The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine via the intermediates alpha-aminoadipic acid and N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate. This pathway of prokaryotic lysine biosynthesis via alpha-aminoadipate was discovered in the hyper-thermophilic Gram-negative eubacterium Thermus thermophilus. The pathway proceeds as follows: alpha-ketoglutarate is converted to homocitrate, which is metabolized to 3-carboxyhex-2-enedioate and then homoisocitrate. This is then decarboxylated to form alpha-ketoadipate, which is then converted to alpha-aminoadipate. This undergoes acetylation, to form N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate, and is then phosphorylated to give N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipyl-delta-phosphate. This is converted to N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate semialdehyde, which is then converted to N2-acetyl-L-lysine. A final deacetylation reaction produces L-lysine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine via the intermediates alpha-aminoadipic acid and N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate. This pathway of prokaryotic lysine biosynthesis via alpha-aminoadipate was discovered in the hyper-thermophilic Gram-negative eubacterium Thermus thermophilus. The pathway proceeds as follows: alpha-ketoglutarate is converted to homocitrate, which is metabolized to 3-carboxyhex-2-enedioate and then homoisocitrate. This is then decarboxylated to form alpha-ketoadipate, which is then converted to alpha-aminoadipate. This undergoes acetylation, to form N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate, and is then phosphorylated to give N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipyl-delta-phosphate. This is converted to N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate semialdehyde, which is then converted to N2-acetyl-L-lysine. A final deacetylation reaction produces L-lysine.
The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A lysophospholipid is a phospholipid that lacks one of its fatty acyl chains; it is an intermediate formed during digestion of dietary and biliary phospholipids.
Enables the directed movement of lysophospholipids from one side of a membrane to the other. A lysophospholipid is a phospholipid that lacks one of its fatty acyl chains; it is an intermediate formed during digestion of dietary and biliary phospholipids.
The addition of O-acetyl ester groups to alginic acid, a linear polymer of D-mannuronate and L-guluronate.
Enables the transfer of the iron chelate iron-nicotianamine (Fe-NA) from one side of a membrane to the other.
Enables the transfer of a copper chelate from one side of a membrane to the other. A copper chelate is a heterocyclic compound having a metal ion attached by coordinate bonds to at least two nonmetal ions.
Enables the transfer of the copper chelate copper-nicotianamine (Cu-NA) from one side of a membrane to the other.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.
Catalysis of the reaction: coproporphyrinogen III + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = protoporphyrinogen IX + 2 CO2 + 2 L-methionine + 2 5'-deoxyadenosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: coproporphyrinogen III + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = protoporphyrinogen IX + 2 CO2 + 2 L-methionine + 2 5'-deoxyadenosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: coproporphyrinogen III + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = protoporphyrinogen IX + 2 CO2 + 2 L-methionine + 2 5'-deoxyadenosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: coproporphyrinogen III + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = protoporphyrinogen IX + 2 CO2 + 2 L-methionine + 2 5'-deoxyadenosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: coproporphyrinogen III + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = protoporphyrinogen IX + 2 CO2 + 2 L-methionine + 2 5'-deoxyadenosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor = 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenyl-N-acetylglucosamine + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine + di-trans,poly-cis-undecaprenyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-meso-2,6-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine-diphosphoundecaprenol.
Catalysis of the reaction: abscisic acid glucose ester + H2O = abscisic acid + beta-D-glucose.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the phosphorus atom of an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the selenium atom of an acceptor molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: presqualene diphosphate + NADPH = squalene + NADP+ + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-ureido-2,5-dihydro-1H imidazole-5-carboxylate + H+ = S-allantoin + CO2.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-ureido-2,5-dihydro-1H imidazole-5-carboxylate + H+ = S-allantoin + CO2.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a carboxyl group on a protein.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains a phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains a phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains a phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains a phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains a phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains a phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains a phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.
The formation of bacterial aggregates in liquid culture dependent on the presence of type IV pili.
The formation of bacterial aggregates in liquid culture dependent on the presence of type IV pili.
The formation of bacterial aggregates in liquid culture dependent on the presence of type IV pili.
The formation of bacterial aggregates in liquid culture dependent on the presence of type IV pili.
The formation of bacterial aggregates in liquid culture dependent on the presence of type IV pili.
Attachment of bacterial clusters to the surface of the host in a type IV pili dependent manner. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in its host resulting in the breakdown of substances. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in its host resulting in the formation of substances. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
A process carried out by a symbiont that breaks down the cell wall of its host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellulose in the host cell wall. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of pectin in the host cell wall. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of chitin in the host cell wall. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of macromolecules within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of protein macromolecules within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of glucan molecules within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of xylan within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The alteration by an organism of the levels of RNA in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The alteration by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the host cell wall. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The alteration by an organism of the levels of ethylene in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The alteration by an organism of the levels of jasmonic acid in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The alteration by an organism of the levels of salicylic acid in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a host cellular membrane. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its host's transcription. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the host signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of its host, the response mounted by the host in response to the presence of the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism tops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism tops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism tops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism tops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism tops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism tops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism tops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism tops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism tops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism tops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism tops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism tops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within the cell or cells of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the host cytoskeleton. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a host cellular component. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by one of the organisms. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by one of the organisms. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
An interaction with a second organism mediated by a substance secreted by the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other (symbiont) organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the symbiont organism by a type III secretion system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other organism by a type IV secretion system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
An interaction with the host organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other organism by a type II secretion system. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type II secretion system in the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of a host protein via a direct interaction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of a host protein via a direct interaction. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of host proteins. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of host proteins. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of host proteins. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of host proteins. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of host proteins. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of host proteins. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type III secretion system in the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of its host organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type IV secretion system in the organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of phytoalexins produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of phytoalexins produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of phytoalexins produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of phytoalexins produced as a defense response by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of phytoalexins as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The invasion by an organism of a cell of its host organism by utilizing the host phagocytosis mechanism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops or prevents itself undergoing phagocytosis into a cell in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops or prevents itself undergoing phagocytosis into a cell in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops or prevents itself undergoing phagocytosis into a cell in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops or prevents itself undergoing phagocytosis into a cell in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops or prevents itself undergoing phagocytosis into a cell in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of host ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of host MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition performed by the host as part of its defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition performed by the host as part of its defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition performed by the host as part of its defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition performed by the host as part of its defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition performed by the host as part of its defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The assembly by an organism of a cellular component or anatomical structure for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The assembly by an organism of a cellular component or anatomical structure for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The assembly by an organism of a haustorium, a projection from a cell or tissue that penetrates the host's tissues for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The assembly by an organism of a haustorium, a projection from a cell or tissue that penetrates the host's tissues for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The assembly by an organism of a cellular component or anatomical structure for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The assembly by an organism of a syncytium, a nematode-induced multi-nucleate and physiologically active aggregation of fused root cells which exclusively provides the nematode with nourishment during its sedentary life, for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which a community of single-celled organisms of different species monitors population density by detecting the concentration of small diffusible signal molecules.
The assembly by an organism of a cellular component or anatomical structure for the purpose of obtaining nutrients from a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process that begins with the production and formation of siderophores in an organism that are required for the acquisition and utilization of nutrients from its host organism, and the ends with the acquirement of the nutrients. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which single-celled organisms of the same species monitor population density by detecting the concentration of small, diffusible signal molecules.
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the host calcium-dependent protein kinase pathway during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates induced systemic resistance in the host; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates induced systemic resistance in the host; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates induced systemic resistance in the host; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates induced systemic resistance in the host; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of host processes resulting in the thickening of its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of host processes resulting in the thickening of its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of host processes resulting in the thickening of its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which a community of single-celled organisms living in intimate contact with a host organism monitors population density by detecting the concentration of small diffusible signal molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of callose deposition by the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism reduces the flow of fluid within its host's vascular system, the vessels and tissue that carry or circulate fluids, such as blood, lymph or sap, through the body of an animal or plant. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in an anatomical part or cellular component of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism reduces the flow of fluid within the host xylem, the tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients up from the roots to the shoot and leaves. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in the environment of its host organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on, within or near its host organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on, within or near its host organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within its host organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near its host organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of an organism or motile cell on, within or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of an organism or motile cell on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a specific chemical within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a specific chemical on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within its host organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near its host organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near its host organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within its host organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in host enzyme activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in host peptidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host, where programmed cell death proceeds by apoptosis. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any form of cell-based immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance in the host organism; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of host processes resulting in the thickening of its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion fluxes as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of production of phytoalexins as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the host calcium-dependent protein kinase signal transduction pathways during the host defense response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism, the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism, the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism, the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism, the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism, the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of the host organism, the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving cellulose in the cell wall of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the defenses of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving macromolecules within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving carbohydrates within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving glucans within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving xylan within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving chitin in the cell wall of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving pectin in the cell wall of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the symbiont. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a symbiont organism, mediated by a substance secreted by one of the organisms. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in an anatomical part or cellular component of the host organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in an anatomical part or cellular component of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The alteration by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a symbiont cellular component. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a cellular component in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of an organism or motile cell on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of an organism or motile cell on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of an organism or motile cell on or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in peptidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in peptidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the defenses of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the defenses of a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition of callose by the host in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in enzyme activity in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of proteins in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a second organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type II secretion system in the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a second organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type III secretion system in the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a second organism, mediated by a substance secreted by a type IV secretion system in the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
An interaction with a second organism mediated by a substance secreted by the first organism by a type IV secretion system, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
An interaction with a second organism mediated by a substance secreted by the first organism by a type III secretion system, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
An interaction with a second organism mediated by a substance secreted by the first organism by a type II secretion system, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a second organism, mediated by a substance secreted by one of the organisms, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a second organism, mediated by a substance secreted by one of the organisms, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a second organism, mediated by a substance secreted by one of the organisms, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
An interaction with the symbiont organism mediated by a substance secreted by the other (host) organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in the environment of a second organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in the environment of a second organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on, within or near a second organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on, within or near a second organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on, within or near a second organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on, within or near a second organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical on, within or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within a second organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within a second organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near a second organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in a second organism resulting in the formation of substances, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in a second organism resulting in the breakdown of substances, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving protein macromolecules within the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving macromolecules within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within the cell or cells of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within the cell or cells of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen on or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of environmental oxygen within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen on or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of environmental oxygen within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical on or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen on or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a specific chemical within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a specific chemical within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a specific chemical within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a specific chemical on or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient on or near a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within a second organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within a second organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near a second organism towards a lower level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism on or near a second organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within a second organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism within a second organism towards a higher level of a physical stimulus involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The alteration by an organism of the levels of RNA in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, occurring in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, the response mounted by that organism in response to the presence of the first organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of phytoalexins that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of phytoalexins that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of a flux of calcium ions that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of a flux of calcium ions that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of a flux of calcium ions that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of a flux of calcium ions that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell-based immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell-based immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell-based immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell-based immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell-based immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell-based immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the ethylene-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the jasmonic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent protein kinase pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent protein kinase pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent protein kinase pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent protein kinase pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent protein kinase pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent protein kinase pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent protein kinase pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates induced systemic resistance, a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates induced systemic resistance, a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates induced systemic resistance, a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates induced systemic resistance, a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates systemic acquired resistance, a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates systemic acquired resistance, a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates systemic acquired resistance, a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates systemic acquired resistance, a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition by a second organism of callose in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition by a second organism of callose in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition by a second organism of callose in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition by a second organism of callose in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition by a second organism of callose in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition by a second organism of callose in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition by a second organism of callose in its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the B-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any form of cell-based immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any form of cell-based immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a microbe-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance, a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance, a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of production of phytoalexins that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent protein kinase signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent protein kinase signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that involves recognition of a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, and by which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the first line of defense against infection, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose in cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose in cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose in cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose in cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose in cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the accumulation of callose in cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins, any of a range of substances produced by plants as part of their defense response.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins, any of a range of substances produced by plants as part of their defense response.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phytoalexins, any of a range of substances produced by plants as part of their defense response.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving camalexin, an indole phytoalexin.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins, any of a range of substances produced by plants as part of their defense response.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving phytoalexins.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phytoalexin biosynthesis, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of phytoalexins that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of phytoalexins that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of phytoalexins that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of phytoalexins that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of phytoalexins that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of phytoalexins that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another, where two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another, where two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another, where two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another, where two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another, where two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another, where two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The cytolytic destruction of red blood cells, with the release of intracellular hemoglobin, in one organism by another, where two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a cellular membrane of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a cellular membrane of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the cytoskeleton of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the symbiont cytoskeleton. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of the symbiont cell wall. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or function of a symbiont cellular membrane. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of the symbiont cell wall. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of the symbiont cell wall. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of the symbiont cell wall. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellulose in the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of pectin in the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of chitin in the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of phytoalexins as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of phytoalexins as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of phytoalexins as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of phytoalexins as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of phytoalexins as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of nitric oxide as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in its symbiont resulting in the formation of substances. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate molecules within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellulose in the symbiont cell wall. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of chitin in the symbiont cell wall. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of pectin in the symbiont cell wall. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of glucan molecules within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of glucan molecules within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of macromolecules within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of macromolecules within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of protein macromolecules within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of protein macromolecules within the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in its symbiont resulting in the breakdown of substances. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of xylan within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of xylan within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism resulting in the breakdown of cellular components of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the production of reactive oxygen species as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The invasion by an organism of a cell of a second organism by utilizing the second organism's phagocytosis mechanism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into the host organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into the host organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into the host organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into the host organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into the host organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of phytoalexins produced as a defense response by the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of phytoalexins produced as a defense response by the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of phytoalexins produced as a defense response by the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of phytoalexins produced as a defense response by the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into a second organism via the phagocytotic processes of the other organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into a second organism via the phagocytotic processes of the other organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into the host, via the phagocytotic processes of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylallyl diphosphate + tRNA = diphosphate + tRNA containing 6-dimethylallyladenosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylallyl diphosphate + tRNA = diphosphate + tRNA containing 6-dimethylallyladenosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylallyl diphosphate + tRNA = diphosphate + tRNA containing 6-dimethylallyladenosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylallyl diphosphate + tRNA = diphosphate + tRNA containing 6-dimethylallyladenosine.
The activation by an organism of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the innate immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism avoids the effects of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
A type of cell wall modification in which the cell wall is reinforced and made thicker.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fluxes of calcium ions that occur as part of the defense response of a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the innate immune response of the host organism; the innate immune response is the host's first line of defense against infection. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of a flux of calcium ions that occurs as part of the defense response of a host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of a flux of calcium ions that occurs as part of the defense response of a host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of a flux of calcium ions that occurs as part of the defense response of a host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The activation by an organism of the defense response of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont enzyme activity. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont enzyme activity. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont enzyme activity. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont enzyme activity. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont enzyme activity. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont enzyme activity. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont protease activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of symbiont proteins. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of symbiont proteins. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of symbiont proteins. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of symbiont proteins. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of symbiont proteins. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the functional activity of symbiont proteins. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving carbohydrates within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving carbohydrates within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving cellulose in the cell wall of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving cellulose in the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving chitin in the cell wall of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving chitin in the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving pectin in the cell wall of the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving pectin in the cell wall of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving glucans within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving glucans within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving macromolecules within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving protein macromolecules within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving protein macromolecules within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism in its symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving xylan within the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways performed by an organism involving xylan within a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which a host organism effects a change in the enzyme activity of its symbiont organism.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in symbiont peptidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of proteins in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism effects a change in the function of proteins in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The alteration by an organism of the levels of RNA in a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the symbiont defense response. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the symbiont defense response. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ethylene-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathways that occur as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The alteration by an organism of the levels of ethylene in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The alteration by an organism of the levels of jasmonic acid in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The alteration by an organism of the levels of salicylic acid in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of its symbiont's transcription.
A type of cell wall modification, in which the cell wall is reinforced and made thicker, that occurs as part of the defense response of an organism.
Any process in which an organism stops or prevents itself undergoing phagocytosis into a cell in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops or prevents itself undergoing phagocytosis into a cell in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops or prevents itself undergoing phagocytosis into a cell in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops or prevents itself undergoing phagocytosis into a cell in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops or prevents itself undergoing phagocytosis into a cell in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops or prevents itself undergoing phagocytosis into a cell in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the second organism signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the second organism signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the second organism signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the second organism signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the second organism signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the second organism signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism reduces the flow of fluid within its symbiont's vascular system, the vessels and tissue that carry or circulate fluids, such as blood, lymph or sap, through the body of an animal or plant. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism reduces the flow of fluid within its second organism's vascular system, the vessels and tissue that carry or circulate fluids, such as blood, lymph or sap, through the body of an animal or plant, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism reduces the flow of fluid within the symbiont xylem, the tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients up from the roots to the shoot and leaves. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The process in which an organism reduces the flow of fluid within the xylem, the tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients up from the roots to the shoot and leaves, of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the symbiont defense response. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the symbiont defense response. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the symbiont defense response. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the symbiont defense response. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the symbiont defense response. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the symbiont defense response. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the symbiont defense response. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the symbiont defense response. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the symbiont defense response. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathways during the symbiont defense response. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
The increase by an organism of the levels of hormones or growth regulators in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the engulfing by phagocytes of external particulate material, in the second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the symbiont signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the second organism signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the second organism signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the second organism signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the second organism signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the second organism signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the second organism signal transduction pathways, the cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the resistance gene-dependent defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance, a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance, a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance, a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance, a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance, a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance, a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance in the host organism; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance in the host organism; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance in the host organism; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance in the host organism; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance in the host organism; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induced systemic resistance in the host organism; induced systemic resistance is a response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease and that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance, in a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance in the host organism; systemic acquired resistance is a salicylic acid-mediated response that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the thickening of cell walls that occurs as part of the defense response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a host process resulting in the thickening of its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a host process resulting in the thickening of its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a host process resulting in the thickening of its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a host process resulting in the thickening of its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a host process resulting in the thickening of its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a host process resulting in the thickening of its cell walls, occurring as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall.
Any process in which callose is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location during the defense response. Callose is a linear 1,3-beta-d-glucan formed from UDP-glucose and is found in certain plant cell walls.
Any process in which callose is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location during the defense response. Callose is a linear 1,3-beta-d-glucan formed from UDP-glucose and is found in certain plant cell walls.
Any process in which callose is transported to, and/or maintained in, the cell wall. Callose is a linear 1,3-beta-d-glucan formed from UDP-glucose and is found in certain plant cell walls.
Any process in which callose is transported to, and/or maintained in, the cell wall. Callose is a linear 1,3-beta-d-glucan formed from UDP-glucose and is found in certain plant cell walls.
Any process in which callose is transported to, and/or maintained in, the cell wall. Callose is a linear 1,3-beta-d-glucan formed from UDP-glucose and is found in certain plant cell walls.
Any process in which callose is transported to, and/or maintained in, the cell wall during the defense response. Callose is a linear 1,3-beta-d-glucan formed from UDP-glucose and is found in certain plant cell walls.
Any process in which callose is transported to, and/or maintained in, the cell wall during the defense response. Callose is a linear 1,3-beta-d-glucan formed from UDP-glucose and is found in certain plant cell walls.
Any process in which callose is transported to, and/or maintained in, the cell wall during the defense response. Callose is a linear 1,3-beta-d-glucan formed from UDP-glucose and is found in certain plant cell walls.
Any process in which callose is transported to, and/or maintained in, the cell wall during the defense response. Callose is a linear 1,3-beta-d-glucan formed from UDP-glucose and is found in certain plant cell walls.
Any process in which callose is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. Callose is a linear 1,3-beta-d-glucan formed from UDP-glucose and is found in certain plant cell walls.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of phytoalexins produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of nitric oxide produced as a defense response by a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism activates the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process in which an organism activates the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process in which an organism activates the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction. The immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response of the host organism; the immune response is any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the immune response of a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of nitric oxide produced as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of phytoalexins produced as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of reactive oxygen species produced as part of the defense response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-galactose, a substance composed of D-galactose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.
Any process in which a carbohydrate is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. Carbohydrates are any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (-)-germacrene D + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (E,E)-alpha-farnesene + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-isomenthone + NADP+ = (+)-pulegone + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (-)-menthone + NADP+ = (+)-pulegone + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6R)-isoperitenone + H(+) + NADPH = (2R,5R)-isopulegone + NADP(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pulegone + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (R)-menthofuran + 2 H(2)O + NADP(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pulegone + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (R)-menthofuran + 2 H(2)O + NADP(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pulegone + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (R)-menthofuran + 2 H(2)O + NADP(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pulegone + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (R)-menthofuran + 2 H(2)O + NADP(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pulegone + H(+) + NADPH + O(2) = (R)-menthofuran + 2 H(2)O + NADP(+).
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which a halogen in the donor substance acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which a halogen in the donor substance acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or similar compound.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or similar compound.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-acetoin + NAD(+) = diacetyl + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-acetoin + NAD(+) = diacetyl + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + a menaquinone = oxaloacetate + a menaquinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + a menaquinone = oxaloacetate + a menaquinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + a ubiquinone = glycerone phosphate + a ubiquinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + ubiquinone-8 = glycerone phosphate + ubiquinol-8.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: tryptamine + H2O + O2 = NH3 + indole acetaldehyde + hydrogen peroxide + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: aminoacetone + H2O + O2 = methylglyoxal + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic amine + H2O + O2 = an aldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: phenylethylamine + O2 + H2O = phenylacetaldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: a diamine + H2O + O2 = a monoamine + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: histamine + H2O + O2 = imidazole-4-acetaldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: histamine + H2O + O2 = imidazole-4-acetaldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: histamine + H2O + O2 = imidazole-4-acetaldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-methylputrescine + H2O + O2 = N-methylaminobutanal + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: propane-1,3-diamine + H2O + O2 = 3-aminopropanal + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: propane-1,3-diamine + H2O + O2 = 3-aminopropanal + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: propane-1,3-diamine + H2O + O2 = 3-aminopropanal + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (4S)-limonene + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = NAD(P)+ + H2O + (4S)-limonene-1,2-epoxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: (4S)-limonene + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = NAD(P)+ + H2O + (4S)-limonene-1,2-epoxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: (4S)-limonene + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = NAD(P)+ + H2O + (4S)-limonene-1,2-epoxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chloronitrobenzene + NADPH + H+ = 1-chloro-4-nitrosobenzene + NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-chloro-4-nitrosobenzene + NADPH + H+ = 1-chloro-4-hydroxylaminobenzene + NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone = delta-tocopherol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dimethyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone = gamma-tocopherol.
Catalysis of the reaction: chlorophyllide a + NADPH + O2 + 2 H+ = 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: chlorophyllide a + NADPH + O2 + 2 H+ = 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: chlorophyllide a + NADPH + O2 + 2 H+ = 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: chlorophyllide a + NADPH + O2 + 2 H+ = 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + NADPH + O2 + H+ = chlorophyllide b + NADP+ + 2 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + NADPH + O2 + H+ = chlorophyllide b + NADP+ + 2 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + NADPH + O2 + H+ = chlorophyllide b + NADP+ + 2 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + NADPH + O2 + H+ = chlorophyllide b + NADP+ + 2 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 7-hydroxychlorophyllide a + NADPH + O2 + H+ = chlorophyllide b + NADP+ + 2 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: echinenone + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = 3-hydroxyechinenone + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: echinenone + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = 3-hydroxyechinenone + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: echinenone + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = 3-hydroxyechinenone + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-ketotorulene + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = 3-hydroxy-4-ketotorulene + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-ketotorulene + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = 3-hydroxy-4-ketotorulene + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-ketotorulene + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = 3-hydroxy-4-ketotorulene + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-cryptoxanthin + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = zeaxanthin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-cryptoxanthin + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = zeaxanthin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-cryptoxanthin + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = zeaxanthin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-carotene + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = beta-cryptoxanthin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-carotene + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = beta-cryptoxanthin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-carotene + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = beta-cryptoxanthin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: adonirubin + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = 3S,3'S-astaxanthin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: adonirubin + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = 3S,3'S-astaxanthin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: adonirubin + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = 3S,3'S-astaxanthin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: canthaxanthin + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = adonirubin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: canthaxanthin + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = adonirubin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: canthaxanthin + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = adonirubin + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: uracil + NADH + O2 + H+ = ureidoacrylate peracid + NAD+. Ureidoacrylate peracid is spontaneously reduced by NADH to form ureidoacrylate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + NADPH + ent-kaur-16-ene + oxygen = H2O + NADP+ + ent-kaur-16-en-19-ol.
Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + NADPH + ent-kaur-16-en-19-ol + oxygen = 2 H2O + NADP+ + ent-kaur-16-en-19-al.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + ent-kaur-16-en-19-al + oxygen = H2O + NADP+ + ent-kaurenoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + L-glutamate + factor F420-0 = GDP + H+ + factor gamma-F420-1 + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + L-glutamate + factor gamma-F420-1 = GDP + H+ + factor gamma-F420-2 + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 GTP = cyclic di-3',5'-guanylate + 2 diphosphate + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 GTP = cyclic di-3',5'-guanylate + 2 diphosphate + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: delta(2)-isopentenyl diphosphate + ATP = diphosphate + N6-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: delta(2)-isopentenyl diphosphate + ATP = diphosphate + N6-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: delta(2)-isopentenyl diphosphate + ATP = diphosphate + N6-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: delta(2)-isopentenyl diphosphate + ATP = diphosphate + N6-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: delta2-isopentenyl diphosphate + ADP = diphosphate + N6-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: delta2-isopentenyl diphosphate + ADP = diphosphate + N6-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: delta2-isopentenyl diphosphate + ADP = diphosphate + N6-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: delta2-isopentenyl diphosphate + ADP = diphosphate + N6-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: demethylphylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = phylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: demethylphylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = phylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: demethylphylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = phylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: demethylphylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = phylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: demethylphylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = phylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: demethylphylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = phylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: demethylphylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = phylloquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobenzoate + ATP + amino acid = 4-aminobenzoyl amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobenzoate + ATP + amino acid = 4-aminobenzoyl amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobenzoate + ATP + amino acid = 4-aminobenzoyl amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobenzoate + ATP + amino acid = 4-aminobenzoyl amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: benzoate + ATP + amino acid = benzoyl amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: vanillate + ATP + amino acid = vanillate amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + ATP + amino acid = 4-hydroxybenzoyl amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + ATP + amino acid = 4-hydroxybenzoyl amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + ATP + amino acid = 4-hydroxybenzoyl amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + ATP + amino acid = 4-hydroxybenzoyl amino acid conjugate + AMP + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + H2O = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate + phosphate + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine 1-phosphate = diphosphate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine.
Catalysis of the formation of a double bond between C8 and C9 of the long chain base of a sphingolipid. For example, sphinganine (d18:0) = 8-sphingenine (d18:1delta8); phytosphinganine (t18:0) = 8-phytosphingenine (t18:1delta8); and 4-sphingenine (18:1delta4) = 4,8-sphingadienine (d18:2delta4,8).
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-aconitate + H2O = isocitrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-aconitate + H2O = isocitrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-aconitate + H2O = isocitrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-aconitate + H2O = isocitrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: cis-aconitate + H2O = isocitrate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C-19 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-19 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-19 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with nineteen carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C-19 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-19 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-19 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with nineteen carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C-19 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-19 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-19 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with nineteen carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C-19 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-19 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-19 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with nineteen carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C-19 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-19 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-19 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with nineteen carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C-19 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-19 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-19 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with nineteen carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C-19 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-19 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-19 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with nineteen carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C-20 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-20 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-20 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with twenty carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C-20 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-20 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-20 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with twenty carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C-20 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-20 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-20 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with twenty carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C-20 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-20 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-20 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with twenty carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C-20 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-20 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-20 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with twenty carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C-20 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-20 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-20 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with twenty carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a C-20 gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a C-20 2-beta-hydroxygibberellin + succinate + CO2. C-20 gibberellin refers to a gibberellin with twenty carbons.
Catalysis of the transfer of an arabinosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:3-3-16:0-phosphatidylglycerol = 1-18:3-3-trans-16:1-phosphatidylglycerol + 2 H+. This reaction is the formation of a trans double bond between carbon 3 and carbon 4 (counting from the carboxyl end) of palmitic acid, which is specifically esterified to the sn-2 glyceryl carbon of phosphatidylglycerol.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-butyrate + UDP-D-glucose = indole-3-butyryl-beta-1-D-glucose + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-butyrate + UDP-D-glucose = indole-3-butyryl-beta-1-D-glucose + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-butyrate + UDP-D-glucose = indole-3-butyryl-beta-1-D-glucose + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-butyrate + UDP-D-glucose = indole-3-butyryl-beta-1-D-glucose + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-butyrate + UDP-D-glucose = indole-3-butyryl-beta-1-D-glucose + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-butyrate + UDP-D-glucose = indole-3-butyryl-beta-1-D-glucose + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-butyrate + UDP-D-glucose = indole-3-butyryl-beta-1-D-glucose + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-butyrate + UDP-D-glucose = indole-3-butyryl-beta-1-D-glucose + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-butyrate + UDP-D-glucose = indole-3-butyryl-beta-1-D-glucose + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-butyrate + UDP-D-glucose = indole-3-butyryl-beta-1-D-glucose + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-butyrate + UDP-D-glucose = indole-3-butyryl-beta-1-D-glucose + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: salicylic acid + UDP-glucose = salicylic acid glucose ester + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: salicylic acid + UDP-glucose = salicylic acid glucose ester + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: salicylic acid + UDP-glucose = salicylic acid glucose ester + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: salicylic acid + UDP-glucose = salicylic acid glucose ester + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: salicylic acid + UDP-glucose = salicylic acid glucose ester + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: salicylic acid + UDP-glucose = salicylic acid 2-O-glucoside + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: salicylic acid + UDP-glucose = salicylic acid 2-O-glucoside + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: salicylic acid + UDP-glucose = salicylic acid 2-O-glucoside + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: salicylic acid + UDP-glucose = salicylic acid 2-O-glucoside + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: salicylic acid + UDP-glucose = salicylic acid 2-O-glucoside + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: benzoic acid + UDP-glucose = benzoic acid glucose ester + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: benzoic acid + UDP-glucose = benzoic acid glucose ester + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: benzoic acid + UDP-glucose = benzoic acid glucose ester + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: benzoic acid + UDP-glucose = benzoic acid glucose ester + UDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: lysophosphatidic acid + H2O = phosphate + monoacylglycerol.
Catalysis of the reaction: lysophosphatidic acid + H2O = phosphate + monoacylglycerol.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorophyllides, any chlorophyll lacking the terpenoid side chain such as phytyl or farnesyl.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorophyllide a, a chlorophyll lacking the terpenoid side chain, which is the functional parent of chlorophyll a.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving F420-0 (5-O-{[(1S)-1-carboxyethoxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}-1-deoxy-1-(8-hydroxy-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolin-10(4H)-yl)-D-ribitol), the fragment of coenzyme F420 remaining after formal hydrolytic removal of all of the glutamate residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving F420-0 (5-O-{[(1S)-1-carboxyethoxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}-1-deoxy-1-(8-hydroxy-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolin-10(4H)-yl)-D-ribitol), the fragment of coenzyme F420 remaining after formal hydrolytic removal of all of the glutamate residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving F420-0 (5-O-{[(1S)-1-carboxyethoxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}-1-deoxy-1-(8-hydroxy-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolin-10(4H)-yl)-D-ribitol), the fragment of coenzyme F420 remaining after formal hydrolytic removal of all of the glutamate residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving F420-0 (5-O-{[(1S)-1-carboxyethoxy](hydroxy)phosphoryl}-1-deoxy-1-(8-hydroxy-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolin-10(4H)-yl)-D-ribitol), the fragment of coenzyme F420 remaining after formal hydrolytic removal of all of the glutamate residues.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alditol phosphates, any phosphorylated polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pentitol phosphates, any phosphorylated alditol with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ribitol phosphates, any phosphorylated form of ribitol, the pentitol derived formally by reduction of the -CHO group of either D- or L-ribose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme gamma-F420-2 (F420-2; coenzyme F420; N-{N-[O-(7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin phospho)-(S)-lactyl]-gamma-L-glutamyl}-L-glutamate), the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of F420-0 with the amino group of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme gamma-F420-2 (F420-2; coenzyme F420; N-{N-[O-(7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin phospho)-(S)-lactyl]-gamma-L-glutamyl}-L-glutamate), the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of F420-0 with the amino group of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme gamma-F420-2 (F420-2; coenzyme F420; N-{N-[O-(7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin phospho)-(S)-lactyl]-gamma-L-glutamyl}-L-glutamate), the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of F420-0 with the amino group of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme gamma-F420-2 (F420-2; coenzyme F420; N-{N-[O-(7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin phospho)-(S)-lactyl]-gamma-L-glutamyl}-L-glutamate), the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of F420-0 with the amino group of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme gamma-F420-2 (F420-2; coenzyme F420; N-{N-[O-(7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin phospho)-(S)-lactyl]-gamma-L-glutamyl}-L-glutamate), the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of F420-0 with the amino group of L-gamma-glutamyl-L-glutamic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol + NADP+ = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol + NADP+ = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol + NADP+ = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol + NADP+ = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol + NADP+ = all-trans-retinal + NADPH + H+.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue and the base is a purine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid, a cyclic purine dinucleotide in which the base groups are guanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid, a cyclic purine dinucleotide in which the base groups are guanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid, a cyclic purine dinucleotide in which the base groups are guanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid, a cyclic purine dinucleotide in which the base groups are guanine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid, a cyclic purine dinucleotide in which the base groups are guanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-leucine = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamatic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-valine = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid + L-glutamatic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-isoleucine = (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid + L-glutamic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GMP + diphosphate = guanine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-propane-1,2-diol + NAD+ = (R)-lactaldehyde + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-propane-1,2-diol + NAD+ = (R)-lactaldehyde + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-propane-1,2-diol + NAD+ = (S)-lactaldehyde + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-propane-1,2-diol + NAD+ = (S)-lactaldehyde + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: zeaxanthin + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = antheraxanthin + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: zeaxanthin + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = antheraxanthin + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: antheraxanthin + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = all-trans-violaxanthin + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitroalkane + H2O + O2 = an aldehyde or ketone + nitrite + H2O2.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitroalkane + H2O + O2 = an aldehyde or ketone + nitrite + H2O2.
Catalysis of the reaction: nitroalkane + H2O + O2 = an aldehyde or ketone + nitrite + H2O2.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methyluracil.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methyluracil.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methyluracil.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methyluracil.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methyluracil.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methyluracil.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 2'-O-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: N-methylethanolamine phosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = N,N-dimethylethanolamine phosphate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: N-methylethanolamine phosphate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = N,N-dimethylethanolamine phosphate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: farnesol + nucleoside triphosphate = farnesyl monophosphate + nucleoside diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: farnesol + nucleoside triphosphate = farnesyl monophosphate + nucleoside diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,-6-trans-farnesol + CTP = 2-trans,-6-trans-farnesyl monophosphate + CDP + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: geraniol + nucleoside triphosphate = geranyl monophosphate + nucleoside diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeraniol + nucleoside triphosphate = all-trans-geranyl-geranyl monophosphate + nucleoside diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeraniol + CTP = all-trans-geranyl-geranyl monophosphate + CDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: prenol + nucleoside triphosphate = prenyl phosphate + nucleoside diphosphate activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: prenol + nucleoside triphosphate = prenyl phosphate + nucleoside diphosphate activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: prenol + nucleoside triphosphate = prenyl phosphate + nucleoside diphosphate activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-pimara-9(11),15-diene + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-pimara-9(11),15-diene + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanol + NADP+ = 3-methylbutanal + NADPH + H+. 3-methylbutanal is also known as isovaleraldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanol + NADP+ = 3-methylbutanal + NADPH + H+. 3-methylbutanal is also known as isovaleraldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanol + NADP+ = 3-methylbutanal + NADPH + H+. 3-methylbutanal is also known as isovaleraldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanol + NADP+ = 3-methylbutanal + NADPH + H+. 3-methylbutanal is also known as isovaleraldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanol + NAD+ = 3-methylbutanal + NADH + H+. 3-methylbutanal is also known as isovaleraldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanol + NAD+ = 3-methylbutanal + NADH + H+. 3-methylbutanal is also known as isovaleraldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanol + NAD+ = 3-methylbutanal + NADH + H+. 3-methylbutanal is also known as isovaleraldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methylbutanol + NAD+ = 3-methylbutanal + NADH + H+. 3-methylbutanal is also known as isovaleraldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinitol + NADP+ = D-xylulose + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinitol + NADP+ = D-xylulose + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinitol + NADP+ = D-xylulose + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinitol + NADP+ = D-xylulose + NADPH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-copalyl diphosphate = abieta-8(14),12-diene + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: terpentedienyl diphosphate = diphosphate + terpentetriene.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-epi-isozizaene + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (E,R)-alpha-bisabolene + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (E,R)-alpha-bisabolene + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + H2O = epi-cedrol + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + H2O = epi-cedrol + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + H2O = epi-cedrol + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (Z)-gamma-bisabolene + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole + L-serine = L-tryptophan + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: indole + L-serine = L-tryptophan + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate + CoA-SH + ATP = H2O + ADP + phosphate + (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate + CoA-SH + ATP = H2O + AMP + diphosphate + (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3,6-trichlorohydroquinone + 2 glutathione = 2,6-dichlorohydroquinone + glutathione disulfide + HCl.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3,6-trichlorohydroquinone + 2 glutathione = 2,6-dichlorohydroquinone + glutathione disulfide + HCl.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3,6-trichlorohydroquinone + 2 glutathione = 2,6-dichlorohydroquinone + glutathione disulfide + HCl.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3,6-trichlorohydroquinone + 2 glutathione = 2,6-dichlorohydroquinone + glutathione disulfide + HCl.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-beta-L-arabinofuranose = UDP-beta-L-arabinopyranose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-beta-L-arabinofuranose = UDP-beta-L-arabinopyranose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-beta-L-arabinofuranose = UDP-beta-L-arabinopyranose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-beta-L-arabinofuranose = UDP-beta-L-arabinopyranose.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-beta-L-arabinofuranose = UDP-beta-L-arabinopyranose.
Catalysis of the reaction: raffinose + H2O = alpha-D-galactose + sucrose.
Catalysis of the reaction: raffinose + H2O = alpha-D-galactose + sucrose.
Catalysis of the reaction: raffinose + H2O = alpha-D-galactose + sucrose.
Catalysis of the reaction: epoxyqueuosine in tRNA + reductant = queuosine in tRNA + oxidised reductant.
Catalysis of the reaction: jasmonoyl-isoleucine + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 12-hydroxy-jasmonoyl-isoleucine + NADP+ + H2O.
The modification of an organic chemical by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronosides (or glucuronides) and are often much more water-soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing precursor.
The modification of an organic chemical by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronosides (or glucuronides) and are often much more water-soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing precursor.
The modification of an organic chemical by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronosides (or glucuronides) and are often much more water-soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing precursor.
The modification of an organic chemical by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronosides (or glucuronides) and are often much more water-soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing precursor.
The modification of a flavonoid by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant flavonoid glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the precursor.
The modification of a flavonoid by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant flavonoid glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the precursor.
The modification of a flavonoid by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant flavonoid glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the precursor.
The modification of a flavonoid by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant flavonoid glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the precursor.
The modification of a xenobiotic substance by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the xenobiotic precursor, enabling efficient excretion.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ergothioneine, a naturally occurring metabolite of histidine with antioxidant properties.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.
The pathway resulting in the formation of ergothioneine from histidine. Histidine undergoes three methylations by a histidine-alpha-N-methyltransferase (EC:2.1.1.44) to form N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine (also known as hercynine or histidine betaine). N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine is modified by the ligation of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine and oxygen; this intermediate undergoes further modification by the removal of glutamate to produce hercynylcysteine sulfoxide. Finally, a beta-lyase acts on this compound, removing pyruvate, ammonia and oxygen to produce ergothioneine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-alpha-methyl-L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-alpha,N-alpha-dimethyl-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-alpha-methyl-L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-alpha,N-alpha-dimethyl-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-alpha-methyl-L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-alpha,N-alpha-dimethyl-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-alpha-methyl-L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-alpha,N-alpha-dimethyl-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine.
The pathway resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine from histidine. Histidine undergoes three methylations by a histidine-alpha-N-methyltransferase (EC:2.1.1.44) to form N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine (also known as hercynine or histidine betaine).
The pathway resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine from histidine. Histidine undergoes three methylations by a histidine-alpha-N-methyltransferase (EC:2.1.1.44) to form N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine (also known as hercynine or histidine betaine).
The pathway resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine from histidine. Histidine undergoes three methylations by a histidine-alpha-N-methyltransferase (EC:2.1.1.44) to form N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine (also known as hercynine or histidine betaine).
The pathway resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine from histidine. Histidine undergoes three methylations by a histidine-alpha-N-methyltransferase (EC:2.1.1.44) to form N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine (also known as hercynine or histidine betaine).
The pathway resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine from histidine. Histidine undergoes three methylations by a histidine-alpha-N-methyltransferase (EC:2.1.1.44) to form N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine (also known as hercynine or histidine betaine).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.
The pathway resulting in the formation of ergothioneine from N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine (also known as hercynine or histidine betaine).
The pathway resulting in the formation of ergothioneine from N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine (also known as hercynine or histidine betaine).
The pathway resulting in the formation of ergothioneine from N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine (also known as hercynine or histidine betaine).
The pathway resulting in the formation of ergothioneine from N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine (also known as hercynine or histidine betaine).
The pathway resulting in the formation of ergothioneine from N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine (also known as hercynine or histidine betaine).
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol phosphosphingolipid + H2O = sphingolipid + phosphorylinositol.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol phosphorylceramide + H2O = C26-phytoceramide + phosphorylinositol.
Catalysis of the reaction: mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide + H2O = C26-phytoceramide + mannosylphosphorylinositol.
Catalysis of the reaction: mannosyl-diinositol phosphorylceramide + H2O = C26-phytoceramide + mannosyldiphosphorylinositol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 hydroquinone + O2 = 4 benzosemiquinone + 4 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 hydroquinone + O2 = 4 benzosemiquinone + 4 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 hydroquinone + O2 = 4 benzosemiquinone + 4 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine-34 + H2O = inosine-34 + NH3, in a tRNA-Ala molecule.
A protein complex that possesses tRNA-specific adenosine-34 deaminase activity. In eukaryotes the complex is a heterodimer; the subunits are known as Tad2p and Tad3p in yeasts and Adat2 and Adat3 in human.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages immediately 5' to an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP; also called abasic) site within a ribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks, generating a single-strand break with 5'-ribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages immediately 5' to an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP; also called abasic) site within a ribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks, generating a single-strand break with 5'-ribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages immediately 5' to an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP; also called abasic) site within a ribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks, generating a single-strand break with 5'-ribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages immediately 5' to an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP; also called abasic) site within a ribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks, generating a single-strand break with 5'-ribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages immediately 5' to an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP; also called abasic) site within a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages immediately 5' to an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP; also called abasic) site within a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages immediately 5' to an AP (also called abasic) site within a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages immediately 5' to an AP (also called abasic) site within a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages immediately 5' to an AP (also called abasic) site within a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages immediately 5' to an AP (also called abasic) site within a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule by creating internal breaks, generating a single-strand break with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl ends.
Catalysis of the reaction: fatty acid + O2 + 2 NADPH + H+ = fatty acid with in-chain hydroxy group + 2 NADP+ + H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate = ADP + 1-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (2,3,4,5,6)pentakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate = ADP + 3-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,4,5,6)pentakisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 3-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 3-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 3-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 3-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 3-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing 3-methylcytosine.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of linkages in beta-D-glucans; beta-glucans are polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers linked by beta-glycosidic bonds.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or similar compound.
Catalysis of the reaction: (4R)-limonene + H+ + NADPH + O2 = (1R,5S)-carveol + H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (4R)-limonene + H+ + NADPH + O2 = (1R,5S)-carveol + H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (4R)-limonene + H+ + NADPH + O2 = (1R,5S)-carveol + H2O + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol trisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: sinapaldehyde + NADPH + H+ = sinapyl-alcohol + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: sinapaldehyde + NADPH + H+ = sinapyl-alcohol + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: baicalin + H2O = baicalein + D-glucuronate.
Catalysis of the reaction: baicalin + H2O = baicalein + D-glucuronate.
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate + coenzyme F420 + H+ = 6-O-phosphono-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate + coenzyme F420 + H+ = 6-O-phosphono-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate + coenzyme F420 + H+ = 6-O-phosphono-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-mannose + H2O = GMP + mannose-1-phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced coenzyme F420 + CoB-S-S-CoM = coenzyme F420 + CoM-SH + CoB-SH.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced coenzyme F420 + CoB-S-S-CoM = coenzyme F420 + CoM-SH + CoB-SH.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced coenzyme F420 + CoB-S-S-CoM = coenzyme F420 + CoM-SH + CoB-SH.
Catalysis of the reaction: propan-2-ol + coenzyme F420 = acetone + reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: propan-2-ol + coenzyme F420 = acetone + reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: propan-2-ol + coenzyme F420 = acetone + reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + factor gamma-F420-2 + H+ = coenzyme F390-G + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + factor gamma-F420-2 + H+ = coenzyme F390-G + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced coenzyme F420 + 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone = coenzyme F420 + reduced 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Reduced 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone is also known as 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-hydronaphthoquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced coenzyme F420 + 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone = coenzyme F420 + reduced 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Reduced 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone is also known as 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-hydronaphthoquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced coenzyme F420 + 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone = coenzyme F420 + reduced 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Reduced 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone is also known as 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-hydronaphthoquinone.
Catalysis of the reaction: chitobiose + phosphate = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate. This reaction is the phosphorolysis of chitobiose, (GlcNAc)2, a dimer of beta-(1->4) linked glucosamine units.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of hexosaminic linkages in chondroitin, a linear polymer structure composed of the repeating disaccharide unit [->4)-D-glucuronic acid-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-(1-], also written as [->4GlcUA1->3GalNAc1-].
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,6-trinitrophenol + H- = 2,4,6-trinitrophenol hydride Meisenheimer complex. Coenzyme F420 supplies the hydride (H-) in the reaction.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,6-trinitrophenol + H- = 2,4,6-trinitrophenol hydride Meisenheimer complex. Coenzyme F420 supplies the hydride (H-) in the reaction.
Catalysis of the reaction: trinitrophenol hydride Meisenheimer complex + H- = trinitrophenol dihydride Meisenheimer complex (aci form). Coenzyme F420 supplies the hydride (H-) in the reaction.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dinitrophenol + H- = 2,4-dinitrophenol hydride Meisenheimer complex. Coenzyme F420 supplies the hydride (H-) in the reaction.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dinitrophenol + H- = 2,4-dinitrophenol hydride Meisenheimer complex. Coenzyme F420 supplies the hydride (H-) in the reaction.
Catalysis of the reaction: [beta-(1->4)-D-glucosamine]n-[N-acetyl-D-glucosamine]m = D-glucosamine + [beta-(1->4)-D-glucosamine](n-1)-[N-acetyl-D-glucosamine]m. This reaction is the hydrolysis of chitosan or chitosan oligosaccharides to remove a D-glucosamine residue from the non-reducing termini; chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed beta-(1->4)-linked D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units.
Catalysis of the reaction: [beta-(1->4)-D-glucosamine]n-[N-acetyl-D-glucosamine]m = D-glucosamine + [beta-(1->4)-D-glucosamine](n-1)-[N-acetyl-D-glucosamine]m. This reaction is the hydrolysis of chitosan or chitosan oligosaccharides to remove a D-glucosamine residue from the non-reducing termini; chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed beta-(1->4)-linked D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units.
Catalysis of the reaction: [beta-(1->4)-D-glucosamine]n-[N-acetyl-D-glucosamine]m = D-glucosamine + [beta-(1->4)-D-glucosamine](n-1)-[N-acetyl-D-glucosamine]m. This reaction is the hydrolysis of chitosan or chitosan oligosaccharides to remove a D-glucosamine residue from the non-reducing termini; chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed beta-(1->4)-linked D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units.
Catalysis of the reaction: [beta-(1->4)-D-glucosamine]n-[N-acetyl-D-glucosamine]m = D-glucosamine + [beta-(1->4)-D-glucosamine](n-1)-[N-acetyl-D-glucosamine]m. This reaction is the hydrolysis of chitosan or chitosan oligosaccharides to remove a D-glucosamine residue from the non-reducing termini; chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly distributed beta-(1->4)-linked D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units.
Catalysis of the reaction: gellan = n beta-D-4-deoxy-delta4,5-GlcAp-(1->4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1->4)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1->3)-beta-D-Glcp. This reaction is the eliminative cleavage of beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyluronate bonds of gellan backbone, releasing tetrasaccharides containing a 4-deoxy-4,5-unsaturated D-glucopyranosyluronic acid at the non-reducing end; in the product, the abbreviations are D-glucose (Glc), D-glucuronic acid (GlcA), and L-rhamnose (Rha).
Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond in ulvan, a carbohydrate composed of a repeating structure of [->4)-beta-D-GlcA-(1,4)-alpha-L-Rha 3S-(1->4)-alpha-L-IdoA-(1->4)-alpha-L-Rha 3S-(1-]n. Continued digest of ulvan with an enzyme that can catalyze this reaction results in ulvanobiouronic acid A 3-sulfate [->4)-beta-D-GlcpA-(1->4)-alpha-L-Rhap 3-sulfate-(1-]n with 4-deoxy-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosiduronic acid at the non-reducing end.
Catalysis of the cleavage of glycosidic bonds through a beta-elimination reaction on alginate, a linear polysaccharide consisting of guluronate (G) and mannuronate (M) as the monomer constituents. An oligoalginate is a linear polymer of two, three or four units of (1->4)-alpha-L-guluronic acid and beta-D-mannuronic acid, releasing monosaccharides with 4-deoxy-alpha-L-erythro-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl groups at their ends.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced coenzyme F420 + O2 = 2 coenzyme F420 + 2 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced coenzyme F420 + O2 = 2 coenzyme F420 + 2 H2O.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 reduced coenzyme F420 + O2 = 2 coenzyme F420 + 2 H2O.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-(1->4) linkage of the terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-(1->4) linkage of the terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-(1->4) linkage of the terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-(1->4) linkage of the terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-mannosides.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-(1->6) bonds of alpha-D-mannose residues in mannosyl-oligosaccharide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-(1->6) bonds of alpha-D-mannose residues in mannosyl-oligosaccharide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-(1->6) bonds of alpha-D-mannose residues in mannosyl-oligosaccharide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-(1->6) bonds of alpha-D-mannose residues in mannosyl-oligosaccharide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-(1->3) bonds of alpha-D-mannose residues in mannosyl-oligosaccharide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-(1->3) bonds of alpha-D-mannose residues in mannosyl-oligosaccharide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-(1->3) bonds of alpha-D-mannose residues in mannosyl-oligosaccharide.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-(1->3) bonds of alpha-D-mannose residues in mannosyl-oligosaccharide.
Catalysis of the glycosidic cleavage of the terminal 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside 6-sulfate (6-SO3-GlcNAc) residue from sulfomucin, a sulfated mucin derivative.
Catalysis of the glycosidic cleavage of the terminal 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside 6-sulfate (6-SO3-GlcNAc) residue from sulfomucin, a sulfated mucin derivative.
Catalysis of the glycosidic cleavage of the terminal 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside 6-sulfate (6-SO3-GlcNAc) residue from sulfomucin, a sulfated mucin derivative.
Catalysis of the glycosidic cleavage of the terminal 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside 6-sulfate (6-SO3-GlcNAc) residue from sulfomucin, a sulfated mucin derivative.
Catalysis of the reaction: coenzyme F390-A = AMP + coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: coenzyme F390-G = GMP + coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of brefeldin A to produce brefeldin A acid. Brefeldin A is also known as gamma,4-dihydroxy-2-(6-hydroxy-1-heptenyl)-4-cyclopentanecrotonic acid lambda-lactone.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of brefeldin A to produce brefeldin A acid. Brefeldin A is also known as gamma,4-dihydroxy-2-(6-hydroxy-1-heptenyl)-4-cyclopentanecrotonic acid lambda-lactone.
Catalysis of the reaction: N,N'-diacetylchitobiose (GlcNac2) + H2O = acetate + 2-acetamido-4-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-D-glucose (GlcN-GlcNAc).
Catalysis of the reaction: glucosyl-N-acetylglucosamine + H2O = glucosamine + N-acetylglucosamine.
Catalysis of the reaction: R1-L-rhamnose-(1->3)-alpha-L-rhamnose-R2 + H2O = R1-L-rhamnose + L-rhamnose-R2. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an alpha-(1->3) linkage between two rhamnose residues in a polysaccharide chain.
Catalysis of the reaction: R1-L-rhamnose-(1->3)-alpha-L-rhamnose-R2 + H2O = R1-L-rhamnose + L-rhamnose-R2. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an alpha-(1->3) linkage between two rhamnose residues in a polysaccharide chain.
Catalysis of the reaction: R1-L-rhamnose-(1->3)-alpha-L-rhamnose-R2 + H2O = R1-L-rhamnose + L-rhamnose-R2. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an alpha-(1->3) linkage between two rhamnose residues in a polysaccharide chain.
The pathway resulting in the breakdown of diacetylchitobiose into simpler products, including glucosamine and glucosamine. The catabolism proceeds by the deacetylation of diacetylchitobiose, producing acetate and GlcN-GlcNAc; the latter is cleaved to produce glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is then deacetylated to produce glucosamine (GlcN) and acetate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diacetylchitobiose into simpler products.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving diacetylchitobiose, the N,N'-diacetylated derivative of chitobiose.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino disaccharide, a disaccharide having one or more substituted or unsubstituted amino groups in place of hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chitobioses, a family of compounds derived from chitin and based on the structure of D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-D-glucosamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any chitobiose, a family of compounds derived from chitin and based on the structure of D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-D-glucosamine.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino disaccharide, a disaccharide having one or more substituted or unsubstituted amino groups in place of hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving reuteran, a soluble glucan polymer with mainly alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkages and significant amounts of alpha-(1->6) and alpha-(1->4,6) glucosidic linkages.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of reuteran, a soluble glucan polymer with mainly alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkages and significant amounts of alpha-(1->6) and alpha-(1->4,6) glucosidic linkages.
The breakdown into simpler components of cellulose. Catabolism is initiated by endohydrolytic attacks on the cellulose chain, and the resulting pieces are further degraded by cellulase enzymes to produce smaller and smaller fragments.
The breakdown of large alpha-linked polysaccharides by hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages to yield maltotriose.
The breakdown of large alpha-linked polysaccharides by hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages to yield maltotriose.
The breakdown of large alpha-linked polysaccharides by hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages to yield maltopentaose.
The breakdown of large alpha-linked polysaccharides by hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages to yield maltopentaose.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond in an unsaturated saccharide between the unsaturated glucuronyl residue at the nonreducing terminus and the saccharide linked to the residue.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->3)-beta-D-mannosidic linkages in mannans, releasing mannose.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->3)-beta-D-mannosidic linkages in mannans, releasing mannose.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->3)-beta-D-mannosidic linkages in mannans, releasing mannose.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->3)-beta-D-mannosidic linkages in mannans, releasing mannose.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->3)-beta-D-mannosidic linkages in mannans, releasing mannose.
Catalysis of the reaction: chitooligosaccharide with N-acetylglucosamine at nonreducing terminal + H2O = chitooligosaccharide with glucosamine at nonreducing terminal + acetate. This reaction is the deacetylation of a chitooligosaccharide at the nonreducing N-acetylglucosamine residue; chitooligosaccharide are composed of (1->4)-linked D-glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) in varying proportions.
Catalysis of the reaction: (2-keto-3-deoxynononic acid)n + H2O = (2-keto-3-deoxynononic acid)n-1 + 2-keto-3-deoxynononic acid. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a 2-keto-3-deoxynononic acid residue from a poly-2-keto-3-deoxynononic acid chain.
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of xylogalacturonate by cleavage of the alpha-(1,4)-linkage. Xylogalacturonate (XGA) is composed of a chain of alpha-(1,4)-linked D-galacturonic acid residues with beta-D-xylose substituted at the O3 position.
Catalysis of the reaction: pectin + H2O = pectate + acetate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of acetyl esters of pectin, producing pectate, partially esterified pectin.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->3)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in substrates.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->3)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in substrates.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->6)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in substrates.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->6)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in substrates.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->8)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in substrates.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(2->8)-glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic residues in substrates.
Catalysis of the reaction: [X]-4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid + H2O = [X]-OH + methyl-D-glucuronic acid. This reaction is the hydrolysis of the ester linkage between 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid (MeGlcA) and an alcohol (-OH) group attached to a molecule, denoted here as [X].
Catalysis of the transfer of sialyl residues alpha-2,3-linked to a beta galactosyl residue on the donor to form an alpha-2,3 linkage to a terminal beta galactosyl residue on the acceptor.
The breakdown of a bicyclic nitroimidazole into simpler components in a process that requires coenzyme F420 and produces reactive nitrogen species. Hydride, from reduced coenzyme F420, is added to the bicyclic nitroimidazole, resulting in unstable substances that break down to form three stable products. The elimination of nitrous acid produces the corresponding des-nitroimidazole; hydrolysis produces a related compound; and further reduction creates an aromatic hydroxylamine metabolite that degrades further. These reactions release hyponitrous acid and nitrous acid, which is unstable and disproportionates into nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive nitrogen intermediates.
The breakdown of a bicyclic nitroimidazole into simpler components in a process that requires coenzyme F420 and produces reactive nitrogen species. Hydride, from reduced coenzyme F420, is added to the bicyclic nitroimidazole, resulting in unstable substances that break down to form three stable products. The elimination of nitrous acid produces the corresponding des-nitroimidazole; hydrolysis produces a related compound; and further reduction creates an aromatic hydroxylamine metabolite that degrades further. These reactions release hyponitrous acid and nitrous acid, which is unstable and disproportionates into nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive nitrogen intermediates.
The breakdown of a bicyclic nitroimidazole into simpler components in a process that requires coenzyme F420 and produces reactive nitrogen species. Hydride, from reduced coenzyme F420, is added to the bicyclic nitroimidazole, resulting in unstable substances that break down to form three stable products. The elimination of nitrous acid produces the corresponding des-nitroimidazole; hydrolysis produces a related compound; and further reduction creates an aromatic hydroxylamine metabolite that degrades further. These reactions release hyponitrous acid and nitrous acid, which is unstable and disproportionates into nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive nitrogen intermediates.
The breakdown of a bicyclic nitroimidazole into simpler components in a process that requires coenzyme F420 and produces reactive nitrogen species. Hydride, from reduced coenzyme F420, is added to the bicyclic nitroimidazole, resulting in unstable substances that break down to form three stable products. The elimination of nitrous acid produces the corresponding des-nitroimidazole; hydrolysis produces a related compound; and further reduction creates an aromatic hydroxylamine metabolite that degrades further. These reactions release hyponitrous acid and nitrous acid, which is unstable and disproportionates into nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive nitrogen intermediates.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a bicyclic nitroimidazole.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a bicyclic nitroimidazole.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a bicyclic nitroimidazole.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving bicyclic nitroimidazoles, imidazole derivatives with two rings and a nitro group attached to one ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitroimidazoles, imidazole derivatives with a nitro group attached to one ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving imidazoles, five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nitroimidazoles, imidazole derivatives with a nitro group attached to one ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nitroimidazoles, imidazole derivatives with a nitro group attached to one ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nitroimidazoles, imidazole derivatives with a nitro group attached to one ring.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of imidazoles, five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of imidazoles, five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of imidazoles, five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.
Catalysis of the reaction: sulfite + 3 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = hydrogen sulfide + 3 H2O + 3 coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: sulfite + 3 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = hydrogen sulfide + 3 H2O + 3 coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: sulfite + 3 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = hydrogen sulfide + 3 H2O + 3 coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: sulfite + 3 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = hydrogen sulfide + 3 H2O + 3 coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: aflatoxin + 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = aflatoxin with reduced furanocoumarin moiety + coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: aflatoxin + 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = aflatoxin with reduced furanocoumarin moiety + coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: aflatoxin + 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = aflatoxin with reduced furanocoumarin moiety + coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: aflatoxin + 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = aflatoxin with reduced furanocoumarin moiety + coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = NADPH + H+ + coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = NADPH + H+ + coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = NADPH + H+ + coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = NADPH + H+ + coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = NADPH + H+ + coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420.
Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond in acharan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with a uniformly repeating disaccharide structure of alpha-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl-2-O-sulfo-alpha-L-iduronic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: a medium-chain aldehyde + NAD+ = a medium-chain carboxylate + NADH + H+. Medium-chain aldehydes have a chain length of between 8 and 12 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a medium-chain aldehyde + NAD+ = a medium-chain carboxylate + NADH + H+. Medium-chain aldehydes have a chain length of between 8 and 12 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: a medium-chain aldehyde + NAD+ = a medium-chain carboxylate + NADH + H+. Medium-chain aldehydes have a chain length of between 8 and 12 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a medium-chain acyl-CoA = a medium-chain carboxylate + CoA. A medium chain is a chain of between eight and twelve carbons in length.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a medium-chain acyl-CoA = a medium-chain carboxylate + CoA. A medium chain is a chain of between eight and twelve carbons in length.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a medium-chain acyl-CoA = a medium-chain carboxylate + CoA. A medium chain is a chain of between eight and twelve carbons in length.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a medium-chain acyl-CoA = a medium-chain carboxylate + CoA. A medium chain is a chain of between eight and twelve carbons in length.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a long-chain acyl-CoA = a long-chain carboxylate + CoA. A long chain is a chain of greater than 12 carbons in length.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a long-chain acyl-CoA = a long-chain carboxylate + CoA. A long chain is a chain of greater than 12 carbons in length.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a long-chain acyl-CoA = a long-chain carboxylate + CoA. A long chain is a chain of greater than 12 carbons in length.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a long-chain acyl-CoA = a long-chain carboxylate + CoA. A long chain is a chain of greater than 12 carbons in length.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a very long chain acyl-CoA = a very long chain carboxylate + CoA. A very long chain has chain length greater than C18.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a very long chain acyl-CoA = a very long chain carboxylate + CoA. A very long chain has chain length greater than C18.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a very long chain acyl-CoA = a very long chain carboxylate + CoA. A very long chain has chain length greater than C18.
Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a very long chain acyl-CoA = a very long chain carboxylate + CoA. A very long chain has chain length greater than C18.
Catalysis of the reaction: heteroglycan + GDP-mannose = (1->3)-alpha-D-mannosylheteroglycan + GDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: heteroglycan + GDP-mannose = (1->3)-alpha-D-mannosylheteroglycan + GDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: heteroglycan + GDP-mannose = (1->3)-alpha-D-mannosylheteroglycan + GDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: heteroglycan + GDP-mannose = (1->3)-alpha-D-mannosylheteroglycan + GDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: heteroglycan + GDP-mannose = (1->2)-alpha-D-mannosylheteroglycan + GDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: heteroglycan + GDP-mannose = (1->2)-alpha-D-mannosylheteroglycan + GDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: heteroglycan + GDP-mannose = (1->2)-alpha-D-mannosylheteroglycan + GDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: heteroglycan + GDP-mannose = (1->2)-alpha-D-mannosylheteroglycan + GDP.
Catalysis of the reaction: DNA with 1-N6-ethenoadenine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 1-N6-ethenoadenine. This reaction is the removal of 1,N6-ethenoadenine by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar.
Catalysis of the reaction: DNA with 1-N6-ethenoadenine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 1-N6-ethenoadenine. This reaction is the removal of 1,N6-ethenoadenine by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar.
Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,4Z,7E)-2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4,7-trienedioate + H2O = (2E)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate + fumarate + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,4Z,7E)-2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4,7-trienedioate + H2O = (2E)-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate + fumarate + H+.
Catalysis of the addition of mannose to dolichyl-pyrophosphate Man7GlcNAc2 (also written as Man7GlcNAc2-PP-Dol) in alpha-(1->6) linkage, producing Man8GlcNAc2-PP-Dol.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + H2O = inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol pentakisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol-1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = inositol-1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol-1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = inositol-3,4,6-trisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 3-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 4-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 4-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 4-phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol phosphate + H2O = myo-inositol + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,6-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,6-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,6-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,6-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,6-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,6-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,6-trisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + ADP + 2 H(+).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate = ADP + inositol 5-triphosphate pentakisphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a thiazole, a five-membered heterocyclic ring structure containing a sulfur in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a thiazole, a five-membered heterocyclic ring structure containing a sulfur in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a thiazole, a five-membered heterocyclic ring structure containing a sulfur in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a thiazole, a five-membered heterocyclic ring structure containing a sulfur in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiazole, a five-membered heterocyclic ring structure containing a sulfur in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position.
Catalysis of the reaction: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate = ADP + inositol bisdiphosphate trisphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate + H2O = inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol bisdiphosphate tetrakisphosphate + H2O = inositol diphosphate pentakisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol diphosphate pentakisphosphate + H2O = inositol hexakisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol 1-diphosphate 2,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + H2O = inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate + phosphate + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol 3-diphosphate 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + H2O = inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate + phosphate + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: inositol 5-diphosphate 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate + H2O = inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate + phosphate + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 3,5-bisdiphosphoinositol-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 3-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: curcumin + NADPH + H+ = dihydrocurcumin + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: dihydrocurcumin + NADPH+ + H+ = tetrahydrocurcumin + NADP+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe3+ + NADPH = 2 Fe2+ + H+ + NADP+ .
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe3+ + NADPH = 2 Fe2+ + H+ + NADP+ .
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe3+ + NADPH = 2 Fe2+ + H+ + NADP+ .
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe3+ + NADPH = 2 Fe2+ + H+ + NADP+ .
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe3+ + NADPH = 2 Fe2+ + H+ + NADP+ .
Catalysis of the reaction: very-long-chain (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = very-long-chain 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Very long chain refers to a chain length of greater than 18 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: very-long-chain (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = very-long-chain 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Very long chain refers to a chain length of greater than 18 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: very-long-chain (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = very-long-chain 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Very long chain refers to a chain length of greater than 18 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: very-long-chain (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = very-long-chain 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Very long chain refers to a chain length of greater than 18 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: very-long-chain (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = very-long-chain 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Very long chain refers to a chain length of greater than 18 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: very-long-chain (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = very-long-chain 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Very long chain refers to a chain length of greater than 18 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: very-long-chain (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = very-long-chain 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Very long chain refers to a chain length of greater than 18 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: long-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = long-chain-2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Long chain refers to a chain length of 14 to 18 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: long-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = long-chain-2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Long chain refers to a chain length of 14 to 18 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: long-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = long-chain-2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Long chain refers to a chain length of 14 to 18 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: long-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = long-chain-2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Long chain refers to a chain length of 14 to 18 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: long-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = long-chain-2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Long chain refers to a chain length of 14 to 18 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: long-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = long-chain-2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Long chain refers to a chain length of 14 to 18 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: long-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = long-chain-2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Long chain refers to a chain length of 14 to 18 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: medium-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = medium-chain-2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Medium chain refers to a chain length of between 8 and 12 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: medium-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = medium-chain-2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Medium chain refers to a chain length of between 8 and 12 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: medium-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = medium-chain-2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Medium chain refers to a chain length of between 8 and 12 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: medium-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = medium-chain-2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Medium chain refers to a chain length of between 8 and 12 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: medium-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = medium-chain-2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Medium chain refers to a chain length of between 8 and 12 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: medium-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = medium-chain-2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Medium chain refers to a chain length of between 8 and 12 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: medium-chain-(S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = medium-chain-2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide. Medium chain refers to a chain length of between 8 and 12 carbons.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-6beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + ADP = AMP + 3 H(+) + NADH + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-6beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + ADP = AMP + 3 H(+) + NADH + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-6beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + ADP = AMP + 3 H(+) + NADH + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-6beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + ADP = AMP + 3 H(+) + NADH + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-6beta-hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + ADP = AMP + 3 H(+) + NADH + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-NADHX = (S)-NADHX.
Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-NADPHX = (S)-NADPHX.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + peptidyl-L-lysine = phosphate + peptidyl-N6-acetyl-L-lysine.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + peptidyl-L-lysine = phosphate + peptidyl-N6-acetyl-L-lysine.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + peptidyl-L-lysine = phosphate + peptidyl-N6-acetyl-L-lysine.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + peptidyl-L-lysine = phosphate + peptidyl-N6-acetyl-L-lysine.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + peptidyl-L-lysine = phosphate + peptidyl-N6-acetyl-L-lysine.
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages in (1->4)-beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages in (1->4)-beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages in (1->4)-beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages in (1->4)-beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages in (1->4)-beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages in (1->4)-beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages in (1->4)-beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages in (1->4)-beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages in (1->4)-beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages in (1->4)-beta-D-glucans.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxymugineic acid + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 3-epihydroxy-2'-deoxymugineic acid + succinate + CO2.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, the 5-phospho derivative of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate is an intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway and a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n) + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n-1) + phosphate. This reaction is the removal of a phosphate group from a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H(2)O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H(2)O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H(2)O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H(2)O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H(2)O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H(2)O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H(2)O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein-lysine + protein-lysine = protein N6-(lysyl)-L-lysine + protein. This reaction is the addition of lysine group from one protein to a lysine residue in a second protein, producing N6-(lysyl)-L-lysine.
Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonic acid + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 20-HETE + NADP+ + H2O. Arachidonic acid is also known as (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid, and 20-HETE is also known as (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-20-hydroxyicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonic acid + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 20-HETE + NADP+ + H2O. Arachidonic acid is also known as (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid, and 20-HETE is also known as (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-20-hydroxyicosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: tocopherol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 13'-hydroxy-tocopherol + NADP+ + H2O .
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-tocopherol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 13'-hydroxy-alpha-tocopherol + NADP+ + H2O .
Catalysis of the reaction: tocotrienol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 13'-hydroxy-tocotrienol + NADP+ + H2O .
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NADP+ = FMN + NADPH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NADP+ = FMN + NADPH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NADP+ = FMN + NADPH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NADP+ = FMN + NADPH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NADP+ = FMN + NADPH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NADP+ = FMN + NADPH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NADP+ = FMN + NADPH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NADP+ = FMN + NADPH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NADP+ = FMN + NADPH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NADP+ = FMN + NADPH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NADP+ = FMN + NADPH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NADP+ = FMN + NADPH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NADP+ = FMN + NADPH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD+ = FMN + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD+ = FMN + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD+ = FMN + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD+ = FMN + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD+ = FMN + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD+ = FMN + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD+ = FMN + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD+ = FMN + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD+ = FMN + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD+ = FMN + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD+ = FMN + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD+ = FMN + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: FMNH2 + NAD+ = FMN + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NAD+ = riboflavin + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NAD+ = riboflavin + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NAD+ = riboflavin + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NAD+ = riboflavin + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NAD+ = riboflavin + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NAD+ = riboflavin + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NAD+ = riboflavin + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NAD+ = riboflavin + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NAD+ = riboflavin + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NAD+ = riboflavin + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NAD+ = riboflavin + NADH + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylamine + H2O + amicyanin = formaldehyde + ammonia + reduced amicyanin.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylamine + H2O + amicyanin = formaldehyde + ammonia + reduced amicyanin.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylamine + H2O + amicyanin = formaldehyde + ammonia + reduced amicyanin.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylamine + H2O + amicyanin = formaldehyde + ammonia + reduced amicyanin.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylamine + H2O + amicyanin = formaldehyde + ammonia + reduced amicyanin.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylamine + H2O + amicyanin = formaldehyde + ammonia + reduced amicyanin.
Catalysis of the reaction: methylamine + H2O + amicyanin = formaldehyde + ammonia + reduced amicyanin.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and a copper protein is the acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: O(2) + linoleate = (8R,9Z,12Z)-8-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: O(2) + linoleate = (8R,9Z,12Z)-8-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: O(2) + linoleate = (8R,9Z,12Z)-8-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: O(2) + linoleate = (8R,9Z,12Z)-8-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: O(2) + linoleate = (8R,9Z,12Z)-8-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (8R,9Z,12Z)-8-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate = (7S,8S,9Z,12Z)-7,8-dihydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (8R,9Z,12Z)-8-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate = (7S,8S,9Z,12Z)-7,8-dihydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate.
Catalysis of the reaction: (8R,9Z,12Z)-8-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate = (7S,8S,9Z,12Z)-7,8-dihydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoate.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol, or related compound, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a copper protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate + FADH(2) + O(2) = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + FAD + H(+) + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate + FADH(2) + O(2) = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + FAD + H(+) + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate + FADH(2) + O(2) = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + FAD + H(+) + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate + FADH(2) + O(2) = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + FAD + H(+) + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate + FADH(2) + O(2) = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + FAD + H(+) + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate + FADH(2) + O(2) = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + FAD + H(+) + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate + FADH(2) + O(2) = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + FAD + H(+) + H(2)O.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a phosphorus- or arsenic-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a copper protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine = NH(4)(+) + trans-4-coumarate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine = NH(4)(+) + trans-4-coumarate.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine = NH(4)(+) + trans-4-coumarate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + all-trans-retinyl palmitate = 11-cis-retinol + H(+) + palmitate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + all-trans-retinyl palmitate = 11-cis-retinol + H(+) + palmitate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + all-trans-retinyl palmitate = 11-cis-retinol + H(+) + palmitate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + all-trans-retinyl palmitate = 11-cis-retinol + H(+) + palmitate.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + all-trans-retinyl ester = 11-cis-retinol + fatty acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + all-trans-retinyl ester = 11-cis-retinol + fatty acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + all-trans-retinyl ester = 11-cis-retinol + fatty acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + all-trans-retinyl ester = 11-cis-retinol + fatty acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + all-trans-retinyl ester = 11-cis-retinol + fatty acid.
Catalysis of the reaction: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + a quinone = 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene + a quinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + a quinone = 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene + a quinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + a quinone = 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene + a quinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene + a quinone = 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene + a quinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene + a quinone = 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene + a quinol.
Catalysis of the reaction: 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene + a quinone = 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene + a quinol.
The series of reactions in which 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene is desaturated to 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene, and then 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene. The overall reaction for this process is: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone = 2 quinol + 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene.
The series of reactions in which 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene is desaturated to 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene, and then 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene. The overall reaction for this process is: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone = 2 quinol + 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene.
The series of reactions in which 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene is desaturated to 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene, and then 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene. The overall reaction for this process is: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone = 2 quinol + 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene.
The series of reactions in which 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene is desaturated to 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene, and then 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene. The overall reaction for this process is: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone = 2 quinol + 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene.
The series of reactions in which 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene is desaturated to 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene, and then 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene. The overall reaction for this process is: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone = 2 quinol + 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene.
The series of reactions in which 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene is desaturated to 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene, and then 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene. The overall reaction for this process is: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone = 2 quinol + 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene.
Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a flavin.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aliphatic aldehyde or ketone + cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aliphatic aldehyde or ketone + cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aliphatic aldehyde or ketone + cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aliphatic aldehyde or ketone + cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aliphatic aldehyde or ketone + cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aliphatic aldehyde or ketone + cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aliphatic aldehyde or ketone + cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aromatic aldehyde + cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aromatic aldehyde + cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aromatic aldehyde + cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aromatic aldehyde + cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aromatic aldehyde + cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aromatic aldehyde + cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic (S)-hydroxynitrile = an aromatic aldehyde + cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: N1-acetylspermine + oxygen + H2O = N-(3-acetamidopropyl)-4-aminobutanal + propane-1,3-diamine + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: norspermine + oxygen + H2O = norspermidine + 3-aminopropanal + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: N1-acetylspermine + oxygen + H2O = N1-acetylspermidine + 3-aminopropanal + hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + spermidine = 1,3-diaminopropane + 4-aminobutanal + H(2)O(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + spermidine = 1,3-diaminopropane + 4-aminobutanal + H(2)O(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(8)-acetylspermidine + O(2) = 1,3-diaminopropane + 4-acetamidobutanal + H(2)O(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(1)-acetylspermidine + O(2) = 1,3-diaminopropane + 4-acetamidobutanal + H(2)O(2).
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(1),N(12)-diacetylspermine + O(2) = 3-acetamidopropanal + H(2)O(2) + N(1)-acetylspermidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(1),N(12)-diacetylspermine + O(2) = 3-acetamidopropanal + H(2)O(2) + N(1)-acetylspermidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + spermine = 1,3-diaminopropane + H(2)O(2) + N-(3-aminopropyl)-4-aminobutanal.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + spermine = 3-aminopropanal + H(2)O(2) + spermidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + spermine = 3-aminopropanal + H(2)O(2) + spermidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + spermine = 3-aminopropanal + H(2)O(2) + spermidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + spermine = 3-aminopropanal + H(2)O(2) + spermidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + spermidine = 3-aminopropanal + H(2)O(2) + putrescine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + spermidine = 3-aminopropanal + H(2)O(2) + putrescine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + O(2) + spermidine = 3-aminopropanal + H(2)O(2) + putrescine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(1)-acetylspermine + O(2) = 3-acetamidopropanal + H(2)O(2) + spermidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(1)-acetylspermine + O(2) = 3-acetamidopropanal + H(2)O(2) + spermidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(1)-acetylspermine + O(2) = 3-acetamidopropanal + H(2)O(2) + spermidine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(1)-acetylspermidine + O(2) = 3-acetamidopropanal + H(2)O(2) + putrescine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(1)-acetylspermidine + O(2) = 3-acetamidopropanal + H(2)O(2) + putrescine.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + N(1)-acetylspermidine + O(2) = 3-acetamidopropanal + H(2)O(2) + putrescine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(9) in tRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(9) in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(9) in tRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(9) in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(9) in tRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(9) in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(9) in tRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(9) in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(9) in tRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(9) in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(37) in tRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(37) in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(37) in tRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(37) in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(37) in tRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(37) in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(1618) in 23S rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N(6)-methyladenine(1618) in 23S rRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(1618) in 23S rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N(6)-methyladenine(1618) in 23S rRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(1518)/adenine(1519) in 16S rRNA = 4 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N(6)-dimethyladenine(1518)/N(6)-dimethyladenine(1519) in 16S rRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 4 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(1779)/adenine(1780) in 18S rRNA = 4 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N(6)-dimethyladenine(1779)/N(6)-dimethyladenine(1780) in 18S rRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(2085) in 23S rRNA = 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N(6)-dimethyladenine(2085) in 23S rRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(2085) in 23S rRNA = 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N(6)-dimethyladenine(2085) in 23S rRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(2085) in 23S rRNA = 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N(6)-dimethyladenine(2085) in 23S rRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(745) in 23S rRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(745) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(745) in 23S rRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(745) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(745) in 23S rRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(745) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(745) in 23S rRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(745) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(745) in 23S rRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(745) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(745) in 23S rRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(745) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanine(748) in 23S rRNA = N(1)-methylguanine(748) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(966) in 16S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(966) in 16S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(1207) in 16S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(1207) in 16S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(2445) in 23S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(2445) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(1835) in 23S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(1835) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate = H(+) + alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate = H(+) + alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate = H(+) + alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-alpha-D-Man-(1->6)]-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic (R)-hydroxynitrile = an aliphatic aldehyde or ketone + hydrogen cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic (R)-hydroxynitrile = an aliphatic aldehyde or ketone + hydrogen cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic (R)-hydroxynitrile = an aliphatic aldehyde or ketone + hydrogen cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: (2R)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanenitrile = butan-2-one + hydrogen cyanide.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetone cyanohydrin = hydrogen cyanide + acetone.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate = 2 diphosphate + all-trans-hexaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate = 2 diphosphate + all-trans-hexaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate = 2 diphosphate + all-trans-hexaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate = 2 diphosphate + all-trans-hexaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate + 7 isopentenyl diphosphate = 7 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate + 7 isopentenyl diphosphate = 7 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate + 7 isopentenyl diphosphate = 7 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate + 7 isopentenyl diphosphate = 7 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate + 7 isopentenyl diphosphate = 7 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate + 7 isopentenyl diphosphate = 7 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate = 5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate = 5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate = 5 diphosphate + all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-D-man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate = H(+) + alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-D-man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate = H(+) + alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate = H(+) + alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-(alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6))-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + dolichyl phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a tRNA precursor + CTP = a tRNA with a 3' cytidine end + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a tRNA with a 3' cytidine + CTP = a tRNA with a 3' CC end + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a tRNA with a 3' CC end + ATP = a tRNA with a 3' CCA end + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: a tRNA with a 3' CC end + ATP = a tRNA with a 3' CCA end + diphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction: methanol + 2 ferricytochrome c = formaldehyde + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: methanol + 2 ferricytochrome c = formaldehyde + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ethanol + 2 cytochrome c(L) = acetaldehyde + 2 reduced cytochrome c(L) + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ethanol + 2 cytochrome c(L) = acetaldehyde + 2 reduced cytochrome c(L) + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-chloroethanol + 2 cytochrome c(L) = chloroacetaldehyde + 2 reduced cytochrome c(L).
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-chloroethanol + 2 cytochrome c(L) = chloroacetaldehyde + 2 reduced cytochrome c(L).
Catalysis of the reaction: primary alcohol + 2 cytochrome c(L) = 2 reduced cytochrome c(L) + an aldehyde + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: primary alcohol + 2 cytochrome c = 2 reduced cytochrome c + an aldehyde + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: primary alcohol + 2 cytochrome c = 2 reduced cytochrome c + an aldehyde + 2 H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: ethanol + 2 cytochrome c = 2 reduced cytochrome c + acetaldehyde.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-chloroethanol + 2 cytochrome c = chloroacetaldehyde + 2 reduced cytochrome c.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrial cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrial cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventricular cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventricular cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac cell is a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac cell is a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.
The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell in the atrium. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The atrium is the part of the heart that receives blood into the organ.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell in the atrium. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The atrium is the part of the heart that receives blood into the organ.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrial cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The atrium is the part of the heart that receives blood into the organ.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrial cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The atrium is the part of the heart that receives blood into the organ.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hypochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hypochord is a transient rod-like structure in the embryos of fish, lampreys and amphibians that is located immediately ventral to the notochord. The hypochord may play a role in positioning the dorsal aorta.
The increase in size or mass of a cardiac muscle, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.
Arrays of microtubules underlying and connected to the plasma membrane in the cortical cytosol.
A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.
A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes located at equatorial microtubule organizing centers.
A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes located at equatorial microtubule organizing centers.
A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes located in the spindle pole body.
A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes located at interphase microtubule organizing centers.
A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes located at interphase microtubule organizing centers.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the Bolwig's organ over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larval eye in Drosophila is a relatively simple sensory system composed of Bolwig's organs: two clusters, each composed of 12 photoreceptor cells from which axons extend in a single fascicle to the brain.
The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within a plastid.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a virion.
An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.
An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.
An organelle consisting of a network of tubules that functions in targeting molecules, such as receptors transporters and lipids, to the plasma membrane.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a recycling endosome.
A crystalline exocytotic organelle composed of small, acidic proteins existing primarily as disulphide-linked dimers. The trichocyst is an organelle that releases long filamentous proteins that capture predators in "nets" to slow them down when the cell is disturbed. The protein is nontoxic and shaped like a long, striated, fibrous shaft.
Flagellar filaments located in the periplasmic space; characterized in spirochetes, in which they are essential for shape and motility. Composed of a core surrounded by two sheath layers, the flagella rotate to allow migration of the cell through viscous media, which would not be possible using external flagella.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclopentanol + NAD(+) = cyclopentanone + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclopentanol + NAD(+) = cyclopentanone + H(+) + NADH.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-valerolactone + H2O = 5-hydroxyvalerate.
Catalysis of the reaction: 5-oxovalerate + NADP+ + H2O = glutarate + NADPH + H+.
The interconnected cell membranes and intracellular regions of a plant. The interconnections occur via the plasmodesmata.
The process in which the antipodal cells undergo programmed cell death.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pollen grain over time, from its formation as the microspore to the mature structure.
The process in which the generative cell divides by mitosis to form two haploid cells. These will subsequently differentiate into sperm cells.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart, in the absence of centrosomes. Formation is initiated by the nucleation of microtubules (MTs) in the vicinity of condensed chromatin. MTs then attach to and congress around the chromatin due to activity of microtubule motors. A bipolar spindle is formed by focusing of the terminal ends of the MT array into spindle poles by molecular motors and cross-linking proteins.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart, in the presence of centrosomes.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the astral spindle in male meiotic cells.
A complex for the transport of metabolites out of the cell, consisting of 4 domains: two ATP-binding domains and two membrane spanning domains. In some cases, all 4 domains are contained on 1 polypeptide, while in others one ATP-binding domain and one membrane spanning domain are together on one polypeptide in what is called a "half transporter". Two "half-transporters" come together to form a functional transporter. Transport of the substrate across the membrane is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP.
A complex for the transport of metabolites into the cell, consisting of 5 subunits: two ATP-binding subunits, two membrane spanning subunits, and one substrate-binding subunit. In organisms with two membranes, the substrate-binding protein moves freely in the periplasmic space and joins the other subunits only when bound with substrate. In organisms with only one membrane the substrate-binding protein is tethered to the cytoplasmic membrane and associated with the other subunits. Transport of the substrate across the membrane is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: mannose + H+ = mannose + H+.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: fructose + H+ = fructose + H+.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: D-glucose + H+ = D-glucose + H+. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy. D-glucose is the dextrorotatory D-enantiomer of glucose.
Enables the transfer of the D-enantiomer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other.
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two equi-potent daughter cells.
The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials.
Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into a neuroblast and a ganglion mother cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent inorganic anions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of trivalent inorganic anions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sulfate ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sulfate ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sulfate ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of chloride ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of divalent cations within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of trivalent cations within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic cations within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cobalt ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of zinc ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of manganese ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cadmium ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of transition metal ions within an organism or cell. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.
A wide pore channel activity that enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a gap junction hemi-channel. Two gap junction hemi-channels coupled together form a complete gap junction.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of aluminum ions within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cations within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of anions within an organism or cell.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical at the level of the cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monovalent inorganic anions within an organism or cell.
The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.
A protein complex that regulates RNA degradation by the exosome complex. In Saccharomyces the complex has a heterotetrameric stoichiometry consisting of one copy each of Ski2p and Ski3 and two copies of Ski8p.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of fatty acid within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of acylglycerol within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phospholipid within an organism or cell.
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sterol within an organism or cell.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoprotein particle stimulus.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a lipoprotein particle.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a lipoprotein particle.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a lipoprotein particle.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of low-density lipoprotein particle.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of low-density lipoprotein particle.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of low-density lipoprotein particle.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of high density lipoprotein particle.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of high density lipoprotein particle.
A series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of high density lipoprotein particle.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with adiponectin, a protein hormone produced by adipose tissue that modulates a number of metabolic processes, including glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid.
Modulates the activity of a ligase.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ligase.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase.
Modulates the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase, an enzyme that catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to lysine in a substrate protein.
The infolding of the epithelial sheet into the embryo involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.
The inturning of an epithelial sheet over the basal surface of an outer layer involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.
The migration of individual cells into the embryo involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.
The splitting or migration of one epithelial sheet into two involved in the process of deuterostomic gastrulation.
The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.
The dormancy process that results in entry into diapause. Diapause is a neurohormonally mediated, dynamic state of low metabolic activity. Associated characteristics of this form of dormancy include reduced morphogenesis, increased resistance to environmental extremes, and altered or reduced behavioral activity. Full expression develops in a species-specific manner, usually in response to a number of environmental stimuli that precede unfavorable conditions. Once diapause has begun, metabolic activity is suppressed even if conditions favorable for development prevail. Once initiated, only certain stimuli are capable of releasing the organism from this state, and this characteristic is essential in distinguishing diapause from hibernation.
The dormancy process that results in entry into reproductive diapause. Reproductive diapause is a form of diapause where the organism itself will remain fully active, including feeding and other routine activities, but the reproductive organs experience a tissue-specific reduction in metabolism, with characteristic triggering and releasing stimuli.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
The process in which the extent of cardiac muscle contraction is reduced.
A vinculin-containing myofibril attachment structure of striated muscle that connects sarcomeres to the extracellular matrix. In nematode body wall muscle, the dense body performs the dual role of Z-disk and costamere.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a high fluence blue light stimulus by the blue high-fluence system. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm. The blue high-fluence system responds to blue light at levels between 100 and 1000 micromols/m2.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a high fluence blue light stimulus by the blue high-fluence system. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm. The blue high-fluence system responds to blue light at levels between 100 and 1000 micromols/m2.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a very low light intensity stimulus. A very low light intensity stimulus is defined as a level of electromagnetic radiation below 0.001 mmol/m2/sec.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The transmission of vibrations via ossicles to the inner ear.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-proline, an L-enantiomer of a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid alanine.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a C3HC4-type zinc finger domain of a protein. The C3HC4-type zinc finger is a variant of RING finger, is a cysteine-rich domain of 40 to 60 residues that coordinates two zinc ions, and has the consensus sequence: C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C, where X is any amino acid. Many proteins containing a C3HC4-type RING finger play a key role in the ubiquitination pathway.
Catalysis of movement along a microfilament towards the minus end, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP). The minus end of an actin filament is the end that does not preferentially add actin monomers.
Catalysis of movement along a microfilament towards the minus end, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP). The minus end of an actin filament is the end that does not preferentially add actin monomers.
Catalysis of movement along a microfilament towards the minus end, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP). The minus end of an actin filament is the end that does not preferentially add actin monomers.
Catalysis of movement along a microfilament towards the plus end, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP). The plus end of an actin filament is the end that preferentially adds actin monomers.
Catalysis of movement along a microfilament towards the plus end, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP). The plus end of an actin filament is the end that preferentially adds actin monomers.
Catalysis of movement along a microfilament towards the plus end, coupled to the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate (usually ATP). The plus end of an actin filament is the end that preferentially adds actin monomers.
The directed movement of copper ions out of a cell or organelle.
An automatic response to a stimulus beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor and ending with the action of an effector such as a gland or a muscle. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.
A reflex process in which a response to an angular or linear acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the inner ear and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.
A vestibular reflex by which a response to an angular acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the semi-circular canal and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.
A vestibular reflex by which a response to a linear acceleration stimulus begins with an afferent nerve impulse from a receptor in the otolith and ends with the compensatory action of eye muscles. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Sertoli cell. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate.
The process in which the cellular identity of Sertoli cells is acquired and determined.
The multiplication or reproduction of Sertoli cells, resulting in the expansion of the Sertoli cell population. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.
The vesicular release of glycine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glycine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.
A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a granulosa cell, a supporting cell for the developing female gamete in the ovary of mammals.
The cell fate commitment of precursor cells that will become granulosa cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a granulosa cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a granulosa cell fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parathyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone.
The commitment of a cells to a specific astrocyte fate and its restriction to develop only into an astrocyte.
The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the brain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to Brgmann glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the cerebellum. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the roof of the mouth from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The roof of the mouth is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hard palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The hard palate is the anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the soft palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the soft palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate.
Any process involved in the generation of rhythmic, synchronous synaptic inputs in a neural circuit.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic activity, the controlled release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft and their subsequent detection by a postsynaptic cell.
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis.
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis usually resulting in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis contributing to the lengthening of the axis of an organism.
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis contribution to the shaping of an organ.
The directed migration of individual cells and small groups of cells toward the dorsal midline during gastrulation. This process does not require cell rearrangement.
The interdigitation of cells along the mediolateral axis during gastrulation.
The developmental process in which the stucture of the notochord is destroyed in an embryo.
The developmental process in which an anatomical stucture is destroyed as a part of its normal progression.
The developmental process in which an anatomical stucture is destroyed as a part of its normal progression.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features cells that make up the notochord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a notochord cell fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a notochord cell over time, from its formation to its mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
The assembly and arrangement of a vacuole within a cell of the notochord.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear.
The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division.
The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division.
The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a bipolar cell, the last neuron to be generated in the retina.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction.
The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.
The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.
The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.
Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein glycosylation. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising neurofilaments and their associated proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising neurofilaments and their associated proteins.
Intermediate filament cytoskeletal structure that is made up of neurofilaments. Neurofilaments are specialized intermediate filaments found in neurons.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation, contributing to the restoration of integrity to a damaged tissue following an injury.
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
The tissue remodeling that removes differentiated mammary epithelia during weaning.
Any apoptotic process that triggers the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle the mammary epithelial cells resulting in their programmed cell death.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process of mammary epithelial cells during mammary gland involution.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the embryonic life stage.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the post-embryonic life stage.
Formation of the specialized region on the dorsalmost side of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the vertebrate body plan.
Formation of the specialized region on the dorsalmost side of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the vertebrate body plan.
Formation of the specialized region at the dorsal lip of the blatopore of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the vertebrate body plan.
Formation of the specialized region at the dorsal lip of the blatopore of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the vertebrate body plan.
Formation of the specialized region of the embryonic shield of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the teleost body plan.
Formation of the specialized region of the embryonic shield of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the teleost body plan.
Formation of the specialized region at the anterior end of the primitive streak of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the body plan.
Formation of the specialized region at the anterior end of the primitive streak of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the body plan.
Formation of the specialized region at the anterior end of the primitive streak of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the body plan.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oviduct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oviduct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cervix over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with the positioning of the mitotic spindle.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with the positioning of the mitotic spindle.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with the positioning of the mitotic spindle.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with the positioning of the mitotic spindle.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 100 to 220 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by concerted actions of internal calcium ions and membrane potential. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are less sensitive to calcium than are small or intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 100 to 220 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by concerted actions of internal calcium ions and membrane potential. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are less sensitive to calcium than are small or intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 100 to 220 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by concerted actions of internal calcium ions and membrane potential. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are less sensitive to calcium than are small or intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 100 to 220 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by concerted actions of internal calcium ions and membrane potential. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are less sensitive to calcium than are small or intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 100 to 220 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by concerted actions of internal calcium ions and membrane potential. Large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are less sensitive to calcium than are small or intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body.
The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body.
The process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state. Synaptic maturation plays a critical role in the establishment of effective synaptic connections in early development.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a resting potential, the electrical charge across the plasma membrane, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to the exterior. The resting potential is the membrane potential of a cell that is not stimulated to be depolarized or hyperpolarized.
A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.
A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.
Any process that modulates the potential difference across a post-synaptic membrane.
A process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
A process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.
A process that causes a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential.
A process that causes a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential.
The process in which membrane potential increases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more negative potential. For example, during the repolarization phase of an action potential the membrane potential often becomes more negative or hyperpolarized before returning to the steady-state resting potential.
The reflex process in which a mechanical stimulus applied to the eye elicits a response of the eyelid closing.
The process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in the urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue involved in the expulsion urine from the body.
The process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in the urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue involved in the expulsion urine from the body.
The process of communication from a neuron to a smooth muscle in the bladder that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body.
A process in which the extent of smooth muscle contraction is reduced in the bladder outlet that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body.
Any homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
Any homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature at different values with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.
A negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The relaxation is mediated by a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity.
A negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The relaxation is mediated by a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity.
A negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The relaxation is mediated by a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity.
A negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The relaxation is mediated by a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity.
A negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The relaxation is mediated by a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity.
A negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The relaxation is mediated by a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity.
A negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The relaxation is mediated by a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory hair cells.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory hair cells.
A compound molecular function in which an effector function is controlled by one or more regulatory components.
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules through a selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric interaction, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way.
A nonmotile primary cilium that is found at the apical surface of auditory receptor cells. The kinocilium is surrounded by actin-based stereocilia.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine.
Any process that stops or decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission in the presence of zinc. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine.
The regulated release of serotonin by a cell, in which released serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter.
The assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures that is involved in the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.
The assembly and arrangement of the plasma membrane that is involved in the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.
A collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, multilayered structure that is synthesized by an underlying ectodermal (hypodermal) cell layer. The cuticle serves essential functions in body morphology, locomotion, and environmental protection. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Any constituent part of the collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle extracellular matrix, a collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, multilayered structure that is synthesized by an underlying ectodermal (hypodermal) cell layer.
An electron dense, amorphous envelope that comprises the outermost layer of the cuticle. The surface coat is loosely apposed to the epicuticle, has distinct biochemical properties, is synthesized by cells other than the underlying hypodermis, and is labile. In addition to serving as a lubricant to protect against abrasion and dehydration, the surface coat may also play important roles in infection and immune evasion. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
A lipid-containing layer of cuticle that lies between the cortical layer and the surface coat. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
The cuticle layer that lies directly beneath the lipid-containing epicuticle. The cortical layer contains collagens and insoluble, non-collagenous cuticulins and is characterized by a distinct annular pattern consisting of regularly spaced annular ridges delineated by annular furrows. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
The extracellular matrix that is a regularly spaced circumferential ridge present in the cortical region of the cuticle. Annuli are delineated by annular furrows and are present throughout the cuticle with the exception of lateral regions where longitudinal alae are present.
The extracellular matrix that is a regularly spaced circumferential ridge present in the cortical region of the cuticle. Annuli are delineated by annular furrows and are present throughout the cuticle with the exception of lateral regions where longitudinal alae are present.
The extracellular matrix that is a regularly spaced circumferential ridge present in the cortical region of the cuticle. Annuli are delineated by annular furrows and are present throughout the cuticle with the exception of lateral regions where longitudinal alae are present.
The extracellular matrix that is a regularly spaced circumferential ridge present in the cortical region of the cuticle. Annuli are delineated by annular furrows and are present throughout the cuticle with the exception of lateral regions where longitudinal alae are present.
The extracellular matrix part that is a regularly spaced indentation in the outer cortical layer of the cuticle. The pattern of annular furrows corresponds to sites of invaginations in hypodermal cell membranes that, in turn, correspond to submembranous regions where actin microfilament bundles assemble early in lethargus, the first phase of the molting cycle in which activity and feeding decline.
The fluid-filled cuticle layer that lies between the cortical and basal layers and is characterized by the presence of regularly spaced columnar struts that lie on either side of the annular furrows and link the two surrounding layers. In C. elegans, a defined medial layer is found only in adult animals.
The layer of cuticle most closely apposed to the hypodermal cells. The morphology of the basal layer varies with life stage. In adult C. elegans animals, the basal layers is comprised of three sublayers: two fibrous layers whose fibers run in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions meeting one another at a 60 degree angle, and an amorphous basal layer that lies underneath the fibrous layers and directly contacts the hypodermis. In C. elegans dauer and L1 larval stage animals, the basal layer is characterized by a striated pattern that appears to derive from interwoven laminae. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Raised, thickened cuticular ridges that run longitudinally, and in parallel, along the left and right sides of the animal. The alae lie above the hypodermal cells known as the lateral seam cells. In C. elegans, alae are produced in L1 larvae, dauer larvae and adult stage animals, where they consist of three, five, and three ridges of distinct morphology, respectively.
The process which controls the timing of the type of sexual cycle seen in female mammals.
The process which controls the timing of the type of sexual cycle seen in female mammals.
The process which controls the timing of the type of sexual cycle seen in female mammals.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of inner ear receptor cells. Inner ear receptor cells are mechanorecptors found in the inner ear responsible for transducing signals involved in balance and sensory perception of sound.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vestibular hair cell.
The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a vestibular receptor cell.
Any process that alters the size or shape of a vestibular receptor cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an auditory receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a vestibular receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inner ear receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
The process in which a cell becomes committed to become an inner ear receptor cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of vestibular hair cells.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of vestibular hair cells.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of vestibular hair cells.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of inner ear receptor cells.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of inner ear receptor cells.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of inner ear receptor cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.
Any process that decreases or stops the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a somatotropin secreting cell. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a somatotropin secreting cell. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a somatotropin secreting cell. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a somatotropin secreting cell. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a somatotropin secreting cell. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a somatotropin secreting cell. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a prolactin secreting cell. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a prolactin secreting cell. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a prolactin secreting cell. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a prolactin secreting cell. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a prolactin secreting cell. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a prolactin secreting cell. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a prolactin secreting cell. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a prolactin secreting cell. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a corticotropic hormone secreting cell. An corticotropic hormone secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces corticotropin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a corticotropic hormone secreting cell. An corticotropic hormone secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces corticotropin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a corticotropic hormone secreting cell. An corticotropic hormone secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces corticotropin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a corticotropic hormone secreting cell. An corticotropic hormone secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces corticotropin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a corticotropic hormone secreting cell. An corticotropic hormone secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces corticotropin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a corticotropic hormone secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An corticotropic hormone secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces corticotropin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a corticotropic hormone secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An corticotropic hormone secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces corticotropin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a corticotropic hormone secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An corticotropic hormone secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces corticotropin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a corticotropic hormone secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An corticotropic hormone secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces corticotropin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a corticotropic hormone secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An corticotropic hormone secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces corticotropin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a prolactin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a prolactin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a prolactin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a prolactin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a prolactin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a prolactin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a prolactin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a prolactin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a somatotropin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a somatotropin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a somatotropin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a somatotropin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a somatotropin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a somatotropin secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.
The process in which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceded by a low-intensity prepulse.
The process in which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceded by a low-intensity prepulse.
A reproductive process occurring in the mother that allows an embryo or fetus to develop within it.
A reproductive process occurring in the embryo or fetus that allows the embryo or fetus to develop within the mother.
A reproductive process occurring in the mother that results in birth.
A reproductive process occurring in the embryo that results in birth.
Any viral process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.
The formation in a cell that has been targeted by a virus of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
The process in which a virus increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.
A cellular process occurring in the host cell that contributes to the process of posttranscriptional gene inactivation ('silencing') both of viral gene(s), and host gene(s) homologous to the viral genes.
The posttranscriptional gene silencing of viral genes after viral infection.
The posttranscriptional gene silencing of host genes that are homologous to viral genes after viral infection.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression of both viral genes and host homologues to those genes by a posttranscriptional mechanism in a virally infected cell.
Any process in which a peroxisome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. A peroxisome is a small membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
The microtubule-based process in which a peroxisome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. A peroxisome is a small membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.
Any viral process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
Any viral process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
Any viral process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
Any viral process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
Any cellular process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle in response to a virus.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a platelet dense granule. A platelet dense granule is an electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a platelet dense granule. A platelet dense granule is an electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a platelet dense granule. A platelet dense granule is an electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a platelet dense granule. A platelet dense granule is an electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins.
A reflex that occurs in response to suckling, beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor in the mammary gland and ending with the ejection of milk from the gland. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urinary bladder over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urinary bladder is an elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a dopamine receptor signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the dopamine receptor, phospholipase C activating pathway.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the dopamine receptor, phospholipase C activating pathway.
The process in which in the subpallium, the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.
The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires features of a neuron.
The process controlling the timing and/or rate at which a relatively unspecialized cell in the subpallium acquires features of a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium.
The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a stereocilium.
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of an astral microtubule. An astral microtubule is any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of a limb bud from unspecified parts. This process begins with the formation of a local condensation of mesenchyme cells within the prospective limb field, and ends when a limb bud is recognizable.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of a limb bud from unspecified parts. This process begins with the formation of a local condensation of mesenchyme cells within the prospective limb field, and ends when a limb bud is recognizable.
Combining with a brain-derived neurotrophic factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a brain-derived neurotrophic factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
Combining with a brain-derived neurotrophic factor and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aggregation during sorocarp development. Aggregation involved in sorocarp development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the aggregate over time, from its formation to the point when a slug is formed. Aggregate development begins in response to starvation and continues by the chemoattractant-mediated movement of cells toward each other. The aggregate is a multicellular structure that gives rise to the slug.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving angiotensin.
Any process that modulates the localization of exocysts. An exocyst is a protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse.
The specific behavior of a male organism that is associated with reproduction.
The specific behavior of a female organism that is associated with reproduction.
Combining with the peptide apelin to initiate a change in cell activity.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an apelin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.
The process in which a cell switches cell cycle mode.
The opening and spreading out of the outer ear.
The growth of the outer ear.
The growth of the outer ear.
The growth of the outer ear.
Either of two different areas at opposite ends of an axis of a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein desumoylation. Protein desumoylation is the process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is cleaved from its target protein.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein desumoylation. Protein desumoylation is the process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is cleaved from its target protein.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein desumoylation. Protein desumoylation is the process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is cleaved from its target protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis, on a template of DNA.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis, on a template of DNA.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis, on a template of DNA.
The separation of the single opening of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts, the cloaca, into multiple isolated openings during development.
A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release.
A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing glutamate.
A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing glutamate.
A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing acetylcholine.
A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing acetylcholine.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of the clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of the clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of the clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of the clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle.
The volume enclosed by a cytoplasmic vesicle.
The volume enclosed by a cytoplasmic vesicle.
The progression of physiological phases, occurring in the endometrium during the estrous cycle that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. The estrous cycle is an ovulation cycle where the endometrium is resorbed if pregnancy does not occur.
The estrous cycle phase which is a period of sexual quiescence and represents the phase of the mature corpus luteum.
The estrous cycle phase in which there is heightened follicular activity.
The estrous cycle phase in which a female is sexually receptive.
The estrous cycle phase in which there is subsiding follicular function.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.
Formation of the endocardium of the heart. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
A first transient wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, gives rise to erythrocytes (red blood cells) and myeloid cells.
A first transient wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, gives rise to erythrocytes (red blood cells) and myeloid cells.
A first transient wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, gives rise to erythrocytes (red blood cells) and myeloid cells.
A second wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, generates long-term hemopoietic stem cells that continously provide erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages throughout adulthood.
A second wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, generates long-term hemopoietic stem cells that continously provide erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages throughout adulthood.
A second wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, generates long-term hemopoietic stem cells that continously provide erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages throughout adulthood.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the characteristics of a mature hemangioblast. Hemangioblasts are the proposed common precursor of blood and endothelial lineages.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell.
Any process that modulates the process in which a cell becomes committed to a retinal cone cell fate. Retinal cone cell fate commitment is the process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a retinal cone cell.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a retinal rod cell. A retinal rod cell is one of the two photoreceptor subtypes in a camera-type eye.
Any process that modulates the process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a retinal rod cell. A retinal rod cell is one of the two photoreceptor subtypes in a camera-type eye.
Any process that increases the process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a retinal rod cell. A retinal rod cell is one of the two photoreceptor subtypes in a camera-type eye.
Any process that increases the process in which a cell becomes committed to a retinal cone cell fate. Retinal cone cell fate commitment is the process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a retinal cone cell.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to the commitment of a precursor cell to a eye photoreceptor fate.
Increases the activity of phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase, an enzyme that converts cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine (lecithins) to cholesteryl esters and lyso-phosphatidylcholines.
Binds to and increases the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid.
Binds to and increases the activity of a lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid within a lipoprotein.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell.
The process of negative regulation of cell adhesion that results in a cell or sheet of cells splitting off from an existing epithelial sheet.
The negative regulation of cell adhesion process in which an oenocyte splits off of an existing epithelial sheet.
The negative regulation of cell adhesion process in which a neuroblast splits off of a neurectodermal sheet.
Signaling at short range between the head ectoderm and the optic vesicle that results in the head ectoderm forming a lens.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fungal-type cell wall.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fungal-type cell wall.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of pheromone-dependent signal transduction during conjugation with cellular fusion, the series of molecular signals that bring about the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to a cue, such as starvation or pheromone exposure, in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular signals that bring about the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to a cue, such as starvation or pheromone exposure, in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular signals that bring about the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to a cue, such as starvation or pheromone exposure, in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a lysozyme, an enzyme that hydrolyses the beta- (1,4) glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine in peptidoglycan.
The cellular process in which cells stop growing or dividing in response to increased cell density.
The negative regulation of cell growth in response to increased cell density.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation in response to cell density.
The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received and converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received by direct cell-cell contact and is converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received by the detection of a secreted molecule and is converted into a molecular signal.
The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received by direct cell-cell contact and is converted into a molecular signal, resulting in the cessation of cell growth or proliferation.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within the germ-line stem-cell niche. This includes control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function that allows the niche to continue to function. A gem-line stem-cell niche is an anatomical structure that regulates how germ-line stem-cells are used and saves them from depletion.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within the germ-line stem-cell niche. This includes control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function that allows the niche to continue to function. A gem-line stem-cell niche is an anatomical structure that regulates how germ-line stem-cells are used and saves them from depletion.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within the germ-line stem-cell niche. This includes control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function that allows the niche to continue to function. A gem-line stem-cell niche is an anatomical structure that regulates how germ-line stem-cells are used and saves them from depletion.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within the germ-line stem-cell niche. This includes control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function that allows the niche to continue to function. A gem-line stem-cell niche is an anatomical structure that regulates how germ-line stem-cells are used and saves them from depletion.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within the germ-line stem-cell niche. This includes control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function that allows the niche to continue to function. A gem-line stem-cell niche is an anatomical structure that regulates how germ-line stem-cells are used and saves them from depletion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.
Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of the covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which a multicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the behavior associated with the intake of food.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of the covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.
Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.
The cell migration process in which a follicle cell migrates as part of an epithelial sheet between the nurse cells and the oocyte. At the end of migration, they cover the anterior of the oocyte.
The ovarian follicle cell migration process in which follicle cells migrate posteriorly to form a columnar epithelium over the oocyte.
The process in which the anatomical structures of skeletal joints are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. A skeletal joint is the connecting structure between the bones of the skeleton.
The behavior in which an organism sheds tears, often accompanied by non-verbal vocalizations and in response to external or internal stimuli.
The homeostatic process in which a population of cells changes its metabolic activity resulting in the rate of death in the population equaling the rate of reproduction. Stationary phase can be in response to limited nutrients or a build-up of toxic substances in the environment.
The homeostatic process in which a population of cells changes its metabolic activity resulting in the rate of death in the population equaling the rate of reproduction in response to limited nutrients in the environment.
The homeostatic process in which a population of cells changes its metabolic activity resulting in the rate of death in the population equaling the rate of reproduction in response to a build-up of toxins in the environment.
Any process that stop, prevents or decreases transcription as part of the G1/S transition of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that stop, prevents or decreases transcription as part of the G1/S transition of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
Cell motility due to the motion of one or more eukaryotic cilia. A eukaryotic cilium is a specialized organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
Cell motility due to the motion of one or more eukaryotic cilia. A eukaryotic cilium is a specialized organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
Cell motility due to the motion of one or more eukaryotic cilia. A eukaryotic cilium is a specialized organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
Cell motility due to the motion of one or more eukaryotic cilia. A eukaryotic cilium is a specialized organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.
Cell motility due to the motion of one or more bacterial-type flagella. A bacterial-type flagellum is a motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope.
Cell motility due to the motion of one or more bacterial-type flagella. A bacterial-type flagellum is a motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope.
The movement of cilia of epithelial cells resulting in the transport of signals which determine asymmetry in an organism's body plan with respect to the left and right halves.
The movement of cilia of epithelial cells resulting in the transport of signals which determine asymmetry in an organism's body plan with respect to the left and right halves.
The movement of cilia of epithelial cells resulting in the transport of signals which determine asymmetry in an organism's body plan with respect to the left and right halves.
Formation of a lineage restriction boundary within a developing tissue which does not correspond to some morphological barrier.
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a compartment boundary. A compartment boundary is a lineage restriction boundary within a developing tissue which does not correspond to some morphological barrier.
The conversion of a differentiated cell of one fate into a differentiated cell of another fate without first undergoing cell division or reversion to a more primitive or stem cell-like fate.
A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.
A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.
A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the decrease in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.
A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the decrease in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.
A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the decrease in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.
Differentiated cytoplasm associated with a pole of an oocyte, egg or early embryo that will be inherited by the cells that will give rise to the germ line.
Movement of cilia mediated by motor proteins that contributes to the movement of a cell.
Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of cilium movement involved in ciliary motility.
Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium beating involved in ciliary motility.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.
Any process that modulates the number of nucleosomes in a given region of a chromosome.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reaction involving the removal of one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol.
Any process that modulates the diameter of a cell, the length of a line segment that crosses through the center of a circular section through a cell.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential, usually from positive to negative.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.
Modulates the activity of GTP cyclohydrolase I. GTP cyclohydrolase I activity catalyzes the reaction: GTP + 2 H2O = formate + 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(erythro-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl)-dihydropteridine triphosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin. Elastin is a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibers that are found in connective tissue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin. Elastin is a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibers that are found in connective tissue.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin. Elastin is a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibers that are found in connective tissue.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of elastin catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of elastin catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of elastin catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of elastin catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of elastin catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of elastin catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of elastin catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of blood vessel remodeling, the reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of blood vessel remodeling, the reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of blood vessel remodeling, the reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.
Any process that modulates the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Any process that decreases the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
Any process that increases the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.
A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.
Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.
Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.
Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of primitive hemopoiesis.
Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of primitive hemopoiesis.
Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of primitive hemopoiesis.
The process, involving the sharing and interaction of the single locus incompatibility haplotypes, involved in the rejection of the self pollen by cells in the stigma.
The process, involving the sharing and interaction of the single locus incompatibility haplotypes, involved in the acceptance of pollen by cells in the stigma.
The process, involving the sharing and interaction of the single locus incompatibility haplotypes, involved in the acceptance of pollen by cells in the stigma.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the head are generated and organized. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head.
The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The actin filament-based movement by which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in a contraction that propels the cell from one place to another.
The actin filament-based movement by which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in a contraction that propels the cell in the direction that has been defined as the front of the cell.
The actin filament-based movement by which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in a contraction that propels the cell in the direction that has been defined as the rear of the cell.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to interferon-gamma. Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interferon-gamma to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interferon-gamma to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interferon-gamma to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interferon-gamma to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interferon-gamma to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interferon-gamma binding to a cell surface receptor.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a type I interferon to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a type I interferon to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a type I interferon to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway. A type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a type I interferon binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway. A type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a type I interferon binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway. A type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a type I interferon binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell.
The membrane surrounding the inner segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor. The photoreceptor inner segment contains mitochondria, ribosomes and membranes where opsin molecules are assembled and passed to be part of the outer segment discs.
The process of creating a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.
The process of creating a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.
The process of creating a trabecula in the liver. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the liver. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the spleen. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the spleen. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process of creating a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components.
The process in which bones are generated and organized.
The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones.
The appearance of a cell adhesion molecule due to biosynthesis or secretion.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of leucine import. Leucine import is the directed movement of leucine into a cell or organelle.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of leucine import. Leucine import is the directed movement of leucine into a cell or organelle.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of leucine import. Leucine import is the directed movement of leucine into a cell or organelle.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of leucine import. Leucine import is the directed movement of leucine into a cell or organelle.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium ion stimulus.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of leucine import as a result of an ammonium ion stimulus. Leucine import is the directed movement of leucine into a cell or organelle.
Self-propelled movement of an organism from one location to another through the air, usually by means of active wing movement.
Self-propelled movement of an organism from one location to another through the air that is part of the organism's response to external or internal stimuli resulting in flight.
The process in which any suture between cranial bones is generated and organized.
The process in which the frontal suture is generated and organized.
The process in which the coronal suture is generated and organized.
The process in which the lambdoid suture is generated and organized.
The process in which the sagittal suture is generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway. The Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway is a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway. The Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway is a series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.
The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to T cell mediated cytotoxicity.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.
Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.
Any process that modulates brood size. Brood size is the number of progeny that survive embryogenesis and are cared for at one time.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding to single-stranded telomeric DNA.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of single-stranded telomeric DNA binding.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of DNA strand elongation. DNA strand elongation is the DNA metabolic process in which a DNA strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing DNA stand.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA strand elongation. DNA strand elongation is the DNA metabolic process in which a DNA strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing DNA stand.
The process in which a nerve invades a tissue and makes functional synaptic connection within the tissue.
The neurite development process that generates a long process of a neuron, as it invades a target tissue.
The assembly of a synapse within a target tissue in which a nerve is invading.
The assembly of a synapse within a target tissue in which a nerve is invading.
A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the egg. The fertilization envelope forms from the vitelline membrane after fertilization as a result of cortical granule release.
A glycoprotein-based structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the egg before fertilization.
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a pathway restricted SMAD protein. A pathway restricted SMAD protein is an effector protein that acts directly downstream of the transforming growth factor family receptor.
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a pathway restricted SMAD protein. A pathway restricted SMAD protein is an effector protein that acts directly downstream of the transforming growth factor family receptor.
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a pathway restricted SMAD protein. A pathway restricted SMAD protein is an effector protein that acts directly downstream of the transforming growth factor family receptor.
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a pathway restricted SMAD protein. A pathway restricted SMAD protein is an effector protein that acts directly downstream of the transforming growth factor family receptor.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the SMAD protein signaling pathway. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the SMAD protein signaling pathway. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways.
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the activity of a SMAD protein, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.
The process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of physiological ligands to the growth hormone receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.
The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the cytosol.
The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytosol.
The deposition of eggs, either fertilized or not, upon a surface or into a medium, following mating.
The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of an axonemal microtubule. An axonemal microtubule is a microtubule in the axoneme of a cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of penile erection. Penile erection is the hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of penile erection. Penile erection is the hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate, frequency or extent of penile erection. Penile erection is the hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart.
The developmental process in which a ventricular septum is generated and organized. A ventricular septum is an anatomical structure that separates the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart from one another.
The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another.
The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another.
The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle tissue are generated and organized. Muscle tissue consists of a set of cells that are part of an organ and carry out a contractive function.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth hormone stimulus. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that binds to the growth hormone receptor and stimulates growth.
The cytoplasmic part that serves as a nutrient reserve or energy source for the developing embryo.
Discrete structures that partition the water-soluble portion of the yolk of oocytes and ova, which may or may not be membrane enclosed.
The increase in size or mass of the heart.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
The pattern specification process that results in the spatial subdivision of an axis or axes along the foregut to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place.
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the foregut into the area in which the lung will develop.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lung vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung connective tissue from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung connective tissue and ends with the mature structure. The lung connective tissue is a material made up of fibers forming a framework and support structure for the lungs.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung saccule from an initial condition to its mature state. The lung saccule is the primitive gas exchange portion of the lung composed of type I and type II cells.
The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the lung forms the initial left and right buds.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the lung, to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.
The process in which the bronchus is generated and organized. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchiole from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchiole and ends with the mature structure. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi.
The process in which a bronchiole is generated and organized. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi.
The increase in size or mass of a lung. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of a trachea from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the trachea is recognizable. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.
The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
The process in which the branching structure of the prostate gland is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.
The process in which the branching structure of the prostate gland is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.
The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland are generated and organized. Morphogenesis refers to the creation of shape. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.
The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.
The process in which the branching structure of the salivary gland is generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in the open tracheal system are generated and organized.
The process in which a region of the lung epithelium initiates an outgrowth.
The process in which a lung bud bifurcates.
The process in which a bud in the lung grows out from the point where it is formed.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.
Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a right lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the right lung and ends with the mature structure. The right lung is the lung which is on the right side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a left lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the left lung and ends with the mature structure. The left lung is the lung which is on the left side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect.
The process in which anatomical structures of the left lung are generated and organized.
The process in which anatomical structures of the right lung are generated and organized.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung lobe from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of a lung lobe by branching morphogenesis and ends with the mature structure. A lung lobe is one of the rounded projections that compose the lung.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a lung lobe are generated and organized. A lung lobe is a projection that extends from the lung.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a lung lobe from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the lobe and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. A lung lobe is a projection that extends from the lung.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth.
Any process that starts the inactive process of meiosis in an egg after the egg has been fertilized or physiologically activated. Eggs generally arrest in meiosis and complete the process after activation.
Any process that starts the inactive process of meiosis in an egg after the egg has been fertilized or physiologically activated. Eggs generally arrest in meiosis and complete the process after activation.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).
The negative regulation of fertilization process that takes place as part of egg activation, ensuring that only a single sperm fertilizes the egg.
The negative regulation of fertilization process that takes place as part of egg activation, ensuring that only a single sperm fertilizes the egg.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of transcription as a part of the process of egg activation.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of transcription as a part of the process of egg activation.
The process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol after fertilization or the physiological activation of an egg.
The process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules contained within a cortical granule by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. A cortical granule is a specialized secretory vesicle that is released during egg activation that changes the surface of the egg to prevent polyspermy.
The process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules contained within a cortical granule by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell. A cortical granule is a specialized secretory vesicle that is released during egg activation that changes the surface of the egg to prevent polyspermy.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cortical granule exocytosis by directing movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytosol.
A secretory vesicle that is stored under the cell membrane of an egg. These vesicles fuse with the egg plasma membrane as part of egg activation and are part of the block to polyspermy.
The process in which the controlled movement of a flagellated sperm cell is initiated as part of the process required for flagellated sperm to reach fertilization competence.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization as part of the acrosome reaction.
The actin-based process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the sperm as part of the acrosome reaction.
The calcium ion regulated exocytosis which results in fusion of the acrosomal vesicle with the plasma membrane of the sperm as part of the acrosome reaction.
The calcium ion regulated exocytosis which results in fusion of the acrosomal vesicle with the plasma membrane of the sperm as part of the acrosome reaction.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung goblet cell. A goblet cell is a cell of the epithelial lining that produces and secretes mucins.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus epithelium is the tissue made up of epithelial cells that lines the inside of the lobar bronchus.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus is the major airway within the respiratory tree that starts by division of the principal bronchi on both sides and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus mesenchyme is the mass of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells in the lobar bronchus.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung-associated mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung-associated mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Lung-associated mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the lung.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung-associated mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung-associated mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Lung-associated mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the lung.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a Clara cell. A Clara cell is an unciliated epithelial cell found in the respiratory and terminal bronchioles.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung.
The process in which a lung bud bifurcates perpendicular to the plane of the previous bud.
The process in which a lung bud bifurcates parallel to the plane of the previous bud.
The process in which a branch forms along the side of the lung epithelial tube.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly.
The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes the cells of the foregut to change their fates and specify the development of the lung.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an endodermal cell in the foregut and contributes to the formation of the lung bud.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an endodermal cell changing the fate of the endodermal cell.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the lung, from its initial state to the mature structure.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell and contributes to the development of the lung.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information between a mesenchymal cell and an endodermal cell.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands contributing to the formation of the primary lung bud.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor-type receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands resulting in the formation of the lung bud along the lateral-esophageal sulcus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the branching morphogenesis by which the initial primordium of the lung is formed.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung attaining its shape.
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung.
The process in which a bud in the lung increases radially.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung bud increasing in size radially.
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells that contribute to the radial growth of a lung bud.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein. This process contributes to lung development.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein. This process contributes to lung development.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein. This process contributes to lung development.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor-type receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. This process contributes to lung development.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature basal cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. A basal cell is an epithelial stem cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type I pneumocyte. A type I pneumocyte is a flattened cell with greatly attenuated cytoplasm and a paucity of organelles.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type I pneumocyte. A type I pneumocyte is a flattened cell with greatly attenuated cytoplasm and a paucity of organelles.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type I pneumocyte. A type I pneumocyte is a flattened cell with greatly attenuated cytoplasm and a paucity of organelles.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type II pneumocyte. A type II pneumocyte is a surfactant secreting cell that contains abundant cytoplasm containing numerous lipid-rich multilamellar bodies.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type II pneumocyte. A type II pneumocyte is a surfactant secreting cell that contains abundant cytoplasm containing numerous lipid-rich multilamellar bodies.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type II pneumocyte. A type II pneumocyte is a surfactant secreting cell that contains abundant cytoplasm containing numerous lipid-rich multilamellar bodies.
The process in which splanchnic mesenchymal cells send a signal over a short range to endodermal cells inducing them to form the primary lung bud.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a prostate gland are generated and organized.
The morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.
The morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.
The morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.
The close range interaction of the urogenital sinus mesenchyme and the urogenital sinus epithelium that causes the cells of the urogenital sinus epithelium to change their fates and specify the development of the prostate gland.
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the urogenital sinus epithelium into the area in which the prostate gland will develop.
The increase in size of the prostatic bud as it forms.
The increase in size of the prostatic bud as it forms.
The multiplication of epithelial cells, contributing to the expansion of the primary prostatic bud.
The orderly movement of epithelial cells from one site to another contributing to the elongation of the primary prostatic bud.
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules that contributes to the elongation of the primary prostatic bud.
Any series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an androgen binding to its receptor in the urogenital sinus mesenchyme that initiates prostate induction. Prostate induction is the close range interaction of the urogenital sinus mesenchyme and the urogenital sinus epithelium that causes the cells of the urogenital sinus epithelium to change their fates and specify the development of the prostate gland.
Signaling at short range from urogenital sinus mesenchymal cells to cells of the urogenital epithelium resulting in the epithelial cells adopting a prostatic fate.
Signaling at short range from mesenchymal cells to cells of an epithelium that results in a developmental change in the epithelial cells.
The developmental growth process in which solid chords of prostate epithelium increase in length.
The process in which a prostate epithelial cord bifurcates at its end.
The progression of a glandular acinus of the prostate gland over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The glandular acini are the saclike structures of the gland.
The process in which the prostate glandular acini are generated and organized. The glandular acini are the saclike structures of the gland.
The branching morphogenesis process in which the prostate epithelial cords branch freely to create the structure of the prostate acini.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell acquires specialized features of a secretory columnal luminar epithelial cell of the prostate.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell acquires specialized features of a squamous basal epithelial stem cell of the prostate.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell of the prostate glandular acinus.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquires specialized structural and functions of a neuroendocrine cell of the prostate gland acinus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
The process in which the bronchus cartilage is generated and organized. The bronchus cartilage is the connective tissue of the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tracheal cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage in the trachea are generated and organized.
The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.
The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers.
The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue.
The progression of the diaphragm over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the diaphragm are generated and organized.
The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of strand invasion. Strand invasion is the process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of strand invasion. Strand invasion is the process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of strand invasion. Strand invasion is the process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of strand invasion. Strand invasion is the process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of necrotic cell death. Necrotic cell death is a cell death process that is morphologically characterized by a gain in cell volume (oncosis), swelling of organelles, plasma membrane rupture and subsequent loss of intracellular contents.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism is the chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolism is the chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.
The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.
The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ubiquitin ligase.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ubiquitin ligase.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ubiquitin ligase.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ubiquitin ligase.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-templated transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-templated transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-templated transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-dependent transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-dependent transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of DNA-dependent transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of peptide hormone processing. Peptide hormone processing is the generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of peptide hormone processing. Peptide hormone processing is the generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of peptide hormone processing. Peptide hormone processing is the generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis.
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis.
The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from an epithelial sheet. A bud is a protrusion that forms form the sheet by localized folding.
The process involved in the specification of the identity of a cell in a field of cells that is being instructed as to how to differentiate. Once specification has taken place, that cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structure of the pulmonary venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart.
The process in which the anatomical structure of superior vena cava generated and organized. The superior vena cava is a blood vessel that transports blood from the upper body to the heart.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a ventral spinal cord interneuron. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ventral spinal cord interneuron regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses.
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type.
A process involved in commitment of a cell to a fate in a developmental field. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.
Any process that modulates the localization of an actin cortical patch. An actin cortical patch is a discrete actin-containing structure found just beneath the plasma membrane in fungal cells.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase activity is the catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + donor-H2 + 2 O2 = prostaglandin H2 + acceptor + H2O.
Any process involved in the maintenance of the distribution of iron stores within tissues and organs of a multicellular organism.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipoprotein lipid oxidation. Lipoprotein lipid oxidation is the modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of the lipid group.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of lipoprotein lipid oxidation. Lipoprotein lipid oxidation is the modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of the lipid group.
Modulates the rate of NTP hydrolysis by a NTPase.
Modulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase.
The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of the mammary gland from unspecified parts. The process begins with formation of the mammary line and ends when the solid mammary bud invades the primary mammary mesenchyme.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of the mammary gland from unspecified parts. The process begins with formation of the mammary line and ends when the solid mammary bud invades the primary mammary mesenchyme.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of the mammary gland from unspecified parts. The process begins with formation of the mammary line and ends when the solid mammary bud invades the primary mammary mesenchyme.
The process pertaining to the initial formation of the mammary gland from unspecified parts. The process begins with formation of the mammary line and ends when the solid mammary bud invades the primary mammary mesenchyme.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of a cell in the epidermis resulting in the formation of the mammary line. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of a cell in the epidermis resulting in the formation of the mammary line. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of a cell in the epidermis resulting in the formation of the mammary line. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.
The regionalization process in which the mammary line is specified. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a fibroblast growth factor to its receptor on the surface of al cell in the epidermis resulting in the formation of the mammary line. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.
The developmental process in which the mammary placode forms. The mammary placode is a transient lens shaped structure that will give rise to the mammary bud proper.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the formation of the mammary line, placode or bud.
The process in which the terminal end of a mammary duct bifurcates.
The process in which a branch forms along the side of a mammary duct.
The process in which an epithelial cord, rod or tube bifurcates at its end.
The process in which a branch forms along the side of an epithelium.
The growth process in which a branch increases in length from its base to its tip.
The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary ducts are generated and organized. Mammary ducts are epithelial tubes that transport milk.
Creation of the central hole of the mammary gland duct by the hollowing out of a solid rod.
The formation of a lumen by hollowing out a solid rod or cord.
Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure by sealing the edges of an epithelial fold.
The attachment of one cell to another cell along the edges of two epithelial folds, giving rise to the lumen of an epithelial tube.
The attachment of one cell to another cell along the edges of two epithelial folds, giving rise to the lumen of the neural tube.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the hollowing out of an epithelial rod or cord to form the central hole in a tube.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mammary gland mesenchymal cell. Mammary gland mesenchymal cells form a loosely connected network of cells that surround the mammary ducts.
The progression of the mammary gland fat over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary fat is an adipose structure in the gland that is invaded by the mammary ducts.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.
The progression of a fat pad from its initial formation to its mature structure. A fat pad is an accumulation of adipose tissue.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of mammary gland development in the male by an androgen binding to its receptor, causing a change in state or activity of a cell.
The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from the mammary placode. A mammary bud is bulb of epithelial cells that is distinct from the surrounding epidermis.
The process in which the mammary gland cord forms by elongation of the mammary bud. The cord is formed once the elongating bud breaks through the mesenchyme and reaches the fat pad.
Any process that initiates the formation of a mammary placode through a mechanism that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell resulting in the epithelial cell adopting the identity of a cell of the mammary placode.
The progression of the nipple over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nipple is a part of the mammary gland that protrudes from the surface ectoderm.
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within the mammary line that contributes to the formation of the mammary placode.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cholesterol import. Cholesterol import is the directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cholesterol import. Cholesterol import is the directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of ascospore wall beta-glucan biosynthetic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of ascospores.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ascospore wall (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D--glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of ascospores.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ascospore wall (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D--glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of ascospores.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deneddylation, the removal of a ubiquitin-like protein of the NEDD8 type from a protein.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deneddylation, the removal of a ubiquitin-like protein of the NEDD8 type from a protein.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of homologous chromosome segregation, the cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of meiosis I, a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two daughter cells.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a process involved in starting transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of 4,6-pyruvylated galactose residue biosynthetic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the pyruvylated galactose residue 4-6-O-[(R)(1-carboxyethylidine)]-Gal-beta-(1->3)-. The galactose residue is part of a larger polysaccharide chain.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans.
The process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of lactation as a result of the secretion of a signal from the mammary fat and its reception by a mammary epithelial cell.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted.
Any process that induces the formation of the salivary gland field by means of the secretion of a signal by a mesenchymal cell and its reception and interpretation by an epithelial cell resulting in it adopting the identity of a salivary gland bud cell.
Any process that initiates the formation of a tooth bud by the secretion of a signal from a mesenchymal cell and its reception and subsequent change in the identity of an epithelial cell of the tooth bud.
Any process that initiates the formation of a tooth bud by the secretion of a signal from a mesenchymal cell and its reception and subsequent change in the identity of an epithelial cell of the tooth bud.
The process in which the epithelium of the mammary duct is destroyed in males.
The process in which a preadipocyte acquires specialized features of a white adipocyte of the mammary gland. White adipocytes have cytoplasmic lipids arranged in a unique vacuole.
The process in which a cell of the mammary placode becomes a cell of the mammary gland bud.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell of the mammary placode becomes an epithelial cell at the periphery of the mammary gland bud. Cells at the periphery of the bud are larger that those of the surrounding epithelium and are arranged concentrically.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell of the mammary placode becomes an internal epithelial cell of the mammary gland bud. Internal cells are small and of irregular shape.
The cell adhesion process in which mammary mesenchyme cells adhere to one another in the initial stages of the formation of mammary fat development.
The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland buds are generated and organized. Mammary gland buds form by an outpocketing of the mammary placodes and grow to invade the mammary fat, when they form the mammary cord.
The process in which the mammary gland bud grows along its axis.
The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland bud epithelial cells, resulting in the elongation of the bud.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mammary gland bud epithelial cell proliferation that results in the elongation of the bud.
The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland cord are generated and organized. Mammary gland cords form when the mammary gland bud invades the mammary fat.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland cord. Epithelial cells of the mammary cord give it its funnel-like shape and some are cornified.
The process in which the mammary gland sprout grows along its axis.
The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland cord is generated and organized. The mammary gland cord is a solid epithelial structure that will hollow out, forming the mammary duct.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching of the mammary gland cord as a result of a signal being created by a mammary fat precursor cell and its subsequent reception and interpretation by a mammary cord epithelial cell.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of mammary gland cord elongation as a result of a signal being created by a mesenchymal cell that is a precursor to the mammary fat and its subsequent reception and interpretation by an mammary cord epithelial cell.
The process in which the nipple is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the nipple sheath from the unspecified epidermis. This process begins with a circular ingrowth of the epidermis around the region of the mammary sprout. It ends before the region begins to elevate.
The process in which the epidermis of the nipple sheath is uplifted to form an umbrella-like projection.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a submandibular salivary gland. This process begins with a thickening of the epithelium next to the tongue and ends when a bud linked to the oral surface is formed.
The process in which the solid core of salivary epithelium gives rise to the hollow tube of the gland.
Any apoptotic process in which the solid core of the gland is hollowed out to form the duct.
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells of the submandibular salivary gland, resulting in the expansion of a cell population and the shaping of the gland.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis as a result of signals being generated by the mesenchyme and received and interpreted by the salivary gland epithelium.
The process in which a salivary epithelial cord bifurcates at its end.
The differential growth of the salivary branches along their axis, resulting in the growth of a branch.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of salivary gland branching as a result of the transfer of information from the extracellular matrix to the epithelium of the salivary gland.
The process in which the embryonic placenta is generated and organized.
The process in which the branches of the fetal placental villi are generated and organized. The villous part of the placenta is called the labyrinth layer.
The process in which a trophoblast cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the placental labyrinthine layer.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when a trophoblast cell elongates to contribute to the branching of the placenta.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the ureteric bud is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. This process begins when the bud protrudes from the duct and ends when it is a recognizable bud.
The developmental growth in which the ureteric bud grows along its axis beginning with the growth of the primary ureteric bud and ending when the branches of the bud have elongated.
The process in which a ureteric bud bifurcates at its end.
The process in which a ureteric bud splits into three units at its end.
The process in which a branch forms along the side of a ureteric bud.
The growth of a branch of the ureteric bud along its axis.
The process in which the primary ureteric bud grows along its axis dorsally toward the metanephric blastema.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of salivary gland branching as a result of the transfer of information from the epithelial cells to the mesenchymal cells of the salivary gland.
Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostate gland branching, the process in which the branching structure of the prostate gland is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the salivary gland.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell of the salivary gland.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell of the salivary gland to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell of the salivary gland. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis in the salivary gland epithelium.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol transporter activity.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol transporter activity.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an endoribonuclease, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ribonuclease activity, catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of ribonuclease activity, catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of deoxyribonuclease.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize an acinar cell of the salivary gland. Acinar cells are protein-secreting cells in the gland.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the neurons of the salivary gland.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of the embryonic placenta.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a trophoblast giant cell of the placenta. Trophoblast giant cells are the cell of the placenta that line the maternal decidua.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell of the ectoplacental cone acquires specialized features of a spongiotrophoblast of the placenta. A spongiotrophoblast cell is a basophilic cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glycogen cell of the placenta. A glycogen cell is a vacuolated glycogen-rich cell that appears in compact cell islets of the spongiotrophoblast layer.
The cell-cell adhesion process in which the cells of the chorion fuse to the cells of the allantois.
The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta progresses, from its formation to its mature state.
The process in which the spongiotrophoblast layer of the placenta progresses from its formation to its mature state.
The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta is generated and organized.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta.
The process in which a chorionic trophoblast cell acquires specialized features of a syncytiotrophoblast of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chorion from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The chorion is an extraembryonic membrane.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells of the ectoplacental cone acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the chorionic trophoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.
The multiplication or reproduction of spongiotrophoblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the spongiotrophoblast layer.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of spongiotrophoblast cell proliferation.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the embryonic placenta.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development.
Combining with an extracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a primary EGF receptor, initiating a change in cell activity through the EGF receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of coreceptor activity, combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of coreceptor activity involved in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of coreceptor activity involved in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of coreceptor activity involved in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of coreceptor activity involved in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of coreceptor activity involved in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of coreceptor activity involved in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.
A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance, a tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.
Any process the increases the rate, frequency or extent of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance, a tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation as a cellular response to amino acid starvation.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation as a cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation as a cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation as a cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation as a cellular response to double-stranded RNA.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of eIF2 alpha phosphorylation as a cellular response to double-stranded RNA.
The increase in size or mass of the prostate gland where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the gland, from its formation to its mature state.
The differential increase in size or mass of the prostate gland that contributes to the gland attaining its form.
Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted and contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted contributing to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia of the prostate gland are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.
The process in which the prostate gland stroma is generated and organized. The prostate gland stroma is made up of the mesenchymal or fibroblast cells of the prostate gland.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the prostate gland.
The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell of the prostate gland to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.
The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized during the period of sexual maturity in mammals. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.
The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized as a part of pregnancy.
A reproductive behavior in which a parent cares for and rears offspring.
A parental behavior in which fertilized eggs are taken into the mouth and held until hatching.
The branching process in which the mammary gland ducts form tertiary branches off of the secondary branches as part of diestrus and pregnancy.
The progression of the mammary gland alveolus over time, from its formation to its mature state. The mammary gland alveolus is a sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland.
The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland branch epithelial cells, resulting in the elongation of the branch. The mammary gland branch differs from the bud in that it is not the initial curved portion of the outgrowth.
The developmental growth process in which a branch of a mammary gland duct elongates.
Any process in which phytosterols are taken up from the contents of the intestine.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.
Behavior by which an organism locates food.
Behavior by which an adult locates food.
Foraging behavior in which an anatomical part of the organism is inserted into the substrate to locate food.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis.
The morphogenetic growth of the large, club-shaped terminal end of a mammary gland duct during prepubertal growth and during puberty.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the mammary gland, from its initial state to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway.
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
The radial pattern formation process that results in the formation of plant organs (leaves or leaf-like structures) or flower primordia around a central axis.
The radial pattern formation process that results in the formation of leaf primordia around the center of a shoot apical meristem.
The radial pattern formation process that results in the formation of floral organ primordia around a central axis in a flower primordium.
The series of molecular signals generated in response to detection of auxin that contributes to the radial pattern formation process resulting in the formation of leaf or flower primordia around the center of a shoot apical meristem.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) contributing to the interdigitation of cells along the mediolateral axis during gastrulation.
The leaf morphogenesis process which results in the shaping of a simple leaf. A simple leaf is a leaf in which the lamina is undivided.
The leaf morphogenesis process that results in the shaping of a compound leaf. A compound leaf is a leaf having two or more distinct leaflets that are evident as such from early in development.
The process in which the primary leaflet attains its shape. A primary leaflet is a leaflet that develops directly from the rachis.
The process in which the secondary leaflet attains its shape. A secondary leaflet develops by branching or division of a primary leaflet.
The process in which the intercalary leaflet attains its shape. An intercalary leaflet is a leaflet that develops between primary leaflets.
The multiplication or reproduction of mesenchymal cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein in the mesenchymal cells of the prostate that contribute to the progression of the prostate over time. This process contributes to lung development.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein in the mesenchymal cells of the prostate that contribute to the progression of the prostate over time. This process contributes to lung development.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein in the mesenchymal cells of the prostate that contribute to the progression of the prostate over time. This process contributes to lung development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation resulting in the maintenance of a steady-state number of cells within a tissue.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis that results in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a tissue.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the maintenance of a steady state of a cell type within a tissue.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of the formation of the posterior neural plate, the posterior end of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate.
Any process that increases the rate or extent of the formation of the posterior neural plate, the posterior end of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate.
The developmental process in which an ectodermal placode forms. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.
The developmental process in which a hair placode forms. An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud.
The developmental process in which the tooth placode forms. A tooth placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the tooth bud.
The developmental process in which a sebaceous gland placode forms. A sebaceous gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sebaceous gland bud.
The progression of the sweat gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Sweat glands secrete an aqueous solution that is used in thermoregulation.
The developmental process in which the sweat gland placode forms. An sweat gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sweat gland bud.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the leaflet are generated and organized.
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that results in cells adopting an endoderm, ectoderm or mesoderm cell fate.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to an unspecified cell adopting a mesoderm fate.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands and ultimately resulting in the specification of a mesodermal fate.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands and ultimately resulting in the commitment of an unspecified fate to adopt an endoderm fate.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.
The transforming growth factor signaling process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of trophoblast stem cells differentiating into the more mature cells of the trophoblast.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an epiblast cell to an extraembryonic ectoderm cell that contributes to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to a cell becoming specified to adopt a mesodermal fate.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that results in an increase in the rate, frequency or extent of a Wnt signaling pathway.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that results in an increase in the rate, frequency or extent of a Wnt signaling pathway.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that results in an increase in the rate, frequency or extent of a Wnt signaling pathway.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter ultimately resulting in a decrease in trophoblast stem cells differentiating into the more mature cells of the trophoblast.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that ultimately results in a cell being specified to adopt a definitive endodermal cell fate.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where a mesodermal cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell as part of the process of gastrulation.
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition process in which a mesodermal cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell as part of the process of gastrulation.
Any process in which mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within an oocyte that results in a pattern being established in the embryo.
Any process in which mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within the oocyte and/or syncytial embryo that contributes to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis.
Any process in which orthodenticle mRNA is transported to and maintained in the oocyte and/or syncytial embryo as part of the process that will specify the anterior/posterior axis.
Any process in which a mRNA is transported to, and maintained in the anterior portion of the oocyte and/or syncytial embryo contributing to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis.
Any process in which a mRNA is transported to and maintained in the oocyte and/or syncytial embryo contributing to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation of mRNAs that contribute to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis.
Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on either the paternal or maternal X-chromosome in the XX sex.
Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes specifically on the paternal X-chromosome in the XX sex.
Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on the paternal X-chromosome in the XX sex by genetic imprinting.
Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on one of the X-chromosomes in the XX sex by genetic imprinting.
Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on one of the X-chromosomes in the XX sex by the mechanism of heterochromatin formation.
Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on one of the X-chromosomes in the XX sex by a mechanism of DNA methylation.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transforming growth factor beta receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands and ultimately resulting in the specification of an axial mesodermal fate.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the formation of the neural plate anterior/posterior pattern.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the formation of the neural plate anterior/posterior pattern.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the formation of the neural plate anterior/posterior pattern.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the formation of the neural plate anterior/posterior pattern.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to the formation of the anterior/posterior pattern of the neural plate.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands contributing to the anterior/posterior pattern of the neural plate.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the formation of the neural plate anterior/posterior pattern.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of Wnt signaling through beta-catenin that results in the formation of the neural plate anterior/posterior pattern.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of Wnt signaling through beta-catenin that results in the formation of the neural plate anterior/posterior pattern.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of Wnt signaling through beta-catenin that results in the formation of the neural plate anterior/posterior pattern.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of Wnt signaling through beta-catenin that results in the formation of the neural plate anterior/posterior pattern.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin in the anterior end of the neural plate. This regulation sets up a Wnt signaling gradient along the anterior/posterior axis.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin in the anterior end of the neural plate. This regulation sets up a Wnt signaling gradient along the anterior/posterior axis.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin in the anterior end of the neural plate. This regulation sets up a Wnt signaling gradient along the anterior/posterior axis.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin in the anterior end of the neural plate. This regulation sets up a Wnt signaling gradient along the anterior/posterior axis.
Grouping of smoothened or patched receptors in a cilium, contributing to the smoothened signaling pathway.
Grouping of smoothened or patched receptors in a cilium, contributing to the smoothened signaling pathway.
Grouping of smoothened or patched receptors in a cilium, contributing to the smoothened signaling pathway.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened contributing to the dorsal/ventral pattern of the neural tube.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened contributing to the dorsal/ventral pattern of the neural tube.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened contributing to the dorsal/ventral pattern of the neural tube.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the animal/vegetal axis in the oocyte. The animal/vegetal axis of an oocyte is defined by the placement of the nucleus in the oocyte and can sometimes be identified by the asymmetric placement of other substances such as yolk in the oocyte. The pole of the egg that is closest to the nucleus defines the animal end, with the axis passing through the nucleus.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell contributing to the specification of the animal/vegetal axis of an oocyte.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell contributing to the specification of the animal/vegetal axis of an oocyte.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell contributing to the specification of the animal/vegetal axis of an oocyte.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a line that delineates the mouth and the anus of an embryo.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the specification of the oral/aboral axis.
The process in which a venous blood vessel endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a lymphatic vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of lymph vessels.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of blood vessels.
The commitment of a venous blood vessel endothelial cell to a lymphatic endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a lymphatic endothelial cell.
The commitment of a cell to an endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endothelial cell.
The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.
The progression of the venous blood vessel over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. Venous blood vessels carry blood back to the heart after the capillary bed.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of an arterial endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of arteries.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a venous endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of veins.
The commitment of a cell to an arterial endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an arterial endothelial cell.
The commitment of a cell to a venous endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an venous endothelial cell.
The commitment of a cell to a blood vessel endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a blood vessel endothelial cell.
The process involved in the specification of identity of an endothelial cell. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.
A process involved in cell fate commitment of an endothelial cell. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of a venous endothelial cell to a lymphatic endothelial cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of a cell to a specific fate.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to the commitment of a venous endothelial cell to a lymphatic endothelial cell fate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of a cell to a specific fate and contributes to a cell adopting a venous endothelial cell fate.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell and contributing to the commitment of a cell to an arterial endothelial cell fate.
The process of the coordinated growth and sprouting of lymph vessels giving rise to the organized lymphatic system.
The orderly movement of venous endothelial cells out of the veins giving rise to the precursors of lymphatic endothelial cells.
Establishment of the barrier between the blood and the brain. The cells in the brain are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.
Establishment of the glial barrier between the blood and the brain. The glial cells in the brain are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.
The directed movement of substances within a cell by a cellular process that begins with the formation of membrane-bounded vesicles in which the transported substances are enclosed or located in the vesicle membrane which are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane contributing to the shedding of a floral organ.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of substances within a cell by a cellular process that begins with the formation of membrane-bounded vesicles in which the transported substances are enclosed or located in the vesicle membrane which are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane contributing to the shedding of a floral organ.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of floral organ abscission, the controlled shedding of floral organs.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of floral organ shedding, the controlled shedding of floral organs.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of floral organ abscission, the controlled shedding of floral organs.
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately modulating the rate, or extent of floral organ abscission.
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals that increases the rate or extent of floral organ abscission.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand and contributing to the decrease in the rate or frequency of floral organ abscission.
The controlled shedding of a leaf.
The controlled shedding of a fruit.
Any series of molecular signals in which a small monomeric GTPase relays one or more of the signals that modulates the rate or extent of floral organ abscission.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, which contributes to the process of floral organ abscission.
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of the cell wall that contributes to the process of floral organ abscission.
The progression of the semicircular canal from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The progession of the anterior semicircular canal from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The progession of the posterior semicircular canal from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The progession of the lateral semicircular canal from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the semicircular canal from the otic vesicle. This process begins with the regionalization of the vesicle that specifies the area where the vesicles will form and continues through the process of fusion which forms the initial tubes.
The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of the otic epithelium in space to define an area or volume in which cells will differentiate to give rise to the semicircular canals.
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis and gives rise to a pouch that will form a semicircular canal.
Creation of the central hole of the semicircular canal by sealing the edges of the pouch that forms ruing the process of semicircular canal formation.
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when a semicircular canal epithelial cell acquires the structural features that allow it to contribute to the process of semicircular canal fusion.
A process that results in the breakdown of the basement membrane that contributes to the process of semicircular canal fusion.
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings that modulates of the rate, frequency or extent of basement membrane disassembly involved in semicircular canal fusion.
The morphogenetic process in which cells are removed from the inner loop of a semicircular canal.
Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the semicircular canal by removing cells in the fusion plate, forming the loops of the canals.
The process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition that contributes to the shaping of the semicircular canal by effectively removing epithelial cells from the fusion plate, forming the loops of the canals.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis of the limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium.
The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of the epidermis of the limb in space to define a volume in which specific patterns of basal cell, spinous cell and granular cells will differentiate giving rise to the layers of the limb epidermis.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a limb epidermal basal cell. A epidermal basal cell cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into more specialized cell of the limb epidermis.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a limb epidermal spinous cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a limb epidermal granular cell.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an limb basal epidermal cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an limb granular cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a limb spinous cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to the dorsal ventral patterning of the spinal cord.
The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the neural plate to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes of the neural plate in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.
The commitment of neurectodermal cells to cells of the eye field and their capacity to differentiate into eye field cells. Eye field cells are neurectodermal cells that will form the optic placode.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the commitment of a neurectodermal cell to a specialized neurectodermal cell that will give rise to the optic vesicle.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a camera-type eye from unspecified neurectoderm. This process begins with the differentiation of cells that form the optic field and ends when the optic cup has attained its shape.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the hair cycle.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the hair cycle.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the hair cycle.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the hair cycle.
A series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of any member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family binding to a cell surface receptor that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the hair cycle.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of meiosis I, a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two daughter cells.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the protein folding process that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Secreted, plasma membrane and organelle proteins are folded in the ER, assisted by chaperones and foldases (protein disulphide isomerases), and additional factors required for optimal folding (ATP, Ca2+ and an oxidizing environment to allow disulfide bond formation).
Any process that modulates the frequency of induction of conjugation upon nitrogen starvation, the process in which a cell initiates conjugation with cellular fusion upon nitrogen starvation.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin silencing by small RNA. Chromatin silencing by small RNA is the repression of transcription by conversion of large regions of DNA into heterochromatin, directed by small RNAs sharing sequence identity to the repressed region.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.
The maintenance of the number of copies of extrachromosomal plasmid DNA.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of plasmid DNA replication that contributes to copy number maintenance.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of plasmid DNA replication that contributes to copy number maintenance.
The commitment of cells to specific cardiac cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac cells. Cardiac cells are cells that comprise the organ which pumps blood through the circulatory system.
The process involved in the specification of cardiac cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.
The process involved in cardiac cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell of the lung. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population that contributes to the progression of the lung over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->6)-beta-D-glucans.
The directed movement of auxin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The process involved in the transport of auxin into the cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell. AV node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the atrioventricular node.
The commitment of cells to specific cardiac muscle cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
The commitment of cells to specific cardiac muscle cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
The commitment of cells to atrial cardiac muscle cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac muscle cells of the atrium. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
The commitment of cells to atrial cardiac muscle cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac muscle cells of the atrium. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
The commitment of cells to ventricular cardiac muscle cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac muscle cells of the ventricle. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
The commitment of cells to ventricular cardiac muscle cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac muscle cells of the ventricle. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pacemaker cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.
The commitment of cells to pacemaker cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into pacemaker cells. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The commitment of cells to atrioventricular (AV) node cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into AV node cells.
The commitment of cells to sinoatrial (SA) node cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into SA node cells. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The commitment of cells to sinoatrial (SA) node cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into SA node cells. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The commitment of cells to sinoatrial (SA) node cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into SA node cells. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the His-Purkinje system. These cells form the fibers regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a His-Purkinje cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. These cells form the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
The commitment of cells to His-Purkinje cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into His-Purkinje cells. These cells form the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac fibroblast. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell of the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The commitment of cells to a cardiac fibroblast fate and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac fibroblast cells. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The process in which an epicardial cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac fibroblast. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epicardial-derived cardiac fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature state. A epicardial-derived cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell of the heart that arises from the epicardium and secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
A transition where an epicardial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will mature into a cardiac fibroblast.
The commitment of an epicardial cell to a cardiac fibroblast cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a cardiac fibroblast. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The process in which a neural crest cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac fibroblast. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac fibroblast over time, from its formation from a neural crest cell to the mature state. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell of the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The commitment of neural crest cells to a cardiac fibroblast fate and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac fibroblast cells. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron of the heart.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell of the heart. Blood vessel endothelial cells are thin flattened cells that line the inside surfaces of blood vessels.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell. A cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell covers the heart vasculature and lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The commitment of cells to a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell of the heart.
The process in which a neural crest cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell of the heart.
The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac glial cell over time, from its formation to the fully functional mature cell.
The commitment of cells to cardiac glial cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac glial cells.
The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest-derived cardiac glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
The commitment of neural crest cells to cardiac glial cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac glial cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
The commitment of a cell to an endocardial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart.
The progression of an endocardial cell over time, from its formation to the mature cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac neuron over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron of the heart.
Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phospholipase D, an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = choline + a phosphatidate.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the synthesis of RNA from ribosomal protein genes mediated by RNA polymerase II.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: mRNA cleavage or translational repression.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the downregulation of gene expression through the action of microRNAs (miRNAs), endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate gene expression by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: mRNA cleavage or translational repression.
Any process that regulates the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by RNA. Gene silencing by RNA is the process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by RNA. Gene silencing by RNA is the process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing, the transcriptional or post-transcriptional process carried out at the cellular level that results in long-term gene inactivation.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing, the transcriptional or post-transcriptional process carried out at the cellular level that results in long-term gene inactivation.
The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis of the embryonic heart tube are established. This process will determine the patterns of cell differentiation along the axis.
The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of the left/right axis of the embryonic heart tube in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place.
The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of the left/right axis in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the heart over time, from its initial formation, to the mature organ.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that contribute to the formation of the heart. The initial heart structure is made up of mesoderm-derived heart progenitor cells and neural crest-derived cells.
The orderly movement of a cardioblast toward the midline to form the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The orderly movement of a cardioblast toward the midline to form the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.
Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells that contributes to blood vessel development in the heart, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells that contributes to blood vessel development in the heart, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form the blood vessels of the heart.
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of new blood vessels in the heart from pre-existing blood vessels.
The process in which the anatomical structures of coronary arteries are generated and organized. Coronary arteries are blood vessels that transport blood to the heart muscle.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell derived from the epicardium acquires specialized features of a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell. A cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell covers the heart vasculature and lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell that was derived from the epicardium over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The commitment of an epicardial cell to a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell.
The regulated release of a hormone into the circulatory system.
A macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat involved in membrane shaping of vesicle membranes as they fuse or undergo fission.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat involved in membrane shaping of vesicle membranes as organelles fuse.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat involved in membrane shaping of vesicle membranes as organelles undergo fission.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fungicide stimulus. Fungicides are chemicals used to kill fungi.
Morphogenesis of a kidney. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the branching morphogenesis by which the kidney progresses from its initial formation to the mature state.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of the kidney.
An system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the hepaticobiliary system. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins.
The progression of the hepaticobiliary system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins.
The progression of the common bile duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The common bile duct is formed from the joining of the common hepatic duct running from the liver, and the cystic duct running from the gall bladder. The common bile duct transports bile from the liver and gall bladder to the intestine.
The progression of the common bile duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The common bile duct is formed from the joining of the common hepatic duct running from the liver, and the cystic duct running from the gall bladder. The common bile duct transports bile from the liver and gall bladder to the intestine.
The progression of the common bile duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The common bile duct is formed from the joining of the common hepatic duct running from the liver, and the cystic duct running from the gall bladder. The common bile duct transports bile from the liver and gall bladder to the intestine.
The progression of the common bile duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The common bile duct is formed from the joining of the common hepatic duct running from the liver, and the cystic duct running from the gall bladder. The common bile duct transports bile from the liver and gall bladder to the intestine.
The progression of the gall bladder over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The gall bladder is a cavitated organ that stores bile.
The progression of the hepatic duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepatic duct is the duct that leads from the liver to the common bile duct.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.
The directed movement of snRNA, small nuclear ribonucleic acid into the nucleus.
The directed movement of snRNA, small nuclear ribonucleic acid, to a Cajal body.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hepatoblast. A hepatoblast is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.
The regrowth of cardiac muscle tissue to repair injured or damaged muscle fibers in the postnatal stage.
The process whose specific outcome is the development of the umbilical cord, from its formation to the mature structure. The umbilical cord is an organ or embryonic origin consisting of the 2 umbilical arteries and the one umbilical vein. The umbilical cord connects the cardiovascular system of the fetus to the mother via the placenta.
The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers, such as those in the brain, lung or intestine, to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition.
The progression of the eyelid in a camera-type eye from its formation to the mature state. The eyelid is a membranous cover that helps protect and lubricate the eye.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland alveolus.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the endodermal digestive tract are generated and organized. The endodermal digestive tract includes those portions of the digestive tract that are derived from endoderm.
The progression of the visceral serous pericardium from its formation to the mature structure. The visceral serous pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium.
The controlled release of liquid by a lung epithelial cell that contributes to an increase in size of the lung as part of its development.
The progression of the olfactory bulb mitral cell layer over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The mitral cell layer is composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.
The process in which anatomical structures of the uterus are generated and organized.
The process in which a female gonad is generated and organized.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.
The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.
The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.
The progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
The progression of the myotome over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The myotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to muscle.
The progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of peptidoglycan to a receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The main outcome of the Imd signaling is the production of antimicrobial peptides.
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of peptidoglycan to a receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The main outcome of the Imd signaling is the production of antimicrobial peptides.
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of peptidoglycan to a receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The main outcome of the Imd signaling is the production of antimicrobial peptides.
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of peptidoglycan to a receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The main outcome of the Imd signaling is the production of antimicrobial peptides.
A series of molecular signals initiated by binding of peptidoglycan to a receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The main outcome of the Imd signaling is the production of antimicrobial peptides.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the peptidoglycan recognition protein signaling pathway.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the peptidoglycan recognition protein signaling pathway.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the peptidoglycan recognition protein signaling pathway.
The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dauer larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dauer larva over time, through the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage, with specialized traits adapted for dispersal and long-term survival, with elevated stress resistance and without feeding.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dauer larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dauer larva over time, through the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage, with specialized traits adapted for dispersal and long-term survival, with elevated stress resistance and without feeding.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dauer larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dauer larva over time, through the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage, with specialized traits adapted for dispersal and long-term survival, with elevated stress resistance and without feeding.
The progression of the urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body.
The progression of the male urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The male urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder through the penis to outside the body.
The progression of the female urethra over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The female urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body, exiting above the vaginal opening.
The progression of the urethra epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes.
The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina.
The process in which the ciliary body generated and organized. The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.
The process of inhibiting aggregation and assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that is dependent on interaction with a chaperone.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell and contributes to the immune response.
The progression of the left horn of the sinus venosus from its initial formation to the mature structure.
The progression of the right horn of the sinus venosus from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the production of a cytokine that contributes to the immune response.
Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a myeloid cell.
Any process that regulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein refolding. Protein refolding is the process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein refolding. Protein refolding is the process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H3-K27 methylation. Histone H3-K27 methylation is the modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 27 of the histone.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H3-K27 methylation. Histone H3-K27 methylation is the modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 27 of the histone.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of histone H3-K27 methylation. Histone H3-K27 methylation is the modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to lysine at position 27 of the histone.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of sequestering of zinc ion. Sequestering of zinc ion is the process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of sequestering of zinc ion. Sequestering of zinc ion is the process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of sequestering of zinc ion. Sequestering of zinc ion is the process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of turning behavior involved in mating. Turning behavior is the sharp ventral turn performed by the male as he approaches either the hermaphrodite head or tail, whilst trying to locate his partner's vulva. Turning occurs via a sharp ventral coil of the male's tail.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of turning behavior involved in mating. Turning behavior is the sharp ventral turn performed by the male as he approaches either the hermaphrodite head or tail, whilst trying to locate his partner's vulva. Turning occurs via a sharp ventral coil of the male's tail.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of turning behavior involved in mating. Turning behavior is the sharp ventral turn performed by the male as he approaches either the hermaphrodite head or tail, whilst trying to locate his partner's vulva. Turning occurs via a sharp ventral coil of the male's tail.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the lung epithelium.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a neuroendocrine cell. A neuroendocrine cell is a cell that receives input form a neuron which controls the secretion of an endocrine substance.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the stomach epithelium.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a glomus cell of the carotid body. The carotid body is a specialized chemosensory organ that helps respond to hypoxia.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an adrenal chromaffin cell. An adrenal chromaffin cell is a neuroendocrine cell that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach.
The progression of the seminal vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The seminal vesicle is a gland that contributes to the production of semen.
The progression of the seminal vesicle epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a dense core granule. A dense core granule is a secretory organelle found in endocrine cells.
A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a dense core granule. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the dense core granule.
Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell and contributes to the progression of the lung over time from its initial formation to the mature organ.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of bud outgrowth involved in lung branching.
Morphogenesis of the pancreas. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized.
The process in which the branches of the pancreas are generated and organized.
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the lung. The proximal/distal axis of the lung is defined by a line that runs from the trachea to the alveoli.
The morphogenesis process in which the ductus venosus changes to no longer permit blood flow after birth.
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of a chlorinated alkylphenone. An alkylphenone is an aromatic polyketide with methyl and chlorine substitutions.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of DIF-1. DIF-1 is a chlorinated alkylphenone.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of DIF-2. DIF-2 is a chlorinated alkylphenone.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of a chlorinated alkylphenone. An alkylphenone is an aromatic polyketide with methyl and chlorine substitutions.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of a chlorinated alkylphenone. An alkylphenone is an aromatic polyketide with methyl and chlorine substitutions.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of DIF-1. DIF-1 is a chlorinated alkylphenone.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of DIF-1. DIF-1 is a chlorinated alkylphenone.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of DIF-2. DIF-2 is a chlorinated alkylphenone.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of DIF-2. DIF-2 is a chlorinated alkylphenone.
The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the pancreas forms a bud.
The process in which a specific region of the gut is delineated into the area in which the pancreas will develop.
The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes the cells of the gut to change their fates and specify the development of the pancreas.
Modulates the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.
The process in which a branch bud increases radially. A branch bud is the initial area of outgrowth in the formation of a new branch.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized.
The regionalization process in which the identity of a bud primordium is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung secretory cell. A lung secretory cell is a specialized epithelial cell of the lung that contains large secretory granules in its apical part.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung ciliated cell. A lung ciliated cell is a specialized lung epithelial cell that contains cilia for moving substances released from lung secretory cells.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesothelial cell to an epithelial cell and contributes to the development of the lung.
The progression of a primary alveolar septum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A primary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that surrounds the saccule as it forms.
The progression of a secondary alveolar septum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A secondary alveolar septum is a specialized epithelium that subdivides the initial saccule.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which a Peyer's patch is generated and organized. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.
The progression of the endocardial endothelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix of the endocardium. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the shaping of the ureter. The ureter is a tube that extends from the kidney to the bladder.
The regionalization process that divides an the renal system into a series of segments along its proximal/distal axis.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the segmentation of the renal system.
The progression of the trachea submucosa over time from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea submucosa is made up of the glands and elastic tissue that lie under the mucosa in the trachea.
The progression of a trachea gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Trachea glands are found under the mucus of the trachea and secrete mucus, and agents that help protect the lung from injury and infection.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an endothelium. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from the pulmonary artery endothelium. An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the pulmonary artery are generated and organized. The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
Any process that decreases the stability of an mRNA molecule, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes. Messenger RNA is the intermediate molecule between DNA and protein. It includes UTR and coding sequences. It does not contain introns.
An mRNA destabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.
The specification and formation of bipolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns that contribute to cell morphogenesis. Bipolar organization is the organization that is a mirror image along an axis from a plane.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of bipolar cell polarity that contributes to the shape of a cell.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of bipolar cell polarity that regulates the shape of a cell.
The specification and formation of monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Monopolar cell organization is directional organization along an axis.
The endoplasmic reticulum organization process that results in the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum being oriented in the cell.
The endoplasmic reticulum polarization process that results in the structure being polarized at the site of future cell division.
The process in which endoplasmic reticulum is transiently localized to the site where a cell will divide.
The process in which endoplasmic reticulum is transiently localized to the site where a cell will divide.
The directed movement of the endoplasmic reticulum to the site where a cell will divide.
The process in which the endoplasmic reticulum is maintained at the site of cell division and is prevented from moving elsewhere.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of hair follicle placode formation, the developmental process in which a hair placode forms. An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of hair follicle placode formation, the developmental process in which a hair placode forms. An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of hair follicle placode formation, the developmental process in which a hair placode forms. An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud.
The specification and formation of bipolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Bipolar organization is the organization that is a mirror image along an axis from a plane.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of bipolar cell polarity. Bipolar organization is the organization that is a mirror image along an axis from a plane.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of bipolar cell polarity.
Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters that will induce the contraction of muscle. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.
Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a non-glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters at a regulatory synapse. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.
Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary for the tonic release neurotransmitters that will induce the contraction of muscle. Type Ib terminal boutons are larger than type Is terminal boutons.
Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary for the phasic release neurotransmitters that will induce the contraction of muscle. Type Is terminal boutons are smaller than type Ib terminal boutons.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of chromatin silencing at silent mating-type cassette. Chromatin silencing at silent mating-type cassette is the repression of transcription at silent mating-type loci by altering the structure of chromatin.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the repression of transcription of ribosomal DNA by altering the structure of chromatin.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the repression of transcription of ribosomal DNA by altering the structure of chromatin.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole.
The progression of the taste bud over time, from its formation to the mature state. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the taste bud are generated and organized. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the taste bud from unspecified parts. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors.
The progression of the fungiform papilla over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fungiform papilla is a mushroom-shaped papilla of the tongue.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the fungiform papilla are generated and organized. The fungiform papilla is a mushroom-shaped papilla of the tongue.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a spongiform papilla from unspecified parts. The fungiform papilla is a mushroom-shaped papilla of the tongue.
The process in which force is generated within striated embryonic muscle tissue, resulting in a contraction of the muscle that contributes to the formation of an embryo's characteristic body morphology.
A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle.
A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of the clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of the clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the paramyosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in striated muscle.
The formation or disassembly of a filament composed of paramyosin molecules.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paramesonephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mullerian ducts (or paramesonephric ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephros are generated and organized.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the juxtaglomerulus cells of the mesonephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the mesonephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the mesonephros.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature organ.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is an anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter that contributes to the mesonephros progressing from its initial formation to the mature state.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of mesonephric mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric macula densa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the mesonephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesonephric mesenchymal cell population.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the mesonephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
The progression of the mesonephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The mesonephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or mesonephros.
The multiplication or reproduction of extraglomerular glomerular mesangium cells in the mesonephros by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Extraglomerular mesangial cells (also known as lacis cells, Goormaghtigh cells) are light-staining cells in the kidney found outside the glomerulus, near the vascular pole and macula densa.
The multiplication or reproduction of extraglomerular glomerular mesangium cells in the mesonephros by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Extraglomerular mesangial cells (also known as lacis cells, Goormaghtigh cells) are light-staining cells in the kidney found outside the glomerulus, near the vascular pole and macula densa.
The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis of a nephron in the mesonephros. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from the glomerulus (proximal end) outward toward the mesonephric duct (distal end).
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the mesonephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the mesonephros to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric nephron are generated and organized. A mesonephric nephron is the functional unit of the mesonephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric juxtaglomerulus cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a mesonephric juxtaglomerulus cell.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric glomerulus vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the mesonephric glomerulus vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The mesonephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the mesonephric glomerulus.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric glomerular epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus in the mesonephros. The mesonephric glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric glomerular basement membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the mesonephric glomerulus which performs the actual filtration.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric glomerulus are generated and organized. The mesonephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate mesonephros.
The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the mesonephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.
The process in which the mesonephric comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The mesonephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the mesonephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros.
The morphogenetic process in which the renal epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the mesonephros.
Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the mesonephros.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal stem cell that contributes to the shaping of a nephronin the mesonephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric nephron tubule are generated and organized. A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephric nephron, the functional part of the mesonephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros.
The progression of a mesonephric nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephric nephron, the functional part of the mesonephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.
The process in which the mesonephric S-shaped body is generated and organized. The mesonephric S-shaped body is the successor of the mesonephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a bipolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a bipolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns that regulates the shaping of a cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric glomerular mesangium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the mesonephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric glomerulus vasculature are generated and organized. The mesonephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the mesonephric glomerulus.
The process that gives rise to a mesonephric glomerular capillary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesonephric glomerular epithelial cell. Mesonephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the mesonephric glomerulus; there are two types, mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric glomerular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mesonephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the mesonephric glomerulus; there are two types, mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a mesonephric glomerular epithelial cell. Mesonephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the mesonephric glomerulus; there are two types, mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cell. Mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cell. Mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. These cells may also give rise to podocytes.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the glomerular mesangial cells of the mesonephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesangial cells of the mesonephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the mesonephros.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the mesonephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular mesangial cell in the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a mesonephric glomerular mesangial cell.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the mesonephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the interstitial fibroblasts of the mesonephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric interstitial fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a mesonephric interstitial fibroblast.
The multiplication or reproduction of glomerular mesangial cells in the mesonephros, resulting in the expansion of the population.
The multiplication or reproduction of intraglomerular glomerular mesangium cells in the mesonephros by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Intraglomerular mesangial cells are specialized pericytes located among the glomerular capillaries within a renal corpuscle of a kidney. They are required for filtration, structural support and phagocytosis.
A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the mesonephric renal vesicle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric connecting tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the mesonephric nephron; it connects the distal tubule to the collecting duct in the mesonephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric connecting tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the mesonephric nephron; it connects the distal tubule to the collecting duct in the mesonephros.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric distal tubule are generated and organized. The mesonephric distal tubule is a mesonephric nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the mesonephric connecting tubule.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephric distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric distal tubule is a mesonephric nephron tubule that begins at the terminal segment of the proximal tubule and ends at the mesonephric connecting tubule.
The progression of the mesonephric proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric proximal tubule extends from the capsule to the distal tubule.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric proximal tubule are generated and organized. The mesonephric proximal tubule extends from the capsule to the distal tubule.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of a nephron in the mesonephros.
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to mesonephric nephron tubule morphogenesis.
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to mesonephric distal tubule morphogenesis.
The orderly movement of epithelial cells within a renal tubule that contributes to mesonephric proximal tubule morphogenesis.
The process in which the connecting tubule of the mesonephric nephron acquires its identity.
The process in which the tubules arranged along the proximal/distal axis of the mesonephric nephron acquire their identity.
The process in which the distal tubule of the mesonephric nephron acquires its identity.
The process in which the proximal tubule of the mesonephric nephron acquires its identity.
The progression of the mesonephric capsule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue.
The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric capsule are generated and organized. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric capsule from unspecified parts. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.
The regionalization process in which the identity of the mesonephric capsule is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the kidney over time.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the kidney over time.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the kidney over time.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contribute to the progression of the metanephric kidney over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contribute to the progression of the metanephric kidney over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contribute to the progression of the metanephric kidney over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the branching of the ureteric bud. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the branching of the ureteric bud. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the progression of the mesonephros over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the progression of the mesonephros over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the progression of the mesonephros over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contribute to the progression of the mesonephric nephron over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contribute to the progression of the mesonephric nephron over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contribute to the progression of the mesonephric nephron over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
Signaling at short range between cells of the ureteric bud terminus and the kidney mesenchyme that positively regulates the formation of the mesonephric renal vesicle.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.
Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.
Any process that reduces the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.
Any process that increases the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.
Any process that increases the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the mesonephros.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the vasculature of the retina is generated and organized.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the vasculature of the cerebellum is generated and organized.
The binding of a smooth muscle cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.
The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The maintenance of established bipolar anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns that results in the shaping of a cell.
The identification and annealing of complementary base pairs in single-strand DNA that contributes to double-strand break repair.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac neural crest cell that will migrate to the heart and contribute to its development. Cardiac neural crest cells are specialized cells that migrate toward the heart from the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches.
The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the development of the heart.
The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in cardiac neural crest cell differentiation.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in cardiac neural crest cell differentiation.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in cardiac neural crest cell differentiation.
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a receptor on the surface of a cell to a physiological ligand, which contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
Any series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a receptor on the surface of a cell to a physiological ligand, which contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the progression of the heart over time.
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands and contributing to the progression of the heart over time.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell and contributing to the progression of the heart over time.
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway that contributes to an expansion of the population of cardiac muscle cells.
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway that contributes to an expansion of the population of cardiac muscle cells.
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway that contributes to an expansion of the population of cardiac muscle cells.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the progression of the heart over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the progression of the heart over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the progression of the heart over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin and contributing to cardiac muscle cell fate commitment. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin and contributing to cardiac muscle cell fate commitment. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin and contributing to cardiac muscle cell fate commitment. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a renal filtration cell. Renal filtration cells are specialized cells of the renal system that filter fluids by charge, size or both. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a nephrocyte. A nephrocyte is an insect renal cell that filters hemolymph. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a pericardial nephrocyte. A pericardial nephrocyte is an insect renal cell that filters hemolymph and is found with other pericardial nephrocytes in two rows flanking the dorsal vessel. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a pericardial nephrocyte. A pericardial nephrocyte is an insect renal cell that filters hemolymph and is found with other pericardial nephrocytes in two rows flanking the dorsal vessel. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a garland nephrocyte. A garland nephrocyte is an insect renal cell that filters hemolymph and forms a ring with other garland nephrocytes around the esophagus. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a garland nephrocyte. A garland nephrocyte is an insect renal cell that filters hemolymph and forms a ring with other garland nephrocytes around the esophagus. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a disseminated nephrocyte. A disseminated nephrocyte is an insect renal cell that filters hemolymph and is found at scattered locations in the fat body or other tissues. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway that contributes to the modulation of the expansion of a population of cardiac outflow tract cells.
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway that contributes to the modulation of the expansion of a population of cardiac outflow tract cells.
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway that contributes to the modulation of the expansion of a population of cardiac outflow tract cells.
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.
The progression of the renal tubule over time from its formation to the mature form. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior Malpighian tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pair of anterior tubules arise from a dorsal region of the embryonic hindgut and projects forwards through the body cavity. A Malpighian tubule is a fine, thin-walled excretory tubule in insects which connects with the posterior part of the gut.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior Malpighian tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pair of posterior tubules arise from a ventrolateral region of the embryonic hindgut and project backwards through the body cavity. A Malpighian tubule is a fine, thin-walled excretory tubule in insects which connects with the posterior part of the gut.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a Malpighian tubule principal cell. A Malpighian tubule principal cell is an epithelial secretory cell that transports cations into the lumen of the tubule.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a Malpighian tubule stellate cell. A Malpighian tubule stellate cell is a specialized epithelial secretory cell that moves chloride ions and water across the tubule epithelium.
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population and contributing to the shaping of a Malpighian tubule.
The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from the embryonic hindgut tube to form the Malpighian tubule. A bud is a protrusion that forms from the tube by localized changes in cell shape and position.
The process in which the renal tubule is generated by specification of cell fate, through the maintenance of cell polarity, regulated cell proliferation and morphogenetic cell rearrangements, shape changes and growth. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.
The movement of an epithelial cell with respect to other epithelial cells that contributes to the shaping of the Malpighian tubule.
The growth of an epithelial cell dependent on cycles of endoreplication, where growth contributes to the shaping of the Malpighian tubule.
The shape change of an epithelial cell from a columnar to squamous cell morphology that contributes to the shaping of the Malpighian tubule.
Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles.
An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell.
An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Monopolar cell organization is directional organization along an axis.
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns that regulate the shape of a cell.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via effectors other than beta-catenin and contributing to the progression of the heart over time.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via effectors other than beta-catenin and contributing to the progression of the heart over time.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via effectors other than beta-catenin and contributing to the progression of the heart over time.
Any process that decreased the extent of cell adhesion that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
Any process that modulates the extent of cell adhesion contributing to the shaping of the heart.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via effectors other than beta-catenin and contributing to a cardioblast being committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the ventricular septum.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the cardiac right atrium.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the cardiac muscle tissue.
The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell.
The directed movement of the outgrowing Malpighian tubule guided by specific chemical cues/signals. Movement may be towards a guidance cue (positive chemotaxis) or away from it (negative chemotaxis). Guidance contributes to the final positioning of the tubule.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, which contributes to the directed movement of a Malpighian tubule cell toward a stimulus, thereby contributing to the shaping of the tubule.
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the pericardium.
The controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt signaling pathway by the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt signaling pathway by the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt signaling pathway by the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.
The developmental process pertaining to the progression of the optic chiasm from its initial formation to the mature structure. The process begins when the pathfinding of the axons of the developing optic nerve cause some axons to cross at the midline of the brain and ends when the axons are mature.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of maintenance of bipolar cell polarity regulating cell shape.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of maintenance of bipolar cell polarity regulating cell shape.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the biosynthesis of progesterone biosynthesis that contributes to luteolysis.
The apoptotic process that contributes to luteolysis.
The apoptotic process that contributes to luteolysis.
Any process that increases the activity of triglyceride lipase.
Any process that results in a change in the behaviour of an organism as a result of a chemical pain stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in the behaviour of an organism as a result of an acetic acid pain stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in the behaviour of an organism as a result of a formalin pain stimulus.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis in the testicle.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of testosterone, an androgen having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4 C-5.
Determination of the asymmetric location of the heart with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the activin family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and contributing to the process of heart jogging.
The progression of the mammillary axonal complex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammillary axonal complex is formed by the axons from the lateral, medial mammillary and the dorsal premammillary nuclei which share a branching pattern. Every neuron gives off one axonal stem that bifurcates into 2 branches. One of the branches is directed dorsally to the thalamus and another caudally to the midbrain.
The progression of the mammillothalamic axonal tract, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammillothalamic tract is the collection of axons that connects the two major subdivisions of the diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus) and closes the diencephalic circuit.
The progression of the mammillotectal tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammillotectal tract is the collection of axons that connects the ventral diencephalon to the superior colliculus.
The process in which the mammillotegmental tract progresses over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammillotegmental tract is the collection of axons that connects the ventral diencephalon to the tegmentum and pons.
The progression of the mammary gland lobule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mammary gland lobule is a small rounded projection of the mammary gland.
The progression of the corpora quadrigemina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The corpora quadrigemina is a part of the midbrain that is made up of the superior and inferior colliculi.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior colliculus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The inferior colliculus (IC) (Latin, lower hill) is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several more peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. The inferior colliculus has three subdivisions: the central nucleus (CIC), a dorsal cortex (DCIC) by which it is surrounded, and an external cortex (ICX) which is located laterally.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior colliculus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The superior colliculus is also known as the optic tectum or simply tectum and is a paired structure that forms a major component of the vertebrate midbrain.
The orderly movement of a cell that will reside in the diencephalon.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a Malpighian tubule tip cell. A Malpighian tubule tip cell is a mitogenic signaling cell that controls the proliferation of its neighboring cells.
The process of shaping a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.
The process of shaping a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.
The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblasts, resulting in the expansion of a fibroblast population that contributes to the shaping of the heart.
The closure of the temporary ventral gap in the optic cup that contributes to its shaping.
Any process that modulates the extent of cell growth.
Any process that modulates the rate of cell growth.
Any process that modulates the direction of cell growth.
Any process that increases the direction of cell growth.
Any process that decreases the direction of cell growth.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter in response to an copper ion stimulus.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter in response to an copper ion stimulus.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter in response to an copper ion stimulus.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter in response to a cobalt ion stimulus.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter in response to a calcium ion stimulus.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of detection of, or exposure to, an increase in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hydrostatic pressure stimulus. Hydrostatic pressure is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is at rest (as opposed to moving). The weight of the fluid above the object creates pressure on it.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of deprivation of glucose.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a freezing stimulus, temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an ethanol stimulus.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of deprivation of amino acids.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of a nonfermentable carbon source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of a nonfermentable carbon source leads to an increase of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.
A transcription regulation process in which the presence of a nonfermentable carbon source leads to a decrease of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription, from an RNA polymerase II promoter, of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under salt stress. The stress is usually an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.
Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of deprivation of biotin.
Any process involving oleic acid that activates or increases the rate of transcription.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a pH >7.0.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter resulting in the increased frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter and activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peroxisome organization.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter and activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an ethanol catabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter and activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sulfite transport.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter and stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a ceramide biosynthetic process.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.
Any process involving oleic acid that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
The process of shaping a trabecula in bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methionine stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a methionine stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a of caloric restriction, insufficient food energy intake.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replicative cell aging through a mechanism that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a caloric restriction stimulus.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from a mobile element promoter.
Establishment of the epithelial barrier, the functional barrier in the skin that limits its permeability.
Establishment of the epithelial barrier, the functional barrier in the skin that limits its permeability.
Establishment of the epithelial barrier, the functional barrier in the skin that limits its permeability.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of vasculature of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the renal system vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
The process in which the kidney vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a renal artery is generated and organized. Renal arteries supply the kidneys with blood.
The process involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cushion cell.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endocardial cushion cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.
The commitment of a cell to an endocardial cushion cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endocardial cushion cell.
The process involved in endocardial cushion cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.
The process involved in the specification of endocardial cushion cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.
The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an olfactory bulb tufted cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.
Trophoblast cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. Trophoblast cells line the outside of the blastocyst.
The progression of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) over time from it's initial formation to its mature state. The retrotrapezoid nucleus is a group of neurons in the rostral medulla, which are responsible regulating respiration.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the retrotrapezoid nucleus.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an interstitial cell of Cajal. An interstitial cell of Cajal is an intestinal neuroepithelial cell that serves as a pacemaker to trigger gut contraction.
The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) out of the Golgi apparatus into the cytosol.
The component of the muscle cell projection membrane consisting of the gene products having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.
The orderly movement of a mesenchymal stem cell from one site to another contributing to the shaping of the ureteric bud. A mesenchymal stem cell, or MSC, is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.
The orderly movement of a cell from the mesonephros to the male gonad, contributing to its development.
The progression of the reproductive system over time from its formation to the mature structure. The reproductive system consists of the organs that function in reproduction.
Enables the stereospecific transfer of L-arginine, 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid, across a biological membrane.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a lysosome.
Catalysis of the reaction O-acetyl-ADP-ribose + H2O = ADP-ribose + acetate.
The part of the plasma membrane that contributes to the structure of a cell-substrate junction.
The part of the plasma membrane that contributes to the structure of a hemidesmosome.
The part of the plasma membrane that contributes to the structure of a cell junction.
A membrane-bound intermediate cleavage-stage structure of individual or groups of chromosomes that coalesces and fuses with other karyomeres to form a nucleus during interphase. Karyomere formation occurs in blastomeres undergoing rapid cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature T follicular helper cell.
The process where the nuclear membrane engulfs condensed chromosomes to form karyomeres during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.
Process whereby karyomere membranes fuse during interphase to form a single lobed nucleus.
Catalysis of the reaction L-Ala-gamma;-D-Glu-meso-Dap (murein tripeptide) + H2O = L-Ala-&gamma;-D-Glu + meso-diaminopimelate.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagolysosome.
The process of coupling valine to valyl-tRNA in the cytosol, catalyzed by valyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anticoagulant stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aromatase inhibitor stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet aggregation inhibitor stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reverse transcriptase inhibitor stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an asparaginase stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a TNF agonist stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an irinotecan stimulus.
Catalysis of the reaction: cysteine sulfanate + GTP + IMP = sulfinylpropanyl adenylate + GDP + 3 H(+) + phosphate.
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells.
The expansion of a memory T cell population by cell division.
Enables the transfer of fructose from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started at a late origin of replication. A late origin of replication refers to an origin that is activated late in S phase.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained to either the old or new spindle pole body resulting in its being distributed asymmetrically.
One of three laminate structures that form the mitotic spindle pole body; the central plaque is embedded in the nuclear envelope.
A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes located in the mitotic spindle pole body.
A complex composed of two gamma-tubulin molecules and conserved non-tubulin proteins located in the mitotic spindle pole body and isolated by fractionation from cells. The complex, approximately 6S-9S, is analogous to the small complex in animal cells but contains fewer subunits, and is not thought to multimerize into larger functional units, like complexes in those organisms. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Structure adjacent to the plaques of the mitotic spindle pole body.
One of three laminate structures that form the mitotic spindle pole body; the inner plaque is in the nucleus.
Structure between the central and outer plaques of the mitotic spindle pole body.
One of three laminate structures that form the mitotic spindle pole body; the outer plaque is in the cytoplasm.
A DNA replication termination process that is part of gene conversion at a mating-type locus and takes place at a specific termination site.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = 2 diphosphate + cyclic GMP-AMP.
The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the recycling endosomes.
Catalysis of the ATP-dependent dehydration of t6A to form cyclic t6A.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic threonylcarbamoyladenosine, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.
Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; changes the linking number in multiples of 2.
Catalysis of a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; product release is not coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis; changes the linking number in multiples of 2.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP) cyclic nucleotide.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into CDP to produce a CTP.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained to the old mitotic spindle pole body resulting in its being distributed asymmetrically.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained to the new mitotic spindle pole body resulting in its being distributed asymmetrically.
The centrosome organization process by which a centriole increases in length as part of the process of replication.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium.
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose 6-phosphate(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = glucose 6-phosphate(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-34 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a myeloid cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The expansion of a monocyte population by cell division.
The expansion of a macrophage population by cell division.
The expansion of a microglial cell population by cell division.
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of macrophage cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a Langerhans cell.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a hepatic stellate cell.
Catalysis of the reaction 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA + H2O = 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate + CoA.
A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cilium.
The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the central canal of the spinal cord from its formation to the mature structure. The central canal is a spinal cord structure that is part of the ventricular system and is filled with cerebral-spinal fluid and runs the length of the spinal cord.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindgut is part of the alimentary canal that lies posterior to the midgut.
The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell.
The regulated release of dopamine by a cell in which the dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter.
The regulated release of aspartate by a cell.
The regulated release of epinephrine by a cell in which the epinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter.
The regulated release of aspartate by a cell in which the aspartate acts as a neurotransmitter.
The regulated release of a primary amine by a cell.
The regulated release of a primary amine by a cell, in which the primary amine acts as a neurotransmitter.
The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell, in which the norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter.
The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell, in which the gamma-aminobutyric acid acts as a neurotransmitter.
The controlled release of glutamate by a cell, in which the glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter.
The controlled release of glycine by a cell.
The controlled release of glycine by a cell, in which glycine acts as a neurotransmitter.
The controlled release of histamine by a cell, in which the histamine acts as a neurotransmitter.
The controlled release of octopamine by a cell.
The controlled release of octopamine by a cell, in which the octopamine acts as a neurotransmitter.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a rhabdomere are generated and organized. The rhabdomere is the organelle on the apical surface of a photoreceptor cell that contains the visual pigments.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinone-n = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinone-n.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinone-n = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinone-n.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinone-n = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinone-n.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinone-n = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinone-n.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinone-n = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinone-n.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3-demethylubiquinone-6 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + ubiquinone-6.
The controlled release of a peptide from a cell in which the peptide acts as a neurotransmitter.
The regulated release of a tyramine by a cell.
The regulated release of a tyramine by a cell in which the tyramine acts as a neurotransmitter.
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = UMP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n)-glucose-1-phosphate.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trigeminal ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process in which the anatomical structures of ganglion are generated and organized.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for ganglion to attain its fully functional state.
The process that gives rise to ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of a ganglion. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a trigeminal ganglion is generated and organized.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a trigeminal ganglion to attain its fully functional state.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial ganglion to attain its fully functional state.
The process in which the anatomical structure of a cranial ganglion is generated and organized.
The process that gives rise to a cranial ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
The process that gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.
The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of a cranial ganglion. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure.
The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of the trigeminal ganglion This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure.
The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).
The process of introducing a phosphate group into dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate, to produce dADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces dATP.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into CMP, cytidine monophosphate, to produce CDP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces CTP.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate, to produce dCDP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces dCTP.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into GDP, guanosine diphosphate, to produce GTP.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into UDP, uridine diphosphate, to produce UTP.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into dCDP to produce a dCTP.
The process of introducing a phosphate group into TDP to produce a TTP.
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin filament bundle.
A process of actin filament bundle distribution that results in the arrangement of actin filament bundles from the periphery toward the interior of the cell.
A protein complex involved in regulation of mRNA processing and apoptosis. It binds to RNA in a sequence-independent manner and is recruited to the EJC prior to or during the splicing process. In humans the core proteins are RNPS1, SAP18 and ACIN1.
Binds to and increases the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase.
A protein complex that catalyzes the reaction acyl-CoA + sphingosine = CoA + N-acylsphingosine. In S. cerevisiae it contains three subunits: lag1, lac1 and lip1.
A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of a high voltage-gated calcium channel.
Hydrolysis of Lys63-Linked ubiquitin unit(s) from a ubiquitinated protein.
Catalyzing the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine -> [acyl-carrier- protein] + S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine + N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone.
The orderly movement of a colonic epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
The orderly movement of a corneal  epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
The orderly movement of an intestinal epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.
The directed movement of a colon epithelial cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).
The controlled release of hypocretin from a cell or a tissue.
The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or a tissue in which the peptide acts as a neurotransmitter.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves the localization of a transcription factor.
The chromatin silencing that results in the inhibition of RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes located in the vicinity of tRNA genes.
The chromatin silencing that results in the inhibition of RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes located in the vicinity of tRNA genes.
The chromatin silencing that results in the inhibition of RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes located in the vicinity of tRNA genes.
The chromatin silencing that results in the inhibition of RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes located in the vicinity of tRNA genes.
The chromatin silencing that results in the inhibition of RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes located in the vicinity of tRNA genes.
The movement of a population of phospholipid molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus.
The movement of a population of phosphatidylserine molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus.
The movement of a population of phosphatidylcholine molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus.
The movement of a population of galactosylceramide molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus.
A phospholipid scrambling process that results in the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the surface of osteoblasts, and contributes to bone mineralization.
Catalysis of the reaction sulfoquinovose = 6-deoxy-6-sulfofructose.
Catalysis of the reaction 6-deoxy-6-sulfofructose + ATP = 6-deoxy-6-sulfofructose-1-phosphate + ADP.
Catalysis of the reaction 6-deoxy-6-sulfofructose-1-phosphate = 3-sulfolactaldehyde + dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction 2,3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate + NAD+ = 3-sulfolactaldehyde + NADH + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction ATP + molybdopterin = diphosphate + adenylyl-molybdopterin.
Catalysis of the reaction adenylyl-molybdopterin + molybdate = molybdenum cofactor + AMP.
Catalysis of the reaction CTP + molybdenum cofactor = diphosphate + cytidylyl molybdenum cofactor.
Catalysis of the reaction GTP + molybdenum cofactor = diphosphate + guanylyl molybdenum cofactor.
Catalysis of the reaction: [Molybdopterin-synthase sulfur-carrier protein]-Gly-Gly-AMP + [cysteine desulfurase]-S-sulfanyl-L-cysteine <=> AMP [molybdopterin-synthase sulfur-carrier protein]-Gly-NH-CH(2)-C(O)SH + cysteine desulfurase.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP [molybdopterin-synthase sulfur-carrier protein]-Gly-Gly = diphosphate [molybdopterin-synthase sulfur-carrier protein]-Gly-Gly-AMP.
The propionylation of the N-terminal amino acid of proteins.
Catalysis of the reaction: propionyl-CoA + peptide = CoA + N-alpha-propionylpeptide. This reaction is the propionylation of the N-terminal amino acid residue of a peptide or protein.
Combining with a nuclear import signal (NIS) on a cargo to be transported, to mediate transport of the cargo through the nuclear pore, from the cytoplasm to the nuclear lumen. The cargo can be either a RNA or a protein.
Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose-1-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde.
The chemical reactions and pathways in which glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, is converted to glycerone phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways in which glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, is converted to glycerone phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways in which glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, is converted to glycerone phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways in which glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, is converted to glycerone phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways in which glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, is converted to glycerone phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways in which mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, is converted to fructose-6-phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways in which galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose, is converted to glucose-1-phosphate.
The glycolytic process in which glycerol is catabolized to pyruvate generating ATP and NADH.
The cellular synthesis of primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) transcripts from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. pri-miRNA transcripts are subsequently processed to produce the ~22nt miRNAs that function in gene regulation.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide into pyruvate, occurring through a fructose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH.
The glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate in which fructose is catabolized into pyruvate.
Mitochondrial inner membrane complex involved in maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex has six subunits: MIC10, MIC12, MIC19, MIC26, MIC27, and MIC60.
Mitochondrial inner membrane complex involved in maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex has six subunits: MIC10, MIC12, MIC19, MIC26, MIC27, and MIC60.
Mitochondrial inner membrane complex involved in maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex has six subunits: MIC10, MIC12, MIC19, MIC26, MIC27, and MIC60.
Mitochondrial inner membrane complex involved in maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex has six subunits: MIC10, MIC12, MIC19, MIC26, MIC27, and MIC60.
Mitochondrial inner membrane complex involved in maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex has six subunits: MIC10, MIC12, MIC19, MIC26, MIC27, and MIC60.
Mitochondrial inner membrane complex involved in maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex has six subunits: MIC10, MIC12, MIC19, MIC26, MIC27, and MIC60.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannose into pyruvate, occurring through a fructose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, occurring through a glucose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.
The glycolytic process that begins with the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase activity. Glycolytic processes are the  chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.
The chemical reactions and pathways through a glucose-1-phosphate intermediate that result in the catabolism of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose that results in the formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose into pyruvate through a fructose-1-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H+.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-methyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = 2 L-methionine + H+.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone H3 in which the lysine residue at position 27 has been modified by trimethylation.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors that interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S -> X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.
Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y -> Y-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Isoenergetic transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y -> Y-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Increases the activity of an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of branched RNA structures that contain vicinal 2'-5'- and 3'-5'-phosphodiester bonds at a branch point nucleotide.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, in which the glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate intermediate coupled to transmembrane transport.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-xylose residues with release of alpha-D-xylose.
Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein complex by altering the likelihood of its assembly or disassembly.
The specialized chromatin located the centromeric core region or the entire centromeric region in organisms with point centromeres, which is enriched for CENP-A-containing nucleosomes. This chromatin forms a 3-dimensional structure which provides a platform for kinetochore assembly and microtubule attachment.
The specialized chromatin located the centromeric core region or the entire centromeric region in organisms with point centromeres, which is enriched for CENP-A-containing nucleosomes. This chromatin forms a 3-dimensional structure which provides a platform for kinetochore assembly and microtubule attachment.
A cytokinesis that involves a set of conserved proteins including the Cdv proteins, and results in the formation of two similarly sized and shaped cells.
A cytokinesis that involves the function of a set of proteins that are part of the microfilament or microtubule cytoskeleton.
Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of CENP-A containing chromatin.
The process in which a neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to an attractive chemical signal.
The process in which a neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a repulsive chemical cue.
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, CENP-A containing chromatin.
The part of the cell cortex consisting of  an aggregation of proteins that will give rise to an endocytic vesicle.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate secretion in response to membrane depolarization, where glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter.
The modification of histone H3 at a lysine in position 9 of the histone.
The process whose specific outcome is the replacement of an existing tooth with another tooth.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone protein in which a residue has been modified by ubiquitination. Histones are any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of eukaroytic chromosomes.
Isoenergetic transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) from one protein to another via the reaction X-SCP + Y -> Y-SCP + X, where both the X-SCP and Y-SCP linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of SCP and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Isoenergetic transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) from one protein to another via the reaction X-SCP + Y -> Y-SCP + X, where both the X-SCP and Y-SCP linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of SCP and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Isoenergetic transfer of Atg12 from one protein to another via the reaction X-Atg12 + Y -> Y-Atg12 + X, where both the X-Atg12 and Y-Atg12 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of Atg12 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Isoenergetic transfer of FAT10 from one protein to another via the reaction X-FAT10 + Y -> Y-FAT10 + X, where both the X-FAT10 and Y-FAT10 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of FAT10 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Isoenergetic transfer of ISG15 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ISG15 + Y -> Y-ISG15 + X, where both the X-ISG15 and Y-ISG15 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of ISG15 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Isoenergetic transfer of NEDD8 from one protein to another via the reaction X-NEDD8 + Y -> Y-NEDD8 + X, where both the X-NEDD8 and Y-NEDD8 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of NEDD8 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Isoenergetic transfer of Pup from one protein to another via the reaction X-Pup + Y -> Y-Pup + X, where both the X-Pup and Y-Pup linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of Pup and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Isoenergetic transfer of SUMO from one protein to another via the reaction X-SUMO + Y -> Y-SUMO + X, where both the X-SUMO and Y-SUMO linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of SUMO and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Isoenergetic transfer of UFM1 from one protein to another via the reaction X-UFM1 + Y -> Y-UFM1 + X, where both the X-UFM1 and Y-UFM1 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of UFM1 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Isoenergetic transfer of URM1 from one protein to another via the reaction X-URM1 + Y -> Y-URM1 + X, where both the X-URM1 and Y-URM1 linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of URM1 and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.
Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ULP + S --> X + S-ULP, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ULP linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ULP linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ULP and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ULP + S --> X + S-ULP, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ULP linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ULP linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ULP and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Catalysis of the transfer of Atg12 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-Atg12 + S --> X + S-Atg12, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-Atg12 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-Atg12 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of Atg12 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Catalysis of the transfer of FAT10 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-FAT10 + S --> X + S-FAT10, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-FAT10 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-FAT10 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of FAT10 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Catalysis of the transfer of a ISG15 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ISG15 + S --> X + S-ISG15, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ISG15 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ISG15 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of ISG15 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Catalysis of the transfer of NEDD8 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-NEDD8 + S --> X + S-NEDD8, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-NEDD8 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-NEDD8 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of NEDD8 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Catalysis of the transfer of Pup to a substrate protein via the reaction X-Pup + S --> X + S-Pup, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-Pup linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-Pup linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of Pup and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO to a substrate protein via the reaction X-SUMO + S --> X + S-SUMO, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-SUMO linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-SUMO linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of SUMO and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Catalysis of the transfer of UFM1 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-UFM1 + S --> X + S-UFM1, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-UFM1 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-UFM1 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of UFM1 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
Catalysis of the transfer of URM1 to a substrate protein via the reaction X-URM1 + S --> X + S-URM1, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-URM1 linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-URM1 linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of URM1 and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mitochondrial ribosome and of its subunits.
Neurotransmitter secretion that occurs in the absence of the action of a secretagogue or a presynaptic action potential.
Neurotransmitter secretion that occurs in the presence of the action of a secretagogue or a presynaptic action potential.
A protein complex located at the mitochondrial ribosome tunnel exit that is involved in efficient translation and protein complex assembly.
Enzyme complex that in S. cerevisiae has components Dug2/Dug3 and is able to catalyze the cleavage of glutathione into glutamate and Cys-Gly.
Enzyme complex that in S. cerevisiae has components Dug2/Dug3 and is able to catalyze the cleavage of glutathione into glutamate and Cys-Gly.
Enzyme complex that in S. cerevisiae has components Dug2/Dug3 and is able to catalyze the cleavage of glutathione into glutamate and Cys-Gly.
Any of the mitotic spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.
Repair of the gaps in the DNA helix using a discontinuous template during double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any member of the rhamnose-binding lectin (RBL) family, a family of animal lectins that show specific binding activities to L-rhamnose or D-galactose.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with any member of the importin-alpha family.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate <=> pyruvate + D-glyceraldehyde.
A cellular carbohydrate catabolic process that converts a carbohydrate to pyruvate and either glyceraldehyde or glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate by dehydration and aldol cleavage via a gluconate or 6-phosphogluconate intermediate.
The Entner-Doudoroff pathway that proceeds through a D-gluconate intermediate.
The Entner-Doudoroff pathway that proceeds through a D-gluconate intermediate and yields pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde.
The Entner-Doudoroff pathway that proceeds through a D-gluconate intermediate and yields pyruvate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
The process in which the anatomical structures of a seminal vesicle are generated and organized.
The process in which the branching structure of the seminal vesicle is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.
The process in which the branching structure of the seminal vesicle is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.
The process in which the branching structure of the seminal vesicle is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.
The process in which the branching structure of the seminal vesicle is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.
The autophagy process which begins when chaperones and co-chaperones recognize a target motif and unfold the substrate protein. The proteins are then transported to the lysosome where they are degraded.
Catalysis of the reaction: diphthine methyl ester + H2O <=> diphthine + H+ + methanol.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine + O2 <=> hercynylcysteine sulfoxide + H2O.
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of inorganic compounds. These include transport of such compounds away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of inorganic compounds.
A glycolytic process in which the glucose is catabolized to pyruvate by first entering the Entner-Doudoroff pathway to yield pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is subsequently converted to pyruvate by the core glycolytic enzymes.
An specialized occluding junction where three epithelial cells meet. It is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that run perpendicularly to the bicellular tight junction at the point of contact between three epithelial cells in an epithelial sheet.
Catalysis of the cleavage of the amide bond to release lipoic acid from a lipoylated protein.
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide. These include transport of hydrogen peroxide away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration.
Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide in a cell. These include transport of hydrogen peroxide away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + methylphosphonate = alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate + adenine.
A catalytic protein complex that is capable of alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase activity.
A transferase complex capable of catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
A protein complex that is a protein hormone secreted by gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary of vertebrates. capable of regulating normal growth, sexual development, and reproductive function.
Catalysis of the reaction: protein-glutaryllysine + H2O => protein-lysine + glutarate. This reaction is the removal of a glutaryl group from a glutarylated lysine residue of a protein or peptide.
The removal of a glutaryl group (CO-CH2-CH2-CH2-CO) from a residue in a peptide or protein.
The removal of a glutaryl group (CO-CH2-CH2--CH2-CO) from a glutarylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.
A multiprotein subcomplex of GATOR that regulates mTOR signaling by interacting with the Rag GTPases. In humans this complex consists of Mios, WDR24, WDR59, Seh1L, Sec13.
A spherical, bilayered proteolipid vesicle released from gram-negative bacterial outer membranes.
A cytosolic protein complex that is capable of activating caspase-1.
A protein complex that consists of an assemble of ASC dimers that is capable of inducing pyroptosis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a sucrose into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, to yield fructose-6-phosphate through both glucose and fructose intermediates.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose into pyruvate through both glucose and fructose intermediates, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.
The single-organism macropinocytosis process that results in the uptake of an extracellular exosome.
Catalysis of 5-taurinomethyluridine in tRNA + a [protein]-S-sulfanylcysteine + ATP + a reduced electron acceptor = a 5-taurinomethyl-2-thiouridine in tRNA + a [protein]-L-cysteine + AMP + an oxidized electron acceptor + diphosphate + H+.
The autophagic process in which parts of the endoplasmic reticulum are loaded into autophagosomes, delivered to the vacuole, and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.
The autophagic process in which parts of the endoplasmic reticulum are loaded into autophagosomes, delivered to the vacuole, and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.
The autophagic process in which parts of the endoplasmic reticulum are loaded into autophagosomes, delivered to the vacuole, and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.
The autophagic process in which parts of the endoplasmic reticulum are loaded into autophagosomes, delivered to the vacuole, and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.
The autophagic process in which parts of the endoplasmic reticulum are loaded into autophagosomes, delivered to the vacuole, and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.
The autophagic process in which parts of the endoplasmic reticulum are loaded into autophagosomes, delivered to the vacuole, and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.
Catalysis of the reaction:  L-threonine + ATP + bicarbonate = L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate + diphosphate + H(2)O.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate + adenine(37) in tRNA = AMP + N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenine(37) in tRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenine(37) in tRNA + sulfur-(sulfur carrier) + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-methylthio-N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenine(37) in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (sulfur carrier) + L-methionine + 5'-deoxyadenosine.
The step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired anterior neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.
Combining selectively with extracellular folic acid and delivering it into the cell via endocytosis.
The posttranscriptional addition of a methyl group to the 2' oxygen atom of a nucleotide residue in an miRNA molecule.
The directed movement of a processed miRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, with the production of pyruvate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the utilization of ADP in the initial kinase reactions.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 6-sulfoquinovose(1-) resulting in the formation of glycerone phosphate (DHAP) and 3-sulfolactaldehyde (SLA).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 6-sulfoquinovose(1-) resulting in the formation of glycerone phosphate (DHAP) and 3-sulfopropanediol(1-).
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 6-sulfoquinovose(1-) resulting in the formation of glycerone phosphate (DHAP) and pyruvate.
The autophagic process in which cellular glycogen is delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.
The autophagic process in which lipid droplets are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipid droplets and hydrolysis of stored triglycerides occurring through the orchestrated activation of cytosolic lipases.
The disaggregation of a mitochondrion into its constituent components.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, into lactate.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose from mannose.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose from fructose-6-phosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with C-rich, single-stranded, telomere-associated DNA.
Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
Catalysis of the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate in the mitochondrion. The process begins with the transport of pyruvate from the cytosol to the mitochondrion where it is subsequently decarboxylated to form acetyl-CoA.
Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + lysine in peptide = CoA + N-acetyl-lysine-peptide.
A positive regulation of the macromitophagy pathway that is triggered by mitochondrial depolarization and requires the function of a parkin-family molecule.
A positive regulation of the macromitophagy pathway that is triggered by mitochondrial depolarization and requires the function of a parkin-family molecule.
A positive regulation of the macromitophagy pathway that is triggered by mitochondrial depolarization and requires the function of a DNM1L-family molecule.
The membrane invagination process by which an autophagosomal membrane surrounds an object that will be degraded by macroautophagy.
A series of molecular signals that proceeds with an activated receptor promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-leukotriene interaction and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
The autophagy process by which cytosolic proteins targeted for degradation are tagged with a chaperone and are directly transferred into and degraded in a late endosomal compartment.
The protein lipidation process by which phosphatidylethanolamine is conjugated to a protein of the ATG8 family, leading to membrane insertion of the protein as a step in autophagosome assembly.
The targeting of a protein to the lysosome process in which an input protein binds to a chaperone and subsequently to a lysosomal receptor.
The chaperone-mediated protein transport process in which a protein that is bound to a chaperone and a lysosomal receptor is unfolded and transported into the lysosome as part of chaperone-mediated autophagy.
A lysosomal membrane protein complex that enables the translocation of a target protein across the lysosomal membrane as part of chaperone-mediated autophagy.
A lysosomal membrane protein complex that enables the translocation of a target protein across the lysosomal membrane as part of chaperone-mediated autophagy.
A lysosomal membrane protein complex that enables the translocation of a target protein across the lysosomal membrane as part of chaperone-mediated autophagy.
Any process in which an organism acquires a novel neuromuscular action or movement as the result of experience.
The specific neuromuscular movement of a single organism in response to external or internal stimuli.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate; this reaction directly drives some other reaction.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of single-stranded DNA, and it drives another reaction.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + H2O = CDP + phosphate; this reaction directly drives some other reaction.
Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + H2O = CDP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of single-stranded DNA, and it drives another reaction.
Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + H2O = NDP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA helix containing forked DNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H(+) in an acidic environment.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H(+) in an acidic environment.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H(+) in a neutral environment.
Catalysis of the reaction: H(2)O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H(+) in a neutral environment.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with long non-coding RNA molecules transcribed from subtelomeric regions in most eukaryotes. Telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) molecules consist of subtelomeric-derived sequences and G-rich telomeric repeats.
The localization process by which an autophagic substrate is delivered to a forming autophagosome.
The localization process by which an autophagic substrate is delivered to a forming autophagosome.
Any process that reduces the quantity of fibrinogen circulating in the bloodstream.
Any process that increases the quantity of fibrinogen circulating in the bloodstream.
The attachment of a leukocyte to vascular endothelial cell via adhesion molecules.
The attachment of a leukocyte to an arterial endothelial cell via adhesion molecules.
Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor -> 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor -> (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor -> (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor -> (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor -> (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor.
An defense response against a fungus mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an alpha-latrotoxin receptor.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an alpha-latrotoxin receptor.
A series of molecular signals in which calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity enabled by a CAMKK directly activates an AMPK. The cascade begins with calmodulin binding calcium which in turn binds CAMKK enabling its calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity. The cascade ends with AMP-activated protein kinase activity.
The organelle membrane fusion process in which the membrane of a multivesicular body fuses with a lysosome to create a hybrid organelle.
The organelle membrane fusion process in which the membrane of a multivesicular body fuses with a lysosome to create a hybrid organelle.
The organelle membrane fusion process in which the membrane of a multivesicular body fuses with a lysosome to create a hybrid organelle.
The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to lysosomes by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the lysosome.
Any process in which a virus effect a change in the frequency, rate or extent of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling in the host.
The process that increases the force with which blood travels through the lungs.
The process that decreases the force with which blood travels through the lungs.
Catalysis of the reaction: Na+(in) + Mg2+(out) = Na+(out) + Mg2+(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: N-ribosylnicotinate + ATP = ADP + 2 H(+) + nicotinate mononucleotide.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a translation elongation factor, any polypeptide factor involved in the peptide elongation in ribosome-mediated translation.
A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caloric restriction, insufficient food energy intake.
The directed movement of drugs passing through the blood-nerve barrier.
A chromatin silencing complex that recruits histone-modifying enzymes and upregulates silencing of rDNA in response to glucose starvation.
Negative regulation of sister chromatid cohesion by the topological unlinking of a cohesin ring to DNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, coupled to the topological linking or unlinking of a cohesin ring complex around homologous chromosomes.'
The DNA binding activity by which a protein complex interacts selectively and non-covalently with more than one DNA duplex to encircle the DNA molecules with a loose fitting ring.
A DNA binding activity in which a protein complex interacts selectively and non-covalently with single DNA duplex to tightly encircle the DNA.
Enables the transmembrane transfer of chloride across the membrane of an intracellular compartment. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
Subunit of the MHC class I peptide loading complex (GO:0042824) (=PLC) involved in the assembly of the heavy-chain-beta2-microglobulin dimers of the MHC class I molecules that fold with eight to ten residue peptides in the endoplasmic reticulum. Required for the inhibition of the reduction of the disulfide bonds of the heavy chains and the assembly and stabilization of the PLC, suggesting it may play a structural rather than a catalytic role.
The protein localization to chromatin by which a cohesin ring complex is topologically linked to DNA as part of the mitotic cell cycle.
Negative regulation of sister chromatid cohesion by the topological unlinking of a cohesin ring to DNA as part of the mitotic cell cycle.
Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with a target membrane on another vesicle.
Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with a target membrane on another vesicle.
A catalytic activity that contributes to the degradation of peptidoglycan.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta linkages of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) from peptidoglycan.
An endopeptidase activity that uses peptidoglycan as a substrate.
A peptidoglycan endopeptidase activity that acts on a stem peptide of peptidoglycan.
A peptidoglycan endopeptidase activity that acts on a peptidoglycan cross-bridge.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) repeats.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) repeats.
A process that converts unprimed dense core granules (DCVs) to a pool of primed vesicles that are capable of fusing with the plasma membrane (fusion-competent) and thereby releasing their contents. Priming typically occurs after docking.
A process that converts unprimed dense core granules (DCVs) to a pool of primed vesicles that are capable of fusing with the plasma membrane (fusion-competent) and thereby releasing their contents. Priming typically occurs after docking.
A process that converts unprimed dense core granules (DCVs) to a pool of primed vesicles that are capable of fusing with the plasma membrane (fusion-competent) and thereby releasing their contents. Priming typically occurs after docking.
The initial attachment of a dense core granule membrane to the plasma membrane.
Catalysis of the generation of force resulting either in movement along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission, coupled to the hydrolysis of GTP.
Steps required to transform an immature secretory vesicle into a mature secretory vesicle. Typically proceeds through homotypic membrane fusion and membrane remodelling.
A chromatin silencing complex that binds and bridges separate nucleosomal histones resulting in heterochromatin assembly and chromatin looping.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of conidium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Conidia are non-motile spores produced via mitotic asexual reproduction in higher fungi; they are haploid cells genetically identical to their haploid parent. They are produced by conversion of hyphal elements, or are borne on sporogenous cells on or within specialized structures termed conidiophores, and participate in dispersal of the fungus.
Any process that reduces the pH of the Golgi lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
A mitotic cell cycle process involved in the net addition of membrane at the site of cytokinesis; includes vesicle recruitment and fusion, local lipid synthesis and insertion.
A gated channel activity that enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens in response to a change in pH.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP=(8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate.
Catalysis of the reaction:  (8S)-3',8-cyclo-7,8-dihydroguanosine 5'-triphosphate = cyclic pyranopterin phosphate + diphosphate.
A supramolecular fiber formed from fibronectin molecules. The fibrils are 5 to 25nm in diameter and can form branched meshworks.
A laminin complex composed of alpha3B, beta3 and gamma2 polypeptide chains.
The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane in the part of a cell that is closest to the anterior as defined by the developing, or existing, anterior/posterior axis.
The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane in the part of a cell that is closest to the posterior as defined by the developing, or existing, anterior/posterior axis.
The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle during mitotic prophase.
The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle during mitotic anaphase B.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination within centromeric DNA.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination at the centromere.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of genetic recombination at the centromere.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = nicotinamide + ADP-ribose that proceeds in a stepwise fashion by ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity followed by cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase activity.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = nicotinamide + ADP-ribose without proceeding through a cyclic ADP-ribose intermediate.
Catalysis of the reaction: NAD = cyclic ADP-ribose + nicotinamide.
Catalysis of the reaction: cyclic ADP-ribose + H20 = ADP-ribose (ADPR).
A condensin complex that associates with chromosomes after nuclear envelope breakdown.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ubiquitin units from linear ubiquitin chains.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ubiquitin units from linear ubiquitin chains.
The macroautophagy process that clears 26S proteasomes; homeostatic mechanism within the ubiquitin system that modulates proteolytic capacity and eliminates damaged particles.
The attachment of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the plasma membrane via molecular tethers.
The process of assisting in the folding of tRNAs into the correct tertiary structure.
A telomere maintenance process that results in the formation of small fragments of circular extrachromosomal DNA elements which contain telomeric DNA. It is speculated that telomeric DNA-containing double minutes are formed through a recombination event between the telomere and chromosome-internal TTAGGG-like sequences. Telomeric DNA-containing double minutes appear as two closely positioned dots in metaphase.
A telomere loop disassembly process that results in the disassembly of telomeric D-loops. A telomeric D-loop is a three-stranded DNA displacement loop that forms at the site where the telomeric 3' single-stranded DNA overhang (formed of the repeat sequence TTAGGG in mammals) is tucked back inside the double-stranded component of telomeric DNA molecule, thus forming a t-loop or telomeric-loop and protecting the chromosome terminus.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a telomeric D-loop. A telomeric D-loop is a three-stranded DNA displacement loop that forms at the site where the telomeric 3' single-stranded DNA overhang (formed of the repeat sequence TTAGGG in mammals) is tucked back inside the double-stranded component of telomeric DNA molecule, thus forming a t-loop or telomeric-loop and protecting the chromosome terminus.
An intracellular compartmentalized cilium structure found in insect spermatids which is bounded by a membrane derived from the invagination of the cell membrane that remains associated with the primary cilium as it is internalized. The ciliary cap is maintained at the end of the axoneme distal to the centriole and is separated from the cytosolic axoneme/cytoplasm by a putative transition zone, which may extend into the ciliary cap, and include a structure at the base of the ciliary cap termed the ring centriole.
A ring-like structure observed at the base of the ciliary cap of insect spermatids. This structure may anchor the axoneme to the ciliary cap membrane and/or act as a diffusion barrier, proposed to be analogous to the annulus of mammalian sperm flagellum.
The process in which an axoneme is exposed entirely or partially to the cytoplasm or by which the cytoplasmic portion is assembled or extended. Cytosolic ciliogenesis can occur following compartmentalized ciliogenesis, in which the cilium is formed within a compartment separated from the cytoplasm.
The F-actin-rich core of an adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell.
The ring structure surrounding the podosome core, containing proteins such as vinculin and talin.
The part of the late spermatid or spermatozoon that contains the nucleus and acrosome.
Actin-based structures involved in establishing close contact between mature spermatids and Sertoli cells at the luminal end of the Sertoli cell.
Actin-based structures involved in establishing the blood-testis barrier of the Sertoli cell.
The concave part of the late spermatid head or spermatozoon head that forms the ventral portion of the head, particularly in some rodent species.
Testis-specific adherens junction between mature spermatids and Sertoli cells at the luminal end of the Sertoli cell.
Testis-specific adherens junction between mature Sertoli cells involved in establishing the blood-testis barrier of the Sertoli cell.
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a tricellular tight junction.
The part of an actin filament where the structure forks.
The surface of a migrating cell that is in contact with the substratum or cell layer.
A macromolecular fiber consisting of actin and cofilin that is formed in the nucleus as a consequence of chemical or mechanical stress conditions.
Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a neuropeptide precursor. Processing leads to the attainment of the full functional capacity of the neuropeptide.
A histone-variant containing protein complex which forms a centromere specific nucleosomal structure, involved in centromeric chromatin organization.
Enables the transfer of ferrous iron (Fe(II) or Fe2+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
Enables the transfer of ferrous iron (Fe(II) or Fe2+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.
A protein complex which transports ferrous iron (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions from the vacuole, the main storage component of intracellular free iron, into the cytoplasm in a low iron environment.
A protein complex which transports ferrous iron (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions from the vacuole, the main storage component of intracellular free iron, into the cytoplasm in a low iron environment.
A protein complex which transports ferrous iron (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions from the vacuole, the main storage component of intracellular free iron, into the cytoplasm in a low iron environment.
Any process in which the microtubule organizing center is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
Any process in which the microtubule organizing center is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
Any process in which the microtubule organizing center is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
The tissue remodeling process by which the Sertoli cell barrier is temporarily disrupted and reorganized to accommodate the transit of preleptotene spermatocytes at stage VIII of the epithelial cycle.
The tissue remodeling process by which the Sertoli cell barrier is temporarily disrupted and reorganized to accommodate the transit of preleptotene spermatocytes at stage VIII of the epithelial cycle.
The tissue remodeling process by which the Sertoli cell barrier is temporarily disrupted and reorganized to accommodate the transit of preleptotene spermatocytes at stage VIII of the epithelial cycle.
The tissue remodeling process by which the Sertoli cell barrier is temporarily disrupted and reorganized to accommodate the transit of preleptotene spermatocytes at stage VIII of the epithelial cycle.
The tissue remodeling process by which the Sertoli cell barrier is temporarily disrupted and reorganized to accommodate the transit of preleptotene spermatocytes at stage VIII of the epithelial cycle.
The tissue remodeling process by which the Sertoli cell barrier is temporarily disrupted and reorganized to accommodate the transit of preleptotene spermatocytes at stage VIII of the epithelial cycle.
An immune response against microbes mediated by anti-microbial peptides in body fluid.
An immune response against microbes mediated by anti-microbial peptides in body fluid.
The location where a secondary projection arises from a neuron projection.
The region of the neuronal cytoplasm located in dendritic spines.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholecystokinin stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholecystokinin stimulus.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with telomeric G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures in telomeres.
That part of the growth cone which represents the distal part of the structure.
That part of the lamellipodium which represents the distal part of the structure.
Transporter complex that recognises, binds and returns endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins that have trafficked to Golgi compartments. Targets proteins lacking the HDEL motif recognised by COPI-coated vesicles.
Transporter complex that recognises, binds and returns endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins that have trafficked to Golgi compartments. Targets proteins lacking the HDEL motif recognised by COPI-coated vesicles.
Transporter complex that recognises, binds and returns endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins that have trafficked to Golgi compartments. Targets proteins lacking the HDEL motif recognised by COPI-coated vesicles.
Transporter complex that recognises, binds and returns endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins that have trafficked to Golgi compartments. Targets proteins lacking the HDEL motif recognised by COPI-coated vesicles.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast migration.
A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a Golgi membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The response to endoplasimic reticulum stress in which nascent proteins are degraded by attenuation of their translocation into the ER followed by rerouting to the cytosol without cleavage of the signal peptide, and subsequent degradation by the proteasome.
The response to endoplasimic reticulum stress in which nascent proteins are degraded by attenuation of their translocation into the ER followed by rerouting to the cytosol without cleavage of the signal peptide, and subsequent degradation by the proteasome.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the opening of the ring structure of the PCNA complex, or any of the related sliding clamp complexes, and their removal from the DNA duplex.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)pentan-1-one stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)pentan-1-one stimulus.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)pentan-1-one stimulus.
Catalysis of the transfer of tubulin dimers to the plus end of a microtubule. The reaction is reversable depending on the availability of dimers.
The controlled release of molecules that form the basement membrane, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell.
The basement membrane constituent secretion in which there is a restriction or targeting of basement membrane proteins for controlled release on the basal side of polarized epithelium.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of one or more phosphate groups to histone H3 on a serine residue at position 10.
The mitotic spindle organization process by which a mitotic spindle becomes asymmetric either in position or structure.
The orderly movement of a hepatic stellate cell from one site to another.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell migration.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell migration.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell migration.
The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of a hepatic stellate cell.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell contraction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell contraction.
Any process that modulates stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell contraction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in axons away from the cell body and towards the presynapse.
Any process that activates or increasesthe frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in axons away from the cell body and towards the presynapse.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in axons away from the cell body and towards the presynapse.
A clathrin-mediated endocytosis process whereby yolk proteins are internalized and trafficked through the endocytic pathway for yolk deposition.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mini excitatory postsynaptic potential. Mini excitatory postsynaptic potential is a process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, induced by the spontaneous release of a single vesicle of an excitatory neurotransmitter into the synapse.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of mini excitatory postsynaptic potential. Mini excitatory postsynaptic potential is a process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, induced by the spontaneous release of a single vesicle of an excitatory neurotransmitter into the synapse.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mini excitatory postsynaptic potential. Mini excitatory postsynaptic potential is a process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell, induced by the spontaneous release of a single vesicle of an excitatory neurotransmitter into the synapse.
The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms, occurring within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte activation.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte activation.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte activation.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of calcium ions (Ca2+).
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol + 2 H(+) + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = all-trans-3,4-didehydro retinol + 2 H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinal + 2 H(+) + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = all-trans-3,4-didehydro retinal + 2 H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].
Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinoic acid + 2 H(+) + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = all-trans-3,4-didehydro retinoic acid + 2 H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].
Catalysis of the reaction: 11-cis-retinal + 2 H(+) + O2 + 2 reduced [adrenodoxin] = 11-cis-3,4-didehydro-retinal + 2 H2O + 2 oxidized [adrenodoxin].
A change in morphology and behavior of a glial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity.
Any process that starts or increases the frequency or rate of 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase activity.
Any process in which an autophagosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of AMPA glutamate receptor activity.
A disk-like structure that expands, rounds up into a cup-shaped structure, and eventually closes around its cargo (for example cytoplasmic components) to become an autophagosome or Cvt vesicle.
The process in which autophagosomes, double-membraned vesicles containing cytoplasmic material, fuse with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole. Fusion provides an acidic environment and digestive function to the interior of the autophagosome.
The process in which autophagosomes, double-membraned vesicles containing cytoplasmic material, fuse with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole. Fusion provides an acidic environment and digestive function to the interior of the autophagosome.
The process in which an autophagosome fuses with an endosome to create an intermediate autophagic organelle called amphisome.
The process in which amphisomes fuse with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole. Fusion provides an acidic environment and digestive function to the interior of the amphisome.
The macroautophagy process in which specific structures are targeted by the autophagy process.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.
Any process in which an actin fusion focus are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. The actin fusion focus is an aster-like, F-actin-containing structure at the mating projection tip where the cell wall is degraded during conjugation with cellular fusion.
That part of the axonal growth cone which represents the distal part of the structure.
That part of the axonal growth cone which represents the distal part of the structure.
That part of the dendritic growth cone which represents the distal part of the structure.
That part of the dendritic growth cone which represents the distal part of the structure.
A cellular process involving delivery of a portion of the cytoplasm to lysosomes or to the plant or fungal vacuole that does not involve direct transport through the endocytic or vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) pathways. This process typically leads to degradation of the cargo; however, it can also be used to deliver resident proteins, such as in the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway.
Catalysis of the reaction: propionyl-CoA + lysine in peptide = CoA + N-propionyl-lysine-peptide.
The propionylation of peptidyl-lysine.
Catalysis of the reaction: propionyl-CoA + histone = CoA + propionyl-histone.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = diphosphate + (2S,3R,6S,9S)-(-)-protoillud-7-ene.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of radial glial scaffolds. The scaffolds are used as a substrate for the radial migration of cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of radial glial scaffolds. The scaffolds are used as a substrate for the radial migration of cells.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of radial glial scaffolds. The scaffolds are used as a substrate for the radial migration of cells.
Any process that reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of radial glial scaffolds. The scaffolds are used as a substrate for the radial migration of cells.
Any process that reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of radial glial scaffolds. The scaffolds are used as a substrate for the radial migration of cells.
Any process that reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of radial glial scaffolds. The scaffolds are used as a substrate for the radial migration of cells.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of radial glial cell scaffolds.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of radial glial cell scaffolds.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of radial glial cell scaffolds.
The protein transport macromolecular complex of the chloroplast membrane that interacts with the precursor proteins and contains components of both the outer membrane and inner membrane complexes containing at least Toc75, Toc159, Toc34 and Tic110.
Catalysis of the reaction: glutathione = 5-oxoproline + L-cysteinylglycine.
Catalysis of the reaction: epsilon-(L-gamma-glutamyl)-L-lysine = L-lysine + 5-oxo-L-proline.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte enucleation.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte enucleation.
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte enucleation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an adenine biosynthetic process.
The binding and fusion of a sperm, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte as part of the process of double fertilization forming two zygotes.
The binding and fusion of a sperm, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte as part of the process of double fertilization forming a zygote and endosperm.
A process in which a protein is transported to or maintained in a location within the somatodendritic compartment.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another using c-di-GMP as the signal.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another using c-di-GMP as the signal.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another using c-di-GMP as the signal.
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another using c-di-GMP as the signal.
Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of c-di-GMP signaling.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of c-di-GMP signaling.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of c-di-GMP signaling.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of K48-linked ubiquitination, a protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of protein K-48-linked ubiquitination, a protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.
The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule before the sperm reaches to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule before the sperm reaches to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule before the sperm reaches to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents.
The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a plasma membrane.
The process by which the midbody, the cytoplasmic bridge that connects the two prospective daughter cells, is severed at the end of mitotic cytokinesis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.
The process by which the midbody, the cytoplasmic bridge that connects the two prospective daughter cells, is severed at the end of mitotic cytokinesis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine in mRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N(1)-methyladenine in mRNA.
Any process that icreases the rate or extent of actin polymerization as part of sperm capacitation. This process prevents a spontaneous acrosome reaction.
Any process that increases the rate or exent of actin depolymerization as part of the acrosome reaction. This allows the acrosomal membrane and plasma membrane to fuse.
The infiltration by sperm of the cumulus oophorus to reach the oocyte. The process involves digestive enzymes from a modified lysosome called the acrosome, situated at the head of the sperm.
The infiltration by sperm of the cumulus oophorus to reach the oocyte. The process involves digestive enzymes from a modified lysosome called the acrosome, situated at the head of the sperm.
A protein complex that is capable of contributing to protein localization by the NVT pathway. In fission yeast, the Nvt complex consists of Ape2, Lap2 and Nbr1.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an (R)-carnitine stimulus.
Any process that modulates the frequency, or rate of heme oxygenase activity.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency or rate of heme oxygenase activity.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency or rate of heme oxygenase activity.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the dormancy process that results in entry into reproductive diapause. Reproductive diapause is a form of diapause where the organism itself will remain fully active, including feeding and other routine activities, but the reproductive organs experience a tissue-specific reduction in metabolism, with characteristic triggering and releasing stimuli.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the dormancy process that results in entry into reproductive diapause. Reproductive diapause is a form of diapause where the organism itself will remain fully active, including feeding and other routine activities, but the reproductive organs experience a tissue-specific reduction in metabolism, with characteristic triggering and releasing stimuli.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of the dormancy process that results in entry into reproductive diapause. Reproductive diapause is a form of diapause where the organism itself will remain fully active, including feeding and other routine activities, but the reproductive organs experience a tissue-specific reduction in metabolism, with characteristic triggering and releasing stimuli.
The initial formation of the type asymmetry in an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves.
The initial formation of the type asymmetry in an organism's body plan or part of an organism that established the pattern characteristic to its left side.
The organization process that preserves the asymmetry in an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves.
The organization process that preserves the left sidedness in an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves.
The organization process that preserves the right sidedness in an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves.
The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of another structural tissue into bone.
The process in which bone which forms superficially in the organism are generated and organized.
The process in which bone which forms deep in the organism are generated and organized.
The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial connective tissue surrounding cartilage into bone.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of articular cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of temporomandibular joint articular cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of hip joint articular cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of mandibular joint condyle articular cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of femoral head articular cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a small regulatory RNA, a short RNA (usually 50-200 nt long) that is either independently transcribed or processed from a longer RNA by an RNAse enzyme.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-3-hydroxykynurenine + H2O = 3-hydroxyanthranilate + L-alanine.
A process that contributes to the first meiotic division. The first meiotic division is the reductive division resulting in the separation of homologous chromosome pairs.
A process that coontributes to the second meiotic division. The second meiotic division separates chromatids resulting in a haploid number of chromosomes.
A process in which the presence of one nutrient source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of processes involved in the metabolism of other nutrient sources.
A process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of the metabolism of other carbon sources.
Any process involving glucose that decreases the frequency, rate or extent or transcription.
Any process involving glucose that decreases the frequency, rate or extent or transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.
The chromosome organization process in which meiotic chromosomes in the germ cell nucleus cluster together to form a compact spherical structure called the karyosome.
The chromosome organization process in which meiotic chromosomes in the spem nucleus cluster together to form a compact spherical structure called the karyosome.
Catalysis of the reaction: octanoyl-CoA + a malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = a 3-oxodecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + CoA + CO2
The process of inhibiting aggregation and assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that is dependent on interaction with a chaperone, and dependent on ATP hydrolysis.
A protein complex that enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + H+(out) = Ca2+(out) + H+(in).
A protein complex that enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + H+(out) = Ca2+(out) + H+(in).
A protein complex that enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + H+(out) = Ca2+(out) + H+(in).
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate coupled to the displacement of proteins or protein complexes from nucleic acid, sometimes in a 'wire stripping' fashion.
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate coupled to the displacement of proteins or protein complexes from DNA, sometimes in a 'wire stripping' fashion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac endothelial to mesenchymal transition.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac endothelial to mesenchymal trnasition.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac endothelial to mesenchymal transition.
Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of all-trans-retinyl-ester hydrolase, 11-cis retinol forming activity.
Any process that decreases the frequency or rate of all-trans-retinyl-ester hydrolase, 11-cis retinol forming activity.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The secondary palate is the part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primitive palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure.
A protein complex that contributes to and regulates mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV (COX) formation. It acts by regulating mitochondrial COX1 translation and by promoting the assembly of COX components.
A protein complex that contributes to and regulates mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV (COX) formation. It acts by regulating mitochondrial COX1 translation and by promoting the assembly of COX components.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.
The protein localization to chromatin by which a cohesin ring complex is topologically linked to dsDNA (leading strand) as part of the mitotic cell cycle.
The ATP-dependent protein localization to chromatin by which a cohesin ring complex is topologically linked to ssDNA (lagging strand) which is already linked to a dsDNA (leading strand) molecule as part of the mitotic cell cycle.
An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.
Any process that modualtes the rate, frequency or extent of SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by an SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex, and mediated by the proteasome.
Any process that stops or decreases the rate, frequency or extent of SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by an SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex, and mediated by the proteasome.
Any process that starts or increases the rate, frequency or extent of SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by an SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex, and mediated by the proteasome.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of stress granule assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.
Any process that starts or increases the rate, frequency or extent of stress-granule assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.
Any process that stops or decreases the rate, frequency or extent of stress-granule assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.
The MAPK cascade which is activated as a result of partial nutrient deprivation and which results in filamentous growth.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cichorine, a secondary metabolite found in some species of fungi.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cichorine, a secondary metabolite found in some species of fungi.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cichorine, a secondary metabolite found in some species of fungi.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cichorine, a secondary metabolite found in some species of fungi.
Any process that starts or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-pipecolic acid, a metabolite of lysine.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a cold temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
The series of events required for an organism to receive a hot temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a DNA D-loop. A D-loop is a three-stranded DNA structure formed by the invasion of a single DNA strand that base pairs with one strand of duplex DNA, while the rest of the double-stranded DNA does not unwind.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a pheromone response MAPK cascade.
A structure lying external to microbial cells. A biofilm is an aggregate of surface-associated cells, and the biofilm matrix is the envelope of polymeric substances that surrounds the cells.
An extracellular matrix lying external to fungal cells. The fungal biofilm matrix consists of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Fungal biofilms mediate adherence to host tissues, and provide protection from host immune defenses.
Any process that increases the rate or exent of meiotic sister chromatid arm separation, the cell cycle process in which sister chromatid arms are physically detached from each other during meiosis.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
Any process that starts or increases the rate, frequency or extent of cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
Any process that stops or decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + pyruvate= epsilon-amino-alpha-ketocaproic acid (KAC) + alanine.
Catalysis of the reaction: dehydropipecolic acid + NAD(P)H + H+ = L-pipecolic acid + NAD(P)+.
Catalysis of the reaction: L-pipecolic acid + NAD(P)H + O2 + H+ = N-hydroxypipecolic acid + NAD(P)+ + H2O.
A homo- or heterotrimeric protein containing complex consisting of alpha and beta lymphotoxin subunits in different stoichiometric combinations.
A protein-containing complex that inhibits protein phosphatase activity by directly binding to a protein phosphatase.
A phosphoric diester hydrolase activity that removes the ethanolamine phosphate from mannose 2 of a GPI anchor.
A protein-containing complex that functions to transport lipopolysaccharide from its site of synthesis at the cytoplasmic membrane across the periplasm to the outer membrane in an ATP-dependent manner.
The sequence of events that initiates (or primes) the synthesis of semi-crystalline starch granules within photosynthetic chloroplasts or non-photosynthetic amyloplasts.
Enables the facilitated diffusion of fluoride (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.
A regulation of the phtosynthetic light reaction in which the light harvesting antenna complexes transition between photosystems.
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a compound eye pigment cell, a cell of the retina containing screening pigments that functions to screen photoreceptors from light leaking from adjacent ommatidia.
Enables the transport of L-aspartate and fumarate across a membrane according to the reaction L-aspartate (out) + fumarate (in) = L-aspartate (in) + fumarate (out).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a transcription factor TFIIH holo complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a FACT complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a TAP complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an oligosaccharyltransferase complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a BBSome complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a box C/D snoRNP complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a box H/ACA snoRNP complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a PSII associated light-harvesting complex II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chloroplast photosystem I.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chloroplast photosystem II.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a GARP complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a SAGA complex.
A transcription factor complex composed of a homeodomain protein and the M-specific peptide Mi that acts at the regulatory region of genes required for the activation of meiosis.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a histone H3 in which the lysine residue at position 9 has been modified by trimethylation.
A protein-containing complex composed of a stem-loop binding protein (in most species SLBP) and its interacting partner (SLIP1 or MIF4GD in most species) that binds to the histone mRNA (hmRNA) 3-prime-stem-loop structure. Facilitates hmRNA translation initiation and may also be involved in its processing and nuclear export.
A protein-containing complex composed of a stem-loop binding protein (in most species SLBP) and its interacting partner (SLIP1 or MIF4GD in most species) that binds to the histone mRNA (hmRNA) 3-prime-stem-loop structure. Facilitates hmRNA translation initiation and may also be involved in its processing and nuclear export.
An area where exine is reduced or absent, in the pollen wall.
The cellular component assembly process of forming pollen apertures, areas where exine is reduced or absent, in the pollen cell wall.
The pattern specification process in which the polarity of a body or organ axis is established and maintained.
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and lipids to form a protein-lipid complex.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and carbohydrates to form a protein-carbohydrate complex.
Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.
Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.
Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism involving a glutamate/glutamine catalytic dyad.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the hydroxyl group of a threonine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of C- or N-terminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal amino acid residues from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism involving a glutamate/glutamine catalytic dyad.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds formed between D-amino acids.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond in an oligopeptide, i.e. a molecule containing a small number (2 to 20) of amino acid residues connected by peptide bonds.
An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle.
A protein complex that possesses oligo-1,6-glucosidase activity; the complex is a heterodimer located in the cell membrane, and is formed by proteolytic cleavage of a single precursor polypeptide. The two subunits have different substrate specificities.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the armadillo repeat domain of a protein, an approximately 40 amino acid long tandemly repeated sequence motif first identified in the Drosophila segment polarity protein armadillo. Arm-repeat proteins are involved in various processes, including intracellular signalling and cytoskeletal regulation.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the armadillo repeat domain of a protein, an approximately 40 amino acid long tandemly repeated sequence motif first identified in the Drosophila segment polarity protein armadillo. Arm-repeat proteins are involved in various processes, including intracellular signalling and cytoskeletal regulation.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the armadillo repeat domain of a protein, an approximately 40 amino acid long tandemly repeated sequence motif first identified in the Drosophila segment polarity protein armadillo. Arm-repeat proteins are involved in various processes, including intracellular signalling and cytoskeletal regulation.
A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta3 integrin complex bound to thrombospondin.
A receptor complex that consists of two transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type I receptor monomers. TGF-beta type I receptor dimers form in the presence or absence of ligand, and can associate with ligand-bound TGF-beta type II receptor dimers.
A receptor complex that consists of two transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type I receptor monomers. TGF-beta type I receptor dimers form in the presence or absence of ligand, and can associate with ligand-bound TGF-beta type II receptor dimers.
A receptor complex that consists of two transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type I receptor monomers. TGF-beta type I receptor dimers form in the presence or absence of ligand, and can associate with ligand-bound TGF-beta type II receptor dimers.
A receptor complex that consists of two transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type I receptor monomers. TGF-beta type I receptor dimers form in the presence or absence of ligand, and can associate with ligand-bound TGF-beta type II receptor dimers.
A receptor complex that consists of two transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type II receptor monomers. TGF-beta type II receptor dimers form in the presence or absence of ligand, and upon ligand binding can associate with TGF-beta type I receptor dimers.
A receptor complex that consists of two transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type II receptor monomers. TGF-beta type II receptor dimers form in the presence or absence of ligand, and upon ligand binding can associate with TGF-beta type I receptor dimers.
A receptor complex that consists of two transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type II receptor monomers. TGF-beta type II receptor dimers form in the presence or absence of ligand, and upon ligand binding can associate with TGF-beta type I receptor dimers.
A receptor complex that consists of two transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type II receptor monomers. TGF-beta type II receptor dimers form in the presence or absence of ligand, and upon ligand binding can associate with TGF-beta type I receptor dimers.
A protein complex that consists of a dimeric transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type II receptor bound to a TGF-beta1 dimer.
A protein complex that consists of a dimeric transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) type II receptor bound to a TGF-beta1 dimer.
A protein complex that is formed by the association of a ligand-bound TGF-beta type II receptor dimer with a TGF-beta type I receptor dimer.
A protein complex that is formed by the association of a ligand-bound TGF-beta type II receptor dimer with a TGF-beta type I receptor dimer.
A protein complex that is formed by the association of a ligand-bound TGF-beta type II receptor dimer with a TGF-beta type I receptor dimer.
A homodimeric receptor complex that consists of two TGF-beta receptor monomers.
A homodimeric receptor complex that consists of two TGF-beta receptor monomers.
A protein complex that is formed by the association of a heterodimeric interleukin-12 receptor complex with an interleukin-12 heterodimer.
A protein complex that is formed by the association of a heterodimeric interleukin-12 receptor complex with an interleukin-12 heterodimer.
A protein complex that contains the cell surface signaling molecule CD19, the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav, and the regulatory subunit alpha of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with carbon monoxide (CO).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nitric oxide (NO).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nitric oxide (NO).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with nitric oxide (NO).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with and responding, e.g. by conformational change, to changes in the cellular level of carbon monoxide (CO).
Any process involving carbon monoxide that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription.
A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta3 integrin complex bound to osteopontin.
A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta1 integrin complex bound to osteopontin.
A protein complex that consists of an alphav-beta5 integrin complex bound to osteopontin.
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, syntaxin 1a, and complexin I (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, syntaxin 1a, and complexin I (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, syntaxin 1a, and complexin II (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, syntaxin 1a, and complexin II (or orthologs thereof).
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the telomerase RNA template.
Catalysis of the reaction: purine NTP + H2O = purine NDP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.
Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = GDP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a pseudouridine residue in an rRNA molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N3-methylpseudouridine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing 2'-O-methylguanosine.
Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + adenine(2503) in 23S rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 5'-deoxyadenosine + L-methionine + rRNA containing C2-methyladenine(2503) in 23S rRNA.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing C5-methyluridine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N3-methyluridine.
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N7-methylguanine.
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 1a (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 1a (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 1a (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 1a (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 2 (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 2 (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 3 (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 3 (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 4 (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 4 (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains endobrevin (VAMP8), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 1a (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains endobrevin (VAMP8), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 1a (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains endobrevin (VAMP8), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 2 (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains endobrevin (VAMP8), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 2 (or orthologs thereof).
The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with fibrinogen, a highly soluble hexameric glycoprotein complex that is found in blood plasma and is converted to fibrin by thrombin in the coagulation cascade.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a type V collagen trimer.
Combining with thrombospondin and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.
Splicing of mRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.
Splicing of mRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.
The region of the prospore membrane that extends to surround the spore nucleus; coated with specific proteins that are thought to play a role in prospore membrane organization.
The region of the prospore membrane to which the spindle pole body (SPB) is anchored; the prospore membrane extends from the SPB attachment site to surround the spore nucleus.
The region of the prospore membrane to which the spindle pole body (SPB) is anchored; the prospore membrane extends from the SPB attachment site to surround the spore nucleus.
The region of the prospore membrane to which the spindle pole body (SPB) is anchored; the prospore membrane extends from the SPB attachment site to surround the spore nucleus.
The process in which tRNA genes, which are not linearly connected on the chromosome, are transported in three dimensions to, and maintained together in, the nucleolus. This clustered positioning leads to transcriptional silencing of nearby RNA polymerase II promoters (termed tRNA gene mediated (tgm) silencing) in S. cerevisiae.
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.
A series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.
The actin nucleation process in which actin monomers combine in the absence of any existing actin filaments; elongation of the actin oligomer formed by nucleation leads to the formation of an unbranched filament.
The actin nucleation process in which actin monomers combine in the absence of any existing actin filaments; elongation of the actin oligomer formed by nucleation leads to the formation of an unbranched filament.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the D- or L-enantiomer of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-hex-2-ulose.
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.
A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with an RNA polymerase molecule or complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a proline-rich region, i.e. a region that contains a high proportion of proline residues, in a protein.
A SNARE complex that contains cellubrevin (VAMP3), VAMP4, and syntaxin 16 (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains cellubrevin (VAMP3), VAMP4, and syntaxin 16 (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains cellubrevin (VAMP3), VAMP4, endobrevin (VAMP8), and syntaxin 6 (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains cellubrevin (VAMP3), VAMP4, endobrevin (VAMP8), and syntaxin 6 (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains syntaxin 6, syntaxin 16, and Vti1a (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains VAMP4, syntaxin 6, syntaxin 16, and Vti1a (or orthologs thereof).
A SNARE complex that contains VAMP4, syntaxin 6, syntaxin 16, and Vti1a (or orthologs thereof).
A protein complex in which at least one of the proteins is a cytochrome, i.e. a heme-containing protein involved in catalysis of redox reactions.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, a large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across the vacuolar membrane.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across the vacuolar membrane.
The process in which voltage-gated calcium channels become localized together in high densities.
The process in which voltage-gated calcium channels become localized together in high densities.
The process in which voltage-gated calcium channels become localized together in high densities.
A secretory organelle that forms part of the apical complex; a small, threadlike structure located is close proximity to the subpellicular microtubules. Its contents include a rhomboid protease (PfROM1 in Plasmodium falciparum) that moves from the lateral asymmetric localization to the merozoite apical pole and the posterior pole upon release of merozoites from schizonts.
The regulated release of the aqueous layer of the tear film from the lacrimal glands. Tears are the liquid product of a process of lacrimation to clean and lubricate the eyes. Tear fluid contains water, mucin, lipids, lysozyme, lactoferrin, lipocalin, lacritin, immunoglobulins, glucose, urea, sodium, and potassium.
The modification of a histone by the removal of a methyl group from a lysine residue.
The modification of a histone by the removal of a methyl group from an arginine residue.
The modification of histone H3 by the removal of a methyl group from arginine at position 2 of the histone.
The modification of histone H4 by the removal of a methyl group from arginine at position 3 of the histone.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the titin Z domain, which recognizes and binds to the C-terminal calmodulin-like domain of alpha-actinin-2 (Act-EF34), adopts a helical structure, and binds in a groove formed by the two planes between the helix pairs of Act-EF34.
A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing monoamines.
A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing monoamines.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of the clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle.
The volume enclosed by the membrane of the clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle.
The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle.
The covalent attachment and further modification of carbohydrate residues to a substrate molecule.
Endocytosis of a protein that requires the substrate to be modified by ubiquitination. Several plasma membrane proteins, including cell surface permeases and some receptors, are targeted for internalization by endocytosis, and are thereafter delivered to the vacuole or lysosome, where they are degraded.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with a chromo shadow domain, a protein domain that is distantly related, and found in association with, the chromo domain.
An inclusion body located in the cytoplasm that consists of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) molecules and associated proteins, surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer; the proteins include PHA synthase, PHA depolymerase and 3HB-oligomer hydroxylase, phasins (PhaPs), which are thought to be the major structural proteins of the membrane surrounding the inclusion, and the regulator of phasin expression PhaR.
An inclusion body located in the cytoplasm that consists of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) molecules and associated proteins, surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer; the proteins include PHA synthase, PHA depolymerase and 3HB-oligomer hydroxylase, phasins (PhaPs), which are thought to be the major structural proteins of the membrane surrounding the inclusion, and the regulator of phasin expression PhaR.
Enables the chloride concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of potassium ions across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.
The intracellular plane, located halfway between the poles of the spindle, where chromosomes align during metaphase of mitotic or meiotic nuclear division.
The regulated release of glucagon from secretory granules in the A (alpha) cells of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with fructose 6-phosphate.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with fructose 6-phosphate.
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the delta subunit of the catenin complex.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a chemokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of a chemokine binding to a cell surface receptor.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-6 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-6 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-6-mediated binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-6-mediated binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-6 binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-6 binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-6 binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-6 binding to a cell surface receptor.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-27 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-27 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-27 to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-27-mediated binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-27-mediated binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-27-mediated binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-27 binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-27 binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-27 binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-27 binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-27 binding to a cell surface receptor.
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the series of molecular events generated as a consequence of interleukin-27 binding to a cell surface receptor.
A protein complex that acts as a receptor for the cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). In humans the receptor complex is a hexamer composed of two molecules each of CNTF and CNTFR and one molecule each of gp130 and LIFR.
A bacteroid-containing symbiosome in which the bacterial component is a genetically highly reduced cyanobacterium that is photosynthetically active and incapable of an independent existence outside its host. The chromatophore functions as a photosynthetic organelle, and has been found and characterized in the amoeba Paulinella chromatophora.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround an organellar chromatophore.
The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, of the two lipid bilayers surrounding an organellar chromatophore.
The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, of the two lipid bilayers surrounding an organellar chromatophore.
The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers that surround an organellar chromatophore.
A thylakoid located in an organellar chromatophore.
The volume enclosed by an organellar chromatophore thylakoid membrane.
The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within an organellar chromatophore.
Interacting selectively and non-covalently with the cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
A series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.
The progression of the Kupffer's vesicle over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The Kupffer's vesicle is a small but distinctive epithelial sac containing fluid, located midventrally posterior to the yolk cell or its extension, and transiently present during most of the segmentation period.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an isopeptide bond. An isopeptide bond is an amide linkage between a carboxyl group of one amino acid and an amino group of another amino acid in which at least one of these groups is not on the a-carbon of one of the amino acids (for example, the link between an epsilon-amino group of a lysine molecule to a carboxyl group on a second amino acid is an isopeptide bond).
Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; facilitates ligand binding to type I and type II TGF-beta receptors.
Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; facilitates ligand binding to type I and type II TGF-beta receptors.
Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; facilitates ligand binding to type I and type II TGF-beta receptors.
Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; facilitates ligand binding to type I and type II TGF-beta receptors.
Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; facilitates ligand binding to type I and type II TGF-beta receptors.
Combining with transforming growth factor beta to initiate a change in cell activity; facilitates ligand binding to type I and type II TGF-beta receptors.
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in a mitochondrion.
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in a mitochondrion, usually in response to a termination codon (note that mitochondria use variants of the universal genetic code that differ between different taxa).
The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis in a mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion.
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in a mitochondrion.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-1,2-linked oligomannosides, which are found in fungal cell wall phosphopeptidomannan and phospholipomannan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-1,2-linked oligomannosides, which are found in fungal cell wall phosphopeptidomannan and phospholipomannan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-1,2-linked oligomannosides, which are found in fungal cell wall phosphopeptidomannan and phospholipomannan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-1,2-linked oligomannosides, which are found in fungal cell wall phosphopeptidomannan and phospholipomannan.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-1,2-linked oligomannosides, which are found in fungal cell wall phosphopeptidomannan and phospholipomannan.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds between an alpha-carboxyl group and an alpha-amino group within a small protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein (e.g. APG8, ISG15, NEDD8, SUMO).
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an isopeptide bond between a small protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein (e.g. APG8, ISG15, NEDD8, SUMO) and a protein to which the small protein has been conjugated.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds between an alpha-carboxyl group and an alpha-amino group within the small conjugating protein SUMO.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an isopeptide bond between the small conjugating protein SUMO and a protein to which SUMO has been conjugated.