INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE
STUDIES AND REPORTS
Series 0 (Migration), No. 1
MIGRATION MOVEMENTS
1920-1923
GENEVA
1925
FOR li WORD
The earliest compilation of national migration statistics coincided
in most countries with the recognition of the right to emigrate.
It goes back to the beginning of the nineteenth century, when the
economic distress due to the Napoleonic wars forced masses of
emigrants to leave Europe. It was the very size of the movement
which induced various governments to compile statistics. The
countries of immigration took the initiative, and their example
was followed later by the countries of emigration, but there was
no co-ordination and no unity of method, each state acting separately.
Certain statistical publications, however, are not limited to
national migration. They also reproduce the data collected by
various other countries, whether of emigration or of immigration.
But even the fullest table, that published since 1877-1878 by the
Italian Central Statistical Office, gave in its last edition, that of
1915 x, only comparatively limited information, the total figures
referring to not more than 17 European countries and Japan for
emigration and 9 oversea countries for immigration. Moreover,
the data were comparable only for some countries.
Both in Europe and America various experts have latterly been
considering the possibility of combining and co-ordinating national
migration statistics, but so far without positive results. It may
therefore justifiably be said that no really international statistics
of world migration movements are yet to be found. This is the
gap which the International Labour Office has tried to fill.
Certain preliminary steps were necessary. In view of the
meeting of the International Emigration Commission, set up by
1
Statistica delia emigrazione italiana per l'estero negli anni 1912 e 1913 con
una appendice di confronti internazionali. Rome, 1915.
—
VI —•
a decision of the First Session of the International Labour Conference, the Office sent to the various Governments at the end of
1920 a questionnaire on emigration and immigration. The first
question dealt with statistics and asked not only for data on migration movements, but also for information on the methods employed
in compiling such data. The replies received made it clear that
before grouping, co-ordinating, and comparing existing statistics
there would first have to be a certain unity of method 1. Expression was given to this requirement in the Recommendation concerning information on migration adopted by the International
Labour Conference in 1922. This first measure has borne fruit,
and the Office may congratulate itself on the readiness shown by
many authorities in complying.
Owing to this valuable collaboration it is now possible to publish
the present study on migration movements in 1923 with figures
for 60 countries and territories. In cases where the expected data
were not received, as much use as possible was made of official
publications. Moreover, for every country and territory an
attempt was made to discover official returns and, wherever
available, these have been included in the tables. It will be seen
t h a t the tables are limited to the fundamental points prescribed
in the Recommendation. It must be made clear that this is a
first attempt. Improvements are no doubt possible and will be
sought in the future.
Subject to this reservation it is felt that this general survey
contains new information on the various currents of migration and
the composition of the groups of persons of which they are made up.
It should serve as a serious scientific basis for the future extension
of migration statistics. Its preparation has already had the useful
result of inducing several states to make or contemplate important
improvements in their methods. They have tried, or propose, to
bring these into closer conformity with the provisions of the
Recommendation, and thus to effect a greater uniformity. The
remaining gaps are easily detected, and it is hoped that the Governments in their turn will try to improve their reports.
1
See the Resolutions of the International Emigration Commission on this
point (International Emigration Commission, Geneva, August 1921, Report of
the Commission, p. 3, Resolutions 1 and 2) and the report prepared for the
Commission by the Office {Ibid., p. 150) ; cf. also INTERNATIONAL LABOUR
OFFICE: Methods of Compiling Emigration and Immigration Statistics; Geneva,
1922; 57 pp.
VII —
The study should also be of immediate practical value. It
throws light on the development of migration after the war and
offers a basis for that research into causes and effects which is
essential for the adoption of a more systematic emigration policy,
whether international or national in scope. In addition, countries
of emigration and of immigration alike will find information on
the origin, destination, and composition of the groups of migrants
and thus obtain material for a policy of effective rivalry or useful collaboration, as the case may be, with other states.
Finally, there is scarcely any need to draw attention to the
interest of such statistics to employers, workers, transport undertakings, private organisations for protecting migrants, etc., particularly at a time of world economic disturbance.
A few words on the scheme of the study may be added. The
principles on which the international tables have been drawn up
are sketched in an introduction. This is followed by a description,
as brief as possible, of oversea and continental migration, dealt
with separately and supplemented by tables, diagrams, and certain
statistical conclusions throwing light on or completing the information contained in the general tables. These are given next,
numbered from I to X. The study concludes with a series of
explanatory notes for the countries considered, giving all necessary
information on the sources used and the definitions adopted. They
throw light on the real import and value of the figures used.
It may be added that the information obtained was centralised
by the Migration Section of the International Labour Office of
which Professor Louis Variez is the head. The work of examining
the data received, interpreting, completing, and co-ordinating them
was entrusted to Dr. Imre Ferenczi, the author of the present
report.
It cannot be repeated too often that this study is a first attempt
and is far from being considered final. On the contrary, any
observations or corrections will be gratefully received, and will be
taken into account in subsequent studies, in the hope of improving
year by year the quality and method of presentation of this
statistical survey.
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction
l
CHAPTER I
Oversea Migration
I.
VOLUME
9
Migration of Nationals
European Countries
Non-European Countries
Migration in Relation to Population; Net Emigration or
Immigration
Migration of Aliens
Non-European Countries
Migration in Relation to Population; Net Emigration or
Immigration
II.
COMPARATIVE STATISTICS
Volume and Direction of Migration Movements
III.
9
9
15
17
22
22
28
28
. . . .
28
CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS
36
Sex
Age
Sex and Age
Occupation
36
40
43
45
CHAPTER II
Continental Migration
I.
VOLUME
Migration of Nationals
European Countries
Non-European Countries
Migration of Aliens
Non-European Countries
European Countries
51
.
51
51
53
54
54
56
II.
DIRECTION
58
III.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS
59
Sex, Age, and Occupation
59
Conclusion
61
APPENDIX: TABLES
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
Emigration in 1920-1923
Immigration in 1920-1923
^
Oversea Emigration of Nationals (Europeans), by Country of
Future Residence, 1922 and 1923
Oversea Immigration of Aliens (Non-European Countries),
by Country of Last Residence or Nationality, 1922 and 1923
Continental Migration (European Countries), by Country of
Last or Future Residence, 1922 and 1923
Distribution of Emigrants by Sex and Age (Children or Young
Persons and Adults), 1922 and 1923
Distribution of Immigrants by Sex and Age (Children or,Young
Persons and Adults), 1922 and 1923
Distribution of Migrants (European Countries) by Occupation,
1922 and 1923
Distribution of Migrants (Non-European Countries) by Occupation, 1922 and 1923
Migrants in Transit (European Countries), Outgoing and
Returning, 1920-1923
EXPLANATORY NOTES AND SOURCES
68
72
7&
78
81
83
85
88
90
91
92
LIST OF TEXT TABLES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Oversea Emigration of Nationals (European Countries), 1881-1923
Fluctuations of Oversea Emigration and Immigration of Nationals
(European Countries), 1920-1923
Oversea Migration of Nationals (European Countries) and Aliens
(Non-European Countries), per 100,000 inhabitants, 19201923
Indirect Statistics of Oversea Emigration of Nationals, 1922 and
1923
Fluctuations of Oversea Immigration and Emigration of Aliens
(Non-European Countries), 1920-1923
Immigration of Aliens into the United States, by Principal Countries of Origin, 1913-1914, 1920-1921, and 1922-1923 . .
Migrants in Transit (outgoing), 1920-1923
Oversea Emigration from Europe in 1923, by|Country of Last
Residence (Statistics of Countries of Immigration) . . .
Oversea Immigration in 1923 (All Countries), by Country of
Last Residence (Statistics of Countries of Emigration) .
10
12
18
20
23
24
30
31
31
— XI —
Page
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Oversea Emigration from Europe in 1923, by Country of Future
Residence (Statistics of- Countries of "Emigrä-tion) . . . .
Oversea Emigration from Europe in 1923, by Country of Future
Residence (Statistics of Countries of Immigration) . . . .
Oversea Immigration in 1923
Distribution of Migrants by Sex, 1922 and 1923
Emigration of Nationals from Various European Countries, by Age,
1922 and 1923
Children of Each Sex as Percentage of Total Number of Emigrants
from Certain European Countries, 1922 and 1923
Children of Each Sex as Percentage of Alien Immigrants in Certain Non-European Countries, 1922 and 1923
Children of Each Sex as Percentage of Alien Emigrants from South
Africa and New Zealand, 1922 and 1923
Distribution by Occupation of Oversea Migrants (European
Countries), 1922 and 1923
Percentage Distribution by Occupation of Emigrants from Finland, Italy, and Czechoslovakia, 1922 and 1923
Percentage Distribution by Occupation of Immigrants in Certain
Non-European Countries, 1922 and 1923
Percentage Distribution by Occupation of Alien Emigrants from
South Africa, the United States, and New Zealand, 1922 and
1923
Comparative Statistics of Occupations
Fluctuations of Continental Emigration and Immigration of
Nationals (European Countries), 1920-1923
Number of Sets of Statistical Data in Tables I to X, by Countries
Monthly Fluctuations of Oversea and Continental Emigration
from Italy, Poland, and Czechoslovakia, 1922 and 1923 . .
33
34
36
37
41
43
44
44
47
48
49
49
50
52
62
64
11ST OF DIAGRAMS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Oversea Emigration of Nationals (European Countries), 1881-1923
Fluctuations of Oversea European Migration (All Countries),
1920-1923
Proportion o! Oversea Emigration of Nationais in Europe, to
Population 1923
Oversea Migration in 1923, by Country of Last Residence . . . .
Oversea Emigration from Europe in 1923, by Country of Future
Residence
Oversea Immigration in 1923
Monthly Fluctuations of Oversea and Continental Emigration
from Italy, Poland, and Czechoslovakia, 1922 and 1923 .
11
13
21
32
34
36
65
INTRODUCTION
This study is the outcome of the Recommendation concerning
the collection of information on migration questions adopted b y
the International Labour Conference at its Fourth Session (18 October to 3 November 1922). The particulars which it is now possible
to publish were communicated to the Office in accordance with
section II of the Recommendation, which runs as follows:
The General Conference recommends that each Member of the International
Labour Organisation should make every effort to communicate to the International Labour Office, within six months of the end of the year to which they
refer, and so far as information is available, the total figures of emigrants
and immigrants, showing separately nationals and aliens, and specifying
particularly, for nationals, and, as far as possible, for aliens:
(1) Sex.
(2) Age.
(3) Occupation.
(4) Nationality.
(5) Country of last residence.
(6) Country of proposed residence.
During the first year following the adoption of this Recommendation very few countries took steps to carry it into effect, and by
the end of the maximum period of eighteen months laid down in
the Peace Treaties a certain number of the States Members of
the International Labour Organisation had not yet submitted the
Recommendation to the competent authorities. A survey of the
present position is given in the following table x :
1
It may be recalled that by Article 405 of the Treaty of Versailles "each of
the Members undertakes that it will, within the period of one year at most
from the closing of the Session of the Conference, or if it is impossible owing
to exceptional circumstances to do so within the period of one year, then at the
earliest practicable moment, and in no case later than 18 months from the
closing of the Session of the Conference, bring the Recommendation . . . before
the authority or authorities within whose competence the matter lies, for the
enactment of legislation or other action. In the case of a Recommendation,
the Members will inform the Secretary-General of the action taken."
States having informed States having officially
the Secretary-General
reported that the
of the League of
Recommendation has
Nations of the measures been submitted to the
adopted, and date
competent authorities,
of such
and date of such
communication
submission
Australia
2 J u n e 1925
Belgium
18 J u n e 1925
Canada
29 Nov. 1923
Czechoslovakia
21 March 1925
Finland
15 April 1924
France
26 April 1924
India
20 Nov. 1923
Italy
13 Aug. 1925.
Japan
9 April 1924
Poland
25 J u l y 1923
Roumania
1 April 1923
Siam
2 April 1923
Spain
15 April 1925
Switzerland
22 M a y 1923
Union of South
Africa
27 April 1923
Austria
9 J a n u a r y 1924
Bulgaria
1924
Chile
7 August 1924
Great Britain
9 May 1923
Latvia
24 J a n u a r y 1924
Netherlands 24 October 1923
Norway
1924
Venezuela
30 J u n e 1924
.•
States having
given
other official
information
States having
given
no official
information
Brazil
Cuba
Denmark
Esthonia
Germany
Luxemburg
New Zealand
Serb-CroatSlovene
Kingdom
Sweden
Uruguay
Albania
Argentina
Bolivia
China
Colombia
Costa R i c a
Ethiopia
Greece
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Hungary
Irish Free S t a t e
Liberia
Lithuania
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Persia
Peru
Portugal
Salvador
In the ordinary course, the International Labour Office should
expect to receive statistics from comparatively few states only,
namely, those which had informed the Secretary-General of the
League of Nations of the measures taken to give effect to the
Recommendation, or in any other official way had notified the
Office of their intention to carry out the terms of the Recommendation. Moreover, certain delays were inevitable. The Recommendation itself provides that the figures should be communicated
" within six months of the end of the year to which they refer " ;
besides which, about three months must be allowed for documents
from certain distant countries to reach Geneva. It was thus to
be expected that information would continue to arrive at least
until the beginning of September 1924. As a matter of fact, no
annual statistics were officially communicated to the Office in
1923. During the following year a certain number of states sent
their annual statistics for 1922 and 1923, drawing attention to the
-
3
-
measures adopted to give effect to the Recommendation. Certain
other countries, although they had not taken any formal steps,
still despatched the necessary information. Finally, on the intervention of the Office, certain Governments have sent statistics for
1923 which continued to come in up to May 1925.
In addition to annual statistics, the Governments supplied a
quantity of monthly and quarterly data during 1923 and 1924,
Moreover, the Office has been able to make considerable use of the
statistical publications of other states. It therefore decided to publish monthly migration statistics as from March 1924. These
appear in the International Labour Review and cover five kinds of
migration, but they give only the gross number of emigrants and
immigrants, with details only of their nationality. Further, the
data in question refer only to 27 countries. The annual statistics
which it is now possible to publish are much wider in scope. They
cover 60 states and colonies, that is to say, three times the number
dealt with in the provisional statistics for 1922 published in the
International Labour Review for June 19231.
The object of this annual report is to draw up a careful balance
sheet of the world movement of migration in 1923, with a comparison
with the figures for 1920 to 1922. An attempt has been made
to give the available data in as clear and complete a form as
possible. For this purpose, the results of national statistics have
been interpreted so as to fit into the various general tables and, at
the same time, forms of migration which are essentially the same
have been co-ordinated in a single table. Further particulars on
this point will be found in the explanatory notes.
The study has not been limited to giving a purely quantitative
indication of the volume of migration according to geographical
direction2. On the contrary, an attempt has been made, in
accordance with the terms of the Recommendation, to illustrate
the qualitative character of the movements of migration. In
order to facilitate international comparison of the national figures,
migratory currents have first of all been classified on three main
principles :
(1) by the direction of migration from the point of view of the
country supplying the statistics (emigration and immigration) ;
1
Cf. International Labour Review, Vol. VII, No. 6, June 1923, pp. 931-947,
Migration Statistics for 1922".
2
Cf. Methods of Compiling Emigration and Immigration Statistics, p . 45.
_ 4 —
(2) by the nationality of the emigrants, namely, whether they
are nationals of the country supplying the statistics or not
(migration of nationals and aliens);
(3) by the geographical relations between countries of emigration
and of immigration (oversea and continental migration).
These distinctions are of capital importance to the study of
economic, social, and political phenomena. It is essential to take
them into account if international migration statistics are to be
improved.
By combining these three principles of classification, the movements studied have been subdivided under eight separate heads:
(1) Oversea emigration oí nationals.
(2) Continental emigration of nationals.
(3) Oversea immigration of nationals (repatriation I).
(4) Continental immigration of nationals (repatriation II).
(5) Oversea emigration of aliens (generally returning to their
country of origin).
(6) Continental emigration of aliens (generally returning to their
country of origin).
(7) Oversea immigration of aliens.
(8) Continental immigration of aliens.
The fundamental classification of migration movements is that
contained in the distinction between emigration and immigrationj
the same phenomenon being considered from the points of view
of the two countries concerned. For the country compiling the.
statistics it is also of great political importance to know if the
emigrant or immigrant is a national or an alien. Finally, it is of
capital importance to know whether emigrants from the country
are leaving for a state in the same continent, or are going overseas.
The period of absence, the conditions and risks of the journey,
the chances of permanent settlement in the country of destination, are often in direct proportion to the distance between the
country which the emigrant is leaving and that of his future
residence, especially if an oversea voyage is involved. The classification is no less important for the country of immigration,
especially from the point of view of the permanent settlement
and assimilation of the immigrants. In most European and oversea
countries legislation has hitherto referred only to oversea emigration, so that very often the statistics give no information on other
currents of migration. Of the various statistics published, those
dealing with oversea migration are the oldest and the most usual.
They are also more highly developed with respect to method and
—5—
accuracy. Statistics of continental migration are still scanty, and
as a rule very defective. Moreover, their further development
raises greater difficulties than the statistics of oversea movements.
In the appended tables, more particularly in the two chief tables
I and II, the principal classification has been made into emigration and immigration, each movement being further classified by
direction (oversea and continental), and subdivided under the heads
" nationals " and " aliens ". In the text itself, however, the first
distinction made is between the two fundamental phenomena of
oversea and continental migration, which are not of equal importance when the possibilities of introducing regulations are
considered.
Taking these two main heads, and comparing the emigration
and immigration of nationals and aliens for European countries
and for oversea countries respectively, it is thought that the
national and international importance of the various movements,
as well as their intensity, will be more clearly brought out by
comparing them with the population in a large number of states.
A comparison of oversea migration with population offers perhaps
the soundest criterion for a comparison of the movements of
migration in different countries.
At the same time, it is possible very largely to check the figures
of emigration and immigration (repatriation) of nationals, as given
by the statistics of the country of emigration, by figures of immigration and emigration of aliens, taken from the statistics of the
corresponding countries of immigration. In this way international
statistics are supplemented by data for countries which have not
yet published direct and regular national statistics.
In addition to these main features of the movements of migration, there is the question of the migration of aliens from the point
of view of the countries of transit. Such movements, too, may be
logically classified in four groups, according as the migration is
oversea or continental, but for purposes of this report only two
forms of transit are of real importance — the transit of aliens
leaving for and returning from oversea countries.
The various phenomena should not be studied from the quantitative point of view alone. The geographical direction of the
migration movements in the different countries should also be
observed, with particulars of the country of future or last residence.
The tables give details on these points, and use has sometimes
been made of a classification of migrants by nationality to supplement the data on the direction of movements. It should be
—6 observed, however, that it is not always possible to establish
definitely the nationality of migrants, in the political sense of the
term.
Still in accordance with the terms of the Recommendation, an
attempt has also been made to classify emigrants and immigrants
(nationals and aliens) by sex, age, and occupation, at least so far
as national statistics allow.
Such is the general plan followed. It is hoped that this study
will provide in succinct form a sufficiently clear view of the migration movements in the more important countries during 1923.
In addition, the appended tables and explanatory notes should
supply specialists with all the details it is at present possible to
give.
Another question to be settled was that of the choice of period.
In the first two tables (emigration and immigration) statistics are
given, not only for 1923, but for purposes of comparison, wherever
possible, also for 1920, 1921, and 1922. The other tables are
confined to data for 1922 and 1923.
For the general tables (I and II) 1920 is taken as the startingpoint, because it was the first relatively normal post-war year.
Political conditions were comparatively calm and shipping no
longer presented excessive risks. Moreover, the movements of
prisoners and war refugees, which had no permanent significance,
were already reduced, while in 1920 most states had resumed the
compilation of their old migration statistics and the new states had
begun to draw up reports.
The year 1920 marks the beginning of a new period in migration.
In view of the changes in the populations of the different countries,
the shifting of political frontiers and the general economic conditions,
it may be considered the starting-point of the developments which
took place during the following years. From that date the new
conditions created by the war and the Peace Treaties had a more
stable influence on the volume and character of migration movements.
Yet, as before the war, there were considerable fluctuations in
international migration from one year to another. It is therefore
essential to strike an average for several years, if a sound basis
for comparison is to be obtained. Consequently, the average of
the four years in question (1920-1923) has been taken as a basis
for comparing the annual fluctuations in migration after the war.
It may be added that this is the only basis allowing of a reliable
comparison between this post-war period and the pre-war decennial
— 7 —
averages. Next year the available statistics will cover the five
years after the war, and the average should serve as a stable basis
of comparison for future work.
It should be pointed out that the whole phenomenon of migration has not been covered. First, currents of migration on which
official documents were not available have only been taken into
account as an exception. Secondly, there are movements which
have not been analysed, in spite of their importance, because they
are occasioned much more by the force of political circumstances
than by economic causes. Such movements require separate
analysis. This applies to the migration of refugees and other
movements due to the changes made in the political map of Europe
and certain colonial territories by the Peace Treaties, which are
not covered by this study any more than migrations which are to
be attributed to questions of racial minorities or certain internal
conflicts.
Nor has an attempt been made to analyse the causes and effects
of migrations properly so called. It was considered outside the
scope of this study to define the connection between migration
movements, population, social conditions, legislation, and intellectual conditions in the different countries, to classify probable
future tendencies, and to study the means of influencing developments by national legislation or international measures.
In brief, although more than a mere compilation of figures has
been attempted, the study makes no claim to enter into theoretical
considerations or offer practical suggestions. The object has
merely been to carry out the instructions of the 1922 Resolution
to the Office " to make every effort to facilitate international
co-ordination of migration statistics ". Constant care has been
exerted to examine as closely as possible all the figures received,
by studying the administrative measures under which they were
compiled and the definitions used in making returns. It is hoped
that by the use of these methods this statistical study has been
made as accurate as possible.
CHAPTER
I
OVERSEA MIGRATION
I. Volume
MIGRATION OF NATIONALS
European Countries
Emigration
Most countries resumed the compilation and publication of
oversea emigration statistics immediately after the war, and this
was the branch of migration statistics to which the new countries
first paid attention. It is thus possible to give fairly complete
data (see the general table I), for twenty different countries, of
oversea migration from 1920 to 1923. Figures for 1920 for Danzig,
Roumania, the Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom, and Hungary are
lacking, so that the average for the other three years has been taken
instead. The table is complete for 1922 and 1923, except that
for the Irish Free State separate statistics were available only
from 1 April 1923 and were not really complete until 1 October
1923. For the previous period the figures for the Irish Free State
were included in those of Great Britain 1. In addition, the statistics for Malta have had to be taken separately, as only a general
total was published for the period from 11 November 1918 to 31
March 1922.
Some European countries have no direct statistics, in particular
France (since 1913)2, certain Balkan states (Bulgaria, Greece,
Turkey), the Baltic states (Esthonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), and
Russia. Russian oversea emigration is in any case practically
1
2
See explanatory note on Irish Free State (tables I andll).
The number of oversea emigrants has been estimated at 5,000. (RÉPUBLIQUE
FRANÇAISE: Annuaire Statistique, Vol. 38, 1912, pp. 193-195; Paris).
— 10 —
negligible owing to the prohibition by the Soviet Government;
but migration to European countries and within the immense
territory of the Union itself has correspondingly increased in
importance.
European oversea emigration in the strict sense of the term is
far from being as great as before the war. Table 1 x gives comparative figures for the annual average volume of migration before and
after the war; the years 1914-1919 must be regarded as exceptional
and are therefore not considered. The same figures are represented
graphically in figure 1.
TABLE 1.
OVERSEA
EMIGRATION
OF
NATIONALS
(EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES), 1881-1923
Annual average for the years
Country of emigration
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Belgium
Denmark
Spain
Finland
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Netherlands
Portugal
Sweden
Switzerland
Total
1881-1890
1891-1900
1901-1910
1911-1913
1920-1923
134,242
22,384
4,027
8,162
37,782
2,679
255,853
99,000
18,669
5,211
18,532
32,751
9,091
52,988
35,680
2,850
5,151
38,780
5,905
174,279
157,959
9,485
2,393
26,889
20,451
4,408
27,965
110,332
3,055
7,342
109,090
15,883
281,843
361,517
19,086
2,801
32,531
22,404
4,907
22,359
240,979
5,607
7,632
161,709
13,384
390,292
408,550
10,486
2,374
82,909
16,228
5,858
45,963
47,620
3,692
5,826
92,603
7,175
242,136
176,203
8,737
4,261
31,038
11,109
7,550
648,383
537,218
998,756
1,368,367
685,217
l
i Estimated emigration for the post-war period 1920-1923 from the territories of the former
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy :
Austria
36,452
Hungary
5,854
Poland
36,828
Roumania
20,794
Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom . . . .
17,710
Czechoslovakia
72,842
Total
Annual average . .
190,480
47,620
We have taken the annual average European emigration for
the period 1920 to 1923 as a basis of comparison. As already
indicated, this average is also used as a standard in comparing
the annual fluctuations of emigration during the period itself.
1
In most of the tables countries are placed in French alphabetical order.
—11
FIGURE 1 .
OVERSEA EMIGRATION OF NATIONALS (EUROPEAN COUNTRIES)
1881-1923
(annual averages in thousands)
450
I8ÖI-90
IÖ9I-00
I90I-I0
1911-15
' I920-23
Taking the aggregate for the European countries covered, the
present volume of emigration is thus rather larger than for the
ten years 1881 to 1890, namely, an annual average of 685,217 per-
— 12 —
sons during the period 1920 to 1923 as compared with 648,383
during the earlier period.
From 1890 until the outbreak of the war emigration increased
considerably in southern and eastern Europe (Italy, AustriaHungary, Spain, Portugal), while it fell, in northern and western
Europe (Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland).
In the United Kingdom and Finland, on the other hand, there was
a drop from 1891 to 1900 and then a marked increase until the
war. Taken as a whole, the total emigration from Europe fell
during the last decade of the nineteenth century (annual average
537,218), rose to a remarkable extent from 1901 to 1910 (annual
average 998,756), and reached a maximum during the last three
years of peace from 1911 to 1913 (annual average 1,368,367).
From 1920 to 1923 Germany and the Netherlands were the only
countries in which there was an increase in the number of emigrants
as compared with the number before the war. There was a marked
reduction in all other countries, including the chief centres of
emigration, namely, the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian
Monarchy, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Russia.
TABLE 2 . FLUCTUATIONS OF OVERSEA EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
OF NATIONALS (EUROPEAN COUNTRIES), 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 2 3 .
Emigration
Country
Germany
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Danzig
Spain
Finland
U n i t e d Kingdom
Hungary
Italy
Norway
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Roumania
Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom
Sweden
Switzerland
Czechoslovakia
Total
Annua]
average,
19201923
45,963
9,113
3,692
5,826
19
92,603
7,175
228,740
1,463
176,203
8,737
4,261
63,843
31,038
10,397
Immigration (repatriation)
Percentage of average
1920
1921 I 1922 1 1923
18.4 51.0 79.5 251.1
57.1 56.8 116.0 170.1
254.2 59.6 75.1 61.1
108.1 91.1 70.3 130.5
105.2 126.3 68.4 110.5
162.6 67.5 69.2 100.7
78.0 50.0 80.0 192.8
124.7 87.1 76.1 112.1
68.4 83.3 116.3 132.3
119.9 110.3 68.9 100.9
63.9 53.0 73.9 209.3
139.9 77.1 50.6 132.3
116.1 136.8 60.3 86.8
149.5 57.7 93.6 99.2
96.2 19.8 161.7 122.3
8,855 79.1 146.4 68.7 105.8
11,109 54.7 45.6 72.1 227.6
7,550 122.9 94.4 76.6 106.4
18,211 96.5 97.8 118.0 87.7
734,798 117.7
89.2
Annual
average;
19201923
Percentage oí average
1920 1 1921 I 1922 1 1923
1,296 102.8
51,538
95.1 115.6
86.4
90.7 149.0
99.6
62.6
70,763 121.6 100.8
1,163 146.2 147.0
65,943 117.7 139.9
96.1
87.9
82.3
81.4
19.1
60.2
41,657 168.0 189.2 26.7
18,158 89.3 112.0 113.0
1,851 135.0 137.5 89.7
16.1
85.4
37.7
3,819 146.7 104.9
1,507
99.6
99.6
75.3 117.8 257,695 120.0 135.9
84.8
63.7
99.6 100.0
83.0
61.1
— 13 —
Taking as a whole the twenty European countries which have
supplied direct statistics, it will be seen from table I that the
volume of emigration fluctuated considerably from 1920 to 1923,
since the total of 2,952,591 emigrants is composed of 864,848 for
1920, 655,394 for 1921, 553,541 for 1922, and 878,808 for 1923, the
•corresponding percentages of the average being 117.7,89.2, 75.3,
and 117.8 respectively. There was thus a marked reduction from
1920 to 1922 and a rise in 1923, when the maximum was reached.
FIGURE 2. FLUCTUATIONS OF OVERSEA EUROPEAN MIGRATION {ALL COUNTRIES)
1920-1923
«OOOOOOi
900000
OVERSEA EMIGRATION
OI> MATIOMALS
ÔOOOOO
700O0O
600000
SOOOOO
«OOOOO
- OVERSEA
IMMIGRATOTI
Of-
MATIOMALS (n£rwrf!Ariori )
5O0OOO
200000
ipoooo
o
. COriTIMEMTAL
IQ20
EMIGRATION
Of
MATIOMALS
1922
IQ2I
1923
The various European countries may be classified in three groups
according to the tendency of their oversea emigration :
(1) Countries in which emigration has increased heavily since
1920 (sometimes with a slight fall in 1921). In some of these
countries more than half the emigrants left during 1923:
Country
Germany . .
Austria . . .
Finland . . .
Hungary . .
Norway . . .
Sweden . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1920
1921
1922
1923
8,458
5,200
5,595
1,000
5,581
6,078
23,451
5,176
3,557
1,218
4,627
5,062
36,527
10,579
5,715
1,701
6,456
8,014
115,416
15,497
13,835
1,935
18,287
25,282
(2) Countries in which the emigration curve has the same form
as that for Europe as a whole, showing, after a very marked fall
in 1921-1922, an increase in the volume of emigration:
_
Country
Denmark . . . .
Spain
United Kingdom.
Italy
Netherlands . . .
Poland
Portugal . . . .
Serb-Croat-Slovene
Kingdom . . .
Switzerland . . .
14 —
1920
6,300
150,566
285,102
211,227
5,963
74,121
46,410
1921
5,309
62,479
199,477
194,320
3,284
87,334
17,915
1922
4,094
64,119
174,096
121,410
2,158
38,516
29,037
1923
7,061
93,246
256,284
177.853
5,639
55,401
30,792
7,000
9,276
12,965
7,129
6,086
5,787
9,370
8,006
(3) Countries in which emigration was less in 1923 than in
1922:
Country
Roumania. . . .
Czechoslovakia. .
1920
10,000
17,567
1921
2,058
17,809
1922
16,812
21,494
1923
12,719
15,972
It should be pointed out that in the countries of the last group
the statistics are still in an early stage of development, and uniform
methods have not always been used in recording the number of
emigrants during the years in question.
In any case, the figures given above are of only secondary
significance from the point of view of the real importance of
emigration. They do not admit of the conclusion that in these
countries there is a more or less marked tendency to find the
necessary outlet for expansion in emigration, or to use it as a
means of solving the problems of over-population and unemployment. Before drawing such a conclusion it would at least be
necessary to compare the applications for passports and visas with
the other official information available.
Immigration (Repatriation)
An exact estimate of emigration from European countries also
requires statistics of the reverse movement for each country, i.e. of
the return of nationals from oversea countries. These data are
as a rule Jess frequent and less complete, especially for the continental countries of Europe; a general idea of the importance of the
movement may however be obtained by comparing such statistics
of repatriation as exist.
For Belgium, Czechoslovakia, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Irish
Free State, Poland, Portugal, Roumania, Spain, and Switzerland,
oversea repatriation from 1920 to 1923 included 1,033,863 persons.
It is further observed that for these countries as a whole there is
much less variety in the movements of the repatriation figures
than in those of emigration. There was a marked reduction in the
total during the last three years considered :
— 15 —
Total
PGT cGnt of
average . . . .
1920
1921
1922
309,129
350,160
213,291
120.0
135.9
83.0
1923
60,653
61.1
The following were the countries in which the tendency to
decrease was most marked:
Country
Spain
United Kingdom.
Italy
Poland
Roumania. . . .
Sweden
1920
1921
1922
1923
46,534
86,055
77,599
70,000
2,500
5,601
76,439
71,367
92,212
78,817
2,546
4,005
51,097
68,026
54,282
11,116
1,662
3,237
32,081
57,606
39,680
6,693
698
2,433
This is not the place to consider the causes of this phenomenon,
nor to estimate its effects for the countries of emigration. Before
the war the losses from emigration were largely compensated by
the higher standard of living and of general culture among the
repatriated emigrants and by their higher birthrate. At present
the situation in many countries is much less favourable. In Italy,
for instance, returning emigrants were 56 per cent, of emigrants
for the years 1909-1913, whereas for the period 1920-1923 they
were only about 37 per cent. The proportion was about 31 per
cent, for the United Kingdom, but here it should be observed
that most emigrants go to the Dominions and colonies. For other
countries, taking the averages of the period 1920-1923 (table 2),
the proportions are: Sweden, one-third; Spain, one-half; Czechoslovakia, one-twelfth. For Portugal, where oversea emigration is
largely seasonal, the proportion is about 50 per cent.
Non-European Countries
Emigration
For Asiatic countries an estimate of the oversea emigration
from India and Japan can be given.
Emigration of unskilled labourers from India, which used to go
mainly to South Africa (indentured labour), was suspended under
the 1922 Act, and was subsequently allowed only to Mauritius.
In Japan various methods are used for recording oversea emigration. The port statistics, which are the most accurate, give
particulars of the emigration of workers to Canada, Hawaii, and
the United States. The numbers are now much less than before
the war, owing to the restrictions imposed by immigration legisla-
— 16 —
tion (26,841 in 1920-1923). Emigration, more particularly to the
United States, where it was already limited by the " Gentlemen's
Agreement " (1907) \ has fallen still more since 1921. The figures
for the four years 1920-1923 were 2,875, 10,000, 7,616, and 6,350
respectively.
Although port statistics are more accurate than statistics of
passports or even of emigration permits, they are based on a
definition which does not exclude ordinary passengers. Moreover,
they ignore Japanese oversea emigration in certain directions and
thus neglect a new tendency. They must therefore be completed
by statistics of emigration permits, although these include persons
who do not use their permits, and they do not cover clandestine
emigrants going to certain American countries (Argentina, Brazil,
Bolivia, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Chile, and Colombia) and to
Oceania. In 1922 and 1923 the numbers of emigrants going to
South America were 1,360 and 1,290 respectively, those of emigrants
to Oceania 3,377 and 2,615. The statistics of the countries of
immigration (see table IV) also show the importance of these
movements.
As far as is known to the Office, there are no statistics of emigration to the Japanese Islands and Korea.
For many other Asiatic countries (China, etc.) only indirect
statistics are available, obtained by adding the respective figures
given by the countries of oversea immigration; these give some
indication of the important movement of the yellow races to other
continents.
The emigration statistics of the British Dominions do not distinguish between British born or naturalised British subjects and
other permanent residents or even alien passengers leaving the
country (Australia).
Immigration (Repatriation)
The statistics of non-European countries for the oversea immigration of nationals (repatriation) are even more meagre than those
for their emigration. Even the United States still neglects this
branch of statistics. In India and Japan, however, a record is
kept of genuine emigrants returning to their country.
1
In 1907 the number of passports issued to oversea travellers was still as
high as 43,627. In 1908 it was only 21,344, and in 1909 15,740 (E. GRÜNFELD:
Die japanische Auswanderung, p. 12. Tokio, 1913.)
— 17 —
For India, the reports (for Bengal and Madras) published on the
administration of the 1922 Emigration Act make it possible to
determine, from 1923 onwards, the figures of repatriated Indian
labourers who have been employed in various oversea colonies:
Trinidad, British Guiana, Jamaica. The total for 1923 was 7,827.
The statistics published by the Board of Trade for previous
years combine the figures for oversea and continental returning
emigrants.
In Japan the two movements (emigration and repatriation)
balance one other.
Both Argentina 1 and Brazil, where some thousands of persons
return every year, usually after a short journey, compile statistics
of this kind. It may be noted that Brazil is the only country where
comparative figures for the four years considered are available.
Migration in Relation to Population:
Net Emigration or Immigration
It is not proposed to discuss here the causes of migration movements or their effects on population policy. All that is sought
is as accurate an estimate as possible of their magnitude and a
comparison of their relative volume in the different countries.
For this purpose the relation of emigration and immigration
to population (as distinct from the relative numerical intensity)
has been calculated from the decrease (number of emigrants per
100,000 inhabitants) or increase (number of immigrants and
returning emigrants per 100,000 inhabitants) of the population.
In addition a balance has been struck for the annual migration
to or from countries which record not only oversea emigration but
also the repatriation of their nationals, by comparing the two figures
of relative intensity calculated as above; the last part of table 3
shows the net annual increase ( + ) or decrease (—) of the population
per 100,000 inhabitants.
1
It should be pointed out that in Argentina the word "repatriation"
does not usually cover the spontaneous return of national emigrants. It
applies to their enforced return, or at least to their return at the public expense
— a sense in which it is frequently used in English-speaking countries.
2
TABLE 3 .
OVERSEA MIGRATION OF NATIONALS (EUROPEAN COUNTRIES) AND ALIENS (NON-EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES),
PER 100,000 INHABITANTS, 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 2 3
1920
Country
Germany
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Spain
Finland
Great Brit- 1
ain a n d I
Northern f
Ireland
J
Hungary l
Irish F . S t a t e
Italy
Norway
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Roumania
Population
59,855,966
6,526,661
7,405,569
3,267,831
21,338,381
3,402,593
Luate oí cne census
1919
1923
1920
1921
1920
1920
1921
1922
7,981,143 1920
3,160,000 1922
38,835,824 1921
2,632,138 1920
6,865,314 1920
25,372,447 1921
6,032,991 1920
16 000,000 1920
44,201,591
(8 Oct.)
(7 Mar.)
(31 Dec.)
(1 Feb.)
(31 Dec.)
(31 Dec.)
(19 June))
(30 June))
(31 Dec.)
(30 June)
( 1 Dec.)
( 1 Dec.)
(31 Dec.)
(30 Sept.)
( 1 Dec.)
(estim. a t
31 Dec.)
I. Nationals
(European
1921
1923
1922
1920
Countries)
1921
1922
14
80
127
192
705
164
38
80
30
162
293
105
61
162
13
125
301
168
193
237
30
236
437
407
645
12
451
15
394
21
544
215
87
292
769
50O
178
48
344
297
63
13
1922
19201923
1923
Net increase ( + ) or decrease (—)
Immigration
Emigration
1921
1920
1923
—
109 —
13
+
7
—
15 —
130
287 —
769
18
17
20
15
219
358
240
150 —
486 +
65 —
61 —
195
22
162
22
154
13
130 —
3 +
450 —
10 +
289 —
7—
240 —
8 —
450 — 1,429
21 —
12
313
248
31
152
481
580
24
580
458
703
82
218
510
200
238
140
102 —
344 —
262 —
173 —
356 — 1,135
277
27
312
34
44
34
27 —
26 —
15 —
742 —
32 —
263 —
108 —
447 —
191 — 346
484 — 1,936
105
79
16
16
10
4 —
+
3—
95 —
47
75 —
214
Serb-CroatSlovene
Kingdom
Sweden
Switzerland
Czechoslovakia
12,017,323
5,904,489
3,887,352
1921 (31 Jan.)
1920 (31 Dec.)
1920 ( 1 Dec.)
58
103
238
108
86
183
51
136
149
78
429
206
95
68
55
41 —
8—
18 —
81 —
13,611,349
1921 (15 Feb.)
129
131
158
117
11
11
11
11 —
120 —
119 —
147 —
II. Aliens
Country
Africa :
South Africa
Population
7,156,319
Date of the
census
1921 (3 May)
(Non-European
293
185
106 —
491
Net increase ( + ) or decrease (—)
Emigration
168
495
Countries)
Immigration
319
388
210
220
206
213 +
109 +
73 —
21 —
45 +
116
to
America :
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Cuba
Unit. States
Paraguay
(30 June) 1,011 1,140 1,502 2,266
225 191 218 276
(1 Sept.)
1,122 772 531 1,341
(1 June)
(15 Sept.) 6,030 2,040 900 2,612
272 664 230 323
(1 J a n . )
20
32
55
(estimate)
12
8,610,000
30,635,605
8,788,483
2,889,004
105,710,620
1,000,000
1920
1920
1921
1919
1920
1918
Oceania:
Australia
5,435,734
1921
New Zealand
1,218,913
1921 (17 April) 1,446 1,242 1,136
722
+
544
780 + 1,722 + 2,502
72 +
13 +
441
+
53 +
(4 April) 1,568 1,477 1,694 1,709 1,416 1,161 1,021 1,018 +
152 +
+
1,008 +
673 +
691 + 1,826
960 +
762 + 3,906
965
259
270
223
234
177
176i
203 + 1,176 +
310
251
758
i See note 2 to table 4.
s The same proportional number is given for the Irish. Free State as for Great Britain, as separate statistics for tbe former do not begin until i April 1923 and
are very incomplete until 1 October of that year.
— 20 —
For nineteen countries in table 3 it has been possible to use
direct emigration statistics. For nine more, which have no direct
statistics, and for Hungary, for which the direct statistics would
upset the results of the general table, the indirect method has had
to be used. The number of emigrants from each of these countries
has been calculated from the statistics of immigrants in the chief
countries of immigration (oversea countries).
TABLE 4 .
INDIRECT STATISTICS OF OVERSEA EMIGRATION OF
NATIONALS1, 1922 AND 1923
Emigrants
Country of
emigration
Population
Albania
.
876,854
Bulgaria
Esthonia
Prance .
Greece .
Hungary
Latvia .
,
.
.
.
4,861,439
1,110,538
39,209,766
5,536,375
7,981,143
1,950,000
2
.
Lithuania.
Russia in
Europe 3
T u r k e y in
Europe.
Total .
2,404,000
101,734,443
6,130,200
Date of the
census
1922 (estimate,
31 Dec.)
1920 (31 Dec.)
1922 (28 Dec.)
1921 (6 May)
1920 (18-31 Dec.)
1920 (31 Dec.)
1922 (estimate,
31 Dec.)
1922 (31 Dec.)
1922
1923
Per
100,000
Number inhabitants
Per
100,000
Number
inhabitants
8
1,512
12
8,850
4,145
6,251
1
31
1
22
75
79
284
1,559
404
10,532
6,241
6,588
36
32
37
26
113
83
52
1,000
2
49
2,242
3,085
118
128
1920 (28 Aug.)* 25,753
25
32,622
32
1910 (estimate)
41
2,873
47
2,530
50,113
66,430
i European countries which have no direct statistics, but which appear in table IV (statistics
of immigration
(non-European countries), by country of last residence).
2
The indirect statistics, though they do not cover all non-European countries, are more
than three times as great as the direct statistics (table 3). The annual quota admitted to the
United States is alone almost equal to the total given by the indirect statistics. The latter
figures has therefore been taken for comparison and is used in figure 3.
Most of the Russians included in these statistics were refugees arriving indirectly in
non-European countries after staying in various European countries.
* The territories covered correspond to the administrative organisation in force on 1 September 1921.
A comparison of the number of emigrants from these countries
in 1923 with the population gives the relative intensity of emigration 1. The results are illustrated in the following map :
1
Italy, where the relative intensity was 458 per 100,000 inhabitants, is
classified in the group 400-450.
— 21 —
FIGURE 3 .
PROPORTION OF OVERSEA EMIGRATION OF NATIONALS
IN EUROPE TO POPULATION, 1 9 2 3
N. B. For the tollowing countries indirect statistics have been used : Albania, Bulgaria, Esthonia, France, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Turkey in Europe.
Ten of the countries included in table 3 also compile statistics
of the immigration of their nationals (repatriation). A balance
has therefore been struck for each of these countries also, and it
appears that nearly all European countries show an excess of oversea emigration over immigration. Taken in the order of the net
emigration per 100,000 inhabitants the countries are as follows:
Portugal (1,936), Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1,249),
Italy (1,135), followed by Spain, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Poland,
Roumania, and Belgium (130), all showing much lower figures.
But to estimate the influence of migration on population and the
labour market it is not sufficient merely to determine its relation
to the population. It is also necessary to find out whether the
emigrants have gone to colonies and countries where they are sure
to be assimilated and to form communities with a national character,
or whether the current of migration is more or less seasonal. The
continental migration of nationals must also be taken into account,
for, although it is largely seasonal, it has yet some influence on the
demographic situation. Finally, the emigration and immigration
(oversea and continental) of aliens must be considered, the density
-
22
-
of the population, changes in the birth rate and death rate — all
with reference to the sex, age, occupation, etc. of the migrants —
•as well as the conditions of life in the country of destination and its
future prospects. Moreover, these observations should cover a
sufficient period, say ten years. Failing adequate knowledge of
these various factors, no definite conclusions are possible.
MIGRATION
OF A L I E N S
Non-European Countries
Immigration
The available immigration statistics for non-European countries
refer to thirty-one states and colonies, but they are far from
complete. Even those for such important countries as Chile
(passenger statistics), Uruguay, and Venezuela are incomplete;
figures for 1923 are lacking, etc. The statistics of non-European
colonies are even less satisfactory. The fullest and most complete
are those of the British Dominions. The annual reports of the United
States Commissioner-General of Immigration contain information
on the Philippines. The Netherlands publishes reports on migration in the Dutch Indies and Dutch Guiana (Surinam). No
reports are published on immigration in the French, Japanese,
Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish colonies. On the other hand
the tables include the immigration statistics for mandated territories which appeared in the reports submitted to the Mandates
Commission of the League of Nations.
In the British Dominions, the Union of South Africa, New
Zealand, and Canada consider as alien immigrants aliens arriving
for the first time with a view to settling permanently in the
country (for more than one year). Some Dominions also include
persons who were born or were formerly permanently resident
in the country and who return after a permanent stay abroad
(for more than one year).
To give a general idea of the extent of oversea immigration the
figures for the ten most important countries of immigration have
been added, namely, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chili,
New Zealand, Paraguay, the Philippines, the Union of South Africa,
and the United States, which have supplied figures for the whole
period 1920-1923, giving a total of 911,636. The averages for
the four years have been calculated and the yearly totals for
each country
average.
are shown
23
-
as p e r c e n t a g e s
of t h e
corresponding
TABLE 5. FLUCTUATIONS OF OVERSEA IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION OF ALIENS (NON-EUROPEAN COUNTRIES), 1920-1923
Emigration
Immigration
Country
Annual
average
19201923
Asia :
Philippines
Africa :
South
Africa
Per cent, of average
1920
Annual
average
19201923
Per cent, of average
1920
1921
1921
1922
1923
8,437 117.0 126.8
77.4
79.3
1,354 112.0 127.3
17,253 132.2 121.3
76.7
69.7
15,168 98.9 104.0
America :
Argentina
127,361 68.3 77.0 101.5 153.7
Brazil
83,656 82.5 59.9 80.1 101.2
Canada
82,545 119.5 82.2 96.5 141.7
Chile
12,422 98.1 110.8 94.4 96.6
Cuba
83,656 208.3 70.5 31.1 90.2
Unit. States 393,796 73.1 178.3 61.8 86.9 193,640 141.5 122.2
300 106.7 185.7 67.0 41.3
Paraguay
Oceania:
Australia
New
Zealand
Total
87,616 97.3
911,636 94.8 123.5
1923
81.6
79.5
96.9 100.3
97.1
39.2
62,732 122.8 100.6
88.5
88.2
2,687 122.5 106.3
80.0
91.2
71.3 104.1 275,581 139.7 120.2
68.7
52.5
91.7 105.1 106.0
14,594 120.8 103.8
1922
94.9
80.6
The above table shows that the immigration curve for these
countries taken as a whole was below the average in 1920 (94.8
per cent.), rising by 29 per cent, (to 123.5 per cent.) in 1921
falling again by 42 per cent, (to 71.3 per cent.) in 1922, and rising
slightly above the average (to 104.1 per cent.) in 1923.
The heavy setback in 1922 was apparently due to the changes
in American immigration legislation, since during the four years
in question nearly half the total number of oversea immigrants
(1,575,183) arrived in the United States. The Percentum Limit
Act of 19 May 1921 (sometimes known as the Quota Act) came
into force in June 1921 x and affected migration not only in the
1
Under this Act the number of nationals of each country to be admitted
to the United States under the immigration laws was limited to an annual
maximum of 3 per cent, of the total number of nationals of that country
resident in the United States in 1910.
-
24
-
United States but throughout the world. Under the old law
immigration to the United States rose from 287,695 (73.1 per cent.
of the average) in the fiscal year 1919-1920* to 702,153 (178.3
per cent.) in 1920-1921.
Under the new Act the number of oversea immigrants fell
suddenly to 243,195 in 1921-1922 (61.8 per cent, of the average),
rising considerably in the following year to 342,140 (86.4 per cent.)2.
The reason was that the Act tended merely to limit immigration
from the countries of eastern and southern Europe, having little
effect on immigration from northern and western Europe, while
American countries were not affected at all. Thus the United
States labour market continued to absorb labour from countries
not affected by the new regulations.
TABLE 6. IMMIGRATION OF ALIENS INTO THE UNITED STATES, BY
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN, 1 9 1 3 - 1 9 1 4 , 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 2 1 ,
AND 1922-1923
Number of immigrants admitted
Countries of origin
Northern
and
western Europe
Southern
and
eastern Europe
British
North
America
Mexico
Other countries
Total
Per cent, of total
1913-1914 1920-1921 1922-1923 1913-1914 1920-1921 1922-1923
164,133
138,551
156,429
13.4
17.2
29.9
915,974
525,548
153,674
75.2
65.3
29.4
86,139
14,614
37,620
72,317
30,758
38,054
117,011
63,768
32,037
7.1
1.2
3.1
9.0
3.8
4.7
22.4
12.2
6.1
1,218,480
805,228
522,919
100.0
100.0
100.0
Table 6 shows two tendencies. First, there is a reduction,
already considerable before the new system came into force, of
total immigration into the United States as compared with 19131914, a reduction which became more marked in the year 19221923 under the influence of the new law. Secondly, it will be seen
that in 1922-1923 less than one-third of the immigrants came from
southern and eastern Europe, whereas the proportion in 1913-1914
was three-fourths. The number of immigrants from northern and
1
2
The fiscal year ends on 30 June.
The corresponding figures for the calendar years 1922 and 1923 were 281,351
and 487,057 respectively.
— 25 —
western Europe, which was formerly about one-eighth of the total,
is now nearly one-third.
It might be expected that the statistics would show the new
directions taken by the large numbers of European emigrants to
whom North America is closed, for it is difficult to suppose that
the impetus given to emigration by the social conditions created
in Europe during and after the war has been checked. Yet there
are very few important countries of immigration which show a
marked increase in immigration during 1920-1923. The first is
Argentina, with 87,032, 98,086, 129,263, and 195,063 immigrants
in the four years respectively; to these numbers should be added
a certain number of immigrants arriving by river who, according
to official information, are classified as continental immigrants
in table II B.
Immigration into Brazil also increased after a slight fall in 1921,
the figures for the four years being 69,042, 58,476, 66,968, and
84,632. Mexican statistics show barely 30,000 (1922) and 40,000
(1923) immigrants a year, and even these figures include alien
immigrants arriving across the continental frontiers. The figures
for Chile, which are not very accurate, being taken from
passenger statistics, suggest that the stream of immigration is
fairly steady. The Venezuelan statistics relate only,to 1920 and
1921. Those for Paraguay are not general enough to be taken
as fully representative of the extent of immigration. In Cuba
there was a marked decrease after 1920, with a considerable rise
in 1923, the figures being 174,221, 58,948, 25,993 and 75,463 for
the four years.
The British Dominions and Colonies offer little outlet for overpopulated Europe except for the subjects of Great Britain. In
point of fact nationals of ex-enemy countries were excluded on
principle until the end of the period 1920-1923. On the other
hand there has been a considerable increase in the migration of
British subjects to different parts of the Empire as a result of the
continued development and co-ordination of British and Dominionpolicy, as a result of which important financial and administrative
assistance is provided for British emigrants. Yet the system
of assisted emigration has not yielded all the results expected.
When the Empire Settlement Act 1922 was adopted it was thought
that the system would lead to a considerable exodus. Thus it was
estimated that 55,000 or 56,000 British nationals a year would
leave the home country to settle in Australia, 14,000 in New Zealand,
and 15,000 in Canada. In fact, the number of assisted emigrants
— 26 —
has not exceeded 20,000 a year 1. It should be explained that
the result has fallen so far below expectations because the Dominions
have not contributed enough to the financial side of the scheme.
In the Union of South Africa a very definite decrease in immigration was recorded: 22,816, 20,933, 13,235, 12,027. In 1923 the
number of immigrants had thus fallen to nearly half that in 1920.
The growing employment of native and imported coloured labour
is already creating doubts of the future predominance of the white
race in this country 2 .
In New Zealand the reduction in immigration (17,624, 15,146,
13,845, 11,762) has been equally striking. The passenger statistics
of the Commonwealth of Australia indicate that the number of
immigrants is almost the same from year to year. The possibilities
of immigration and settlement on a large scale would appear to be
most realised in Canada. The figures for the four years are :
98,636 (119.5 per cent, of the average), 67,840 (82.2), 46,690
(56.5), 117,013 (141.7). After a setback in 1921 and 1922 immigration was apparently given a fresh impulse by the new regulations,
which even relax the restrictions on the admission of ex-enemy
aliens.
Among other British possessions the Barbados, Jamaica, Tobago,
and, in particular, Mauritius and British Guiana are specially
important as outlets for emigration from India; but it should be
remembered that the figures relating to these British possessions
include also a certain number of ordinary passengers and tourists.
Among the mandated territories the Cameroons, Nauru Island,
and Samoa are still of very little importance from the point of
view of oversea immigration. There is in general little to record
except isolated immigrants and travellers making a short stay in
these territories. This does not apply to Palestine. Since this
country was made the national Jewish home by an international
agreement it has had a real attraction for Jews, especially from
eastern Europe. Owing to the regulation of immigration, however,
the figures for 1922 and 1923 are comparatively low, namely
7,000 a year 3 .
1
Report of the Oversea Settlement Committee for the year ended 31 December
1923, p. 4. London, 1924.
2
Ci- L. E. NEAME : "The Real SouthAfrican Problem in" The Quarterly Review,
Jan. 1925. London.
3
For the period 1919-1921 the number of Jewish immigrants was estimated
at 30,000 persons, and of repatriated Jews at 5,000.
— 27 —
Emigration
The emigration of aliens is a movement made up almost entirely
of the return of former emigrants to their own countries. Figures
for each country in table I are given for at least one of the four
years covered. The United States again shows the highest figures :
274,041, 236,557, 187,947, and 76,015. The steady decrease in
the number of aliens leaving the United States is strikingly shown
by the figures giving the number of emigrants each year as a percentage of the average for the four years: 141.5, 122.2, 97.1,
and 39.2.
In the Philippines emigration, like immigration, is steadily
decreasing.
Canada does not record the number of emigrants.
There was also a considerable reduction during the four years in
question in the number of emigrants from Australia (out-going
passengers 1) and New Zealand (permanent residents leaving to
settle permanently in another country). In the latter country
there was, however, a slight increase in 1923.
The number of aliens returning from Argentina, on the contrary,
is comparatively large; it is estimated at about one-third of that
of immigrants. It must not be forgotten that immigration into
Argentina is in fact very largely seasonal. At the same time
emigration was less in 1923 than in 1922 (62,174 in 1922 as compared with 46,810 in 1923).
The average emigration from the Philippines, South Africa,
Argentina, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand (275,581)
led to a decrease in the total volume of emigration during the
four-year period (139.7, 126.2, 68.7, 52.5). It should therefore
also be concluded that since the war immigration has become
more and more important as compared with emigration.
For Palestine, the 1922 and 1923 figures show a very low proportion of emigrants, about one-sixth of the number of immigrants.
In South Africa the emigration of residents leaving to settle
permanently (for more than one year) in an oversea country
remained stationary, while immigration, as has been noted, decreased considerably.
For certain other oversea countries statistics are available only
for 1920 and 1921, and for certain mandated territories only for
1922 and 1923.
1
In comparing statistics of "permanent departures" and "emigrants" in
South Africa and New Zealand, it may be estimated that only one-third of the
"departures" should be described as emigrants.
— 28 —
Migration in Relation to Population: Net Emigration or
Immigration
For non-European countries it is important to follow closely the
fluctuations in migration and their effect on the population. Table 3
therefore gives figures for the four years covered, showing the
number of immigrants per 100,000 inhabitants. Here the figures
for 1923 alone are considered.
Setting aside Cuba, where immigration is seasonal (sugar cane
plantations, etc.), Argentina heads the list of the countries of
immigration with 2,266 immigrants per 100,000 inhabitants,
followed by Canada (1,341), New Zealand (965), the United States
(323), Brazil (276), and South Africa (168). The figure for Australia
(1,709) is not of real interest, as it is based on passenger statistics
which artificially increase the number of immigrants.
In striking a balance for the five countries which compile not
only immigration but also emigration statistics, it will be seen that
New Zealand showed the largest excess of immigration over
emigration as compared with the population (3,906 for the four
years 1920-1923). It is followed by Argentina (2,502), Australia
(1,826), the United States (758), and South Africa (116).
Here, too, it should be pointed out that to obtain a comparatively
correct estimate of the migration movement in each country,
account should also be taken of the density of population, changes
in the birth rate and death rate, continental migration, conditions
of work and of life, and the sex, age, occupations, etc. of migrants.
II. Comparative Statistics
VOLUME AND DIRECTION OF MIGRATION MOVEMENTS
In comparing the total figures for oversea emigration of nationals
from European countries (table I) and immigration of aliens into
non-European countries (table II), it will be seen that in spite
of the variety of data and of methods employed, the statistics
approximately agree on the extent and direction of oversea migration.
(1) For the period 1920-1923 the figure for oversea emigration
of European nationals (including aliens for certain countries)
is 2,952,591, and the figure for oversea immigration of aliens from
— 29 —
European countries is 3,910,439. This marked difference is largely
due to the fact that the statistics received do not all cover the same
number of years, and are not compiled on the same method.
In 1923 the difference between the figures for the countries of
emigration and immigration (878,808 and 989,447) was already
much less.
There are several reasons for the difference between the figures
based on the departure and on the arrival of migrants. In the
first place, nine European countries have no direct emigration
statistics. Failing these, the statistics of the countries of immigration give useful information. Thus it is found that for the nine
countries in question the annual average number of emigrants to
oversea countries from 1920 to 1923 was about 75,000.
Secondly, about a quarter of the oversea immigrants counted
come from non-European countries. On the other hand certain
non-European countries publish no information at all on
immigration.
Thirdly, it should not be forgotten that it is easier for the
countries of immigration to record the arrival of immigrants than
for the countries of emigration, especially continental countries,
to note their departure. Statistical methods, particularly in the
new states, can be improved only by degrees.
(2) There is another source of information which may be used
to determine the number of European emigrants, namely, the
statistics of the transit ports where emigrants embark for oversea
countries. By adding the number of out-going alien emigrants
in transit to the number of national emigrants leaving national ports
it should be possible to determine accurately the total number of
oversea emigrants. Unfortunately data of the alien emigrants
passing through ports of maritime countries are available for only
seven countries — Belgium, Danzig, Germany, the United Kingdom,
Italy, the Netherlands, and Norway-—and only three of these —
Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Italy— compile statistics of the
return of alien emigrants. The other transit countries, France,
Greece, Spain, etc., do not yet supply any particulars of this
kind. It is also unfortunate that migrants in transit are not
always classified by nationality or country of last residence. For
the present, therefore, it is impossible to use this method to
determine the amount and direction of European emigration.
The following table gives for certain countries figures of out-going
emigrants in transit from 1920 to 1923.
— 30 —
TABLE 7.
MIGRANTS IN TRANSIT (OUTGOING), 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 2 3
Country of transit
United Kingdom
Belgium
Germany
Danzig
Netherlands
Italy.
Norway
Total. . .
Total number of
migrants
Per cent, of
total
280,833
112,993
111,724
109,395
89,948
66,918
4,219
36.2
14.6
14.4
14.1
11.6
8.6
0.5
776,030
100.0
The distribution of the 776,030 alien migrants among the seven
countries of transit varies very much from one year to another.
These fluctuations cannot be specifically attributed to the economic
and legal conditions which influence emigration in general, for
these have no great importance for transit. The fundamental
factors determining the flow of migrants through the different
European ports are the more or less skilful commercial methods
of the shipping companies, the political and commercial relations
between the countries (commercial treaties, etc.), and certain
specifically personal factors.
Table X shows that the number 1 of emigrants embarking at
German (1.7, 17.4, 34.4, 46.5) and Norwegian (9.1, 8.8, 16.5,
74.6) ports increased substantially from year to year. These
countries are followed by the United Kingdom (24.9, 25.8, 17.4,
31.9) and Italy (25.7,18.4,22.9,33.0), where there was a slight fall
in 1921 and a maximum in 1923. Next come Belgium (25.4, 48.3,
12.9, 13.4), Danzig (28.0, 29.9, 22.7, 19.4), and the Netherlands
(40.4, 28.6, 11.7, 19.3), all showing a marked fall in the number
of emigrants transported.
For the three countries which publish statistics of the return
of emigrants, there was a steady rise only in Belgium (24.2, 18.8,
26.3, 30.7). In the United Kingdom, on the other hand (25.0, 37.4,
25.8, 11.7), and Italy (statistics incomplete) the numbers on the
whole fell.
(3) The third fact which emerges from these comparative
statistics is that from the point of view of their contributions to
the total European emigration, the countries of Europe may be
1
The figures in parentheses are the yearly totals as percentages of the total
for the four years for the country in question.
— 31 —
placed in the same order, whether their own statistics are considered,
or those of the countries of immigration (immigrants classified by
country of last residence).
TABLE 8 . OVERSEA EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE IN 1 9 2 3 , BY COUNTRY
OF
(Statistics
LAST RESIDENCE
of countries of
emigration).
Country of emigration
United Kingdom
Italy
Germany
Spain
Poland
Portugal
Sweden.
Norway
Czechoslovakia
Austria
Finland
Irish F r e e S t a t e
Roumania
Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom
Other countries w i t h direct statistics 1
O t h e r countries w i t h n o direct statistics 2
Total
Number
of
emigrants
256,284
177,853
115,416
93,246
55,401
30,792
25,282
18,287
15,972
15,497
13,835
13,396
12,719
9,370
26,406
66,430
946,186
Per cent.
of
total
27.10
18.80
12.20
9.86
5.86
3.25
2.67
1.96
1.68
163
1.46
1.44
1.34
1.00
2.73
7.02
100.00
i Countries contributing less than 1 per cent, of the total: Belgium, Denmark, Danzig,
Malta, Netherlands, Switzerland.
2 Cf. table 3.
TABLE 9 .
OVERSEA IMMIGRATION
IN 1 9 2 3 (ALL COUNTRIES), BY
COUNTRY OF LAST RESIDENCE
(Statistics of countries of
immigration).
Number
Country of last residence
of
immigrants
U n i t e d Kingdom
279,878
Italy
168,107
Germany
119,411
Spain
115,902
Poland
53,144
37,634
Portugal
Russia
32,622
31,430
Sweden
21,175
Czechoslovakia
20,127
Norway
Roumaia
16,924
Austria
13,467
1
85,810
O t h e r E u r o p e a n countries (16)
1
Asia
44,229
British N o r t h America
207,987
82,618
Mexico
18,811
South America
W e s t Indies
17,334
O t h e r countries (6) *
13,663
Total
i Countries contributing less than 1 per cent, of the total.
1,380,273
Per cent.
of
total
20.28
12.18
8.65
8.39
3.85
2.72
2.36
2.27
1.53
1.46
1.22
1.00
6.21
3.20
15.07
5.98
1 38
1.25
1.00
100.00
— 32 FIGURE 4 . OVERSEA MIGRATION IN 1 9 2 3 , BY COUNTRY OF LAST
RESIDENCE
A. Statistics of countries of
emigration (European countries)
B. Statistics of countries of
immigration (all countries)
Table 8 and figure 4A show that the European countries from
which there was most emigration irt 1923 were the United
Kingdom (one-fourth), Italy (one-fifth), Germany (one-eighth), Spain
(one-tenth). For the other countries the proportion was considerably less.
Table 9 and figure 4B show that Europe is the continent from
which there was most emigration. In 1923 three-quarters of the
total number of oversea emigrants came from Europe, followed in
the second place by British North America, with about one-sixth
of the total. At the same time it should be pointed out that many
British emigrants leave for the British Dominions, possessions, and
mandated territories.
It would be logical to expect that for each country of origin the
total number of outgoing emigrants recorded should be higher
than the total number of immigrants recorded by the countries of
immigration, since some of the latter do not compile immigration
statistics. Yet at present Germany and Italy are the only countries
for whose nationals this is found to hold. Other countries, which
base their statistics on the number of passports issued or of transport contracts, record fewer emigrants than the numbers recorded
by the countries of immigration.
This anomaly is due to the fact that the method is liable to miss
many emigrants. Another cause of error is that some persons
leave a foreign country after living there for some time, and yet
are recorded in the immigration statistics as coming direct from
their country of origin.
— 33 —
(4) The geographical direction of migration movements and
their sociological importance may be determined from statistics
of the countries of last and future residence of the migrants.
The countries which at present publish such returns include the
most important country of immigration, namely, the United States,
and certain other non-European countries (South Africa, New
Zealand, and Palestine).
Unfortunately, the countries of immigration do not always
record the last residence of the immigrants, but merely note their
nationality. In many cases statistics based only on the latter
have had to be used 1.
For Australia, for which there are more complete statistics based
on the nationality or race of the immigrant, the total number of
British immigrants from the different parts of the Empire has been
replaced by figures taken from the special table showing the last
permanent residence of these immigrants.
TABLE
10.
OVERSEA EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE
COUNTRY OF FUTURE RESIDENCE
IN
1923, BY
(Statistics of countries of emigration)
Country of future residence
|
United States
of "total*'
41.'i
17.6
13.1
7.8
8.4
5.9
1.2
1.1
3.5
British North America
Brazil
Other American countries
Oceania
Other countries (not specified)
Total.
100.0
1
On the other hand it has not been possible to draw up a special table
classifying immigrants by "nationality" in the sense used in the 1922 Recommendation, since for certain countries, in particular the United States, the
necessary data are incomplete. In order to facilitate comparison with other
countries the figures published in the Monthly Labour Review (fiscal years)
have been used to give statistics of the countries of last and future residence for
the calendar years 1922 and 1923.
3
— 34 —
TABLE
11.
OVERSEA
EMIGRATION
FROM
EUROPE
IN
1 9 2 3 , BY
COUNTRY OF FUTURE RESIDENCE
(Statistics
of countries of
immigration)
Per cent.
of total
Country of immigration
United States
Argentina
Canada
Australia
Brazil
Cuba
Mexico
South Africa
New Zealand
44.0
19.5
11.0
8.6
7.7
4.7
1.6
1.2
0.9
0.7
0.1
Paraguay
Total.
FIGURE 5. OVERSEA
A.
100.0
EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE IN 1 9 2 3 , BY COUNTRY
OP FUTURE RESIDENCE.
Statistics of Countries
of emigration.
B. Statistics of Countries
of
immigration.
The migrants included in the general tables III and IV represent
a variety of different definitions and methods of compilation of
statistics. In view of the approximate agreement between the
— 35 —
figures derived from the statistics of countries of emigration and
those of immigration, as to the relative size of the various currents
of migration, it may, however, be concluded that the method followed
is satisfactory. As a matter of fact the nationality of most oversea
emigrants coincides with their country of last permanent residence,
and the exceptions more or less balance one another.
These tables, and the corresponding diagrams, also show the
importance of the United States for emigration from Europe.
If the countries of Europe are arranged in order according to the
proportion of their emigrants going to the United States in 1923
(table III), the result is as follows: Sweden 93.9 (per cent, of
Swedish emigrants), Norway 88.2, Germany 80.4, Denmark 76.5,
Hungary 65.6, Finland 64.6, Austria 60.6, Roumania 58.1,
Switzerland 56.8, Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom 44.1, Poland 42.8,
Czechoslovakia 42.0, Great Britain 36.3, Italy 32.4, Belgium 32.0,
Portugal 6.3, Malta 2.4.
More than three-quarters of the emigrants from certain northern
and western European countries (Sweden, Norway, Germany, and
Denmark) go to the United States. On the other hand the United
States has less attraction for emigrants from certain other European
countries, especially countries with colonies. Great Britain, in
particular, sends almost as many emigrants to Canada (34.4 per
cent.) as to the United States. A large proportion of emigrants
from Finland now go to Canada (35 per cent.). Brazil is the chief
country of destination for Portuguese emigrants (88.3 per cent.),
only 6.3 per cent, going to the United States; it would also appear
to be growing in importance as an outlet for Roumanian emigrants
(36.6 per cent., as compared with 58.1 per cent, to the United
States). While the emigration of Italians to the United States
is falling (32.4 per cent.), that to Argentina has risen (52.5 per
cent.). Many Spaniards (44.7 per cent.) and Czechoslovaks
(37.4 per cent.) also emigrate to that country. The majority of
the German emigrants under the head "other countries of America"
also go to Argentina; but most of the Spanish emigrants (53.1
per cent.) are attracted by other South American countries, except
Brazil, which receives only 1.8 per cent. Table IV shows that
the United States receives more immigrants from Europe than
from the other continents.
' Table 12 shows the distribution of oversea immigration for
non-European countries, based on the statistics of the countries
of immigration.
— 36 —
TABLE 1 2 .
(Statistics
OVERSEA IMMIGRATION IN 1 9 2 3
of non-European
countries of
immigration)
Per cent.
of total
Country of immigration
United States
53.3
15.1
8.3
6.6
6.0
5.4
3.0
0.9
0.83
0.56
0.01
Canada
Australia
Brazil
Cuba
Mexico
South 4frica
Palestine
Total.
FIGURE 6.
(Statistics
100.00
OVERSEA IMMIGRATION
IN 1923.
of non-European
of
immigration).
III.
countries
The statistics of the complementary movements —
(emigration of aliens from
non - European countries,
generally returning to their
country of origin, and immigration of nationals (repatriation) — are not yet
full enough to allow of useful
comparisons as to their size
and direction.
Characteristics of Migrants.
SEX
Classification of oversea migrants by sex and age is undoubtedly
of fundamental importance, but it has only been possible to show
it for 25 countries of emigration (table VI) and 14 countries of immigration (table VII). Certain countries (Hungary, the Netherlands)
distinguish adult national migrants by sex, but give the total number
— 37 —
of children without distinction of sex. Further, the age groups
for the different countries do not agree.
Table 13 shows the distribution by sex in 1922 and 1923 of three
groups of oversea migrants, the statistics of which are approximately comparable:
(1) The first group consists of oversea emigrants (nationals)'
from 13 European countries : Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
Spain, Finland, the United Kingdom, Norway, Portugal, Serb-CroatSlovene Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, and Czechoslovakia. Italy
(see footnote to table VI) has not been included here.
(2) The second group consists of oversea immigrants (aliens)
to six non-European countries : South Africa, Argentina, the United
States, the Philippines, New Zealand, and Paraguay.
(3) The third group consists of oversea national immigrants
(repatriation), returning to Belgium, Spain, the United Kingdom,
Italy, Portugal, and Sweden.
TABLE
13.
DISTRIBUTION
OF MIGRANTS
BY SEX, 1 9 2 2 AND 1 9 2 3
1922
Category
Males
Number
Oversea
emigrants
(nationals)
Oversea
immigrants
(aliens) 2 .
l
Icenï.
1923
Females
Numbftr
Total
I cent
Males
Number
Icent.
Females
Total
Number | c f «
205,224 55.6 163,808 44.4 369,032 406,304 63.7 231,641 36.2 638,145
249,686 54.2 210,952 45.8 460,638 467,400 62.4 281,194 37.6 748,594
Oversea
immigrants
(nationals) s 130,241 65.5
68,380 34.5 147,524
96,830 64.7
52,856 35.3 149,686
i Statistics for 13 European countries: ftermany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Finland, United
Kingdom,
Norway, Portugal, Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia.
2
Statistics for 6 non-European countries: South Africa, Argentina, United States, New Zealand,
Philippines,
Paraguay.
3
Statistics for 6 European countries: Belgium, Spain. United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, Sweden.
For the group of European countries it will be found that among
the oversea emigrants from the 14 countries named (including
Italy), who represented in 1922 about two-thirds of the total
number of European emigrants given in table I (three-fourths in
1923), 55.6 per cent, were men and 44.4 per cent, women in 1922,
— 38 —
and 63.7 per cent, men and 36.3 per cent, women in 1923. The
rise in the proportion of men in 1923 is due to the fact that the
countries of northern and western Europe made less use of their
immigration quota to the United States in 1922 than in the following year. Further, emigrants from central and eastern Europe
who have been away for some time usually arrange for their wives
and children to join them in the country of immigration. It may
be added that owing to poverty new emigrants from these countries
are relatively few. On the other hand a large number of men
from north-west Europe emigrate to oversea countries, and
return to fetch their families much later when tbey are more or
less permanently settled. In a general way this remark applies
also to all emigrants going to South America. They very
seldom send their families prepaid tickets for the journey. This
fact should be noted in connection with the relative increese in the
number of emigrants to South America during the last few
years.
The above explanation is corroborated by the figures of the sex
distribution of emigrants from the different countries. The proportion of maje oversea emigrants from the European countries
considered was above the average in 1923 (the figure in brackets
gives the 1922 percentage) for the following: Spain 70.8 per cent.
(66.1); Norway, 68.4 per cent. (61.3); Sweden, 74.5 per cent.
(63.8); Czechoslovakia, 76.1 per cent. (66.0); Denmark, 67.7 per
cent. (60.5).
For the following countries, on the other hand, the proportion
of men was perceptibly less than in the former group: Germany,
57.8 per cent. (53.5); Austria, 61.7 per cent. (56.9); Belgium,
60.8 per cent. (66.0); Finland, 66.0 per cent. (48.4); the United
Kingdom, 59.6 per cent. (51.9) ; Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom, 61.0
percent. (46.2); Switzerland, 65.9 per cent. (53.8).
In Portugal the proportion of the sexes varied considerably.
In 1922, 24.6 per cent, were men and 75.4 per cent, women; in
1923, 72.5 per cent, were men and 27.5 per cent, women.
Table VI does not give the sex distribution for Italy, as it has
been necessary to iise statistics compiled by age and not by sex
(see explanatory notes). The sex distribution may be calculated
from the statistics of Italian emigrants leaving solely from national
ports (given in a footnote to table VI), which give a proportion of
79.6 per cent, men and 20.4 per cent, women in 1923, and 73.8
per cent, men and 26.2 per cent, women in 1922.
For the group of non-European countries where immigration is
— 39 —
largely European, the average proportion of male emigrants during
1922 and 1923 was 54.2 per cent, and 62.4 per cent, respectively,
an increase corresponding approximately to that indicated by the
European emigration statistics. In particular, immigration into
the United States showed a high proportion of women for 1922,
a fact confirming the explanation given above. For 1922 the proportion of male immigrants was 48.4 per cent, and that of women
51.6 per cent. In 1923, on the contrary, owing to the larger number
of immigrants from north-west Europe, the proportion was 58.8
per cent, men to 41.2 per cent, women. In the other countries
of immigration (South America) men are always in a large majority.
In the British colonies there is less difference owing to the frequency
of family emigration. The proportion of male immigrants in
South Africa was 52.4 per cent, in 1922 and 53.2 per cent, in
1923; in New Zealand it was 52.2 per cent, in 1923.
In Cuba (seasonal immigration) the proportion of male immigrants
was very high: 70.9 per cent, in 1922.
The statistics of alien emigrants leaving non-European countries
show very varying proportions between the sexes. In 1922, 51.2
per cent, were men and 48.8 per cent, women; in 1923, 65.4 per
cent, men and 34.6 per cent, women. In the United States men
were about three-quarters of the total number of alien emigrants
during the two years considered. In South Africa, on the other
hand, 55.9 per cent, of alien emigrants were men in 1922 and 56.2
per cent, in 1923. In New Zealand the proportion was 48.7 per
cent, in 1923. This phenomenon is to be explained by the family
character of immigration and emigration already described. In
general, either families who leave for the colonies do not return
to their country of origin, or else the whole family returns or emigrates to another country.
The statistics of European countries of oversea immigration of
nationals (repatriation) for 1923 give approximately the same sex
distribution as the statistics studied above. It has only been
possible, however, to calculate an average for six countries : Belgium,
Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, and Sweden; the
results are 64.7 per cent, men to 35.3 per cent, women (65.5 and
34.5 per cent, respectively in 1922).
This phenomenon is due to the fact that there are in the first
place more male than female emigrants. In addition, women who
leave for oversea countries usually intend to settle there permanently ;
men, on the contrary, more often return to their country of origin,
either because they have been disappointed by the new country,
— 40 —
or to settle at home on their savings, or to return to their families,
or to marry, or merely to visit their relations. This tendency is
clearly shown by the figures for Spain, with 73.6 per cent, men
and 26.4 per cent, women in 1923; Italy, 77.1 per cent, men and
22.9 per cent, women in 1923 (73.8 and 26.2 respectively in 1922);
Portugal, 78.1 per cent, men and 21.9 per cent, women in 1923
(76.8 and 23.2 respectively in 1922). The opposite tendency is
seen in the United Kingdom: 48.3 per cent, men and 51.7 per cent.
women in 1923 (47.2 and 52.8 per cent, respectively in 1922).
In this country there must be a high proportion of emigration of
families, or of women alone. The figures may be partly explained
by the return of families without the head of the household.
As regards the emigration of nationals from non-European
countries, the excess of men was lower in 1922 than it was for aliens.
Yet in 1923 the proportion of American nationals who emigrated
was about two-thirds of the total number of emigrants. This may
be explained by the fact that American nationals who go abroad
usually leave only for a short period, on business, and very seldom
take their wives and children with them.
The proportion of men among Indian emigrants is more than
two-thirds, a fact due to the seasonal character of the movement.
AGE
The classification of emigrants by age is of great interest economically and demographically, as also for the supervision of morality.
In fact it is the only particular on which the International Labour
Conference thought it desirable to make definite proposals in a
Resolution adopted during the 1922 session. It expressed the
view that emigrants should be classified by age in four groups:
under 15 years; from 15 to 25; from 25 to 55; over 55 years.
A careful study of all the statistics giving an age classification
leads to the conclusion that as yet the only possible comparative
international table is one classifying emigrants in two groups:
those of under 15 years (under that age the emigrant is as a rule
unable to engage in a profitable occupation, besides which he needs
more effective protection) and those of over 15 years of age (capable
of productive work). Since, however, among European countries
— 41 —
only six (Spain, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Czechoslovakia)
give information on emigrants in the first group, a different age
limit has had to be used for tables VI and VII. Children and
young persons under an age limit which varies from 12 to 18
years have been placed in the first group, and adults, that is to say
emigrants whose ages exceed this limit; in the second. But it may
be useful to give here a special table with as complete a classification as possible, based on the information supplied by European
countries on the emigration of their nationals.
TABLE 1 4 .
EMIGRATION OF NATIONALS FROM VARIOUS EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES, BY AGE, 1 9 2 2 AND 1 9 2 3
Age limit lor children and young
persons, and country of emigration
Percentage of
Children and young
persons
1922
Under 10 years:
Netherlands . . . .
Under 12 years:
Hungary
Under 14 years:
Germany
Under 15 years:
Austria
Denmark
Spain
Italy
Malta
Norway
Sweden
Czechoslovakia . . .
Under 16 years:
Belgium (Antwerp) .
Finland
Switzerland
. . . .
Under 17 years:
United Kingdom
(Board of Trade).
Under 18 years:
Serb-Croat-Slovene
Kingdom . . . .
1923
Adults
1922
1923
86.2
13.8
16.5
19.5
83.5
80.5
11.6
10.3
88.4
89.7
.
11.6
10.6
12.0
11.8
13.4
8.1
9.8
8.0
11.9
88.4
89.4
—
7.2
8.5
9.9
88.0
88.2
86.6
91.9
90.2
92.0
88.1
21.2
8.8
13.3
22.6
8.4
9.8
78.8
91.2
86.7
77.4
91.6
90.2
21.8
20.4
78.2
79.6
23.2
18.5
76.8
81.5
—
12.1
87.9
92.8
91.5
90.1
It will be seen that in 1922 and 1923 the proportion of children
was very high in Hungary (16.5 per cent, and 19.5 per cent.),
Belgium (21.2 and 22.6 per cent.), and the United Kingdom (21.8
— 42 —
and 20.4 per cent.). For Hungary account should be taken of the
effect of prepaid tickets sent by members of the family already
settled in the United States. For other countries emigration by
families is usual on the first removal. It may be added that the
number of children shown by repatriation statistics is also very
high for Hungary (24.8 and 17.1 per cent.) and the United
Kingdom (22.2 and 22 per cent.).
For Austria (11.6 per cent.), Czechoslovakia (9.9 per cent.),
Denmark (10.6 per cent.), Italy (12.1 per cent.), Norway (7.2 per
cent.), Sweden (8.5 per cent.), the average proportion of emigrants
under 15 years was 11.1 per cent, in 1923, representing a relatively
small increase in the unproductive population of the countries of
immigration.
For non-European countries all that can be given is an average
for five countries for the immigration of aliens in 1923, as the figures
for 1922 are not complete, namely, the United States (under 16
years), South Africa and New Zealand (under 15 years), Argentina
and Canada (under 14 years). As the age limit for children and
young persons is 16 years in the United States and 14 years in
Argentina and Canada, there is no serious objection to taking
15 years as the average. For these five countries the proportion
of alien immigrants in the lower age group was 17.3 per cent.
The difference between the averages for the countries of emigration
and of immigration is mainly due to the fact that British emigrants
could not be included above in the group of European emigrants,
while the countries of immigration record a large number of
immigrants from the United Kingdom. Owing to the policy of the
British Government, whole families emigrate together from that
country to a much greater extent than they do from other European
countries and there is a considerable volume of state-aided emigration of groups of children and young persons.
The following figures give the proportion of immigrant children :
South Africa, 16.4 per cent, in 1922 and 14.3 per cent, in 1923;
Argentina, 10.4 per cent, in 1922 (under 15 years) and 10.4 per
cent, in 1923 (under 14 years) ; Canada, 19.9 per cent, in 1922 and
14.9 per cent, in 1923; Cuba, 6.8 per cent, in 1922 (seasonal
immigration); United States, 20.6 per cent, in 1922 and 17.6 per
cent, in 1923; New Zealand, 22.5 per cent, in 1922 and 23.2 per
cent, in 1923. In the Philippines (27.2 and 32.1 per cent.) and
Palestine (26.7 and 26.9 per cent.) immigration of whole families
is the general rule.
— 43 —
The number of children travelling with returning emigrants from
non-European countries varied very much in 1922 for different countries. Thus the proportion of children accompanying emigrants returning from the United States was 4 . 8 per cent., while for emigrants
returning from South Africa the proportion of children of under
15 years was 14.5 per cent. The corresponding figure for New
Zealand was 23.6 per cent., a phenomenon explained above.
In 1923 the proportion of children was as a rule rather higher:
from the United States 5.6 per cent., South Africa 14.7 per cent.,
New Zealand 26.4 per cent.
SEX AND AGE
On examining the influence of sex and age distribution it will
be seen that in the group of children, boys are slightly in the
majority. The following table shows, for the countries which
classify emigrants by both sex and age, the proportion of children
of each sex to the total number of emigrants.
TABLE
15.
CHILDREN
OF EACH SEX AS PERCENTAGE
OF TOTAL
NUMBER OF EMIGRANTS FROM CERTAIN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES,
1922 AND 1923
1922
Country of emigration
Germany . . . .
Belgium . . . .
Denmark . . . .
Spain
Finland
United Kingdom.
Norway
Sweden
Switzerland . . .
Czechoslovakia .
Boys
5.8
9.9
5.7
6.7
4.3
11.5
5.0
4.3
7.0
5.9
1923
Girls
5.8
11.3
6.3
5.1
4.5
10.3
4.8
3.7
6.3
6.0
Boys
Girls
5.2
13.0
5.5
5.1
10.6
5.1
—
—
4.4
10.9
3.6
4.4
5.3
5.1
4.0
9.5
3.6
4.1
4.5
4.8
In most countries the proportion of children (and young persons)
among emigrants is about the same for both sexes, or at least the
difference is not very marked until 15 years. The predominance
— 44 —
of males begins only after that age (sometimes before in southern
countries). The reason is that boys are usually compelled to earn
their living before girls. This is one of the reasons why the
United Kingdom and Spain in particular (1922) show a wider
difference between the two sexes than other countries. A second
cause in the case of Spain is the seasonal nature of some of her
oversea emigration.
Among alien immigrants into non-European countries the proportion of the sexes among children (and young persons) was about
the same in 1922 and 1923.
TABLE
16.
CHILDREN
OF EACH
SEX
AS PERCENTAGE
IMMIGRANTS IN CERTAIN NON-EUROPEAN
OF
ALIEN
COUNTRIES,
1922 AND 1923
1922
Country ol immigration
1923
Boys
Girls
Boys
Girls
8.6
7.8
7.5
6.8
5.5
4.9
5.5
4.9
11.6
11.6
1
For South Africa and New Zealand the proportion of children
among alien emigrants was as follows:
TABLE
17.
CHILDREN
EMIGRANTS
FROM
OF EACH
SOUTH
SEX
AS PERCENTAGE
AFRICA
AND
NEW
OF
ALIEN
ZEALAND,
1922 AND 1923
1922
Country of emigration
South Africa
New Zealand
Boys
7.4
1923
Girls
7.1
Boys
Girls
8.2
12.4
6.5
14.0
The high proportion of adult men, already referred to in the
section dealing with sex, is clearly brought out in the table showing
the sex distribution of migrants.
— 45 —
OCCUPATION
It is difficult to make any international comparisons of the data
on the occupations of migrants. Several countries do not compile
such statistics, and among those which do, no two have adopted
the same detailed classification of occupations. An attempt has
been made to draw up two different but comparable classifications
of occupations. For a number of European countries of emigration (table VIII) they have been classified under six heads : (1) agriculture; (2) industry and mining; (3) transport and commerce;
(4) domestic service and general labour; (5) liberal professions and
public service; (6) other occupations, no occupation, or occupation
unknown. For certain non-European countries of immigration
(table IX) only four heads have been adopted: (1) liberal professions
and public officials; (2) skilled workers; (3) miscellaneous occupations; (4) no occupation (including women and children). These
two classifications, although not very detailed, give a fairly accurate
idea of the main lines of distribution by occupation of European
national emigrants and of alien immigrants in non-European
countries in 1922 and 1923.
A different classification was necessarily adopted for countries
of immigration, because some of them give information only on
certain of the groups in the classification used for the European
countries. The classification actually adopted is that of the United
States immigration statistics, which would seem to satisfy the chief
needs of the countries of immigration. Their demand is chiefly
for workers without special training who may be employed either
as settlers or as unskilled workers in industry and mining. Apart
from certain exceptional cases, they do not as a rule wish to recruit
skilled workers, and still less any kind of non-manual worker. It
often happens that emigrants on leaving their country — and still
more often on arrival •— do not hesitate to give information which
they think most likely to ensure them admission to the country
of immigration or to secure their future. For this reason the
occupation statistics are generally less accurate than the age
statistics, which can be adequately checked by passports and other
identity papers.
There are fourteen European countries for which the six classes
of occupations may be distinguished. These are Austria, Belgium,
Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway,
Poland, the Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The non-European countries to
which the second classification applies are Argentina, Canada, Cuba,
New Zealand, Paraguay, South Africa and the United States.
— 46 —
Among the European countries named a certain number (Austria,
Belgium, Denmark, Germany1, Norway, Poland, the Serb-CroatSlovene Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) include under the heading "no occupation" not only persons
actually without a trade, but also the wives, children, grandparents and, in some cases, other members of the family supported
by persons who have a definite occupation. Finland, Italy, and
Czechoslovakia, on the other hand, classify the persons supported
by the emigrant under his occupation. Consequently the classification by occupation has had to be made separately for the first
group of European countries. An average for the last three countries
cannot be calculated owing to the very wide differences in their
statistical methods. Further, it is difficult to determine how far
the differences due to the variable composition of families may
influence the national distribution by occupation and the international average.
For the fourteen European countries named, the average proportion of emigrants belonging to the industry and mining group
was fairly high (16.6 per cent, in 1922 and 26.5 per cent, in 1923).
Before the war the great majority of European emigrants were in
the agricultural group, but in 1922 emigrants in this group were
only one-seventh (14.6 per cent.) of the total, and the proportion
was still lower in 1923 (14.4 per cent.). It should be observed
that there are considerable differences in this respect from country
to country and from year to year. Thus for the Serb-Croat-Slovene
Kingdom the proportion of emigrants in the agricultural group was
58.6 per cent, in 1922, but fell in 1923 to 29.7 per cent.
At the same time, when the emigration of rural workers is being
estimated account must be taken of the group "domestic service
and general labour". The workers in this group are largely
recruited from the rural population, and are quite prepared to
resume an agricultural occupation abroad. These workers represented 18.7 per cent, of the total number of emigrants in 1922 and
16.1 per cent, in 1923. If the two groups are taken together, the
proportion of emigrants who might be classified under agriculture
is about one-third.
1
The German statistics give two tables. The first shows the distribution
by occupational groups oí persons engaged in a gainful occupation ; the second
also includes under the same headings the members of the families of these
persons. In this study the classification used for the majority of countries has
also been employed for Germany.
47 —
TABLE 1 8 .
DISTRIBUTION BY OCCUPATION OF OVERSEA MIGRANTS
(EUROPEAN COUNTRIES), 1 9 2 2 AND 1 9 2 3
Agriculture
Industry
and
mining
(1)
(2)
Other
Transport Domestic
Liberal
and
service and professions occupations
commerce
general
and public none, or
labour
unknown
services
(4)
(3)
(6)
(5)
Total
(7)
1922
Emigration 1
47,747
14.6
%
54,517
16.6
%
29,970
9.1 %
61,382
18.7
%
Immigration
6 : 738
9,673
5.9 %
10,794
9.5 %
14,694
119,832
328,142
4.5 %
36.5
100 %
6,446
5.7 %
43,490
113,853
38.2 %
100 %
15,138
123,530
422,071
3.6
29.3
100 %
%
2
36,712
32.2 %
1923
Emigration '
61,023
14.4 %
111,785
42,714
67,881
26.5
10.1 %
16.1 %
%
%
%
Immigration '•
3,480
8,271
6,954
5,842
5,276
25,452
55,275
6.3 %
15.0 %
12.6 %
10.6 %
9.5 %
46.0 %
100 %
i Statistics for Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, United Kingdom.Norway,
Poland,
Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom, Sweden, and Switzerland.
3
Statistics for Norway, Unitod Kingdom, Sweden, and Spain.
The next group in order of importance is that of commercial employees and transport workers, constituting 9.1 per cent, in 1922
and 10.1 percent, in 1923. The proportion of immigrants belonging
to the liberal professions and public services was still lower — 4.5
per cent, in 1922 and 3.6 per cent, in 1923 — but there has been
a considerable increase in both groups over the pre-war proportion.
A large proportion of the emigrants (26.5 per cent, in 1922 and
29.3 per cent, in 1923) are classified under the collective heading
" other occupations, occupation unknown, and no occupation",
— 48 —
including unoccupied members of the family. National statistics
differ so much on this point that very different information has
had to bê grouped in this way.
The number of emigrants engaged in industry was above the
average in 1923 in the following countries: Austria, 27.1 per cent.
(19.4 per cent, in 1922); Czechoslovakia, 30.8 per cent. (19.4 per
cent.); Germany, 30.3 per cent. (28.9 per cent.); Italy, 33.3 per
cent. (24.3 per cent.); Norway, 27.2 per cent. (24.2 per cent.);
Sweden, 28 per cent. (19.9 per cent.).
The number of immigrants in the commercial group was also
very high in certain countries in 1923: Germany, 11.4 per cent.
(16.4 per cent, in 1922); Norway, 15 per cent. (14.6 per cent.);
and Switzerland, 15.9 per cent. (15.6 per cent.). Finally, the
proportion of emigrants in the liberal professions was 3.3 per cent.
in Germany (5.5 per cent, in 1922), 6.3 per cent, in Norway (5.5
per cent.), and 6 per cent, in Switzerland (6.9 per cent.).
The distribution by occupation for the three countries in which
the families of the emigrant are classified under his occupation
is shown in the following table:
TABLE 1 9 .
OF
EMIGRANTS
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION
FROM
FINLAND,
ITALY,
BY OCCUPATION
AND
CZECHOSLOVAKIA,
1922 AND 1923
Country of emigration,
and year
Percentage in occupational groups i
(1)
Finland
. .
1922
1923
. Italy . . . .
1922
1923
Czechoslovakia 1922
1923
48.2
51.8
51.3
44.2
26.1
29.0
1
(2)
10.2
12.4
24.3
33.3
19.4
30.8
1
(3)
3.7
3.4
3.1
2.9
2.7
2.8
1
(4)
20.0
19.7
17.2
14.2
25.9
24.2
1
(5)
5.2
4.5
1.8
2.2
0.9
1.2
1
(6)
12.7
8.2
2.3
3.2
24.0
12.0
i The figures in parentheses refer to the occupational groups given in table 18.
In Italy and Finland about half the emigrants are recruited
from persons engaged in agriculture; the corresponding proportion
for Czechoslovakia is only a quarter.
The group of non-European countries of immigration for which
immigrants have been classified by occupation includes seven
states, but figures for New Zealand are not available for 1922,
and for 1923 figures have been obtained only for South Africa, the
United States, and New Zealand. The total number of immigrants
in 1922 (535,804) and 1923 (858,908) were classified as follows
among the four main groups of occupations:
— 49 —
TABLE 2 0 .
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY OCCUPATION OF IMMI-
GRANTS IN CERTAIN
NON-EUROPEAN
Year
Liberal professions
and public officials
Skilled
workers
1922
1923
2.7
2.5
13.2
18.9
1
COUNTRIES, 1 9 2 2
1
J
AND
1923
Miscellaneous
occupations
No
occupation i
43.9
43.6
40.2
35.0
Including non-working members of families.
The majority of immigrants thus come under the heading "miscellaneous" occupations, which includes agricultural workers, general
workers, commercial employees, etc. In 1922 the proportion of
immigrants belonging to tbis group was as follows : Cuba, 74 per
cent.; Canada, 45.6 per cent.; the United States, 37.5 per cent.;
South Africa, 30.5 per cent. In 1923 the figures were 18.6 per cent.
for South Africa, 32.8 per cent, for New Zealand, and 39.9 per
cent, for the United States.
It may be observed that in 1923 the proportion of persons belonging to the liberal professions and skilled industrial workers increased
perceptibly as a result of the increase in the number of emigrants
from the countries of northern and western Europe.
The proportion of immigrants with no occupation was rather
less in 1923 than in 1922. Attention should be drawn to the heavy
percentage for South Africa (56.4 per cent, in 1922 and 64 per cent.
in 1923) and the low figure for Cuba (18.9 per cent, in 1922).
Figures of the emigration of aliens from non-European countries
are available only for South Africa, the United States, and New
Zealand, and for the latter country only for 1923. The distribution of the emigrants from these countries, most of them of
European origin, was as follows:
TABLE 2 1 .
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY OCCUPATION OF ALIEN
EMIGRANTS FROM SOUTH AFRICA, THE UNITED STATES, AND
NEW ZEALAND, 1 9 2 2 AND 1 9 2 3
Year
Iliberal
professions
Skilled
workers
Miscellaneous
occupations
No
occupation
1922
1923
2.1
3.7
9.3
9.9
59.1
51.4
29.5
35.0
Thus the miscellaneous group, which includes agricultural and
general workers, is proportionately very much higher for emigrants
than for immigrants. The small proportion of skilled workers in
4
— 50 —
the repatriation table, as compared with that in the emigration
table, is due to the fact that a certain number of such workers are
classified on their return under the heading "miscellaneous occupations". The reason for this change is that the persons in question
were unable to find the work for which they were trained and had
to accept some unskilled employment. It may also be observed
that non-manual workers who return to their country are relatively
numerous, as it is more difficult for them to adapt themselves
to their new surroundings.
Reference has already been made to a possible comparison between
tables VIII and IX. This comparison shows the approximate
agreement between the statistics of European countries of emigration and non-European countries of immigration as to the distribution of migrants by occupation. The average percentages for
1922 and 1923 are summarised in the table below:
TABLE 2 2 .
COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS
European countries (emigration)
Occupational group
I. Liberal
Non-European countries (immigration)
1922
1923
per cent.
per cent.
3.6
4.5
professions .
II. Industry and
16.6
mining . . .
14.6 ]
III. Agriculture .
Transport and
1
9.1 } 42.4
commerce
Dom. service
I
and gen. labour 18.7 )
IV. Other occupations and
36.5
no occupation
26.5
14.4 )
1
10.1 } 40.6
Occupational group
Liberal
professions . .
Skilled
workers . . . .
1922 1 1923
percent. percent.
2.7
. 2 -5
13.2
18.9
Miscellaneous
occupations . .
43.9
43.6
No
occupation
(includingwomen
and children) .
40.2
35.0
(
16.1 )
29.3
It will be seen that three of the groups in the European statistics
have had to be combined to form a group corresponding to the
"miscellaneous occupations" of the non-European statistics, on
the lines of the United States statistics.
The divergencies for the liberal professions and industry and
mining may be ascribed to many causes. There is the fact already
mentioned that emigrants often prefer not to state their real
occupation; a certain number of emigrants in these occupations
have been admitted in this way, in particular to the United States.
Differences in the method of classification have also some effect.
Finally, it should not be forgotten that the United States statistics
relate not to the calendar years 1922 and 1923, but to the fiscal
years 1921-1922 and 1922-1923.
CHAPTER II
CONTINENTAL MIGRATION
I. Volume
MIGRATION OF NATIONALS
European Countries
Emigration
In many European countries, continental emigration since the
war, like oversea emigration, has been of exceptional importance
as a means both of dealing with unemployment and of regulating
the labour market. It would have been even greater in volume
if certain countries had not been flooded with a mass of refugees
who obtained employment instead of alien workers, so that the
normal immigration of the latter lost much of its importance.
Statistics of continental emigration are not much developed in
Europe, and still less in non-European countries. The countries
of emigration are chiefly interested in compiling statistics of their
national emigrants, while the countries of immigration are most
concerned in the arrival of alien immigrants. Both tend to
ignore repatriation statistics. Further, continental migration statistics do not as a rule cover the whole movement, but only migrating workers. Only four countries, Czechoslovakia, Italy,
Poland, and Roumania, have direct and regular returns of
continental emigration. Several important countries of emigration
(Austria, Germany, Portugal, Spain, etc.) do not compile statistics, or else their returns are obtained indirectly by the imperfect
method of municipal registers (Belgium), sometimes not even
distinguishing between nationals and aliens (Sweden), and including non-workers.
— 52 —
The data supplied by the countries named show that continental emigration has been on a large scale from 1920 onwards.
The total emigration for the period 1920-1923 covered 883,159
persons, the totals for the four years being 242,917, 120,530,
223,543,and 296,169. The corresponding percentages of the average for the four years are 110.0, 54.6, 101.2, 134.2.
TABLE 2 3 . FLUCTUATIONS OF CONTINENTAL EMIGRATION AND
IMMIGRATION OF NATIONALS (EUROPEAN COUNTRIES),
1920-1923
Emigration
1920
1921
1922
1923
. .
22,800
126,955
35,717
9,855
2,930
22,536
141.0
121.1
75.1
101.5
107.5
75.7
79.3
47.9
33.9
93.3
104.7
76.3
96.5
96.9
89.2
124.6
96.0
140.0
83.2
134.1
201.7
80.6
91.4
108.0
Total . .
220,793
110.0
54.6
101.2
134.2
Italy
Roumania
Per cent, ol average
Annual
average,
19201923
Country of emigration
. . . .
Czechoslovakia
Immigration
Country of immigration
Annual
average,
19201923
Per cent, of average
1920
1921
1922
1923
10,562
55,055
121.0
101.0
87.6
54.0
90.6
101.1
101.8
144.4
Roumania
. . . .
Sweden
Czechoslovakia . .
3,912
133.9
100.9
78.4
86.8
Total . .
69,529
355.9
242.5
270.1
333.0
Belgium
Italy
A comparison with the curve of oversea emigration of nationals
(figure 2) shows parallel movements in 1920 and 1921. The
economic depression of 1921 led to a sudden fall in continental
emigration also, even greater than that in oversea emigration.
As soon as the situation on the French labour market improved,
in 1922, there was a steady increase in immigration, and at the
same time the American Quota Act led to a considerable reduction
in oversea emigration.
— 53 —
The restrictive measures adopted in France in 1921 to protect
national labour led to a marked fall in Italian emigration, which
represents close on two-thirds of the recorded continental migration of European workers. Italian emigration (153,717, 60,846,
123,030, and 170,226) is the principal factor in the fluctuations of
the total continental emigration. Emigration from Poland follows
the same curve (26,846, 12,129, 31,873 and 72,020)1 and is very
closely related to the situation on the French labour market.
The setback experienced by Czechoslovakia in 1923 (17,050,
17,201, 31,558, and 24,334) was due to the cessation of organised
emigration to Germany after the fall of the mark.
Immigration
The only countries which compile statistics of the continental
immigration of nationals (repatriation) are Italy (frontier statistics),
and Belgium and Sweden (municipal register statistics). The
repatriation of Italians from European countries followed the same
course as continental emigration during the years 1920-1923
(55,000, 30,083, 55,641 and 79,498) ; allowing for the defectiveness
of the statistics, this may be taken as an indication that much
of the movement is seasonal.
During the period covered, Poland did not compile returns
of the immigration properly so called of its nationals (repatriation).
It is scarcely possible either to use the data previously published
under the heading " repatriation " because they related very
largely to a post-war phenomenon. The figures included several
hundred thousand prisoners of war, and military and civilian
refugees, returning home after a long absence; nor can these data
be compared with those of other countries.
For Roumania, the emigration figures are mainly of nationals.
The immigration statistics on the other hand comprise a large
number of alien workers, who were still urgently needed during the
period 1920-1923. The Roumanian figures are therefore included
in the total in table II (immigration).
Non-European Countries
Emigration
The emigration returns of non-European countries relate mainly
to aliens, as the emigration of nationals is of little importance.
1
During the four years there was more clandestine emigration to Germany
than emigration to France.
— 54 —
Such returns are made by the United States for emigration to
Cane da and Mexico, which during the fiscal years 1920-1923
covered only 78,868 persons. The steady fall in the figures is
probably due to the growing demand for labour caused by immigration restrictions.
In India the continental emigration of nationals is considerable.
Various ports of embarkation, including Bombay, Calcutta, and
Madras, draw up returns, though no statistics are compiled for
emigration across land frontiers. According to the statistics
published under the 1922 Emigration Act, the total number of
continental emigrants recorded in the statistics of the ports mentioned was only 78,307 in 1923, a figure which would appear to be
much below the reality (cf. the statistics of the corresponding
countries of immigration).
Immigration
Since the continental emigration of nationals from non-European
countries is not very large, there is obviously not much repatriation. Thus in the United States there are no returns of the immigration of nationals from Canada and Mexico. The entry of
repatriated Canadians and of alien immigrants from the United
States into Canada during the period in question was recorded
in the quarterly statistics of the Canadian Labour Gazette, although
only a total is given. As this quarterly figure includes more aliens
than nationals, it is inserted in table II B (continental immigration
of aliens).
MIGRATION OF ALIENS
Non-European Countries
Immigration
Several non-European countries attach very great importance to
the continental immigration of aliens. The most rational and
also the fullest statistics are those published by the United States,
where the exceptionally important phenomenon of alien immigration across land frontiers has been followed with growing interest
for some time. The many cases of clandestine immigration across
these frontiers have suggested the advisability of introducing some
means of checking this unlawful penetration of the country. Owing
to the restrictions on oversea immigration, there has been an
extraordinary rise in the number of Canadian and Mexican immi-
— 55 —
grants. In addition many Europeans try to enter across the land
frontiers in the hope that the selection clause of the immigration
laws may be less strictly enforced there.
The number of continental immigrants to the United States,
which was 142,386 in 1920, fell to 103,775 in 1921 and 66,361 in
1922, but was increased threefold (180,779) in 1923. The corresponding percentages of the average for the four years are 115.6,
83.7, 53.9, 146.8. The figures for the calendar'years 1922 and
1923 were 99,816 and 263,993.
The increase in immigration from Mexico and Canada after the
war was comparatively higher than the decrease in immigration from
south-eastern Europe. On the other hand, the number of Canadians and aliens entering Canada from the United States fell:
48,866 (165.9 per cent, of the average); 32,563 (103.8 per cent.);
23,733 (75.6 per cent.); 20,309 (64.7 per cent.).
Mexico is growing in importance as a transit country for continental immigration into the United States. The continental
and oversea immigration of aliens from 1920 to 1923 was 139,354,
but it should be noted that this figure does not include Mexicans
returning from the United States after a period of seasonal employment.
In Africa, too, continental migration is on quite a large scale.
An instance is the immigration into the Union of South Africa
of natives from Portuguese East Africa, introduced and employed
by members of the Native Recruiting Corporation, Ltd. The
number of workers thus introduced was 42,824 during the fiscal
year 1921-1922 and 55,832 in 1922-1923 \
In Argentina immigration by river may lead to some confusion,
as many oversea immigrants travel by river from Montevideo.
At the same time, the persons concerned are often ordinary passengers.
The continental immigration of aliens into the Straits Settlements
is considerable. It consists of the temporary immigration of Indians
and Chinese, mainly organised by the Government; their numbers were 221,297 in 1920, 236,716 in 1921, and 191,560 in 1922.
Emigration
There is a good deal of continental emigration across the land
frontiers of the United States. The total number of aliens who
emigrated across the Canadian and Mexican frontiers was 41,635
1
South Africa, 17 Oct. 1924.
London.
— 56 —
in the fiscal years 1920-1923. The numbers fell from 1922 to
1923 almost in the same proportion as those of emigration to
oversea countries (137.1, 107.2, 103.4, 52.2), as most of the
immigrants from these two countries settle permanently in the
United States.
In Argentina the number of alien emigrants leaving by river in
1923 was about equal to the number of immigrants entering the
country by river.
A similar remark applies to the Straits Settlements, which offers
a typical case of seasonal migration. The number of continental
emigrants returning to India was 55,481 in 1920, 61,551 in 1921
and 45,733 in 1922.
Hong-Kong is the chief port of emigration for Chinese coolies
going to other parts of Asia (479,889 emigrants from 1920 to 1923).
Emigration from Mexico is mainly to the United States. The
growing number of alien emigrants (13,250 in 1920 and 32,481 in
1923) is proof of the attraction of economic conditions in the United
States, and of the importance of Mexico as a transit country for
aliens. Many aliens live for a certain period in Mexico so as to be
able to enter the United States. According to the American
authorities, the number of persons who cross the frontier clandestinely is even higher.
European Countries
Immigration
The methods of compiling statistics of alien immigrants are as
a rule very defective in Europe. Continental immigration is recorded
regularly only by the two chief countries of immigration — France,
and to some extent Germany.
In France, the compilation of the statistics is still unsatisfactory.
For instance, the Italian emigration statistics, which are compiled
on a comparatively reliable method, show about one-third more
emigrants going to France thsn the number of immigrants from
Italy recorded by the French statistics. The French figures are
112,475 for 1923 and 57,199 for 1922, while the Italian statistics
give 142,990 and 85,815 respectively. Moreover, it is officially
stated in Italy that the emigration statistics compiled from the
counterfoils of emigrants' identity cards are 25 to 30 per cent.
below the real figures.
From 1920 to 1923 the French labour market was subject to
regulation according to social and economic requirements, which
— 57 —
led to marked fluctuation in the number of continental immigrants
(86.4, 16.3, 122.2, and 175.1). The regulation 'of immigration in
France has had as much influence on the continental migration of
European countries as that in the United States has had on oversea
migration.
For the period covered by this report, Germany published no
special figures of the admission of foreign agricultural workers
registered at the frontier offices of the Central Office for Workers
(Deutsche Arbeiter zentrale), but since 1922 these offices, which
have a monopoly of this form of placing, have published statistics
of the alien workers — nearly always agricultural — placed in
employment by them. The immigration of industrial workers,
and therefore the number placed, has latterly been negligible.
The number of immigrant workers placed in 1922 by the Central
Office for Workers was 42,929. The corresponding figure for 1923
was only 19,735.
The British statistics published by the Home Office also cover
workers who enter the country with the special permit issued by
the Ministry of Labour authorising them to enter the country.
There was not much of this immigration during the four years in
question.
Belgium is the only country which compiles statistics of all alien
immigrants, irrespective of class; the figures given for the period
1920-1923 are: 28,780, 13,317, 18,602, and 22,168.
The Roumanian figures combine the immigration of alien workers
and the return of nationals across the frontier, without distinguishing between the two movements (13,000, 15,274, 13,603, 12,189).
Czechoslovakia reported for 1923 the authorised admission of
3,954 aliens, but these statistics are very incomplete, as the admission of foreigners from certain countries is not recorded; the
figures also include nationals.
Emigration
France alone makes some kind of record of the emigration of
alien workers, but the statistics compiled by the frontier offices
of alien immigrant workers returning to their countries are even
less complete than the immigration statistics, for there is no compulsory supervision on leaving the country. The returns relate
mainly to collective emigration. In addition, the identity papers
remain valid for some time, which leads to certain abuses. However,
the figures available show the general parallelism of the two
movements, due to the seasonal nature of the immigration.
— 58 —
IL Direction
For the continental migration of nationals, only five European
countries (Belgium, Italy, Poland, Roumania, and Sweden) compile
statistics by country of destination, and of these only three (Belgium, Italy, and Sweden) record the country of last residence of
their returning nationals (repatriation).
The Italian classification has been adopted for the table showing
the direction of continental migration, the most important movement being the emigration of Italian workers. In 1922 and 1923
more than three-quarters of the Italian emigrants went to France
(85,815 and 142,990); emigration to Belgium and the Netherlands
(15,385 and 11,214) and to Switzerland (5,241 and 6,906) was also
considerable. The sharp drop in emigration to Luxemburg (from
5,547 to 841) and Austria and Hungary (from 2,719 to 1,303)
shows that continental migration has some elasticity. Officially,
emigration from Poland was almost entirely to France in 1923
(70,895). Roumanian emigration was mostly to Austria and
Hungary, while Swedish emigrants went to the other Scandinavian
countries, and Belgians, only a small number of whom settle in
the Netherlands, prefer to settle in France.
For the continental migration of aliens, figures are available for
six European countries (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, the United
Kingdom, Norway, and Roumania). The immigration movements
are on much the same lines as those of the emigration of nationals.
In 1923 most of the alien workers employed in France came from
Italy, Poland, and Spain; formerly Spain held the second place.
Belgium also supplies a fairly large contingent of workers 1. These
countries are followed by Portugal, Czechoslovakia, and various
other states, supplying a very much smaller number of workers.
Belgium too obtains her largest contingent of foreign workers from
Italy. In Norway the majority of immigrants come from other
Scandinavian countries; in Roumania the alien workers come
mainly from Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Italy.
Most Italian nationals returning home come from France and
Belgium. In the Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom, Austria, Hungary,
and Czechoslovakia, also, most returning nationals come from
France. During the last two years the number of these repatriated
aliens was even higher than that of emigrants from these countries
going to France.
1
It should be noted that the figures of Belgian immigrants entering France
are admittedly very defective.
— 59 —
III. Characteristics of Migrants
SEX, AGE, AND OCCUPATION
Information on continental emigration as to sex, age, and occupation is very scanty for Europe, and still more so for other continents. It is therefore difficult to draw general conclusions.
As regards classification of continental emigrants by sex, it is
interesting to compare Belgium and Italy. The emigration of Belgian
nationals, irrespective of class or occupation, is mainly by families
and permanent (the proportion of men was 50.6 per cent, in 1922,
and 51.0 per cent, in 1923), while the continental emigration of
Italian nationals is seasonal. In Italy only adults are classified
by sex, but they formed 92.9 per cent, of the total number of
emigrants in 1922, and 90.3 per cent, in 1923. The proportion of
adult men was 67 per cent, in 1923 and 71.3 per cent, in 1922.
The type of emigration also accounts for the difference in Belgium,.where the proportion of men among alien emigrants was 59.6
per cent, in 1923 (50.6 per cent, in 1922), and Argentina, where it
was 81.7 per cent.
As regards age, the seasonal character of Italian continental
emigration is plainly shown by the very low proportion of children.
In 1923, 9.7 per cent, of the Italian continental emigrants were
children (7.1 per cent, in 1922), and 12.1 per cent, of the oversea
emigrants (13.4 per cent, in 1922). For continental emigrants from
Argentina, the proportion of children in 1923 was even lower,
being 2.0 per cent.
For continental immigration, even fewer data are available.
In Belgium, the immigration of nationals (repatriation) is of the
permanent and family type, with 50.6 per cent, men in 1923
(50.8 per cent, in 1922), while in Italy the preponderance of men
is more marked among returning emigrants than among emigrants :
80.5 per cent, in 1923 (80.1 per cent, in 1922). The immigration
of aliens into Belgium was to some extent seasonal (62.2 per cent.
men in 1923, 56.5 per cent, in 1922).
For the distribution of alien immigrants by age, the only data
available are the figures of immigrant workers entering the United
Kingdom published by the Home Office. According to these statistics, the proportion of children under 15 years of age was 3.4
per cent, in 1923 (2.2 per cent, in 1922), showing that most of the
immigrants were either single, or fathers of families travelling alone.
— 60 —
As regards the classification of emigrants by occupation, Italy
is the only country which publishes sufficiently detailed figures to
allow of grouping emigrants under the six headings used for oversea
emigration from European countries. A similar classification is
hardly possible for the corresponding movement of the immigration
of aliens.
The most striking change since the war in the relative size of
the various occupational groups is the leading place now taken by
the industrial and mining group. Before the war the first place
was held by agriculture. According to the Italian statistics, 56.4 per
cent, in 1923 (62 per cent, in 1922) of the emigrants belonged to
the industrial and mining group. The next group in order of
importance was that of domestic service and general labour with
26.3 per cent. (23.3 per cent, in 1922); agriculture represented
only 10 per cent, of the total. The numbers in other occupations
were very small.
Similarly, according to the statistics of the countries of immigration, the majority of alien immigrants belonged to the industry
and mining group in France (70.1 per cent, in 1923 and 59.3 per
cent, in 1922) and Belgium (52.2 per cent, in 1923 and 42.4 per cent.
in 1922); while the proportion for agriculture was only 29.9 per
cent, in 1923 (40.7 per cent, in 1922) in France, and 2.4 per cent.
(3 per cent, in 1922) in Belgium. The difference between the French
and Belgian figures is partly due to the fact that the Belgian
statistics include the members of the immigrants' families under
the heading " Other occupations or no occupation " while in France
they are placed in the same group as the working immigrant.
The immigration of alien workers into Germany shows a twofold
tendency: first, the steady reduction in immigration in general,
and secondly, the almost total elimination of industrial workers.
In 1923 the number of emigrants placed in industry and mining by
the Central Office for Workers was barely 1 per cent, of the total,
practically all the workers being placed in agricultural work.
Before the war agriculture absorbed from 400,000 to 500,000
alien workers a year; in 1923 the total number was only 135,000,
of whom 80,000 were already settled in the country, 20,000 were
placed by the Central Office for Workers, and 35,000 entered the
country and were engaged individually.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, some general remarks may be offered on the results
shown by this study, with special reference to the terms of the
Recommendation adopted by the Conference. The points to be
considered involve an examination of how far the data so far
collected represent progress for the International Labour Office
in carrying out its duties relating to migration statistics, and
how far they provide materials for the compilation of a general
table showing the extent and direction of migration during 1923.
To take first the question of how much information has been
supplied, the following table summarises for each country the
number of sets of data included in tables I to IX. It shows that
60 countries and territories in all 1 compile regular statistics of
migration movements: 22 in Europe, 5 in Asia, 8 in Africa, 17 in
America, and 5 in Oceania. Altogether 302 separate sets of data
were obtained, the greatest numbers being from Belgium (25),
Argentina (18), Italy (14), the United States (12), the United Kingdom and Sweden (10 each), Norway (10), Czechoslovakia (9), South
Africa (8), Germany, New Zealand, Roumania, and Spain (7 each).
There are on the other hand several countries which have not
yet any regular migration statistics. A considerable number of
countries of South America (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru),
Central America, Asia (China, Persia, Turkey), and Africa (Abyssinia, Egypt, etc.) and most colonial authorities do not compile
statistics even of oversea migration. Such statistics are also
lacking for 8 European countries, including Russia.
Further, most national statistics are incomplete, and merely
give figures for one or other of the eight groups of migrants distinguished above. Thus the absence of information on the other
groups makes it impossible to obtain an accurate idea of the amount
of migration, or its essential characteristics.
An examination of the various kinds of data in the accompanying
tables will show that emigration statistics are the most complete,
1
At the last moment statistics were received from Greece showing the
oversea emigration of nationals in 1923. These statistics, which are based on
the records of the passport authorities, unfortunately arrived too late to be
included in the tables.
— 62 —
TABLE
24.
NUMBER OF SETS OF STATISTICAL
DATA
IN TABLES I TO X, BY COUNTRIES
Country
N u m b e r of sets of d a t a in table
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
G.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Germany
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Danzig
Spain
Finland
France
United Kingdom
Hungary
Irish Free State
Italy
Malta
Norway
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Roumania
Serb-Croat-Slovene
Kingdom
20. Sweden
21. Switzerland
22. Czechoslovakia
Europe :
Total
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
fi.
7.
8.
Ceylon
Hong-Kong
India
Dutch Indies
Japan
Palestine
Philippines
Straits Settlements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
South Africa
Cameroon
Kenya
Mauritius
Southern Rhodesia
St.. Helena
Seychelles
Togo
Asia :
Africa:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
lfi.
17.
30
Id
1
2
1
2
2
1
Id
11
Id
Total
Total
Total
T o t a l (60 countries)
1 II
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
23
1
Ï
1
1
2
1
2
2
la
1
2a
2
1
1
la
0
1
—
1
2
22
18
1
—
9
6
74
15
23
1
1
—
1
—
—
—
—
7
—
—
4
3
—
—
—
1
1
—
1
1
4
4
1
—
2
—
7
—
6
2
—
2
—
1
la
1
la
2
1
1
—
6
—
8
—
1
—
1
—
—
2
—
19
11
16
1
—
1
1
34
28
1
7
4
25
4
2
7
4
5
10
5
2
14
5
10
5
6
5
7
155
2
2
4
3
6
6
4
3
30
8
4
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
—
1
4
H
4
9
—
1
Id
2
1
la
16
26
16
80
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ìc
1
la
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1c
Id
1c
1ft
Id
25
—
1
16
10
1
1
1
Id
1
1
2
1
2
1
Id
2
1
1
2a
1
1
2
2
1 X
1
1
3
24
Total
! VTI 1 V I I I • I X
2
1
4
3
1
1
1
2
9
la
16
2
lb
—
1 VI
1
1
4
1
2
4
la
1
2
2
1
1
2
4
Id
1c
lc
2
1 V
1
1
1
1
4
lc
lc
2c
Id
1 III I IV
4
1
5
1
16
3
1
3
Australia
Fiji
Nauru
New Zealand
Samoa
Oceania:
1
2
1
2
1
2
Argentina
Barbados
Bermuda
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Cuba
United States
British Guiana
D u t c h Guiana
Jamaica
Mexico
Paraguay
Newfoundland
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
America :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Total
I
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
21
18
2
2
5
5
2
4
12
2
2
2
5
4
2
2
4
2 •
65
3
2
5
7
4
2
—
—
2
—
21
23
10
7
302
a Figures for 1922 only. 6 Figures for 1920 and 1921. c Figures for 192 1 and 1922. d Figures for
1920, 1921 and 1922.
— 63 —
being given in 80 cases, as compared with 74 for immigration.
It should be noted that, in the absence of data for 1923, figures
for previous years have had to be used in certain cases. Only two
countries, Argentina and Belgium, have been able to supply for
1923 information concerning all the eight fundamental types of
migration. In the United States statistics of the immigration of
nationals (repatriation) are lacking. Most European countries do
not publish statistics of the oversea immigration of aliens, and
many do not record the repatriation of their nationals. Similarly,
very few countries publish statistics of continental emigration and
immigration, and even where they do, as for instance in Germany
and France, such statistics are far from being as complete as
certain data of oversea migration (port statistics and shipping
records). Finally, it should be observed that no statistics are
absolutely complete, since they obviously cannot include clandestine
emigrants and immigrants, the number of whom may sometimes
be fairly high if supervision is inadequate. Thus, in the United
States, which has very full statistics, the number of clandestine
immigrants is estimated at 125,000 or 150,000 a year.
No doubt the value of the statistics does not depend solely
on the quantity of data supplied, but it is clear that the number
of items of information is of great importance in drawing up a
world table of migration movements.
The analysis of these movements requires a knowledge of their
direction. Information of this type (the emigrant's country of last
residence, his country of future residence, and nationality) is rare.
Only 19 European countries of emigration and 11 non-European
countries of immigration have given particulars of the direction of
oversea migration. The details for continental migration are even
more scanty; nine European countries have supplied 16 sets of data.
As regards information on the personal characteristics of migrants,
the fullest is that on sex and age; 34 sets of data of this kind have
been received for emigrants and 28 for immigrants. Belgium,
however, is the only country which can supply these particulars
for each of the eight groups of migrants. On the other hand,
32 out of the 60 countries have not yet published any of these
statistics. The statistics of occupation are also fuller than before
the war; there are 23 sets of data for 17 European countries, and 10
for 7 non-European countries.
Taken as a whole, it must therefore be recognised that there are
still considerable gaps. Further, since the basis of the statistics
varies considerably, as they are compiled on very different
— 64 —
principles and vary widely in their degree of accuracy, it is often
difficult to group them in international tables.
Subject to these reservations, it is impossible to ignore the
progress made since before the war in both the quantity and the
quality of these returns. Although the figures are still imperfect
for purposes of international comparison, it should be pointed
out that the efforts of the International Labour Organisation have
already led certain countries to make a serious attempt at standardisation. Certain European countries, in particular the new States
(especially Austria, Czechoslovakia, Finland, the Irish Free State,
the Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom) and some non-European countries (Argentina, New Zealand, South Africa) exercise special care in
compiling their statistics.
It may be added that, migration being a two-sided phenomenon,
the comparison of the returns from the countries of origin with
those from the countries of destination leads to very useful results.
In brief, it may be said of the data now available, that if they
do not allow of making a complete and detailed table of migration
movements throughout the world, they are at least sufTicient to give
a general view of the volume and principal directions of migration.
It should however be pointed out that annual statistics cannot
show all the facts, since migration often has very marked seasonal
fluctuations. The table and diagram below illustrate this clearly.
TABLE 2 5 .
MONTHLY FLUCTUATIONS OF OVERSEA AND CONTINENTAL
EMIGRATION
FROM
ITALY,
POLAND,
AND
CZECHOSLOVAKIA,
1922 AND 1923
1922
Month
Oversea
emigration
1923
Continental
emigration
Oversea
emigration
Continental
emigration
January. . . .
February
March. .
April . .
May . .
June . .
July . .
August .
September
October .
November
December . .
8,511
6,015
8,267
6,702
7,545
12,923
12,949
23,472
24,034
27,313
27,342
15,416
6,907
8,347
16,801
18,428
17,286
14,168
13,723
15,878
16,989
16,133
13,069
13,325
14,663
15,710
16,312
14,815
14,514
16,793
19,001
28,026
26,019
36,392
29,650
17,099
17,486
18,988
27,934
29,125
23,057
19,242
20,020
17,943
22,962
21,310
22,974
17,763
Total . .
180,489
171,054
248,994
258,804
— 65 —
FIGURE 7.
MONTHLY FLUCTUATIONS OF OVERSEA AND CONTINENTAL
EMIGRATION FROM ITALY, POLAND, AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA, 1922 AND 1923
.,
V ~ A A A
••
• ••
•
32000
. ••, ••
SOOOO
i— 2S0OO
;
_ . ! i _ î•
• 26O00
; • - - • 24000
;
• 2200O
^V
\ ï 2O0OO
•~ —
lAnoo
_•"
—Z: I6O0O
—
I4000
— ——
I2000
5400O
O^tU^A^
34000
32000
50O0O
23000
26000
A
A
1—
••••
i
- --- "/ — \—
i
—
••- »*'
t
i~
••
;
Í•- ^
; V
V
f
\
_>
—1
A
/
///
//
Î
22000
•
Ï
2O00O
ISOOO
I60OO
I4000
12000
IOO00
eooo
6O0O
——
—s
¡
r
/—
¿=
~*H
••
•
—^/" —
-1922-
IOUUVJ
•!*
w
I
i
I
i
—a~i
»•
•
_.
"•_
1
OVERSEA
.._
IO00O
EMIGRATION
COMTIMH1TAL.
— - -;;;
— J — — J —
SOOO
"
•
6000
-1923-
A glance at the table and diagram above is sufficient to give an
idea of the information provided by monthly statistics which annual
figures are unable to supply. It is a striking fact that, during the
two years covered, the months in which continental emigration
was largest correspond fairly closely to those in which oversea
emigration was least. A more detailed study of this phenomenon
might lead to interesting practical conclusions. A consideration
of the monthly statistics from other points of view might suggest
other conclusions than those to be drawn from a study of the annual
figures. Finally, monthly statistics, though much less detailed than
annual statistics and scarcely suited to anything but a quantitative
study of migration movements irrespective of their direction or
other characteristics, have at least the practical advantage of
being more rapidly available. While it is often difficult to obtain
complete annual statistics less than a year after the end of the
period covered, monthly statistics are usually available at a fairly
early date \ Consequently the statistics published regularly in the
International Labour Review do not duplicate a synthetic annual
survey, but on the contrary complete it and give more detailed
information on several points.
1
Thus it was possible to publish in the International Labour Review for
June 1925 for nearly every country figures for every month of 1924, and for
certain countries for the first months of 1925 (cf. pp. 867-873, table I, Oversea
Emigration; table II, Oversea Immigration; table III, Continental Emigration; table IV, Continental Immigration; table V, Migrants in Transit (outgoing)). Information on the method of compiling these statistics and their
sources will be found in the introductory notes to these tables published in
the Review for March 1924 and subsequent numbers.
APPENDIX
TABLES L-X
— 68 —
TABLE I.
EMIGRAT
Nationals.
(1) Oversea emigration
Country of emigration
1920
Europe :
Germany
Austria
Belgium
Denmark i
Danzig
Spain
Finland
United Kingdom .
Hungary
Irish Free State » .
Italy
Malta l
Norway
Netherlands
. . .
Poland i
Portugal
Roumania i . . .
Serb-Croat-Slovene
Kingdom
. . .
Sweden1
Switzerland i . . .
Czechoslovakia . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total (Europe)
Asia :
India5
Dutch Indies
Japan
Palestine
1921
1922
8,458
5,200
9,384
6,300
20 §
150,566
5,595
285,102
1,000§
23,451
5,176
2,200
5,309
24
62,479
3,557
199,477
1,218
36,527
10,579
927 §
4,094
13
64,119
5,715
174,096
1,701
211Î227
1923
Tota!
1920-1923
1920
115,416
183,852
15,497
36,452
2,256§
14,767
7,601
23,304
21
78
93,246
370,410
13,835
28,702
256,284
914,959
1,935
5,854
13,396
(p) 13,396
704,810
177,853
194,320
121*410
5,581
5,963
74,121
46,410
10,000§
4,627
3,284
87,334
17,915
2,058
6*456
2,158
38,516
29,037
16,812
18*287
5,639
55,401
30,792
12,719
34,951
17,044
255,372
124,154
41,589
7,0005
6,078
9,276
17,567
12,965
5.062
7,129
17,809
6,086
8,014
5,787
21,494
9,370
25,282
8,006
15,972
35.421
44,436
30,198
72.842
864,848
655,394
553,541
878,808
2,952,591
1,005
(p)
2,875
10,000
7,616
1,521
6,350
2,165
26,841
(p) 3,686
3,846
1,715
37,455
1,380
46,560
(P)
(p)
3.846
3,095
172,255
1*038
2*267
(p)
3,305
907,931
715,607
1,005
Africa :
Cameroon
(French m a n d a t e ) . .
Togo
(French m a n d a t e ) . .
America :
Argentina
Brazil
United States » . . . .
Mexico
Uruguay
62,200
26,034
Oceania:
Nauru
(Australian mandate)
Samoa
(New Zealand mandate)
Total (nationals) .
624,878
918,208
3,166,624
The sign — signifies: "figures not published or not communicated to t h e Office"; t h e s i g n * :
statistics"; the sign §: " e s t i m a t e " ; the letter (p) indicates a partial total, statistics for certain year
t h e period 1920-1923 not being available.
i The statistics of oversea emigration provided by the shipping companies (Denmark, N o r w a y , Pols
Sweden, Switzerland) and those of Roumania (statistics of frontier stations) include also a certain n u n
— 69 —
i 1920-1923
A.
Nationals.
Sum of available totals
2) Continental emigration
1921
*
*
18,086
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
60-846
*
*
*
12,129
<M99
*
3,069
17Î201
120,530
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
24,625
*
*
*
!
538
145,693
| 1922 | 1923 |1
*
*
21,991
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
9
J
0
%
3
|
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
91,201
18,969
*
*
*
*
4
123,030
*
*
*
170,226
*
*
*
607,819
*
*
*
31,873
72,020
142,868
12Î279
7Î941
*
39,419
2,812
2,679
31Î558
223,543
24^334
296,169
*
*
*
1920
*
*
*
23,451
5,176
20,286
5,309
24
62,479
3,557
199,477
1,457 2
36,527
10,579
22,918
4,094
13
64,119
5,715
174,096
3,076 2
364,944
255466
244Î440
. ,*
1,194
.«
115,410
183,852
15,497
36,452
21,225
105,968
7,601
23,304
21
78
93,240
370,410
13,835
28,702
256,284
914,959
2,9512
9,9842
13,396
13,396
348,079 1,212,629
5,767
20,139
18,287
34,951
17,044
5,639
127,421
398.240
17,915
29,037
30,792
124;i54
11,257
29,091
20,660
81,008
11,709
90,143
20,000
7,000
9,227
9,276
34,617
12,965
8,131
7,129
35,010
6,086
10,826
5,787
53,052
9,370
27,961
8,006
40,306
35,421
56,145
30,198
162,985
883,159
1,109,265
776,163
778,459
1,181,760
221
1,184
1,047
2,875
*
lotooo
*
UÎ378
1,521
79,312
609
8,464
2,165
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
12,413 (p) 12,413
78,868
10^226
*
*
7 <i>)
13
982 (p) 2,714
1,065,960
*
1,715
64,474
54,908
1,038
• 1,380
71,191
13,167
2,267
*
*
*
1,234,496
875,890
538
6,456
2,158
70,389
| 1920-1923
46,410
2Î114 (p) 5,876
*
*
245,503 1 404,828
1923
4,627
3,284
99,463
3,000 (p) 3,000
6
1922
5,581
5,963
100,967
1,610 (P) 1,610
*
*
16,998
*
*
1921
8,458
5,200
41,539
6,300
20
150,566
5,595
285,102
§2,5002
78,307 (p) 78,307
3,762
| .
3,860,019*
81,764
609
32,717
3,686
1,610
1,610
3,000
3,000
*
16,259
79,198
37,553
36,260
86,616
16,259
3,095
251,123
192,244
3,305
*
*
6
7
1,194
982
910,356
1,417,044
13
2,714
4,452,158*
ssident aliens or persons born abroad. 2 Including emigrants whose country of destination is not stated.
parate statistics since 1 April 1923 (see Explanatory Notes). Before that date the statistics for the Irish
e State are included in those of the United Kingdom. * For the period from 11 November 1918 to
Vlarch 1922 only a single figure (14,372) has been published. This is included in the total for 1920-1923
he last column, s Fiscal year ending 31 March. • Fiscal year ending 30 June.
— 70 —
TABLE I. EMIGRATION
B.
(Generally
Aliens
returning
to their own
country)
(1) Oversea emigration
Country of emigration
1921
1920
Europe :
1922
|
Total
1920-1923
1923
1920
699
464
519
389
*
*
*
•
*
15,702
12,151
*
*
1,418
2,782 (p)
*
*
*
1,077
4,200
1,509
*
*
—
*
1,724
*
*
*
5,415
*
*
*
55,481
*
*
*
*
466 (p)
466
15,000
3,621
83
427
15,769
3,243
144
305
14,696
4,529
*
34,044
9,071
*
33,505
7,419
62,174
15,846
125
13,765
30,259
8,991
13,002
18,054
12,949
92
10,783
22,887
8,233
17,882
274,041
236,557
*
1,312
*
886
109,129
(187,947)
*
12,789
*
8,735
11,883
9,152
77,012
4,741
3,292
63,105
3,168
2,855
France
2,071
Asia:
British E m p i r e :
Hong-Kong . . . .
Palestine ( m a n d a t e ) .
Straits Settlements .
Africa :
Cameroon
(French m a n d a t e ) , .
British E m p i r e :
South Africa . . . .
ft
*
*
*
1,105
—318
15,209
—
—
—
60,674
11,393
(p)
227
1,050
*
*
*
*
*
America :
Chile
British E m p i r e :
British Guiana . . .
Newfoundland • . .
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
(fiscal year)i . . . .
(calendar year) . . .
Dutch Guiana . . . .
*
—
7,375
—
—
—
—
—
*
—
46,810 (p)108,984
— (p) 67,549
— (p) 23,865
—
—
—
—,
—,
—.
(p)
(P)
(p)
(p)
(P)
(p)
28,795
217
33,539
66,148
8,233
35,936
65,568
774,560
(76,015)
*
205 (p) 2,198
*
—
*
21,524
(P)
)p) 21,035
*
*
*
*
«
*
*
*
*
14,274
*
*
*
*
*
Oceania :
British E m p i r e :
New Z e a l a n d . . . .
Nauru
(Australian mandate)
Samoa
(New Zealand mandate)
55,490
—
2,150
55,319
—
(p)
2,474
250,926
7,909
10,771
*
278
502 (P)
13
1,231
675
939
2,858
Total (aliens). .
527,586
461,088
360,667
202,187
1,551,528
97,608
Total
(nationals and aliens)
1,435,517
1,176,695
985,545
1,120,395
4,718,152
367,544
*
780
*
*
*
*
*
The sign — signifies: "figures not published or not communicated to the Office"; the sign *:
statistics"; the letter (p) indicates a partial total, statistics for certain years of the period 1920-1923
being available.
i Fiscal year ending 30 June.
— 71 —
Í 1920-1923 {coni.)
B. Aliens
(Generally reluming to their own country)
S u m of available totals
) Continental emigration
1922
1923
8,053
50,309
9,847
59,951
45,733
Total
1920-1923
40,477
184,947
(p)162,765
1921
1920
1922
1923
19:0-1923
16,401
12,151
7,339
62,536
8,572
50,309
10,234
59,951
146,247
105,258
127,107
156,011
120,227
2,782
55,481
1,509
61,551
1,724
145,737
98,393
1,418
45,733
1,105
1,077
I
463
15,000
3,621
427
15,769
3,243
144
305
34,044
9,071
33,505
7,419
7,375
15,846
125
13,765
30,259
8,991
13,002
13,451 (p) 13,451
10,765
(6,849)
240
5,435
(5,042)
41,635
15,209
318
62,174
60,261
18,054
12,949
92
10,783
22,887
8,233
17,882
288,315
247,718
198,712
(115,978)
1,312
13,250
12,789
11,883
22,771
8,735
9,152
25,592
81,450
(70,610)
205
32,481
77,012
4,741
3,292
63,105
3,168
2,855
55,490
55,319
2,*150
2,474
*
453
650
13
1,471
679
939
443,842
889,949
909,340
745,428
443,725
1,509,802
2,124,445
1,785,230
1,655,784
1,860,769
175
148 (P)
323
4
(P)
244
8,832
360,542 493,660
115,039
14,696
4,529
— 72 —
TABLE II. IMMIGRATION
A. Aliens
(1) Oversea Immigration
Couniry of
immigration
1920
1921
|
1922
1923
Total
| 1920-1923
1920
Europe :
United Kingdom
. . .
Netherlands i
Czechoslovakia!.
. . .
*1,403
*
*
*
*
*
*
4
641
*
*
*
*
*
*
* 992
*
* 372
*
*
*
* 707
*
* 235
»
*1,527
*3,743
*
* 607
*
*1,527
(p)
(p)
Asia:
British E m p i r e :
Palestine (mandate) .
Straits Settlements .
Africa :
British E m p i r e :
South Africa
. . . .
Mauritius
Southern Rhodesia
.
*
*
*
*
*9,872
*
*
*
*
*
10,652
*
*
*
*6,537
*
«7,149
*
27,910
14,478
6,689
33,750
22,816
20,933
10,888
4,809
13,235
9,054
4,821
12.027
69,011
(p) 19,942
(p) 13,153
«3,523
• 101
*
213
Cameroon
(French mandate) . .
America:
Chile
Cuba
United S t a t e s : (fiscalyear) 2
(calendar year)
British E m p i r e :
British G u i a n a 3 . . . .
Newfoundland
. . . .
Trinidad and Tobago 3 .
67
252
7,329
*
—380
—
•
—
*
—
—
570
*
*
*
87,032
69,042
12,184
174,221
287,695
98,086
58,476
13,772
58,948
702,153
*
* 320
*
* 557
129,263
66,968
11,731
25,993
243,195
(281,351)
195,063
84,632
12,000
75,463
342,140
(487,057)
13,506
11,178
7,859
10,086
13,168
79
98,636
13,155
32,496
13,156
197
67,840
10,409
25,446
8,867
20,948
* 201
—
—
—
.—
46,690
-—
—
1,975
* 124
—
—
—
—
117,013
——
—
—657
92,054
92,859
*
20,157
3,559
—
9,009
14,917
*
*
*
27,910
(P)
(p)
(p)
* 168
845
570
509,444
279,118
49,687
334,625
1,575,183
*
*1,202
(p)21,365
(p) 21,264
(p) 26,324
(P)
276
(p)330,179
(p) 32,573
(p) 72,859
(p) 8,867
(p)41,105
(P) 6,191
*
28,7
129,8
*
•
•
13,0
*
136,6
*
•
*
•
22i,2
*
*
*
*
*
•
*
12,3
*
*
*
14*,3
*
z•
*
*
*
*
48,8
*
•
*
•
•
Oceania :
British E m p i r e :
85.237
Fiji
New Zealand
. . . .
(Australian mandate)
Samoa
(New Zealand mandate)
Total (aliens) .
*
17,624
80,316
1,844
15,146
*
*
13,845
11,762
350,466
(p) 1,844
58,377
*
358
472
500
1,473
535
448
2,956
977,717
1,243,821
699,454
989,447
3,910,439
*
(p)
830
*
*
*
*
*
733,2
The sign — signifies: "figures not published or not communicated to the Office"; the sign • : '
statistics"; the sign §: "estimate"; the letter (p) indicates a partial total, statistics for certain years of
period 1920-1923 not being available.
— 73 —
IN 1920-1923
A. Aliens
) Continental immigration
Sum of available totals
1922
1923
Total
1920-1923
13,317
24,490
42,929
18,602
183,482
19,735
22,168
262.877
(p) 62,664
82,867
600,652
*
*
*
15,274
*
*
*
13,603
*
*
*
12,189
106,598
174,569
*
*
236,716
*
*
*801
191,560
947
1,337
768
1,437
*
*
*
*
•
*
*
*
*
*
—
*
*
*
*
10,505
17,785
17,497
58,164
*
*
*
103,775
*
*
•
*
*
*
*
32,563
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
66,361
*
*
*
180,779
(99,816)
(263,993)
*
*
*
493,301
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
125,471
*
*
*
*
*
1921
*
3,178
4
3,280
3,954
*
602
*
*
*
*
*
*
20,309
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(p)417,866
136,699
105,258
106,598
156,011
174,569
98,393
8,128
191,560
120,224
7,751
*
27,910
6,889
*1,403
(P)
(p)649,573
*
*
9,872
221,297
(p) 2,289
(P) 2,774
22,816
*
*
*
*
*
3,523
*
*101
213
*
*
*
*
*
—
545,522
738,876
543,971
2,561,577
*
*
(P)
14,003
10,491
4,821
1,944
-—
380
99,409
69,042
12,184
174,221
430,081
108,591
58,476
13,772
58,948
805,228
*
21,400
320
13,506
11,178
37,854
557
7,859
10,086
13,168
79
147,502
13,155
32,496
13,156
197
100,403
10,409
25,446
8,867
20,948
3,559
~
*
80,316
1,844
15,146
a
*
17,624
500
1,868,047
2
21,880
12,225
4,809
3,343
67
252
6,537
*
85,237
i3 Including a certain number ol nationals.
Fiscal year ending 31 March.
*
*
10,652
236,716
*
*
20,157
75
*
*
*
*
*
*
a
7
1923
(P) 3,954
*
*
*
*
*
68
1922
22,655
15,274
4
*
*
*
*
*
*
23,733
*
•
*
*
*
*
13,958
24,490
3,007
*
*
*
574
*
30,183
129,803
2,500
|
27,964
13,000
*
*
54,066
<i>) 6,458
4
*
1921
42,929
19.594
183,482
2,015
3,550
33,796
13,603
4
*
*
1920
—
12,189
5,481
*
*
12,601
—
—
*
•—
•—
62,664
86,610
600,652
10,127
7,065
84,415
54,066
5,481
417,866
479,886
15,879
649,573
27,910
33,750
71,300
22,716
13,153
5,287
168
845
570
570
147,048
66,968
11.731
25,993
309,556
(381,167)
37,058
201
212,560
84,632
12,000
75,463
522,919
(751,050)
43,042
124
567,608
279,118
49,687
334,625
2,067,784
—
—
—
—
—
70,423
9,009
14,917
—
137,322
*
139,354
1,202
21,365
21,264
26,324
276
455,650
32,573
72,859
8,867
41,105
6,191
•—
—
1,975
—
—
—.
—657
92,054
92,859
13,845
*
11,762
426
479
905
535
448
2,956
1,699,289
7,190,383
1,473
2,011,513
19,735
22,875
262,877
2,605
3,515
Total
1920-1923
1,611,534
Fiscal vear ending 30 June.
*
350,466
1,844
58,377
— 74 —
TABLE II. IMMIGRATION
B.
Nationals
(repatriation)
(1) Oversea immigration
Country of
immigration
Europe :
United Kingdom
. . .
Irish Free State 2 . . .
Czechoslovakia
1921
1922
1923
Total
1920-1923
1,333
46,534
86,055
1,700§
1,233
76,439
71,367
1,709
1,499
51,097
68,026
1,022
77,599
92,212
54,282
1,121
32,081
57,606
222
3,080
39,680
5,186
206,151
283,054
4,653
(p) 3,080
263,773
70,000
16,307
2,500
5,601
1,500
78,817
20,332
2,546
4,005
1,500
11,116
20,480
1,662
3,237
1,500
6,693
15,512
698
2,433
1,527
14,412.
7,827
10,784
1920
. . . .
Asia .-
«
•
*
*
55.00C
*
*
5,24C
•
*
*
•
•
8,016
2,135
8,016
8,573
*
*
*
«
*
1,987
2,308
2,143
1,395
3,186
Total (nationals) . .
312,511
355,654
*
•
230,476
*
*
189,415
T o t a l (nationals and aliens)
1,290,228
1,599,475
929,930
1,178,862
*
Americo ••_
166,626
72,631
7,406
15,276
6,027
12,786
*
*
•
*
*
*
Africa :
Cameroon
(French mandate) . .
*
1920
(P) 7,827
(p) 25,196
(p) 4,581
*
*
1,088,056
73,026
4,998,495
806,234
The sign — signifies: "figures not published or not communicated to the Office"; the sign * : "1
Btatistics" ; the sign § : "estimate" ; the letter (p) indicates a partial total, statistics for certain years of t
period 1920-1923 not being available.
,
.
^ t ^ . . „
1 Including immigrants (repatriation) whose country of last residence is not stated. * Separa
— 75 —
'N 1920-1923 (coni.)
B.
Nationals
(repatriation)
Rum of available totals
Continental immigration
1921
1922
1923
Total
1920-1923
Total
1920-1923
1920
1921
1922
1923
14,119
43,534
86,055
1,700
10,431
76,439
71,367
1,7311
11,016
51,097
68,026
1,1141
11,869
32,081
57,606
287 1
3.080
119,178
2,534
6,093
15,512
698
5,827
1,527
47,435
206,151
283,054
4,8321
3,080
483,995
11,500
166,626
72,631
7,406
30,922
6,027
*
7,827
10,784
1,131
32,266
25,196
1,131
*
2,091
2,091
19,941
2,135
89,764
19,941
8,573
324,734
4,581
1,742,172 s
9,198
9,517
10,748
42,249
*
*
*
*
50,083
*
*
*
*
3,946
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
55,641
*
*
*
*
3,066
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
79,498
*
*
*
*
3,394
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
220,222
«
*
*
*
15,646
*
*
*
*
*
*
2,091
<P) 2,091
,
*
—
*
11,925
(p) 11,925
,
*
—
*
*
—
*
—
*
1,987
69,721
1,395
2,308
111,448
3,186
2,143
53,801
*
*
4
132,599
122,295
109,923
70,000
16,307
2,500
10,841
1,500
78,817
20,332
2,546
7,951
1,500
11,116
20,480
1,662
6,303
1,500
3,783
11,575
9,081
14,412
* 3
* 3
*
*
*
*
*
*
* 3
.,
*
43,227
68,224
107,655
292,133
459,041
521,926
361,674
390,565
88,749
807,100
651,027
2,853,710
2,327,088
2,533,439
1,973,208
2,0S2,854
8,932,555
istics since 1 April 1923. Before that date the statistics for the Irish Free State are included
;hose of the United Kingdom. »For the period from 11 Nov. 1918 to 31 March 1922 only a single
re (8,966) has been published. This is included in the total for 1920-1923 in the last column. * intinga certain number of aliens. & Fiscal year ending 31 March.
— 76 —
TABLE III. OVERSEA EMIGRATION OF NATIONALS (EUROPEANS
Country of
future residence
Country of emigration
British
North
America
United
States
1922
1923
1922
Brazil
Argentina
1923
1922
1923
1922
1923
A. Numbers
Europe ;
Finland
United Kingdom
. . . .
Italv
Malta
24,605
92,808
8,256
9,385
5233
7203
2,957
5,818
61
—.
5,7053
8,9423
49,902
93,076
1,7013
1,9353
44,832
57,686
0
77
5,867
16,152
23,7096
27,723
1,605
2,213'
16,239
7,394
Serb-Croat-Slovene
Total (Europe) . .
Non-European
5,436
8,455
3,710
18,291
4,130
24,948
4,549
6,707
225,868
360,249
3,558
2,617
O
768
72
1,485
1.081
25
368
351
*
0
45,818
*
4,843
88,290
4
*
2,428
0
517
3,717
6,459
127
2,064
2,851
179
303
141
36
717
1,422
1,537
2,531
*585
*
*
39,193
0
*
2,267
*
«
41,716
3
*
*
58,560
*
*
3,311
93,284
«•
843
7
*
4,977
1,928
2
290
*687
«
5,261
1,472
*
*
1,905
0
«
*
9,765
»
ft
8,921
3,451
*
*
1,70!
li
*ft
15,04i
«
«9Í
576
28,114
0
31,32{
4,65«
2,721
63
1.53Í
*618
*627
*514
53,886 114,247 103,996 153,490
48,002
67,65«
986
79«
*
*
*
*
520
5,974
219
384
Countries :
1,022
648
52
66
B. Per centages
Europe :
United K i n g d o m
Hungary
Italy
. . . .
Norway
Serb-Croat-Slovene
Sweden
Total
Non-European
67.4
77.9
56.4
72.2
0.9
99.8
28.7
55.3
37.0
80.4
60.6
32.0
76.5
0.07
0.2
39.7
8.6
0.8
0.48
65.8
14.2
*
5.4
*
*
61.1
ft
14.6
«ft
44.7
0.03
14.4
14.0
«
*
3.0
7.7
22.3
*
*
1.8
—
64.6
*
*
35.0
26.3
34.4
*
2.0
—.
90.9
72.0
5.2
96.6
36.3
65.6
32.4
2.4
88.2
42.8
6.3
58.1
*
3.6
4.1
11.3
5.1
*
*
*
*
89.3
94.1
64.1
85.1
44.1
93.9
56.8
42.0
2.9
3.4
2.4
0.2
7.6
5.6
19.2
15.8
4.8
29.0
1.0
16.4
*
11.9
2.4
«
7.7
37.4
*
10.8
1.0
*6.4
40.7
41.4
9.7
13.1
18.7
17.6
8.6
7.8
27.6
29.8
7.9
7.3
0.1
0.7
7.6
9.0
—
8.0
9.7
—
*
*
48.2
*
*
8.6
2.8
0.04
*
*
52.5
*
*
9.0
5.4
0.02
—
*.
8.0
+
i.5
92.0
—.
0.1
*
*
8.5
*
*
0.2
88.3
36.6
2.4
Countries :
The sign — signifies: "figures not published or not communicated to the Office"; the sign *: '
statistics".
i Mainly Argentina. 2 Including European countries reached by sea. 3 Almost exclusively
United States, although certain other American countries are included. 4 Including Brazil and Argenti
— 11 —
Y COUNTRY OF FUTURE RESIDENCE, 1 9 2 2 AND 1 9 2 3
Other
American
countries
1922
1923
1923
1922
1922
Other countries
or future residence unknown
Asia
Africa
Oceania
1923
1922
1923
1922
1923
Total
1922
1923
A. Numbers
5,9791 11,7811
60
137
36*
51*
723*
651*
Ì.960 49,461
0
2
51
5
607
71
635 I
56
* 52
* 44
* 24
*10
*2
*4
*6
a
*
*
*
1,965
*26
*
«
*
3,906
*39
5
51,358
49,359
8,7725
«
3,700
*
1,150
*94
0
19
406
6
0
20
0
6,809
«
*
*
*
*
*
0
*
*
3
7,6295
*
70
1,213
9
*
*
*
42
118
56
139
205
*153
1,651
265
* 84
*
* 99
*
*
223
*
Ì.592
73,371
322
428
55,276 51,286
3,377
2,615
9,819
*
*
*
1
3
7,054
»
*
*
125
71
*
*
2
2
fi,344
*
*
* 17
7
2,232
1,973
*566
*864
*
391
*
*
*165
*
*
*145
*
10,020
10,124
*
*
*
*150
15
81
75
*
328 2 36,527 115,416
52
10,579
15,497
927
2,256
*
*
4,094
7,601
*
*360 64,119
93,246
*
5,715
13,835
«
*
11,192 11,586 174,096 256,284
l , 3 7 5 i 1,0161
3,078
2,951
66
252 121.410 177,853
0
1,311
0
3,134
6,456
18,287
«957 14,984
*
38,516 s 55,401
30,562
35,4708
*
*
16,812
12,719
*
*
572,
27
*111
6,086
8,985
5,787
21,494
9,370
26,559
8,006
15,972
30,192
555,241
869,857
12,879
8,825
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0
227
3
189
777
9,343 14,678
9
*
i°3,562 1H,655
*
i ì. Pere entages
16.3
0.7
3.9
17.7
35.0
10.2
0.8
0.02
S. 6
53.1
*
*
*1.7
*
0.4
—.
#
*
*
*
*
2.2
#
0.2
*
*
0.1
o o
12.3
*
«
1.3
29.5
*
—
0.1
*
*
3.0
0.02
0.03
*
*
0.2
0.6
19.3
*
1.7
0.6
#
*
0.05
0.15
5.0
*
*
0.02
*
—
0.3
*
*
«
0.6
13.0
0.1
0.07
0.03
0.78
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.28
0.3
*
*
0.05
*
*
0.02
0.4
3.0
4.1
2.5
*
*
*
6.4
*
*
*
*
0.1
*
«
*
0.1
44.7
0.3
34.4
0.15
41.8
*
*
*
5.8
3.6
2.4
—
3,4
—
5.2
0.5
0.3
*
*
0.05
0.06
0.05
38.7
0.1
0.05
0.04
0.8
1.3
0.9
1.5
0.3
0.07
*
2.6
7.7
#
1.9
1.7
*
1.4
*
*
1.3
*
*
3.9
*
*
4.9
*
*
*
2.9
*
*
*
1.8
*
6.0
8.4
10.0
5.9
1.8
1.2
1.8
3.0
4.8
26.2
29.6
*
*
27.6
—
*
*
*
*
*
«
4.5
*
#
*
27.0
0.03
0.7
too.o
3.6
*
0.7
#
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
ì.i
2.6
3.5
100.0
100.0
18.8
*
*
100.0
100.0
2.5
uth Africa only. a Including 11,377 persons who did not state their country of destination "exactly"
eluding Canada. 8 Including first-class passengers. » Including a certain number of aliens, i« IneludRussia and its territories.
TABLE IV. OVERSEA IMMIGRATION OF A L I E N S ( N O N - E U R O P E A N
C O U N T R I E S ) , BY COUNTRY
OF LAST R E S I B E N C E OR
NATIONALITY,
1922 AND 1923
Country of last residence
or nationality
Albania
Country of immigration
1922 1923
*
*2
*
*6
*
*
*
*
South Africa
Argentina. .
Australia . .
Brazil . . .
Canada. . .
Cuba. . . .
United States
Mexico . . .
New Zealand
Palestine . .
Paraguay . .
Country of
immigration
South Africa
Argentina. .
Australia . .
Bra7il
. . .
Canada . . .
Cuba
United States
Mexico . . .
New Zealand
Palestine . .
Paraguay . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total .
1922
1923
1922
285
7,414
166
315
10,478
118
8,254
1,264
Belgium
1923
1922
*
5
544
2,147
579
375
*
*
*
Bulgaria
1923
Denmark
1922
1923
*
990
160 1,094
871
*
1922
*
Esthonia
1923 1922 1923
I
25
652
131
*
58
297 1,025
24
12
163
501 2,933 6,055
*
Spain
29
775
163
*
*
*
1923
1922
*
3
6 44,738
*
*
France
1922
* 110
52,589 2,848
553
*
Finland
1923
78
1,859
417
609
324
1922
1923
*
62
46
*
26
,019
75
300
54 2,163
15
12 73
16 10,141
289
654
61
20 1,368
39
15
4
210
* 29 16,397 46,439
1
97,401 7,634 8,850 1,660 1,870
830
3,898 6,411 3,758
399
607
* 296
788
*
1,524
942
*
819
* * 5,979 5,904
*
*
*
*
.
*
*
*
*
*
3
*
15
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
29
*
20
*
*
*
*
3
*
*
*
* 165
*
78
*
*
* *
*
*
*
17
*
*
*
*
*
6
100
235
54
*
*
6 115,902 8,850 10,532 4,481 10,699
22 7,992
8 284 35,505 119,411 8,434 13,467
26
11 2,934 4,466 1,512 1,559 4,260
12 404 67,969
2
Total.
Country of last residence or nationality
65
*
«
*
Austria
Germany
177
82
219 26,038
* 1,165
Greece
1922
37
104
468
1923
53
473
921
101
294
Hungary
1922
*
*
296
351
*
—5
—
*
3,207 4,394 5,906
*
*5 *
*
*
a
33
#
11
*
*
—
187
142
1923
*
826
162
—
*i
*3
5,245
Italy
1922
Latvia
1923
134
58,970
3,358
—
2,030
356
45,172
714
*
e
5
Lithuania
1922 1923
*
*
*
—
*
—
47,469
*
1,689
*
* 4«
*8 3#
139
95,107
1,794
15,839
6,062
4,145 6,241 6,251 6,588 110,739 168,107 52
13
42
*
784
14
™
1,363
*
«
*
25
1922
477
82
*
U9
41
*
*
*
281
*
1923
191
270
*
Norway
1922
153
230
103
Portugal
Poland
1923
1922
1923
1922
219
67
58
68
1,670
124
31
139
5,063 10,079 1,738
Netherlands
1923
1922
1923
*
160
359
217
173
154
214
130
798
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
4
•
70
2,942
Russia
1922
1923
200
1,689
145
86
5,034
280
950
5,094
*
* 1,105
* 31,866
—
5,173 5,364
2
206
* 118
349
108
338
19
—.
-—
—
2,185 6,623 17,742 22,346 34,308 2,400 2,756 2,023 5,469 21,366 18,250
139
204
*2
94
*
—
448
12
*
#
«
223
*
303
*
•
*
3,209
4
*5
2,252
*
*
*
*
•
*
1,806
3
2,927
1
2,242 1,000 3,085 7,792 20,127 36,268 53,144 4,387 37,634 2,896 6,938 25,753 32,622
TABLE
IV. OVERSEA IMMÌGRATION OF ALIENS
(NON-EUROPEAN
C O U N T R I E S ) , BY COUNTRY OF LAST R E S I D E N C E OR NATIONALITY,
1922 AND 1923 (cont.)
Country of last
residence or
nationality
Country of
immigration
United
Kingdom
Rouraania
1922 I 1923
South Africa
Argentina.
Australia .
Brazil . . .
Canada . .
Cuba . . .
United States
Mexico . .
New Zealand
Palestine .
Paraguay .
13
630
1,557
*
978
440
965
294
14,096 13,098
«
*
Total .
326
1922
1923
10,968
3,330
80,278
200
008
,926
573
70, 110
31,005
537
45,035 105. 900
3,284
2, 983
132
11,079
46
38
1922
T , i r t » v Iinn
Serb-CroatTurkey
I Slovene
Europe
Kingdom
Czechoslovakia
Switzerland
1923 I 1922 | 1923 | 1922
1923 I 1922
1923 I 1922
1923 | 1922
*
m
49
*
826
602 5,356
556 2,649
*
164
*
*
539
564
*
790
666
115 1,527
123 1,934
137
704
15
20
10
43
*
9,176 27,881 3,634 4,610 15 236 13,342 2,530 2,873 5,801 4,553
154
57
40
3,295
163
859
168
*
*
26
35
28
**
*4
27
90
544
* 1,459
241
94
81
*
*•
*
*
Other
European
Countries |
20
Total (Europe)
:
1923
1922
1923 Numberj
*«
Number
Per
cent.
43 13,530
53 132,550
932 86,396
11
177 42,678
19,031
360 252,245
3,141
13,543
95 11,453
525
6,932
188
2.;
22.!
14.1
11,675
194,998
86,012
76,726
108,674
46,439
438,796
16,060
9,430
6,708
113
1.2
19.5
8.6
7.7
H.O
4.7
44.0
1.6
0.9
0.7
0.1
7.
3.
43.
2.
2,
1.
0.
990
*
11 7,7704
16,463 16,924 185,554 279,878 10,149 31,430 4,905
16,009 21,175 2,530 2,873 6,557 8,800 3,131 5,337 578,546 100.0 995,631 100.0
Inaia
or nationality
Country of immigration
S o u t h Africa .
Argentina
. .
Australia
Brazil
Canada
Cuba
United S t a t e s .
Mexico
New Z e a l a n d .
Palestine
Paraguay
. .
Sweden
. .
. .
1922
1923
1922
1923
1922
20
2
3,613
*
*
3,864
*
«
*
377
6
183
540
—
395
23
6,411
311
—
37
811
4
431
. .
*
*
*
*
—
22
*
285
*
85
#
«
Total
10,309
13,090
827
. .
. .
810
3
4,965
721
175
—
7,146
1,125
107
4
30
235
85
—
*
*
*
*
*
731
7,869
Total (Asia)
Syria,
Palestine,
Mesopotamia
Japan
1923
Asia
countries
1922
1923
1922
1923
*
*
3
204
*
1,625
91
*
*
167
*
208
257
896
404
1,996
*
—
*
137
*
2,480
*
—,
3,021
176
463
•
—
5,741
283
*
*
*
7,789
—_
87
232
2,221
235
—.
*12
*
•
37
*
2,470
2,007
74
179
*
*
180
2,072
5,179
2,530
7,677
•
1922
—
48
35
391
1,029
*
*
*
*
360
2,502
The sign — signifies: "figures not published or not communicated t o t h e Office"; the sign *: " n o statistics".
1922
1923
*
5,838
353
132
415
—
448
1,962
27
588
•
9,763
|
Number
Per
cent.
29
2,194
5,138
0.2
8.4
19.7
—
—
5.2
8,042
5,018
5,770
1,895
1.6
53.8
7.9
1.0
2.2
19,061
3,370
231
842
1,362
430
14,059
2,061
260
576
co
1923
Number
Per
cent.
*
—
*
*
*
26,109
100.0
44,229
18.2
11.3
13.0
4.3
43.1
7.6
0.5
2.0
100.0
TABLE ÎV. OVERSEA IMMIGRATION ÔF ALIENS (NON-EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES), BY COUNTRY
OF
LAST
RESIDENCE
OR
NATIONALITY,
1922 AND 1923 {com.)
Country of last
residence or
nationality
Country of
immigration
1922
South Africa. . . .
Argentina
Canada
Cuba
United States . . .
New Zealand
Palestine
Paraguay
. . .
Total
United
States
Africa
. .
Country of last
residence or
nationality
Country of
immigration
South Africa . . .
Argentina
. . . .
Australia
Brazil
Canada
Cuba
United States . . .
New-Zealand . . .
*
*71
31
*
492
S
88
225
*
907
1
1923
*
135
*
*
4
*
•
1923
*
*7
*
788
*
*
*
2,455
352
270
1,279
233
101
118
277
1
128
1,669
199
1,525
1,287
a
93
689
1923
36
776
Australia,
Tasmania
New Zealand
1922
1922
58
60
925
1,574
*
1,586
*
*
British
America
*
*
94
175
3
4,095
70
136
. *
2,441
Central
America
1922
1923
1922
1923
1922
1923
1922
1923
*
*
*
*
11
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
28
35
68
46
*
*
*
3
*
4
7
*
1,382
9
63,089
18,577
281
3
5,140
182,369
20,198
270
*
*
83,341
*
*
207,987
*
*
44
1,068
1,526
1,750
1,413
142
36,727
•0
2,642
3,174
36,897
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
17
942
81,624
82,618
9,009
*
*
10
721
6
8,442
597
10
15
11
7,364
18,811
5
124
3,160
414
*
7
*
*
*
*
17,334
15,143
*
118
3,533
4
67
17,210
*
*
*
1923
1922
*
80
5,429
9,566
Total (Africa, America, Oceania)
Pacific
Islands
South
America
West
Indies
Mexico
Total (all countries)
Other countries
1922
|
1922
1923
1922
1923
Number
Per
cent.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
127
574
*
*
444
5,236
1,979
0.3
3.3
1.3
58
47
*
*
*
*
*
*
2,650
6,532
114,863
21,454
2,132
620
13
1.7
4.2
73.6
13.7
1.4
0.4
0.1
*
692
1,023
8
14
937
550
1,099
*
220
37
1,604
40
13
*
3,917
*
*
1923
Number
926
9,520
1,829
2,136
6,444
293,193
23,812
2,101
391
11
1922
Per
cent.
0.2
2.8
0.5
0.6
1.9
86.2
7.0
0.6
0.12
0.08
(
1923
Number
Per
cent.
Number
14,003
139,980
93,513
66,9681
46,690
25,993
381,167
37,058
13,845
8,128
201
1.7
16.9
11.3
8.1
5.6
3.1
46.0
4.5
1.6
1.0
0.2
12,601
212,560
92,859
84,632
117,0132
75,463
751,050
43,242
11,762
7,991
124
Per
cent.
0.9
15.1
6.6
6.0
8.3
5.4
53.3
3.0
0.83
0.56
0.01
100.0
155,923
100.0
340,413
1,409,297
100.0
827,546
100.0
Total . . .
The sign — signifies: "figures not published or not communicated to the Office"; the sign *: "no statistics",
i The onlv usure received for Brazil for 1922 is the total 66,968 with no information as to country of last residence. " For Cuba the only figure received relating
2,510
58
47
3,021
TABLE V. CONTINENTAL
MIGRATION ( E U R O P E A N
FUTURE
RESIDENCE,
A. Emigration
Country of
future residence
emigration'
Austria,
Hungary.
Czechoslovakia
Germany
I1922 I
Belgium .
Italy . . .
Poland . .
Eoumania
Sweden i .
1923
I
1922
Belgium
and
Netherlands
I1923 I
1922
1922
I
1923
I1922 I
*
* 1,449 877 18,897 16.899
355
350 2,719 1,303 15,385 11,214 85,815 142,990
17
150
32
*
*
*64 70,895
396 5,544 1,858
147
*
*
268
29
18
83
79
*
*
664
1,261
*
481
540
1922
of
AND
1923
Nationals
Serb-CroatGreat Britain
Slovene
and
Luxemburg Kingdom
and
Ireland
Balkan States
France
I1923 I
C O U N T R I E S ) , BY COUNTRY OF LAST OR
1923
I 1922 I
248
724
92
8
106
407
867
1923
211
5,547
I
1922
253
841
I
1923
I
Other
Countries
Switzerland
1922
I 1923 I
.
*
2,865
2,158
58
5,241
*
*
*
*
•
*
*
*
1922
52
6,906
55
*
*
Total
B . Emigration
futSreTsidence /
Country of
emigration
Belgium . . .
France . . . .
German
1922
411
*
*
I
1923
227
*
B
^ium
)
1922
1923
*
*
3,832
S
PaIn
1922
3 58
*
I
1923
s 74
11,203
" » * I
1922
468
*
1923
1,073
39,383
of
1923
I
1922
I
1923
285 21,991 18,969
3,740 123,030 170,226
71,262
21
* 5,528
*
6,049
7,937
2,679
2,085 2,208 12,160
2,812
159,993 271,073
305
3,330
2
Aliens
Poland
I
Port 1
^
|
Russia
|
sÄia
| CoÄs
1922 | 1923 j 1922 1923 | 1922 | 1923 I 1922 | 1923
*
#
I
Total
*
61
*
*
*
4,052
38
*
234
77
Total . .
The sign * signifies: "no statistics".
i Including aliens. 2 Including Tunis, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, but not the Italian colonies,
*
*
*
*
I
Total
1922 j 1923
1922
1923
7,078
8,053
9,845
59,951
*
8,237
1,343
*
8,053 69,796
s Including Portugal.
oo
TABLE V. CONTINENTAL MIGRATION
(EUROPEAN COUNTRIES), BY COUNTRY OF LAST OR FUTURE RESIDENCE, 1 9 2 2 ÀTMD 1 9 2 3 (cOHt.)
C. Immigration
Country of
last residence
Country of
immigration
Germany
1
Relgium
1
Spain
|
Italy
|
of
Aliens
Poland
j
Portugal
1922 | 1923 j 1922 ) 1923 | 1922 | 1923 | 1922 | 1923 | 1922 j 1923 | 1922 j 1923
Belgium . . .
France . . . .
796
#
909
United Kingdom
Norway2 . . .
Roumania a . .
*
78
580
1,156
Czechoslovakia.
*
441
845
*
385
*
*
* 1250 1255 2,078 3,453 *
24,826 33,912 46,425 36,497 57,199 112,475 34,447 54,673
106
142
*
*
*
9
1
3
1 51 1
*
*
*
*43
215
1
1,301
*
194
*
*
106
124
*
846
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,228
323
*
•
53
39
*
*
8,064 11,767
CzechoSlovakia
Russia
1922 | 1923
278
*
31
52
27
1,132
3,346
48
16
3
•
7
i
Other
1 Countries
Belgium . . .
Italy
Sweden * . . .
10lal
*
*
1,338
4,330
31
38
•
*
1,732
1,662
*
*
15,853 16,419 18,086 22,168
4,802 3,877 181,472 262,877
1.396
2,530
8,799
1,633
2,682
8,069
*
3,418
1,869
3,023
13,559
2.229
3,278
12,226
*
4,260
218,009 307,038
D. Immigration
Country of
immigration
_, . .
1922 ) 1923 | 1922 1 1923 | 1922 ¡ 1923
Total . .
Country of
last residence
i
1
Germany
Austria,
Hungary,
Czechoslovakia
Belgium
and
Netherlands
354
365
1,037
*
269
55
*
1,401
72
Nationals
Great Britain
and
Luxemburg
Ireland
Serb-CroatSlovene King- Switzerland
dom a n d
Balkan States
Other
countries
1,213
2,657
1,298
4,773
*
*
7,186
6,139
56
7,981
63,396
56
385
55
79
695
540
93
161
1,068
122
1,434
*
*
*
209
*
*
1,073
*
44
371
*
31
5,374
*
259
267
97 31,142
2,297 2,136
Total . .
The sign * signifies: "no statistics".
i Including Portugal. 2 including nationals.
Total
1923 | 1922 | 1923 | 1922 | 1923 | 1922 j 1923 j 1922 j 1923 | 1922 | 1923 | 1922 | 1923 j 1922 j 1923
1922 j 1923 | 1922 | 1923 | 1922
266
70
579
France
of
3
Including Tunis, Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, but not the Italian colonies,
* Including aliens.
9,517
10,935
3,066
10,748
79,498
3,394
23,518
93,640
TABLE VI. DISTRIBUTION OF EMIGRANTS BY SEX AND A G E 1 ( C H I L D R E N OR YOUNG PERSONS AND A D U L T S ) ,
1922
Country of
emigration
Europe :
Germany.
Children or young
persons
Fe- i
Males males Total
Adults
1 9 2 2 AND
1923
1923
Children or young
persons
Total
FeFeMales males
Total Males males
A fl) Oversea emigration
Total
of
Ma
Adults
H m a l " e s i Total | Males | m a*£l e s !
Total
Total
1 M a l e s I nfaîes 1 T o t a l
nationals
. . (number)
2,076 2,082 4,158 17,120 14,609 31,729 19,196 16,691 35,887
.,904 5,880 11,784 59,830 42,198 102,028 65,734 48,078 113,812
100.0
(per cent.)
5.8
88.4
5.8
5.2
5.1
100.0
11.6
47.7
40.7
53.5
46.5
10.3
52.6
37.1
89.7
57.«
43.2
it
10,579
Austria. Í . . (number)
6,021 4,558
1,796
9,554
5,338 14,892
*
*
*
* 13,701
100.0
(per cent.)
100.0
56.9
43.1
11.6
88.4
61.7
38.3
*197 »427 *3 0 3
*
927
2.256
92
Belgium . . . (number)
105
730
408
269
238
507
646
884
519
1,103
1,749
1,372
100.0
100.0
9.9
(per
cent.)
11.3
78.8
12.0
10.6
21.2
46.1
32.7
66.0
4 4.0
22.6
18.9
28.5
77.4
60.8
39.2
4,094
7,601
259
3,603
D e n m a r k 2 . . (number)
232
4 9 1 2,243 1,380
415
390
805
4,728 2,063
6,796
5,143
2,458
2,475 1,619
100.0
100.0
6.3
(per cent.)
5.7
88.0
5.5
5.1
12.0
54.8
33.8
62.2
27.2
89.4
67.7
32.3
60.5
39.5
io. n
Spain . . . . (number)
4,313 3,283 7,596 38,043 18,480 56,523 42,356 21,763 64,119
66,002 27,244 93,246
*
*
*
*
100.0
(per cent.)
6.7
5.1
88.2
100.0
ll.S
59.4
28.8
66.1
33.9
70.8
29.2
*
*
5,715
246
259
5,210
557
Finland . . . (number)
5 0 5 2,520 2,690
605
2,766 2,949
1,161
8,520
4,153 12,673
9,125
4,710 13,835
100.0
4.3
91.2
(per cent.)
4.5
4.4
4.0
100.0
8.4
44.1
47.1
61.6
30.0
91.6
66.0
34.0
48.4
51.6
«.« 70,272 65,753 136,025 90,338 83,758 174,096 29 ,257 25,388 154,645 130,188 82,721 212,909 159,445 108,109 267,554
20,(166 18,005 38,071
United Kingdom (number)
100.0
11.5
78.2
10.9
100.0
(per cent.)
10.3
SI.8
40.4
37.8
20.4
48.7
30.9
79.6
59.6
40.4
51.9
4S.1
3.076
2,569
(number)
574
Hungary
507
2.951
1,202 1,175
2,377
1,206 1,363
*
#
*
*
100.0
83.5
(per cent.)
ioo.o
19.5
40.7
.39.«
80.5
16.5
39.2
44.3
*
*
**3
*« 3 177,853
121,410
*
3
*
3
(number)
Italy. .
16,254 81,041 24,115 105,156
21,582 130,000 26,271 156,271
+
100.0
(per cent.)
86.6
100.0
13.4
66.7
19.9
12.1
73.1
14.8
87.9
*
*
*
6,456
320
5,826
(number)
310
630 3,635 2,191
693
19,287
Norway 3 .
3,955 2,50i
1,391 12,491 5,405 17,896 13,184
6,103
100.0
5.0
3.6
4.8
100.0
(per cent.)
9.8
90.
7.2
56.3
33.9
64.8
28.0
92.8
68.4
31.6
61.3
38.7
2,158
2 9 8 1,115
745
1,860
(number)
Netherlands
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
100.0
86.2
(per cent.)
13.8
51.7
34.5
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
22,314
(number)
8,478 30,792
2,227 6,810 29,037
Portugal .
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
100.0
100.0
(per cent.)
72.5
27.5
24.6
75.4
*
*
«
*
*
*
*
5,134
(number)
247
2,880
2 5 4 2,633
Malta . .
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
#
100.0
91.9
(per cent.)
8.1
7.9
84.0
*
*
* , *
*
*
*
*
Serb-Croat7,635
5,717
694
744 1,438 2,169 2,589
4,758
906
829
1,735
3,653
9,370
Slov. Kingdom (number)
2,863 3,333 * 6,196
4,811 2,824
100.0
11.2
12.0
76.8
9.7
8.8
100.0
(per cent.)
46.2
53.8
18.5
51.4
30.1
81.5
61.0
39.0
23.2
35.0
41.8
8,014
346
300
7,368
1,047
25,282
1,100
Sweden - . . . (number)
646 4,767 2,601
2,147 17,729 5,406 23,135 18,829
6,453
5,113 2,901
100.0
4.3
4.1
100.0
92.0
4.4
3.7
8.5
(per cent.)
8.0
59.5
32.5
70.1
21.4
91.5
74.5
25.5
63.8
36.2
4,983
348
364
8,006
4,320
31
780
425
Switzerland '- . (number)
6 6 3 2,333 1,987
4,849 2,368
7,217
5,274
2,732
2,681 2,302
100.0
7.0
4.5
86.7
5.3
9.8
(per cent.)
6.3
00.6
29.6
90.2
65.9
34.1
13.3
46.8
39.9
53.8
46.2
ioo.o
2,324 2,356 4,680 23,690 11,059 34,749 25,014 14,418 39,429
1,542
Czechoslovakia (number)
3,18fi 22,967 6,188 29,155 24,611
7,730 32,341
5.9
4.8
100.0
(per cent.)
6.0
88.1
5.1
9.9
71.0
19.1
90.1
76.1
23.9
11.9
60.1
28.0
66.0
34.0
100.0
Non-European
Countries
*
*
*
*
2,209
(number)
*
*
*
*
*
1,637
3,846
Argentina
(per cent.)
100.0
57.4
42.6
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(number)
India . . .
53,958 25,351 79,309
*
*
*
*
*
*
#
*
•*
(per cent.)
100.0
68.0
32.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(number)
7,616
6,310
Japan . . .
4,227 3,389
3,493
2,817
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(per cent.)
100.0
55.4
44.6
55.5
44.5
100.0
*
*
*
*
*
* 24,066
*
*
United States . (number)
27,935
36,260
12,194
21,080
15,180
51,263,
*
45,272
33,926
79,198
*
*
*
*
(per cent.)
35.3
100.0
57.2
42.8
100.0
33.6
66.4
58.1
41.9
64.7
*
*
The sign * signifies: " n o statistics".
i The age limit for t h e category "children or young persons" is as follows: N e t h e r l a n d s , 10 years; H u n g a r y , Straits Settlements, 12 y e a r s ; Germany, Argentina (1923), 14 y e a r s ; South Africa, Argentina (1922), Austria, Denmark, Spain, I n d i a , I t a l y , Malta, Norway, New Zealand, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, 15 y e a r s ;
Belgium (Antwerp), United
States, Finland, United Kingdom (Home Office), Philippines, Switzerland, 16 years; United Kingdom (Board of Trade), 17 y e a r s ; Serb-Croat-Slovene
Kingdom, 18 years. 2 Including a certain number of aliens. 3 The distribution b y sex of national emigrants leaving from I t a l i a n p o r t s is as follows: 1922: men,
89,010; women, 31,657; 1923: m e n , 140,744; women, 30,023. * The total given for 1922 under t h e heading " a g e " differs from t h e t o t a l given in t h e other tables (6,086),
TABLE VI. DISTRIBUTION OF EMIGRANTS BY SEX AND A G E 1 (CHILDREN OR YOUNG PERSONS AND ADULTS), 1 9 2 2 AND 1 9 2 3
1922
Country of
emigration
Europe :
Belgium . . . (number)
(per cent.)
Netherlands 2 . (number)
(per cent.)
Non-European Countries :
South Africa . (number)
(per cent.)
Argentina . . (number)
(per cent.)
United States . (number)
(per cent.)
New Zealand . (number)
(per cent.)
Philippines . . (number)
(per cent.)
Straits
Settlements . (number)
(per cent.)
Children or young
Adults
persons
FeMales males Total | Males nfaTesI
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
865
7.4
832
7.1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,697
14.6
5,662
48.5
4,327
37.0
»
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
a
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
9,499
4.8
507
23.6
69
6.2
2,313
5.1
1923
1
(per cent.)
Non-Europtian Countries :
Argentina . . (number)
(per cent.)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
336
*
*
*
*
9,989
85.5
*
6,527
ÖS.S
5,159
44.1
*
loo.o
11,686
100.0
m
*
*
*
*
45,733
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
988
8.2
781
6.5
2,483
2,578
5.3
5.5
*
*3 0 6
*
*347
12.4
14.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
îoo.o
Continental emigration of nationals
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
»
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
•
2
519
100.0
26,252
*
43,420
94.9
*
*
The sign * signifies: "no statistics".
i See note (1) to the first part of this table.
183
64.7
35.3
13,200 13,052
50.3
49.7
* 143,223
* 55,489
* 198,712
*
189,213
95.2
72.7
27.9
100.0
m
1,643
2,150
*
76.4
*941 *164 100.0
1,036
1,105
93.8
«5.2
14.8
îoo.o
B (2)
Europe :
Belgium . . . (number)
(per cent.)
Non-European Countries :
Argentina . . (number)
(per cent.)
Total
Adults
Fe- 1
Total
1 M a l e s 1 mates 1 T o t a l M a l e s l males! Total ¡ Males | males 1 Total
A (2) Oversea emigration of aliens
* S7,691
* 26,593
* 114,284
*
8,746
7.1
71.3
21.6
Vii.9
*
*
Children or poung 1
persons
!
1 Fp. 1
B (i)
Europe :
Belgium . . . (number)
(per cent.)
(cOilt.)
11,136 10,855
50.6
49.4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
21,991
îoo.o
123,030
100.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
•
*
1,669
14.7
5,061
10.8
4,539
5,802
48.0
32,045
68.5
5.6
653
*
*8 9 8
26.4
36.3
85
7.9
*
*
*
*
•
*
*
*
4,503 10,305
37.3
85.3
9,704 41,749
20.7
89.2
# 76,911
94.4
*9 2 3 1,821
37.3
73.6
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
992
92.1
* 114,067
* 39,649
* 153,716
*
16,510
9 7
67.0
23.3 90.3
1
Total
FeMales | males
Total
237
152
389
60.9
39.1
100.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
6,770
5,284 12,054
56.2
43.8
100.0
34,528 12,282 46,810
75.«
26.2
100.0
54,752 26,698 81,450
76.6
23.4
100.0
1,204
1,270
2,474
48.7
51.3
100.0
900
177
1,077
83.6
16.4
100.0
*
*
9,673
51.0
*
*
*
*
9,296
49.0
*
*
*
*
18,969
100.0
170,226
100.0
*
*
*
*
*
«
•
*
8,919
71.9
3,494
28.1
12,413
100.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
5,864
69.6
3,983
40.4
9,847
100.0
10,844
80.6
2,347
17.4
13,191
98.0
10,986
81.7
2,465
18.3
13,451
100.0
Continental emigration of aliens
4,077
50.6
*
*
3,976
49.4
*
*
8,053
100.0
*m
Including continental emigration of aliens.
*
«
#
*
142
1.1
118
0.9
260
2.0
oo
TABLE VII. DISTRIBUTION OF IMMIGRANTS BY SEX AND A G E 1 ( C H I L D R E N OR YOUNG P E R S O N S AND A D U L T S ) , 1 9 2 2 AND
1923
1922
Country of
Immigration
Children or young
persons
Males
Adults
I nfales I T o t a l I M a l e s I nfafes |
A
Europe:
Belgium
. . (number)
(per cent.)
. . (number)
(per cent.)
United Kin *dom (number)
(per cent.)
Hungary
. . (number)
(per cent.)
Italy. .
. . (number)
(per cent.)
Portugal 2 . . (number)
(per cent.)
Malta .
. . (number)
(per cent.)
. . (number)
Sweden s
(per cent.)
Spain
.
Non-European Countries :
Argentina . . (number)
(per cent.)
Japan . . . .
(number)
(per cent.)
*
*
*
*
7,339
*
%
*
*
7,784
10.8
11.4
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
%
*
*
(For footnotes see end of table, p . 87.)
Children or young
persons
Total
Total
1 M a l e s 1 nfales 1
(1) Oversea immigration
*
*
Total
of
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
52,903
77.5
22.S
100.0
32,081
35,945
68,026
22.2
276
24.8
36.4
524
47.0
41.4
314
28.2
77.8
838
75.2
47.2
52.8
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
40,057
*
*
14,225
100.0
1,114
100.0
54,282
26.2
100.0
45,068
88.2
916
61.1
583
38.9
1,499
39,567
11,530
51,097
73.8
15,720
100.0
4,760 20,480
76.8
23.2
100.0
*
*
1,900
*
*
1,337
3,237
58.7
41.3
100.0
9,214
*
*
5,198
*
*
14,412
63.9
36.1
100.0
*
Males
I nfales ¡
T o t a l
Adults
|
Males
Total
| nnfales
fai; |
Total
*
*
*
*
22,126
*
*
*
*
*
*
+
*
*
\
Males
I nfles
Total
nationals
*
*
6,029
11.8
15,123 24,742 28,161
1923
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
6,331
6,595
10.8
11.2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
•
*
*
*
*
12,926
22.0
49
17.1
*
*
*
*184
7.3
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,121
100.0
32,851
100.0
73.6
26.4
23,807 45,933 28,457 30,402 58,859
100.0
37.6
40.4
78.0
48.3
51.7
287
155
83
238
*
*
100.0
54.0
28.9
82.9
*
* 39,680
30,608
9,072
*
•
*
100.0
77.1
22.9
*
12,111 3,401 15,512
*
*
*
100.0
78.1
21.9
*
2,534
2,193
157 2,350
*
*
100.0
6.2
86.5
92.7
*
•
2,433
1,403
1,030
*
*
*
100.0
57.7
42.3
*
*
641
57.2
23,610
4,515
56.3
*
*
*
*
*
480
42.8
8,471
3,501
43.7
6,973
3,811
64.7
35.3
8,016
100.0
10,782
100.0
TABLE VII. DISTRIBUTION OF IMMIGRANTS BY SEX AGE
X
(CHILDREN OR YOUNG PERSONS AND ADULTS), 1 9 2 2 AND 1 9 2 3
1923
1922
of
Country
immigration
Children or y o u n g
persons
Males
mFaîes|Total
nfal'esl
A
Europe;
Belgium
.
.
Netherlands *
Norway
.
.
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.) •
(number)
(per cent.)
Non-European
Countries :
South Africa
(number)
(per cent.)
5
Argentina .
(number)
(per cent.)
Canada.. . .
(number)
(per cent.)
Cuba. . . .
(number)
(per cent.)
United States
(number)
(per cent.)
New Zealand
(number)
(per cent.)
Philippines .
(number)
(per cent.)
Palestine . .
(number)
(per cent.)
Paraguay. .
(number)
(per cent.)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,155
8.6
7,713
¡5.5
1,050
7.8
G,915
4.9
*
•
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
#
*
*16
*
*
*
*
*
#
*
*
*
*
*
*2 2
8.0
•10.9
(For footnotes see end of table.)
*
*
*
*
*
*
Total
Adults
Males
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
(cont.)
T o t a l
Males
(2) Oversea
*
*
*
*
*
*
nfaies |
immigration
691
69.7
10,867
32.2
1.951
55.0
301
30.3
22,929
67.8
1,599
45.0
T o t a l
of
992
100.0
33,796
100.0
3,550
100.0
Children or y o u n g
persons
FeTotal
Males
males
1
Adults
M
HnSes|
Total
1
Total 1 Males
Females
Total
aliens
*
*
*
*
*
«
2,205 5,869 5,337 11,206
7,024
6,367 13,411
902
16.4
43.8
39.8
83.6
52.4
47.6
100.0
7.5
1
2
5
,
3
2
5
9
6
,
1
5
1
4
3
,
8
0
2
1
0
,
792
139,953
14.628 88,438 36,887
10.4
63.2
26.4
69.6
68.7
100.0
6.5
31.3
46,690
9.293 19,563 17,834 37,397
»
*
*
19.9
41.9
38.2
80.1
100.0
*
#
*
24,231 19,468
6,525 25,993
1,762
*
*
*
6.8
93.2
70.9
39.1
100.0
*
«
*
2
4
5
,
8
4
6
1
4
0
,
7
4
1
1
5
9
,
8
1
5
3
0
9
.
5
5
6
63,710
*
*
*
20.6
79.4
48.4
61.6
100.0
*
*
*
10,735
13,8.45 1,367
3,110
*
*
*
*
77.5
100.0
11.6
22.5
*
*
*
*8 9 6 6 , 5 3 7
4,757
5,641
1,780
*
*
*
72.8
««.3
13.7
100.0
27.2
*
*
*
5,955
2,173 3,427 2,528
8,128
*
#
*
42.2
31.1
73.3
100.0
26.7
*
*
*
163
113
129
72
38
50
201
*
56.2
81.1
64.2
35.8
18.9
24.9
100.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
823
6.8
9,539
4.9
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,359
11.6
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
423
59.8
284
40.2
*
*
1,915
*
*
1,600
54.5
45.5
1,725
5,491 4,811 10,302
6,393
14.3
45.7
40.0
85.7
53.2
20,331 130,888 43,844 174,732 141,680
10.4
67.1
22.5
89.6
72.6
17,622 67,981 32,410 100,391
«
14.9
57.6
27.5
85.1
*
*
*
91,816
17.6
2,726
23.2
2,146
32.1
2,147
26.9
*
*
*
*
*
*
4,778
40.6
*
*
3,228
40.4
*
*
*
*
*
*
4,256
*
*
*
*
707
100.0
*
*
3,515
100.0
5,634 1 2 , 0 2 7
46.8
100.0
53,383 195,063
27.4
100.0
,013
* 1 1 8100.0
*
*
*
*
#
431,103 307,522 215,397 522,919
83.4
5«.«
41.2
100.0
9,036
6,145
5,617 1 1 , 7 6 2
36.2
76.8
62.2
47.8
100.0
4,543
5,588
1,101
6,689
*
67.9
«
3
.
5
16.5
100.0
*
2,616
5,844
7,991
*
*
32.7
73.1
* 72
* 42 100.0
114
*
*
63.2
36.8
100.0
*
*
TABLE VII. DISTRIBUTION OF IMMIGRANTS BY SEX AND AGE 1 (CHILDREN OR YOUNG PERSONS AND ADULTS), 1922 AND 1923 (COTlt.)
1922
Country
of immigration
Children or young l
persons
|
Males
| nfaîes Total
1923
Ari.iitc
ACIUUS
M e s
| nial'es
Total
B (1)
Europe :
Belgium
Italy. .
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
2Von-European Countries :
Argentina . . (number)
(per cent.)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
«
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Non-European Countries :
Argentina . . (number)
(per cent.)
•
*
*
*
*
43
2.2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
•
859
42.6
*
*
*
*
1,113
55.2
*
#
Males
| nfales
Total
M
H
nfales 1
Total
Adults
1
Males
Total
i
1 nSesj
Total
1
Males
I nfales Total
Continental immigration of nationals
B (2)
Europe :
Belgium . . . (number)
(per cent.)
United Kingdom (number)
(per cent.)
Children or young
persons
persons
I
Total
4,837
50.8
44,556
80.1
*
•
*
*
m
•
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
•
*
*
*
*
*
*
»
*
*
*
*
•
•
88
3.4
368
2.1
305
1.8
673
3.9
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
5,434
50.6
63,983
80.5
8,578
71.9
5,314 10,748
100.0
49.4
15,515 79,498
100.0
19.5
3,347
28.1
11,925
100.0
Continental immigration of aliens
*
*
1,972
97.8
*
*
4,680
9,517
49.2
100.0
11,085 55,641
19.9
100.0
10,516
56.5
*
*
*
*
*
•
*
The sign • signifies: "no statistics".
i See note (1) to the first part of table VI. 2 Immigrants of all classes.
1922 immigrants of all classes; in 1923, second and third class immigrants only.
States and two Chinese; in 1923, 374 from the United States and five Chinese).
8,086
43.5
3
6
18,602
100.0
2,015
100.0
*
*
1,310
50.3
1,207
46.3
12,895
73.7
3,929
22.4
13,783
62.2
2,517
96.6
*
*
8,385 22,168
100.0
37.8
16,824
96.1
13,263
7S.8
4,224
24.2
*
*
2,605
100.0
17,487
100.0
Including a certain number of aliens. ' Including continental immigration. 5 In
Including also a certain number of oversea immigrants (in 1922, 143 from the United
TABLE VIII. DISTRIBUTION OF MIGRANTS ( E U R O P E A N
COUNTRIES) BY OCCUPATION,
1 9 2 2 AND
1922
1923
1923
l
Country of
emigration (A, B)
or
immigration (C, D)
Agriculture
Industry
and
mines
Transport
and
commerce
Other
Dooccumestic Liberal
service profespasions
tions,
and
and
general
none,
l a b o u r public or unservices known
A. Oversea
Germany
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Spain
Finland
United Kingdom
Italy
Norway
Poland
Serb-Croat-Slovene
Kingdom
Sweden
Switzerland
Czechoslovakia
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
6,482
18.1
2,472
23.3
235
31.8
595
14.5
9,976
IS.6
2,755
48.2
12,937
7.4
55,665
S1.3
1,186
18.4
6,250
13.4
10,376
28.9
2,050
19.i
5,902
16.i
582
5.5
1,942
18.3
18
2.4
521
*
*4 2 4
10.4
12.7
2,171
10. i
2,586
3.4
585
4.0
214
3.7
10.2
26,541
15.2
26,366
24.3
1,565
24.2
7,262
15.5
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
3,449
68.6
3,031
25.8
1,134
19.S
5,618
2,349
19.9
1,220
21.1
4,170
444
7.6
15,814
9.0
3,316
3.1
942
emigration
3,561
1,964
9.9
5.5
306
3.1
77
511
12.5
24,221
37.8
1,144
20.0
25,047
14.3
18,694
17.2
*
*
*
*9 1
0.1
298
5.2
8,584
4.9
2,012
1.8
352
5.5
of
7,602
21.2
3,227
30.4
410
55.4
2,043
49.9
25,074
39.1
719
12.7
47,102
49.2
2,505
2.3
14.7
3,319
2,549
3.«
7.1
5.4
1,460
22.6
25,703
55.«
171
2.9
277
2.3
400
6.9
191
1,441
24.5
4,144
35.1
1,626
28.1
5,362
380
6.4
747
6.3
903
15.6
586
*
*
1,249
10.6
504
8.7
5,567
Agriculture
nationals^
14.6
1,690
951
Total
DoOther
I
T r a n s - mestic Liberal
occuprofesservice
Indusport
pasions
try
and
and
tions,
and
and
com- general public
none,
mines
merce labour services or unknown
35,887
100.0
10,579
100.0
740
100.0
4,094
100.0
64,119
100.0
5,715
100.0
136,025 s
100.0
108,588
100.0
6,456
100.0
46,773
100.0
5,885
100.0
11,797
100.0
5,787
100.0
21,494
12,048
10.6
2,791
18.0
34,446
30.3
4,197
27.1
12,958
11.4
640
29
1.7
*
*7 2 8
36.8
1,216
16.0
1,190
15.6
7,174
51.8
26,223
10.2
70,989
44.2
4.274
23.4
1,106
19.7
1,715
12.4
54,898
21.4
53,348
33.3
4,978
27.2
1,093
19.5
2,781
29.7
8,062
27.6
1,882
23.5
4,640
10.6
8,186
28.0
1,772
22.1
4,914
996
872
5.6
9.6
474
3.4
21,822
8.6
4,714
2.9
2,744
15.0
119
2.1
*
*
2,200
7.5
1,271
15.9
447
13,432
11.8
2,631
17.0
235
13.5
1,236
16.3
2.722
19.7
42,597
16.8
22,849
14.2
1,851
10.1
75
1.3
3,416
36.5
1,702
5.8
706
8.8
3,858
3,784
3.3
417
2.7
*
*
*
37,144
32.6
4,589
29.6
834
48.0
3,231
42.5
113,8
100
15,4
100
1,7
100
7,6
100
13,8
618
4.5
1,132
8.2
100
8,061
59,308
27.9
5,096
212,9
3.1
3,473
100
160,4
2.2
3.2
101
1,142
3,298
18.0
2,871
«1.2
18,2
6.3
349
6.2
557
5.9
348
1.2
480
6.0
193
1,620
17.3
•8,740
29.9
1,895
23.7
1,920
100
5,6
100
9,3
loo
29,2
IOC
8,0
lOO
15,9
B. Continental
Italy
(number)
(per cent.)
11,408
10.0
70,862
62.0
2,025
1.8
26,644
23.3
C. Oversea immigration
Belgium
Spain
u n i t e d Kingdom
Norway
i
Sweden
4
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
212
14.2
2,936
5.7
2,373
4.5
497
14.0
932
14.8
642
42.8
1,358
2.7
6,741
12.7
724
20.4
850
13.5
Belgium
France
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
42,898
31
0.08
99.92
556
7,887
3.0
73,865
107.607
40.7
59.3
42.4
2,327
2.0
of
1,018
0.9
of nationals
#
*
29,906
4.9
70
14.044
5.5
58.5
7,293
5,076
9.6
0.1
5,918
25,502
m
*
2,783
13.9
294
954
74
571
38.1
27.5
11.2
249
48.1
832
23.4
8.3
26.9
7.0
424
776
12.4
209
3,112
3.3
49.3
6.7
D. Continental
Germany
emigration
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
immigration
114,284
100.0
19,500
12.7
86,756
56.4
2,888
1.9
2,951
1.9
1,222
O.S
153,716
100.0
74
6.6
465
ii.5
1,121
109.0
,059
8.8
,046
29.«
737
12.6
4,774
10.4
278
8.0
224
3.S
21 ,975
<f7.S
747
27.2
,730
46.9
45,933
100.0
3,515
100.0
5,827
100.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
1,167
*
*
8,898
5.3
m
40.1
40,399
26.3
(repatriation)
1,499
100.0
51,097
100.0
52,903
100.0
3,550
100,0
6,303
100.0
168
15.0
414
36.9
2,243
5.0
462
13.1
775
13.3
6,628
14.4
749
21.3
894
15.4
42,929
19,636
100.0
99.8
529
49
6.2
11,574
52.2
184,255
70.1
6,254
13.6
233
6.6
467
*.»
of aliens
*
*
1,362
*
*
8,797
7.3
47.3
*
*
nationals
*
*
18,602
81,472
2.4
78,622
100.0
29.9
100.0
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
19,735
100.0
22,168
100.0
262,877
100.0
The sign — signifies: "flgures 2 not published or not communicated to t h e Offlce"; t h e sign • : " n o statistics",
i See note (1) to table I .
This total includes 264 persons aged 12 and over whose age was not s t a t e d ; it does not include 38,071 children under 12 who are
included in
table I . " This total includes 259 persons aged 12 and over whose age w a s not s t a t e d ; it does n o t include 43,375 children u n d e r 12 who are included in
4
table I.
Including a certain n u m b e r of aliens.
00
CO
TABLE IX. DISTRIBUTION OF MIGRANTS (NON-EUROPEAN COUNTRIES) BY OCCUPATION, 1 9 2 2 AND
1923
1922
Country of
immigration (A)
emigration (B)
Liberal
professions
Skilled
workers
"Various
occupations
A.
South Africa . . . (number)
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
332
2.5
3,167
2.3
(per cent.)
(number)
(per cent.)
United States . . (number)
(per cent.)
Paraguay . . . .
(number)
(per cent.)
New Zealand . . . (number)
(per cent.)
1.0
10,955
3.5
9
4.5
1,431
10.7
12,182
8.7
4,131
8.8
1,597
6.1
51,588
16.7
33
16.4
—
—
—
—
Total . . (number)
(per cent.)
14,695
2.7
70,962
13.3
Argentina . . . .
Cuba
*
*232
B.
No occupation
(including
women
and
children)
1,159
10.1
3,313
1.7
1,495
13.0
17,958
9.0
—
—
—
—
Total . . (number)
(per cent.)
4,472
2.1
19,453
9.3
Total
Liberal
professions
Skilled
workers
Various
occupations
No occupation
(including
women
and
children)
Total
948
7.9
36,094
18.5
17,296
14.8
2,233
18.6
96,654
49.5
62,821
53.7
7,701
64.0
59,433
30.5
36,896
31.5
12,027
100.0
195,063
100.0
117,013
100.0
Immigration of aliens
4,086
30.5
73,914
52.8
21,281
45.6
19,240
74.0
115,963
37.5
114
56.7
• — .
—
234,598
43.9
7,562
56.4
50,690
36.2
21,278
45.6
4,924
18.9
131,050
42.3
45
22.4
1,727
15.0
122,497
61.7
—
—
124,224
59.1
13,411
100.0
139,953
100.0
46,690
100.0
25,993
100.0
309,556
100.0
201
100.4
—
—
1,145
9.5
2,882
1.5
*
*
—.
—
16,542
535,804
100.0
returning
7,115
61.9
54,944
27.6
—
—
62,059
29.5
—
—
210,218
100.0
—
—
—
—
—
3.2
8
«.5
743
6.3
208,579
39.9
62
50.0
3,862
32.8
191,585
36.6
32
25.8
5,194
44.2
522,919
100.0
124
100.0
11,762
100.0
21,320
2.5
162,536
18.9
374,211
43.6
300,841
35.0
858,908
100.0
13,673
to their own
11,496
100.0
198,712
100.0
—
—
106,213
20.3
22
17.7
1,963
16.7
—
—
215,549
40.2
Emigratio n of aliens (generally
South Africa . . . (number)
(per cent.)
United States . . (number)
(per cent.)
New Zealand . . . (number)
(per cent.)
1923
country)
850
6.2
2,537
3.1
211
8.5
1,062
7.8
8,281
10.2
300
12.1
4,091
29.9
45,392
55.7
674
27.2
7,670
56.1
25,240
31.0
1,289
52.3
81,450
100.0
2,474
100.0
3,598
3.7
9,643
9.9
50,157
51.4
34,199
35.0
97,597
100.0
The sign — signifies: "figures not published or not communicated to the Office"; the sign * : "no statistics".
loo.o
TABLE X. MIGRANTS IN TRANSIT
(EUROPEAN
C O U N T R I E S ) , OUTGOING AND
Outgoing migrants
RETURNING,
1920-1923
Returning migrants
Country of transit
Germany
. . . .
(number)
(per cent.)
Belgium
(number)
(per cent.)
Danzig
(number)
(per cent.)
United Kingdom . (number)
(per cent.)
Italy
(number)
(per cent.)
Norway
(number)
(per cent.)
Netherlands . . . (number)
(per cent.)
Total . . (number)
(per cent.)
1920
1921
1922
1923
Total
1,975
1.7
28,648
26.4
30,578
28.0
70,000
24.9
17,203
25.7
354
0.1
36,359
40.4
19,422
17.4
54,527
48.3
32,727
29.9
72,531
25.8
12,280
18.4
340
8.8
25,717
28.6
38,393
34.4
14,641
12.9
24,871
82.7
48,867
17.4
15,349
22.9
641
16.5
10,536
11.7
51,934
46.5
15,177
13.4
21,219
19.4
89,435
31.9
22,088
33.0
2,884
743
17,336
19.3
111,724
100.0
112,993
100.0
109,395
100.0
280,833
100.0
66,918
100.0
4,219
100.0
88,948
100.0
217,544
28.0
153,298
19.7
220,071
28.4
776,030
100.0
185,117
23.9
1920
Total
1921
1922
1923
18,000 <
24.2
13,958
18.8
19,594
26.3
22,875
30.7
74,427
100.0
28,000 !
25.0
44,706
82.1
41,387
37.4
28,937
25.8
709
1.3
13,121
11.7
9,024
16.6
111,945
100.0
54,439
100.0
90,706
37.7
55,845
23.2
49,240
20. i
45,020
18.7
240,811
The sign — signifies: "figures not published or not communicated to t h e Office": t h e s i g n * : " n o statistics"; t h e sign §: " e s t i m a t e " .
loo.o
<o
— 92 —
EXPLANATORY NOTES AND SOURCES
(TABLES
I-X)
The following notes show for each country, first of all, the numbers of the
tables in which statistics for that country are given. If there are several
figures in the different parts of the tables, they are distinguished by one or
more of the letters A 1, A 2, B 1, B 2, etc. placed after the number of the table.
If there is only one source for all the figures, this is given for all the tables
at the beginning of the note ; if there are several sources they are given separately for the various tables immediately after the numbers of the tables.
The figures in parentheses after the name of the source show the year to which
the statistics refer. If this year is not the calendar year the period in question
(fiscal year) is stated.
This is followed by the definition of the persons covered by the statistics.
Details are also given in explanation of the absence of data for certain countries, the insertion of estimates, and other exceptional cases.
With regard to the sources and methods of compiling the statistics, the
reader may be referred in general to the information already given for 39 countries in an earlier study 1, in so far as this information is not modified by the
notes below.
i INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE: Methods of Compiling Emigration and Immigration
Statistics. Geneva, 1922. 57 pp.'
— 93 —
ARGENTINA
TABLES I (A 1, A 2), II (B 1, B 2). Communication from the Commissioner
General of Immigration (1923).
Argentine emigrants and immigrants travelling by sea or river, first class
passengers excepted. Most of the persons included in the Argentine statistics
under the heading "passengers by river" are to be considered, according to the
official view, as continental migrants.
TABLES I (B 1, B 2), II (A 1, A 2), X. MINISTERIO DEL AGRICULTURA DE LA
NACIÓN REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA:
Memoria corrispondente al ejercicio de 1923
presentada al Congreso de la Nación par el Ministro di Agricultura, Dr. T. A.
Le Breton, p. 163. Buenos Aires, 1924.
Alien emigrants and immigrants travelling by sea or by river, first class
passengers excepted, in 1920-1923. Figures for 1920 and 1921 of migrants
travelling by river have not been received.
TABLE IV. Oversea immigration of first, second, and third class passengers.
TABLES VI AND VII. Alien emigrants proceeding overseas, first, second,
and third class (1920 and 1922), and second and third class (1923).
AUSTRALIA
Quarterly Summary of Australian Statistics, March 1921 to 1924.
TABLES I, II. Arrivals and departures of British subjects and aliens in and
from Australian ports, from and for all countries, on ocean-going ships, soldiers,
nurses, and sailors being deducted from the totals. The figures of departures
contain an allowance for unrecorded departures. The statistics are collected
by the Department of Trade and Customs.
TABLE IV. Classification of emigrants by nationality or race. Persons
coming from other parts of the Empire (classified by country of last residence
in the following table) have had to be given instead of British subjects.
BELGIUM
TABLE I (A 1), I I I , VIII (A), X. Communication from the Belgian Government, Emigration Department, Antwerp (1920-1923).
Statistics of oversea emigration of Belgians.
TABLES I (A 1, B 1, B 2), II, V, VI, VII, VIII (C, D). MINISTÈRE DE L'INTÉ-
RIEUR ET DE L'HYGIÈNE: Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo
Belge, 1920-1921 (Brussels, 1923), p. 59 (1920), and communications from the
same Ministry (1921-1923).
Oversea immigration and continental emigration and immigration of
persons born in Belgium ; oversea and continental emigration and immigration
of persons born elsewhere.
TABLE X. Migrants in transit, outgoing and returning (Antwerp). The
latter figure includes a certain number of returning Belgians and alien immigrants.
BRAZIL
TABLES I (A 1, B 1), II (A 1, C 1), IV.
DIRECTORÍA DO SERVIÇO DE POVOA-
MENTE (Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce): Official communication (1920 and 1921) ; Jornal do Comercio, 4 May 1923 (1922). Extract from
a report of the Ministry of Agriculture; O Jornal, 8 May 1924 (1923).
Statistics of second and third class passengers classified by nationality.
— 94 —
BRITISH COLONIES AND PROTECTORATES
Barbados, Bermuda, British Guiana, Ceylon, Fiji, Hongkong, Jamaica,
Mauritius, St. Helena, Seychelles, Trinidad and Tobago.BOARD OF TRADE, STATISTICAL DEPARTMENT.
Statistical Abstract for the
Several British Oversea Dominions and Protectorates (for each of the years
1907-1921). Manuscript additions by the Foreign Office.
The statistics refer to the calendar year, except those for British Guiana,
Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago, which are for the period of twelve months
ending 31 March.
Ceylon : TABLE I (B). Immigrants returning to India.
Barbados, Bermuda, British Guiana, Jamaica, Mauritius, St. Helena, Seychelles, Trinidad and Tobago : TABLES I, (B 1), II, (Al). Fiji: TABLE II (A 1).
Ceylon: TABLE II (A 2). Statistics of oversea passengers (including British
subjects) arriving from all countries in the colonies and leaving these colonies
for all countries irrespective of the period of their stay. Only in Bermuda are
declared settlers alone counted. At St. Helena visitors are excluded. In the
Fiji Islands the figures refer to Indian and Polynesian labourers.
Hongkong: TABLES I (B), II (A). Chinese going to other countries and returning from them (mainly going to or returning from the Straits Settlements).
Kenya
TABLE II (A 1, A 2). Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, Report for 1922.
London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1924.
Aliens arriving and departing, oversea and continental.
Malta
T A B L E S 1, 11, I I I , V I , V I I . Report on Emigration
for the Fiscal
Year 1922-
1923 (1 April to 31 March), pp. 30-31. Malta, 1923.
Oversea and continental emigration and immigration of British subjects
born at Malta and Gozo, except tourists and persons travelling for pleasure or
business. Statistics based on applications for passports received by the
Emigration Office. In addition to the oversea countries enumerated and France,
the heading "various countries" is given. As it has not been possible to classify
migrants definitely by direction (oversea or continental) figures have been
given under the heading "total" in tables I and II, and under the heading
"oversea" in tables I I I , VII, and VIII. Figures given for the years 1920-1922
also include emigrants and immigrants for the period from 11 November 1918
to 31 December 1919 .
Southern Rhodesia
TABLE II (A). Report of the Commissioner of the British South African
Police for the year 1922. Salisbury, Rhodesia, 1923.
Aliens arriving by sea from oversea countries and from the Continent
(whites only).
Straits Settlements
TABLES I, II. Statistical Abstract for the Several British Oversea Dominions
and Protectorates (for each of the years 1907-1921) (1920,1921). AnnualReport
of the Labour Department of the Straits Settlements, 1923, p. 13 (1922).
TABLE I (B 2). Chinese coolies (1920-1921) and Indians (1922) leaving
Penang (except the Province of Malacca) for southern India after working
in the Straits Settlements in the Federated and Unfederated Malay States.
TABLE II (A 2). Statistics of immigration of Chinese and Indians going to
the Straits Settlements (Provinces of Wellesley and the Dindings, but not
Malacca) and probably the Federated and Unfederated Malay States (via
Penang).
— 95 —
CAMEROON (Mandated territory).
Rapport annuel du Gouvernement français sur l'administration sous mandat
du territoire du Cameroun pour Vannée 1923, pp. 108-111. Paris, 1924.
TABLES I (B 1), II (A 1). Oversea immigration and emigration of Europeans,
mainly officials, soldiers, missionaries, and traders.
TABLES I (A 2), II (B 2). Continental emigration and immigration of natives
by the sea frontier; agricultural workers going to the Spanish or Portuguese
islands with a one or two year contract, or skilled workers or traders going
to other colonies on the African coast to carry on their occupation there.
CANADA
TABLES II (A 1, A 2), IV, VII, IX. Quarterly tables published in the Labour
Gazette (Canada), 1921-1924.
Oversea immigration of declared settlers, including British subjects arriving
in Canada for the first time and immigration of aliens from the United States.
CHILE
TABLES 1, l i . Annuario Estadistico de la República de Chile. Vol. I, Demografia, 1922, p. 11. Santiago, Chile, 1923.
Passengers leaving Chile and arriving in the country by sea.
CUBA
TABLES II
(A 1), IV, VII,
IX.
REPÚBLICA DE CUBA.
SECRETARIA DE
HACIENDA, SECCIÓN DE ESTADÍSTICA, Immigracion y Movimiento de Pasajeros
en el Año de 1920; Havana, 1923. Communications from the same department
(1921, 1922). El Emigrante Español, 1924, p. 207 (1924) (total only).
Aliens arriving to settle permanently.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
TABLES I (A 1), II (B 2), III. Communications from the Government (19201921) (incomplete figures). Rapports de l'Office de statistique., 1923, No. 38
(1922), and 1924. Nos. 20, 21 (1923).
Statistics of passports of emigrants and immigrants going to and coming
from the United States, Argentina, Canada, and various other countries.
It should be pointed out that up to the end of 1923 passports had been issued
to 3,352 persons who had applied for them during 1922-1923 but who had not
left the country.
TABLE I (A 2). Rapport statistique, 1924, Nos. 20, 21, p. 176.
Continental emigration of nationals based on the number of passports
issued. In addition to emigrants leaving with individual passports, statistics
are given of Czechoslovak agricultural workers recruited collectively and leaving without individual passports in 1922 and 1923. The numbers were 13,623
in 1922 and 7,965 in 1923. The district employment exchanges in Czechoslovakia provide collective identity papers in all cases and the data are taken
from the annual reports of these exchanges.
TABLE II (A 1, A 2, B 1). The statistics of immigration, which are very
imperfect and still provisional, are considered as covering alien immigrants,
as well as Czechoslovaks returning to their country. Number of persons
authorised to travel in Czechoslovakia to look for work or to settle there
permanently.
TABLE V. Continental immigration of aliens.
TABLE VI. Totals of oversea and continental emigrants based on passportsissued.
TABLE VIII. Oversea emigrants only.
— 96 —
DANZIG
TABLES I (A 1), X. Communications of the High Commissioner of the
League of Nations for the Free City of Danzig.
Statistics of the port of Danzig, giving the number of emigrants, both citizens
of Danzig and aliens, leaving through this port (direct and indirect traffic).
Until 1 October 1923 the Senate of Danzig recorded the number of departing
emigrants. At that date the Poles established an emigrants' camp at Wejhorowo, and since then the Polish doctor has communicated the statistics of
the port to the Senate. From September to December 1923 no distinction was
made between citizens of Danzig and aliens, and the totals have been added
to those of migrants in transit for the preceding months (table X).
DENMARK
TABLES I (A 1), III, VI, VIII, IX. Statistisk Aarbog for Danemark, 1922,
p. 299 (1920-1921). Statistiske Efterretninger, 16th year, No. 4, 6 Feb. 1924,
p. 29 (1922), and communications from the Government (1923).
Statistics of persons who have a fixed domicile in Denmark and who have
taken a transport ticket at a Danish emigration agency.
TABLE IX. Only males over 15 years of age are classified by occupation,
women and children being entered under the heading "no occupation".
DUTCH GUIANA
TABLES I (B 1), II (A 1). Annuaire statistique du Royaume des Pays-Bas;
Vol. I I : Colonies, p. 139 (1920); The Hague, 1921. Communications from the
Dutch Government (1922 and 1923).
Departures and arrivals, principally to and from the Dutch Indies (Java).
"Immigration" includes only persons intending to work on the plantations.
DUTCH INDIES
Communications from the Dutch Government (1923).
TABLE I (A). Emigration of native coolies.
TABLE II (A 1). Oversea immigration of aliens of all nationalities and races.
TABLE II (B). Immigration (repatriation) of native coolies.
FINLAND
TABLES I (A 1), III, VIII. Finlands Ofßciella Statistik, XXVIII.
Emigrationsstatistik 17, Emigration (1920-1922), and communications from the
Government (1923).
Statistics of emigrants who have applied for passports in order to work in
an oversea country.
FRANCE
TABLES I (B 2), II (A 2), V, VIII. Bulletin du Marché du Travail (19201921). Communication from the Minister of Labour, Central Labour Office
{1922 and 1923).
Statistics of alien workers registered at the frontier, leaving and entering
by land. Members of emigrants' families who are not looking for work are
excluded.
GERMANY
TABLES I, III, VI, VIII (A), X. Die überseeische Auswanderung in den
Jahren 1922 und 1923. Sonderabdr. aus Bd. 307 der Statistik des Deutschen
Reichs (mit Vergleichszahlen für die früheren Jahre).
TABLES I, III. Emigrants leaving through German and Dutch ports.
The figures also include a certain number of persons going by sea to other
European countries, but as this number is insignificant compared with that
— 97 —
of Germans emigrating to other European countries by land routes, officially
estimated at 40,000 in 1923, it has not been given separately under the heading
"continental emigration".
TABLES II, VIII (D). Statistics of alien workers placed by the frontier
stations of the German Central Office for Workers (DeutscheArbeiterzentrale).
They cover the years 1922 and 1923. The agricultural workers placed are
fewer than the immigrant agricultural workers registered by the frontier
stations.
TABLES VI, VIII (A). German emigrants leaving through German ports.
TABLE X. Alien emigrants in transit or resident in Germany, embarking in
German ports.
HUNGARY
TABLES I (A 1), II (B 1), III, VI, VII. Statisztikai Havi Kozlemények
(Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, Hungarian Central Office of Statistics), Budapest (1920-1923).
Statistics of passports of emigrants leaving for America and local records
of immigrants returning from America.
INDIA
TABLE I (A 1, A 2). Statistical Abstract for British India from 1912-1913
to 1921-1922, p. 311. Calcutta, 1924 (1920-1922). Communication from the
Government (1923: Data for the first quarter are missing).
For the fiscal years 1920-1922 statistics of Indian coolies emigrating from
Indian ports (Bombay and Karachi) to all countries. These statistics are based
on the reports received by the Protector of Emigrants from the local administrations and governments (Statistics of British India, Vol. IV, p. 115;
Calcutta, 1922).
From 1923, under the Indian Emigration Act 1922, the statistics refer to
the emigration of skilled and unskilled workers and their dependants going
to the colonies and various other countries. The Emigration Act (No. VII of
1922) and regulations published under it came into force no 5 March 1923,
and in consequence emigration to British Malaya and Ceylon, which until
then had been unrestricted, was controlled. Emigration to the other colonies
(Natal, Fiji, British Guiana, Trinidad, Jamaica, Mauritius) was suspended
in 1917. This prohibition is still in force, except for Mauritius, emigration to
which was again permitted for one year commencing 31 May 1923 under
Notifications Nos. 282 Emi., dated 22 March 1923, and 487 Overseas, dated
19 May 1923, issued by the Government of India. The number to be recruited
within the period was limited to 1,500 adult male labourers and dependants.
Workers going to other continents are classified as oversea emigrants;
others are classified as continental emigrants.
TABLE II. Number of repatriated Indian coolies who have been working
in accordance with the Indian Emigration Act in various oversea colonies.
Statistical Abstract, fiscal years 1920 and 1922. Beport on the Working of the
Indian Emigration Act (VII of 1922) and the Bules issued thereunder in the
Province of Bengal for the year 1923 (Statement V); Calcutta, 1924. GOVERNMENT OF MADRAS : (G.O. No. 1890, 25 June 1924) : Emigration and Immigration
Report for 1923 (Statement V) (without Malaya and Ceylon).
TABLE VI. Communication from the Government (1923).
Oversea and continental emigrants.
IRISH FREE STATE
TABLES I (A 1), II (B 1). Communication from the Government of the
Irish Free State (for the period 1 April to 31 December 1923).
7
— 98 —
The emigration statistics include British subjects and citizens of the Free
State who leave the Free State, after residing there for at least one year, with
the intention of settling in a country outside Europe and the Mediterranean
Basin. The immigration statistics include British subjects and citizens
of the Free State who enter the Free State with the intention of settling there
for at least a year after residence in a country outside Europe and the Mediterranean Basin.
The emigration figures cover emigrants from the Free State leaving directly
through ports of the Free State in the period April to December, and also
indirectly from ports of the United Kingdom during the period October to
December. The statistics of immigration include immigrants arriving at ports
of the Free State (April-December) and also indirectly through ports of the
United Kingdom (October-December).
All Irish emigrants and immigrants for the months January to March are
still included in the statistics of the British Board of Trade. Emigrants from
the Free State who left the Free State indirectly through ports of the United
Kingdom during the months April to September and immigrants who returned
during the same period through ports of the United Kingdom and the Free
State are included in the statistics for the United Kingdom for 1923.
For the period 1 April to 30 September a careful estimate made by the
Dublin Statistical Department gave the number of indirect emigrants as
6,813, and that of indirect immigrants as 687 (see also Industrial and Labour
Information, Vol. XIII, No. 5, pp. 190-193). As these migrants are already
included in the statistics for the United Kingdom for 1923, there was no need to
insert them a second time in the statistics for the Irish Free State in view of
the international character of these tables. But they have had to be taken
into account in, for example, the table giving the intensity of emigration in
1923 from the various countries.
ITALY
Statistics published by the General Emigration Department. Bollettino
dell' Emigrazione, Jan. 1920, Feb. 1921, 1922, 1924, and March 1923.
TABLES I (A 1), III. Statistics of Italian oversea emigrants embarking and
disembarking in ports of the Kingdom or leaving the country to embark in
foreign ports. All emigrants going to countries on the Mediterranean coast,
including Morocco, are considered as continental. The emigration statistics
for 1920 do not yet contain the figures relating to Italians who embark in
foreign ports during the first six months of the year.
TABLE II (B 2). Italian immigrants arriving in ports of the Kingdom.
TABLE I (A 2), II (B 2). Statistics based on the entry and exit slips detached
from emigrants' passports.
Italian emigrants and immigrants going to and returning from continental
countries.
TABLE V. Same source.
Continental emigrants and immigrants.
TABLES VI and VII. For the classification by age it has been necessary
to use the statistics of oversea emigrants embarking in Italian and foreign
ports, as for the year 1922 the statistics of Italians embarking in Italian ports
give no details as to age. The statistics of Italian and foreign ports, however,
give no details as to sex. For this reason the number given under the heading
"total" (both sexes) represents the statistics only of Italian emigrants and
immigrants embarking or disembarking at Italian ports. National immigrants
are classified only by sex. The statistics of continental emigration and immigration give a classification by sex and age.
TABLE VIII. Statistics of Italian oversea and continental emigrants. Only
persons over 15 are classified by occupation. The statistics of oversea emigrants
by occupation have been communicated to the Office by the Emigration
Department. The number of adults given by these statistics is slightly higher
— 99 —
than the number shown in the Bollettino (March 1922, p. 142, and Feb. 1923,
p. 150). These statistics are compiled for oversea emigrants by means of the
slips detached from passports and ships' papers.
TABLE X. Alien emigrants leaving and arriving through ports of the King
dorn.
JAPAN
TABLES I (A 1), II (B 1), VI, VII. Monthly communications from the Bureau
of Commercial Affairs of the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1920-1923)
except the report for August 1923, which was destroyed by the earthquake.
Statistics of emigration and immigration of Japanese workers embarking
for the United States, Hawaii, and Canada, or returning from these countries.
The statistics of emigration cover workers, and those of immigration cover
third-class passengers.
TABLES I (A 2), III. The number of emigrants based on departure permits
issued to persons going to Asia, Russia and territories attached thereto (Siberia) (1922-1923).
MEXICO
TABLES I, II, IV. Diario oficial estadística de migración correspondiente
al año de 1921. Appendices, 10 June 1922 (1920) and 22 March 1923 (1921).
Boletín
del Departamento
de la Estadística
Nacional,
Nos. 3 a n d 5, Sept. a n d
Nov. 1924. Mexico.
TABLES I (A), II (B). Emigration and immigration of Mexicans, principally
to and from the United States (totals only). These figures include a certain
number of the Mexican oversea emigrants and immigrants.
TABLES I (B), II (A). Oversea and continental emigration and immigration
of aliens.
TABLE IV. Oversea and continental immigration of aliens.
NAURU (Former Marshall Islands Protectorate)
TABLES I (A 2, B 1, B 2), II ( A l , A 2). Report to the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia on the Administration of Nauru (1922 and 1923),
Melbourne.
Continental emigration of nationals. Oversea emigration and immigration
of Chinese. Continental emigration and immigration of Kanakas, inhabitants
of South Sea Islands other than Nauru.
NETHERLANDS
Annuaire statistique des Pays-Bas, 1922, p. 21 (1920-1922); The Hague.
Maandschrift van het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (1923); and communications from the Dutch Government.
TABLE I (A 1). Emigration of Dutch subjects leaving from Dutch ports,
except those going to Dutch colonies.
TABLE II (A). Oversea and continental immigration of aliens, except
persons coming from the Dutch colonies. Persons declaring their intention to
settle in the country.
TABLE VI (A). Emigration of nationals according to port statistics.
TABLES VI (B), VII (B). Statistics of emigration and immigration of aliens
according to statistics of the local registers.
NEWFOUNDLAND
TABLES I (B 1), II (A 1). Statesman's Year Book, 1924 (1921).
— 100 —
NEW ZEALAND
TABLES I (B 1), II (A 1), IV, VI, VII, IX. The New Zealand Official Year
Book, 1921-1922. Statistical Report on the External Migration of the Dominion
of New Zealand for the year 1923; Wellington, 1924 (1922-1923). Forl920-1921
the figures of migration compiled on the new method have been used here.
TABLES I (B 1), VI, IX (B). Statistics of departures of New Zealand residents
departing permanently.
TABLES II (A 1), VII, IX (A). Statistics of persons arriving for the first
time, and intending permanent residence.
TABLE IV. Year Book, 1924 (1922) and Statistical Report already cited (1923).
Statistics of alien immigrants by country of last residence.
NORWAY
TABLES I (A 1), III, VI, VIII (A), X. Statistisk Arbok for Kongeriket Norge,
43rd year, 1923. Christiania, 1924. Communications from the Government
(1920-1921).
Oversea emigration of nationals from the Norwegian ports of Christiania,
Christiansund, Stavanger, Bergen, Trondhjem, Larvik, Arandal, and Alesund.
Statistics of transport contracts. The figures include a certain number of
aliens settled in the country.
TABLES II (A 1, A 2), V (A), VII, VIII (C). Communications from the
Government (1922 and 1923).
Statistics of aliens (and Norwegians) immigrating from oversea and continental countries to look for work or to settle permanently.
TABLE VI. Continental immigration of aliens.
PALESTINE
Report on the Palestine Administration, 1922, p. 51 ; idem, 1923, p. 48. London
H.M. Stationery Office, 1923 and 1924.
TABLE I (A 1). Emigration of natives of Palestine and pre-war residents.
TABLE I (B 1). Emigration of aliens (returning emigrants) who have entered
the country since the occupation.
TABLES II (A 1, A 2), IV, VII. Statistics of permits issued by the Department of Immigration and Travel for alien immigrants. Immigrants coming
from Asiatic countries are classified as continental.
PARAGUAY
Tables II (A 1), IV, VII, IX. Statistics of the hostel at Asuncion (1920,
1921,1922, and 1923) and communications from the Office for Land and Land
Settlement (Nuestra Emigración, 8th year, No. 92, October 1924, p. 159).
The numbers recorded are those of persons arriving who are considered as
immigrants, i.e. those who enter the territory of the Republic at any point on
the Rio de la Plata after travelling with the free ticket given by the Paraguayan Government to persons settling in the country for the first time.
The statistics are therefore far from complete. They ignore several categories
of immigrants, in particular those who have to travel at their own expense,
or who have formerly stayed in Paraguay, seasonal workers in general, and
all immigrants coming from near or distant countries who are not registered
by the immigration authorities at Asuncion.
PHILIPPINES
TABLES I (B 1), II (A 1), VI, VII. Same sources as for the United States.
Alien emigrants and immigrants as defined in the United States.
— 101 —
POLAMD
TABLES I (A 1, A 2), III. Communication from the Polish Government
(1920-1923).
Number of Polish emigrants according to the reports of the emigration
attachés and the statistics of transport contracts compiled by the authorised
shipping companies.
TABLES I (A 2), V. Communication from the Government (1920 and 1921).
Revue mensuelle, April 1923, p. 225 (1922). Communication of the Government
(1923).
Number of continental Polish emigrants going to various European countries.
The figure for organised emigration to France is supplied to the Emigration
Office by the French Mission at Posnan.
TABLE II (B 1). Estimates of the Government (1920). CENTRAL STATISTICAL
OFFICE: Revue mensuelle de statistique, April 1922, p. 282 (1921). Ibid., April
1923, p. 230 (1922). Communication from the Government (1923).
Number of passports issued by Polish consuls in America.
TABLE VIII. Statistics based on the number of visas issued by the Emigration Office (Cf. Reçue, April 1923, p. 227).
PORTUGAL
TABLES I (A 1), II (B 1), III, VI, VII. Boletín efe Emigraçao, December
1920-1923.
Statistics of emigration and immigration of nationals, covering third-class
passengers embarking and disembarking in the ports of Lisbon and Oporto.
ROUMANIA
TABLES I (A 1, A 2), II (A 2, B 1), III, V. Communications from the Ministry of Labour, Social Insurance, and Co-operation.
TABLES I (A 1), II (B 1), III. Oversea emigration and immigration of
national workers in industry, agriculture, commerce, and domestic occupations
registered at the frontier according to the papers they hold. Oversea emigration
covers persons going to the United States, Argentina, and Palestine in 1921
(from 1 April) to 1923. These figures also include a certain number of aliens.
TABLE I (A 2). Continental emigration of nationals.
include a certain number of aliens.
These figures also
TABLE II (A 2). Continental immigration of aliens.
include a certain number of nationals.
These figures also
TABLE V. National emigrants and alien immigrants; national immigrants
and alien emigrants are also included.
SAMOA (Mandated Territory)
TABLES I (A 2, B 1, B 2), II (A 1). Report of the Government of the Dominion
of New Zealand on the Administration of Samoa for the period from 1 May WW
to :il March 1921, p. 36; Wellington, 1922. Idem for the year ending 31 March
1922, p. 37. Idem for the year ending 31 March 1923, p. 42.
TABLES I (B 1), II (Al). Oversea emigration and immigration of Europeans,
Chinese, and persons of mixed blood. .
TABLE I (A 2, B 2). Continental emigration of native Samoans and aliens.
SERB-CROAT-SLOVENE KINGDOM
TABLES I, III, VI, VIII. Communications from the Government of the
Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom.
— 102 —
Statistics of passports of national oversea emigrants issued by the Department of Emigration.
SOUTH AFRICA
TABLE I (B 1). Year Book of the Union of South Africa; Statistics, mainly
for the period 1920-1922, No. 6, p. 171, table IV (1921), and quarterly communications from the Office of Census and Statistics of the Union of South
Africa (1922 and 1923).
Number of persons, without distinction of nationality, who state that they
are permanently leaving the country. The statistics for 1922 and 1923 include
a certain number of persons going to Rhodesia and other African possessions.
The number of emigrants for 1920 is an estimate based on the average numbers
for the three following years.
TABLES II (A 1, A 2), IV. Year Book, p. 169 (1920-1922) and official quarterly communications as above (1923). New arrivals of all nationalities
(except Africans), whatever the intended period of future residence. The statistics therefore include persons visiting the country and in transit. If these
figures are compared with those of immigrants disembarking in ports (Year
Book, table I, p. 166), continental and oversea immigrants can be separated.
As this table shows nationality (race), it also gives the corresponding figures
for table IV here. As there is no way of distinguishing the various parts of the
British Empire from which British subjects (''British born" and "British
naturalised") come, the total has been inserted under the heading 'United
Kingdom".
TABLES VI, VII, IX. Official communications as above.
The totals for 1922 and 1923 are provisional. The total in the table showing
the age of emigrants differs slightly from the total in the other tables. Visitors
and persons in transit, who are usually included in the totals, are placed under
the heading "no occupation" in table V of the Year Book. They are about
one-third as numerous as emigrants properly so called.
SPAIN
TABLES I (A 1), II (B 1), III, VI, VII, VIII (A, C). Publicaciones del Consejo
Superior de Emigración. Resumen de la Migración Española en 1920, 1921.
La Migración española transoceanica en 1922. Avance Estadístico de la Migración
Española en 1923.
Statistics of Spanish emigrants and immigrants based on the slips detached
from emigrants' identity cards.
SWEDEN
TABLES I (A 1), VI. Statistics published by the Social Board in Sodala
MeddeUnden, 1923, No. 3, p. 265 (1920-1922), and 1924, No. 2, p. 97 (1923).
Statistics of emigrants leaving from certain Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish
ports for other continents and holding an emigration contract concluded with
authorised emigration agents in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark.
TABLES I (A 2), II (B 1, B 2), III, V, VII.
KUNGL. STATISTIKA CENTRAL-
BYRAN: Ut- och Invandring, 1922. Ibid., 1923.
Swedish continental emigrants and oversea and continental immigrants
according to the statistics of the parish registers, published by the Central
Statistical Office. The figures also include a certain number of aliens.
TABLE VIII. Statistics of national and alien emigrants and immigrants
(with no distinction between oversea and continental), by occupation, according
to the second source cited above.
SWITZERLAND
TABLES I (A 1), III, VI, VIII. Emigration de la Suisse pour tes pays d'outremer en 1920-1923. Tables compiled by the Federal Emigration Office from
information provided by the Swiss emigration agents (1920-1923).
= 103 —
Statistics of Swiss emigrants sent by the Swiss emigration agents and going
to countries out of Europe for a period of more than one year.
TOGO (Mandated Territory)
TABLE I (A 2). Rapport annuel du gouvernement français sur l'administration
sous mandat des territoires du Togo, 1923, p. 85. Paris, 1924.
Continental emigration of aliens. Seasonal emigration to the Gold Coast
and the British zone of Togo for the cocoa plantations on the Gold Coast.
Under the Order of 2 December 1922 no native may leave the territory of
Togo for more than ten days unless he has a passport with his photograph on it.
This formality provides a means of controlling emigration and is a safeguard
for the natives themselves, as it protects them against dangerous engagements.
UNITED KINGDOM
TABLES I (A 1), II (B 1), III, VI, VII, V i l i (A). Port statistics of the Board
of Trade. Board of Trade Journal, 27 March, 28 August, and 18 September
1924.
(1) British subjects leaving permanent residence (one year or more) in the
United Kingdom to take up permanent residence in countries outside Europe
and the Mediterranean Basin.
(2) Persons returning to permanent residence in the United Kingdom after
residing permanently (at least a year) in countries outside Europe and the
Mediterranean Basin.
Since i April 1923 British subjects and citizens of the Irish Free State
embarking and disembarking directly in ports of the latter country, and from
1 October persons of the same description leaving or arriving also through
ports of the United Kingdom, are not included in the above statistics (cf.
Board of Trade Journal, 27 March, p. 390). These emigrants are included in
the tables (1922 and 1923) relating to sex and age and to occupation.
TABLES II (A), VI, VIII, X. Statistics in Regard to Alien Passengers who
Entered and Left the United Kingdom in 1921,1922 and 1923 (Tables I and II).
London, H.M. Stationery Office.
Oversea and continental immigration of aliens. These statistics are compiled
by the port immigration officers who examine applications of alien passengers
for admission under the Aliens Order, 1920. Only aliens and their dependants
who hold permits issued by the Ministry of Labour under Article 1(3) (b) of
the Aliens Order are considered as immigrants. Other aliens cannot definitely
be classed as immigrants strictly speaking. The way in which they are classified
varies from year to year. The criterion used allows of comparison with other
similar statistics (Germany, France).
TABLES VII, VIII (A, D). As regards the age of emigrants and immigrants,
the British statistics distinguish the following groups: 1 to 12 years, 12 to
17 years, etc. It has been decided to include persons under 17 in the group
''children and young persons". This is approximately the age at which the
great majority of young persons take up a definite occupation in Great Britain.
It is also the age limit up to which special protection is given to children and
young persons.
TABLE X. Alien transmigrants as defined in Article 4 (1) of the Aliens Order,
i.e. migrants in transit for whom shipping companies give a guarantee that
they will leave British territory as quickly as possible. Figures relating to
arrivals (table V of the source) and departures (table VI of the source) of
transmigrants show that the companies carry out this undertaking. To transmigrants going to or coming from British North America, United States,
South America and other countries it has been necessary to add the aliens
who are given in table II of the source under the heading "in transit". This
heading refers to aliens admitted to the country as aliens in transit on their
own responsibility. The figures given under this heading have here been
divided up between outgoing and returning migrants in transit in the same
proportion as the outgoing and returning transmigrants.
_
104 —
UNITED STATES
TABLES I (A, B), II (A), IV, VII, VIII, IX. Annual Report of the Commissioner- General of Immigration to the Secretary of Labour (for each of the fiscal
years 1920 to 1923, each ending on 30 June).
The Commissioner-General of Immigration has published monthly statistics
of emigration and immigration by country of last or future permanent residence only since the fiscal year 1921-1922 (1 July 1921) (cf. Monthly Labour
Review, March 1922, pp. 176-182). From that date the continental migration
of aliens can be separated from the oversea migration month by month and
therefore also for the calendar year. The first complete calendar year for which
the figures can be given is 1922.
The first figures entered in tables I and II refer to the fiscal years ending on
30 June 1920, 1921, 1922, and 1923; these are the only ones comparable from
one year to another. In addition the statistics for the calendar years 1922 and
1923 are given in parentheses as they allow of easier comparison with the
migration movements of other countries in these two years.
TABLES I (A 1, A 2), V (B). Citizens born in the United States or naturalised
who leave the country during the fiscal year with the intention of settling
abroad permanently. Continental emigration covers only Canada and Mexico.
TABLES I (B 1, B 2), VI (B). Alien emigrants leaving permanent residence
in the United States in order to take up permanent residence abroad.
TABLES II (A 1, A 2), VII (B). Alien immigrants admitted to the country
who come with the intention of settling permanently. Continental migration
includes only Canada and Mexico.
TABLE IV. Alien immigrants classified by country of last residence. Calendar
year reconstructed from the half-yearly statistics for 1921-1923.
TABLES VI, VII, IX. The information given by the reports of the Commissioner-General for the fiscal years 1921, 1922, and 1923 has been given in
these tables, as the distribution by sex, age, and occupation does not depend on
whether the statistics are given by fiscal year or by calendar year. In addition
some of these figures could not be separated for the various directions (oversea
or continental) of the migration movements.
URUGUAY
TABLES I (A 1, B 1), II (A 1, B 1). Communications from the Government
(1920-1921).
It should be noted that the figures for 1921 include data for the first ten
months of the year only, as the documents for the last two months were
destroyed by a fire.
TABLES I (A 1), II (B 1). Emigration and immigration of nationals.
TABLES I (B 1), II (A 1). Emigration and immigration of aliens.
VENEZUELA
TABLES I (B 1), II (A 1). The Statesman's Year Book, p. 1358. London, 1924.
Figures based on official reports.