%% FLEXIES - MATLAB file that reads input data from Excel into MATLAB % Power system optimization model with low-carbon energy generation % and flexibility technologies. % Authors: Mattia Maeder & Olga Weiss (June 2020) % Developed in the Master Thesis "The role of energy flexibility measures % in the energy transition" by Mattia Maeder and supervised by Olga Weiss, % ETH Zurich (April 2020) % Introduced and used in the manuscript "Assessing the need for % flexibility technologies in decarbonized power systems: A new model % applied to Central Europe" by Mattia Maeder, Olga Weiss, and % Konstantinos Boulouchos (June 2020), currently under review for a % publication in a peer-reviewed journal. % Here we read the energy storage data found in the literature, % collected in the input dataset in the Excel sheet "Data_Storage.xlsx". % We used the data to project CAPEX [EUR/MWh or EUR/MW], efficiency [%], % and lifetime [years and hours] with linear regression where applicable. clear dataStorage = readtable("Data_Storage.xlsx"); yrs = 2015:5:2050; % number of year instances %% Electrolyser % we select PEM electrolyser because of rampability and possibility of use % at high pressures % Efficiency [-] PEM & Alkaline xPEM = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Efficiency'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Electrolysis'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'PEM')),... {'Year'}}; yPEM = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Efficiency'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Electrolysis'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'PEM')),... {'Value'}}; XPEM = [ones(length(xPEM),1) xPEM]; bPEM = XPEM\yPEM; effElyPEM = (bPEM(1)+bPEM(2)*yrs)'; xAlk = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Efficiency'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Electrolysis'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Alkaline')),... {'Year'}}; yAlk = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Efficiency'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Electrolysis'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Alkaline')),... {'Value'}}; XAlk = [ones(length(xAlk),1) xAlk]; bAlk = XAlk\yAlk; effElyAlk = (bAlk(1)+bAlk(2)*yrs)'; figure('Name','Electrolyzer Efficiency') scatter(xPEM,yPEM,'b') title('Electrolyzer Efficiency') hold on plot(yrs,effElyPEM,'b-*') hold on scatter(xAlk,yAlk,'r') hold on plot(yrs,effElyAlk,'r-*') legend('PEM data points','PEM regression',... 'Alkaline data points','Alkaline regression',... 'location','Southeast') xlabel('Year') ylabel('-') axis([yrs(1) yrs(end) 0 1]) % CAPEX [EUR/MWel] PEM & Alkaline xPEM = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Electrolysis'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'PEM')),... {'Year'}}; yPEM = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Electrolysis'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'PEM')),... {'Value'}}*1000; XPEM = [ones(length(xPEM),1) xPEM]; bPEM = XPEM\yPEM; capexElyPEM = (bPEM(1)+bPEM(2)*yrs)'; xAlk = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Electrolysis'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Alkaline')),... {'Year'}}; yAlk = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Electrolysis'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Alkaline')),... {'Value'}}*1000; XAlk = [ones(length(xAlk),1) xAlk]; bAlk = XAlk\yAlk; capexElyAlk = (bAlk(1)+bAlk(2)*yrs)'; figure('Name','Electrolyzer CAPEX') scatter(xPEM,yPEM,'b') title('Electrolyzer CAPEX') hold on plot(yrs,capexElyPEM,'b-*') hold on scatter(xAlk,yAlk,'r') hold on plot(yrs,capexElyAlk,'r-*') legend('PEM data points','PEM regression',... 'Alkaline data points','Alkaline regression',... 'location','Northeast') xlabel('Year') ylabel('€/MWel') axis([yrs(1) yrs(end) 0 Inf]) % Lifetime Hours [hours] xPEM = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Lifetime'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Electrolysis'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'PEM'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Unit,'hours')),... {'Year'}}; yPEM = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Lifetime'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Electrolysis'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'PEM'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Unit,'hours')),... {'Value'}}; XPEM = [ones(length(xPEM),1) xPEM]; bPEM = XPEM\yPEM; ltHrsElyPEM = (bPEM(1)+bPEM(2)*yrs)'; xAlk = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Lifetime'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Electrolysis'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Alkaline'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Unit,'hours')),... {'Year'}}; yAlk = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Lifetime'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Electrolysis'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Alkaline'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Unit,'hours')),... {'Value'}}; XAlk = [ones(length(xAlk),1) xAlk]; bAlk = XAlk\yAlk; ltHrsElyAlk = (bAlk(1)+bAlk(2)*yrs)'; figure('Name','Electrolyzer Lifetime in hours') scatter(xPEM,yPEM,'b') title('Electrolyzer Lifetime in hours') hold on plot(yrs,ltHrsElyPEM,'b-*') hold on scatter(xAlk,yAlk,'r') hold on plot(yrs,ltHrsElyAlk,'r-*') legend('PEM data points','PEM regression',... 'Alkaline data points','Alkaline regression',... 'location','Southeast') xlabel('Year') ylabel('hours') axis([yrs(1) yrs(end) 0 Inf]) % Lifetime Years [years] ltYrsEly = 20*ones(length(yrs),1); % 20 years lifetime %% Storage Hydrogen % for underground, we need a compressor. For tank, we don't. % CAPEX compressor [€/MWout] x = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Storage Hydrogen'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Compressor')),... {'Year'}}; y = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Storage Hydrogen'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Compressor')),... {'Value'}}*1000; X = [ones(length(x),1) x]; b = X\y; capexCsH = (b(1)+b(2)*yrs)'; % Efficiency Compressor [-] effCsH = 0.95*ones(length(yrs),1); % Lifetime Compressor ltYrsCsH = 20*ones(length(yrs),1); % CAPEX Storage Hydrogen underground [EUR/MWh] xUnd = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Storage Hydrogen'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Underground')),... {'Year'}}; yUnd = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Storage Hydrogen'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Underground')),... {'Value'}}*1000; XUnd = [ones(length(xUnd),1) xUnd]; bUnd = XUnd\yUnd; capexHsUnd = (bUnd(1)+bUnd(2)*yrs)'; figure('Name','Hydrogen Underground Storage CAPEX') scatter(xUnd,yUnd,'b') hold on title('Hydrogen Underground Storage CAPEX') plot(yrs,capexHsUnd,'b-*') xlabel('Year') ylabel('€/MWh') axis([yrs(1) yrs(end) 0 Inf]) legend('Underground data points','Underground regression',... 'location','Northeast') % CAPEX Storage Hydrogen tank [EUR/MWh] xTank = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Storage Hydrogen'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Tank')),... {'Year'}}; yTank = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Storage Hydrogen'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Tank')),... {'Value'}}*1000; XTank = [ones(length(xTank),1) xTank]; bTank = XTank\yTank; capexHsTank = (bTank(1)+bTank(2)*yrs)'; figure('Name','Hydrogen Storage Tanks CAPEX') scatter(xTank,yTank,'b') title('Hydrogen Storage Tanks CAPEX') hold on plot(yrs,capexHsTank,'b-*') xlabel('Year') ylabel('€/MWh') axis([yrs(1) yrs(end) 0 Inf]) legend('Tank data points','Tank regression',... 'location','Northeast') % Lifetime Years [years] ltYrsHsTank = 20*ones(length(yrs),1); % 20 years for tanks, ltYrsHsUnd = 30*ones(length(yrs),1); % 30 for underground, 50 for pipes %% Fuel Cell PEM % we select PEM fuel cell because of its rampability and longer lifetime % in terms of hours % Efficiency [-] PEM & Alkaline xPEM = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Efficiency'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Fuel Cell'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'PEM')),... {'Year'}}; yPEM = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Efficiency'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Fuel Cell'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'PEM')),... {'Value'}}; XPEM = [ones(length(xPEM),1) xPEM]; bPEM = XPEM\yPEM; effFcPEM = (bPEM(1)+bPEM(2)*yrs)'; xAlk = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Efficiency'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Fuel Cell'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Alkaline')),... {'Year'}}; yAlk = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Efficiency'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Fuel Cell'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Alkaline')),... {'Value'}}; XAlk = [ones(length(xAlk),1) xAlk]; bAlk = XAlk\yAlk; effFcAlk = (bAlk(1)+bAlk(2)*yrs)'; figure('Name','Fuel Cell Efficiency') scatter(xPEM,yPEM,'b') title('Fuel Cell Efficiency') hold on plot(yrs,effFcPEM,'b') hold on scatter(xAlk,yAlk,'r') hold on plot(yrs,effFcAlk,'r') legend('PEM data points','PEM regression',... 'Alkaline data points','Alkaline regression',... 'location','Southeast') xlabel('Year') ylabel('-') axis([yrs(1) yrs(end) 0 1]) % CAPEX [EUR/MWel] PEM & Alkaline xPEM = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Fuel Cell'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'PEM')),... {'Year'}}; yPEM = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Fuel Cell'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'PEM')),... {'Value'}}*1000; XPEM = [ones(length(xPEM),1) xPEM]; bPEM = XPEM\yPEM; capexFcPEM = (bPEM(1)+bPEM(2)*yrs)'; xAlk = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Fuel Cell'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Alkaline')),... {'Year'}}; yAlk = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Fuel Cell'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Alkaline')),... {'Value'}}*1000; XAlk = [ones(length(xAlk),1) xAlk]; bAlk = XAlk\yAlk; capexFcAlk = (bAlk(1)+bAlk(2)*yrs)'; figure('Name','Fuel Cell CAPEX') scatter(xPEM,yPEM,'b') title('Fuel Cell CAPEX') hold on plot(yrs,capexFcPEM,'b') hold on scatter(xAlk,yAlk,'r') hold on plot(yrs,capexFcAlk,'r') legend('PEM data points','PEM regression',... 'Alkaline data points','Alkaline regression',... 'location','Northeast') xlabel('Year') ylabel('EUR/MWel') axis([yrs(1) yrs(end) 0 3500000]) % Lifetime [hours] xPEM = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Lifetime'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Fuel Cell'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'PEM'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Unit,'hours')),... {'Year'}}; yPEM = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Lifetime'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Fuel Cell'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'PEM'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Unit,'hours')),... {'Value'}}; XPEM = [ones(length(xPEM),1) xPEM]; bPEM = XPEM\yPEM; ltHrsFcPEM = (bPEM(1)+bPEM(2)*yrs)'; xAlk = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Lifetime'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Fuel Cell'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Alkaline'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Unit,'hours')),... {'Year'}}; yAlk = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Lifetime'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Fuel Cell'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Alkaline'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Unit,'hours')),... {'Value'}}; XAlk = [ones(length(xAlk),1) xAlk]; bAlk = XAlk\yAlk; ltHrsFcAlk = (bAlk(1)+bAlk(2)*yrs)'; figure('Name','Fuel Cell Lifetime Hours') scatter(xPEM,yPEM,'b') title('Fuel Cell Lifetime Hours') hold on plot(yrs,ltHrsFcPEM,'b') hold on scatter(xAlk,yAlk,'r') hold on plot(yrs,ltHrsFcAlk,'r') legend('PEM data points','PEM regression',... 'Alkaline data points','Alkaline regression',... 'location','Southeast') xlabel('Year') ylabel('hours') axis([yrs(1) yrs(end) 0 120000]) % Lifetime Years [years] ltYrsFc = 20*ones(length(yrs),1); % 20 years lifetime %% Methanation % we do not differentiate between chemical and biological methanation, % since performance is very similar % Efficiency [-] effMeth = 0.78*ones(length(yrs),1); % theoretical limit of H2 to CH4 conversion % CAPEX [EUR/MWel] xBio = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Methanation'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Biological')),... {'Year'}}; yBio = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Methanation'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Biological')),... {'Value'}}*1000; XBio = [ones(length(xBio),1) xBio]; bBio = XBio\yBio; capexMethBio = (bBio(1)+bBio(2)*yrs)'; xChem = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Methanation'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Chemical')),... {'Year'}}; yChem = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Methanation'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Technology,'Chemical')),... {'Value'}}*1000; XChem = [ones(length(xChem),1) xChem]; bChem = XChem\yChem; capexMethChem = (bChem(1)+bChem(2)*yrs)'; x = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Methanation')),... {'Year'}}; y = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Methanation')),... {'Value'}}*1000; X = [ones(length(x),1) x]; b = X\y; capexMeth = (b(1)+b(2)*yrs)'; figure('Name','Methanation CAPEX') scatter(xBio,yBio,'g') title('Methanation CAPEX') hold on plot(yrs,capexMethBio,'g-*') hold on scatter(xChem,yChem,'r') hold on plot(yrs,capexMethChem,'r-*') hold on plot(yrs,capexMeth,'k-*') xlabel('Year') ylabel('€/MWsng') axis([yrs(1) yrs(end) 0 Inf]) legend('Biological data points','Biological regression',... 'Chemical data points','Chemical regression',... 'Aggregate regression',... 'location','Northeast') % Lifetime [hours] ltHrsMeth = 120000*ones(length(yrs),1); % not a limiting factor % Lifetime Years [years] ltYrsMeth = 20*ones(length(yrs),1); % 20 years lifetime %% Storage Methane % CAPEX [EUR/MWh] capexMs = zeros(length(yrs),1); % assumed to be zero % Lifetime years [years] ltYrsMs = 50*ones(length(yrs),1); % assumed to be 50 years %% Injection % Injection Limit [-] injLim = linspace(0.02,0.2,length(yrs)); % assumed to increase linearly % from 2% in 2015 to 20% in 2050. %% Batteries % Efficiency [-] x = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Efficiency'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Battery')),... {'Year'}}; y = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Efficiency'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Battery')),... {'Value'}}; X = [ones(length(x),1) x]; b = X\y; effBat = (b(1)+b(2)*yrs)'; figure('Name','Battery Efficiency') scatter(x,y,'r') title('Battery Efficiency') xlabel('Year') ylabel('-') axis([yrs(1) yrs(end) 0 1]) hold on plot(yrs,effBat,'r') % CAPEX [EUR/MWh] x = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Battery')),... {'Year'}}; y = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'CAPEX'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Battery')),... {'Value'}}*1000; X = [ones(length(x),1) x]; b = X\y; capexBat = (b(1)+b(2)*yrs)'; figure('Name','Battery CAPEX') scatter(x,y,'r') title('Battery CAPEX') xlabel('Year') ylabel('€/MWh') axis([yrs(1) yrs(end) 0 350000]) hold on plot(yrs,capexBat,'r') % Lifetime Cycles [cycles] x = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Lifetime'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Battery'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Unit,'cycles')),... {'Year'}}; y = dataStorage{(strcmp(dataStorage.Parameter,'Lifetime'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Process,'Battery'))... & (strcmp(dataStorage.Unit,'cycles')),... {'Value'}}; X = [ones(length(x),1) x]; b = X\y; cyclesBat = (b(1)+b(2)*yrs)'; figure('Name','Battery Lifetime Cycles') scatter(x,y,'r') title('Battery Lifetime Cycles') xlabel('Year') ylabel('cycles') axis([yrs(1) yrs(end) 0 15000]) hold on plot(yrs,cyclesBat,'r') % Lifetime Years [years] ltYrsBat = 15*ones(length(yrs),1); % 15 years lifetime % Depth of Discharge DoDBat = 0.8; %% Pumped Hydro Storage effPHS = 0.95*ones(length(yrs),1); %% annualisation factors dr = 0.05*ones(length(yrs),1); % discount rate [-] % preallocate the annualisation vectors for speed annBat = zeros(length(yrs),1); annEly = zeros(length(yrs),1); annCsH = zeros(length(yrs),1); annHsTank = zeros(length(yrs),1); annHsUnd = zeros(length(yrs),1); annFc = zeros(length(yrs),1); annMeth = zeros(length(yrs),1); annMs = zeros(length(yrs),1); for i=1:length(dr) annBat(i) = (dr(i)/(1-(1+dr(i))^(-ltYrsBat(i)))); annEly(i) = (dr(i)/(1-(1+dr(i))^(-ltYrsEly(i)))); annCsH(i) = (dr(i)/(1-(1+dr(i))^(-ltYrsCsH(i)))); annHsTank(i) = (dr(i)/(1-(1+dr(i))^(-ltYrsHsTank(i)))); annHsUnd(i) = (dr(i)/(1-(1+dr(i))^(-ltYrsHsUnd(i)))); annFc(i) = (dr(i)/(1-(1+dr(i))^(-ltYrsFc(i)))); annMeth(i) = (dr(i)/(1-(1+dr(i))^(-ltYrsMeth(i)))); annMs(i) = (dr(i)/(1-(1+dr(i))^(-ltYrsMs(i)))); end %% Fixed Operation and Maintenance Cost FOMBat = 0.02*ones(length(yrs),1); FOMEly = 0.02*ones(length(yrs),1); FOMCsH = 0.02*ones(length(yrs),1); FOMFc = 0.02*ones(length(yrs),1); FOMHsTank = 0.02*ones(length(yrs),1); FOMHsUnd = 0.02*ones(length(yrs),1); FOMMeth = 0.02*ones(length(yrs),1); FOMMs = 0.02*ones(length(yrs),1); %% Clean code % save the variables save('Data_Storage.mat',... 'capexElyPEM','capexElyAlk',... 'capexHsTank','capexHsUnd','capexCsH',... 'capexFcPEM','capexFcAlk',... 'capexMethBio','capexMethChem','capexMeth',... 'capexMs','capexBat',... 'ltHrsElyPEM','ltHrsElyAlk',... 'ltHrsFcPEM','ltHrsFcAlk',... 'ltHrsMeth','cyclesBat',... 'effElyPEM','effElyAlk','effCsH',... 'effFcPEM','effFcAlk',... 'effMeth','effBat','DoDBat','effPHS',... 'injLim',... 'ltYrsEly','ltYrsCsH','ltYrsHsTank','ltYrsHsUnd',... 'ltYrsFc','ltYrsMeth','ltYrsMs','ltYrsBat',... 'annEly','annCsH','annHsTank','annHsUnd',... 'annFc','annMeth','annMs','annBat',... 'FOMBat','FOMEly','FOMCsH','FOMHsTank','FOMHsUnd',... 'FOMFc','FOMMeth','FOMMs',... 'dr','yrs'); clear