<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Spirobranchus kraussii Baird 1865</title> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> </head> <body> <h2> <i> Spirobranchus kraussii</i> ( Baird, 1865)</h2> <p> Figs 9 C–E, 10</p> <p> <i> Pomatoleios cariniferus var. Kraussii</i> Baird, 1865: 13–15 ( type locality: Promontorio Bonae Spei [= Cape of Good Hope], South Africa).</p> <p> <i> Pomatoleios crosslandi</i> Pixell, 1913: 85–86, pl. 9, fig. 10 ( type locality: Ras Shangani and Chwaka, Zanzibar, Tanzania, East Africa).</p> <p> <i> Pomatoleios kraussii</i> – Day 1967: 800–801, fig. 38.3a–f, Cape and Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal), South Africa and Mozambique). — Straughan 1967: 235 ( Queensland, Australia; intertidal; forming colonies). — Straughan 1969: 235–236 (Coconut Island (or Moku o Loʻe), Hawaii; intertidal to 1.5 m; rocks and coral rubble on reef flat and on fouling plates). — Imajima 1976a: 135–136 (Tanegashima Island, southern Japan). — Bailey-Brock 1976: 77–78 (Oahu Island, Maui Island and Hawaii Island; rocky intertidal, reef flats, epifauna of mobile substrata (mollusks and crustaceans) and boat harbors). — Imajima 1977: 100–101 (Ogasawara Islands, southern Japan; intertidal; on reefs and rocks in sheltered areas). — Imajima 1978: 54–56, fig. 3a–j (Ō-shima Island, southern Japan; intertidal). — Imajima 1979: 178 (Sabiura and near Andonohana, Shionomisaki Cape, southern Japan; intertidal, on rock). — Zibrowius 1979: 133–134 (Toulon, France: on hull of the aircraft carrier “Foch” and the navy ship “Balny” after returning from Indian Ocean missions via the Suez Canal and western Africa, respectively). — Imajima 1982: 50 (Arumizu Bay, Palau Islands). — Bailey-Brock 1987: 421, fig. 3.11.193 (Hawaii; on intertidal reefs flats and in shallow subtidal waters). — Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 1992: 37–44, 52–53 ( Israel, as Lessepsian migrant; intertidal to 6 m; on the gastropod<i> Thais haemostoma</i> (Linnaeus, 1758), now<i> Stramonita haemastoma</i>, on or under rocks, and on asbestos plates). — ten Hove & van den Hurk 1993: 35, fig. 3A (discussion about serpulids and intertidal zonation). — Nishi 1993: 30–31, figs 1–2 ( Okinawa Island, Southwest Japan; fouling on piers and concrete wall). — Ishaq & Mustaquim 1996: 172–174, fig. 7A–F (Karachi, Pakistan; intertidal; on rocks and buoy). — Fiege & Sun 1999: 130–131, fig. 18A–D ( Hainan Island, South China Sea). — Çinar 2006: 231, fig. 8 (as NIS from eastern Levantine coast of Turkey). — Bastida-Zavala 2008: 33, fig. 7N–O (brief diagnosis). — Carlton & Eldredge 2009: 62 (Hawaii; invasion history). — Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011: 43–45 ( Israel and Suez Canal; 0.5–6 m; on the gastropod<i> S. haemastoma</i>, under stones, and on artificial substrates such as a breakwater and asbestos plates). — Sun<i> et al.</i> 2012: 28–30, fig. 12A–F ( Hong Kong; intertidal to 1 m; rocky bottom). — Carlton & Eldredge 2015: 34 (Hawaii; introduction confirmed).</p> <p> <i> Pomatoleios crosslandi</i> – Lakshmana Rao 1969: 9–10, pl. 7, figs a–e (Visakhapatnam, Madras, now Chennai, and Bombay, now Mumbai, India; harbours).</p> <p> <i> Spirobranchus kraussii</i> – Pillai 2009: 146–148, 168, fig. 49E–G, new combination ( United Arab Emirates, Persian Gulf).</p> <h3> Material examined</h3> <p> One specimen: HI (1) Sep. 2006.</p> <h3> Additional material</h3> <p> More than 100 specimens: colony, from Umhlali, Natal, South Africa ( LACMNH-N 5217).</p> <h3> Diagnosis</h3> <p> Tube white, apparently broken, with a longitudinal ridge ( Fig. 9D). Opercular peduncle yellowish, with triangular, smooth and thick wings ( Fig. 9C). Operculum yellowish, with slightly concave calcareous plate ( Fig. 9C). Without collar chaetae. Based on the size, this specimen is an adult ( Fig. 9C).</p> <h3> Taxonomic remarks</h3> <p> Specimens from Natal, South Africa (LACMNH-N5217), build colonies; however, material from this locality differed slightly from our specimen (from Hawaii) and from the original description in that the tubes have two longitudinal ridges ending in a flap above the mouth of the tube ( Fig. 9E), while our only specimen had a single longitudinal ridge. This was in line with the original description which says “…dorsal keel is perhaps rather flatter and less sharp-pointed at its extremity” ( Baird 1865: 15). Comparison of the different populations of<i> Spirobranchus kraussii</i> from the Indian Ocean, the western Pacific and Hawaii should be reexamined together to facilitate a genus revision.</p> <p> Although<i> Spirobranchus kraussii</i> is a very common fouling species that attaches to many different types of artificial substrate ( Straughan 1969; Bailey-Brock 1976; Zibrowius 1979; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 1992; Nishi 1993), it was only recorded once in our surveys.</p> <h3> Ecology</h3> <p> Intertidal to 6 m ( Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 1992). The nominal species is found on or under intertidal rocks, coral rubble on the reef flat, as epifauna of mobile substrata (mollusks and crustaceans), on the gastropod<i> Stramonita haemastoma</i>, and artificial substrates such as asbestos plates, fouling plates, piers, concrete wall, breakwaters, buoys, in boat harbours and the hulls of navy ships ( Straughan 1967; Bailey-Brock 1976; Zibrowius 1979; Ben-Eliahu& ten Hove 1992; Nishi1993; Ishaq & Mustaquim 1996; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011).</p> <h3> Distribution</h3> <p> The nominal species has an Indo-Pacific distribution: South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, India, Australia, southern Japan, Palau Island, Hawaii ( Pixell 1913; Day 1967; Straughan 1967, 1969; Ishaq & Mustaquim 1996; Pillai 2009); and as NIS in the Mediterranean Sea ( Zibrowius 1979; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 1992). In this survey, only one specimen of<i> Spirobranchus kraussii</i> was found, on a fouling plate from Oahu, Hawaii ( Fig. 10).</p> </body> </html>