Figs 2.11, 4.9
Xystus castaneus Hartig, 1841: 352. Type: deposited in ZSM (examined).
Allotria castanea – Cameron 1890: 233.
Dilyta castanea – Kieffer 1900: 114.
Alloxysta ( Alloxysta) castanea – Dalla Torre & Kieffer 1902: 38.
Alloxysta castanea – Hellén 1963: 14.
Alloxysta castanea is mainly characterized by a partially open radial cell that is 2.4 times as long as wide (Fig. 4.9); the presence of pronotal and propodeal carinae; and male and female antenna with rhinaria beginning on F3, F2–F4 subequal in length (Fig. 2.11), and slightly curved F1 and F 2 in males. It is similar to A. aurata, but can be differentiated by the F2–F3 proportion (F2 is subequal to F 3 in A. castanea (Fig. 2.11), but shorter than F 3 in A. aurata (Fig. 2.5)) and the size of the radial cell (2.3 times as long as wide in A. castanea (Fig. 4.9), but 3.0 times in A. aurata (Fig. 4.4)).
Lectotype
GERMANY: ♀ [ lectotypus Xystus castaneus Htg, Zoologische Staatssammlg. München (pink label)], [ Lectotype design. Evenhuis, according to Evenhuis (1982) (red label)], [ Alloxysta castanea ( Hartig, 1841) ♀ M. Ferrer-Suay det. 2011] ( ZSM).
Additional specimens (89 ♂♂, 287 ♀♀)
AUSTRIA: 1 ♀ [ Tirol Kitzbuhel, 18–29 Aug. 62, A.H. Hayes, B.M. 1962-481]; 1 ♀ [Leibnitz, R. Mur, 3 Jun. 1969, B.H. and M.C. Cogan, R.I. and R. Vane-Wright] ( BMNH B.M. 1970-152).
CZECH REPUBLIC: 2 ♂♂ [ Moravia, Dyje River, near Znojmo, 12 Aug. 91, L. Masner] ( CNCI C-263); 7 ♂♂, 1 ♀ [ Moravia, Tvrdonice, 7 Aug. 91, L. Masner, fraxinetum] ( CNCI C-262); 12 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ [ Moravia, Lanzhot-Ranspurk, 7–9 Aug. 1991, L. Masner, sweep, climax flood forest] ( CNCI C-268); 1 ♀ [ Moravia, 16 km N Blansko, 8 Aug. 1991, L. Masner, sweep. Tilia-Acer forest] ( CNCI C-271); 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ [ Moravia, Lanzhot-Ranspurk, 7–9 Aug. 1991, L. Masner sweep, climax flood forest] ( CNCI C-269); 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ [ Moravia, Javorina, 800–900 m, 10 Aug. 1991, L. Masner, sweep, climax deciduous forest] ( CNCI C-266); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ [ Moravia, Ladnice environs 7–9 Aug. 1991, L. Masner riparian, forest] ( CNCI C-272); 5 ♀♀ [ Bohemia central, Řevnice, environs, YPT, 20–21 Aug. 1999, L. Masner, creek] ( CNCI C-292); 3 ♀♀ [ Moravia, Lanzhot-Ranspurk, 9–12 Aug. 1991, L. Masner, climax hardwood forest, PT] ( CNCI C-270).
FINLAND: 8 ♂♂ [Kevo, Res. Station, 69°45′ N, 27°00′ E, 24 Jun. 1989, H. Goulet, sweep] (CNCIC-309).
FRANCE: 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ [Pyrénées Orientales, nr. Arles-sur-Tech, D. and J. Clark, 22 May 1961] ( BMNH B.M. 1962-149); 1 ♀ [Pyrénées Orientales, Arles-sur-Tech, D. and J. Clark, 25 Jun. 1961] ( BMNH B.M. 1962-149); 2 ♀♀ [Vendée Longeville, 19-26 Sep. 1965, J.A.J. Clark] ( BMNH B.M. 1965-489).
GERMANY: 3 ♀♀ [Mainz, 18 Sep.–1 Oct. 1965, A.W. Steffan] ( CNCI C-236); 1 ♀ [Mainz, 4–17 Sep. 1965, A.W. Steffan] ( CNCI C-229); 2 ♀♀ [Ingelheim am Rhein, ??.??.1968, MT in orchard, A.W. Steffan] ( CNCI C-238); 1 ♀ [Ingelheim am Rhein, 1–30 Sep. 1968, MT, A.W. Steffan, orchard, cynipoidea] ( CNCI C-237); 11 ♂♂, 16 ♀♀ [Schwarzwald, Todtmoos environs, 6 Aug. 1984, L. Masner, screen sweeping] ( CNCI C-235).
HUNGARY: 1 ♂ [ Baranya Beremend, 24 Apr.–9 May 1963, L. Horacsek] ( BMNH B.M. 1964-373).
IRAN: 2 ♀♀ [Karaj, 40 km W Tehran, 3 Jul. 1978, J.T. Huber sweep] ( CNCI C-315).
ITALY: 1 ♂ [Cortina D’Ampezzo, 24 Jul. 1969, M.C. Day, swept in grall] ( BMNH).
JAPAN: 4 ♀♀ [ Aichi Shitara, Uradani, 900 m, beech forest, 23–29 May 1994, K. Yamagishi, YPT] ( CNCI C-187); 1 ♀ [Kyushu, Fukuoka, Mt. Hiko, 700 m, 15 Nov.–1 Dec. 1989, K. Takeno, M. Sharkey, MT] ( CNCI C-196); 1 ♀ [Kyushu, 700 m, Fukuoka, MT. Hiko, 10–21 Jul. 1989, MT, K. Takeno and M. Sharkey] ( CNCI C-171); 4 ♀♀ [Japan; Aichi, 900 m, Shitara, Uradani, 20–26 Jun. 1994, K. Yamagishi, YPT, beech forest] ( CNCI C-199); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ [ Hokkaido, 20 km N. Akkeshi, marsh, 100 m, 15 Jul. 1996, L. Masner, sweep] ( CNCI C-160); 1 ♀ [ Hokkaido, Aizan, 800 m, 4 Jul. 1989, sweep, M.J. Sharkey] ( CNCI C-186); 1 ♀ [ Ibaraki, Tsukuba, NIAES, 22 Dec. 89– 30 Jan. 1990, M. Sharkey, FIT and MT] ( CNCI C-147); 1 ♀ [Kyushu, 700 m, Fukuoka, Mt. Hiko, 25 Jul.–4 Sep. 1989, MT, K. Takeno and M. Sharkey] ( CNCI C-176); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ [ Fukuoka, Mt. Hiko, 700 m, 9–10 May 1989, sweep, M.J. Sharkey] ( CNCI C-183); 2 ♀♀ [Kyushu, 700 m, Fukuoka, Mt. Hiko, 9–19 Jun. 1989, MT, K. Takeno and M. Sharkey] ( CNCI C-170); 1 ♀ [ Ibaraki, Tsukuba, NIAES, 14–25 Jul. 1989, M. Sharkey, FIT and MT] ( CNCI C-146); 2 ♀♀ [ Fukuoka, Mt. Tachibana, 18–28 Jun. 1979, K. Yamagishi, PT] ( CNCI C-143); 1 ♀ [ Ibaraki, Tsukuba, Expo site, 11–18 Sep. 1989, M.J. Sharkey, PT] ( CNCI C-134); 2 ♀♀ [Kyushu, Fukuoka, Mt. Hiko, 700 m, 18–25 Aug. 1989, MT, K. Takeno and M. Sharkey] ( CNCI C-185); 1 ♀ [ Hokkaido, Sapporo, Jozankei, 10–21 Aug. 1989, 350 m, K. Maeto and M. Sharkey, MT] ( CNCI C-197); 2 ♀♀ [ Aichi, Mt. Chausu ( SSW), 1300 m, 9 Jul. 1995, K. Yamagishi] ( CNCI C-156); 6 ♀♀ [ Hokkaido, Sapporo, Jozankei, 350 m, 20–31 Jul. 1989, K. Maeto and M. Sharkey] ( CNCI C-151); 2 ♀♀ [ Hokkaido, Sapporo, Jozankei, 350 m, Aug. 1989, K. Maeto and M. Sharkey, MT] ( CNCI C-203); 2 ♀♀ [ Hokkaido, Sapporo, Jozankei, 350 m, 30 Jun.–11 Jul. 89, MT, K. Maeto and M. Sharkey] ( CNCI C-184); 1 ♀ [ Ibaraki, Tsuchiura City, Shishizuka-oike, 13–25 Jul. 1989, MT, M.J. Sharkey, marsh] ( CNCI C-175); 1 ♀ [ Aichi, Shitara, Uradani, 900 m, 18–24 Jul. 1994, K. Yamagishi, MT, beech forest] ( CNCI C-167); 1 ♀ [Honshu, Iwata, Mt. Hayachine, 400 m, 11–19 Jul. 1989, H. Makihara and M. Sharkey, MT] ( CNCI C-177); 1 ♀ [ Hokkaido, Sapporo, Jozankei, 21–28 Sep. 1989, 350 m, K. Maeto and M. Sharkey MT] ( CNCI C-158); 1 ♀ [ Ibaraki, Tsukuba, Expo site, 27 Oct–3 Nov. 1989, M.J. Sharkey, PT] ( CNCI C-133); 1 ♀ [Ibariki, Tsuchiura, Shishizaka-oike, 15–21 Aug. 1989, M. Sharkey, marsh] ( CNCI C-141); 1 ♀ [ Aichi, Shitara, Uradani, 900 m, 21 May 1994, K. Yamagishi, PT, beech forest] ( CNCI C-155); 1 ♀ [ Fukuoka, Mt. Hiko, 25 Aug–4 Sep. 1989, Takeno and Sharkey] ( CNCI C-144); 2 ♀♀ [ Ibaraki, Tsukuba, NIAES, 1–3 Mar. 1990, M. Sharkey, FIT and MT] ( CNCI C-149); 1 ♂, 1 ♀ [ Fukuoka, Mt. Hiko, 12–29 May 1989, Takeno and Sharkey] ( CNCI C-145); 3 ♀♀ [ Hokkaido, Sapporo, Jozankei, 350 m, 12–21 Sep. 1989, K. Maeto and M. Sharkey, MT] ( CNCI C-205); 1 ♀ [ Fukuoka, Mt. Hiko, 700 m, 28 Apr.–10 May 1989, M.J. Sharkey, MT] ( CNCI C-139); 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀ [Kyushu, 700 m, Fukuoka, MT. Hiko, 21–29 Jul. 1989, MT, K. Takeno and M. Sharkey] ( CNCI C-172); 1 ♀ [ Gifu, Mt. Ena-san (ssw), 1200–1900 m, 5 Jun. 1995, K. Yamagishi] ( CNCI C-189); 1 ♀ [ Hokkaido, Shibetsu-Rubesu, E. slope of Mt. Shari, 43°45′ N, 144°45′ E, 17 Aug. 1996, 700 m, L. Masner, sweep] ( CNCI C-164); 5 ♀♀ [ Aichi, Shitara, Uradani, 900 m, 29 Jun.–3 Jul. 1994, K. Yamagishi, YPT, beech forest] ( CNCI C-188); 2 ♀♀ [Kyushu, Fukuoka, Mt. Hiko, 700 m, 11–13 Aug. 1989, MT, K. Takeno and M. Sharkey] ( CNCI C-169); 1 ♀ [ Ibaraki, Tsukuba, Expo site, 7–16 May 1989, M.J. Sharkey, PT] ( CNCI C-135); 5 ♀♀ [Kyushu, Fukuoka, Mt. Hiko, 700 m, 19–29 Jun. 1989, MT, K. Takeno and M. Sharkey] ( CNCI C-174); 1 ♀ [ Hokkaido, Sapporo, Jozankei, 350 m, 21–29 Aug. 1989, K. Maeto and M. Sharkey, MT] ( CNCI C-202); 1 ♀ [Japan; Hokkaido, Sapporo, Jozankei, 350 m, 20–31 Jul. 1989, MT, K. Maeto and M. Sharkey] ( CNCI C-204); 1 ♂ [ Aichi, Toyone, 1300 m, Mt. Chausu, 16 Jul. 1992, K. Yamagishi, sweep] ( CNCI C-132); 1 ♀ [ Ibaraki, Tsukuba, NIAES, 26 Apr.–2 May 1989, M.J. Sharkey, PT] ( CNCI C-190); 1 ♀ [ Hokkaido, Sapporo, Jozankei, 350 m, 20–31 Jul. 1989, M. Sharkey, K. Maeto, MT] ( CNCI C-137); 1 ♀ [ Ibaraki, Mt. Tsukuba, 800 m, 2–26 Oct. 1989, M.J. Sharkey, PT] ( CNCI C-168); 2 ♀♀ [ Aichi, Shitara, Uradani, 900 m, 9–15 May 1994, K. Yamagishi, EMT, beech forest] ( CNCI C-218); 3 ♀♀ [ Aichi, Shitara, Uradani, 900 m, 30 May–5 Jun. 1994, K. Yamagishi, EMT, beech forest] ( CNCI C-220); 1 ♀ [Mainz, 4–17 Sep. 1965, A.W. Stefan] ( CNCI C-229); 1 ♂ [ Aichi, Shitara, Uradani, 900 m, 30 May–5 Jun. 1994, K. Yamagishi, EMT, beech forest] ( CNCI C-216); 12 ♀♀ [ Hokkaido, Sapporo, Jozankei, 350 m, 10–21 Aug. 1989, K. Maeto and M. Sharkey, MT] ( CNCI C-206); 1 ♀ [ Aichi, Shitara, Uradani, 900 m, 2–8 May 1994, K. Yamagishi, EMT, beech forest] ( CNCI C-224); 1 ♀ [ Hokkaido, Sapporo, Jozankei, 350 m, 20–31 Jul. 1989, K. Maeto and M. Sharkey] ( CNCI C-209); 2 ♀♀ [ Hokkaido, Nukabira, 600 m, 5 Jul. 1989, sweep, M.J. Sharkey] ( CNCI C-215); 2 ♀♀ [ Aichi, Shitara, Uradani, 900 m, 4–10 Jul. 1994, K. Yamagishi, EMT, beech forest] ( CNCI C-217); 7 ♀♀ [ Aichi, Shitara, Uradani, 900 m, 6–12 Jun. 1994, K. Yamagishi, EMT, beech forest] ( CNCI C-221); 3 ♀♀ [ Hokkaido, Sapporo, Jozankei, 350 m, 29 Aug.–12 Sep. 1989, K. Maeto and M. Sharkey, MT] ( CNCI C-207); 5 ♀♀ [Honshu, Tochigi, Kuriyama, betw. Meatobuchi and Koniyu, 1420 m, 20–23 Aug. 1991, A. Smetana (J63)] ( CNCI C-211); 3 ♀♀ [Kyushu, Fukuoka, Mt. Tachibana 20 May–9 Jun. 1979, K. Yamagishi YPT, cutover land] ( CNCI C-213).
F.Y.R. MACEDONIA: 1 ♂ [Verge of oak wood above lake, Yugoslavia, Macedonia, prespa Geril, 22 Jun. 1958, R.L. Coe.] ( BMNH B.M. 1958-417).
MONTENEGRO: 1 ♂ [Wet gorge in old forest, Montenegro: Kolasin 5–9 Jun. 1958, Jugoslavia, R.L. Coe] ( BMNH B.M. 1958-417).
NETHERLANDS: 1 ♀ [Wageningen I.P.O boom-gaard, 7-8-1961 (handwritten), verzameld van pruim (handwritten), mummie: Hyalopterus pruni det. H.R.L, Alloxysta sp. ♀ det. J. Quinlan 1962] ( BMNH); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ [Wageningen, Netherlands, 24 Aug. 1977, leg. H.H. Evenhuis (handwritten), aphid mummy on leaf of Phragmites australis (handwritten), Alloxysta ruficollis (Cameron) det. H.H. Evenhuis 1979] ( BMNH); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ [Wageningen, Netherlands, 24 Aug. 1977, leg. H.H. Evenhuis (handwritten), aphid mummy on Centaurea protensis UACO (handwritten), Alloxysta defecta (Hartig) det. H.H. Evenhuis 1981] ( BMNH); 1 ♂ [Langbrook (U.), Netherlands 13 Aug. 1978, leg. H.H. Evenhuis (handwritten), aphid mummy on Phragmites australis (handwritten), Alloxysta castanea (Hartig) det. H.H. Evenhuis 1981] ( BMNH); 1 ♀ [Bennekon De Meet, Netherlands leg. H.H. Evenhuis (handwritten), aphid mummy on Centaurea sp. 9-7-1975 (handwritten), Alloxysta defecta (Hartig det.) H.H. Evenhuis 1989] ( BMNH).
RUSSIA: 3 ♀♀ [Russian Far East, Primorskii Krai Lazovski Zapovednik, c. 170 Km E., Vladivostok, Lazo, 43°30′33″ N 134°06′59″ E, 1375 m, 2 Jun.–3 Jul. 2001, Mountain top, malaise trap 458, M. Quest coll. BMNH(E) 2009-59, Alloxysta sp1., det. M. Forshage 2012] ( BMNH B.M. 2009-59); 1 ♀ [Russian Far East, Primorski Krai Lazovski Zapovednik, c.170 Km, E. Vladivostok, Ta-Chingousa, 43°00′42″ N, 134°07′34″ E, Om 28 Aug.–16 Sep. 2001, sandy coast, Malaise trap 494°, M. Quest coll. BMNH(E) 2009-59, Alloxysta sp 4, det. M. Forshage 2012] ( BMNH B.M. 2009-59); 2 ♀♀ [Russian Far East, Primorski Krai Lazovski Zapovednik, c.170 Km, E. Vladivostok, Ta-Chingousa, 43°00′42″ N, 134°07′34″ E, Om 28 Aug.–16 Sep. 2001, sandy coast, Malaise trap 494°, M. Quest coll. BMNH(E) 2009-59, Alloxysta spp-indet dwarfs and intermediates] ( BMNH B.M. 2009-59); 7 ♀♀ [ Primoskiy Kray Ussyriysk District, Gomotayozhnoye, 11–15 Aug. 2003, Malaise trap, M.V. Michailovskaya] ( USNM); 4 ♂♂, 45 ♀♀ [ Primoskiy Kray Ussyriysk District, Gomotayozhnoye, 11–15 Aug. 2003, Malaise trap M.V. Michailovskaya] ( USNM); 1 ♀ [ Primorskiy Kray Ussyriysk District, Gomotayozhnoye, 200 m, 43.66° N, 132.25° E, 1–10 Aug. 2002, M.V. Michailovskaya, MT] ( USNM); 3 ♀♀ [Krasnodor Prov., Temnolesskaya, 15 May–15 Jun. 1999, V. Grebennikov, YPT] ( CNCI C-294); 3 ♀♀ [ Primorskiy Kray, Vladivostok environs, ??. ??.1992, A. Okulov] ( CNCI C-297).
SLOVAKIA: 1 ♀ [Koṧice, 14–17 Sep. 84, N.D. Springate] ( BMNH); 4 ♀♀ [Čachtice environs, 2 Aug. 1991, L. Masner, sweep] ( CNCI C-267).
SLOVENIA: 4 ♀♀ [Slovenia Postojne, 18 Jul. 1958, R.L. Coe Wooded hill N.W. of town] ( BMNH B.M. 1958-417); 6 ♂♂, 1 ♀ [Slovenia, Slatna, Radovljica, 6 Aug. 1978, L. Huggert, swept on open wooded (deciduous) meadow] ( CNCI C-275); 1 ♀ [Slovenia, Radovljica, 3 Aug. 1978, L. Huggert swept on dry meadow] ( CNCI C-276).
SWEDEN: 1 ♀ [Sk. Lund Zoological Mus. grounds, Aug. 1976: 1 ♀; So. Malmen Dalaro, 15–26 Aug. 1976, J.Q. and T.H] ( BMNH); 2 ♀♀ [Sk., Lund Zoological Mus. grounds, Aug. 1976] ( BMNH); 1 ♂, 1 ♀ [Sk., Rolsberga Rovurekulan RN-1354/6188, T.H. and J.Q., Aug. 1976] ( BMNH); 1 ♀ [Sk., Silvakra Stensoffa, RN-1351/6176, T.H. and J.Q., Aug. 1976, A. fulviceps det. N.D.M. Fergusson] ( BMNH); 1 ♀ [ Stockholm, Nora, 20 Aug. 1933, G.J. Kerrich] ( BMNH B.M. 1969-261); 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀ [Sk. Fjellfota sjö, 7 Aug. 1938, D.M.S.P. and J.F.P.] ( BMNH B.M. 1938-414); 1 ♀ [Up. Solna Bergshamra, 15–26 Aug. 1976, J.Q. and T.H.] ( BMNH); 1 ♀ [ Uppsala, Hogadalen, 10–17 Aug. 1990, Malaise trap, F. Ronquist] ( CNCI C-305); 1 ♀ [Lappland, Riksgränsen, 500 m, 2 Aug. 1960, W.R.M. Mason] ( CNCI C-311); 1 ♂ [ Kalmar, Överum, 19 May–29 Jun. 1978, L. Huggert, MT at swampy lake shore] ( CNCI C-312).
SWITZERLAND: 1 ♀ [ Zürich W. Dill 1934 (handwritten), Ex. Hyalopterus anuudinis (= pruni), Prunus sp, Charips cameroni D.T. ♀, Ch. Ferriere det] ( BMNH); 1 ♂ [ Zürich W. Dill 1934 (handwritten), Ex Hyalopterus anuudinis (= pruni) Prunus sp. (handwritten), Pres by Imp. Inst. Ent., Charips cameroni dD.T. ♂, Ch. Ferriere det] ( BMNH B.M. 1935-231); 7 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀ [Dielsdorf, 650 m, 17 Aug. 1984, L. Masner, sweep] ( CNCI C-290); 1 ♀ [ Jura, Delémont, CABI Lab. 47°22′42″ N, 7°20′30″ E, 10–19 Jun. 1999, YPT, Goulet, spruce forest] ( CNCI C-286); 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ [ Jura, Delémont, CABI Lab. 47°22′42″ N, 7°20′30″ E, 7 Jun. 1999, H. Goulet, spruce/beech] ( CNCI C-287); 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ [Dielsdorf, 650 m, 17 Aug. 1984, L. Masner, sweep] ( CNCI C-290); 1 ♂ [ Turgau, Unterwasser environs, 1440 m, 4 Aug. 1984, L. Masner sweeping] ( CNCI C-293).
Palaearctic and Neotropical. Certain records: Colombia ( Ferrer-Suay et al. 2012f: 322), Corsica ( Ferrer-Suay et al. 2013l), Germany ( Hartig 1841: 352), Iran ( Ferrer-Suay et al. 2013a: 36), Italy ( Ferrer-Suay et al. 2014b), Madeira (Ferrer- Suay et al. 2012g: 10), Mexico ( Ferrer-Suay et al. 2013m: 32), Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia (Ferrer- Suay et al. 2013b: 354), Japan, S. Korea, Malaysia, Nepal and Taiwan ( Ferrer-Suay et al. 2013i).
Uncertain records: Austria ( Kieffer 1902b: 35), Denmark ( Andrews 1978: 82), England ( Cameron 1889: 54; Dalla Torre & Kieffer 1910: 256), Finland ( Hellén 1963: 14), France ( Kieffer 1902a: 10, 15; 1902b: 595; De Gaulle 1908: 26; Cavro 1954: 12), Germany ( Hedicke 1928: 94; Hübner et al. 2002: 507), Kuriles Island ( Belizin 1962: 128), Norway ( Hofsvang & Hagvar 1983: 60), Romania ( Ionescu 1969: 266; Prelipcean et al. 2004: 60), Scotland ( Cameron 1883: 365), The Netherlands ( Andrews 1978: 82), USA ( Colorado) ( Baker 1896: 133; Andrews 1978: 52).
New records: Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland.