of cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle.
The process of an actomyosin ring getting smaller in diameter, in the context of cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle.
The process of an actomyosin ring getting smaller in diameter, in the context of cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle.
The process of assembly, maturation, and growth of the cell plate to the cell periphery in cells that divide by cell plate formation; often involves deposition of cell wall material in and around the phragmoplast.
The process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.
The process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.
The process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.
The process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.
The process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.
The process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.
The process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.
Either of the ends of a spindle, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.
A microtubule organizing center formed by a band of gamma-tubulin that is recruited to a circumferential band of F-actin at the midpoint of a cell and which nucleates microtubules from the cell division site at the end of mitosis.
A microtubule organizing center formed by a band of gamma-tubulin that is recruited to a circumferential band of F-actin at the midpoint of a cell and which nucleates microtubules from the cell division site at the end of mitosis.
A centrosome-localized multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins assembled into a ring structure that is thought to be the unit of nucleation at the minus end of a microtubule. Gamma-tubulin small complexes are thought to be the core repeating units of the ring.
A centrosome-localized multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins assembled into a ring structure that is thought to be the unit of nucleation at the minus end of a microtubule. Gamma-tubulin small complexes are thought to be the core repeating units of the ring.
A centrosome-localized multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins assembled into a ring structure that is thought to be the unit of nucleation at the minus end of a microtubule. Gamma-tubulin small complexes are thought to be the core repeating units of the ring.
A centrosomal complex usually comprising two gamma-tubulin molecules, at least two conserved non-tubulin proteins that multimerize along with additional non-tubulin proteins in animal cells into larger functional complexes. Gamma-tubulin small complexes are thought to be the repeating unit making up the core of the gamma-tubulin ring complex. An example of this structure is found in Mus musculus.
A complex composed of two gamma-tubulin molecules and conserved non-tubulin proteins located in the spindle pole body and isolated by fractionation from cells. The complex, approximately 6S-9S, is analogous to the small complex in animal cells but contains fewer subunits, and is not thought to multimerize into larger functional units, like complexes in those organisms. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins. Gamma-tubulin complexes are localized to microtubule organizing centers, and play an important role in the nucleation of microtubules. The number and complexity of non-tubulin proteins associated with these complexes varies between species.
A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes. An example of this structure is found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing.
A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing.
A focus in the cytoplasm where mRNAs may become inactivated by decapping or some other mechanism. Protein and RNA localized to these foci are involved in mRNA degradation, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), translational repression, and RNA-mediated gene silencing.
A cell septum whose formation is independent of nuclear division.
A septum or cross wall which does not entirely span the space between two portions of cell wall and may contain a specialized central pore structure. A porous septum allows the movement of organelles and/or cytoplasm between compartments.
A cell septum which forms as part of the division site and functions in the compartmentalization of a cell into two daughter cells at division. A division septum spans a cell and does not allow exchange of organelles or cytoplasm between compartments.
A cell septum which forms as part of the division site and functions in the compartmentalization of a cell into two daughter cells at division. A division septum spans a cell and does not allow exchange of organelles or cytoplasm between compartments.
A cell septum that forms following nuclear division.
A septum, or cross-wall, between two portions of a cell or hypha; contains a central pore around which the septum is swollen to form a barrel-shaped structure; pore is covered on each side of the septum by a septal pore cap (parenthosome).
A quatrefoil tethering complex required for retrograde traffic from the early endosome back to the late Golgi and biogenesis of cytoplasmic vesicles.
A quatrefoil tethering complex required for retrograde traffic from the early endosome back to the late Golgi and biogenesis of cytoplasmic vesicles.
A quatrefoil tethering complex required for retrograde traffic from the early endosome back to the late Golgi and biogenesis of cytoplasmic vesicles.
The region of a condensed chromosome kinetochore closest to centromeric DNA; in mammals the CREST antigens (CENP proteins) are found in this layer; this layer may help define underlying centromeric chromatin structure and position of the kinetochore on the chromosome.
The region of a condensed chromosome kinetochore closest to centromeric DNA; in mammals the CREST antigens (CENP proteins) are found in this layer; this layer may help define underlying centromeric chromatin structure and position of the kinetochore on the chromosome.
The region of a condensed chromosome kinetochore closest to centromeric DNA; in mammals the CREST antigens (CENP proteins) are found in this layer; this layer may help define underlying centromeric chromatin structure and position of the kinetochore on the chromosome.
The region of a condensed chromosome kinetochore most external to centromeric DNA; this outer region mediates kinetochore-microtubule interactions.
The region of a condensed chromosome kinetochore most external to centromeric DNA; this outer region mediates kinetochore-microtubule interactions.
The region of a condensed nuclear chromosome kinetochore closest to centromeric DNA; this layer may help define underlying centromeric chromatin structure and position of the kinetochore on the chromosome.
The region of a condensed nuclear chromosome kinetochore most external to centromeric DNA; this outer region mediates kinetochore-microtubule interactions.
A complex of the retrotransposon RNA genome, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and associated molecules required for reproduction and integration of the retrotransposon into the host genome; the main structural molecule of the nucleocapsid is often a gag protein homolog.
A complex of the retrotransposon RNA genome, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and associated molecules required for reproduction and integration of the retrotransposon into the host genome; the main structural molecule of the nucleocapsid is often a gag protein homolog.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target rRNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA) via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target snRNA molecule.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with transfer ribonucleic acid (mRNA) via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target tRNA molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce carboxylic acids with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of carboxylic acids, sometimes collectively referred to as fusel acids. Depending on the redox state of the cells, alcohol derivatives may be produced instead of carboxylic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of aromatic amino acids to produce aromatic alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When an aromatic family amino acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, is used as the substrate, 2-phenylethanol, 4-hydroxyphenylethanol, or tryptophol, respectively, is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of branched chain amino acids to produce branched chain alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When a branched chain family amino acid, leucine, isoleucine, or valine, is used as the substrate, 3-methylbutanol, 2-methylbutanol, or 2-methylpropanol, respectively, is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of branched chain amino acids to produce branched chain alcohols with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When methionine is used as the substrate, 3-methylthiopropanol is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives may be produced instead of alcohols.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce carboxylic acids with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When an aromatic family amino acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, is used as the substrate, 2-phenylethanoate, 4-hydroxyphenylethanoate, or 2-(Indol-3-yl)-ethanoate, respectively, is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of carboxylic acids, sometimes collectively referred to as fusel acids. Depending on the redox state of the cells, alcohol derivatives may be produced instead of carboxylic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce carboxylic acids with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When a branched chain family amino acid, leucine, isoleucine, or valine, is used as the substrate, 3-methylbutanoate, 2-methylbutanoate, or 2-methylpropanoate, respectively, is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of carboxylic acids, sometimes collectively referred to as fusel acids. Depending on the redox state of the cells, alcohol derivatives may be produced instead of carboxylic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce carboxylic acids with one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. When methionine is used as the substrate, 3-methylthiopropanoate is produced. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of carboxylic acids, sometimes collectively referred to as fusel acids. Depending on the redox state of the cells, alcohol derivatives may be produced instead of carboxylic acids.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the catabolism of amino acids to produce alcohols or carboxylic acids containing one carbon less than the starting amino acid. In S. cerevisiae, this is known to occur for leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. Often referred to as the Ehrlich pathway, these reactions generally occur during fermentation to produce a variety of alcohols, often collectively referred to as fusel alcohols. Depending on the redox state of the cells, carboxylic acid derivatives, sometimes referred to as fusel acids, may be produced instead of alcohols.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.
The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into one or more mature RNA molecules; occurs in the mitochondrion.
Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion.
Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion.
Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an RNA molecule.
Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an rRNA molecule.
An RNA exon ligation process that rejoins two exons of a pre-tRNA which has had the intron removed.
A tRNA exon ligation process in which the splice junction phosphate is derived from exogenous ATP. This type of ligation to rejoin the 5' and 3' exons of a tRNA is observed in vertebrate species.
A tRNA exon ligation process in which the splice junction phosphate is derived from exogenous GTP. This type of ligation to rejoin the 5' and 3' exons of a tRNA is observed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae where the ligation reaction also produces a 2'-phosphate at the splice junction which is subsequently removed as part of the ligation process.
A tRNA exon ligation process in which the splice junction phosphate is derived from the 2',3' cyclic phosphate at the 3'-end of the 5'-exon. This type of ligation to rejoin the 5' and 3' exons of a tRNA is observed in wheat, Chlamydomonas, and vertebrate species including humans.
The chromosome organization process in which the DNA sequence containing a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery. In S. cerevisiae, this process involves cis-acting DNA sequences such as the TATA box and upstream activating sequence (UAS) elements, trans-acting transcriptional activators, and also the 3'-UTR of the transcript.
The chromosome organization process in which the DNA sequence containing a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery even after transcription has been repressed.
A protein complex consisting of Prp19 and associated proteins that is involved in the transition from the precatalytic spliceosome to the activated form that catalyzes step 1 of splicing, and which remains associated with the spliceosome through the second catalytic step. It is widely conserved, found in both yeast and mammals, though the exact composition varies. In S. cerevisiae, it contains Prp19p, Ntc20p, Snt309p, Isy1p, Syf2p, Cwc2p, Prp46p, Clf1p, Cef1p, and Syf1p.
A protein complex consisting of Prp19 and associated proteins that is involved in the transition from the precatalytic spliceosome to the activated form that catalyzes step 1 of splicing, and which remains associated with the spliceosome through the second catalytic step. It is widely conserved, found in both yeast and mammals, though the exact composition varies. In S. cerevisiae, it contains Prp19p, Ntc20p, Snt309p, Isy1p, Syf2p, Cwc2p, Prp46p, Clf1p, Cef1p, and Syf1p.
A protein complex consisting of Prp19 and associated proteins that is involved in the transition from the precatalytic spliceosome to the activated form that catalyzes step 1 of splicing, and which remains associated with the spliceosome through the second catalytic step. It is widely conserved, found in both yeast and mammals, though the exact composition varies. In S. cerevisiae, it contains Prp19p, Ntc20p, Snt309p, Isy1p, Syf2p, Cwc2p, Prp46p, Clf1p, Cef1p, and Syf1p.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in the proximal promoter of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II. The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in the proximal promoter of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II. The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in the proximal promoter of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II. The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA sequence that is part of the core promoter of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a RNA polymerase II (Pol II) distal enhancer. In mammalian cells, enhancers are distal sequences that increase the utilization of some promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the core promoter.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to modulate transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to modulate transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to modulate transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to modulate transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to modulate transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) core promoter, the region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the Pol II basal transcription machinery, in order to modulate transcription by Pol II. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or operon by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA sequence that is part of the core promoter of a bacterial gene.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in the proximal promoter of a bacterial gene (or cistron, or operon). The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in the proximal promoter of a bacterial gene (or cistron, or operon). The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in the proximal promoter. The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in the proximal promoter. The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in the proximal promoter. The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in the proximal promoter. The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase core enzyme, containing a specific subunit composition defined as the core enzyme.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with RNA polymerase II core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of twelve subunits.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with RNA polymerase II core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of twelve subunits.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. The transcribed region might be contain a single gene or a cistron containing multiple genes.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with RNA polymerase III core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of seventeen subunits.
An activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Factors required for RNA polymerase III transcription initiation include TFIIIA, TFIIIB and TFIIIC.
An activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Factors required for RNA polymerase III transcription initiation include TFIIIA, TFIIIB and TFIIIC.
An activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Factors required for RNA polymerase III transcription initiation include TFIIIA, TFIIIB and TFIIIC.
An activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Factors required for RNA polymerase III transcription initiation include TFIIIA, TFIIIB and TFIIIC.
An activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Factors required for RNA polymerase III transcription initiation include TFIIIA, TFIIIB and TFIIIC.
An activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase III. Factors required for RNA polymerase III transcription initiation include TFIIIA, TFIIIB and TFIIIC.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the bacterial-type RNA polymerase core enzyme, typically consisting of two alpha, one beta, one beta prime, and one omega subunit.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a single subunit mitochondrial RNA polymerase enzyme, which is composed of a single catalytic subunit similar to the RNA polymerase enzymes from phages T3, T7, and SP6.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 1 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 1 promoters are found in 5S rRNA genes, downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence of the mature RNA, and require TFIIIA for recognition.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 2 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 2 promoters consist of an A box and a B box downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence within the sequence of the mature RNA. Type 2 promoters are found in many tRNA genes as well as in other small RNAs.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Initiating the assembly of the RNA polymerase III pre-initiation complex by binding to a control sequence in the intragenic region. This allows to recruit TFIIIB to the DNA at a site centered approximately 26 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcription. For tRNA genes, TFIIIC first associates with DNA, and then recruits TFIIIB. For 5S rRNA genes, TFIIIA binds to DNA first, followed by TFIIIC, which then recruits TFIIIB.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 3 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). A type 3 Pol III promoter is composed of elements upstream of the transcription start site, including a TATA box. The human U6 snRNA gene has a type 3 promoter. Type 3 Pol III promoters have not been observed in S. cerevisiae.
The function of binding to a specific DNA sequence and recruiting another transcription factor to the DNA in order to modulate transcription. The recruited factor may bind DNA directly, or may be colocalized via protein-protein interactions.
The function of binding to a specific DNA sequence and recruiting another transcription factor to the DNA in order to modulate transcription. The recruited factor may bind DNA directly, or may be colocalized via protein-protein interactions.
The function of binding to a specific DNA sequence and recruiting another transcription factor to the DNA in order to modulate transcription. The recruited factor may bind DNA directly, or may be colocalized via protein-protein interactions.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence and recruiting RNA polymerase to the DNA in order to form the preinitiation complex (PIC).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of a region of DNA by RNA polymerase II. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of a region of DNA by RNA polymerase I. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
The synthesis of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at a type 2 RNA polymerase III promoter.
The synthesis of small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase III. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of a gene or operon by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA region that controls the transcription of a region of DNA by a plastid RNA polymerase. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase III transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription by RNA polymerase III.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region of DNA that is a part of a type 1 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 1 promoters are found in 5S rRNA genes, downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence of the mature RNA, and require TFIIIA for recognition.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region of DNA that is a part of a type 2 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 2 promoters consist of an A box and a B box downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence within the sequence of the mature RNA. Type 2 promoters are found in many tRNA genes as well as in other small RNAs.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region of DNA that is a part of a type 3 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. A type 3 Pol III promoter is composed of elements upstream of the transcription start site, including a TATA box. The human U6 snRNA gene has a type 3 promoter. Type 3 Pol III promoters have not been observed in S. cerevisiae.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region of DNA that is a part of a hybrid promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). A hybrid Pol III promoter contains both regulatory elements both upstream and downstream of the transcription initiation site. An example gene with such a promoter is the S. cerevisiae U6 gene.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a part of a hybrid type promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). A hybrid Pol III promoter contains both regulatory elements both upstream and downstream of the transcription initiation site. An example gene with such a promoter is the S. cerevisiae U6 gene.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with RNA polymerase I core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of seventeen subunits.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is part of a core promoter region. The core promoter is composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the RNA polymerase and the basal transcription machinery. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the basal transcription machinery. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with RNA polymerase IV core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase found in plants and involved in siRNA production.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with RNA polymerase V core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase found in plants and involved in production of noncoding transcripts at target loci for silencing.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a single subunit RNA polymerase enzyme, which is composed of a single catalytic subunit similar to the RNA polymerase enzymes from phages T3, T7, and SP6.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a single subunit RNA polymerase enzyme, which is composed of a single catalytic subunit similar to the RNA polymerase enzymes from phages T3, T7, and SP6.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a single subunit RNA polymerase enzyme, which is composed of a single catalytic subunit similar to the RNA polymerase enzymes from phages T3, T7, and SP6.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a single subunit RNA polymerase enzyme, which is composed of a single catalytic subunit similar to the RNA polymerase enzymes from phages T3, T7, and SP6.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a single subunit plastid RNA polymerase enzyme, which is composed of a single catalytic subunit similar to the RNA polymerase enzymes from phages T3, T7, and SP6.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the bacterial-type plastid PEP RNA polymerase core enzyme, typically consisting of two alpha, one beta, one beta prime, and one double prime subunit.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase I specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyzes DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase II specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase III specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase IV specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains an RNA polymerase V specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase IV (Pol III), originating at a Pol IV-specific promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase IV (Pol III), originating at a Pol IV-specific promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase V (Pol III), originating at a Pol V-specific promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase V (Pol III), originating at a Pol V-specific promoter.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains a bacterial-type specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains a plastid PEP-A RNA polymerase II specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains a plastid PEP-B RNA polymerase II specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains a single-subunit-type RNA polymerase-specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains a single-subunit-type mitochondrial RNA polymerase-specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template that contains a single subunit type plastid RNA polymerase specific promoter to direct initiation and catalyses DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleic acid region that regulates a nucleic acid-based process. Such processes include transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a RNA region within the transcript that regulates the transcription of a region of DNA, which may be a gene, cistron, or operon.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a RNA region that regulates a nucleic acid-based process. Such processes include transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. This function is known to occur in phages and viruses, for example the lambda N and the HIV tat proteins are necessary to allow RNA polymerase to read through terminator sequences.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA sequence in order to modulate transcription. This function is known to occur in phages and viruses, for example the lambda N and the HIV tat proteins are necessary to allow RNA polymerase to read through terminator sequences.
Binds to RNA, typically within the nascent RNA transcript, to promote readthrough of a transcription termination site and thus extending the length of the RNA transcript produced. Examples of antitermination factors which bind the nascent RNA include the lambda N protein and the HIV-1 tat protein.
Binds to DNA, typically within region of the promoter and transcribed region, to promote readthrough of a transcription termination site and thus extending the length of the RNA transcript produced. Examples of antitermination factors which bind DNA include the lambda Q protein.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to promote assembly of the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to promote assembly of the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) core promoter, the region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the Pol II basal transcription machinery, in order to promote assembly of the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) core promoter, the region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the Pol II basal transcription machinery, in order to promote assembly of the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a proximal promoter regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to activate or increase transcription.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a proximal promoter regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to activate or increase transcription.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a proximal promoter regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to activate or increase transcription.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a proximal promoter regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to repress or decrease transcription.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a proximal promoter regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to repress or decrease transcription.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one nitrogen source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other nitrogen sources.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one nitrogen source leads to an increase in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other nitrogen sources.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one nitrogen source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other nitrogen sources.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIID complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIIA complex, one of the complexes involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor of the TFIIB class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIIE complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIIF complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a basal RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II and defined as a basal or general transcription factor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIIH complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the basal transcription machinery which is composed of the RNA polymerase core enzyme and the basal transcription factor(s), the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the basal transcription machinery for RNA polymerase II which is composed of the RNA polymerase II core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of twelve subunits, and the basal RNA polymerase II transcription factors, the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by the RNA polymerase.
Any process involved in the inhibition of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).
Any process involved in the inhibition of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).
Any process involved in the inhibition of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).
Any process involved in the inhibition of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription activating factor, a protein involved in positive regulation of transcription.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription repressing factor, a protein involved in negative regulation of transcription.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the basal transcription machinery which is composed of a bacterial-type RNA polymerase core enzyme and a sigma factor, the minimal set of factors required for formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors.
Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors.
Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by RNA polymerase III, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase.
Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by RNA polymerase II, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors.
Any process involved in the melting of the DNA hybrid of the core promoter region within the transcriptional closed complex of an RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) to produce an open complex where the DNA duplex around the transcription initiation site is unwound to form the transcription bubble.
Any process involved in the melting of the DNA hybrid of the core promoter region within the transcriptional closed complex of an RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) to produce an open complex where the DNA duplex around the transcription initiation site is unwound to form the transcription bubble.
Any process involved in the melting of the DNA hybrid of the core promoter region within the transcriptional closed complex of an RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) to produce an open complex where the DNA duplex around the transcription initiation site is unwound to form the transcription bubble.
A macromolecular complex containing protein, DNA, and RNA molecules.
Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-DNA-RNA complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins, DNA, and RNA molecules to form a protein-DNA-RNA complex.
The disaggregation of a protein-DNA-RNA complex into its constituent components.
The disaggregation of a transcription ternary complex, composed of RNA polymerase, template DNA, and an RNA transcript, into its constituent components.
The acquisition, loss, or modification of macromolecules within a protein-DNA-RNA complex, resulting in the alteration of an existing complex.
The acquisition, loss, or modification of macromolecules within a protein-DNA complex, resulting in the alteration of an existing complex.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase, originating at a bacterial-type promoter.
Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phase of transcription by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance generally involves dissociation of the sigma initiation factor.
Any process involved in the assembly of bacterial-type RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at the core promoter region of a DNA template, resulting in the subsequent synthesis of RNA from that promoter. The initiation phase includes PIC assembly and the formation of the first few bonds in the RNA chain, including abortive initiation, which occurs when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released. The initiation phase ends just before and does not include promoter clearance, or release, which is the transition between the initiation and elongation phases of transcription.
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
The process in which the synthesis of an RNA molecule by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase using a DNA template is completed.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on a bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), required for transcription.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on a bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), required for transcription.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on a bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), required for transcription.
Any process involved in the melting of the DNA hybrid of the core promoter region within a bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter to produce an open complex where the DNA duplex around the transcription initiation site is unwound to form the transcription bubble.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) regulatory transcription factor and also with the RNAP II basal transcription machinery in order to increase the frequency, rate or stability of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC). Cofactors generally do not bind DNA, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal RNAP II transcription machinery.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by bacterial-type RNA polymerase. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for a bacterial-type RNA polymerase in order to modulate transcription by bacterial-type RNA polymerase. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for a bacterial-type RNA polymerase in order to modulate transcription by bacterial-type RNA polymerase. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase (RNAP) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase (RNAP) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase (RNAP) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex, typically composed of twelve subunits, and with another protein, macromolecule, or complex, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way in order to facilitate the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on an RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription by RNA polymerase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex, typically composed of twelve subunits, and with another protein, macromolecule, or complex, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way in order to facilitate the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on an RNA polymerase II promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription by RNA polymerase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for a bacterial-type RNA polymerase in order to increase transcription by bacterial-type RNA polymerase. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for a bacterial-type RNA polymerase in order to increase transcription by bacterial-type RNA polymerase. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for a bacterial-type RNA polymerase in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from a bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for a bacterial-type RNA polymerase in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from a bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA sequence that controls mitochondrial transcription termination.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA sequence that controls mitochondrial transcription termination.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA sequence that controls mitochondrial transcription termination.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that promotes termination by RNA polymerase. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a terminator for bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a termination site for bacterial-type RNA polymerase in order to promote transcription termination by bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is an enhancer region that helps activate transcription of a gene or operon by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase. Enhancers for sigma-54 holoenzymes are typically located 80 to 150 base pairs upstream from the transcription start site, although they can be further away or may be downstream of the promoter. Some transcription units dependent on sigma-70 holoenzymes may also include enhancer sequences.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is a bacterial-type enhancer region in order to activate transcription by bacterial-type RNA polymerase. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex. Enhancers for sigma-54 holoenzymes are typically located 80 to 150 base pairs upstream from the transcription start site. Some transcription units dependent on sigma-70 holoenzymes may also include enhancer sequences.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a general RNA polymerase III transcription factor belonging to the TFIIB complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase III.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase III transcription factor of the TFIIIA class, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) at RNA polymerase III promoters.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a general RNA polymerase III transcription factor belonging to the TFIIC complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase III.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of an enhancer, a transcription regulatory region that is somewhat distal from the core promoter and which enhances transcription from that promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a region of DNA that promotes termination by RNA polymerase. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase I.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery. This site is often referred to as the CORE element. In mammalian cells, the CORE element functions in conjunction with the Upstream Control Element (UCE), while in fungi, protozoa, and plants, the CORE element functions without a UCE.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery. This site is often referred to as the CORE element. In mammalian cells, the CORE element functions in conjunction with the Upstream Control Element (UCE), while in fungi, protozoa, and plants, the CORE element functions without a UCE.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery. This site is often referred to as the CORE element. In mammalian cells, the CORE element functions in conjunction with the Upstream Control Element (UCE), while in fungi, protozoa, and plants, the CORE element functions without a UCE.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery. This site is often referred to as the CORE element. In mammalian cells, the CORE element functions in conjunction with the Upstream Control Element (UCE), while in fungi, protozoa, and plants, the CORE element functions without a UCE.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery. This site is often referred to as the CORE element. In mammalian cells, the CORE element functions in conjunction with the Upstream Control Element (UCE), while in fungi, protozoa, and plants, the CORE element functions without a UCE.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the upstream control element (UCE, or alternately referred to as the upstream element), a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase I.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a RNA polymerase I (Pol I) enhancer. In mammalian cells, enhancers are distal sequences that increase the utilization of promoters, and can function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the core promoter.
A DNA synthesis process that uses RNA as the initial template for synthesis of DNA, but which also includes an RNase activity to remove the RNA strand of an RNA-DNA heteroduplex produced by the RNA-dependent synthesis step and use of the initial DNA strand as a template for DNA synthesis.
The cellular synthesis of RNA on a template of RNA.
Any process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.
Any process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of an RNA polymerase II promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.
Any process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of an RNA polymerase III promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.
Any process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of a bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved the melting of the DNA hybrid of the core promoter region within the transcriptional closed complex of an RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) to produce an open complex where the DNA duplex around the transcription initiation site is unwound to form the transcription bubble.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in the selection of the specific location within the template strand of an RNA polymerase II promoter for hybridization of the cognate ribonucleotides and formation of first phosphodiester bond within the nascent transcript.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase I transcription factor, any protein required to initiate or regulate transcription by RNA polymerase I.
An activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase I. Factors required for RNA polymerase I transcription initiation include upstream activation factor (UAF), core factor (CF), TATA binding protein (TBP) and RRN3.
An activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase I. Factors required for RNA polymerase I transcription initiation include upstream activation factor (UAF), core factor (CF), TATA binding protein (TBP) and RRN3.
An activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase I. Factors required for RNA polymerase I transcription initiation include upstream activation factor (UAF), core factor (CF), TATA binding protein (TBP) and RRN3.
An activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase I. Factors required for RNA polymerase I transcription initiation include upstream activation factor (UAF), core factor (CF), TATA binding protein (TBP) and RRN3.
Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by RNA polymerase I, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors.
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase I promoter for the nuclear large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase I.
Any process involved in the transition from the initiation to the elongation phases of transcription by RNA polymerase I at a promoter for the nuclear large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript, generally including a conformational change from the initiation conformation to the elongation conformation. Promoter clearance often involves breaking contact with transcription factors involved only in the initiation phase and making contacts with elongation specific factors.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase I (RNAP I) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase I (RNAP I) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The function of binding to an RNA polymerase I (RNAP I) transcription regulator and recruiting it to the general transcription machinery complex in order to modulate transcription initiation.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to activate or increase transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to activate or increase transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to repress or decrease transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to repress or decrease transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units.
Suppression of the occurrence of transcriptional errors, such as substitutions and/or insertions of nucleotides that do not correctly match the template base, during the process of transcription elongation on a DNA template.
Suppression of the occurrence of transcriptional errors, such as substitutions and/or insertions of nucleotides that do not correctly match the template base, during the process of transcription elongation from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Suppression of the occurrence of transcriptional errors, such as substitutions and/or insertions of nucleotides that do not correctly match the template base, during the process of transcription elongation from a bacterial-type RNA polymerase promoter.
Suppression of the occurrence of transcriptional errors, such as substitutions and/or insertions of nucleotides that do not correctly match the template base, during the process of transcription elongation from a RNA polymerase III promoter.
Any mating-type specific process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any mating-type specific process that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any mating-type specific process that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any mating-type specific process that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any mating-type specific process that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any mating-type specific process that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any mating-type specific process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any mating-type specific process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any mating-type specific process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any mating-type specific process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to modulate transcription by an RNA polymerase. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor that binds the core promoter proximal region in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor that binds the core promoter proximal region in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper(I) (Cu+) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of copper(I) (Cu+), such a way that copper ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor, perhaps by regulating the ability to interact selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), or by regulating some other function of the transcription factor, in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper(I) (Cu+) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of copper(I) (Cu+), such a way that copper ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor, perhaps by regulating the ability to interact selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), or by regulating some other function of the transcription factor, in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of zinc (Zn), in such a way that zinc ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor, perhaps by regulating the ability to interact selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), or by regulating some other function of the transcription factor, in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of zinc (Zn), in such a way that zinc ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor, perhaps by regulating the ability to interact selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), or by regulating some other function of the transcription factor, in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific bacterial-type transcription regulatory DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to modulate transcription by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the distal enhancer regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to activate or increase transcription.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the distal enhancer regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to activate or increase transcription.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the distal enhancer regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to activate or increase transcription.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the distal enhancer regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to repress or decrease transcription from a RNA polymerase II promoter.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the distal enhancer regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to repress or decrease transcription from a RNA polymerase II promoter.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the distal enhancer regulatory region of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene to repress or decrease transcription from a RNA polymerase II promoter.
The removal of histones, including histone dimers, from nucleosomes within chromatin.
The removal of a H2A-H2B histone dimer from a nucleosome within chromatin.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription by an RNA polymerase. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription by an RNA polymerase. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper(I) (Cu+) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of copper(I) (Cu+), such a way that copper ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of zinc (Zn), such a way that copper ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with zinc (Zn) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of zinc (Zn), such a way that copper ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of metal ion, such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of metal ion, such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from the RNAP II promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of metal ion, such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in cis with and relatively close to a core promoter for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and interacting selectively and non-covalently with metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of metal ion, such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific bacterial-type transcription regulatory DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to activate or increase the frequency, rate or extent of transcription by bacterial-type RNA polymerase. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of transcription by bacterial-type RNA polymerase. The transcription factor may or may not also interact selectively with a protein or macromolecular complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific bacterial-type transcription regulatory DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with any metal ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of those metal ions, in such a way that metal ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase. Specific mechanisms include increasing or decreasing the ability of the transcription factor to interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (for example S. cerevisiae Cup2p or the prokaryotic SmtB/ArsR family, changing the conformation of transcription factor bound DNA between the apo- and metal-bound forms of the transcription factor. Additional mechanisms may exist.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific bacterial-type transcription regulatory DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper(I) (Cu+) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of copper(I) (Cu+), in such a way that copper ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific bacterial-type transcription regulatory DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with copper(I) (Cu+) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of copper(I) (Cu+), in such a way that copper ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific bacterial-type transcription regulatory DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadmium (Cd) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of cadmium (Cd), in such a way that cadmium (Cd) ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific bacterial-type transcription regulatory DNA sequence and interacting selectively and non-covalently with cadmium (Cd) ion(s) and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of cadmium (Cd), in such a way that cadmium (Cd) ion binding regulates the activity of the transcription factor in order to stop, prevent, or reduce the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-dependent transcription by a bacterial-type RNA polymerase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription cofactor, any protein involved in regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other transcription regulatory proteins. Cofactors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription corepressor, any protein involved in negative regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that negatively regulate transcription. Transcription corepressors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressing transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription coactivator, any protein involved in positive regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that positively regulate transcription. Transcription coactivators do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription cofactor for RNA polymerase II, any protein involved in regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with RNA polymerase II transcription factors and other transcription regulatory proteins. Cofactors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription coactivator, any protein involved in positive regulation of transcription of RNA polymerase II via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that positively regulate transcription. Transcription coactivators do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between activating transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase II transcription corepressor, any protein involved in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other proteins that negatively regulate transcription. Transcription corepressors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between repressing transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II.
The process associated with progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan that occurs when the cell is in a non-dividing, or quiescent, state.
Any chromatin organization process that occurs during the lifespan of the cell that results in changes in chromatin structure. Such changes may lead to gene dysregulation and ultimately to a loss in cell homeostasis, bringing about an aging phenotype.
Any chromatin organization process that occurs during the lifespan of the cell that results in changes in chromatin structure. Such changes may lead to gene dysregulation and ultimately to a loss in cell homeostasis, bringing about an aging phenotype.
Any chromatin organization process that occurs during the lifespan of the cell that results in changes in chromatin structure. Such changes may lead to gene dysregulation and ultimately to a loss in cell homeostasis, bringing about an aging phenotype.
The process associated with progression of the cell from its inception to the end of its lifespan that occurs as the cell continues cycles of growth and division.
A nucleolar fragmentation process that gives rise to multiple rounded structures and that occurs in conjunction with increasing age in dividing cells.
A nucleolar fragmentation process that gives rise to multiple rounded structures and that occurs in conjunction with increasing age in dividing cells.
A process that results in changes in chromatin structure contributing to replicative cell aging.
A process that results in changes in chromatin structure contributing to replicative cell aging.
A process that results in changes in chromatin structure contributing to chronological cell aging, occurring in non-dividing cells.
A process that results in changes in chromatin structure contributing to chronological cell aging, occurring in non-dividing cells.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Increase in abundance of circular DNA molecules in dividing cells as they age. These molecules originate in the chromosome but are excised and circularized, often by intramolecular homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, and then replicated independently of chromosomal replication.
Increase in abundance of circular DNA molecules in dividing cells as they age. These molecules originate in the chromosome but are excised and circularized, often by intramolecular homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, and then replicated independently of chromosomal replication.
The process, which occurs as a dividing cell ages, leading to expression of genes that are typically not expressed due to silencing by regulatory proteins.
The process, which occurs as a dividing cell ages, leading to expression of genes that are typically not expressed due to silencing by regulatory proteins.
Increase in abundance of circular DNA molecules containing ribosomal DNA repeats in dividing cells as they age. These molecules originate in the chromosome but are excised and circularized, often by intramolecular homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, and then replicated independently of chromosomal replication.
Increase in abundance of circular DNA molecules containing ribosomal DNA repeats in dividing cells as they age. These molecules originate in the chromosome but are excised and circularized, often by intramolecular homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, and then replicated independently of chromosomal replication.
Increase in abundance of circular DNA molecules containing ribosomal DNA repeats in dividing cells as they age. These molecules originate in the chromosome but are excised and circularized, often by intramolecular homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, and then replicated independently of chromosomal replication.
Excision from the chromosome and circularization of DNA molecules encoding ribosomal RNA in dividing cells as they age.
Excision from the chromosome and circularization of DNA molecules encoding ribosomal RNA in dividing cells as they age.
Excision from the chromosome and circularization of DNA molecules encoding ribosomal RNA in dividing cells as they age.
Excision from the chromosome and circularization of DNA molecules encoding ribosomal RNA in dividing cells as they age.
Replication of rDNA following its excision from the chromosome of dividing cells as they age. Extrachromosomal rDNA forms a circle that contains at least one autonomously replicating sequence (ARS), which supports replication independent of chromosomal replication.
Replication of rDNA following its excision from the chromosome of dividing cells as they age. Extrachromosomal rDNA forms a circle that contains at least one autonomously replicating sequence (ARS), which supports replication independent of chromosomal replication.
Replication of rDNA following its excision from the chromosome of dividing cells as they age. Extrachromosomal rDNA forms a circle that contains at least one autonomously replicating sequence (ARS), which supports replication independent of chromosomal replication.
Excision from the chromosome and circularization of a region of chromosomal DNA, generally, but not always, via homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, in dividing cells as they age.
Excision from the chromosome and circularization of a region of chromosomal DNA, generally, but not always, via homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, in dividing cells as they age.
Excision from the chromosome and circularization of a region of chromosomal DNA, generally, but not always, via homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats, in dividing cells as they age.
Replication of circular DNA following excision from the chromosome of dividing cells as they age; replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA generally occurs independently of chromosomal replication.
Replication of circular DNA following excision from the chromosome of dividing cells as they age; replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA generally occurs independently of chromosomal replication.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring during the process of replicative cell aging as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring during the process of replicative cell aging as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring during the process of replicative cell aging as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring during the process of replicative cell aging as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring during the process of replicative cell aging as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring during the process of replicative cell aging as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring during the process of replicative cell aging as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring during the process of replicative cell aging as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Accumulation of proteins that have undergone reactions with reactive oxygen species in aging dividing cells and exhibit modifications such as increased protein carbonyl content, oxidized methionine, protein hydrophobicity, and cross-linking.
Accumulation of proteins that have undergone reactions with reactive oxygen species in aging dividing cells and exhibit modifications such as increased protein carbonyl content, oxidized methionine, protein hydrophobicity, and cross-linking.
Chemical reaction, between proteins and reactive oxygen species, that occurs in dividing cells as they age and leads to a variety of changes in the affected proteins, including increases in protein carbonyl content, oxidized methionine, protein hydrophobicity, and cross-linking.
Chemical reaction, between proteins and reactive oxygen species, that occurs in dividing cells as they age and leads to a variety of changes in the affected proteins, including increases in protein carbonyl content, oxidized methionine, protein hydrophobicity, and cross-linking.
A protein localization process in which progeny cells acquire, or are barred from acquiring, proteins that have been altered by reaction with reactive oxygen species in dividing aging cells.
A protein localization process in which progeny cells acquire, or are barred from acquiring, proteins that have been altered by reaction with reactive oxygen species in dividing aging cells.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in non-dividing cells as they age as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in non-dividing cells as they age as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in non-dividing cells as they age as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in non-dividing cells as they age as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in non-dividing cells as they age as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in non-dividing cells as they age as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in non-dividing cells as they age as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in non-dividing cells as they age as a result of reactive oxygen species, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
A process of general metabolic decline that arises in dividing cells as they age, and alters cellular metabolism to cause a decline in cell function.
A process of general metabolic decline that arises in dividing cells as they age, and alters cellular metabolism to cause a decline in cell function.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in dividing cells as they age as a result of oxidative stress, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in dividing cells as they age as a result of oxidative stress, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
A process of general metabolic decline that arises in non-dividing cells as they age, and alters cellular metabolism to cause a decline in cell function.
A process of general metabolic decline that arises in non-dividing cells as they age, and alters cellular metabolism to cause a decline in cell function.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in non-dividing cells as they age as a result of oxidative stress, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) occurring in non-dividing cells as they age as a result of oxidative stress, where the change varies according to the age of the cell or organism.
Excision from the chromosome and circularization of a region of chromosomal DNA, generally, but not always, via homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats.
Replication of circular DNA following excision from the chromosome; replication of extrachromosomal circular DNA generally occurs independently of chromosomal replication.
The region where the mating projection meets the bulk of the cell, in unicellular fungi exposed to mating pheromone.
The region where the mating projection meets the bulk of the cell, in unicellular fungi exposed to mating pheromone.
A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates sorting of some imported proteins to the outer membrane and their assembly in the membrane; functions after import of incoming proteins by the mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex.
A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates sorting of some imported proteins to the outer membrane and their assembly in the membrane; functions after import of incoming proteins by the mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex.
Relaying of environmental signals promoting filamentous growth.
Relaying of environmental signals promoting filamentous growth.
A growth pattern exhibited by budding haploid cells under certain growth conditions, in which cells retain the typical axial budding pattern of haploids, but become elongated and fail to separate after division; during growth on a solid substrate, this results in penetration of cells into the agar medium. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Penetration by an organism into the body, tissues, or cells of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Penetration by an organism into the body, tissues, or cells of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Penetration by an organism into the body, tissues, or cells of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Penetration by an organism into the body, tissues, or cells of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Protein complex located on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane and associated with the TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex (GO:0005744); ATPase motor activity to drive import of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix.
Protein complex located on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane and associated with the TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex (GO:0005744); ATPase motor activity to drive import of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix.
Protein complex located on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane and associated with the TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex (GO:0005744); ATPase motor activity to drive import of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix.
Protein complex located on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane and associated with the TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex (GO:0005744); ATPase motor activity to drive import of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix.
Enables the transfer of glycerophosphodiesters from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycerophosphodiesters are small molecules composed of glycerol-3-phosphate and an alcohol, for example, glycerophosphoinositol.
The process in which a glycerophosphodiester is transported across a membrane. Glycerophosphodiesters are small molecules composed of glycerol-3-phosphate and an alcohol, for example, glycerophosphoinositol.
The directed movement of guanine nucleotides, GTP, GDP, and/or GMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Enables the transfer of guanine nucleotides (GMP, GDP, and GTP) from one side of a membrane to the other.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the chlamydospore over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A chlamydospores is a mitotic (asexual) one-celled spore, produced primarily for survival, not dispersal, originating endogenously and singly within part of a pre-existing cell and possessing an inner secondary and often thickened cell wall. An example of this is found in Candida albicans.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the chlamydospore over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A chlamydospores is a mitotic (asexual) one-celled spore, produced primarily for survival, not dispersal, originating endogenously and singly within part of a pre-existing cell and possessing an inner secondary and often thickened cell wall. An example of this is found in Candida albicans.
The end, or tip, of a fungal hypha, where polarized growth occurs during hyphal elongation.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).
The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes.
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.
The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.
The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.
The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.
The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.
Any process that modulates levels of neurotransmitter.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine that occurs in the synaptic cleft during synaptic transmission.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine that occurs in the synaptic cleft during synaptic transmission.
A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Posttranscriptional addition of a methyl group to either a nucleotide or 2'-O ribose in a polyribonucleotide. Usually uses S-adenosylmethionine as a cofactor.
Extracellular matrix components occurring independently or along with elastin. Thought to have force-bearing functions in tendon. In addition to fibrillins, microfibrils may contain other associated proteins.
Extracellular matrix components occurring independently or along with elastin. Thought to have force-bearing functions in tendon. In addition to fibrillins, microfibrils may contain other associated proteins.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with calcium ions (Ca2+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a hydroquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a hydroquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a hydroquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a hydroquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a hydroquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a hydroquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a hydroquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a hydroquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a hydroquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a hydroquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide + a quinone = 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)nicotinamide + a hydroquinone.
The incorporation of selenocysteine into a peptide; uses a special tRNA that recognizes the UGA codon as selenocysteine, rather than as a termination codon. Selenocysteine is synthesized from serine before its incorporation; it is not a posttranslational modification of peptidyl-cysteine.
Naturally occurring peptide that is an opioid (any non-alkaloid having an opiate-like effect that can be reversed by naloxone or other recognized morphine antagonist). These include Leu- and Met-enkephalin, dynorphin and neoendorphin, alpha, beta, gamma and delta endorphins formed from beta-lipotropin, various pronase-resistant peptides such as beta casamorphin, and other peptides whose opiate-like action seems to be indirect.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate.
A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential.
A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential.
A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential.
The posttranslational conversion of C-terminal glycine-extended peptides to C-terminal alpha-amidated peptides. Occurs to over half of all peptide hormones to give bioactive peptides. This is a two step process catalyzed by a peptidyl-glycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase and a peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase. In some organisms, this process is catalyzed by two separate enzymes, whereas in higher organisms, one polypeptide catalyzes both reactions.
A supramolecular fiber found in the flagella of mammalian sperm that surrounds the nine microtubule doublets. These dense fibers are stiff and noncontractile. In human, they consist of about 10 major and at least 15 minor proteins, where all major proteins are ODF1, ODF2 or ODF2-related proteins.
The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule. This posttranscriptional base modification occurs in tRNA, rRNA, and snRNAs.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoids, any member of a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.
Enables the directed movement of oxygen into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of oxygen into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of oxygen into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of oxygen into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Enables the directed movement of oxygen into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + proteoglycan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + proteoglycan sulfate. A proteoglycan is a glycoprotein whose carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + proteoglycan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + proteoglycan sulfate. A proteoglycan is a glycoprotein whose carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.
A component of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lipopolysaccharide.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lipopolysaccharide.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-21 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-21 receptor.
Combining with interleukin-21 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-21 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
A type of plasma membrane that has been modified through addition of distinct intracellular and extracellular components, including ceramide, found in cornifying epithelial cells (corneocytes).
Protein complex that links the outer microtubule doublet of the ciliary or flagellum axoneme with the sheath that surrounds the central pair of microtubules. Composed of a stalk that attaches to each doublet microtubule and a globular structure (spoke head) that projects toward the central pair of microtubules.
Protein complex forming part of eukaryotic flagellar apparatus.
Globular portion of the radial spoke that projects towards the central pair of microtubules.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate.
Cell motility due to movement of eukaryotic cilia or bacterial-type flagella or archaeal-type flagella.
Cell motility due to movement of eukaryotic cilia or bacterial-type flagella or archaeal-type flagella.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with amyloid-beta peptide/protein and/or its precursor.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process leading to the rupture of the follicle, releasing the centrally located oocyte into the oviduct. An example of this is found in Mus musculus.
Disruption of theca cell layer releasing follicular fluid and/or the oocyte.
Increase in size of primordial follicles including proliferation and shape changes of granulosa and/or theca cells until oocyte is surrounded by one layer of cuboidal shaped granulosa cells (primary follicle).
Increase in size of primary follicles including oocyte growth and granulosa and/or theca cell proliferation until more than one layer of granulosa cells is present (preantral follicle).
Increase in size of follicles surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells up to the onset of antrum formation.
Increase in size of antral follicles due to cell proliferation and/or growth of the antral cavity.
The menstrual cycle process that results in the formation of one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells during the various stages of oogenesis.
The menstrual cycle process that results in the formation of one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells during the various stages of oogenesis.
The process in which a subpopulation of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte acquires the specialized features of an ovarian cumulus cell.
Increase in size of the cumulus surrounding the oocyte including change in morphology due to proliferation and dispersion of cumulus cells.
Association of oocytes with supporting epithelial granulosa cells to form primordial follicles.
A periodic process in which immature ovarian follicles degenerate and are subsequently re-absorbed.
The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation.
The lysis or structural demise of the corpus luteum. During normal luteolysis, two closely related events occur. First, there is loss of the capacity to synthesize and secrete progesterone (functional luteolysis) followed by loss of the cells that comprise the corpus luteum (structural luteolysis). Preventing luteolysis is crucial to maintain pregnancy.
The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.
Any process in which the size of the nucleus with respect to the cytoplasm modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
Any process in which the size of the nucleus with respect to the cytoplasm modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
Any process in which the size of the nucleus with respect to the cytoplasm modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
Any process in which the size of the nucleus with respect to the cytoplasm modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
Any process in which external signals modulate the frequency, rate or extent of cell growth, the irreversible increase in size of a cell over time.
A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a protozoan.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a protozoan.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a protozoan.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a protozoan.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a protozoan is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a protozoan is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a protozoan is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Combining with a phorbol ester and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a phorbol ester and transmitting the signal by a mechanism independent of kinase activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + cholesterol + O(2) = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + cholesterol + O(2) = 25-hydroxycholesterol + A + H(2)O.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.
Combining with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other by a mechanism independent of tyrosine kinase activity.
Combining with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other by a mechanism independent of tyrosine kinase activity.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. They are the precursors of both gangliosides and globosides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. They are the precursors of both gangliosides and globosides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. They are the precursors of both gangliosides and globosides.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group. They are the precursors of both gangliosides and globosides.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving globosides, globotetraosylceramides, ceramides containing a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I). Globosides are the major neutral glycosphingolipid in normal kidneys and erythrocytes.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ceramide with a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ceramide with a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ceramide with a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ceramide with a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I).
The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any glycoside in which the sugar group is galactose.
A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.
The directed movement of medium-chain fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A medium-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.
The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sour taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sour taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sour taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sour taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sour taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sour taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sour taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a sweet taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a salty taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a salty taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a salty taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a salty taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a salty taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a salty taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events required for a salty taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.
Combining with serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activation of the Gi/o subunit of an associated cytoplasmic heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gi/o subunit subsequently inhibits adenylate cyclase and results in a decrease in cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels.
Combining with serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activation of the Gi/o subunit of an associated cytoplasmic heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gi/o subunit subsequently inhibits adenylate cyclase and results in a decrease in cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels.
Combining with serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activation of the Gq/11 subunit of an associated cytoplasmic heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gq/11 subunit subsequently activates phospholipase C and results in an increase in inositol triphosphate (IP3) levels.
Combining with serotonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activation of the Gq/11 subunit of an associated cytoplasmic heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gq/11 subunit subsequently activates phospholipase C and results in an increase in inositol triphosphate (IP3) levels.
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gs to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gs to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gs to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gs to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the neurotransmitter dopamine and activating adenylate cyclase via coupling to Gi/Go to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a trace amine to initiate a change in cell activity. Trace amines are biogenic amines that are synthesized from aromatic amino acids and are substrates for monoamine oxidase, and are therefore detectable only at trace levels in mammals.
Combining with angiotensin to initiate a change in cell activity.
An angiotensin receptor activity that acts via Gq-mediated activation of phospholipase C followed by phosphoinositide hydrolysis and Ca2+ signaling, and may act via additional signaling mechanisms.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an apelin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an apelin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an apelin receptor.
Combining with gut peptide YY to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with pancreatic polypeptide PP to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with urotensin II to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with adrenomedullin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with neuromedin U to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with a purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with ghrelin to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a virus component and mediating entry of the virus into the cell.
Combining with the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.
Combining with the phospholipid derivative lysophosphatidic acid, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.
Combining with ADP and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with ADP and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the peptide nociceptin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.
Combining with the peptide nociceptin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.
Combining with the peptide nociceptin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.
Combining with the peptide nociceptin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.
Combining with the peptide nociceptin, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.
Combining with a cysteinyl leukotriene to initiate a change in cell activity. Cysteinyl leukotrienes are leukotrienes that contain a peptide group based on cysteine.
Combining with leukotriene B4, LTB4, to initiate a change in cell activity. Leukotriene B4 is also known as (6Z, 8E, 10E, 14Z)-(5S, 12R)-5,12-dihydroxyicosa-6,8,10,14-tetraen-1-oate.
A G protein-coupled receptor that interacts with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.
A G protein-coupled receptor that interacts with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.
A G protein-coupled receptor that interacts with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.
A G protein-coupled receptor that interacts with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.
A G protein-coupled receptor that interacts with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.
A G protein-coupled receptor that interacts with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.
A G protein-coupled receptor that interacts with pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.
Combining with a calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP) to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP) to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a chemoattractant and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with a chemoattractant and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with a chemoattractant and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
A G protein-coupled receptor that binds glutamate and is linked to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium signaling system.
A G protein-coupled receptor that binds glutamate and is linked to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium signaling system.
A G protein-coupled receptor that binds glutamate and is linked to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium signaling system.
A G protein-coupled receptor that binds glutamate and is linked to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium signaling system.
A G protein-coupled receptor that binds glutamate and is linked to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate/calcium signaling system.
Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex to inhibit downstream adenylate cyclase activity.
Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex to inhibit downstream adenylate cyclase activity.
A G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (t-ACPD) and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.
A G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by L-AP-4 and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.
Combining with cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with cytokinin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with cytokinin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
Combining with cytokinin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.
A G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity that is initiated by cleavage of the N terminus of the receptor by a serine protease, resulting in the generation of a new tethered ligand that interacts with the receptor.
The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.
A structure found most metazoan nucleoli, but not usually found in lower eukaryotes; surrounded by the dense fibrillar component; the zone of transcription from multiple copies of the pre-rRNA genes is in the border region between these two structures.
A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains newly synthesized preribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) and a collection of proteins.
A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains nearly completed preribosomal particles destined for the cytoplasm.
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with an extracellular or intracellular peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.
A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature.
The heat generation process that results in a rise in body temperature above the normal, often as a response to infection.
A conditioned aversion to a specific chemical compound as a result of that compound being coupled with a noxious stimulus.
An acute behavioral change resulting from a perceived external threat.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G protein-coupled receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G protein-coupled receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G protein-coupled receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G protein-coupled receptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + glycano-(1->3)-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl)-glycoprotein = CMP + glycano-[(2->6)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl]-(N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl)-glycoprotein.
Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + glycano-(1->3)-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl)-glycoprotein = CMP + glycano-[(2->6)-alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl]-(N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl)-glycoprotein.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.
Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.
A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.
A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.
Binds to and increases the ATP hydrolysis activity of an ATPase.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly or disassembly.
The nucleus of a male germ cell, a reproductive cell in males.
The nucleus of a male germ cell, a reproductive cell in males.
The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females.
The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females.
The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty acids, A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.
Formation of a complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator).
A cellular homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-O-acetylneuraminate (free or glycosidically bound) + H2O = N-acetylneuraminate + acetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-O-acetylneuraminate (free or glycosidically bound) + H2O = N-acetylneuraminate + acetate.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-O-acetylneuraminate (free or glycosidically bound) + H2O = N-acetylneuraminate + acetate.
Generation of the mature 5'-end of the tRNA, usually via an endonucleolytic cleavage by RNase P.
A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.
A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.
A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.
A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.
Any dynein complex with a homodimeric dynein heavy chain core that catalyzes movement along a microtubule. Cytoplasmic dynein complexes participate in many cytoplasmic transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Some complexes participate in intraflagellar transport. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes, and may include light chains and light intermediate chains.
Any dynein complex with a homodimeric dynein heavy chain core that catalyzes movement along a microtubule. Cytoplasmic dynein complexes participate in many cytoplasmic transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Some complexes participate in intraflagellar transport. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes, and may include light chains and light intermediate chains.
Any dynein complex with a homodimeric dynein heavy chain core that catalyzes movement along a microtubule. Cytoplasmic dynein complexes participate in many cytoplasmic transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Some complexes participate in intraflagellar transport. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes, and may include light chains and light intermediate chains.
Any dynein complex with a homodimeric dynein heavy chain core that catalyzes movement along a microtubule. Cytoplasmic dynein complexes participate in many cytoplasmic transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Some complexes participate in intraflagellar transport. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes, and may include light chains and light intermediate chains.
Maintains the phosphorylation state of certain molecules by associating with them and preventing them from associating with active phosphatases, and thus inhibiting the enzyme activity without interacting with the enzyme. Often pertains to proteins belonging to dual-specificity phosphatase family but lacking critical active site residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.
The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
The regulated release of gastric acid induced by the interaction of histamine with H2 type receptor receptors with subsequent activation of adenylate cyclase and elevation of intracellular cyclic AMP.
The regulated release of gastric acid induced by the interaction of gastrin with its receptor.
The regulated release of gastric acid by parietal cells in response to acetylcholine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through syncytial blastoderm to the hatching of the first instar larva. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.
A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.
A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.
A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the mouth and the anus forms second.
The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation.
The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation.
The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation.
The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.
The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.
A process involved in cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.
The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the mesoderm.
The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the endoderm.
The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the ectoderm.
The cell fate determination process that results in a cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into an ectoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.
The cell fate determination process that results in a cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The cell fate determination process that results in a cell becoming becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an ectoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
Catalysis of the reaction: a L-amino acid + H2O + O2 = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: a L-amino acid + H2O + O2 = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
The modification process that results in the conversion of serine, carried by a specialized tRNA(ser) (which can read a UGA anticodon), to selenocysteine.
The modification process that results in the conversion of lysine, carried by a specialized lysine-accepting tRNA (possessing a CUA anticodon), to pyrrolysine (a lysine with an amide linkage to a (4R,5R)-4-substituted pyrroline-5-carboxylate).
A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins.
A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins.
A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins.
A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments.
A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments.
A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments.
A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments.
A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments.
A contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity, cross-linked by alpha-actinin and possibly other actin bundling proteins, and with myosin present in a periodic distribution along the fiber.
A contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity, cross-linked by alpha-actinin and possibly other actin bundling proteins, and with myosin present in a periodic distribution along the fiber.
Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork.
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a simple or complex lipid.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ceramide = ADP + ceramide-1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + ceramide = ADP + ceramide-1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = pppA(2'p5'A)n oligomers. This reaction requires the binding of double-stranded RNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = pppA(2'p5'A)n oligomers. This reaction requires the binding of double-stranded RNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = pppA(2'p5'A)n oligomers. This reaction requires the binding of double-stranded RNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = pppA(2'p5'A)n oligomers. This reaction requires the binding of double-stranded RNA.
The joining of the small ribosomal subunit, ternary complex, and mRNA.
The joining of the small ribosomal subunit, ternary complex, and mRNA.
Joining of the large subunit, with release of IF2/eIF2 and IF3/eIF3. This leaves the functional ribosome at the AUG, with the methionyl/formyl-methionyl-tRNA positioned at the P site.
Joining of the large subunit, with release of IF2/eIF2 and IF3/eIF3. This leaves the functional ribosome at the AUG, with the methionyl/formyl-methionyl-tRNA positioned at the P site.
Joining of the large subunit, with release of IF2/eIF2 and IF3/eIF3. This leaves the functional ribosome at the AUG, with the methionyl/formyl-methionyl-tRNA positioned at the P site.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a galactosylceramide = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a galactosylceramidesulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a galactosylceramide = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a galactosylceramidesulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a galactosylceramide = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a galactosylceramidesulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a galactosylceramide = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a galactosylceramidesulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a galactosylceramide = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a galactosylceramidesulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a galactosylceramide = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a galactosylceramidesulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a galactosylceramide = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a galactosylceramidesulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a galactosylceramide = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a galactosylceramidesulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a galactosylceramide = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + a galactosylceramidesulfate.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + RRACH = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + RRm6ACH; R is a purine, and H is C, A, or U.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-prenyl-L-cysteine + O2 + H2O = a prenal + L-cysteine + H2O2.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-prenyl-L-cysteine + O2 + H2O = a prenal + L-cysteine + H2O2.
Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.
Orientation of hairs in the imaginal disc-derived wing along a proximal-distal axis, such that each cell of the wing produces one wing hair which points in a distal direction.
The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.
Chromatin that is part of a sex chromosome.
A structure found in a female mammalian cell containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery.
A structure found in a male mammalian spermatocyte containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oenocyte. Oenocytes are large secretory cells found in clusters underlying the epidermis of larval abdominal segments.
The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of an eye.
Establishment of the optic placode, a thickened area of densely packed ectoderm cells directly overlying the optic vesicle in the early embryo. In Drosophila, for example, the placode appears in the dorsolateral region of the head in late stage 11 embryos and is the precursor to the larval visual system.
Establishment of the optic placode, a thickened area of densely packed ectoderm cells directly overlying the optic vesicle in the early embryo. In Drosophila, for example, the placode appears in the dorsolateral region of the head in late stage 11 embryos and is the precursor to the larval visual system.
The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye are generated and organized. The adult compound eye is a precise assembly of 700-800 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of 20 cells, identified by cell type and position. An example of compound eye morphogenesis is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the larval eye in Drosophila are generated and organized. The larval eye in Drosophila is a relatively simple sensory system composed of Bolwig's organs: two clusters, each composed of 12 photoreceptor cells from which axons extend in a single fascicle to the brain.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic placode over time, from its formation to the mature structure. During embryonic stage 12 the placode starts to invaginate, forming a pouch. Cells that will form Bolwig's organ segregate from the ventral lip of this pouch, remaining in the head epidermis. The remainder of the invagination loses contact with the outer surface and becomes the optic lobe. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic placode over time, from its formation to the mature structure. During embryonic stage 12 the placode starts to invaginate, forming a pouch. Cells that will form Bolwig's organ segregate from the ventral lip of this pouch, remaining in the head epidermis. The remainder of the invagination loses contact with the outer surface and becomes the optic lobe. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic placode over time, from its formation to the mature structure. During embryonic stage 12 the placode starts to invaginate, forming a pouch. Cells that will form Bolwig's organ segregate from the ventral lip of this pouch, remaining in the head epidermis. The remainder of the invagination loses contact with the outer surface and becomes the optic lobe. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains discs of photoreceptive membranes.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an eye photoreceptor cell.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a compound eye photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a light-responsive receptor in the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms.
The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo.
The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.
The process in which individual somites establish identity during embryogenesis.
Catalysis of the reaction: retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH. Acts on both 11-trans and 13-cis forms of retinal.
Catalysis of the reaction: retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH. Acts on both 11-trans and 13-cis forms of retinal.
The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde + H(+) = 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde + H(+) = 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde + H(+) = 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde + H(+) = 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde + H(+) = 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde + H(+) = 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde + H(+) = 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde + CO(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde + H(+) = 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde + CO(2).
Enables the transfer of beta-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Beta-alanine is 3-aminopropanoic acid.
The directed movement of beta-alanine, 3-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes.
The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.
The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.
The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane raft, a small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane raft, a small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane raft, a small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes.
The clustering and aggregation of membrane rafts at a single cellular pole during activation of particular cell types, such as lymphocytes.
The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell.
The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.
The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.
The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.
The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.
The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.
The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.
The directed orientation of B cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient of a contact point with an antigen displaying cell.
The directed orientation of B cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient of a contact point with an antigen displaying cell.
The directed orientation of B cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient of a contact point with an antigen displaying cell.
The directed orientation of B cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient of a contact point with an antigen displaying cell.
The directed orientation of B cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient of a contact point with an antigen displaying cell.
The directed orientation of B cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient of a contact point with an antigen displaying cell.
The directed orientation of natural killer cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with a cell displaying natural killer cell activating ligands.
The directed orientation of natural killer cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with a cell displaying natural killer cell activating ligands.
The directed orientation of natural killer cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with a cell displaying natural killer cell activating ligands.
The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.
An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.
An area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell formed through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and the target cell and facilitating activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.
The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
The non-specific expansion of T cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of T cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Any apoptotic process in a neutrophil, any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
Any apoptotic process in a neutrophil, any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
Any apoptotic process in a neutrophil, any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
Any apoptotic process in a neutrophil, any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
Any apoptotic process in a neutrophil, any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a phosphorylated tyrosine residue within a protein.
Combining with prostaglandin J (PGJ(2)), a metabolite of prostaglandin D (PGD(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with prostaglandin J (PGJ(2)), a metabolite of prostaglandin D (PGD(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with phosphatidylserine, a class of glycophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.
The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division.
Cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells by Fc receptors on the effector cells.
Cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells by Fc receptors on the effector cells.
Cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells by Fc receptors on the effector cells.
Cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells by Fc receptors on the effector cells.
Cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells by Fc receptors on the effector cells.
Cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells by Fc receptors on the effector cells.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a J-chain-containing polymeric immunoglobulin of the IgA or IgM isotypes.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an immunoglobulin of the IgM isotype.
Combining with a J-chain-containing polymeric immunoglobulin of the IgA or IgM isotypes via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with an immunoglobulin of the IgM isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
An inflammatory response resulting in cell death mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis or cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell.
An inflammatory response resulting in cell death or dysfunction mediated by the direct binding of antibody to cellular receptors.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
An inflammatory response resulting from recognition of immune complexes via complement or Fc receptors on effector cells leading to activation of neutrophils and other leukocytes and damage to bystander tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
An inflammatory response driven by T cell recognition of processed soluble or cell-associated antigens leading to cytokine release and leukocyte activation.
An inflammatory response driven by T cell recognition of processed soluble or cell-associated antigens leading to cytokine release and leukocyte activation.
An inflammatory response driven by T cell recognition of processed soluble or cell-associated antigens leading to cytokine release and leukocyte activation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells.
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells.
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells.
The regulated release of histamine by a cell or tissue. It is formed by decarboxylation of histidine and it acts through receptors in smooth muscle and in secretory systems.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm.
The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an inner cell mass cell.
The cell fate commitment of precursor cells that will become inner cell mass cells.
The morphogenesis of cells in the inner cell mass.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell.
The cell fate commitment of precursor cells that will become trophectoderm cells.
The morphogenesis of trophectoderm cells.
An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation.
The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass.
The proliferation of cells in the trophectoderm.
The hatching of the cellular blastocyst from the zona pellucida.
The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation.
A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.
The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.
The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.
The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.
The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove.
The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.
The process in which a protein is incorporated into a mitochondrial membrane as the initial phase of the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization that takes place in the apoptotic signaling pathway.
The process in which a protein is incorporated into a mitochondrial membrane as the initial phase of the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization that takes place in the apoptotic signaling pathway.
The process in which a protein is incorporated into a mitochondrial membrane as the initial phase of the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization that takes place in the apoptotic signaling pathway.
The process in which a protein is incorporated into a mitochondrial membrane as the initial phase of the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization that takes place in the apoptotic signaling pathway.
The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome.
The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome.
The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an opsonin, such as a complement component or antibody, deposited on the surface of a bacteria, virus, immune complex, or other particulate material.
Combining with an opsonin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any component or product of the complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the C1q component of the classical complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the C3a product of the complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the C3b product of the complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the iC3b product of the complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the C3dg product of the complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the C3d product of the complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the C4b product of the classical complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the C5a product of the complement cascade.
Combining with the C1q component of the classical complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the iC3b product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the C3dg product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the C3d product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with the C4b product of the classical complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a collectin, a member of a group of structurally related pattern recognition molecules characterized by having a carbohydrate recognition domain of the C-type lectin family at the C-terminus and a collagenous domain at the N-terminus.
Combining with a collectin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pentraxin, a member of a family of inflammatory proteins with a radially symmetric arrangement of five identical, noncovalently linked chains in a pentagonal array.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division.
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the lectin pathway of complement activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of complement activation by the lectin pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of complement activation by the lectin pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of complement activation by the lectin pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of complement activation by the lectin pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of complement activation by the lectin pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the lectin pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the lectin pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the lectin pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the lectin pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the lectin pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the lectin pathway.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a repeating or polymeric structure, such as a polysaccharide or peptidoglycan.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with (1->3)-beta-D-glucans.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with (1->3)-beta-D-glucans.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with (1->3)-beta-D-glucans.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with (1->3)-beta-D-glucans.
Combining with a polysaccharide and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.
Combining with (1->3)-beta-D-glucans to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with (1->3)-beta-D-glucans to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with (1->3)-beta-D-glucans to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with (1->3)-beta-D-glucans to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a lipopolysaccharide and transmitting the signal across the cell membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.
Combining with a lipopolysaccharide and transmitting the signal across the cell membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lipoarabinomannan.
Combining with lipoarabinomannan and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a yeast is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The process in which the Mullerian ducts, primordia of the oviducts, uterus and upper vagina, undergo regression in male embryos.
The process that results in the return of receptor molecules to an active state and an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a purine nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pyrimidine nucleoside, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.
The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain selenium, such as selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain selenium, such as selenocysteine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain selenium, such as selenocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan = UDP + alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan = UDP + alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan = UDP + alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan = UDP + alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan = UDP + alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan = UDP + alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome.
The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.
A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.
A programmed cell death process observed in bacteria and filamentous fungi and leading to spontaneous death by lysis. Examples are lysis of the mother cell during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis and self-degradation of fungal cells in Aspergillus nidulans. Autolysis is also involved in bacterial biofilm formation.
The killing by an organism of a cell in its host organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytolysis by that organism of cells in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade which can result in death of a target cell through cytolysis.
The activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade which can result in death of a target cell through cytolysis.
The activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade which can result in death of a target cell through cytolysis.
The activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade which can result in death of a target cell through cytolysis.
The activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade which can result in death of a target cell through cytolysis.
The activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade which can result in death of a target cell through cytolysis.
The activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade which can result in death of a target cell through cytolysis.
The activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade which can result in death of a target cell through cytolysis.
Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.
Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte.
The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte.
The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte.
The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.
The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
The inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor containing mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a farnesylated protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of receptor recycling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recycling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recycling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recycling.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recycling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells of the B-1 subset such that the total number of B-1 B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells of the B-1 subset such that the total number of B-1 B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells of the B-1 subset such that the total number of B-1 B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
The process in which a hemopoietic stem cell acquires the specialized features of a B-1 B cell. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
The process in which a hemopoietic stem cell acquires the specialized features of a B-1 B cell. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
The process in which a hemopoietic stem cell acquires the specialized features of a B-1 B cell. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
The process in which a hemopoietic stem cell acquires the specialized features of a B-1 B cell. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B-1 B cell differentiation.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of various polypeptides into the exocyst complex.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocyst assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of exocyst assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of exocyst assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of exocyst assembly.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of exocyst assembly.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of exocyst assembly.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of exocyst assembly.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of exocyst assembly.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of exocyst assembly.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of exocyst assembly.
A membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a cell in the process of migrating or being activated, found on the opposite side of the cell from the leading edge or immunological synapse, respectively.
A membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a cell in the process of migrating or being activated, found on the opposite side of the cell from the leading edge or immunological synapse, respectively.
A membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a cell in the process of migrating or being activated, found on the opposite side of the cell from the leading edge or immunological synapse, respectively.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.
The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.
The pronucleus originating from the ovum that is being fertilized.
The pronucleus originating from the spermatozoa that was involved in fertilization.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynaptic membrane, the specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynaptic membrane, the specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lymph vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Lymph vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing vessels.
The tube morphogenesis process in which the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceding their future integration. Heart looping begins with dextral-looping and ends when the main regional divisions of the mature heart and primordium of the great arterial trunks become established preceeding septation.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epidermal cell acquires the specialized features of a sebaceous gland cell.
Uptake of D-glucose into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to the extracellular matrix.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.
Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells.
Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells.
Replacement ossification wherein bone tissue replaces cartilage.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cytokine mediated signaling pathway.
Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose residue from a donor molecule, such as GDP-galactose or UDP-galactose, to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->3) linkage.
The vesicular release of  dopamine. from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a G-protein alpha subunit. The alpha subunit binds a guanine nucleotide.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to touch.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to touch.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to touch.
Specific behavior of a newborn or infant mammal that results in the derivation of nourishment from the breast.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a fibronectin, a group of related adhesive glycoproteins of high molecular weight found on the surface of animal cells, connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with retinoic acid, 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to extracellular adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to extracellular adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to extracellular adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.
The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amphetamine stimulus. Amphetamines consist of a group of compounds related to alpha-methylphenethylamine.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of stimuli and a neurological response.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of stimuli and a neurological response.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of stimuli and a neurological response.
A slow mechanism of blood pressure regulation that responds to changes in pressure resulting from fluid and salt intake by modulating the quantity of blood in the circulatory system.
A slow mechanism of blood pressure regulation that responds to changes in pressure resulting from fluid and salt intake by modulating the quantity of blood in the circulatory system.
The process that modulates blood pressure by sensing the amount of stretch occurring in large arteries and responding to the input via central nervous system control.
The process that modulates blood pressure by sensing the amount of stretch occurring in large arteries and responding to the input via central nervous system control.
The process that modulates blood pressure by sensing the amount of stretch occurring in large arteries and responding to the input via central nervous system control.
The process that modulates blood pressure by the action of chemoreceptors found in the carotid and aortic bodies and their resultant modulation of the vasomotor center. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
The process that modulates blood pressure by the action of chemoreceptors found in the carotid and aortic bodies and their resultant modulation of the vasomotor center. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
The process that modulates blood pressure by the action of chemoreceptors found in the carotid and aortic bodies and their resultant modulation of the vasomotor center. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
The process that modulates blood pressure by the detection of carbon dioxide levels in the brain stem. Increased levels activate the sympathetic vasoconstrictor mechanism increasing the force with which blood flows through the circulatory system.
The process that modulates blood pressure by the detection of carbon dioxide levels in the brain stem. Increased levels activate the sympathetic vasoconstrictor mechanism increasing the force with which blood flows through the circulatory system.
The process that modulates blood pressure by the detection of carbon dioxide levels in the brain stem. Increased levels activate the sympathetic vasoconstrictor mechanism increasing the force with which blood flows through the circulatory system.
The series of events by which the change in diameter of an artery is detected and converted to a molecular signal.
The lowering of the number of nerve impulses from baroreceptors as a result of decreased stretch of an artery that results in an increased in sympathetic nerve impulses to peripheral blood vessels.
The increase in nerve impulses from baroreceptors as a result of increased pressure on an artery that results in an inhibition of sympathetic nerve impulses to peripheral blood vessels.
An increase in the internal diameter of an artery, triggered by vasomotor suppression, during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.
Any process that decreases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.
Any process that decreases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the baroreceptor response to increased blood pressure.
A process that is triggered by vasomotor excitation and results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as part of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as part of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as part of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
The process in which hormones modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
The process in which hormones modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
The process in which hormones modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the bloodstream modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. The process begins when renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen.
The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the bloodstream modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. The process begins when renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen.
The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the bloodstream modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. The process begins when renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen.
The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the bloodstream modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. The process begins when renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen.
The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the bloodstream modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. The process begins when renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule vasopressin. Vasopressin is produced in the hypothalamus, and affects vasoconstriction, and renal water transport.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule vasopressin. Vasopressin is produced in the hypothalamus, and affects vasoconstriction, and renal water transport.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine or epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine or epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine or epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.
A process that results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the norepinephrine-epinephrine response to decreased blood pressure.
A process that results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the norepinephrine-epinephrine response to decreased blood pressure.
A process that results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the norepinephrine-epinephrine response to decreased blood pressure.
A process that results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the norepinephrine-epinephrine response to decreased blood pressure.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of norepinephrine or epinephrine in the bloodstream.
The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.
The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.
The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.
The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.
The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.
The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.
The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.
The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.
The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.
The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream or released from the nerve endings.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream or released from the nerve endings.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream or released from the nerve endings.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream or released from the nerve endings.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream or released from the nerve endings.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream or released from the nerve endings.
The decrease in blood vessel diameter as a result of the release of angiotensin into the blood stream.
The decrease in blood vessel diameter as a result of the release of angiotensin into the blood stream.
The decrease in blood vessel diameter as a result of the release of angiotensin into the blood stream.
The decrease in blood vessel diameter as a result of the release of angiotensin into the blood stream.
The physiological response of the kidneys to a decrease in blood flow.
The process in which the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys receive information about the amount of blood flowing through the arterioles and converts the information to a molecular signal.
The regulated release of renin into the blood stream by juxtoglomerular cells.
The process that modulates the level of any of the various angiotensinogen proteolytic products in the blood. This occurs by the proteolytic cleavage of angiotensinogen, and its proteolytic products, to create a variety of active peptide hormones, such as angiotensin I and angiotensin II, as well as through the removal of these peptides from the circulation.
The process that modulates the level of any of the various angiotensinogen proteolytic products in the blood. This occurs by the proteolytic cleavage of angiotensinogen, and its proteolytic products, to create a variety of active peptide hormones, such as angiotensin I and angiotensin II, as well as through the removal of these peptides from the circulation.
The process that modulates the level of any of the various angiotensinogen proteolytic products in the blood. This occurs by the proteolytic cleavage of angiotensinogen, and its proteolytic products, to create a variety of active peptide hormones, such as angiotensin I and angiotensin II, as well as through the removal of these peptides from the circulation.
The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of angiotensin by conversion of angiotensinogen into mature angiotensin in the blood.
The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of angiotensin by conversion of angiotensinogen into mature angiotensin in the blood.
The regulated release of the hormone vasopressin into the blood stream by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland contributing to fast regulation of blood pressure.
The regulated release of the hormone vasopressin into the blood stream by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland contributing to fast regulation of blood pressure.
The decrease in blood vessel diameter as a result of the release of vasopressin into the blood stream.
The process in which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies.
The process in which the molecular signal from the carotid and aortic bodies is relayed to the vasomotor center, causing it to signal an increase arterial pressure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.
The process in which the molecular signal from the arterial baroreceptors is relayed to the vasomotor center causing it to signal increase arterial pressure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells.
A process that is triggered by vasomotor excitation and results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
The process by a carbon dioxide stimulus is received and converted to a molecular signal by the vasomotor center of the central nervous system.
The vasoconstriction that is triggered by vasomotor excitation resulting from the detection of high carbon dioxide levels in the vasomotor center of the central nervous system.
A process that controls blood pressure by sensing the amount of stretch occurring in the atria.
A process that controls blood pressure by sensing the amount of stretch occurring in the atria.
A process that controls blood pressure by sensing the amount of stretch occurring in the atria.
A process that controls blood pressure by sensing the amount of stretch occurring in the atria.
The process in which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood.
The process in which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood.
The process in which the hormone aldosterone decreases the rate of diuresis and natriuresis resulting in increased blood volume.
The process in which the hormone aldosterone decreases the rate of diuresis and natriuresis resulting in increased blood volume.
The process in which the hormone aldosterone decreases the rate of diuresis and natriuresis resulting in increased blood volume.
The process in which an increase in active angiotensin stimulates the adrenal cortices to secrete aldosterone.
The process in which angiotensin directly modulates the rate of urine output by the kidney.
The process in which angiotensin directly modulates the rate of urine output by the kidney.
The process in which angiotensin directly modulates the rate of urine output by the kidney.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any protease or peptidase.
The physiological process in which dietary excess is sensed by the central nervous system, resulting in a reduction in food intake and increased energy expenditure.
The neurological process in which the brain senses excessive caloric intake.
An eating behavior process whereby detection of a dietary excess results in a decrease in intake of nutrients.
The process that results in increased metabolic rate in tissues of an organism. It is triggered by the detection of dietary excess. This process is achieved via signalling in the sympathetic nervous system.
A process that results in an increase in the diameter of an artery during the norepinephrine-epinephrine response to blood pressure change.
A process that results in an increase in the diameter of an artery during the norepinephrine-epinephrine response to blood pressure change.
A process that results in an increase in the diameter of an artery during the norepinephrine-epinephrine response to blood pressure change.
Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled.
Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway after prolonged stimulation with an agonist of the pathway.
The process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway after prolonged stimulation with an agonist of the pathway.
The process that inhibits the signaling function of a G protein-coupled receptor by addition of a phosphate group to its third intracellular loop consensus site.
The process that results in the uptake of a G protein-coupled receptor into an endocytic vesicle.
The process that inhibits the signaling function of a G protein-coupled receptor by uncoupling the receptor from its downstream G proteins.
The process that inhibits the signaling function of a G protein-coupled receptor by uncoupling the receptor from its downstream G proteins.
The process that inhibits the signaling function of a G protein-coupled receptor by uncoupling the receptor from its downstream G proteins.
The process that inhibits the signaling function of a G protein-coupled receptor by uncoupling the receptor from its downstream G proteins.
The process that increases the diameter of a blood vessel via the renin-angiotensin system.
The process in which the diameter of a blood vessel is changed due to activity of the renin-angiotensin system.
The process in which the diameter of a blood vessel is changed due to activity of the renin-angiotensin system.
The process in which an angiotensin-mediated signaling system present in the brain regulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with one of the p53 family of proteins.
The extension of new blood vessels from existing vessels into avascular tissues, this process includes the specialization of endothelial cells into leading tip and stalk cells, proliferation and migration of the endothelial cells and cell adhesion resulting in angiogenic sprout fusion or lumen formation.
The formation of new blood vessels as a result of the insertion and extension of lumenal tissue pillars.
The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels involved in sprouting angiogenesis.
The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population contributing to sprouting angiogenesis.
The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during intussusceptive angiogenesis.
The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a blood vessel endothelial cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix involved in intussusceptive angiogenesis.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an opsin, any of a group of hydrophobic, integral membrane glycoproteins located primarily in the disc membrane of rods or cones, involved in photoreception.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an opsin, any of a group of hydrophobic, integral membrane glycoproteins located primarily in the disc membrane of rods or cones, involved in photoreception.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenazine antibiotic, a polycyclic pyrazine with two nitrogen atoms in the ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenazine antibiotic, a polycyclic pyrazine with two nitrogen atoms in the ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenazine antibiotic, a polycyclic pyrazine with two nitrogen atoms in the ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenazine antibiotic, a polycyclic pyrazine with two nitrogen atoms in the ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenazine antibiotic, a polycyclic pyrazine with two nitrogen atoms in the ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenazine antibiotic, a polycyclic pyrazine with two nitrogen atoms in the ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenazine antibiotic, a polycyclic pyrazine with two nitrogen atoms in the ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenazine antibiotic, a polycyclic pyrazine with two nitrogen atoms in the ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the siderochrome pyoverdine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the siderochrome pyoverdine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the siderochrome pyoverdine.
The commitment of mesenchymal cells to the specific cell fate of an osteoblast. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.
Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.
The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.
The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.
The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.
The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.
The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a nucleobase, any of a class of pyrmidines or purines, organic nitrogenous bases.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with adenine, a purine base.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cytosine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with guanine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with uracil.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with thymine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a purine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a purine skeleton.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a purine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a purine skeleton.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pyrimidine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a pyrimidine skeleton.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pyrimidine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a pyrimidine skeleton.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a pyrimidine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a pyrimidine skeleton.
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a glandular epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.
The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the extraocular skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The extraocular muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls eye movements. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somitomeric trunk muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The somitomeric trunk muscle is derived from somitomeric mesoderm. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone.
The proteolytic digestion of components in the acrosomal matrix that occurs as part of the acrosome reaction. The process can occur either in the cumulus oophorous facilitating the penetration of it by the sperm, or at the zona pellucida allowing the sperm to reach the plasma membrane of the egg where the inner acrosomal membrane of the sperm can interact with the egg plasma membrane.
The fusion of the plasma membrane of the sperm with the outer acrosomal membrane.
The acrosomal membrane region that underlies the acrosomal vesicle and is located toward the sperm nucleus. This region is responsible for molecular interactions allowing the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuses with the egg plasma membrane.
The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization.
The acrosomal membrane region that underlies the plasma membrane of the sperm. This membrane fuses with the sperm plasma membrane as part of the acrosome reaction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate + 4-hydroxybenzoate = 3-decaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate + diphosphate.
The removal of palymitoyl groups from a lipoprotein.
Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.
Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.
A process in which force is generated within involuntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the diaphragm. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The diaphragm is a striated muscle that is necessary for the process of respiratory gaseous exchange.
A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.
Any process that alters the size or shape of an auditory receptor cell.
Catalysis of the transfer of multiple prenyl groups from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
A complex composed of proteins required for beta adrenergic receptor activation of protein kinase A. It includes the Cav 12. subunit of L-type calcium channel, protein kinase A regulatory subunit 2(PKAR2), adenyl cyclase, beta-adrenergic receptor, G-alpha-S, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and caveolin 3 (CAV3).
A punctate, filamentous structure composed of Bcl10 that appears in the cytoplasm of T-cells shortly after T-cell receptor stimulation. Polkadots stands for Punctate Oligomeric Killing and Activating DOmains Transducing Signals.
The process in which the nucleotide at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.
The process in which a uridine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.
The process in which a guanine in t position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.
The process in which an adenosine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally converted to inosine.
The process in which a cytosine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.
An actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell, contain an F-actin-rich core surrounded by a ring structure containing proteins such as vinculin and talin, and have a diameter of 0.5 mm.
Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with four genes, in this order, are produced in the chloroplasts of vascular plants. Note that the use of the word tetracistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.
Endonucleolytic cleavage between the 5S rRNA and the 4.5S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Note that the use of the word tetracistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.
Endonucleolytic cleavage between the LSU-rRNA and the 4.5S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Note that the use of the word tetracistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.
Endonucleolytic cleavages between the SSU-rRNA and the LSU-rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. These cleavages liberate tRNAs from the polycistronic transcript as well as separating the SSU and LSU containing transcript. Note that the use of the word tetracistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.
The removal of extra uridine residues from the 3' end of a 5S pre-rRNA generated by transcription by RNA polymerase III to generate the mature 3'-end.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.
The insertion of one or two non-coded nucleotides during the transcription of a mitochondrial rRNA. Such additions are known to occur in myxomycetes such as Physarum, Didymium, and Stemonitis.
A heterodimeric complex of BRCA2 and BRAF35 (BRCA2-associated factor 35). The BRCA2-BRAF35 complex is often associated with condensed chromatin during mitosis.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-33 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the interleukin-33 receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with interleukin-33.
Combining with interleukin-33 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with interleukin-33 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
A calcium ion entry mechanism in the plasma membrane activated by the depletion of calcium ion from the internal calcium ion store in the endoplasmic reticulum.
A calcium ion entry mechanism in the plasma membrane activated by the depletion of calcium ion from the internal calcium ion store in the endoplasmic reticulum.
A calcium ion entry mechanism in the plasma membrane activated by the depletion of calcium ion from the internal calcium ion store in the endoplasmic reticulum.
A calcium ion entry mechanism in the plasma membrane activated by the depletion of calcium ion from the internal calcium ion store in the endoplasmic reticulum.
A stable binary complex of a neurophilin and a plexin, together forming a functional semaphorin receptor.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the amphibian larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Amphibian larvae, sometimes called pollywogs or tadpoles, hatch from eggs and begin to grow limbs and other adult physical features at various times, depending on the species, before they metamorphose into the adult form.
A behavioral interaction between organisms in which one organism has the intention of inflicting physical damage on another individual.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
Aggressive behavior involving attack on prey by a predator.
Aggressive behavior involving attack on prey by a predator.
Aggressive behavior based on competition between males of the same species over access to resources such as females, dominance, status, etc. and characterized by noise, threats, and is often less injurious.
Aggressive behavior associated with attempts to flee from a threat.
Aggressive behavior induced by frustration and directed against an available target.
Aggressive behavior performed in defence of a fixed area against intruders, typically conspecifics.
Aggressive behavior of a female to protect her offspring from a threat.
Aggressive behavior directed towards obtaining some goal, considered to be a learned response to a situation.
The process in which the base of cytosine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the C5 position.
The process that results in the modification of the sugar of a nucleoside in tRNA at the 2'O position.
The process in which the ribose of guanosine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the 2'-O position.
The process in which the ribose base of the nucleotide at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the 2'O position.
The process in which the ribose of cytidine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the 2'-O position.
The process in which the ribose of uridine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the 2'-O position.
A stable heterodimeric complex composed of polycystin-1 and polycystin-2.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with UTP, uridine 5'-triphosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.
The process in which the carbonyl of cytosine at position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally replaced by lysine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.
A structure involved in coupling stereocilia to one another in sensory hair cells There are four morphologically distinct types: tip links, horizontal top connectors, shaft connectors and ankle links. Tip links and horizontal top connectors are the only inter-stereocilia links associated with mature cochlea, whereas ankle links appear during development of the auditory hair bundle.
A stereocilia link that is formed by a fine filament running more or less vertically upward from the tip of each shorter stereocilium to attach at a higher point on its adjacent taller neighbor. Tilting the bundle puts tension on the filaments, which pull on mechanically gated ion channels in the membrane of the stereocilia.
A stereocilia coupling link that is composed of a fine filament present in developing stereocilia that couples the bases of individual stereocilia to one another. They are not present in mature stereocilia.
A complex of proteins that connect growing stereocilia in developing cochlear hair cells, composed of Vlgr1, usherin, vezatin, and whirlin.
The process in which a uridine residue at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally thiolated at the C2 position. This process involves transfer of a sulfur from cysteine to position C2 by several steps.
The process in which a uridine residue at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally thiolated at the C2 position. This process involves transfer of a sulfur from cysteine to position C2 by several steps.
A complex of two proteins involved in the thiolation of U34 in glutamate, lysine, and glutamine tRNAs of eukaryotes.
A complex of two proteins involved in the thiolation of U34 in glutamate, lysine, and glutamine tRNAs of eukaryotes.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine pyrophosphate + H2O = hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate + phosphate + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine pyrophosphate + H2O = hydroxymethylpyrimidine phosphate + phosphate + H(+).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypochlorous acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypochlorous acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypochlorous acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypochlorous acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypochlorous acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypochlorous acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypochlorous acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypochlorous acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypochlorous acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypochlorous acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypochlorous acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypochlorous acid.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with G-quadruplex RNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with G-quadruplex RNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with G-quadruplex RNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with G-quadruplex RNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad.
The process in which bile acids are covalently linked to taurine or glycine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the steroid receptor RNA activator RNA (SRA). SRA enhances steroid hormone receptor transcriptional activity as an RNA transcript by an indirect mechanism that does not involve SRA-steroid receptor binding.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a thyroid hormone.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway.
The multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes.
A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.
The maintenance of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junctions found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an interspace of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.
The hydrolysis of an incorrectly aminoacylated tRNA.
The hydrolysis of an incorrectly aminoacylated tRNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dystroglycan. Dystroglycan is glycoprotein found in non-muscle tissues as well as in muscle tissues, often in association with dystrophin. The native dystroglycan cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits, alpha (N-terminal) and beta (C-terminal).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dystroglycan. Dystroglycan is glycoprotein found in non-muscle tissues as well as in muscle tissues, often in association with dystrophin. The native dystroglycan cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits, alpha (N-terminal) and beta (C-terminal).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dystroglycan. Dystroglycan is glycoprotein found in non-muscle tissues as well as in muscle tissues, often in association with dystrophin. The native dystroglycan cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits, alpha (N-terminal) and beta (C-terminal).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with dystroglycan. Dystroglycan is glycoprotein found in non-muscle tissues as well as in muscle tissues, often in association with dystrophin. The native dystroglycan cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits, alpha (N-terminal) and beta (C-terminal).
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larva is the early, immature form of an that at birth or hatching is fundamentally unlike its parent and must metamorphose before assuming the adult characters.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the instar larva or pupa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
A ternary complex consisting of VRK3, VHR (Dusp3), and ERK1 (Mapk3) existing in neuronal cells, and is involved in regulation of the ERK signaling pathway.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This begins with the newly hatched first-instar larva, through its maturation to the end of the last larval stage. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.
A mitochondrial protein complex which is capable of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity. In mammals, at least, consists as a dodecamer of 6 alpha and 6 beta subunits. MCCC-alpha has a covalently bound biotin essential for the ATP-dependent carboxylation. MCCC-beta possesses carboxyltransferase activity which presumably is essential for binding to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA.
A mitochondrial protein complex which is capable of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity. In mammals, at least, consists as a dodecamer of 6 alpha and 6 beta subunits. MCCC-alpha has a covalently bound biotin essential for the ATP-dependent carboxylation. MCCC-beta possesses carboxyltransferase activity which presumably is essential for binding to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA.
A mitochondrial protein complex which is capable of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity. In mammals, at least, consists as a dodecamer of 6 alpha and 6 beta subunits. MCCC-alpha has a covalently bound biotin essential for the ATP-dependent carboxylation. MCCC-beta possesses carboxyltransferase activity which presumably is essential for binding to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA.
Combining with high affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with low affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with high affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgM isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with low affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgM isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.
The expansion of a mammary stem cell population by cell division. Mammary stem cells are a source of cells for growth of the mammary gland during puberty and gestation. These cells can give rise to both the luminal and myoepithelial cell types of the gland, and can regenerate the entire organ.
A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the paranode region of an axon.
The multiplication or reproduction of male germ cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
A tubular array of microtubules that extends from the perinuclear ring surrounding the spermatid nucleus to the flagellar axoneme. The manchette may also contain F-actin filaments.
A protein complex with palmitoyltransferase activity.
A homodimeric complex which transfers a palmitoyl group onto serine, forming 3-dehydro-D-sphinganine.
An nuclear membrane protein complex having arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activity.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in the cytoplasm.
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in the cytoplasm. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in the cytoplasm, usually in response to a termination codon.
A protein complex having creatine kinase activity.
A dimeric protein complex having creatine kinase activity.
An octomeric protein complex having creatine kinase activity.
A gene-specific translational control mechanism where the small ribosomal subunit remains attached to the mRNA following termination of translation, then resumes scanning on the same mRNA molecule and initiates again at a downstream start site. Reinitiation depends on de novo recruitment of the ternary complex that is required to recognize the next AUG codon.
A protein complex having ribose phosphate diphosphokinase activity.
A protein complex having ribose phosphate diphosphokinase activity.
The process where translation initiation recruits the 40S ribosomal subunits in a Cap and 5' end independent fashion before an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA or circRNA translation.
The process where the "Cap structure" (composed of a 7- methylguanosine (m7G) group and associated cap-binding proteins) located at the 5' end of an mRNA molecule, which serves as a "molecular tag" that marks the spot where the 40S ribosomal subunit is recruited and will then scan in a 5' to 3' direction until an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA translation.
The process where translation initiation recruits the 40S ribosomal subunits via an internal ribosome entry segment (IRES) before an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate linear mRNA translation.
A protein complex that consists of the intracellular domain of Notch1 (ICN1), the DNA-binding transcription factor RBP-Jkappa, and the transcriptional coactivator Mastermind-like-1 (MAML1); the complex is involved in transcriptional activation in response to Notch-mediated signaling.
A protein complex that consists of the intracellular domain of Notch1 (ICN1), the DNA-binding transcription factor RBP-Jkappa, and the transcriptional coactivator Mastermind-like-1 (MAML1); the complex is involved in transcriptional activation in response to Notch-mediated signaling.
A protein complex that consists of the intracellular domain of Notch1 (ICN1), the DNA-binding transcription factor RBP-Jkappa, and the transcriptional coactivator Mastermind-like-1 (MAML1); the complex is involved in transcriptional activation in response to Notch-mediated signaling.
The orderly movement of a hepatocyte during the development of the liver. Hepatocytes emerge from the hepatic epithelium, populating the septum transversum and lateral mesenchymal areas of the hepatic lobes.
The chemical reactions and pathways involved in the biosynthesis of 2-methylthio-N-6-(cis-hydroxy)isopentenyl adenosine (ms2io6A), a modified nucleoside present in position 37 (adjacent to and 3' of the anticodon) of tRNAs.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Ser-tRNA(Ala).
A homodimeric protein complex having xanthine dehydrogenase activity.
A multisubunit complex comprising the chaperonin-containing T-complex and several other components involved in mediating sperm-oocyte Interaction.
The somatic process allowing for the production of immune receptors whose specificity is not encoded in the germline genomic sequences.
The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of the DSCAM-based immune receptors of insects.
The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of the variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) of jawless fish.
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by cytosolic resident proteases during antigen processing and presentation.
The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.
The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.
Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.
Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.
The somatic process in which immunoglobulin genes are diversified through the mechanism of gene conversion.
The somatic process in which immunoglobulin genes are diversified through the mechanism of gene conversion following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.
The somatic process in which immunoglobulin genes are diversified through the mechanism of gene conversion following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.
The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins after induction, and contributes to an immune response.
The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins after induction, and contributes to an immune response.
A behavioral response seeking to protect an organism from an a perceived external threat to that organism.
A behavioral response resulting from wounding.
A behavioral response seeking to protect an organism from an a perceived external threat from an insect or insects to that organism.
A behavioral response seeking to protect an organism from an a perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes to that organism.
A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from an insect or insects to that organism.
A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from an insect or insects to that organism.
A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes, which results in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
A response to protect an organism from a directly detected or perceived external threat from a nematode or nematodes, which results in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.
Any process that initiates an innate immune response. Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. Examples of this process include activation of the hypersensitive response of Arabidopsis thaliana and activation of any NOD or TLR signaling pathway in vertebrate species.
Any series of molecular signals leading to activation of the innate immune response generated as a consequence of binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any series of molecular signals leading to activation of the innate immune response generated as a consequence of binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor capable of cellular activation.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor capable of cellular activation.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a C-type lectin receptor capable of cellular activation.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a C-type lectin receptor capable of cellular activation.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues.
The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of oomycetes that act to protect the cell or organism.
Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication.
Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication.
Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication.
Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication.
Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication.
Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication.
The series of events in which a stimulus from an oomycetes is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus contributing to an inflammatory response.
The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus contributing to an inflammatory response.
The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus contributing to an inflammatory response.
The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus a part of an immune response.
The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus a part of an immune response.
The series of events in which a stimulus generated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an unfolded protein stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a misfolded protein stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of fungal origin such as chito-octamer oligosaccharide.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from an oomycetes.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of oomycetes origin.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a parasitic plant.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a parasitic plant that act to protect an organism.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a parasitic plant is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.
The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.
The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.
The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response.
The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response.
The series of events leading to removal of necrotic debris that contribute to an inflammatory response.
The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared that contribute to an inflammatory response.
The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared that contribute to an inflammatory response.
Any process contributing to lymphocyte anergy, a state of functional inactivation.
An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).
An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).
An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues.
Any process of the immune system that can potentially contribute to an immune response.
Any process that initiates an immune response.
A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell that occur as a result of by-products of tissue damage, including collagen, cartilage, and basement membrane. The ultimate product of the kinin cascade include kallidin and bradykinin, agents known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.
A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell initiated by the action of tissue (glandular) kallikreins on low molecular weight kininogen in response to tissue damage. Tissue kallikreins are present in glandular tissues and their fluids, such as the salivary glands, sweat glands, pancreas, and kidney. The ultimate products of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade include kallidin and bradykinin, agents known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the kinin cascade.
A change in the morphology or behavior of an endothelial cell within a high endothelial venule resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within the mucosal tissue of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
A change in the morphology or behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
A change in the morphology or behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a follicular dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a follicular dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a follicular dendritic cell.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The process in which an immature plasmacytoid dendritic cell acquires the specialized features of a mature plasmacytoid dendritic cell contributing to an immune response.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.
A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
A change in morphology and behavior of a basophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the basophil has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a myeloid dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The process in which an immature myeloid dendritic cell acquires the specialized features of a mature myeloid dendritic cell as part of an immune response.
A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to an antigen for which its T cell receptor is specific bound to an MHC molecule on an antigen presenting cell, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to an antigen for which its T cell receptor is specific bound to an MHC molecule on an antigen presenting cell, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to an antigen for which its T cell receptor is specific bound to an MHC molecule on an antigen presenting cell, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell during an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote various immunological processes.
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote various immunological processes.
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote various immunological processes.
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 1 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis.
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 1 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis.
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 1 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis.
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 2 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths, enhanced production of particular antibody isotypes, and pathological conditions such as allergy.
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 2 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths, enhanced production of particular antibody isotypes, and pathological conditions such as allergy.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell as part of an immune response.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell as part of an immune response.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell as part of an immune response.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell as part of an immune response.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell as part of an immune response.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive gamma-delta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell and contributes to an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive gamma-delta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell and contributes to an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive gamma-delta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell and contributes to an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive gamma-delta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell and contributes to an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which an antigenically naive gamma-delta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell and contributes to an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, gamma-delta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell.
The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of a gamma-delta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of a gamma-delta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of a gamma-delta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of a gamma-delta T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.
The process in which a naive B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response.
The process in which a naive B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response.
The process in which a naive B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response.
The process in which a naive B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response.
The process in which a naive B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response.
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a germinal center B cell. Germinal center B cells are rapidly cycling B cells which have downregulated IgD expression and exhibit high levels of binding by peanut agglutinin (PNA).
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a germinal center B cell. Germinal center B cells are rapidly cycling B cells which have downregulated IgD expression and exhibit high levels of binding by peanut agglutinin (PNA).
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a germinal center B cell. Germinal center B cells are rapidly cycling B cells which have downregulated IgD expression and exhibit high levels of binding by peanut agglutinin (PNA).
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a germinal center B cell. Germinal center B cells are rapidly cycling B cells which have downregulated IgD expression and exhibit high levels of binding by peanut agglutinin (PNA).
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a marginal zone B cell. Marginal zone B cells are localized in a distinct anatomical region of the spleen that represents the major antigen-filtering and scavenging area (by specialized macrophages resident there). It appears that they are preselected to express a BCR repertoire similar to B-1 B cells, biased toward bacterial cell wall constituents and senescent self-components (such as oxidized LDL).
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a marginal zone B cell. Marginal zone B cells are localized in a distinct anatomical region of the spleen that represents the major antigen-filtering and scavenging area (by specialized macrophages resident there). It appears that they are preselected to express a BCR repertoire similar to B-1 B cells, biased toward bacterial cell wall constituents and senescent self-components (such as oxidized LDL).
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a marginal zone B cell. Marginal zone B cells are localized in a distinct anatomical region of the spleen that represents the major antigen-filtering and scavenging area (by specialized macrophages resident there). It appears that they are preselected to express a BCR repertoire similar to B-1 B cells, biased toward bacterial cell wall constituents and senescent self-components (such as oxidized LDL).
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a marginal zone B cell. Marginal zone B cells are localized in a distinct anatomical region of the spleen that represents the major antigen-filtering and scavenging area (by specialized macrophages resident there). It appears that they are preselected to express a BCR repertoire similar to B-1 B cells, biased toward bacterial cell wall constituents and senescent self-components (such as oxidized LDL).
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a follicular B cell. Follicular B cells are major population of mature recirculating B cells in the spleen and are located in the B-cell follicle region.
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a follicular B cell. Follicular B cells are major population of mature recirculating B cells in the spleen and are located in the B-cell follicle region.
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a follicular B cell. Follicular B cells are major population of mature recirculating B cells in the spleen and are located in the B-cell follicle region.
The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a follicular B cell. Follicular B cells are major population of mature recirculating B cells in the spleen and are located in the B-cell follicle region.
The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a plasma cell. A plasma cell is a lymphocyte which develops from a B cell and produces high amounts of antibody.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages.
The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a memory B cell. Memory B cells are cells that can respond rapidly to antigen re-exposure by production of high-affinity antibody.
The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a memory B cell. Memory B cells are cells that can respond rapidly to antigen re-exposure by production of high-affinity antibody.
The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a memory B cell. Memory B cells are cells that can respond rapidly to antigen re-exposure by production of high-affinity antibody.
The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a memory B cell. Memory B cells are cells that can respond rapidly to antigen re-exposure by production of high-affinity antibody.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell progenitor.
The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response.
The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response.
The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response.
The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.
The process in which a naive natural killer cell acquires the specialized features of an effector natural killer T cell as part of an immune response.
The process in which a naive natural killer cell acquires the specialized features of an effector natural killer T cell as part of an immune response.
The process in which a naive natural killer cell acquires the specialized features of an effector natural killer T cell as part of an immune response.
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell.
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell.
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-B cell. Pro-B cells are the earliest stage of the B cell lineage and undergo heavy chain D and J gene rearrangements, although they are not fully committed.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-B cell. Pro-B cells are the earliest stage of the B cell lineage and undergo heavy chain D and J gene rearrangements, although they are not fully committed.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pre-B cell. Pre-B cells follow the pro-B cell stage of immature B cell differentiation and undergo rearrangement of heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pre-B cell. Pre-B cells follow the pro-B cell stage of immature B cell differentiation and undergo rearrangement of heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments.
The process leading up to expression of the pre-B cell receptor on the surface of pre-B cells, including expression of the surrogate light chain, association of the surrogate light chain with heavy chain, and expression of the complete pre-B cell receptor on the cell surface.
Expression of a single heavy chain allele during pre-B cell differentiation.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow become mature B cells in the spleen. Transitional stage B cells are subdivided into transitional one (T1) and transitional two (T2) stages and are short-lived and functionally incompetent.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow become mature B cells in the spleen. Transitional stage B cells are subdivided into transitional one (T1) and transitional two (T2) stages and are short-lived and functionally incompetent.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow become mature B cells in the spleen. Transitional stage B cells are subdivided into transitional one (T1) and transitional two (T2) stages and are short-lived and functionally incompetent.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow become mature B cells in the spleen. Transitional stage B cells are subdivided into transitional one (T1) and transitional two (T2) stages and are short-lived and functionally incompetent.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T1 stage B cells in the spleen. T1 stage B cells do not express either CD23 or CD21.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T1 stage B cells in the spleen. T1 stage B cells do not express either CD23 or CD21.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T1 stage B cells in the spleen. T1 stage B cells do not express either CD23 or CD21.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T1 stage B cells in the spleen. T1 stage B cells do not express either CD23 or CD21.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T1 stage B cells in the spleen. T1 stage B cells do not express either CD23 or CD21.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T2 stage B cells in the spleen. T2 stage B cells express CD23 but not CD21.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T2 stage B cells in the spleen. T2 stage B cells express CD23 but not CD21.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T2 stage B cells in the spleen. T2 stage B cells express CD23 but not CD21.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T2 stage B cells in the spleen. T2 stage B cells express CD23 but not CD21.
The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T2 stage B cells in the spleen. T2 stage B cells express CD23 but not CD21.
The process in which transitional stage B cells acquire the specialized features of mature B cells in the spleen.
The process in which transitional stage B cells acquire the specialized features of mature B cells in the spleen.
The process in which transitional stage B cells acquire the specialized features of mature B cells in the spleen.
The process in which transitional stage B cells acquire the specialized features of mature B cells in the spleen.
The process in which an immature B cell becomes committed to become a B-1 B cell.
The process in which an immature B cell becomes committed to become a B-1 B cell.
The process in which an immature B cell becomes committed to become a B-1 B cell.
The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1a B cells. B-1a B cells are B-1 cells that express CD5 and arise from fetal liver precursors.
The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1a B cells. B-1a B cells are B-1 cells that express CD5 and arise from fetal liver precursors.
The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1a B cells. B-1a B cells are B-1 cells that express CD5 and arise from fetal liver precursors.
The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1a B cells. B-1a B cells are B-1 cells that express CD5 and arise from fetal liver precursors.
The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1b B cells. B-1b B cells are B-1 cells that do not express CD5.
The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1b B cells. B-1b B cells are B-1 cells that do not express CD5.
The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1b B cells. B-1b B cells are B-1 cells that do not express CD5.
The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1b B cells. B-1b B cells are B-1 cells that do not express CD5.
The process dependent upon B cell antigen receptor signaling in response to self or foreign antigen through which B cells are selected for survival.
The process dependent upon B cell antigen receptor signaling in response to self or foreign antigen through which B cells are selected for survival.
The process dependent upon B cell antigen receptor signaling in response to self or foreign antigen through which B cells are selected for survival.
Any B cell selection process that occurs in the bone marrow.
Any B cell selection process that occurs in the bone marrow.
Any B cell selection process that occurs in the bone marrow.
Any process contributing to anergy, a state of functional inactivation that occurs as part of tolerance induction, in B cells in the bone marrow.
Any process contributing to anergy, a state of functional inactivation that occurs as part of tolerance induction, in B cells in the bone marrow.
Any process contributing to anergy, a state of functional inactivation that occurs as part of tolerance induction, in B cells in the bone marrow.
The deletion of B cells by apoptotic process occurring as part of central tolerance induction and B cell selection.
The deletion of B cells by apoptotic process occurring as part of central tolerance induction and B cell selection.
The deletion of B cells by apoptotic process occurring as part of central tolerance induction and B cell selection.
Any B cell selection process that occurs in the periphery.
Any B cell selection process that occurs in the periphery.
Any B cell selection process that occurs in the periphery.
The process in which B cells produce antibodies with increased antigen affinity. This is accomplished by somatic hypermutation and selection for B cells which produce higher affinity antibodies to antigen.
The process in which B cells produce antibodies with increased antigen affinity. This is accomplished by somatic hypermutation and selection for B cells which produce higher affinity antibodies to antigen.
The process in which B cells produce antibodies with increased antigen affinity. This is accomplished by somatic hypermutation and selection for B cells which produce higher affinity antibodies to antigen.
The process that takes place mainly in germinal center B cells in which a large number of mutations are generated in the heavy chain and light chain V-region genes and their immediately surrounding introns in order to increase antibody diversity and contribute to affinity maturation.
The process that takes place mainly in germinal center B cells in which a large number of mutations are generated in the heavy chain and light chain V-region genes and their immediately surrounding introns in order to increase antibody diversity and contribute to affinity maturation.
The process that takes place mainly in germinal center B cells in which a large number of mutations are generated in the heavy chain and light chain V-region genes and their immediately surrounding introns in order to increase antibody diversity and contribute to affinity maturation.
Any process in which B cells are selected to survive based on signaling through the B cell antigen receptor.
Any process in which B cells are selected to survive based on signaling through the B cell antigen receptor.
Any process in which B cells are selected to survive based on signaling through the B cell antigen receptor.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell.
Any process leading to positive selection of B cells in the bone marrow. Positive selection is the process in which B or T cells are selected to survive based on signaling through their antigen receptors.
Any process leading to positive selection of B cells in the bone marrow. Positive selection is the process in which B or T cells are selected to survive based on signaling through their antigen receptors.
Any process leading to positive selection of B cells in the bone marrow. Positive selection is the process in which B or T cells are selected to survive based on signaling through their antigen receptors.
The synthesis or release of histamine following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process leading to positive selection of B cells in the periphery. Positive selection is the process in which B or T cells are selected to survive based on signaling through their antigen receptors.
Any process leading to positive selection of B cells in the periphery. Positive selection is the process in which B or T cells are selected to survive based on signaling through their antigen receptors.
Any process leading to positive selection of B cells in the periphery. Positive selection is the process in which B or T cells are selected to survive based on signaling through their antigen receptors.
The synthesis or release of serotonin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process leading to negative selection in B cells. Mechanisms of negative selection include anergy and deletion.
Any process leading to negative selection in B cells. Mechanisms of negative selection include anergy and deletion.
Any process leading to negative selection in B cells. Mechanisms of negative selection include anergy and deletion.
A series of reactions that takes place outside the cell occurring in response to tissue damage and initiated within blood plasma by the action of activated Factor XII (Hageman Factor) on prekallikrein to convert it to plasma kallikrein, and the subsequent reaction of plasma kallikrein with high molecular weight kininogen. The ultimate product of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade is bradykinin, an agent known to induce smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and increased vascular permeability.
Any process leading to negative selection of B cells in the bone marrow.
Any process leading to negative selection of B cells in the bone marrow.
Any process leading to negative selection of B cells in the bone marrow.
The series of events in which a stimulus from a tumor cell is received and converted into a molecular signal.
Any process leading to negative selection of B cells in the periphery.
Any process leading to negative selection of B cells in the periphery.
Any process leading to negative selection of B cells in the periphery.
Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell that act to protect the cell or organism.
The non-specific expansion of B cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of B cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
The non-specific expansion of B cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of B cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
The non-specific expansion of B cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of B cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.
The expansion of a B-1 B cell by cell division. Follows B cell activation.
The expansion of a B-1 B cell by cell division. Follows B cell activation.
The expansion of a B-1 B cell by cell division. Follows B cell activation.
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an alpha-beta T cell.
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an alpha-beta T cell.
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an alpha-beta T cell.
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an NK T cell.
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an NK T cell.
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an NK T cell.
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an NK T cell.
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an NK T cell.
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming an NK T cell.
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming a gamma-delta T cell.
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming a gamma-delta T cell.
The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming a gamma-delta T cell.
A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus contributing to an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a B cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a B cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a B cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a natural killer cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a dendritic cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a myeloid dendritic cell.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a plasmacytoid dendritic cell.
The regulated release of cytokines from a cell that contributes to an immune response.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cytokine that contributes to an immune response.
Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats.
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of immunoglobulin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of immunoglobulin.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of immunoglobulin contributing to an immune response.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of immunoglobulin contributing to an immune response.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of immunoglobulin contributing to an immune response.
The regulated release of immunoglobulins from a B cell or plasma cell contributing to an immune response.
The regulated release of immunoglobulins from a B cell or plasma cell contributing to an immune response.
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
An immune response taking place in the brain or nervous system.
An immune response taking place in the liver.
An immune response taking place in mucosal tissues, including those of the intestinal tract, nasal and upper respiratory tract, and genital tract.
Immune response taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.
Immune response taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). GALT includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules.
Immune response taking place in the Peyer's patch, nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine.
Tolerance induction taking place in the Peyer's patches.
The synthesis or release of platelet activating factor following a stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The synthesis or release of platelet activating factor following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The regulated release of platelet activating factor by a cell.
The synthesis or release of lysosomal enzymes following a stimulus as part of a inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels.
The synthesis or release of lysosomal enzymes following a stimulus as part of a inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels.
The synthesis or release of lysosomal enzymes following a stimulus as part of a inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels.
Tolerance induction taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
Tolerance induction taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).
An immune response taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). NALT includes the tonsils and adenoids.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC protein complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class II protein complex.
Tolerance induction taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT).
Tolerance induction taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT).
Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) mediated by B cells.
Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) mediated by T cells.
The process of apical-to-basolateral delivery of soluble and particulate antigens to underlying mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
The process of apical-to-basolateral delivery of soluble and particulate antigens to underlying mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
The process of apical-to-basolateral delivery of soluble and particulate antigens to underlying mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
The process of antigen sampling carried out by dendritic cells in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
The process of antigen samples carried out by M cells in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
The movement of a dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a myeloid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a Langerhans cell in response to an external stimulus.
The movement of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.
A process of tolerance induction dependent on T cells which leads to immunological tolerance of a tumor.
The process of antigen transcytosis carried out by M cells in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Transcytosis is the process of the directed movement of endocytosed material through the cell and its exocytosis from the plasma membrane at the opposite side. M cells are specialized epithelia cells with a microfold structure that are adept at moving antigens from the gut lumen to antigen presenting cells in the MALT.
The process of antigen transcytosis carried out by M cells in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Transcytosis is the process of the directed movement of endocytosed material through the cell and its exocytosis from the plasma membrane at the opposite side. M cells are specialized epithelia cells with a microfold structure that are adept at moving antigens from the gut lumen to antigen presenting cells in the MALT.
The process of antigen transcytosis carried out by M cells in the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Transcytosis is the process of the directed movement of endocytosed material through the cell and its exocytosis from the plasma membrane at the opposite side. M cells are specialized epithelia cells with a microfold structure that are adept at moving antigens from the gut lumen to antigen presenting cells in the MALT.
A process of tolerance induction which leads to immunological tolerance of a tumor.
The process of transporting immunoglobulin, via transcytosis, from one side of an epithelial cell to the other.
The process of transporting polymeric IgA and polymeric IgM immunoglobulin, via transcytosis mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), from the basolateral surface to apical surface of an epithelial cell. At the apical surface the immunoglobulin binding portion of the pIgRis cleaved and remains bound to the transported immunoglobulin as secretory component (SC). The same process is used for the transport and excretion of IgA immune complexes to the luminal surface of the mucosa.
The process of transporting polymeric IgA and polymeric IgM immunoglobulin, via transcytosis mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), from the basolateral surface to apical surface of an epithelial cell. At the apical surface the immunoglobulin binding portion of the pIgRis cleaved and remains bound to the transported immunoglobulin as secretory component (SC). The same process is used for the transport and excretion of IgA immune complexes to the luminal surface of the mucosa.
The process of transporting IgG immunoglobulin, via transcytosis using the FcRn (also known as the neonatal Fc receptor; gene name FCGRT), from apical surface of an epithelial cell to the basolateral surface or vice versa depending on the location. This process is used for uptake of IgG from the milk in the gut in rodents, for transplacental transport of IgG from mother to embryo in humans, and for maintenance of a steady-state distribution of IgG across epithelial boundaries in general in adult mammals.
The process of transporting IgG immunoglobulin, via transcytosis using the FcRn (also known as the neonatal Fc receptor; gene name FCGRT), from apical surface of an epithelial cell to the basolateral surface or vice versa depending on the location. This process is used for uptake of IgG from the milk in the gut in rodents, for transplacental transport of IgG from mother to embryo in humans, and for maintenance of a steady-state distribution of IgG across epithelial boundaries in general in adult mammals.
B cell antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen bound to the B cell receptor.
B cell antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen bound to the B cell receptor.
B cell antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen bound to the B cell receptor.
An immune system process that functions in the response of an organism to a tumor cell.
The directed killing of a tumor cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
The directed killing of a tumor cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
The directed killing of a tumor cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
The directed killing of a tumor cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.
B cell antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen via pinocytosis.
B cell antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen via pinocytosis.
B cell antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen via pinocytosis.
An immune response taking place in the urogenital tract. The urogenital tract.
An immune response mediated by a natural killer cell triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell.
An immune response mediated by a T cell triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell.
Tolerance induction taking place in the urogenital tract.
The synthesis and release of immunoglobulin in the mucosal tissue.
Tolerance induction taking place in the mucosal tissues.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. The peptide antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous protein. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E family.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a cell capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a cell capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor. Such components include both whole complement proteins and fragments of complement proteins generated through the activity of the complement pathway.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor. Such components include both whole complement proteins and fragments of complement proteins generated through the activity of the complement pathway.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
The formation of nodular inflammatory lesions, usually small or granular, firm, persistent, well-structured, and containing compactly grouped T lymphocytes and modified phagocytes such as epithelioid cells, giant cells, and other macrophages. Granuloma formation represents a chronic inflammatory response initiated by various infectious and noninfectious agents. The center of a granuloma consists of fused macrophages, which can become necrotic.
An immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.
An immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.
A process directed at removing immune complexes from the body. Immune complexes are clusters of antibodies bound to antigen, to which complement may also be fixed, and which may precipitate or remain in solution.
The process of immune complex clearance by erythrocytes.
The process of immune complex clearance by erythrocytes.
The process of immune complex clearance by monocytes or macrophages.
An inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus, which can be include any number of T cell or B cell epitopes.
An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.
A chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. A chronic inflammatory response persists indefinitely during days, weeks, or months in the life of an individual.
The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The regulated release of histamine by a cell as part of an inflammatory response.
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell as part of an inflammatory response.
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell as part of an inflammatory response.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte.
An inflammatory response resulting in cell death or dysfunction mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis, cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell, or mediated by the direct binding of antibody to cellular receptors.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a neutrophil.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by an eosinophil.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a mast cell.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a lymphocyte.
The process in which a B cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
The process in which a B cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
The process in which a B cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
Tolerance induction of mature B cells in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
Tolerance induction of mature B cells in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
Tolerance induction of mature B cells in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.
The process of replacing receptors on B cells, in which RAG gene expression allows continued light-chain gene rearrangement and expression of a new light change which combines with the previous heavy chain to form a new receptor.
The process of replacing receptors on B cells, in which RAG gene expression allows continued light-chain gene rearrangement and expression of a new light change which combines with the previous heavy chain to form a new receptor.
The process of replacing receptors on B cells, in which RAG gene expression allows continued light-chain gene rearrangement and expression of a new light change which combines with the previous heavy chain to form a new receptor.
Any process contributing to anergy, a state of functional inactivation that occurs as part of tolerance induction, in peripheral B cells.
Any process contributing to anergy, a state of functional inactivation that occurs as part of tolerance induction, in peripheral B cells.
Any process contributing to anergy, a state of functional inactivation that occurs as part of tolerance induction, in peripheral B cells.
The deletion of B cells by apoptotic process occurring as part of peripheral tolerance induction and B cell selection.
The deletion of B cells by apoptotic process occurring as part of peripheral tolerance induction and B cell selection.
The deletion of B cells by apoptotic process occurring as part of peripheral tolerance induction and B cell selection.
An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.
The process in which a T cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
The process in which a T cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
The process in which a T cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
Tolerance induction of T cells in the periphery, in this case, any location in the body other than the thymus.
Tolerance induction of T cells in the periphery, in this case, any location in the body other than the thymus.
Tolerance induction of T cells in the periphery, in this case, any location in the body other than the thymus.
An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) incorporating leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, and allowing for enhanced responses upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). Examples of this process are found in jawless fish, including the lampreys (Petromyzontidae) and hagfishes (Myxinidae).
An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) incorporating leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, and allowing for enhanced responses upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). Examples of this process are found in jawless fish, including the lampreys (Petromyzontidae) and hagfishes (Myxinidae).
An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) incorporating leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, and allowing for enhanced responses upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). Examples of this process are found in jawless fish, including the lampreys (Petromyzontidae) and hagfishes (Myxinidae).
An immune response mediated by lymphocytes expressing specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process that includes somatic recombination of germline gene segments encoding immunoglobulin superfamily domains. Recombined receptors for antigen encoded by immunoglobulin superfamily domains include T cell receptors and immunoglobulins (antibodies) produced by B cells. The first encounter with antigen elicits a primary immune response that is slow and not of great magnitude. T and B cells selected by antigen become activated and undergo clonal expansion. A fraction of antigen-reactive T and B cells become memory cells, whereas others differentiate into effector cells. The memory cells generated during the primary response enable a much faster and stronger secondary immune response upon subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory). An example of this is the adaptive immune response found in Mus musculus.
Tolerance induction dependent upon an immune response, typically a response by a mature T or B cell in the periphery resulting tolerance towards an antigen via induction of anergy, cellular deletion, or regulatory T cell activation.
Tolerance induction in response to nonself antigens.
Tolerance induction to nonself antigens in the central lymphoid organs.
Tolerance induction to nonself antigens in the periphery.
Tolerance induction in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues.
Tolerance induction to self antigens in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues.
The process in which germinal centers form. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation.
The process in which a dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
The process in which a myeloid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
The process in which a plasmacytoid dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
The process in which a monocyte expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
The process in which a macrophage expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.
The process in which a non-professional antigen presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. Non-professional antigen presenting cells include all cell types but dendritic cells, B cells, T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class I molecule. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class I molecule. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class I molecule. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class I molecule. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class I molecule. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via an ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-dependent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following TAP-dependent transport from the cytosol. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-dependent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following TAP-dependent transport from the cytosol. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-dependent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following TAP-dependent transport from the cytosol. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-independent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following transport from the cytosol via a TAP-independent pathway. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-independent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following transport from the cytosol via a TAP-independent pathway. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-independent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following transport from the cytosol via a TAP-independent pathway. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in an endolysosome. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via an ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class Ib molecule in the ER. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a pathway not requiring TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing). The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.
The binding of a peptide antigen to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.
The binding of a lipid antigen to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 gene family.
The directed movement of a lipid antigen into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein contributing to antigen processing and presentation.
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by the proteasome complex contributing to antigen processing and presentation.
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by ER resident proteases contributing to antigen processing and presentation.
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by ER resident proteases contributing to antigen processing and presentation.
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by ER resident proteases contributing to antigen processing and presentation.
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by endosomal resident proteases contributing to antigen processing and presentation.
The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by lysosomal resident proteases contributing to antigen processing and presentation.
The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC protein complex.
The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.
The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class II protein complex.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a polysaccharide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.
The binding of a polysaccharide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class II protein complex.
A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it.
Tolerance induction in the central lymphoid organs: the thymus and bone marrow.
Tolerance induction in the central lymphoid organs directed at self antigens.
Tolerance induction of B cells in the bone marrow.
Tolerance induction of B cells in the bone marrow.
Tolerance induction of B cells in the bone marrow.
Receptor editing occurring in B cells in the bone marrow.
Receptor editing occurring in B cells in the bone marrow.
Receptor editing occurring in B cells in the bone marrow.
Tolerance induction of T cells in the thymus.
Tolerance induction of T cells in the thymus.
Tolerance induction of T cells in the thymus.
Tolerance induction directed at self antigens.
A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in B cells.
A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in B cells.
A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in B cells.
Any process contributing to anergy in B cells, a state of functional inactivation which is part of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process contributing to anergy in B cells, a state of functional inactivation which is part of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process contributing to anergy in B cells, a state of functional inactivation which is part of B cell tolerance induction.
The apoptotic death of B cells which is part of B cell tolerance induction.
The apoptotic death of B cells which is part of B cell tolerance induction.
The apoptotic death of B cells which is part of B cell tolerance induction.
A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in T cells.
A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in T cells.
A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in T cells.
The movement of a lymphocyte to cross a high endothelial venule in response to an external stimulus.
Tolerance induction of natural killer cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body as part of an immune response.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body as part of an immune response.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body as part of an immune response.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body as part of an immune response.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body as part of an immune response.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.
The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.
An inflammatory response to an exogenous environmental antigen or an endogenous antigen initiated by the adaptive immune system.
An acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimuli such as heat or physical trauma.
Inflammation which comprises a rapid, short-lived, relatively uniform response to acute injury or antigenic challenge and is characterized by accumulations of fluid, plasma proteins, and granulocytic leukocytes. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.
An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure contributing to an acute inflammatory response.
Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid contributing to an acute inflammatory response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system that contributes to the acute phase response. The acute phase response occurs during the early phases of an infection and is marked by changes in the production of plasma proteins such as C-reactive protein.
Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system that contributes to the acute phase response. The acute phase response occurs during the early phases of an infection and is marked by changes in the production of plasma proteins such as C-reactive protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction that contributes to the acute phase response. The acute phase response occurs during the early phases of an infection and is marked by changes in the production of plasma proteins such as C-reactive protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction that contributes to the acute phase response. The acute phase response occurs during the early phases of an infection and is marked by changes in the production of plasma proteins such as C-reactive protein.
The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The regulated release of lysosomal enzymes by a cell as part of an inflammatory response.
The regulated release of lysosomal enzymes by a cell as part of an inflammatory response.
The regulated release of lysosomal enzymes by a cell as part of an inflammatory response.
The synthesis or release of a cytokine following a inflammatory stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The regulated release of platelet activating factor by a cell as part of an inflammatory response.
A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels.
A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels.
A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels.
The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The synthesis or release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels.
The synthesis or release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels.
The synthesis or release of products of arachidonic acid metabolism following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels.
The synthesis or release of any prostaglandin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
Any process activating plasma proteins by proteolysis as part of an acute inflammatory response.
Any process that activates Factor XII (Hageman factor). Factor XII is a protein synthesized by the liver that circulates in an inactive form until it encounters collagen or basement membrane or activated platelets (as occurs at the site of endothelial injury). Factor XII then undergoes a conformational change (becoming factor XIIa), exposing an active serine center that can subsequently cleave protein substrates and activate a variety of mediator systems. Factor XII is a participant in the clotting cascade as well as the kinin cascade.
Any process that initiates the clotting cascade of blood coagulation, a cascade of plasma enzymes that is triggered following damage to blood vessels, leading to formation of a clot.
Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. Although it may follow acute inflammation, chronic inflammation frequently begins insidiously, as a low-grade, smoldering, often asymptomatic response.
A chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus such as heat or physical trauma.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the tissue kallikrein-kinin cascade.
The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade.
The movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.
The regulated release of serotonin by a mast cell or group of mast cells.
The regulated release of histamine by a mast cell or group of mast cells.
The regulated release of serotonin by a platelet or group of platelets.
The regulated release of histamine by a platelet or group of platelets.
The regulated release of serotonin by a basophil or group of basophils.
The regulated release of histamine by a basophil or group of basophils.
An inflammatory response driven by antigen recognition by antibodies bound to Fc receptors on mast cells, occurring within minutes after exposure of a sensitized individual to the antigen, and leading to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators such as histamines.
An inflammatory response driven by antigen recognition by antibodies bound to Fc receptors basophils, occurring within minutes after exposure of a sensitized individual to the antigen, and leading to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators such as histamines.
Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a basophil.
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a basophil.
The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus.
The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through alternate splicing.
The generation of alternate transcripts of immunoglobulin genes through alternate splicing of exons.
The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through gene conversion.
The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through somatic mutation.
The process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of the FREP-based immune receptors of snails.
The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of T cell receptor genes.
The addition of variable numbers of random nucleotides by terminal deoxytransferase in the N regions of heavy chain immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes. N regions are found at the V-D, D-D, V-J, and D-J recombinational junctions, depending on the immune receptor gene.
The addition of variable numbers of random nucleotides by terminal deoxytransferase in the N regions of heavy chain immunoglobulin genes. N regions are found at the V-D and D-J recombinational junctions.
The addition of variable numbers of random nucleotides by terminal deoxytransferase in the N regions of T cell receptor genes. N regions are found at the V-D, D-D, V-J, and D-J recombinational junctions, depending on the T cell receptor gene.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-T cell. Pro-T cells are the earliest stage of the T cell lineage but are not fully committed.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a thrombocyte, a nucleated cell found in all vertebrates but mammals involved in hemostasis.
The movement of a basophil in response to an external stimulus.
The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of macrophage antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of non-professional antigen presenting cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin biosynthesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to self antigen.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell anergy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell anergy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.
A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as part of a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming a pro-T cell.
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming a pro-T cell.
The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming a pro-T cell.
The process in which T cell receptor genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as T cell receptor gene segments.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell cytokine production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell cytokine production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine secretion contributing to an immune response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis that contributes to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis contributing to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis contributing to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis contributing to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis contributing to an immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis contributing to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis contributing to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis contributing to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis contributing to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis contributing to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis contributing to an immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine biosynthesis contributing to an immune response.
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen bound to a cell surface receptor.
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen via pinocytosis.
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen via phagocytosis.
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen bound to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR).
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen bound to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR).
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by phagocytosis of antigen bound directly or indirectly to a cell surface toll-like receptor (TLR).
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen via macropinocytosis.
Antigen processing and presentation which is initiated by uptake of antigen receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an intracellular vesicle pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an intracellular vesicle pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an intracellular vesicle pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an intracellular vesicle pattern recognition receptor (PRR) binding to one of its physiological ligands. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor where the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor where the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor not relying on the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of binding to a toll-like receptor not relying on the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate immune response.
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to activation or perpetuation of an immune response.
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to activation or perpetuation of an innate immune response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to the activation, perpetuation, or inhibition of an immune response.
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to inhibition of an immune response.
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to inhibition of an innate immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of inhibiting an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of activating, perpetuating, or inhibiting an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a natural killer cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a natural killer cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a natural killer cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a natural killer cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a natural killer cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a T cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a T cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a T cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a T cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to an inhibitory C-type lectin receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to an inhibitory C-type lectin receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a B cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a B cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of a B cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
The synthesis or release of an antimicrobial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.
The regulated release of an antimicrobial peptide from a cell or a tissue. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antimicrobial peptide. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.
The synthesis or release of an antibacterial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels.
The regulated release of an antibacterial peptide from a cell or a tissue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibacterial peptide.
The synthesis or release of an antifungal peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels.
The regulated release of an antifungal peptide from a cell or a tissue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antifungal peptide.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide production.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide production.
The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or a tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide secretion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide secretion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide secretion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide secretion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide production.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide production.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide biosynthesis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibacterial peptide with activity against Gram-negative bacteria.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antibacterial peptide with activity against Gram-positive bacteria.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.
A physiological defense response which occurs intracellularly.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction to tumor cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against a tumor cell target.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell deletion.
Any process contributing to anergy in T cells, a state of functional inactivation which is part of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process contributing to anergy in T cells, a state of functional inactivation which is part of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process contributing to anergy in T cells, a state of functional inactivation which is part of T cell tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell tolerance induction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell deletion.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any apoptotic process in a B cell that is mature, having left the bone marrow.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mature B cell apoptotic process.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell deletion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell deletion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell deletion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of central B cell anergy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell anergy.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell anergy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral B cell anergy.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.
The process whereby a wobble base uridine residue in a tRNA is modified to 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine.
The process whereby a wobble base uridine residue in a tRNA is modified to 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine.
The process whereby a wobble base uridine residue in a tRNA is modified to 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involved in the biosynthesis of archaeosine, an archaea-specific modified base found at position 15 in the D-loop of certain archaeal tRNAs.
A highly stable complex composed of the ATAC complex and the mediator complex (also called TRAP or MED). MECO binds and regulates the transcription of a subset of non-coding RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II.
The progression of the trabecular meshwork over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trabecular meshwork is a fenestrated endothelial-like tissue situated at the intersection of the cornea and the iris. The trabecular meshwork provides drainage for the aqueous humor.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon sheath over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon sheath is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It permits the tendon to move.
The covalent attachment of a hydroxyl group to one or more fatty acids in a lipid.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(37) in tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + C2-methyladenine(37) in a tRNA.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the peptide hormone bradykinin.
The processes whereby a uridine residue in a tRNA is converted to 4-thiouridine. Typically 4-thiouridine is found at position 8, in many transfer RNAs.
The process whereby a guanosine residue in a tRNA is methylated on the 2'-hydroxyl group of the ribose moiety.
The process whereby a guanine in tRNA is methylated at position N1 of the guanine.
The process whereby a guanine in a tRNA is methylated at the N2 position of guanine.
The multiplication or reproduction of synoviocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A synoviocyte is a fibroblast-like cell found in synovial tissues.
The process whereby a guanine residue in a transfer RNA is methylated twice at the N2 position.
The process whereby a uridine in a transfer RNA is converted to dihydrouridine.
A protein complex consisting of cyclin Kand cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.
A protein complex consisting of cyclin Kand cyclin-dependent kinase 13 (CDK13). Cyclins are characterized by periodicity in protein abundance throughout the cell cycle. Cyclin-dependent kinases represent a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that become active upon binding to a cyclin regulatory partner.
The process whereby a cytosine in a tRNA is methylated at position 5 of the cytosine.
A receptor complex that contains one or more members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + 7-cyano-7-carbaguanine15 in tRNA + H2O = L-glutamate + archaeine15 in tRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamine + 7-cyano-7-carbaguanine15 in tRNA + H2O = L-glutamate + archaeine15 in tRNA.
The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).
The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).
The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).
The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).
The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).
The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).
The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).
The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).
The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).
Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + a ceramide = CMP + a ceramide phosphoethanolamine.
Catalysis of the reaction Leukotriene C(4) + H(2)O= leukotriene D(4) + L-glutamate.
Catalysis of the reaction (4S)-4-hydroxy-5-phosphonooxypentane-2,3-dione = 3-hydroxy-5-phosphonooxypentane-2,4-dione.
Catalysis of the reaction:a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate + H20=a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside + phosphate.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell.  Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.
The movement of substances between cells.
The movement of substances between cells.
The movement of substances between cells.
The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source.
The process in which one cell or group of cells sends a signal over a short range to another cell or group of cells of different ancestry and developmental potential, thereby effecting a developmental change in the latter.
The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.
The ovulation cycle process in which one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells is formed as part of the fused antrum stage of oogenesis.
The menstrual cycle process in which one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells is formed as part of the antral spaces stage of oogenesis.
The menstrual cycle process in which one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells is formed as part of the scattered antral spaces stage of oogenesis.
A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring.
A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring.
The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective.
A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control.
A process in which force is generated within voluntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the voluntary skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and it is under voluntary control. Voluntary skeletal muscle is skeletal muscle that is under conscious control.
A process in which force is generated within involuntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Involuntary skeletal muscle is skeletal muscle that is not under conscious control.
A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers.
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism.
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).
A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).
A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.
A system process carried out by the organs and tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange.
A system process carried out by the organs and tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange.
The flow of lymph through the body of an animal.
A circulatory process that occurs at the level of the vasculature.
The neurological process in which nerve impulses arising in the aorta or the carotid sinuses travel to the medulla and reach the nucleus of tractus solaris.
The process in which information about the levels of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies.
The process in which information about the levels of carbon dioxide are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies.
The process in which information about the levels of hydrogen ions are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors.
The series of events by which an increase in diameter of an artery is detected and converted to a molecular signal.
The series of events by which a decrease in diameter of an artery is detected and converted to a molecular signal.
The neural regulation of blood pressure in which baroreceptors sense the amount of stretch occurring in vessels and respond to the input via central nervous system control.
The process that modulates blood pressure by sensing the amount of stretch occurring in the aorta and responding to the input via central nervous system control.
The process that modulates blood pressure by the action of chemoreceptors found in the carotid bodies and their resultant modulation of the vasomotor center. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
The process that modulates blood pressure by the action of chemoreceptors found in the carotid bodies and their resultant modulation of the vasomotor center. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
The process that modulates blood pressure by the action of chemoreceptors found in the carotid bodies and their resultant modulation of the vasomotor center. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
The process that modulates blood pressure by the action of chemoreceptors found in the carotid bodies and their resultant modulation of the vasomotor center. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
The process that modulates blood pressure by the action of chemoreceptors found in the aortic bodies and their resultant modulation of the vasomotor center. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
The process that modulates blood pressure by the action of chemoreceptors found in the aortic bodies and their resultant modulation of the vasomotor center. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
The process that modulates blood pressure by the action of chemoreceptors found in the aortic bodies and their resultant modulation of the vasomotor center. Chemoreceptors respond to oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
The process in which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies.
The series of events in which a hydrogen ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which a carbon dioxide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which an oxygen stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.
The process in which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the aortic bodies.
The process in which information about the levels of carbon dioxide are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in an aortic body.
The process in which information about the levels of carbon dioxide are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in a carotid body.
The process in which information about the levels of hydrogen ions are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in an aortic body.
The process in which information about the levels of hydrogen ions are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in a carotid body.
The process in which information about the levels of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in an aortic body.
The process in which information about the levels of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in a carotid body.
The process in which the molecular signal from an aortic body is relayed to the vasomotor center, causing it to signal an increase arterial pressure.
The process in which the molecular signal from a carotid body is relayed to the vasomotor center, causing it to signal an increase arterial pressure.
A process that is triggered by carotid body-vasomotor excitation and results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
A process that is triggered by aortic body-vasomotor excitation and results in a decrease in the diameter of an artery during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by biochemical signaling: hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of forces within the circulatory system.
The intrinsic circulatory process resulting from stress relaxation that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. Stress relaxation is the adaptation of vessels to a new size as a result of changes in pressure in storage areas such as veins, the liver, the spleen, and the lungs.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the catecholamine signaling molecule epinephrine.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the catecholamine signaling molecule epinephrine.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the catecholamine signaling molecule norepinephrine.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the catecholamine signaling molecule norepinephrine.
The intrinsic circulatory process resulting from capillary fluid shift that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. Capillary fluid shift is the movement of fluid across the capillary membrane between the blood and the interstitial fluid compartment.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule atrial natriuretic peptide.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule atrial natriuretic peptide.
The drinking behavior that is mediated by the action of angiotensin in the brain. Angiotensin stimulates the brain centers that control thirst.
Any process in which an organism modulates its blood pressure at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
Any process in which an organism modulates its heart rate at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
The process in which the suprachiasmatic nucleus modulates blood pressure at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
The process in which the suprachiasmatic nucleus modulates blood pressure at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
The process in which the suprachiasmatic nucleus modulates heart rate at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
The process in which the suprachiasmatic nucleus modulates heart rate at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
The process in which the suprachiasmatic nucleus modulates heart rate at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle contraction.
The regulation of the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
The regulation of the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
The process in which the hormones modulates the force of heart muscle contraction. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
The process in which the hormones modulates the force of heart muscle contraction. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which acetylcholine released from vagus nerve endings binds to muscarinic receptors and decreases the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart musclecontraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart musclecontraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart musclecontraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart musclecontraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart musclecontraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart musclecontraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings modulates the force of heart musclecontraction.
The regulation of the rate of heart contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
The regulation of the rate of heart contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
The regulation of the rate of heart contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
The process in which acetylcholine released from vagus nerve endings binds to muscarinic receptors on the pacemaker cells and decreases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the hormones modulates the rate of heart muscle contraction. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
The process in which the hormones modulates the rate of heart muscle contraction. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which hormones modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system contributing to different values of blood pressure oscillating with a regularity of approximately 24 hours. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by acetylcholine signaling. Acetylcholine is an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline and functions as a neurotransmitter.
The process in which acetylcholine signaling causes vasodilation, resulting in a change in blood pressure.
The regulation of blood pressure mediated by a neurotransmitter. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.
Renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
Renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
The renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system, by impeding blood flow through the peripheral vasculature.
The renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system, by impeding blood flow through the peripheral vasculature.
The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.
Any process that modulates the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
Any process that modulates the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
The renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system, by vasodilation of the peripheral vascular system.
Any process that decreases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
Any process that decreases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
Any process that decreases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
Any process that modulates the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.
Any process that increases the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.
Any process that decreases the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.
The process in which renin-angiotensin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.
The process in which angiotensin directly decreases the rate of natriuresis and diuresis in the kidney.
The process in which angiotensin directly decreases the rate of natriuresis and diuresis in the kidney.
The process that increases the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.
The process that reduces the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.
The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the kidney modulate the force with which blood passes through the renal circulatory system. The process begins when renin cleaves angiotensinogen.
The process in which the release of epinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the release of epinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the release of epinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the release of epinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the release of epinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine released from the nerve endings.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine released from the nerve endings.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine released from the nerve endings.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine released from the nerve endings.
Any process that increases the force with which the cardiac muscles of the heart pump blood through the circulatory system as a result of the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine released from the nerve endings.
Renal process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water in the body.
The process in which renal water excretion is decreased.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
The process in which plasma is filtered through the glomerular membrane which consists of capillary endothelial cells, the basement membrane, and epithelial cells. The glomerular filtrate is the same as plasma except it has no significant amount of protein.
The process in which the volume of blood increases renal pressure and thereby results in both an increase in urine volume (diuresis) and an increase in the amount of sodium excreted in the urine (natriuresis).
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) by the kidney.
The directed movement of water (H2O) by the kidney.
The process in which blood volume is regulated due to a change in the rate of glomerular filtration. This is accomplished by a feedback mechanism that senses changes in the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Any process which increases the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
The process in which endothelin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. Endothelin is a hormone that is released by the endothelium, and it is a vasoconstrictor.
The process in which epinephrine-norepinephrine modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.
Any process that increases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
Any process that increases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
Any process that increases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
The process in which angiotensin directly decreases the rate of glomerular filtration in the kidney. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
The process in which angiotensin directly decreases the rate of glomerular filtration in the kidney. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.
Any process which decreases the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the release of norepinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the release of norepinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of epinephrine from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of norepinephrine released by nerve endings.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of epinephrine released by nerve endings.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.
The series of events by which an endogenous stimulus is received by a cilium on a cell and converted to a molecular signal contributing to left/right asymmetry.
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area in which the heart will develop.
The close range interaction between mesoderm and endoderm or ectoderm that causes cells to change their fates and specify the development of the heart.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to heart induction.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from mesodermal cells to endodermal cells.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from mesodermal cells to endodermal cells that contributes to heart induction.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells that contributes to heart induction.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to heart induction.
Any canonical Wnt signaling that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of heart induction.
Any canonical Wnt signaling that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of heart induction.
Any canonical Wnt signaling that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of heart induction.
Any canonical Wnt signaling that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of heart induction.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to heart induction.
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract).
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract).
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract).
The establishment of the lateral mesoderm with respect to the left and right halves.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the cardiogenic plate are generated and organized. The cardiogenic plate is the first recognizable structure derived from the heart field.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.
The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube by the cells of the heart field along a linear axis.
The morphogenetic process in which the heart cone is displaced to the left with respect to the vector of the anterior-posterior axis.
The characteristic movement of a cell from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube towards the heart and that contributes to heart formation.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract.
The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum.
The process in which the muscular septum is generated and organized. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis, contributing to embryonic heart tube formation.
Creation of the central hole of the embryonic heart tube by sealing the edges of an epithelial fold.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the determination of left/right symmetry.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the determination of left/right symmetry.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that contributes to the determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that contributes to the determination of lateral mesoderm left/right asymmetry.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of animal organ formation. Organ formation is the process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardium is generated and organized. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrioventricular (AV) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The AV node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of ventricle contraction by receiving electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and relaying them to the His-Purkinje system.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the His-Purkinje system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Purkinje myocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber) is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bundle of His over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The bundle of His is part of the His-Purkinje system that transmits signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the atrioventricular bundle. These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that transmit signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber cell). These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that receive signals from the bundle of His and innervate the ventricular cardiac muscle.
The process in which the anatomical structures of veins of the heart are generated and organized.
The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion.
The progression of the atrioventricular valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the sinoatrial valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the ventriculo bulbo valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the mitral valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the tricuspid valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the aortic valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the pulmonary valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the valve of the coronary sinus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the structure of a heart valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of a heart valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the aortic valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the atrioventricular valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the coronary sinus valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the mitral valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the pulmonary valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the sinoatrial valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the tricuspid valve is generated and organized.
The process in which the structure of the ventriculo bulbo valve is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a heart valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the aortic valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the atrioventricular valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the coronary sinus valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the mitral valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the pulmonary valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the sinoatrial valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the tricuspid valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ventriculo bulbo valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of the endocardial cushion.
A transition where an endocardial cushion cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of a cardiac valve.
A transition where an endocardial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of the heart septum.
A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the shaping of the coronary vasculature.
A transition where an endocardial cushion cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will give rise to the cardiac skeleton.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The progression of the cardiac skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac skeleton is a specialized extracellular matrix that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart.
The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
The process in which a cardiac chamber is generated and organized. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.
The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The process in which the left cardiac atrium is generated and organized.
The process in which the right cardiac atrium is generated and organized.
The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.
The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac atrium from unspecified parts.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac right atrium from unspecified parts.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts.
The process in which the anatomical structures of left cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the right cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the compact cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac left ventricular compact myocardium are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac left ventricular trabecular myocardium are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the right ventricular compact myocardium are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the right ventricular myocardium are generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bulbus arteriosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic heart chamber.
The process in which the bulbus arteriosus is generated and organized. The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic cardiac chamber.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the bulbus arteriosus from unspecified parts. The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic chamber of the heart.
The progression of the sinus venosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
The process in which the sinus venosus is generated and organized. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the sinus venosus from unspecified parts. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart.
The progression of the conus arteriosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
The process in which the conus arteriosus is generated and organized. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the conus arteriosus from unspecified parts. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.
Developmental growth that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The morphogenic growth in which the chambers of the heart expand in size, contributing to their shaping.
The morphogenetic growth in which the left ventricle grows expanding its external boundary.
The morphogenic growth in which the right ventricle grows along a radial axis.
The developmental growth of cardiac muscle tissue that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The growth of a cardiac muscle cell during the embryonic period, that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The growth of a cardiac muscle cell during the postembryonic period that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The increase in heart capillaries that accompanies physiological hypertrophy of cardiac muscle.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
The orderly movement of a neural crest cell from one site to another that will contribute to the morphogenesis of the outflow tract.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane depolarization. Membrane depolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to positive.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial precursor cell. A endocardial precursor cell is a cell that has been committed to a endocardial cell fate, but will undergo further cell divisions rather than terminally differentiate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the differentiation of a myocardial precursor cell.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the differentiation of a myocardial precursor cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the differentiation of an endocardial precursor cell.
The orderly movement of a cardioblast toward the head and laterally to form the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The orderly movement of a cardiac progenitor cell to form the heart field. Cardiac progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into cells of the heart. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The orderly movement of a myocardial progenitor cell toward the midline to form the heart field. Cardiac muscle progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into myocardial cells of the heart.
The orderly movement of an endocardial progenitor cell toward the midline to form the heart field. Cardiac muscle progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into endocardial cells of the heart.
The multiplication or reproduction of cardioblasts, resulting in the expansion of the population in the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the primary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the primary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the primary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract).
A canonical Wnt signaling pathway that contributes to an increase in the frequency, or rate of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
A canonical Wnt signaling pathway that contributes to an increase in the frequency, or rate of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
A canonical Wnt signaling pathway that contributes to an increase in the frequency, or rate of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
A canonical Wnt signaling pathway that contributes to an increase in the frequency, or rate of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened contributing to the modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the secondary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
The cell-cell adhesion process of mesenchymal cardiac cushion cells that contributes to the process of cushion shaping.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the ventricular septum intermedium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the septum primum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the septum secundum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the atrial septum intermedium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The developmental process in which a ventricular septum intermedium is generated and organized.
The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum primum is generated and organized.
The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum secundum is generated and organized.
The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum intermedium is generated and organized.
The process in which an endocardial cushion cell becomes a cell of a cardiac septum.
The process in which an endocardial cushion cell give rise to a cell that is part of a heart valve.
The reorganization or renovation of heart tissue that contributes to the maturation of the connection between an atrium and a ventricle.
The reorganization or renovation of heart tissue that contributes to the maturation of the connection between an atrium and a ventricle.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells that contributes to the reorganization of tissue resulting in the maturation of the atrial ventricular junction.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells that contributes to the reorganization of tissue resulting in the maturation of the atrial ventricular junction.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the reorganization of tissue resulting in the maturation of the atrial ventricular junction.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the reorganization of tissue resulting in the maturation of the atrial ventricular junction.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the reorganization of tissue resulting in the maturation of the atrial ventricular junction.
The morphogenetic process in which the aorta inserts between the atrioventricular valves, contributing to the shaping of the heart.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division.
The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. This process contributes to the developmental growth of the heart.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the process of heart jogging.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the process of heart jogging.
The morphogenetic process in which the myocardium bends along a linear axis and contributes to the process of heart jogging.
The orderly movement of a cell of the myocardium from one site to another that will contribute to heart jogging.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features that characterize a pancreatic delta cell. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
The progression of the heart rudiment over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The heart rudiment is a cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the heart rudiment are generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart rudiment.
The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an myocardial progenitor cell that contributes to the formation of the heart rudiment.
The attachment of cardiac progenitor cells to one another that contributes to the formation of the heart rudiment.
The orderly movement of a cell toward the midline that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
The orderly movement of a cardioblast toward the midline that contributes to the initial appearance of the heart rudiment.
The inward folding of myocardial tissue derived from the right half of the heart rudiment that will form the future ventral part of the heart tube.
Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is increased by the chemicals epinephrine and norepinephrine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic A cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic delta cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic PP cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
The commitment of a cell to a pancreatic A cell and its capacity to differentiate into a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.
The commitment of a cell to a type B pancreatic cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.
The commitment of a cell to a pancreatic D cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a pancreatic D cell. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.
The commitment of a cell to a pancreatic PP cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a pancreatic PP cell. A pancreatic polypeptide-producing cell is a cell in the pancreas that produces pancreatic polypeptide.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.
The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a keratinocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corneocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A corneocyte is the last stage of development of a keratinocyte where the keratinocyte flattens, loses its nucleus and eventually delaminates from the epidermis.
The delamination process that results in the shedding of a corneocyte from the surface of the epidermis.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
The progression of the proepicardium from its formation to the mature structure. The proepicardium is an outpouching of the septum transversum.
The progression of the septum transversum from its initial formation to the mature structure. The septum transversum is a portion of the trunk mesenchyme.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the pericardium is generated and organized.
The coordinated movement of a mesenchymal proepicardial cell to the surface of the developing heart.
The orderly movement of a cell that have undergone an epithelial to mesenchymal transition from the epicardium into the myocardium.
A transition where an epicardial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. The epicardium is a part of the pericardium.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell.
The process in which an epicardial cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell.
The progression of the pulmonary myocardium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The pulmonary myocardium is the myocardial tissue present in the pulmonary vein.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium of an epithelial cell. This movement is usually coordinated between many epithelial cells, and serves to move fluid.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium of an epithelial cell. This movement is usually coordinated between many epithelial cells, and serves to move fluid.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium of an inner ear epithelial cell, resulting the aggregation of otolith seed particles.
Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a noradrenergic neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a noradrenergic neuron.
The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron that is part of the brainstem.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a noradrenergic neuron that is part of the brainstem.
Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell that contributes to the directed self propelled movement of a cell.
Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell that contributes to the directed self-propelled movement of a mesendodermal cell.
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell.
The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix that contributes to the directed movement of an ameboid cell.
The attachment of one ameboid cell to another that contributes to the establishment of cell polarity that is part of the directed movement of one of the cells.
The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix that contributes to the directed movement of a mesendodermal cell.
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of a mesendodermal cell.
The attachment of mesendodermal cells to each other that contributes to the establishment of cell polarity that is part of the directed movement of the cells of the mesendoderm.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating mesendodermal cell.
The process of creating dynamin family protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of dynamin family protein monomers. Dynamin family protein polymers form around lipid tubes and contribute to membrane fission.
The process of creating dynamin protein family polymers, compounds composed of a large number of dynamin family monomers around a lipid tube of a dividing mitochondrion. Dynamin polymers form around lipid tubes and contribute to membrane fission.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dynamin family protein polymerization involved in mitochondrial fission.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell, and which proceeds with the activated receptor transmitting the signal by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell, and which proceeds with the activated receptor transmitting the signal by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell, and which proceeds with the activated receptor transmitting the signal by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell, and which proceeds with the activated receptor transmitting the signal by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell, and which proceeds with the activated receptor transmitting the signal by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell, and which proceeds with the activated receptor transmitting the signal by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell, and which proceeds with the activated receptor transmitting the signal by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) binding to a receptor on the surface of the cell, and which proceeds with the activated receptor transmitting the signal by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation.
The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from it initial formation to its mature state, contributing to the process of gastrulation.
The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state.
The actin-mediated process that results in the contraction of the apical end of a polarized columnar epithelial cell.
The actin-mediated process that results in the contraction of the apical end of a polarized columnar epithelial cell, contributing to the process of gastrulation.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of an amphid sensory organ over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The progression of the amphid sensory organ over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Amphid sensory organs are the sensory organs of nematodes.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that contributes to the progression of the amphid sensory gland.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, that contributes to the development of the amphid sensory organ.
The progression of a neuronal projection over time by the attachment of a part of the cell to an anchor and the subsequent migration of the cell body away from the anchor point.
The progression of a dendrite over time by the attachment of a part of the neuron to an anchor and the subsequent migration of the cell body away from the anchor point.
The progression of an amphid sensory organ's neuronal dendrite over time by the attachment of a part of the cell to an anchor and the subsequent migration of the cell body away from the anchor point.
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix that contributes to the process of retrograde extension.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a neuron that contributes to the process of retrograde extension.
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix that contributes to the process of retrograde extension of a dendrite.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a neuron that contributes to the process of retrograde extension of a dendrite.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a neuron that contributes to the process of retrograde extension of a dendrite in a neuron of the amphid sensory organ.
The directed, self-propelled movement of a neuron that contributes to the process of retrograde extension of a dendrite of a neuron in the amphid sensory organ.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell of the amphid sensory organ.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a cytoneme are shaped. A cytoneme is a long, thin and polarized actin-based cytoplasmic extension that projects from a cell.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.
The developmental growth that results in the elongation of a line that defines polarity or symmetry in an anatomical structure.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to axis elongation.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic vesicle from the lateral wall of the forebrain. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup.
The developmental process pertaining to the formation and shaping of the optic vesicle. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup.
The developmental growth that results in the lengthening of the optic vesicle in the posterior direction.
The progression of the retinal pigment epithelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The retinal pigment epithelium is the melanin-containing layer of cells between the retina and the choroid that absorbs scattered and reflected light and removes waste products produced by the photoreceptor cells.
The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic cup, a two-walled vesicle formed from the optic vesicle.
The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of the optic cup. This process pertains to the physical shaping of the rudimentary structure.
A 90 degree-rotation of the optic cup resulting in its alignment with the anterior-posterior body axis.
Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another and contributes to the physical shaping or formation of the camera-type eye.
The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell that contributes to the shaping of a camera-type eye.
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte that will contribute to bone development are generated and organized.
The growth of a chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time.
The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow.
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the growth of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.
The multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the columnar cartilage along the axis of a long bone that contributes to bone growth.
The process in which the anatomical structures of growth plate cartilage are generated and organized.
The process resulting in the oriented physical partitioning and separation of a chondrocytes in the growth plate.
The cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization that results in the directional division of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte.
A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures and contributes to oriented chondrocyte division in the growth plate.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the polarization of cytoskeletal structures in a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte. This process results in the oriented division of the cell.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the polarization of cytoskeletal structures in a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte. This process results in the oriented division of the cell.
The orderly movement of a chondrocyte from one site to another that contributes to the shaping of growth plate cartilage in an endochondral bone.
The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte in the growth plate cartilage are generated and organized.
The growth of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time from one condition to another.
The progression of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte over time from after its fate commitment to the mature cell.
The growth of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the shaping of the chondrocyte over time.
The progression of a chondrocyte over time from after its commitment to its mature state where the chondrocyte will contribute to the shaping of an endochondral bone.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the progression of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte over time.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened that contributes to the progression of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte over time.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened that contributes to the progression of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte over time.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened that contributes to the progression of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte over time.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix and contributes to the shaping of the growth plate cartilage of an endochondral bone.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication that contributes to the shaping of the growth plate cartilage.
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process.
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any nucleic acid.
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + H2O = NDP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA helix.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with oligo(A) and oligo(T) tracts of DNA (AT DNA).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA in a bent conformation.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with lamin; any of a group of intermediate-filament proteins that form the fibrous matrix on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with damaged DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with damaged DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the DNA replication origin, a unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA replication is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the opening of the ring structure of the PCNA complex, or any of the related sliding clamp complexes, and their closing around the DNA duplex.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the opening of the ring structure of the PCNA complex, or any of the related sliding clamp complexes, and their closing around the DNA duplex.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the opening of the ring structure of the PCNA complex, or any of the related sliding clamp complexes, and their closing around the DNA duplex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with double-stranded telomere-associated DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA in the Z form, i.e. a left-handed helix in which the phosphate backbone zigzags.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any P-element, a class of Drosophila transposon responsible for hybrid dysgenesis.
Circular DNA structures that are not part of a chromosome.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA in a random coil configuration.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with DNA in a random coil configuration.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with satellite DNA, the many tandem repeats (identical or related) of a short basic repeating unit; many have a base composition or other property different from the genome average that allows them to be separated from the bulk (main band) genomic DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with single-stranded DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with single-stranded DNA.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with single-stranded DNA.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a gene to modulate transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a gene to modulate transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a gene to modulate transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a gene to modulate transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a gene to modulate transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a gene to modulate transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.
A protein or a member of a complex that interacts selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within the regulatory region of a gene to modulate transcription. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in a distal enhancer region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence of DNA that is in a distal enhancer region for RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) in order to modulate transcription by RNAP II.
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II.
Combining with a steroid hormone and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity or function.
Combining with retinoic acid and transmitting the signal to the transcriptional machinery by interacting selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription by RNA polymerase II. Retinoic acid is one of the forms of vitamin A.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.
A molecular function that regulates transcriptional elongation by enabling the transition from transcription initiation to elongation or by altering the elongation properties of the enzyme during the elongation phase of transcription.
A molecular function that regulates transcriptional elongation by enabling the transition from transcription initiation to elongation or by altering the elongation properties of the enzyme during the elongation phase of transcription.
A molecular function that regulates transcriptional elongation by enabling the transition from transcription initiation to elongation or by altering the elongation properties of the enzyme during the elongation phase of transcription.