INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE STUDIES AND REPORTS Series N (Statistics) No. 22 INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT STATISTICS GENEVA 1938 Published in the United Kingdom For the INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE (LEAGUE OF NATIONS) By P . S. K I N G & SON, L t d . Orchard House, 14 Great Smith Street, Westminster, London, S.W.I Nò. 10758.—Printer: OFFICE DE PUBLICITÉ (Ane. Etablies. J. LEEÈOUE A C " ) 16, rueMareq, Brussels (Belgium). CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 5 CHAPTER I : Difficulties of International Risks Comparison of Accident 7 The Risk of Accident The Accidents Man-Hours of E m p l o y m e n t Differences in Groups Compared CHAPTER I I : Industrial Branches Accident Rates in Principal § 1. Mining and Quarrying A. B. C. D. Coal Mining Metal Mining All Mines Quarries § 2. I n d u s t r y and Agriculture A. I n d u s t r y Frequency R a t e s Severity R a t e s B . Agriculture § 3. Railways APPENDIX 7 8 13 18 Industrial 20 21 21 26 30 35 37 37 37 44 47 49 57 Algeria, 58; Argentina, 58; Australia, 59; Austria, 6 1 ; Belgium, 63; Bulgaria, 65 ; Canada, 66 ; Czechoslovakia, 68 ; Denmark, 72 ; Estonia, 73 ; Finland, 74; France, 75; Germany, 78; Great Britain, 82; Greece, 86; Hungary, 87; India, 89; Ireland, 9 1 ; Italy, 93; Japan, 94; Latvia, 97; Luxemburg, 98; Mexico, 99; Netherlands, 101; New Zealand, 104; Norway, 108; Poland, 109; Portugal, 111; Spain, 112; Sweden, 113; Switzerland, 117; Union of South Africa, 119; United States of America, 122. INTRODUCTION Industrial accidents constitute a perennial labour problem. Attention was early attracted to the serious consequences for workers and their families of accidents suffered during employment. Employers' liability, workmen's compensation and accident insurance laws were enacted to relieve the unfortunate victims and their dependants of part of the heavy burden of loss. By placing the costs of compensation through insurance upon employers a pecuniary incentive to prevention of these industrial accidents was added to the humanitarian motives. But though large reductions in prevalence of industrial accidents can be demonstrated in various lines of economic activity, the grand total of fatalities and injuries in mining, railway operation, agriculture and industry is still very great. They constitute an enormous waste of labour time and cause heavy economic losses, not only for the workers and their dependants who suffer from their direct effects, but also to industry. The indirect costs of accidents have been estimated by a recent writer at over four times the direct costs 1 . To reduce these losses and the costs associated with accidents, the obvious goal is to prevent them. Statistics of industrial accidents have long been recognised as an essential part of the programme of prevention. Though the devising and carrying out of this programme are entrusted to the industrial engineer and the safety expert, statistics are needed to indicate where accidents happen, where the hazards are greatest, and to measure the progress achieved in diminishing risk. This is obviously true of the statistics of individual industries, of individual countries and States. International statistics of accident risk are likewise important, not only from the point of view of progress in reducing accident risk in individual countries, thus stimulating similar efforts in other countries, but also, if comparable figures can be obtained, in pointing out those countries where the greatest advances have 1 H. M. VERNON : Accidents and Their Prevention, p. 16. University Press. Cambridge — 6 — been made and suggesting examination of methods and procedures whereby the gains have been accomplished. Though supplementary studies of the prevalence of specific hazards such as, for example, failure to use automatic couplers on railway cars, are of great value in indicating possibilities for the extension of specific safety measures; yet comparable accident risk rates are important in indicating the accomplishments already attained, and possibilities of further reduction in rates. An examination of the data on industrial accidents in some 30 countries has been made with special reference to the comparability of data, and the statistics are presented in a series of tables accompanied by notes giving explanatory and supplementary comment, for each country (see p. 57). This material is in continuation of the statistics published in the International Labour Review1. So far as the sources permit, data are shown for mines, railways, agriculture and industry (manufacturing), and in a few cases for certain other groups such as public services 2. The purpose of the present report is to present a general discussion of the comparability—or lack of comparability—of these statistics (Chapter I) together with a series of summary tables (Chapter II) giving fatal and non-fatal accident rates in each of the principal industrial groups. Reference may be made here to previous publications of the International Labour Office dealing with this subject including the results of the First International Conference of Labour Statisticians 3 and a report on methods of statistics of industrial accidents 4. Special reports are available on methods of compiling statistics of coal mining and railway accidents 5. > Vol. XXIV, No. 6, December 1931, pp. 751-787. Details for important branches of manufacturing industries are available for certain countries. a Studies and Reports, Series N, No. 4, pp. 73-76, Geneva, March 1924. 4 Studies and Reports, Series N, No. 3, Geneva, December 1923. 5 Methods of Compiling Statistics of Coal-mining Accidents. Studies and Reports, Series N, No. 14, Geneva 1929. Methods of Compiling Statistics of Railway Accidents. Studies and Reports, Series N, No. 15, Geneva 1929. 2 CHAPTER I DIFFICULTIES OF INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON OF ACCIDENT RISKS T H E RISK OF ACCIDENT The risk of industrial accidents is measured by means of a rate or probability, a fraction of which the numerator represents the accidents—the number of cases, the days lost, the hours lost, or the financial charges, etc.—and the denominator gives the " exposure to risk ", the number of employees who are subject to the risk of industrial accident or the man-years of employment during which they are exposed. The usual measures of risk are the frequency rate, or the number of accidents per thousand units of exposure, and the severity rate, or the days (or hours) lost caused by accidents, per unit of exposure. In the frequency rate each accident has equal value, while in the severity rate account is taken of the importance of the accident by weighting by the time loss. The numerators may be subdivided into different elements according to consequences, as accidents causing deaths, permanent total disabilities, permanent partial disabilities, temporary total disabilities1, and medical aid cases involving no disability. Other important subdivisions of the numerators are those according to causes. The exposure to risk may be subdivided according to hour of the day, previous time at work, or according to occupation or industry; but for significant results such subdivision must be accompanied by corresponding subdivision of the numerator to form special risk rates by occupation, industry, etc.2 Lack of comparability between accident rates of the same type, e.g. frequency rates, severity rates, may arise from lack of compa1 The addition of the group of temporary partial disabilities has recently been recommended by the American Standards Committee. 2 In all cases numerators and denominators must correspond : they must relate to the same period, to the same group, etc. : in other words, the numerator must comprise all the accidents (according to the adopted definition) that occur during the period to the group exposed to risk and must not include any accident t h a t does not relate to this group. — 8 — rability of the numerators of the risk rate fraction, from lack of comparability of the denominators, or from lack of comparability of the groups of exposure1. Each of these points will be discussed in turn. THE ACCIDENTS A chief cause of lack of comparability in the numerators—the accidents—of the risk rate fraction, is differences in the statistical definitions of accidents 2 . Certain of these differences affect fatal accidents only, others only the non-fatal, while the great majority concern both these groups. Considering first those points that concern both kinds of accidents, fatal and non-fatal, important differences are found in scope and coverage. A primary distinction is between statistics based upon compensable or compensated accidents, and statistics based upon all reported industrial accidents. In the first group of statistics the scope of compensation law and the conditions of compensation determine coverage; in some countries practically all industrial accidents causing a minimum duration of disability a are compensable, but in others certain types of accident or accidents to certain groups of persons are excluded. For example, accidents involving misconduct of the person injured are commonly excluded; accidents to persons receiving more than a specified wage, or to persons employed in certain industries or branches of economic activity (e.g. agriculture, domestic service) may fall outside the scope of the compensation law 4. Accidents not " arising out of " or " in the course of " employment are commonly excluded, the exact limits of exclusion being determined by the precise wording of the law and the administrative and judicial interpretations of these phrases. On the other hand, 1 Lack of comparability in form of statement is also possible, as when a rate per thousand units of exposure is compared with a rate per hundred thousand units of exposure, or where a rate per thousand man-years of three thousand hours each is compared with a rate per million man-hours. Such lack of comparability may be eliminated by multiplying by conversion factors to place the rates on a uniform basis. 2 The common usage by which in industrial accident statistics the term accident means a person killed or injured is so convenient that in the following the term " accidents " is used as equivalent to the number of persons killed or injured, though in some countries they are described as cases, and the term " accident " may cover several cases. 3 The varying durations of disability are discussed below under the points relating to non-fatal accidents only. * So far as concerns the exclusion of accidents to persons in specific groups, the exclusion of the corresponding groups from the time of exposure to risk in the denominator will yield a valid rate : but the groups to be compared in different countries are not identical. — 9 — under many laws accidents to employees on the way to or from work are compensated. Furthermore, in many jurisdictions specified occupational diseases are compensated as industrial accidents 1 . I n the second group of statistics the limits of scope are determined in the first instance by the accident reporting laws. B u t in these laws the definitions or limits are not so precise as in the compensation laws, since the questions of border line coverage do not involve pecuniary liabilities and are not subject therefore to such meticulous interpretation by courts. They are usually of broader scope, since their primary purpose is to secure prevention. In some cases these definitions for accident reporting purposes are contained in the compensation laws, b u t often they are formulated in provisions of laws regulating safety on railroads, mines, etc. Furthermore, the definition of accident for statistical tables is frequently not identical with " accidents reported " in t h a t accidents causing disability of less t h a n a certain minimum duration are ignored in these statistics, even though reports of such accidents may be received. Finally, in a number of countries figures are available both for reported accidents and for compensated accidents. A second point of general application is the year to which the data relate. The statistics may give the accidents reported during the year in question irrespective of when the accident occurred, but more usually they relate to accidents t h a t occurred during the year in question and reported up to a particular date when the books are closed for the statistics of t h a t year. This date varies in different countries from shortly after the close of the year in question to one, two, or even three years after. Accidents reported after the final dates are in some countries omitted altogether, and in other countries included with those for the year when the report is made. Compensation statistics may present accidents according to the year of occurrence or according to the year when compensation was awarded. I n some countries t h e figures show accidents for which compensation was paid for t h e first time during the year. So far as fatal accidents are concerned, t h e varying period within which death must occur for the accident to be counted as a fatal case is a factor in lack of comparability. In railway accident statistics, for example, in three or four countries, this period is limited to 24 hours after the accident ; in a few countries 1 The number of cases of occupational disease is relatively small; when possible, in the statistics presented here they have been excluded. — 10 — t h e period is extended to " a few days " ; but in most countries t h e usual practice is to count all cases as fatal in which death occurs at any time before the final report. Even in the lastmentioned arrangement there are possibilities for slight differences, since an accident occurring near the beginning of the year has a longer period within which death may occur before the final report than has an accident occurring near the close of the year 1 . The varying definitions of non-fatal accidents are a source of wide differences in accident rates. So far as permanent total disability 2 is concerned, the chief groups are probably not very different in all countries and include, for example, loss (or loss of function) of b o t h eyes, both arms, both legs, etc. However, in border-line cases differences of permanent total incapacity for gainful work are found, in particular in the time when t h e case is finally classified. Permanent partial disabilities offer a much wider scope for differences in definition, especially in minor cases. I n some countries only cases involving a t least 10 per cent, disability persisting after a period of a year following the accident are rated as permanent disabilities. In other countries 5 per cent, may be the criterion, and in others permanent partial disabilities include a list of specific losses of members or loss of function of members whether or not associated definitely with any specific percentage of loss of earning power. The greatest field for variation is found in temporary disabilities where differences in minimum duration of disability for inclusion in the statistics produce enormous differences in apparent prevalence of accidents. I n some few countries temporary disabilities are entirely ignored in the statistics; in others, the minimum duration of incapacity ranges from zero, where medical aid cases involving no lost time may be counted, up to thirteen weeks 3 . A few countries include in the statistics cases in which medical aid was given, even if no disability or lost time was present. The importance of the variations in the minimum duration of 1 In the United States, where in railway statistics fatal accidents include only deaths occurring not later than 24 hours after the accident, a special tabulation of deaths occurring subsequently showed that in 12 per cent, of the fatal accidents death occurred subsequently to the 24-hour period. 2 Disability and incapacity—the two terms are used interchangeably throughout this report. 3 In the United States and Canada, the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions recommended that all accidents causing disability lasting longer than the day or shift on which the accident occurred should, be included in the statistics. A recent recommendation of the American Standards Committee has included accidents causing temporary partial disability as a special group. — 11 — disability can be seen from a computation, based upon American accident experience covering all industries, of a " standard accident table " showing the distribution of 100,000 accidents into deaths, permanent disabilities, and temporary disabilities of varying duration 1. Of these 100,000 accidents causing death or disability lasting longer than the day or shift on which the accident occurred, 8.8 per cent, caused temporary disability lasting one day, 16.9 per cent, lasting one or two days, 24.2 per cent.— nearly one-fourth—up to three days, 44.9 per cent, up to one week, and 62.6 per cent, up to two weeks. Thus if a series of statistics is limited to accidents causing death or disability lasting more t h a n two weeks the great majority of the accidents—over three-fifths—will be omitted in comparison with a series of accidents causing death or disability lasting more than the day on which t h e accident occurred. Only 15.6 per cent, of the accidents will be left if temporary disabilities of less than one month are omitted. Deaths and permanent disabilities cover only 4.6 per cent, of these accidents. Though the exact percentages doubtless vary with different industries, for example, in railway and mining fatal accidents form relatively a larger, and minor accidents relatively a smaller, proportion of the total, and though the American experience upon which these computations are based doubtless does not yield the same percentages as would European experience, the figures furnish a rough measure of the disturbing effects caused by variations in the minimum duration of disability in comparisons of risk b y means of accident frequency rates. The lack of comparability of non-fatal accident frequency rates arising from the varying definitions of non-fatal accidents is a principal reason for utilising the time loss caused by accidents in forming severity rates. In the numerator of the severity rate the number of days lost takes the place of the number of accidents. In this figure accidents of short duration contribute relatively little to the total time loss. Hence the omission of minor accidents does not materially impair the comparability of severity 1 Of the 100,000 accidents, 762 are fatal, 62 cause permanent total disability, 3,788 permanent partial (of which 924 are " major " and 2,864 are minor) and 95,388 cause temporary disabilities of more than the day or shift on which the accident occurred. Of these latter, 8,823 lasted one day, 16,909 one or two days, 24,181 up to three (1-3) days, 44,873 up to one week (1-7 days), 62,585 up to two weeks (1-14 days), 79,779 up to 4 weeks (1-28 days), 90,019 up to eight weeks (1-56 days), 93,084 up to 13 weeks (1-91 days), etc. See Olive E. OUTWATEE : An American Accident Table. Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 17, No. 132, December 1930, pp. 492-495. — 12 — rates, whereas variation in the minimum duration of incapacity produces enormous differences in accident frequency rates. A further advantage of the severity rate is the inclusion of all types of accident in a single figure in which each type is weighted according to an accepted scale of importance. Three scales of importance are in actual use, one in the United States, Canada and Finland, where a death or permanent total disability receives a weight of 6,000 days lost, the second in Sweden, Norway and Switzerland, where a death or permanent total disability receives a weight of 7,500 days lost; and the third in New Zealand, where a death or permanent total disability receives a weight of 60,000 hours or 9,545 calendar days lost. I n all three systems permanent partial disabilities are weighted in accordance with a scale of percentages of the figure for total disability 1 . These differences in weights and methods of calculating severity rates can be allowed for a n d the severity rates be made comparable b y appropriate corrections or b y recalculation on t h e same basis 2. Such severity rates calculated on the same basis would afford perhaps the most satisfactory basis for international comparisons, so far as the comparability of the accidents—the numerator of the rate fraction—is concerned. Only a small number of countries thus far have utilised the method of severity rates 3 . 1 Minor variations are found in practice in the details of these percentage weightings and in the methods of their determination. Two methods for calculating time lost from temporary disabilities are in vogue, one in calendar days of disability and the other in work days by multiplying calendar days disability by six-sevenths or by r— • In certain countries time lost before death or permanent disability is added to time lost from temporary disabilities; in others such time lost is considered to be included in the standard weights assigned to death or permanent disability. 2 For example, the rate obtained by the first method can be converted approximately into the rate obtained by the second by multiplying by the factor 1.2. Factors obtained for different countries were : Finland 1.184, Sweden 1.187, Norway 1.206, United States 1.213. If severity rates in terms of hours lost are preferred, these comparable rates in terms of days may be converted into hours lost per unit of exposure by multiplying by a constant number of hours per day. 3 Another method of summarising the results of accidents of all types is by " cost " rates, in which the numerator is the " financial charge " for all accidents as determined by the compensation law. The usual base for such rates is the payroll, i.e. the man-hours multiplied by average earnings per hour. Within a country or State covered by a uniform compensation law differences in accident hazards in different industries may be measured in a substantially accurate manner by comparative cost rate figures. However, international comparisons on the basis of " cost " rates are difficult because of the variations in the compensation provisions for the different types of accident in different countries. — 13 — A final point of lack of comparability in figures for accidents in the numerator of the rate fraction arises from the imperfection of the reporting system. The conditions of reporting are peculiar to each country and depend in the first instance upon the law or laws governing reports of accidents and their enforcement, as well as upon the familiarity of the employers and employees with the law and their realisation of its importance. A certain number of accidents in each country are never reported; the particular establishment may be remiss, the foreman in charge may overlook the requirement for reporting, the injured workman may neglect to inform his employer, and always there is the borderland zone of trivial accidents which do not appear important enough to report but which may nevertheless come within the requirements of the definition. Obviously it is difficult or impossible to determine the extent of non-reporting. Other things being equal, the reports should be more complete when the accidents are compensated. Evidence of non-reporting can be found in trend figures which show increasing rates of accident frequency from minor causes in contrast to a decreasing rate of serious and fatal accidents, especially where it is known that improvements have been effected in conditions of accident hazard : such a trend is to be explained in terms of an improvement in accident reporting. An examination of the figures for non-fatal accidents in specific industries in various countries thus brings to light the presence of some such element as failure to report, as a cause of wide differences and lack of comparability in rates for different countries. MAN-HOURS OF EMPLOYMENT Turning to the man-hours of employment—the denominator of the rate fraction—lack of comparability arises from differences in accuracy of measuring the time at risk. This depends upon the methods used to obtain man-hours or the substitutes for man-hours used. Since the validity of comparison is always based upon the actual time of exposure to risk, that is the manhours of employment, the validity of the substitutes and the comparability of results whether one or other basis is used depends upon the closeness with which the man-hours are approximated 1 . A brief review of the methods of obtaining 1 But rates containing in the denominators the same type and degree of error in approximating the man-hours worked may, nevertheless, be — 14 — man-hours and of the substitutes for man-hours will be to the point. The best data on man-hours, of course, are afforded by direct reports, but comparatively few countries have such figures1. In the absence of direct figures on man-hours indirect calculations may be resorted to. In some cases the number of manhours of the permanent staff is obtained by multiplying the number (or the average number) of permanent employees by the total number of days of work in the year and the average hours per day, and the number of man-hours of the temporary staff is obtained from the records of time actually worked. In some cases the number of man-hours worked is available for part of the industry and the rest is estimated from the number of man-days in each establishment multiplied by the average hours per day of that establishment. In all such cases calculations should take the actual hours of overtime into account and make allowance for any periods of part time. In very many cases data on man-hours are not available. Recourse may then be had to man-days, to the average number of employees or to the actual number of employees on a particular day or days. The use of these substitutes raises two questions : how can the rates be stated in such a form as to be comparable with other rates on the same basis and with other rates on different bases, and what is the range of error in the figures? Comparability in form requires the adoption of, some unit as a basis. All rates may be reduced to man-hours or to man-years of 3,000 or 2,400 hours each, etc. The use of 1,000 man-years of 2,400 hours each as a unit has the advantage that the rates are roughly comparable with rates stated in terms of the unit of 1,000 persons employed, on the assumption that in most industries the number of man-hours per employee-year is about 2,400 (or 48 a week for 50 weeks). On the other hand, such an assumption is often demonstrably incorrect, since in industries with the 40-hour week the year is only about 2,000 hours, and with the 44-hour week 2,200 hours, etc. The use of one million man-hours as a unit has the advantage that it does not imply that 2,400 hours or 3,000, reasonably comparable with one another, though not with other rates containing different substitutes for man-hours, subject to different degrees of error. 1 For example, in the United States the reports made by railways to the Interstate Commerce Commission show not only the number of man-hours worked on regular shifts, but also the number of hours of overtime worked. — 15 — or any given number of hours a year is a proper standard. Nor does the use of one million man-hours as a unit depend in a n y way upon the actual average number of hours worked a year. On t h e other hand, these rates are not comparable, even roughly, with rates based upon the units of 1,000 persons employed, b u t one or the other must be multiplied b y a transformation factor. So far as concerns the margin of error in the figures for t h e denominators of the rate fraction, the validity of comparisons based upon any unit is dependent, as already stated, upon t h e accuracy with which the denominators measure actual man-hours worked. If rates in different industries based upon average number of persons employed are to be comparable, the differences in average number of persons employed must in fact reflect t h e actual differences in man-hours worked. If rates based on man-years of 300 days each are to be comparable with rates based on man-years of 2,400 hours each, man-hours worked in the man-year of 300 days must equal 2,400 hours. If over a period of time the accident rate per 1,000 persons employed shows a decrease and the average hours per year (or per week) have been reduced during the same period, the decrease in accident rate may be due wholly or in part to the decrease in average hours per year, and any conclusion as to change in true risk rate must take the change in hours into account. For some purposes it may be helpful to show the decrease in accident rates per 1,000 employees to indicate the improvement in rates achieved over a period, b u t due allowance must be made for improvement due to reduction of hours, t h a t is, in reduction of the time of exposure to risk. For true risk rates man-hours must always be the sound basis. Since valid comparisons require man-hours and practical comparisons require uniform units, the practical alternatives are (1) to calculate all rates in terms of units of one million manhours estimating the man-hours from data on hours per day or per week and days per year where such data are available, and making the best guess possible as to hours per day and days per year where data are not available; (2) to calculate all rates in terms of units of 1,000 man-years of say 2,400 hours each where hours are available and leaving rates per 1,000 average persons employed or per 1,000 persons employed without recalculation, on the assumption t h a t in the absence of specific data the average employee-year is sufficiently close to this figure to yield results t h a t will be within, say, 10 to 20 per cent, of the t r u t h . — 16 — The objection to the first method is that the rates appear to be more accurate than they really are, since in many cases no adequate data for estimates are available; the objection to the second is that it treats all employee-year data as roughly comparable, which is often not true, and in some cases at least partial data for correction may be at hand. In the present report, however, the second method has been followed in this form : calculating rates per 1,000 man-years of 2,400 hours each where man-hours are available, per 1,000 man-years of 300 days each where man-days are available, and per 1,000 persons or workers employed where the only data at hand are the number or the average number of employees. This method is followed principally because of the time required for further study of the possibilities of application of the first method. It is hoped that it will later be possible to present revised rates upon a man-hour basis. In interpreting the rates here given it is important to bear in mind that in comparing rates based upon man-years of 300 days each the assumption is made that the hours per day are equal; and in comparing rates based upon persons employed the assumption is made that the hours per year are equal, such as would be the case if hours per day and days per year were equal. In other words, the rates should always be interpreted in conjunction with factors of correction expressing the ratio of the assumed figure of 2,400 hours per year to the actual average man-hours per employee-year in the particular industry. The roughness of such comparisons based upon the general assumption of 300 days a year of 8 hours each may be better appreciated by considering in how many industries the average days per year or the hours per day depart from these figures. The coal-mining industry furnishes an excellent example of marked variations in the number of days worked per year \ Wherever possible, rates for mining are based upon man-years of 300 days each. In many industries the working week of 40 hours has already been widely adopted, for example in France and the United States. During the depression working weeks of less than 40 hours were prevalent in some industries. Since the 40-hour week corresponds approximately to 2,000 hours a year, rates per 1,000 employees in 2,000-hour industries should 1 For example, the average number of days worked per year in coal mining varied from 187 (United States, 1935) to 249 (Great Britain, 1934), and to 270 (Germany, anthracite, 1935) and 281 (Germany, lignite, 1935). — 17 — be raised 20 per cent, for comparisons with rates for 2,400-hour industries. On the other hand, rates in industries where the man-year is 3,000 hours—300 days at 10 hours each—should be reduced 20 per cent, for fair comparisons with rates in industries with the assumed standard of 2,400 hours. These illustrations suggest t h a t differences in rates of as much as 40 to 50 per cent. may often be ascribable merely to differences in the average man-hours per employee-year when rates are based upon the average number of employees. Before leaving this point mention should be made of the need for taking into account overtime hours and part-time hours in the average man-hours per year per employee; part-time hours must especially be taken into account in periods of depression. When rates are based upon the average number of employees the methods used in determining this average affect the comparability of the figures. The best average is obtained where the number of persons employed each day is available, so t h a t the total number of man-days can be divided by the total number of days the establishment worked in a year to give the average persons employed. B u t if the number of man-days is available the better method is to divide by 300 to give the number of persons working the standard year. Hence, in most cases, the average number of employees is used as a basis for rates only where other and more satisfactory methods of obtaining the exposure are not available. Among methods used in practice are (1) to add an estimated average number of temporary workers to the number of permanent employees on the pay roll, or (2) to average the numbers on the pay roll at the end of each month, each 15 days or each quarter, etc. Such methods take into account the principal variations due to seasonal fluctuations, b u t fail to take account of overtime or. part-time. I n some cases the pay roll total is divided b y the average wage per pay roll period to give the average number of workers. Pay-roll records of the number of employees commonly include persons on sick or annual leave, though strictly speaking these should be excluded from the exposure to risk and are excluded b y methods based upon man-days actually worked. In all rates based upon the average number of employees, errors arising from departures from the assumed standard of 300 days a year and 8 hours per day are in addition to those arising from inaccuracies in determining the average number of employees. 2 — 18 — Finally, the actual number of employees at work on a single day in t h e year m a y be used as a basis for rates in place of an average number of employees. Such a figure as a substitute for man-hours is subject to considerable error where t h e numbers employed fluctuate during t h e year, especially if t h e period chosen is not typical. I t may, of course, represent t h e man-hours accurately if t h e period chosen is representative of employment during t h e year. I n addition, it is subject to all t h e errors described above in discussing t h e average number of employees. In summary, t h e various substitutes for man-hours m a y introduce errors of varying magnitude into t h e denominator. These errors m a y be in excess or in defect of t h e true figure, whereas the errors in t h e numerator are practically always errors in defect. Errors in t h e denominator, though large—20 or 30 per cent., or even a larger proportion, is b y no means impossible—are not nearly so serious as errors of omission of accidents causing temporary disability from t h e numerator, where omissions may constitute a very high ratio t o t h e accidents recorded. I n cases of fatal accident rates, however, t h e errors in t h e denominator may often be more serious t h a n t h e defects in t h e numerator. These errors in t h e denominator m a y be reduced b y means of careful estimates of t h e actual hours and days worked or b y more frequent counts of t h e numbers employed. D I F F E R E N C E S IN GROUPS COMPARED Having considered t h e difficulties resulting in lack of comparability of accident rates arising from defects in t h e numerator and from errors in t h e denominator of the rate fraction it remains to consider the problem of lack of comparability of t h e frequency and severity rates themselves. These arise from differences in the character of t h e groups, employees and industries in t h e comparison. Assuming t h a t t h e rates accurately reflect t h e accident risk in t h e groups to which they relate, t h e groups themselves m a y not be exactly comparable. The constitution of the groups, whether they include only manual workers or also office workers and t h e technical staff, is of importance. Mine accident rates frequently include t h e technical staff, who are directly exposed to mining risks. I n some cases t h e office staff is also included. Railway accident rates in some cases exclude the office and administration staff and in other cases include them. The risk of accident to office and administration staff — 19 — is of course less than to persons actually engaged in mining or railway operations and the inclusion of this group therefore tends slightly to reduce the risk rate. A somewhat different point is the question of the limits of the industry or group included. Railway accidents are frequently limited to the operation and exploitation of the railway line. In some cases accidents in railway workshops also are included. Coal mine accident statistics in some cases include the operations of making briquettes and the manufacture of coke. Obviously, when rates in different countries are compared, it is important to know the exact limits of the industry to which they apply. Finally, the interpretation of rates for all industries or for a group of industries depends upon the constitution of the groups compared. A high rate for manufacturing industry in one country as compared with another may be due to the inclusion in the first of a large proportion of hazardous industries rather than to a high rate in all industries. In such a case analysis should show whether the higher rate in one country is due to higher risk rates in the several industries or merely to an unusual preponderance of the industries with greater accident hazards. In a field where so many defects are present in the source materials as is the case with industrial accident statistics, conclusions as to relative risks in different countries are extremely hazardous. The purpose of the comparisons, as stated at the outset, and as should again be emphasised, is not so much to present an exact measure of relative risk as to direct attention to the general picture of risks and in particular to the possibilities for reduction of rates by those methods and procedures in use in the countries with the best safety techniques. CHAPTER II INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT RATES IN PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIAL BRANCHES After this general discussion in Chapter I of the difficulties of international comparison and of the sources of error, the statistics available to show accident risks in the several important branches of industry can now be examined. This analysis is confined to a study of fatal and non-fatal frequency rates in mining and quarrying, industry (manufacturing) and agriculture, and railway transportation, together with severity rates in manufacturing industry for those few countries which furnish the necessary data. No attempt is made here to analyse accidents by causes or location or nature of injury, etc., or to give details of risks in the different manufacturing industries ; these must be reserved for later treatment. For mining, details are shown for coal and for metal mining; quarrying is discussed separately from mining. For agriculture only six countries have the necessary data on exposure and accidents. For transportation the figures given are limited to railways 1. For seafaring special problems arise and few countries have in fact data on industrial accidents to seamen, though in some cases compensated accidents to seamen are included with statistics of compensation 2. 1 Accidents to hired chauffeurs in road transport form an important type of industrial hazard, but few figures on these accidents in relation to the exposure to risk are available. A special committee of the League of Nations has recently reported on the whole subject of statistics of road traffic accidents. See : LEAGUE OF NATIONS (Organisation for Communication and Transit. Committee for the Unification of Statistics relating to Road Traffic Accidents) : Report on the First and Second Sessions of the Committee. C.C.T./C.R./U.S.17 (1). Geneva, 28 May 1937. * Figures on accidents to seamen for Great Britain are given in the Appendix. — 21 — § 1.—Mining and Quarrying A.—COAL MINING 1 Table I shows the rates for industrial accidents in coal mines in seventeen countries. The exposure to risk is calculated in terms of man-years of 300 days each in ten of these countries, namely, Germany (Prussia), Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, United States, France, Great Britain, Mexico, the Netherlands and Poland,2 and in terms of the average number of employees or wage earners in eight countries, namely, Germany, Australia, Spain, India, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal and South Africa. Since the actual work year in coal mining is usually less than 300 days, the rates for the latter group of countries should be raised somewhat for comparisons with rates in the former group of countries 3. The fatal accident rates as recorded varied in 1927 from 0.98 in France to 4.43 in the United States, and in 1933 or 1934 between 0.59 for the Netherlands to 4.72 in Japan. Countries with high rates include particularly the United States and Japan, while those with low rates—rates in the neighbourhood of 1 per 1,000 or less—include Australia, Belgium, Spain, France, the Netherlands and India 4 . In interpreting these variations in rates, it should be noted that the actual conditions of hazard vary greatly in different types of mines—in anthracite, bituminous coal and lignite mines, in gassy and non-gassy mines, in work above-ground and in work underground—conditions which must be taken into account in any complete analysis of accident rates in coal mines. The rates for anthracite and lignite mines in Prussia, for example, show great differences in hazard in these two types of mines. Other points of difference include variations in the scope of the industry and in the character of the working force covered. 1 Cf. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE : Methods of Compiling Statistics of Coal-Mining Accidents, Studies and Reports. Series N. (Statistics). No. 14. 2 In some cases the rates in terms of man-years of 300 days each have been calculated by the International Labour Office. a If data were available in each of these countries showing the actual number of days the mines were in operation, an approximate estimate could be made of the factor of correction necessary in each case to take account of the short working year. * Only two of these, France and the Netherlands, have rates based upon the man-year of 300 days. — 22 — TABLE I . — I N D U S T R I A L ACCIDENT BATES I N COAL MINES L IN 17 COUNTRIES, 1927-1936 Country : AUSTRALIA GERMANY (PBUSSIA) BELGIUM CANADA Wage earners' man-years (300 days) Wage earners' man-years (300 days) Accident rates per 1,000 Base : Year Wage earners ! A B Man-years 300 days (hard coal) A Man-years 300 days (lignite) B Employees B A A B A B 114.0 96.7 112.2 101.1 73.3 78.9 90.0 95.6 76.7 1.30 1.02 1.29 1.23 0.99 1.20 1.01 1.48 1.10 111.1 87.2 110.3 105.1 84.6 102.6 86.3 126.5 94.0 A B Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 2.11 1.95 2.02 2.72 1.96 1.61 1.71 1.53 — 98.1 90.7 94.0 126.5 91.2 74.9 79.5 71.2 — 2.28 2.07 2.19 3.09 2.13 1.89 1.92 1.65 1.47 1.32 1.53 1.41 1.17 1.47 0.48 0.96 1.14 0.84 97.0 88.1 93.2 131.5 90.6 80.4 81.7 70.2 62.6 95.7 110.9 102.2 84.8 106.5 34.8 69.5 82.6 60.9 1.03 0.87 1.01 0.91 0.66 0.71 0.81 0.86 0.69 2.91 3.01 2.83 4.54 3.43 2.57 1.66 3.19 3.45 1.88 87.1 90.1 84.7 135.9 102.7 76.9 49.7 95.5 103.3 56.3 156.85 170.87 170.57 162.47 145.17 142.33 123.16 151.47 130.98 97.3 106.0 105.8 100.8 90.1 88.2 76.4 94.0 81.3 Non- fatal Over Inclusion : 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Number of employees or man-years (latest year) 3 days 228.81 223.79 218.42 199.04 187.83 176.64 167.58 153.10 — 3 days 108.1 105.8 103.2 94.1 88.8 83.5 79.2 72.4 244.71 243.72 239.55 222.00 212.94 200.58 190.77 172.68 — 156.33 340,950 — 105.2 104.8 103.0 95.5 91.5 86.2 81.8 74.2 67.2 3 days 156.09 141.15 132.57 108.64 95.67 91.14 87.72 83.10 82.35 — 123.1 111.3 104.6 85.7 75.4 71.9 69.2 65.5 64.9 14 days a 7 days' 10.73 11.77 17.28 13.83 14.88 16.74 20.89 24.63 29.21 78.3 85.9 126.1 100.9 108.6 122.2 152.5 179.8 213.2 18,833 disability 0.46 89.1 0.34 65.9 0.61 118.2 0.54 104.7 0.63 122.1 0.66 127.9 0.60 116.3 0.86 166.7 0.69 133.7 114,022 19,112 Notes: A = Rates per 1,000. B = Trend index, 1927-1931 taken as base = 100. For sources, detailed notes, etc., see Appendix. 1 Compare also rates for mines (total) in certain countries, e.g. Czechoslovakia, where mining is principally coal mining, see table IV. Accidents, in this table, are " reported accidents ". a Including technical employees exposed to mining risks. ' Over 7 days in New South Wales, elsewhere over 14 days. ' Reports furnished by the Compensation Boards of the diflerent provinces. In most of the provinces, all accidents must be reported which cause a worker to be disabled from earning full wages. (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Saskatchewan. . . British Columbia requires the reporting of all accidents; Alberta — 23 — TABLE I . INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT BATES IN COAL MINES IN 17 COUNTRIES, 1927-1936 Country : CZECHOSLOVAKIA UNITED STATES SPAIN FRANCE 1 (continued) GREAT BRITAIN INDIA JAPAN Employees (average) Wage earners Accident r a t e s p e r 1,000 Base : Year Wage earners' man-years (300 days) A B Wage earners' ' man-years (300 days) Wage earners A B A B Wage earners' man-years (300 days) B A Employees' man-years (300 days) B A A B A B Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1.51 1.34 1.64 1.30 1.33 1.53 1.49 106.3 94.4 115.5 91.5 93.7 107.7 104.9 — — — — 1.68 1.38 1.72 1.98 1.37 0.99 — — — 103.1 84.7 105.5 121.5 84.0 60.7 — — — 4.43 4.64 4.54 5.00 4.42 4.60 3.58 3.54 3.67 96.1 100.6 98.5 108.5 95.9 99.8 77.7 76.8 91.5 0.98 1.12 1.15 1.03 0.92 0.89 0.93 0.96 94.2 107.7 110.6 99.0 88.5 85.6 89.4 92.3 —. — 1.34 1.26 1.30 1.29 1.22 1.34 1.28 1.60 1.29 104.7 98.4 101.6 100.8 95.3 104.7 100.0 125.0 100.8 1.10 91.7 1.33 110.8 1.17 97.5 1.25 104.2 1.17 97.5 1.02 85.0 0.86 71.7 1.04 86.7 1.66 138.3 3.80 3.36 3.85 3.87 4.11 4.41 5.15 4.72 5.64 100.0 88.4 101.3 101.8 108.2 116.1 135.5 124.2 148.4 Non-fatal Inclusion : 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 No. of employees ormanyears Over : Over 4 weeks or permanent disability 49.88 46.01 49.65 43.47 54.21 53.46 57.18 102.5 94.6 102.1 89.4 111.5 109.9 117.6 — — — — 65,059 1 day " 2.18 1.99 1.76 1.84 1.47 1.41 — — —. 4 days 365.25 117.8 107.6 — — 373.54 95.1 — — 387.26 99.4 251.39 101.7 417.12 79.5 242.84 98.3 421.73 76.2 224.67 90.9 418.95 — 206.15 83.4 435.33 — 196.29 79.4 429.12 — 193.68 78.4 413.39 30,420 338,572 92.9 95.1 98.5 106.1 107.3 106.6 110.8 109.2 105.2 181,286 3 days9 3 days 205.50 207.00 212.78 212.43 200.60 191.07 191.04 198.23 201.09 99.0 99.7 102.5 102.3 96.6 92.0 92.0 95.5 96.8 665,167 2.77 2.77 2.69 2.95 2.77 2.93 3.40 3.53 3.94 99.3 99.3 96.4 105.7 99.3 105.0 121.8 126.5 141.2 159,254 630.33 550.58 518.85 475.71 453.64 422.22 402.35 380.35 352.49 119.9 104.7 98.7 90.5 86.3 80.3 76.5 72.3 67.0 175,137 (latest year) (Coal Mines Act), deaths, serious injuries, or injuries caused by electricity, explosion, overwinding or other designated causes.) 6 Disability lasting beyond the day or shift on which the accident occurred. • Base for trend, 1930 and 1931. 7 No information. 8 Provisional figure. * Since 1930, including areas with medical aid only. — 24 TABLE I.—INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT RATES IN COAL MINES 1 IN 17 COUNTRIES, 1927-1936 (continued) Country : MEXICO NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND POLAND PORTUGAL UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA Wage earners' (daily average) Employees (average per week day) Accident rates per 1,000 Base : Year Wage earners' Wage earners' man-years man-years (300 days) (300 days) A A j B B Employees (average) A B Wage earners' man-years (300 days) B A B A 92.5 103.3 110.9 101.7 91.5 93.0 96.6 115.0 125.8 119.6 1.43 1.44 1.13 0.79 1.03 0.68 0.66 0.53 119.2 120.0 94.2 65.8 85.8 56.7 55.0 44.2 2.45 2.88 2.22 3.62 2.07 2.12 2.05 2.64 4.88 2.55 A B Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 2.05 2.56 3.03 4.33 1.31 2.34 77.0 96.2 113.9 152.8 49.2 88.0 1.09 110.1 1.86 105.7 1.81 1.40 141.4 1.67 94.9 2.02 0.90 90.9 2.18 123.9 2.17 0.79 79.8 2.39 135.8 1.99 0.76 76.8 0.70 39.8 1.79 0.71 71.8 2.59 147.1 1.82 1.08 109.1 1.60 90.9 1.89 0.59 59.6 1.79 101.7 2.25 0.92 92.9 0.47 26.7 2.46 0.57 57.6 2.34 92.5 108.7 83.8 136.6 78.1 80.0 77.4 99.6 184.2 96.2 Non-fatal Over : Serious Inclusion : 1 day' 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 No. of employees or man-years (latest year) 288.84 189.63 223.60 239.00 205.48 247.52 126.0 82.7 97.5 104.2 89.6 107.9 Over 3 days T 2 days * 265.02 252.03 236.06 189.04 186.42 197.75 194.79 194.56 1,713 (See notes pages 22 and 23.) * * 117.4 111.7 104.6 83.8 82.6 87.6 86.3 86.2 26,255 ' Serious (14 days and over) 5.02 117.5 166.84 91.9 240.32 105.9 17.07 2.79 65.3 176.38 97.1 248.89 109.7 17.33 6.73 157.6 192.49 106.0 232.51 102.4 21.29 3.92 91.8 190.40 104.8 185.69 81.9 19.54 2.96 69.3 181.95 156.49 69.0 24.11 3.88 90.9 165.84 100.2 112.91 49.8 23.14 2.74 64.2 175.33 91.3 158.20 69.7 21.83 3.57 83.6 200.28 96.5 130.80 57.7 33.66 35.43 4.73 110.8 183.10 110.3 33.21 181.92 100.8 100.2 4,231 54,749 9,396 85.9 87.2 107.1 98.3 121.3 116.5 109.9 169.4 178.3 167.1 30,925 — 25 — In certain countries ancillary works such as coke ovens, or briquette-making plants are included with coal mines. In most countries the figures relate to " wage earners ", in one or two countries they include technical employees exposed t o mining risks in addition to " wage earners ", while in a few all employees are included in thè group of persons exposed to risk. The non-fatal rates may be divided into two groups : the first comprising countries where the rates cover a t least all accidents causing temporary disabilities of more than four days, namely, Germany (Prussia), Canada, United States, France, Great Britain, J a p a n , Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland and probably Portugal —for all except J a p a n and Portugal rates based upon man-years of 300 days each are given—and the second including countries where temporary disabilities are either omitted entirely or a r e included only if they are " serious " or last for periods upwards of 14 days. Obviously, the rates in the second group are not to be compared with the others. In the first group the rates in 1933 ranged from 113 in Portugal and 123 in Canada to 402 in J a p a n and 435 in France. These variations are partly due to differences in minimum disability for inclusion in the statistics— the effect of including accidents causing disability lasting from one to three days is to raise the rates very materially (by as much as one-third)—and partly to other differences in definition or to variations in the completeness of accident reporting; and only in so far as not explained by these differences in statistical methods are they to be ascribed to differences in real hazard. So far as the difference in minimum duration of accident alone is concerned, in some cases a country with the broader inclusion has the lower rates, e.g., the United States as compared with France, Great Britain, Japan, or the Netherlands, or Great Britain as compared with France, or the Netherlands as compared with France or J a p a n . The table shows also trend figures based upon the average of the rates 1927 to 1931 taken as equal to 100. The validity of comparisons between these trends is not impaired by differences in definitions between countries. In most countries the trend in accident frequency rates appears to be decreasing 1 . Considering the rates for fatalities only, decreasing trends are shown for ten countries : Prussia, Australia, 1 In an industry such as coal mining, where mass accidents may often occur, too much stress should not be laid upon unusual variations which may affect the apparent trends as well as the rates in individual years. — 26 — Belgium, Canada, Spain, United, States, France, India, the Netherlands and Portugal, while increases are indicated for three countries, Great Britain, J a p a n and Poland, and four, Czechoslovakia, Mexico, New Zealand and South Africa, may be classed as doubtful K I n most of the countries with falling fatal rates, the non-fatal rates have also decreased. The United States, Germany, J a p a n , Mexico, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain' show sharp decreases. I n J a p a n the trend of non-fatal accidents is downwards in contrast with the upward trend of fatal accidents. I n Great Britain also the trend of non-fatal accidents appears slightly downwards. In four countries with falling fatal rates, France, India, Australia and Belgium, the non-fatal rates show increases, suggesting t h a t there has been an improvement in accident reporting or change in the definition of accident. These trend movements must be interpreted in connection with the evidence of decreasing hours of labour, since, other things being equal, a decrease in hours of labour will produce a proportionate decrease in the apparent risk of accident, when rates are expressed, as these are, in terms of man-years of 300 days each or of number of persons employed without reference to hours worked. As regards the effect of the depression upon the rates, in a t least three countries, the United States, Germany and Portugal, t h e downward trend continued into the recovery period. I n four or five countries somewhat higher rates in the post-depression period are found t h a n in the depression years; these include Belgium, India, South Africa, and, in case of fatal rates, Great Britain, and of non-fatal rates, France; however, in countries where the trend has been upwards throughout it should be interpreted in connection with the possibility of improved reporting. B.—METAL MINING Accident rates in metal mines are shown in table I I for nine countries. In four of these, the United States, France, Great Britain and Mexico, the rates are given in terms of man-years of 300 days each 2 , in the remainder the rates are per 1,000 employees. 1 The movement for rock-dusting of mines is doubtless an important element in the sharp decrease, over 50 per cent, (from 1927-1935), in the United States. a In some cases calculated by the International Labour Office. — 27 — TABLE II.—INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT RATES IN METAL MINING IN 9 COUNTRIES, 1927-1936 AUSTRALIA * ! BELGIUM UNITED STATES• FRANCE' GREAT BRITAIN S Country : R a t e s of accidents per 1,000 Base : Employees Year A B W a g e earners A B Wage earners' man-years (300 days) A B W a g e earners' man-years (300 days) A B Employees' man-years (300 days) A B Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1.17 0.75 1.65 1.32 1.09 1.07 1.36 1.40 1.05 97.5 62.5 137.5 110.0 90.8 89.2 113.3 116.7 87.5 0.45 0.88 1.16 0.88 0.80 0.62 0.71 1.02 0.92 54.2 106.0 139.8 106.0 96.4 74.7 85.5 122.9 110.8 3.10 2.50 3.03 2.92 2.53 2.89 2.45 2.36 2.42 109.9 88.7 107.4 103.5 89.7 102.4 86.9 83.7 85.8 3.77 114.2 3.44 104.2 2.90 87.9 3.19 96.7 3.21 97.3 3.01 91.2 3.17 96.1 2.72 82.4 3.00 90.9 0.86 1.68 1.27 0.93 1.14 1.48 1.25 1.47 2.25 72.9 142.4 107.6 78.8 96.6 125.4 105.9 124.6 190.7 Over 4 daj s Over 3 days Non-fatal Inclusion : 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 N u m b e r of employees or Over 14 days Over 7 days 18.19 16.26 17.24 14.80 12.42 10.77 13.37 22.17 22.88 115.3 103.0 109.3 93.8 78.7 68.3 84.7 140.5 145.0 47,602 Permanent disability 0.03 0.10 0.09 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.09 0.08 0.00 — — — — — — — — 23,949 Over 1 day 221.54 118.5 397.74 92.8 104.50 105.1 205.61 110.0 416.72 97.3 104.79 105.4 200.11 107.0 449.51 104.9 111.49 112.1 167.86 89.8 445.20 103.9 94.25 94.8 139.56 74.7 433.21 101.1 82.22 82.7 135.57 72.5 419.14 97.8 80.75 81.2 152.68 81.6 435.88 101.7 77.11 77.5 160.81 86.0 413.85 96.6 93.29 93.8 150.44 80.5 395.01 92.2 99.29 99.9 67,841 19,982 11,129 (latest year) Notes : A = Rates. B = Index, the average of rates for 1927-1931 being taken as 100. For sources, detailed notes, and basic figures, see Appendix. Accidents are " reported accidents ". 1 Mines other than coal. * Metal mines, surface mines (minières) and quarries. 3 Includes, besides metal mines, non-metallic mineral mines (asbestos, asphaltum, barite, etc.). 4 Iron mines. 8 Mines under Metalliferous Mines Regulation Acts. — 28 — TABLE IL—INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT RATES IN METAL MINING IN 9 COUNTRIES, 1927-1936 (contd.) JAPAN * NEW ZEALAND MEXICO » U N I O N OF SOUTH AFRICA Country : .-._-. - R a t e s o t a c c i d e n t s - p e r 1,000 W a g e earners' man-years (300 days) W a g e earners Base : Employees ( average) Employees (average) Other mineral Gold I Year B A A B AJ A3 A 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.57 0.51 0.55 1.13 0.92 0.74 2.75 2.24 2.58 2.47 2.31 2.28 2.29 2.03 2.12 2.10 111.3 90.7 104.5 100.0 93.5 92.3 92.7 82.2 85.8 85.0 0.77 1.55 0.88 1.07 1.09 0.48 1.19 1.09 0.89 0.54 27.41 31.95 35.23 33.92 38.27 44.02 41.93 39.79 38.60 39.55 82.2 95.8 105.6 101.7 114.7 132.0 125.7 119.3 115.7 118.6 3.46 3.95 3.72 4.22 7.72 23.64 25.26 24.84 17.45 16.92 B Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1.65 1.66 1.43 1.54 1.23 1.63 1.58 1.25 1.59 110.0 110.7 95.3 102.7 82.0 108.7 105.3 83.3 106.0 3.79 3.71 3.29 3.59 3.48 3.12 106.8 104.5 92.7 101.1 98.0 88.8 Non-fatal Over Inclusion: Serious 3 days 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 N u m b e r of employees or man-years (latest year) 227.41 119.4 198.88 104.4 184.30 96.8 176.87 92.9 165.00 86.6 148.71 78.1 145.81 76.5 128.81 67.6 121.19 63.6 82,278 1 day 358.73 288.91 208.55 251.07 267.55 376.58 130.5 105.1 75.8 91.3 97.3 137.0 27,208 0.58 4.02 1.92 1.72 2.05 0.55 2.09 1.68 0.44 6,746 361,459 14,896 1 1 Mines other than coal. " Excludes accidents termed " catastrophes ", when a single accident causes ä or more deaths. 3 Trend not shown. — 29 — F o r fatal accidents, t h e rates recorded vary from as low as 0.8 per 1,000 in the case of New Zealand (average 1927-1931), to 3 per 1,000 in France and 3.5 per 1,000 in Mexico. The highest rates are found in the United States, South Africa, France and Mexico, ranging from over 2 to 3 3 / 4 per 1,000. In Australia, Great Britain and Japan, the rates vary from about 1 to 1.5, while in Belgium and New Zealand the rates are usually less t h a n 1 per 1,000. The kinds of metal mining and the specific types of hazard vary greatly in the different countries. In South Africa gold mining appears to be twice as hazardous as measured b y the fatal accident rate as " other mineral mining ". The specific hazards of the iron mining industry vary with the nature of the ore, depth of the mine, the methods of exploitation, and other factors. As compared with coal mining, metal mining appears more dangerous in Australia, France and Mexico, less dangerous in Belgium, the United States, J a p a n and New Zealand, and about the same in Great Britain and South Africa. So far as trends are concerned, in the United States the trend both for fatal and non-fatal accidents has been sharply downwards. In France, the trend for fatal accidents is downwards, while t h a t for non-fatal is horizontal. I n Great Britain, the fatal rate appears to be increasing, while t h a t for non-fatal is decreasing. I n J a p a n , the non-fatal rates trend sharply downwards, as also in the case of Mexico. I n South Africa the fatal rate for gold mining is downwards, while the non-fatal rate shows an upward trend. The rates for non-fatal accidents, as in the case of coal mining, may be classified in two groups : the first including the United States, France, Great Britain, J a p a n and Mexico, in which all accidents involving disability lasting more than a minimum of from one to four days are included, and the second including the other countries where the rates are based upon serious accidents only, t h a t is, those causing disabilities lasting over fourteen days. The rates for the second group are obviously not comparable with those for the first, nor even among themselves, since the definitions v a r y from country t o country. Even in the first group variations in the minimum limits cause considerable differences : for example, for France the rate should be increased perhaps b y • 32 per cent, and for Great Britain and J a p a n by 20 per cent, for comparison with those of the United States, in order to take — 30 — account of the fact t h a t in the United States all accidents causing disability of more than one day (lasting beyond the day t h e accident occurred) are included, while in Great Britain and J a p a n only those causing disability of more t h a n three days, a n d in France only those causing disability of more than four days, are reported 1. C.—ALL MINES Table I I I summarises the data given in tables I and I I and presents material for a number of additional countries for which separate figures on coal and metal mines are not available in published sources. These additional countries are Algeria, Austria, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Norway, Rumania and Sweden. Of these countries, Rumania produces principally coal, so t h a t its rates are more comparable with those of table I . Norway and Sweden produce principally iron and other metals and their rates therefore are rather to be compared with the rates of table I I . Certain of these countries, including Algeria and Finland, combine quarrying with mining, but the number of persons employed in quarries is often very small. Since all kinds of mining appear hazardous, as is obvious from a study of t h e two preceding tables, considerable significance should, it seems, be attached to these figures showing the accident rates in mining in twenty-four countries. The relative proportion of coal mining and metal mining as a factor in the average rate for all mining is difficult t o appraise because in some countries metal mining appears to be more hazardous and in other countries less hazardous than coal mining. Quarrying, however (as indicated in table IV), is less hazardous t h a n either coal or metal mining and the inclusion of quarrying in Algeria, Belgium, Finland, India and Rumania, may thus slightly reduce the rates in these as compared with other countries 2. But since it is relatively of minor importance as compared with coal or metal mining, its inclusion with the latter should not materially affect the comparability of the figures. Of the additional countries included in this table, which are not given in the tables for coal or metal mining, none appears t o have such high rates as the United States and J a p a n . Most of 1 These estimates are based upon the proportions of accidents given in the standard accident table referred to earlier (see page 11). 2 In a few cases no information is available as to the inclusion of quarrying in the statistics. — 31 — TABLE I I I . INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT RATES I N MINING IN 24 COUNTRIES, 1927-1936 Country : ALGERIA 5 GERMANY (PRUSSIA) AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA ' BELGIUM Reported Compensated Reported Employees Insured wage earners man-years (300 days) Wage earners R a t e s of accidents Accidents : Reported Compensated Reported Reported P e r 1,000 Base : Year Wage earners (average) A B Insured wage earners (full time workers) A B Wage earners' man-years (300 days) Wage earners A B A B A B A B A B 1.20 1.02 1.30 1.19 0.96 0.91 0.92 1.35 1.02 106.2 90.3 115.0 105.3 85.0 80.5 81.4 119.5 90.3 1 Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 2.08 1.26 1.99 1.93 1.96 1.67 113.0 68.5 108.2 104.9 106,5 90.8 1.89 95.9 1.89 95.9 2.32 117.8 1.79 90.9 1.39 70.6 1.37 69.5 1.58 80.2 1.20 60.9 1.35 68.5 2.16 99.5 1.98 91.2 2.04 94.0 2.70 124.4 1.98 91.2 1.65 76.0 1.77 81.6 1.56 71.9 2.09 99.5 1.92 91.4 1.98 94.3 2.59 123.3 1.90 90.5 1.59 75.7 1.71 84.4 1.51 71.9 1.29 61.4 1.09 0.82 1.33 1.11 0.93 0.95 1.19 1.24 0.95 102.8 77.4 125.5 104.7 87.7 89.6 112.3 117.0 89.6 1.43 80.3 2.00 112.4 1.36 76.4 2.37 133.1 1.75 98.3 2.07 116.3 0.94 52.8 1.02 57.3 Non-fatal Over Inclusion: 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 No. oí employees or m a n years (latest year) 20 days 89.46 94.5 81.93 86.5 92.49 97.7 92.80 98.0 116.76 123.3 68.71 72.6 13,200 91 days 3 days 3 days 219.83 107.1 226.14 106.6 14.44 105.6 216.57 105.5 222.96 105.1 14.30 104.5 212.21 103.4 218.94 103.2 13.15 96.1 194.29 94.7 201.72 95.1 12.81 93.6 182.97 89.2 190.59 89.9 8.78 64.2 173.43 84.5 179.76 84.8 7.10 51.9 164.07 79.9 170.40 80.4 7.98 58.3 148.93 72.6 155.19 73.2 7.53 55.0 136.24 66.4 7.21 52.7 568,383 447,100 — \ 14 days } 7 days 28 days 13.78 95.2 13.66 94.3 17.26 119.2 14.31 13.37 98.8 12.79 92.3 15.77 88.3 22.89 108.9 24.67 158.1 170.4 35.72 82.7 35.62 82.5 47.05 108.9 46.34 51.24 107.3 40.32 118.6 35.32 93.4 30.40 81.8 70.4 66,435 10,821 Severely injured 0.41 0.30 0.53 0.46 0.53 0.46 0.50 0.71 0.54 91.1 66.7 117.8 102.2 117.8 102.2 111.1 157.8 120.0 144,562 A = Rates. B = Index, hased on the average rates in 1927-1931, or as many of these years as are given in the table. 1 Provisional figures. ! Coal mines only. — 32 — TABLE I I I . — I N D U S T R I A L ACCIDENT RATES I N IN 24 COUNTRIES, 1927-1936 Country : CANADA SPAIX • UXITED FINLAND ' STATES MINING (continued) FRANCE GREAT BRITAIN' GREECE Reported Reported Reported Wage earners' man-years (300 days) Employees' man-years (300 days) Wage earners 5 R a t e s of accidents Accidents : Reported Reported Reported Reported P e r 1,000 Wage earners' man-years (300 days) Base : Year A B Wage earners Wage earners * A A B Insured wage earners' man-years (300 days) or (2,400 hours) B A B A B A B A B 103.9 99.2 101.6 100.8 94.5 104.7 100.0 125.0 102.3 0.84 1.42 0.63 2.30 1.32 1.94 0.84 1.69 0.80 64.6 109.2 48.5 176.9 101.5 149.2 64.6 130.0 61.5 Fatal X927 1928 1929 1930 . 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 2.91 87.1 3.01 90.1 2.83 84.7 4.54 135.9 3.43 102.7 2.57 76.9 1.66 49.7 3.19 95.5 3.45 103.3 1.88 56.3 1.16 103.6 1.05 93.8 1.45 129.5 1.14 101.8 0.81 72.3 0.78 69.6 — — — — — — 4.19 97.9 4.24 99.1 4.25 99.3 4.61 107.7 4.12 96.3 4.39 102.6 3.45 80.6 3.39 79.2 3.46 78.1 1.36 55.1 6.57 266.0 3.16 127.9 0.00 00.0 1.27 51.4 3.39 137.2 0.82 33.2 2.29 92.7 — • — 1.31 99.2 1.40 106.1 1.39 105.3 1.34 101.5 1.15 87.1 1.09 82.6 1.12 84.8 1.31 99.2 1.22 92.4 1.33 1.27 1.30 1.29 1.21 1.34 1.28 1.60 1.31 Non-fatal Inclusion : 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Serious 156.85 97.3 170.87 106.0 170.57 105.8 162.47 100.8 145.17 90.1 142.33 88.2 123.16 76.4 151.47 94.0 130.98 81.3 . 159.90 99.2 No. of ~ employees or m a n years (latest year) 3 Over 1 d a y All" Over 4 days Over 3 d a y s All 217.30 65.7 359.68 93.2 203.73 99.0 5.49 40.5 1.80 115.5 1.50 96.2 240.47 72.7 368.04 95.3 205.09 99.6 15.16 111.7 —. — 1.66 106.5 — — 424.85 128.4 384.84 99.7 210.98 102.5 11.44 84.3 1.60 102.6 236.05 102.1 351.55 106.3 407.42 105.5 210:51 102.2 19.62 144.6 1.20 77.0 226.45 97.9 420.05 127.0 410.56 106.3 199.15 95.7 16.12 118.8 1.22 78.3 213.67 92.4 372.03 112.5 408.00 105.7 189.73 92.2 21.94 161.7 86.5 425.29 128.5 422.79 109.5 189.50 92.0 23.47 173.0 —. — 199.98 —_ — 191.89 83.0 338.30 102.3 415.31 107.6 196.55 95.5 61.86 455.9 186.46 80.6 — — — 401.86 104.1 199.41 96.9 33.37 245.9 • — - _. 19,112 162,524 406,413 1,744 Includes metallurgical industry. * Including technical workers exposed to mining risks. * Including quarries. * Including cases receiving medical aid only. ' Includes occupational diseases. 211,079 676,296 5,004 — 33 — TABLE III.—INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT RATES IN 24 COUNTRIES, 1927-1936 Country : HUNGARY 8 INDIA JAPAN * " IN MINING (continued) MEXICO " NEW ZEALAND 4 NORWAY' " R a t e s of accidents Accidents : Reported Reported Reported Reported Reported Compensated Wage earners (average) Insured wage earners' man-years (300 days) P e r 1,000 Base : Year Insured wage earners' man-years (300 days) A B Employees (average per day) A B Wage earners Wage earners A B B A A B B A Fatal 1927 1928 1929 0.69 0.92 0.94 1930 0.81 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1.91 0.78 0.99 0.48 0.70 0.70 65.S 87.6 89.5 0.92 0.97 0.99 77.1 0.98 181.9 74.3 94.3 45.7 66.7 66.7 0.98 0.98 0.74 0.91 1.23 94.8 100.0 102.1 101.0 101.0 101.0 76.3 93.8 127.1 3.39 3.03 3.36 102.1 91.3 101.2 3.38 101.8 3.43 3.69 4.11 3.72 4.35 103.3 111.1 123.8 112.0 130.6 3.66 3.64 3.28 3.64 3.33 3.08 104.3 103.7 93.4 — — — — — — 103.7 94.9 87.7 1.41 1.46 1.70 1.97 0.65 1.69 1.32 1.27 0.64 97.9 101.4 118.1 1.32 65.0 1.77 87.2 2.33 114.8 136.8 3.11 153.2 45.1 117.4 91.7 88.2 44.4 1.64 0.86 0.50 1.60 80.7 42.4 24.6 78.8 — — Non-fatal Inclusion : Over 3 days over 20 days 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 N o . of employees or man-years (latest year) 149.34 166.57 179.19 158.24 202.85 152.41 148.80 152.33 154.49 158.32 87.2 97.3 104.6 92.4 118.5 89.0 86.9 89.0 90.2 92.5 43,141 Over Permanent disability 2.65 2.55 2.49 3.11 2.66 3.50 3.24 3.02 3.42 98.5 94.8 92.6 115.6 98.9 130.1 120.4 112.3 127.1 253,970 Serious 3 days 553.37 484.27 450.99 413.34 385.24 351.77 327.90 308.05 278.56 121.0 105.9 98.6 90.4 84.2 76.9 71.7 67.3 60.9 257,415 Over 3 days 1 day 353.40 282.60 208.33 250.28 263.38 313.94 130.1 104.1 76.7 92.2 97.0 97.3 — — — — — — 28,921 3.94 3.06 5.66 3.42 2.73 2.42 2.36 2.45 2.10 104.8 81.4 160.5 91.0 72.6 64.4 62.8 65.2 55.9 10,977 68.85 89.67 81.59 88.33 89.78 93.22 87.99 94.83 82.3 107.2 97.5 105.6 107.3 111.5 105.2 113.4 — — 4.387 » Including blast furnaces (hauts fourneaux). 8 Omitting accidents in catastrophes causing 5 or more deaths. 10 Compensation paid b y sickness funds from 4 t h to 10th day inclusive. After 10th d a y by t h e accident funds. W h e t h e r these cases are counted as " compensated " in t h e statistics is not clear. 11 Information n o t available. 3 — 34 — TABLE III.—INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT RATES IN MINING IN 24 COUNTRIES, 1927-1936 Country : NETHERLANDS PORTUGAL RUMANIA * " (continued) SWEDEN 2 CZECHOSLOVAKIA " UNION OP SOUTH A F R I C A 13 Compensated Reported Insured employees' man-years (300 days) Lahour in service (average monthly) R a t e s of accidents Accidents : Reported Reported Reported Reported P e r 1,000 Base : A ffl Year Wage earners' man-years (300 days) Wage earners A B Employees' average of monthly averages A Insured wage earners' man-years B B A B A A B Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1.09 1.40 0.90 0.79 0.76 0.71 1.08 0.59 0.92 0.57 110.1 141.4 90.9 79.8 76.8 71.8 109.1 59.6 92.9 57.6 1.43 1.44 1.13 0.79 1.03 0.68 0.66 0.53 0.99 119.1 120.0 94.2 65.8 85.8 56.7 55.0 44.2 82.5 1.08 1.10 1.36 1.28 89.3 90.9 112.4 105.8 — — — — — — 1.13 93.4 1.82 1.41 1.83 1.91 1.61 0.86 1.85 0.83 105.8 82.0 106.4 111.0 93.6 50.0 107.6 48.3 1.48 1.32 1.63 1.28 * 103.5 92.3 114.0 89.5 * 1.58 1.49 110.5 104.2 — — 2.52 107.2 2.21 94.0 2.39 101.7 2.46 107.7 2.19 93.2 2.20 93.6 2.23 94.9 2.04 86.8 2.28 97.0 2.07 88.1 Non-fatal Ov 8 days a n d Inclusion : 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 No. oi employees or man-years (latest year) * * 265.02 252.03 236.06 189.04 186.42 197.75 194.79 194.55 Over (, 2 8 ' d a y s Í 70 d a y s All i1 2 days * * 117.4 111.7 104.6 83.8 82.6 87.6 86.3 86.2 26,255 » 240.32 248.89 232.51 185.69 156.49 112.91 158.20 130.80 228.13 105.9 109.7 102.5 81.9 69.0 49.8 69.7 57.7 100.6 10,1 04 23.62 20.66 27.79 32.04 — — — 55.75 90.7 79.4 106.8 123.1 187.98 206.17 249.03 280.00 — 228.60 — 251.21 — 208.48 214.2 169.49 53,181 81.6 89.5 108.1 121.5 99.2 109.1 90.5 73.6 7,204 45.96 41.85 45.55 49.43 * 100.6 91.6 99.7 108.2 * 50.19 53.34 109.8 116.7 — — 72,278 Serious 23.34 27.12 29.64 29.00 34.53 41.38 39.66 38.62 37.43 37.95 81.24 94.4 103.2 100.9 120.2 144.0 138.0 134.4 130.3 132.1 411,075 1! Over 28 days' incapacity in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia, over 70 days in Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia. 13 Includes oil wells. — 35 — them, including Algeria, Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden, appear to belong to an intermediate group, with rates ranging from about 1.5 t o 2.5. Hungary and Rumania, especially the former, had somewhat lower rates. The trend in fatal rates appears to be downwards in Algeria, Austria, Hungary and Norway; in the other countries no definite trend is indicated. Where great variations are found from year to year no trend figure has been calculated. The increasing trend in non-fatal rates in Finland, Greece, Norway and Rumania m a y perhaps be interpreted as due t o improved reporting of accidents. In the other countries not already discussed under coal and metal mining, no clear trend of non-fatal accidents is observable. In summary, the fatal accident rates in mining vary from 0.5 to 4.5 per 1,000 persons employed, or per 1,000 man-years. Great variations appear in the rates for non-fatal accidents, owing primarily to differences in the definitions of accidents with special reference to the minimum duration of disability. Apart from these differences in definition, other differences in the nonfatal accident rates are found, which m a y be due t o differences in t h e character of the data, differences in the kinds of mining, differences in mine conditions, or to differences in mine safety. So far as trends are concerned, in most countries mine accident rates, both fatal and non-fatal, appear to be diminishing : but part of this decrease m a y be due to reduction in the hours of labour. Exceptions to this general tendency are found in a few countries ; fatal rates in coal mining in Great Britain and J a p a n show increases, as well as the fatal rate for metal mining in Great Britain. Non-fatal accident rates in a number of countries show increases, for example Australia (coal mining), Belgium (coal mining), France (coal mining), India (coal mining), and South Africa (gold mining), which may be due in p a r t or wholly t o improvement in reporting or to changes in the definitions of reportable accidents. D.—QUARRIES Separate figures for accidents in quarries are presented for four countries : the United States, France, Great Britain and New Zealand. Of these only one set, t h a t for the United States, is based upon man-years of 300 days each, the others being based upon the average number of employees or wage earners. Excluding New — 36 — TABLE IV.—INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT RATES IN QUARRIES IN 4 COUNTRIES, 1927-1936 Country : UNITED STATES GREAT BRITAIN ' FRANCE NEW ZEALAND Rates of accidents Accidents: Reported Reported Reported Reported Per 1,000 Base : Year Wage earners' man-years (300 days) A B Employees (average) Wage earners A B B A Employeesa (average) A B Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1.63 1.46 1.65 1.53 1.18 0.86 1.56 1.37 1.05 109.4 98.0 110.7 102.7 79.2 57.7 104.7 91.9 70.5 1.19 1.32 1.47 1.19 1.27 1.38 1.56 1.27 1.51 92.2 102.3 114.0 92.2 98.4 107.0 120.9 98.4 117.1 0.83 0.83 0.85 0.91 0.68 0.76 0.70 0.92 0.72 1.03 101.2 101.2 103.7 111.0 82.9 92.7 85.4 112.2 87.8 125.6 0.43 0.46 0.00 0.51 0.50 0.00 0.00 1.65 2.00 — Non-fatal Over Inclusion : Serious 1 day 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 No. of employees or man-years (latest year) 4 days 3 days 162.92 128.5 102.30 99.1 73.08 96.3 129.95 102.5 101.54 98.3 75.09 98.9 128.14 101.0 103.02 99.8 77.46 102.1 102.2 76.51 108.23 85.3 105.52 100.6 77.14 100.8 104.86 82.7 103.90 84.9 69.21 101.6 96.47 76.1 87.63 95.0 69.35 91.2 75.7 96.03 70.8 98.12 87.5 76.97 91.4 89.81 67.2 90.37 88.0 78.35 101.4 83.72 85.18 90.88 103.2 110.4 49,744 85,450 73,530 2.14 3.24 1.88 3.58 2.51 1.06 3.51 3.30 5.00 80.1 121.3 70.4 134.1 94.0 39.7 131.5 123.6 187.3 2,002 A = Rate. B = Index based upon average in 1927-1931 = 100. For sources, detailed notes, etc., see appendix. 1 Quarries under the Quarries Act. 1 Index trend not shown for fatal accidents. — 37 — Zealand, where the numbers employed are small, the fatal rates vary from 0.7 to 0.9 in Great Britain to about 1.2 to 1.5 in France and the United States. The non-fatal rates for France and Great Britain should be increased by an estimate to take account of accidents causing disability of from one to four days and from one to three days respectively, so as to place t h e m on the same basis as those for the United States. In 1934, the rates as given were 77 for Great Britain, and 90 for the United States and France. In the United States especially the rates for non-fatal accidents showed a marked decrease from 1927 to 1934; in France, a moderate decrease was in evidence, while in Great Britain no definite trend movement appeared. I n Great Britain, the lowest rates were found in 1932 and 1933, the years of extreme depression. I n comparison with mining, quarrying appeared much less dangerous ; in each of the three principal countries shown in the table both the fatal and the non-fatal accident rates in quarries were less t h a n in coal or metal mining. § 2.—Industry and Agriculture A.—INDUSTRY Frequency Rates I n table V accident rates to employees in industry are pre-" sented for 21 countries. The manufacturing industries furnish the largest p a r t of this accident experience, b u t commerce, transportation (except railways), and other services (except State services) are also included in most cases within the scope of the figures. I n certain countries, moreover, mining, quarrying, railways, or agriculture may also be covered, where the data a t hand did not permit of excluding them, and in this case a footnote calls attention to the special groups included. The general remarks previously made as t o difficulties in measuring exposure t o risk apply equally here, as also those relating to the differences in definitions of accidents in the several countries. So far as fatal accidents are concerned, the rates as given range from 0.09 (Great Britain, 1931) to 1.61 (Mexico, 1935). The rates for the several countries fall into four groups, the first with rates ranging from 0.09 to 0.21, including three countries, Great Britain, India and Japan, in all of which rates are stated in terms of — 38 — TABLE V.—INDUSTRY (Exclusive of Mines and Quarries, Agriculture, Railways and State Services) Country : GERMANY ' AUSTRIA ! ' DENMARK 3 4S ESTONIA UNITED STATES• S FINLAND GREAT BRITAIN ' Reported Reported Reported Wage earners' man-years (2,400 hours) Insured wage earners' man-years Employees (estimated) R a t e s of accidents Accidents : Compensated Reported Compensable Reported P e r 1,000 Base : Insured wage earners' man-years (300 days) A | B Insured wage Insured earners' employees' man-years man-years (300 days) | A | B | A | B | Insured employees ( J a n . 1) A | B | A | B A | B 105.7 105.7 91.4 102.9 94.3 100.0 108.6 100.0 82.9 0.50 102.0 0.55 112.2 0.55 112.2 0.44 89.8 0.39 79.6 0.42 85.7 0.39 79.6 0.39 79.6 A ¡ B Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 0.49 0.48 0.45 0.39 0.33 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.47 0.48 113.9 111.6 104.7 90.7 76.7 74.4 72.1 95.3 109.3 111.6 0.63 121.5 0.56 107.7 0.58 111.5 0.46 88.5 0.38 73.1 0.40 76.9 0.29 55.8 0.38 73.1 — — 0.58 126.1 0.32 69.1 0.46 100.0 0.48 104.3 0.37 80.4 — — — — — — 0.44 0.25 0.22 0.24 0.32 0.19 0.34 0.37 0.51 151.7 86.2 75.9 82.8 110.3 65.5 117.2 127.6 175.8 0.37 0.37 0.32 0.36 0.33 0.35 0.38 0.35 0.29 — — • » 0.13 100.0 * * 0.09 * * 69.2 0.11 0.12 0.12 84.6 92.1 92.1 0.13 100.0 Non-fatal Inclusion : 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 No. of persons employed or man-years Over 3 days 87.54 92.92 91.07 74.82 64.18 59.24 67.84 79.17 87.87 93.45 106.6 113.2 110.9 91.1 78.2 72.1 82.6 96.4 107.0 113.8 11,072,765 Over 28 d a y s Over 2 days Over 6 days Over 91 days 1 day a n d over * 104.48 93.8 * 19.24 94.4 20.60 101.0 35.11 127.9 111.07 99.7 22.43 110.0 25.44 92.6 121,38 108.9 20.27 99.4 24.30 88.5 123.90 111.2 19.41 95.2 24.98 91.0 116.32 104.4 18.48 90.6 24.23 88.2 104.93 94.2 17.59 86.3 — 92.9 — 103.54 116.6 17.47 85.7 — — 129.92 129.84 116.5 — — — — 401,841 246,983 58,537 Over 1 d a y " 44.87 47.61 49.78 44.40 39.95 39.26 48.23 48.50 42.98 99.0 105.1 109.8 98.0 88.2 86.6 106.4 107.0 94.8 1,575,730 All (including Over 3 d a y s medical aid) 87.89 99.39 108.43 102.54 98.13 101.86 113.91 125.63 88.5 100.1 109.2 103.3 98.8 102.6 114.7 126.5 — — 552,966 * * 27.62 101.9 * * 20.74 * * 76.5 26.60 98.1 22.13 24.92 26.30 81.6 91.9 97.6 5,198,000 General note.—A = Rate. B = Index based upon average for 1927-1931 = 100 (or as many of these years as are given). For sources, detailed notes, and basic figures, see Appendix. " Industry " comprises in general manufacturing and handicrafts, construction, commerce, transportation (except railways), etc., and is exclusive of agriculture, mining:, quarrying, railways, and State services, except as noted. 1 Includes * Includes 3 Includes 4 Includes mines and quarries not under the mine authorities. quarries. mining. agriculture (insured workers, or workers working with agricultural machinery). — 39 — TABLE V. INDUSTRY (Exclusive of Mines and Quarries, Agriculture, Railways and State Services) (continued) Country : HUNGARY * INDIA S IRELAND 3 LUXEMBURG a 3 s LATVIA" JAPAN' 10 MEXICO R a t e s of accidents Accidents : R e p o r t e d Compensated Reported Reported Reported Compensated Reported Insured employees Insured employees Wage earners P e r 1,000 Base: Insured wage Employees earners' Employees (daily man-years average) (300 days) A | B | A | B | A | B | Wage earners A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 0.28 112.0 0.23 92.0 0.28 112.0 0.23 92.0 0.22 88.0 0.16 64.0 0.16 64.0 0.17 68.0 0.19 76.0 0.14 56.5 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.12 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.13 106.7 113.3 100.0 106.7 80.0 73.3 93.3 106.7 86.7 0.35 * * * * — 0.23 * 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.21 0.26 0.23 94.4 105.6 116.7 94.4 100.0 88.9 116.7 144.4 125.0 0.51 130.8 0.47 120.5 0.25 64.1 0.33 84.6 0.26 66.7 0.32 82.1 0.28 71.8 0.23 59.0 0.92 80.0 1.08 93.9 1.41 122.6 1.33 115.7 1.03 89.6 1.01 87.8 0.70 60.9 0.73 63.5 0.57 49.6 0.46 40.0 0.47 1.44 1.22 0.95 1.61 1.50 100.0 306.4 259.6 202.1 342.6 319.1 Non-fatal Inclusion : 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 No. of persons employed or man-years s Over 3 days Over 2 days Over 7 days Over 3 days 25.69 95.4 10.09 82.2 44.83 26.09 96.8 10.58 86.2 * 27.61 102.5 12.86 104.8 * 27.72 14.09 114.8 « 27.57 102.9 13.72 111.8 19.83 102.3 12.66 103.2 29.45 22.94 73.6 13.17 107.3 * 24.62 85.2 13.82 112.6 25.27 14.21 115.8 91.4 24.00 93.8 89.1 723,183 1,610,932 — 129,225 Includes railways. ' Selected manufacturing industries only. 7 Factories and workshops only. s Factories only. ' Excludes loading and unloading. *° Excludes metallurgy. Over 3 days (incl. medical care) 1 day and over 11 Over 1 day " 31.14 102.6 502.81 109.5 28.96 95.4 111.55 92.9 526.94 114.8 29.70 97.8 135.69 112.9 512.86 111.7 28.42 93.6 152.58 127.0 406.88 88.6 33.56 110.5 80.74 67.2 346.09 75.4 72.65 100.0 22.97 75.7 78.43 65.3 304.23 66.3 111.27 153.2 25.46 83.9 103.42 86.1 294.44 64.1 167.81 231.0 28.65 94.4 116.53 97.0 273.56 59.6 193.94 267.0 31.07 102.3 103.96 86.5 261.25 56.9 246.53 339.3 287.17 62.5 202.62 278.9 2.425,754 216,383 39,356 68,463 — 40 — TABLE V.—INDUSTRY (Exclusive of Mines and Quarries, Agriculture, Railways and State Services) (continued) Country : Z E ANLEAW ND " NOEWAT IS 13 NETHERLANDS Compen' sated Compensated POLAND 2 * 4 « SWITZERLAND * 3 SWEDEN' CZECHOSLOVAKIA s 3 R a t e s of accidents Accidents : Compensable Compensated Compensated Reported Compensated P e r 1,000 Base : Insured Insured Insured employees' employees' employees' man-years m a n - y e a r s man-years (2,400 hours) (300 days) (300 days) A | ,B | A | B | A | B Insured employees' man-years | A | B Insured employees' man-years (300 days or (2,400 hours) Insured Insured employees' employees' man-years man-years (300 d a y s or (300 days) 2,400 hours) | | A | B .A | B | A | B Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 0.27 108.0 0.20 80.0 0.31 124.0 0.26 104.0 0.20 80.0 0.15 60.0 0.20 80.0 0.19 76.0 0.09 36.0 0.53 98.1 0.54 100.0 0.55 101.9 0.52 0.54 96.3 0.43 100.0 0.41 79.6 0.46 75.9 85.2 0.28 93.3 0.33 110.0 0.32 106.7 0.28 93.3 0.29 96.7 0.26 86.7 0.24 80.0 0.22 73.3 0.25 83.3 0.23 76.7 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.23 100.0 107.1 114.3 92.9 85.7 85.7 82.1 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.26 0.26 0.27 100.0 100.0 100.0 110.3 89.7 89.7 93.1 0.47 100.0 0.46 92.0 0.47 100.0 0.46 92.0 0.49 98.0 0.49 98.0 0.46 92.0 0.41 82.0 0.48 98.0 0.49 100.0 0.51 104.1 0.50 102.0 * * 0.44 0.39 89.8 79.6 Non-fatal 1 3 days Inclusion : and over 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 No. of persons employed or man-years 11 45.28 44.79 50.47 52.03 51.67 47.79 50.97 41.01 41.98 92.7 91.7 103.3 106.5 105.8 97.8 104.3 84.0 85.9 94,029 Over 3 days 58.41 61.99 59.40 60.53 59.53 60.24 65.65 69.04 Over 2 days 97.4 78.81 85.0 103.4 87.46 94.3 99.0 99.91 107.8 100.9 100.28 99.3 97.03 108.2 100.5 89.31 104.7 109.5 91.23 96.3 115.1 91.43 98.4 87.65 98.6 94.6 199,174 1,184,067 Over 28 days Over 91 d a y s All » 4.52 91.9 52.58 4.92 100.0 56.07 5.39 109.6 71.08 4.83 98.2 78.19 4.96 100.8 74.41 3.85 78.3 74.31 4.06 82.5 76.30 3,115,800 79.7 84.7 106.6 117.2 111.8 111.6 114.4 1,455,594 Includes public works, post and telegraph (State). " Includes forestry. ls Includes private railways. " Information not obtained. ls Disability lasting beyond the day on which the accident occurred. " Compensation is paid only If disability lasts at least 3 days. Over 2 d a y s besides d a y of accident 147.15 153.00 161.70 161.64 164.00 161.38 141.44 132.94 93.4 97.1 102.7 102.6 104.1 102.5 89.8 84.4 596,720 Over 28 days Over 70 days 17.11 97.2 17.30 98.3 17.72 100.7 18.26 103.8 * * 18.71 106.3 17.10 97.2 1,216,388 — 41 — accidents per thousand employees. The second group includes seven countries with rates roughly falling into the range from 0.20 to 0.35, Hungary, Estonia, Ireland, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Poland and Sweden. In all except two of these the rates are in terms of accidents per thousand man-years. The third group of nine countries, t h e United States, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Norway and Switzerland, has rates ranging roughly between 0.30 and 0.55. I n all b u t one of these countries the rates are stated per 1,000 man-years (of 300 days or 2,400 hours each). The fourth group, including Luxemburg and Mexico, shows rates varying from 0.45 to 1.60. The high rates in Luxemburg are obviously due to the inclusion of mining, an important industry of high accident risk. Also so-called heavy industries with relatively high accident hazard occupy a predominant position in Luxemburg. No similar explanation can be made for Mexico, the figures for which exclude not only mining but also the metallurgical industries. The inclusion of a small amount of mining (including quarrying) in Germany 1 , Denmark, Latvia and Switzerland and of quarrying in Austria, and of railway operations in Denmark and Norway (private railways only), may raise the rates slightly for six of the nine countries in the third group. The inclusion of mining is also true of Estonia, Ireland and Poland, of quarrying in Hungary and of railways in Ireland and Poland in the second group. The effect of such inclusions upon the rates, however, is in most of these cases of minor consequence, since the numbers of workers so employed is small in proportion to the total covered in all industry. I n group 1, which has t h e lowest fatal rates, t h e rates in India are low perhaps because of the low degree of mechanisation and the large proportion of hand industries. In J a p a n accidents and workers employed in loading and unloading operations, a relatively hazardous occupation, are excluded. In Great Britain the low rate may perhaps be due to a high proportion of relatively non-hazardous industries, or to the effects of a long period of factory inspection upon accident hazards. The non-fatal rates for industry, as in the case of mining and railway operation, exhibit marked differences owing to wide differences in definitions of accidents. Considering only those countries where all accidents are covered except those causing Only mining not under the mine authorities. — 42 — temporary disabilities of less t h a n three or four days, sixteen countries, including Luxemburg 1 , can be brought into comparison 2 . Of t h e countries which appear in group 1, when classified according to t h e risk of fatal accidents, all three included in this comparison have low non-fatal rates, in general under 34 per thousand employees. India has the lowest rates, varying from 10 t o 14 in different years. Those countries classified in the second group show average non-fatal rates in most cases between 35 a n d 75 accidents per 1,000 man-years. Hungary, however, with rates between 19 a n d 28, seems more comparable with those in group 1, whereas the Netherlands and Estonia, with rates from 78 to 100 and from 104 t o 130, have rates more like those in t h e third group. The countries in group 3 ranged in general between 75 a n d 150, b u t t h e United States, Norway and perhaps Germany have rates more like those of the countries in the second group, the United States ranging from 39 to 50, Norway from 38 to 66 and Germany from 59 to 93. Of t h e two countries in the fourth group, Luxemburg had non-fatal rates varying from 261 to 596 and Mexico, rates varying from. 73 to 247. W i t h regard to Luxemburg, the large representation of mining a n d t h e heavy industries is doubtless the explanation of the extraordinarily high rate of non-fatal accidents, a rate which is quite comparable with some of the figures shown in the table for mines. Even within this group of countries in each of which shorttime disabilities are counted, the differences in the minimum duration of disability for inclusion in t h e statistics make import a n t differences in t h e frequency rates for non-fatal accidents. Thus Finland and Sweden include all accidents causing disability of whatever duration, Estonia, t h e United States 3, Latvia and Mexico 3 all accidents causing disability of one day or over, while India, New Zealand and Netherlands only those lasting over two days, as compared with other countries where only accidents causing disability of more t h a n three days are included 1 Though no information was available on the definition of non-fatal accidents, it can perhaps be inferred from the rates themselves that shorttime temporary disabilities must have been included. 2 United States, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Japan, Latvia, Luxemburg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. 3 Lasting beyond the day or shift on which the accident occurred. — 43 — in the figures K I t is clear, however, t h a t the relatively low or moderate rates in the United States and Sweden with liberal inclusions tend to indicate low accident risks, while the apparently high figures for Estonia, Latvia, Mexico, the Netherlands and others as compared with some of the other countries are largely influenced b y their relatively generous inclusions. Reference may be made again to the fact t h a t in a number of these countries a certain amount of mining or quarrying or railway operation covered in these figures for industry may tend to raise somewhat the frequency rates for non-fatal injuries. F u r t h e r analysis of the composition of the industries in the several countries would be necessary to throw light upon the influence of differences in relative importance of the several industries upon the general industrial accident rates. The trend of accident rates in manufacturing industry in practically all countries was downwards,—in 18 out of 21 for fatal rates and in 13 of 21 countries for non-fatal rates. The only countries showing increases in fatal rates were Estonia, J a p a n and Mexico,—in the last mentioned perhaps owing to improvement in the scope and methods of the statistics. I n Estonia a n d Mexico both fatal and non-fatal rates increased together, while in J a p a n the non-fatal trend was downwards in contrast to the upward trend of the fatal rates 2. I n nine countries relatively low rates are found in t h e depression years of 1931 and 1932, followed by rising rates in the latest years for which figures were obtained 3. This tendency towards low rates during t h e depression m a y be due in p a r t to an overstatement of the time a t risk, since during the depression parttime work may have reduced the number of accidents in the numerator while tending t o maintain the number of employees in the denominator of the risk rate fraction. However, in countries where man-hours are calculated as in Germany, United States, Finland a n d Hungary, the reduction in man-hours of labour owing to part-time work should be reflected in a corresponding reduction in figure expressing the time at risk. Another explanation is t h a t the laying-off of employees during the depression may have led to a selection of workers, the more careful and 1 Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Norway and Switzerland. 2 Except where rates are based upon man-hours, a decrease in hours of labour will produce a proportionate decrease in apparent risk. 3 Thus United States, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, India, Japan and Latvia. — 44 — efficient being retained and those liable to accident or inefficient being discharged. I n a few countries, however, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Czechoslovakia, the highest rates were observed in the years of the depression, followed b y a tendency to fall during t h e latest years for which figures were obtained. Severity Rates I n table VI, severity rates or days lost per mán-year of exposure to risk, are shown for six countries. Two rates have been calculated for each country, the A rate using the weight of 6,000 days lost for each death or permanent total disability, and the C rate using the weight of 7,500 d a y s 1 . The man years have been made uniform so far as possible on the basis of 2,400 hours each. In this table, in contrast with table V, differences in minimum duration of disability in the definition of non-fatal accidents play little or no part, since accidents are weighted according to the actual number of days of disability or lost time. Hence the short-time accidents in the United States, for example those causing disability of one or two days each, are given very little weight in the severity rates, while the medical aid cases in Finland without lost time do not appear at all. I n addition, the varying frequencies of fatal and serious accidents of each type are taken into account b y giving t h e m equal weights in all countries. I m p o r t a n t differences in relative accident ratios are found between the two methods of comparison. If the average " A " rates in the United States (table VI) for 1927-1933, are set equal to 100 per cent., the relative severity ratios in the other countries are as follows : Finland 129 per cent., New Zealand 67 per cent., Norway 222 per cent., Switzerland 228 per cent., and Sweden 113 per cent. If the average fatal and the average non-fatal rates of the United States (table V) for the same period are each set equal to 100, the relative frequency ratios for the other countries are : Finland, fatal, 131 per cent., non-fatal, 227 per cent.; New Zealand, fatal, 64 per cent., non-fatal, 109 per cent.; Norway, fatal, 142 per cent., non-fatal, 136 per cent. ; Switzerland, fatal, 133 per cent., non-fatal, 347 per cent., and Sweden, fatal, 1 See above, p. 12. Exact comparability would require also that days of sickness preceding death or permanent disability in Sweden, Finland, Switzerland and Norway be omitted. In Sweden, for example, these days were not over 4 per cent. (1933). 45 TABLE VI. INDUSTRY 1, SEVERITY RATES Country : UNITED STATES NEW ZEALAND FINLAND Days lost Per 1,000 Per a manyear hours manyear Per 3 manyear C A Per Trend A 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 2.24 2.36 2.16 2.41 2.32 2.45 2.93 2.66 1935 2.32 5.38 5.66 5.18 5.78 5.57 5.88 7.03 6.38 5.57 6.35 6.70 6.12 6.86 6.62 7.02 8.40 7.61 97.5 102.8 94.0 104.9 101.0 106.7 127.6 115.8 101.0 6.62 1936 Country: NORWAY Per 2 manyear hours C 8.48 8.26 8.45 6.69 6.30 6.50 6.49 — — Per 1,000 Per Trend manyear 111.0 108.1 110.6 87.6 82.5 85.1 84.9 — — Per Trend A 9.51 9.35 9.49 7.53 7.13 7.33 7.34 — — manyear C 1.71 1.51 1.86 1.86 1.61 1.36 1.38 1.46 4.10 100.0 4.75 3.62 88.3 4.13 4.46 108.8 5.16 4.46 108.8 5.14 3.86 94.1 4.39 3.26 79.5 3.65 3.31 80.7 3.70 3.50 85.4 4.01 1.22 2.93 SWEDEN 71.5 3.26 SWITZERLAND Days lost Per1 manyear P er Trend ( A 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 13.04 14.36 13.51 13.93 14.40 12.71 11.78 12.49 mi ye ar 94.2 103.7 97.5 100.6 104.0 91.8 85.1 90.2 1 5.15 1 3.68 1 5.69 1 8.18 1 8.73 1 1.77 1 3.68 1 1.51 Per r nan- rear Per Trend A 6.44 6.80 7.25 7.31 6.13 6.00 5.90 6.16 94.8 100.1 106.8 107.7 90.3 88.4 86.9 90.7 P<3r manyear maliye ar C A 7.31 7.72 8.15 8.20 6.84 6.72 6.63 6.94 12 .89 13 . 1 7 14 .26 14 . 5 3 14 . 0 1 14 .59 12 .96 12 . 1 7 Per Trend manyear 0 93.6 95.6 103.6 105.5 101.7 106.0 94.1 88.4 14.79 15.09 16.33 16.66 15.99 16.71 14.57 13.98 A = Severity rate based upon weight of 6,000 days for death or permanent total disability, with proportionate weights according to percentage scale for permanent partial disability; and including calendar days of temporary disability. C = Severity rate based upon weight of 7,500 days for death or permanent total disability, with proportionate weights according to percentage rate for permanent partial disability; and including work days lost from temporary disability. The trend is calculated on the basis of the A severity rate per man-year, setting the average of the rates for 1927-1931 = 100. 1 For industry coverage, see notes to table V. In this table figures for Sweden are based upon all large establishments (employing 5 or more persons) including mining and private railways. 2 Of 2,400 hours each found by multiplying the rates per 1,000 man-hours by 2.4. s Recalculated to include all days of temporary disability (partly estimated). 4 Estimated from " C " by multiplying by 0.8Ö08, a correction factor based upon all industries during the period 1922-1930. — 46 — 83 per cent., non-fatal, 156 per cent. I n Finland and New Zealand the ratios of severity rates conform closely to the ratios of the fatal frequency rates; the minor accidents in Finland (including medical aid cases), which are over twice as numerous as in the United States, must cause disabilities on the average of much shorter duration. Norway, on the other hand, had a severity rate 122 per cent, above t h a t for the United States, while its fatal frequency rate was only 42 per cent, higher and its non-fatal frequency rate was only 36 per cent, higher. The non-fatal injuries in Norway must have been much more serious on the average t h a n those in the United States. In Switzerland and Sweden the ratios of severity rates (228 and 113 per cent. respectively of t h a t in the United States) fall between the ratios of fatal frequency rates (133 per cent, and 83 per cent.) and those of non-fatal frequency rates (347 per cent., and 156 per cent.) \ b u t are somewhat closer to t h e ratios of t h e fatal frequency rates t h a n to those of the non-fatal. The conclusion is evident t h a t while t h e fatal frequency rates are reasonably comparable, for any comparison of non-fatal risks the severity rate calculation is indispensable if a reasonably true picture of relative hazards is to be obtained. This conclusion is strengthened by an examination of the trend figures. The trends based upon the severity rates indicate t h e increasing accident hazard in the United States, whereas t h e trends based on frequency rates indicate decreases both in fatal and non-fatal rates. In Finland the severity rates indicate a decrease in hazard of about 24 per cent, from 1927-1933, whereas the fatal frequency rates show a decrease of about 22 per cent. and the non-fatal rate increased nearly 30 per cent. New Zealand's severity rate of 1935 was 28.5 per cent, below t h a t of 1927, while its fatal frequency rate was 67 per cent, below and its non-fatal 70.5 per cent, below. Norway's severity rate indicates a decrease in 1933 over 1927 of 9.6 per cent., whereas the fatal frequency rate decreased 22.6 per cent, and t h e nonfatal rate increased 11.2 per cent. In Switzerland the severity rate decreased 5.6 per cent., as compared with 12.8 per cent, for the fatal and 9.7 per cent, for the non-fatal. In Sweden, finally, t h e severity rate indicates a decrease of 8.3 per cent, as compared 1 In the case of Sweden, the comparisons are not exactly on the same basis, since the severity rate is based upon large establishments (employing 5 or more persons) while the frequency rates are based upon all establishments. — 47 — with a decrease of 6.9 in fatal and an increase of 43.6 per cent. in non-fatal accidents. The conclusion is clear that, while the trend in fatal rates in the two series must be identical, the trend of non-fatal frequency rates cannot be relied upon to indicate the trend of their severity. Thus in the United States a decrease in trend of non-fatal frequency rates masked an important increase in their severity. The same is true of Switzerland. I n Finland and Sweden an increase in the frequency of non-fatal accidents masked marked decreases in their severity. This is of course to be expected, since the great majority of all accidents are of minor importance. To obtain a correct picture of the actual trends, severity rates are evidently indispensable. In the absence of such rates chief reliance must be placed upon fatal rates, supplemented by data of non-fatal injuries accepted with all necessary reservations. B.—AGRICULTURE Table V I I shows accident rates in agriculture for six countries 1 . I n agriculture t h e difficulty of securing data is particularly great, both with regard to the accidents and the number of persons exposed to risk. I n practice, all these figures are based upon insurance statistics, since only where agricultural workers are covered by insurance has it proved possible to obtain figures on both accidents and exposure. In general, the hazard in agriculture appears to be relatively low, the fatal rates varying from 0.1 per 1,000 insured workers in Latvia, and 0.2 in Germany and Hungary, to 0.4 or 0.5 in Czechoslovakia and the Netherlands to 0.8 and 1.0 in Denmark. The rates for non-fatal accidents vary widely. So far as nonfatal accidents are concerned, the figures are obviously not comparable. The increases which appear in non-fatal rates, particularly in the Netherlands and Hungary, as well as in Germany, suggest t h a t the reporting of accidents to agricultural workers has improved markedly in the later years of the period. 1 Workers who operate agricultural machinery or who are employed in rural industries are covered in certain of these countries. In the Netherlands the figures relate to part of the agricultural workers only, namely, to those insured with the National Insurance Bank (Rijksverzekeringsbank), and in Czechoslovakia the figures are limited to Carpathian Ruthenia. In Italy, figures on exposure to risk are not available. .— 48 — TABLE VII.—ACCIDENT RATES IN AGRICULTURE IN SIX COUNTRIES Agriculture (Including Forestry, Cattle-raising, Market-gardening, etc.) Country : GERMANY DENMARK HUNSAEY LATVIA NETHERLANDS CZECHOSLOVAKIA Compensable Compensated Insured wage-earners man-years (300 days) Insured wage-earners man-years (300 days) Rates of accidents Accidents : Reported Compensable Reported compensated Reported Per 1,000 Base : Year Insured wage-earners (average) A B Insured wage-earners man-years A B Insured Insured wage-earners wage-earners A A B B B A A B 0.47 0.42 0.35 0.42 0.46 104.4 93.3 77.8 93.3 102.2 Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.26 100.0 110.0 100.0 900 90.0 95.0 125.0 125.0 130.0 1.07 0.93 0.80 0.98 0.65 112.6 97.9 84.2 103.2 68.4 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.18 95.8 95.8 0.11 95.8 100.0 104.2 95.8 87.5 83.3 83.3 0.07 75.0 — 0.40 74.0 0.45 83.3 0.47 87.0 "1.05 194.4 0.32 59.0 0.49 90.7 0.20 37.0 0.34 63.0 0.26 48.1 0.42 Non-fatal Inclusion : 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Number of employees Over 3 days 16.53 96.2 17.96 104.5 17.34 100.9 16.93 98.5 15.41 89.6 18.58 108.1 20.13 117.1 21.00 122.2 21.88 127.3 13,516,000 Over 2 or 6 days 102.07 99.88 78.60 75.91 80.01 114.5 112.1 88.2 85.2 89.8 62,796 Over 3 days 6.68 8.47 9.35 9.42 12.60 15.50 17.59 19.07 19.92 21.82 One day and more 71.8 91.1 11.12 100.5 101.3 135.5 166.7 189.1 205.1 214.2 13.36 234.6 728,512 Over 2 days 52.69 58.49 65.90 84.14 95.01 — 114.13 112.89 117.12 131.00 126.24 915,850 74.0 82.1 92.5 118.1 113.3 160.2 158.4 164.4 183.9 177.2 19,115 Over 70 days 2.97 3.25 3.83 4.21 3.53 95.5 104.5 123.2 135.4 113.5 210,551 A = Rate. B = Index, based upon average for 1927-1931 (or as many of these years as are given) = 100. For sources and detailed notes, see Appendix. — 49 — § 3.—Railways1 In table VIII are presented the rates for fatal and non-fatal accidents to employees on railways in twenty countries. The sources of statistics of railway accidents are of two types : those which are related to compensation and insurance, a n d those which are independently established t o provide data on hazard to railway workers a n d t o t h e travelling public. Where t h e data are based on compensation a n d the provisions for compensation are t h e same as for industry in general, t h e accident rates t o employees on railways are approximately on a comparable basis with accident rates in industry in the same countries. I n v e r y many cases, however, separate statistics of railway accidents are compiled t o throw light not only upon industrial accidents to railway employees b u t also and primarily upon the accident hazard t o the public, t h a t is, accidents due t o t h e operation of t h e railway. In such cases, the definition of accident and the methods of classifying a n d compiling the statistics m a y depart materially from t h e methods employed in obtaining industrial accident rates for industries in the same countries. I n a few cases, special definitions are set u p in order t o obtain what is termed, the special hazard of railway operation, for example, in Australia only accidents due t o moving of rolling stock are counted as railway accidents 2. Though in general railway accident statistics cover all persons, whether employees or not, who are killed or injured in railway accidents, t h e statistics presented here are limited to casualties to employees. Differences are found in the scope of t h e statistics in different countries ; for example, in a number of countries railway accidents include those to employees in railway workshops : in others these are excluded. Railway construction is included in a few cases. I n a few cases accidents t o employees occurring on the way to or from duty are included, for example in certain countries where the accident statistics are based upon compensated cases 3 . Differences are found also in the groups of employees considered 1 INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE : Methods of Compiling Statistics of Railway Accidents. Studies and Reports. Series N (Statistics) No. 15, Geneva, 1928. 2 Railway accident statistics frequently distinguish between the accident as the event causing injuries to persons or damage to property and the casualty, that is, the injury or death of a person due to a railway accident. 3 Accidents occurring on the way to and from duty are included in Australia (if due to movement of rolling stock), the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia. — 50 — TABLE VIII.—INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT RATE (TO EMPLOYEES) ON RAILWAYS IN 20 COUNTRIES, 1927-1986 Country : AUSTRALIA 4 e GERMANY' AUSTRIA a BELGIUM ' S UNITED STATES * FINLAND Reported Reported Reported CANADA 1 R a t e s of accidents Accidents : Reported Compensated Reported Reported P e r 1,000 Base : Employees (man-years) Employees Employees Employees (man(300 m a n (monthly (31 years) days) average) December) 2,400 h o u r s (2,400hours) Insured Employees Employees employees (man(average) (average) years) 3 A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B | A | B Fatal Inclusion : 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Within 24 h o u r s 0.95 120.3 0.90 113.9 0.88 111.4 0.61 77.2 0.63 79.7 0.53 67.1 0.64 81.0 0.54 131.7 0.43 104.9 0.33 80.5 0.33 80.5 0.35 85.4 0.31 75.6 0.34 82.9 0.35 85.4 0.25 61.0 0.53 93.0 0.57 100.0 0.71 124.6 0.60 0.43 105.3 0.49 75.4 0.40 86.0 0.54 70.2 94.7 0.55 107.8 0.47 92.2 0.33 64.7 0.43 84.3 0.39 76.5 0.62 121.6 0.38 74.5 Within 24 h o u r s Within 24 h o u r s 0.73 119.6 0.75 123.0 0.63 103.3 0.59 96.7 0.36 59.0 0.58 95.1 0.43 70.5 0.45 73.8 0.55 90.2 0.78 118.2 0.68 103.0 0.74 112.1 0.59 89.4 0.51 77.3 0.56 84.8 0.53 80.3 0.52 78.8 0.56 84.8 0.60 90.9 3 days a n d over 3 days a n d over 0.71 94.7 1.11 148.0 0.91 121.3 0.42 56.0 0.62 82.7 0.36 48.0 0.73 97.3 0.44 58.7 Non-fatal 1 day a n d over Inclusion : 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Base : N u m b e r of persons employed (latest y e a r ) 2.72 100.7 2.92 108.1 3.48 128.8 2.49 92.2 1.91 70.7 1.76 65.2 1.75 64.8 413,449 Over 28 d a y s 14 d a y s a n d over All (including medical aid) 9.11 110.4 17.22 91.0 61.74 106.6 45.68 146.6 22.64 78.7 8.30 100.6 17.72 91.0 67.26 116.2 38.22 122.7 30.69 106.7 7.54 91.4 21.28 112.4 66.43 114.7 32.47 104.2 32.79 114.0 8.03 19.67 103.9 22.97 100.3 55.47 95.8 21.87 70.2 31.15 108.3 97.3 18.78 99.2 22.81 99.7 38.60 66.7 17.54 56.3 26.55 92.3 5.55 67.3 15.09 79.7 18.86 82.4 34.90 60.3 17.17 55.1 27.05 94.1 5.28 64.0 14.44 76.3 15.40 67.3 36.16 62.5 16.18 51.9 29.50 102.6 7.25 87.9 13.09 69.1 13.71 59.9 40.68 70.3 16.38 52.6 35.64 123.9 9.76 118.3 14.34 62.6 40.94 70.7 15.74 50.5 18.95 60.8 7.34 89.1 16.33 71.3 100,148 61,627 83,381 127,526 1,077,303 11,252 General Note.—A = Rates. B = I n d e x , average of rates from 1927-1931 (or as many of these years as are given) = 100. " Inclusion '* under Fatal = an entry is made here only where a time limitation is set for inclusion with fatal cases. For sources and detailed notes, see Appendix. See also, INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE : Methods of Compiling Statistics of Railway Accidents, Studies and Reports, Series N, No. 15. 1 Excludes railway workshops. 1 Includes railway workshops. — 51 — T A B L E V I I I . — I N D U S T R I A L A C C I D E N T RATE (TO E M P L O Y E E S ) ON RAILWAYS IN 20 COUNTRIES, 1927-1936 Country : FRANCE GREAT BRITAIN l (continued) HUNGARY' ' GREECE INDIA 2 *• IRELAND JAPAN " Reported Reported Reported R a t e s oí accidents Accidents : Reported Reported Reported Reported P e r 1,000 Base : Employees (man-years) 3 8 A | B E ÄesjE*^ | A 1 B | A | B Employees Employees (at end of Employees (man-years) fiscal year) | A | B | A | B | A | B Employees | A | B Fatal Inclusion : 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Within a lew d a y s 0.80 97.6 0.96 117.1 0.89 108.5 0.62 75.6 0.64 78.0 0.72 87.8 0.71 86.6 0.69 81.1 0.35 0.37 0.40 0.36 0.31 0.34 0.35 0.42 0.35 0.41 97.2 102.8 111.1 100.0 86.1 94.4 97.2 116.7 97.2 113.9 0.47 82.4 0.72 126.2 0.51 89.5 0.45 78.9 0.19 33.3 0.10 17.5 0.39 68.4 0.47 82.4 0.81 0.74 0.77 0.67 0.65 0.54 0.34 0.76 0.48 111.0 101.4 105.5 91.8 89.0 74.0 46.6 104.1 65.8 0.55 105.8 0.56 107.7 0.62 119.2 0.48 92.3 0.38 73.1 0.32 61.5 0.33 63.5 0.33 63.5 0.41 78.8 0.11 0.12 0.46 0.29 0.24 0.45 0.34 0.41 0.52 0.33 45.8 50.0 191.7 120.8 100.0 187.5 141.7 170.8 216.7 137.5 0.57 0.41 0.54 0.58 0.49 0.65 0.71 0.85 1.08 109.6 78.8 103.8 111.5 94.2 125.0 136.5 163.4 207.7 Non-fatal Inclusion : 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Base: N u m b e r of persons employed (latest year) - One d a y a n d over P e r m a n e n t (until disability Over 31934) days (since 1934) All 28.98 103.5 3.32 96.5 27.11 96.8 3.60 104.7 29.54 105.5 14.12 170.7 3.47 100.9 27.35 97.7 4.19 50.7 3.37 98.0 27.04 96.6 6.50 78.6 2.93 85.2 24.95 89.1 0.99 12.0 2.70 78.5 26.22 93.6 1.24 14.9 2.85 82.8 25.06 89.5 2.22 26.8 2.91 84.6 26.17 93.3 2.81 34.0 28.23 100.8 2.47 29.9 426,741 586,935 10,532 Over 3 days 13 One d a y and over 1.24 81.0 12.92 72.6 29.68 100.6 1.31 85.6 15.12 85.0 30.31 102.7 1.58 103.3 17.84 100.3 33.08 112.1 1.88 20.87 117.3 29.25 99.2 1.65 122.9 22.19 124.7 25.29 85.7 1.17 107.8 23.00 129.3 23.67 80.2 1.21 76.5 24.63 138.4 26.84 91.0 1.39 79.1 22.43 126.1 24.67 83.6 0.67 24.39 137.1 26.46 89.7 90.8 21.98 74.5 43.8 31,444 712,364 » P e r m a n e n t force plus man-years of t e m p o r a r y workers (300 days). *5 Accidents on t h e w a y t o and from d u t y included. Excluding railway construction. " Including accidents in connection w i t h t r a i n movement. '8 Railways operated by t h e Société nationale des chemins de fer belges only. F r o m 1935 employees are based on m o n t h l y average. " Fiscal years beginning 1 April. 10 Accidents on lines only. 18,195 13 4.82 134.6 3.62 101.1 4.08 114.0 3.32 92.7 2.05 57.3 2.15 60.1 2.42 67.6 2.86 79.9 3.10 86.6 217,997 — 52 — TABLE Vili. I N D U S T R I A L A C C I D E N T RATE (TO E M P L O Y E E S ) ON R A I L W A Y S IN 20 COUNTRIES, 1927-1936 Country : NETHERLANDS " ' NEW ZEALAND!6 (continued) SWITZERLAND SWEDEN " CZECHOSLOVAKIA * U N I O N OF S. A F R I C A a l ! R a t e s of accidents Accidents : Compensated Compensated Reported Compensated Compensated Reported P e r 1,000 Base: Insured employees (man-years) (300 days) A | B Insured employees (man-years) (300 d a y s , 2,400 hours) Insured Employees employees (man-years) (man-years) (300 days) (2,400 hours) (2,400 hours) A | B A | B | A | B Insured employees 1 A 1 B Employees (average) 1 A | B Fatal Inclusion : within a short interval Immediately 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 0.33 0.49 0.46 0.26 0.44 0.46 0.35 0.47 0.46 82.5 122.5 115.0 65.0 110.0 115.0 87.5 117.5 115.0 0.44 0.88 0.50 0.99 0.66 0.78 0.35 0.72 0.68 63.8 127.5 72.5 143.5 95.7 113.0 50.7 104.3 98.6 0.51 0.57 0.35 0.31 0.53 0.30 0.50 113.3 126.7 77.8 68.9 117.8 66.7 111.1 — — — — 0.86 0.62 0.67 0.78 0.67 0.66 0.30 0.57 119.4 86.1 93.1 108.3 93.1 91.7 41.7 79.2 — — 0.65 0.63 0.72 0.63 0.47 0.38 0.45 0.43 0.44 104.8 101.6 116.1 101.6 75.8 61.3 72.6 69.4 71.0 — 0.62 0.46 0.44 0.52 0.47 0.53 0.58 0.61 — 121.6 90.2 86.3 102.0 92.2 103.9 113.7 119.6 Non- fatai Inclusion : 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Base : N u m b e r of persons employed (latest year) All disability (medical aid cases omitted) 73.96 73.71 80.77 74.55 75.88 74.88 77.61 82.54 78.17 97.6 97.3 106.6 98.4 100.1 98.8 102.4 108.9 103.2 34,566 3 days a n d over 110.48 110.37 123.31 133.33 93.48 82.81 98.27 96.89 105.46 96.8 96.7 108.0 116.8 81.9 72.5 86.1 84.8 92.4 13,190 Over 2 d a y s besides d a y of accident All 71.91 68.34 76.59 81.08 82.34 77.49 78.56 294.6 89.9 100.7 106.6 108.3 101.9 103.3 — — — — 53,677 88.76 94.44 99.85 89.07 88.60 79.62 77.36 77.94 96.3 102.5 108.4 96.7 96.2 86.4 84.0 84.6 — — 29,778 Over 3 days 3.13 3.30 3.41 2.50 2.70 2.30 2.58 2.05 2.05 104.0 109.6 113.3 83.1 89.7 76.4 85.7 68.1 68.1 136, 805 14 days and over — — 29.92 28.45 30.87 33.56 37.71 36.01 31.35 — -— 102.5 97.5 105.8 115.0 129.2 123.4 107.4 105,110 11 Employees on p r i v a t e railways including railway employees (i.e. excludes administration a n d clerical staffs, a n d persons employed in subsidiary m o t o r coach or b o a t services, etc. ) ; employees on S t a t e railways includes t h e entire staff. Cases reported h a v e no m i n i m u m d u r a t i o n of disability, b u t compensation is paid only after 3 days of disability in cases of a t least 25 per cent, of incapacity. " Includes accidents t o staff a n d persons employed in H a r b o u r s Administration. Average n u m b e r of employees is t h e average during t h e years ended 31 March. " Information lacking. " P e r m a n e n t force a t end of y e a r plus man-years of t e m p o r a r y workers (2,400 hours). — 53 — as exposed to risk : in some cases the administrative and clerical staffs are included, and in other cases excluded. In the United States, Canada and Germany, fatal accidents include only those in which death followed the accident within twenty-four hours, in France and Czechoslovakia within a few days, while in most of the other countries the figures include all cases of deaths which occurred before the date of the report. In some countries this report is made within a few days after the accident, based upon a special enquiry into its causes and circumstances; the statistics may be based upon the information contained in these reports. In other countries, and especially those where statistics of accidents to railway employees are based upon compensated cases, the usual practice is to include all deaths which occur before the final closing date for the annual statistical report. A special tabulation for the United States indicates for that country that fatal accidents would have been increased by about 12 per cent, if all deaths within one year of the accident had been included as fatal in addition to those which occurred within twenty-four hours. This furnishes an indication of the extent of the influences of these differences in definition of fatal cases. The exposure to risk is calculated in terms of man-hours in the United States and New Zealand (converted here into man-years of 2,400 hours each), and in terms of estimated man-years in Finland, Hungary and Sweden, where the man-years worked by the permanent staff are supplemented by the estimated manyears worked by temporary employees, determined on the basis of the days or hours actually worked. In most of the other countries the base is the average number of employees. In two countries—Great Britain and the Union of South Africa—the base is the number of employees on a particular day. In a few cases exact information as to the method of calculating the number of employees was not obtained. The fatal rates per 1,000 man-years or per 1,000 employees in the several countries varied in 1927 from 0.33 in the Netherlands to 0.95 in Great Britain, and in 1934 from 0.10 in Greece (an unusually low fluctuation) to 0.76 in Hungary. Mention has already been made of the effect of the 24-hour period for reporting of deaths in reducing the rates for certain countries relatively to the others. The rate for Australia is also too low in comparison with others, since it includes only deaths occurring in connection with movement of rolling stock. Analysis of these rates by causes — 54 — of the accidents, for example, those involving coupling or uncoupling, those due to collisions, etc., where certain countries have introduced improved equipment to prevent these types of accident, would throw a very interesting light upon their comparative rates. As previously emphasised, too much weight should not be placed upon individual fluctuations up or down for a particular year, nor should too much attention be placed upon t h e apparent position of one country as compared with others without consideration of t h e statistical basis of the respective rates and the relative position of the countries in regard to their safety methods. So far as the non-fatal accident rates are concerned, very great differences appear in which the variations in the minimum duration of disability for inclusion in the statistics play perhaps the most important role. Other differences, however, impair the comparability of the figures. Considering only the twelve countries where the statistics include all accidents involving disability of over three days, three days or over, two days or over, one day or over, or over one day, or any disability a t all \ t h a t is, Australia, Canada, the United States, Finland, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden a n d Switzerland, marked variations are found with a range from about 100 per thousand in New Zealand, to 1.3 in Hungary. Three principal intermediate groups appear : the first comprising the Netherlands (all disabilities), Sweden (all disabilities), and Switzerland (over two days besides the day of the accident) with rates between about 75 and 80; the second comprising Ireland, Great Britain and Finland, with rates between about 25 and 30, t o which m a y be added t h e United States with a rate of about 16 (1934) (reduced from 46 in 1927) and Canada with a rate of 41 (1934 and 1935); and the third including H u n g a r y (1.3), Greece (3) a n d Australia (8). The rates in this last group are obviously not comparable with the others, since in Australia and Hungary only accidents in connection with train movement are included, while in Greece t h e figures are based only upon cases which come t o the attention of the authorities and many minor accidents may not be reported. Whether in the countries of the first two groups differences in methods explain p a r t or all of these differences in rates cannot be determined precisely. I t is possible, for example, t h a t excellent provision for compensation of cases 1 That is, cases where only medical aid is furnished, without lost time. — 55 — of injury in New Zealand m a y produce unusually complete reporting of minor injuries ; and a t all events, the high apparent rates in Sweden and the Netherlands m a y be due in p a r t to t h e inclusion of cases of accidents causing minor disabilities of one, two and three days. As for trends, most of the countries show markedly decreasing rates both for fatal and non-fatal accidents during the period from 1927 to 1936. Decreases in fatal rates between 1927 and the latest year for which figures could be obtained were 31 per cent, in Germany and Belgium, 35 per cent, in Australia, 33 per cent, in Switzerland, 25 per cent, in Canada and India, 23 per cent, in the United States and 14 per cent, in France, to give a few striking examples. In one or two countries, however, the rates showed increases, as in Ireland and J a p a n . I n Ireland, the increase may be due t o an unusually favourable period of two years in 1927 and 1928; and a t all events t h e non-fatal rate decreased markedly. I n J a p a n the rates in the three years 1932-1934 may have been high because of an unusual number of serious accidents and here too the non-fatal rates showed a marked decline. Striking decreases in non-fatal rates between 1927 and the latest year for which figures could be obtained included the United States with 59 per cent., J a p a n with 40 per cent., Germ a n y with 35 per cent., Belgium 29 per cent., Canada 33 per cent., and Ireland 25 per cent. In one or two cases, for example, Australia and Finland, the non-fatal rates showed a tendency t o rise during the later years of the period after a tendency to fall during the earlier years. In a few countries, Great Britain, New Zealand (fatal) and Sweden, no marked trend in accident rates appeared during the brief period under review x. 1 In three countries, Finland, New Zealand and Switzerland, severity rates are available (see Appendix). In Finland these rates showed a decrease of 11.5 per cent, from 1927 to 1933, in Switzerland a decrease of 17 per cent., while in New Zealand, except for an unusually low rate in 1927 and a high rate in 1935, the rates indicate a decrease. APPENDIX In the following pages the available data on industrial accidents are given for 33 countries for the period 1927-1936 1. The notes indicate the sources2, scope and method of compilation of the statistics in each country. Wherever possible, fatal and nonfatal accidents are shown separately, together with definitions, the number of man-hours or man-years worked, or the number of persons employed. A distinction is made in the tables between cases reported and cases " notified ", the former relating to cases occurring during the year, irrespective of the date when the reports were received, and the latter to cases registered during the year irrespective of the date when the accidents occurred. In some cases non-fatal accidents are subdivided into permanent and temporary disabilities. Frequency rates are given per thousand man-years or persons employed, the man-year being taken as equal to 300 days or 2,400 hours (300 days of 8 hours per day). In a few countries, severity rates—days lost per man-year—are also available. So far as possible, accident data are given separately for the broad industry divisions : mining (coal mining, metal mining, gold mining, etc.), quarrying, industry (manufacturing), railways (State and private) and agriculture. 1 For previous notes and figures on industrial accident statistics, see International Labour Review, Vol. XXIV, December 1931, pp. 751-770. 2 The information contained in the sources as listed is supplemented in many countries by direct communication to the International Labour Office. In most cases these notes and the statistics have been submitted to the statistical office of publication in each country for correction and revision. — 58 — ALGERIA Mines and quarries. (Statistique de l'industrie minérale et des appareils à vapeur en France, Algérie, dans les colonies, pays de protectorat et territoires sous mandat français. France. Ministère des Travaux publics. Direction des mines.) The statistics cover only mines and quarries. The accidents reported are those which occurred during the year and which entailed death or incapacity of more than 20 days. The average number of workers employed in the mines is the average of the numbers shown on the lists of wage earners employed by the mines at the end of each month. MINES AND QUARRIES Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 N u m b e r of cases reported Number ot P e r m a - Tempowage nent rary earners F a t a l incaTotal incaemployed pacity pacity 1 26,916 23,790 21,570 21,810 11,720 13,200 56 30 43 42 23 22 30 34 38 23 25 35 20 20 22 14 2,320 1,926 1,970 1,989 1,348 887 1,105 1,426 2,464 1,979 2,038 2,066 1,391 929 1,157 1,474 Cases per 1,000 wage earners employed Fatal 2.08 1.26 1.99 1.93 1.96 1.67 P e r m a - Temporary nent incaincap acity pacity 1.41 0.97 1.16 1.60 1.71 1.52 88.05 80.96 91.33 91.20 115.02 67.19 Total 91.54 83.19 94.48 94.73 118.69 70.38 Including cases with type oí incapacity unknown. ARGENTINA Boletín Informativo (Departamento Nacional del Trabajo). Diario de Sesiones. Suplemento a la reunión No. 53 (Camera de Diputados de la Nación). The statistics cover workers and salaried employees in all undertakings in industry, commerce, transport and public administration, which are covered by Insurance Act No. 9688 of 11 October 1915. Persons employed in agriculture and forestry are included only if they are required to use mechanically-driven machines. The cases reported are those notified during the year and entailing death or permanent or temporary incapacity. . Under permanent incapacity are given all accidents which occurred during the year and resulted in complete disablement or prevented the injured person from exercising his usual trade without rendering him incapable of work. Temporary incapacity includes cases entailing temporary disablement of more than six working days, with the exception of cases resulting in permanent incapacity or death; slight injuries include cases of incapacity of less than six working days. The area covered by accident statistics was extended during the period studied by the inclusion of the following provinces : Mendoza (1929), Salta (1930), Buenos Aires and San Luis (1931), Catamarca and San Juan (1933) and Cordoba (1935). In 1936 the whole Republic was covered with the exception of the Tierra del Fuego territory. — 59 — ALL INDUSTRIES N u m b e r of eases reported Non-fatal Year Fatal Permanent incapacity 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 810 812 926 890 834 717 707 736 887 3,772 4,450 4,598 4,577 5,102 4,560 4,100 4,349 4,748 Temporary incapacity and slight injuries 53,283 55,000 62,584 59,061 73,073 67,750 67,780 79,537 91,753 Total 57,865 60,262 68,108 64,528 79,009 73,027 72,587 84,622 97,388 AUSTRALIA (a) Coal mines—(b) Other mines—(c) Mines (total). Mining. Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia. (Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics.) These statistics, compiled from information supplied by the Department of Mines of the several States, give particulars for coal mining, other mining (gold, silver, lead, and zinc, tin, copper and other minerals) and total mining. The cases reported include fatal cases and those entailing incapacity of more than fourteen days—in New South Wales those entailing incapacity of seven days or more. The definition of non-fatal accidents is not uniform in the different States. (d) Industry. Labour Report (Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics). These statistics are compiled from information supplied by the Chief Inspectors of Factories, Chief Inspectors of Machinery, and from Boiler, Lift and Scaffolding Inspectors in the several States, and cover manufacturing industry (including building and scaffolding) quarries, lifts, smelting and other metallurgical works. The compulsory reporting of accidents of certain types, however, does not extend to all districts. The definition of accidents is the same as that given above for mining. The number of persons employed covers all persons at work in and about factories, including working proprietors, and " outworkers " ; the figures represent the average number of persons so employed during the year ended June 30. (e) Railways. Transport and Communications Bulletin (Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics). The statistics cover Government (State and Federal) railways only. The cases reported are only those occurring through or in connection with the movement of rolling stock and causing absence (non-fatal cases) for at least a whole day from the worker's ordinary work. Accidents occurring on railway premises to employees when proceeding — 60 — to or from duty are included. The accidents relate to the fiscal year ending 30 June, and the numbers of employees are the average numbers employed, exclusive of construction staff, during the fiscal year. (a) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Number of persons employed 30,937 27,522 20,770 22,996 21,300 19,596 18,525 18,637 18,833 Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 21,445 20,049 19,957 22,765 33,805 38,248 39,567 44,972 47,602 Non-fatal Fatal 32 24 21 21 14 - 14 15 16 13 Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 52,382 47,571 40,727 45,761 55,105 57,844 58,092 63,609 66,435 Total Fatal Non-fatal Total 364 348 380 339 331 342 402 475 563 1.03 0.87 1.01 0.91 0.66 0.71 0.81 0.86 0.69 10.73 11.77 17.28 13.83 14.88 16.74 20.89 24.63 29.21 11.76 12.64 18.30 14.74 15.54 17.45 21.70 25.49 29.89 332 324 359 318 317 328 387 459 550 OTHER MINES Cases per 1,000 persons employed N u m b e r of cases Fatal Non-fatal Total Fatal 25 15 33 30 37 41 54 63 50 390 326 344 337 420 412 529 997 1,089 415 341 377 367 457 453 583 1,060 1,139 1.17 0.75 1.65 1.32 1.09 1.07 1.36 1.40 1.05 (c) Number of persons employed Cases per 1,000 persons employed N u m b e r of oases (b) Number of persons employed COAL MINES Total 18.19 16.26 17.24 14.80 12.42 10.77 13.37 22.17 22.88 19.35 17.01 18.89 16.12 13.52 11.84 14.73 23.57 23.93 MINES (TOTAL) N u m b e r of oases F a t a l Non-fatal 57 39 54 51 51 55 69 79 63 Non-fatal 722 650 703 655 737 740 916 1,456 1,639 Cases per 1,000 persons employed Total Fatal Non-fatal Total 779 689 757 706 788 795 985 1,535 1,702 1.09 0.82 1.33 1.11 0.93 0.95 1.19 1.24 0.95 13.78 13.66 17.26 14.31 13.37 12.79 15.77 22.89 24.67 14.87 14.48 18.59 15.43 14.30 13.74 16.95 24.13 25.62 — 61 — (d) N u m b e r of oases Number of persons employed ' Year 452,184 449,728 450,482 419,194 338,843 336,658 370,727 405,909 449,598 492,771 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1 Fatal Non-fatal 63 56 60 47 47 38 43 50 48 3,407 3,844 5,820 6,385 5,021 5,173 6,073 6,665 7,101 Total 3,470 3,900 5,880 6,432 5,068 5,211 6,116 6,715 7,149 Fiscal years ending 30 June. (è) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1 INDUSTRY Number of persons , employed * RAILWAYS N u m b e r of cases r e p o r t e d 1 Fatal Non-fatal Cases per 1,000 persons employed ' Total Fatal Non-fatal Total 116,998 113,511 111,508 105,369 63 49 37 35 1,066 942 841 846 1,129 991 878 881 0.54 0.43 0.33 0.33 9.11 8.30 7.54 8.03 9.65 8.73 7.87 8.36 93,850 92,628 93,335 96,553 100,148 33 29 32 34 25 521 489 677 942 735 554 518 709 976 760 0.35 0.31 0.34 0.35 0.25 5.55 5.28 7.25 9.76 7.34 5.90 5.59 7.60 10.18 7.59 Fiscal years ending 30 June. AUSTRIA Statistisches Handbuch für die Republik Osterreich (Bundesamt für Statistik). (a) Mines The statistics cover the number of cases reported in the mines and undertakings covered (State salt mines excluded) during the year and which resulted in death or total or partial incapacity of more than three days, provided such cases were notified not later than 31 May of the following year. Cases notified later are recorded in the statistics of the year of reporting. Compensated cases are reported cases entailing incapacity of more than four weeks in which compensation was granted before the report was terminated. Cases of occupational disease are included in the statistics. Before July 1927 the statistics included workers and salaried employees. From that date salaried employees were excluded, being covered by the general insurance system. The number exposed to risk is the number of man-years, calculated by dividing the number of man-days or man-shifts by 300. — 62 — (i) General series These figures, compiled in the same way as-those given under (a) above, cover industry, transport (with the exception of railways), commerce and certain specified undertakings, exclusive of small commercial and industrial undertakings not using steam boilers and machinery. Workers in agricultural undertakings who were exposed to risks due to the use of machinery are included up to 1928; from 1 January 1929 the figures include only workers employed in agricultural and horticultural undertakings of an industrial character and workers employed in mills. (c) Railways The statistics include all accidents occurring in connection with the running of the railways, including ancillary industries, railway workshops, etc., and show accidents entailing death or working incapacity and notified not later than 31 January of the following year. The number of man-years is obtained by adding the number of man-years worked by temporary workers (number of man-days divided by 300) to the number of permanent workers shown on the payrolls. Cases per 1,000 man-years N u m b e r of cases Year Number of manyears Report- Fatal Nonfatal 16,822 16,475 16,172 13,487 10,854 10,639 10,616 10,821 2,846 3,194 3,744 2,860 2,567 2,465 2,352 2,104 24 33 22 32 19 22 10 11 (b) 1'ndustry 599,342 1927 1928 » 620,743 1929 625,763 1930 586,682 1931 518,446 1932 431,175 1933 383,902 1934 401,841 1935 45,450 52,518 57,730 49,451 40,360 30,833 28,148 30,008 376 350 365 272 198 171 112 153 601 587 761 625 567 429 375 329 1 97,261 97,730 97,316 91,522 83,619 72,986 65,660 61,627 10,251 10,965 12,120 11,489 10,266 7,222 6,340 5,522 52 56 69 55 36 36 26 33 Fatal Nonfatal Total 1.43 2.00 1.36 2.37 1.75 2.07 0.94 1.02 35.72 35.62 47.01 46.34 51.24 40.32 35.32 30.40 37.15 37.63 48.42 48.71 53.99 42.39 ."•6.27 31.42 Mines 625 620 783 657 586 451 385 340 169.18 193.86 231.51 212.06 236.50 231.69 221.55 194.44 transport (railw ij/s exclua ed), convmerce 11,533 12,786 14,035 11,890 10,063 7,970 6,751 7,020 (e) 1927 1928 1 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Reported Total (a) 1927 1928 » 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Compensated Compensated ed 1,675 1,731 2,071 1,801 1,570 1,101 948 807 75.83 84.61 92.26 84.29 77.85 71.51 73.32 74.68 0.63 0.56 0.58 0.46 0.38 0.40 0.29 0.38 19.24 20.60 22.43 20.27 19.41 18.48 17.59 17.47 19.87 21.16 23.01 20.73 19.79 18.88 17.88 17.85 105.40 112.20 124.54 125.53 122.77 98.95 96.56 89.60 0.53 0.57 0.71 0.60 0.43 0.49 0.40 0.54 17.22 17.72 21.28 19.67 18.78 15.09 14.44 13.09 17.76 18.29 21.99 20.28 19.20 15.58 14.83 13.63 11,909 13,136 14,400 12,162 10,261 8,141 6,863 7,173 RailwàiIS' 1,727 1,787 2,140 1,856 1,606 1,137 974 840 Including occupational diseases from 1928 onward. * Cases per 1,000 man-years (railways) are calculated by the Internationa Labour Office. — 63 — BELGIUM (a) Mines. Annuaire statistique de la Belgique (Office central de Statistique). The statistics cover coal mines, metal mines, surface mines and quarries. The cases reported are those having occurred during the year and entailing death or permanent incapacity. The latter class includes serious cases in which the accident is likely to result in death or to prevent the injured person from continuing his usual occupation. The number of man-years is calculated by the International Labour Office by dividing by 300 the number of days wage earners underground and above-ground were present. (b) Railways. Annuaire statistique de la Belgique (Office central de Statistique). The statistics cover the railways owned by the Belgian National Railway Company and those belonging to four private companies. In the statistics of the National Railway Company the cases reported are those having occurred during the year and entailing death or incapacity of at least 14 days; the persons employed include officials, salaried employees and workers on the establishment on 31 December, including sick or injured persons and those on the reserve establishment or on holiday. The statistics of the other railways are not always drawn up on the same basis as that adopted by the National Railway Company. (c) General series. Rapport relatif à Vexécution de la loi sur la réparation des dommages résultant des accidents de travail (Ministère du Travail et de la Prévoyance sociale. Direction générale de l'assurance et de la prévoyance sociales). The figures published under the accident compensation legislation (Acts of 1903,1926, 1929,1930, as consolidated by the Act of 28 September 1931) cover public and private undertakings, but the Act applies only if the employer usually employs one or more workers during at least two months a year. Apprentices, even if not in receipt of wages, and salaried employees covered by the Act of 7 August 1922 relating to the contract of employment, are placed on the same footing as ordinary workers. Farm servants (male and female) are also placed on the same footing as ordinary workers, even if their contract of employment is not governed by the Act of 10 March 1900. A person who engages in the cultivation of the soil for the purpose of the maintenance of his family and not mainly with the object of selling the produce is not deemed to be the head of an agricultural undertaking within the meaning of the Act. The statistics show the number of accident claims settled or outstanding on 31 December of each year. The statistics are based on documents supplied by the insurance carriers and the heads of undertakings freed from contribution to the security fund. Accidents to workers covered by the compensation legislation who are employed by undertakings that are neither insured nor freed from contribution are not reported. These workers represent 2 to 3 per cent, of the total number of workers covered by the Act. The cases reported are those having occurred during the year and which are likely to entail the death of the injured person or incapacity, irrespective of the duration of incapacity. — 64 — (a) Year Number of wage e amr anne -r s ' years • MINES Cases per 1,000 wage earners' man-years N u m b e r of cases reported Fatal Non-fatal (seriously injured) Total Fatal Non-fatal (seriously injured) .Total Coal mines 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1 ! 178,943 166,082 155,798 158,768 152,388 111,111 127,172 119,690 114,022 — 30,968s 30,774s 3 1 , 7 7 0 "a 31,812 2 8 , 8 0 7a' 24,014 22,638 ss 22,634 23,949s — 205,501 194,055 183,639 187,209 181,520 162,330 157,571 148,339 144,562 — 233 316 83 1.30 170 57 227 1.02 201 95 296 1.29 195 86 281 1.23 151 96 247 0.99 133 73 206 1.20 129 76 205 1.01 177 103 280 1.48 125 79 204 1.10 145 81 226 — Metal mines, surface mines and Quarries 14 27 37 28 23 15 16 23 22 33 0.45 0.88 1.16 0.88 0.80 0.62 0.71 1.02 0.92 Mines 15 30 40 28 24 16 18 25 22 33 (total) 84 60 98 86 97 74 78 105 79 81 331 257 336 309 271 222 223 305 226 259 1.20 1.02 1.30 1.19 0.96 0.91 0.92 1.35 1.02 1 3 3 0 1 1 2 2 0 — 247 197 238 223 174 148 145 200 147 178 — — 0.46 0.34 0.61 0.54 0.63 0.66 0.60 0.86 0.69 1.76 1.36 1.90 1.77 1.62 1.86 1.61 2.34 1.79 — 0.03 0.10 0.09 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.09 0.08 0.00 — 0.48 0.98 1.25 0.88 0.83 0.67 0.80 1.10 0.92 — 0.41 0.30 0.53 0.46 0.53 0.46 0.50 0.71 0.54 — 1.61 1.32 1.83 1.65 1.49 1.37 1.42 2.06 1.56 — — Calculated b y t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labour Office b y dividing t h e m a n - d a y s worked by 300. N u m b e r of wage earners employed. (bj Year Number of persons employed 1 93,073 91,224 87,714 84,696 82,956 80,004 83,381 Cases per 1,000 persons employed N u m b e r of cases reported Fatal Non-fatal (National 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 RAILWAYS 51 43 29 36 32 50 32 Railway Total Fatal Non-fatal Total 0.55 0.47 0.33 0.43 0.39 0.62 0.38 22.97 22.81 18.86 15.40 13.71 14.34 16.33 23.52 23.28 19.19 15.83 14.10 14.96 16.72 CampaiIV) 2,189 2,138 2,081 2,124 1,654 1,683 1,304 1,340 1,137 1,169 1,147 1,197 1,362 1,394 (Private companies) s 6,612 7.26 8.01 1930 53 0.75 5 48 1931 6,356 1 36 37 0.16 5.66 5.82 1932 6,189 0 41 41 0.00 6.62 6.62 1933 5,830 4 20 24 0.68 3.43 4.11 1934 5,521 1 15 16 0.18 2.71 2.89 1935 5,370 0 15 15 0.00 2.79 2.79 1936 5,115 1 32 33 0.19 6.26 6.45 1 On 31 December of t h e y e a r of reporting, including: sick workers, and those on t h e reäerve establishment or on holiday. s T h e railway companies of Chimay, Malines-Terneuzen, N o r t h Belgium and BrusselsTervueren. The Brussels-Tervueren Railway is included only from 1932 onward. — 65 — (c) AGRICULTURE, MINES, INDUSTRIES AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT N u m b e r of cases reported Year Permanent incapacity Fatal 703 701 784 834 584 475 485 543 451 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Temporary incapacity 4,697 5,428 6,387 5,941 5,614 4,855 4,894 5,089 6,037 226,776 258,792 278,839 285,867 246,533 195,539 203,455 204,619 221,735 Total 232,176 264,921 286,010 292,642 252,731 200,869 208,834 210,251 228,223 BULGARIA Statistique des accidents du travail; Annuaire statistique du Royaume de Bulgarie (General Directorate of Statistics). The statistics include all workers insured by the social insurance funds and persons employed in three State coal mines; they concern accidents occurring to workers in private, public and State undertakings in mining and quarrying, industry, building, transport, commerce, public and personal services, and agriculture. The information is collected by the Labour Department of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour by means of individual forms filled in by the employer and tabulated by the Directorate of Statistics. The cases reported are those having occurred during the year and entailing death, permanent incapacity or temporary incapacity of at least one day; cases of permanent incapacity are those resulting in the loss of at least 20 per cent, of the injured person's working capacity. A small number of cases of sickness are included in the statistics. The figures are revised when the final issue of a casualty is known. The days lost include all days of sickness preceding recovery, invalidity or death; in a small number of cases the figures are wanting. The increase in the number of accidents during the period 1927-1934 is said to be the result of the improvement made in the methods of compiling statistics. All industries N u m b e r of cases reported Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1 s Fatal Permanent disability Temporary disability 67 80 143 94 85 63 86 63 119 99 69 93 99 82 65 66 70 81 89 108 938 1,070 2,012 2,788 2,206 2,103 1,929 2,736 2,908 3,838 Total 1 1,069 1,287 2,292 3,043 2,413 2,239 2,087 2,880 3,116 4,045 Number of days lost* 21,922 28,884 40,804 44,789 34,912 40,865 45,698 51,319 53,927 68,312 Including unclassified cases. Days lost are not reported for a small number of accidents, for example, for 14 out of 2,880 accidents in 1934, and for 652 out of 3,043 accidents in 1930. — 66 — Mines a n d quarries All other industries N u m b e r of cases reported Year Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1 15 16 14 14 17 16 28 15 14 20 Permanent disability 12 17 11 14 8 9 12 6 13 13 Temporary disability Total > Fatal 201 235 676 719 313 546 601 1,025 868 1,066 230 278 713 763 353 572 641 1,046 895 1,099 42 64 129 80 68 47 58 48 105 79 . Permanent disability 57 76 88 68 57 57 58 75 76 95 Temporary disability Total ' 737 835 1,336 2,069 1,893 1,557 1,328 1,711 2,040 2,772 839 1,009 1,579 2,280 2,060 1,667 1,446 1,834 2,221 2,946 Including unclassified cases. CANADA (a) Coal mines. Coal Statistics for Canada (Department of Trade and Commerce, Dominion Bureau of Statistics). The figures cover accidents in the coal mines of Canada. As fatal accidents are included those occurring during the year specified and resulting in death and reported, in Nova Scotia, Alberta and British Columbia, to the Provincial Mining Departments, and, in New Brunswick and Saskatchewan, to the Workmen's Compensation Boards. Non-fatal accidents are those reported to the Workmen's Compensation Boards in all provinces. The definition of reportable accidents varies in the several provinces according to the Workmen's Compensation Laws or other Acts governing the reporting of accidents. The number of man-years is calculated by the International Labour Office by dividing by 300 the number of man-days worked by wageearners. (b) Railways. The Canada Year Book (Department of Trade and Commerce, Dominion Bureau of Statistics). The figures cover all accidents on Government and privately-owned steam railways in the Dominion, including accidents in railway workshops, etc., from handling materials, etc.; as well as accidents resulting from the movement of trains, cars or locomotives. Accidents which result in death (within 24 hours) are classed as fatal. Non-fatal accidents are those which entail absence from work for at least three days during the ten days following the accident. The numbers employed are the average of the numbers on the pay rolls each month. (c) All industries (fatal accidents). The Labour Gazette (Department of Labour). The statistics are compiled in the Department of Labour from reports of the Workmen's Compensation Boards, the Board of Railway Commissioners, and the Explosives Division of the Department of Mines in Ottawa, the Ontario Factory Inspection and Railway and Municipal Board, the Saskatchewan Bureau of Labour and Industries, — 67 — and the British Columbia Department of Mines, as well as from reports received from certain large companies and from correspondents in industrial centres. Most of the accidents in agriculture are compiled from Press reports. On the whole Press information is only used to supplement information from official sources. The statistics cover all persons occupied in agriculture (including logging, fishing and trapping), mining, manufacturing, construction and building, transport, telegraph and telephone services, generation of electricity, public administration, commerce and banking, etc., personal services, including domestic service, and professional establishments and institutions. The number of fatal accidents is that of cases having occurred during the year of reporting, revised at the end of March of the second year so as to include cases reported too late for inclusion in the annual reports. The number includes deaths due to industrial disease where these are listed with fatal accidents by the Compensation Boards or other Departments. (d) Workmen's compensation statistics The figures of compensated cases are compiled from returns of the Workmen's Compensation Boards of the several provinces. The scope and provisions of the compensation laws, the definitions of compensable accidents, and the industries covered vary from province to province. (a) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 COAL MINES Number of man-years N u m b e r of oases reported Cases per 1,000 man-years Fatal Fatal 23,711 23,890 23,726 20,256 16,305 15,148 15,038 17,567 17,942 19,112 69 72 67 92 56 39 25 56 62 36 Non-fatal 3,719 4,082 4,047 3,291 2,367 2,156 1,852 2,661 2,350 3,056 (b) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Number of persons employed 179,088 187,710 187,846 174,485 154,569 132,678 121,923 127,326 127,526 Total 3,788 4,154 4,114 3,383 2,423 2,195 1,877 2,717 2,412 3,092 131 140 118 103 55 77 53 57 70 Total 156.85 170.87 170.57 162.47 145.17 142.33 123.16 151.47 130.98 159.90 159.76 173.88 173.40 167.01 148.60 144.90 124.82 154.66 134.43 161.78 RAILWAYS N u m b e r of eases reported Fatal 2.91 3.01 2.83 4.54 3.43 2.57 1.66 3.19 3.45 1.88 Non-fatal Nonfatal Total 11,057 12,626 12,483 9,678 5,966 4,631 4,409 5,179 5,221 11,188 12,766 12,601 9,781 6,021 4,708 4,462 5,236 5,291 Cases per 1,000 persons Fatal 0.73 0.75 0.63 0.59 0.36 0.58 0.43 0.45 0.55 Nonfatal 61.74 67.26 66.43 55.47 38.60 34.90 36.16 40.68 40.94 Total 62.47 68.01 67.06 56.06 38.96 35.48 36.59 41.13 41.49 — 68 — (c) ALL INDUSTRIES N u m b e r of fatal cases reported Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 AgriculMining, ture, nonincluding Manufac- Construcferrous logging, turing tion smelting, fishing, t r a p p i n g quarrying 168 260 234 258 158 123 112 144 175 ! 173 451 413 445 333 279 257 238 312 278 ! 309 153 201 250 196 142 116 103 103 133 2 107 Transport, public services Commerce, personal services, etc. 322 387 367 369 249 217 176 185 209 a 250 132 166 172 175 143 136 114 138 111 ! 131 189 250 298 324 217 124 65 118 103 ! 102 Total 1,415 1,677 1,766 1,655 1,188 974 1 808 1,000 1,009 1,074" 1 Including unclassified cases. * Provisional figures. (d) ALL INDUSTRIES N u m b e r of cases compensated Year Fatal 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1,065 1,029 662 559 481 590 706« Permanent disability Temporary disability Medical aid o n l y l 7,984 8,258 7,210 4,659 4,066 4,778 4,491« 98,347 82,797 69,589 54,111 49,786 68,104 77,023« 47,792 42,036 40,1643 52,002 41,633 51,982 60,261« Total 155,188 134,120' 117,625 111,331 95,966 125,454 142,481« 1 Accidents requiring medical t r e a t m e n t b u t n o t causing disability for a sufficient period t o qualify for compensation. The period varies in t h e several provinces; figures a r e n o t reported by certain Boards. 2 Includes Saskatchewan from 1 J u l y 1930. * Cases of " medical aid only " in Quebec province included only after 1 September 1931. « Preliminary figures. CZECHOSLOVAKIA Statistická PHrucka Bepubliky Ceskoslovenské. Manuel statistique de la République tchécoslovaque (Statistical Office of the Czechoslovak Republic). (a) Coal mines. Communication from the Ministry of Public Works. The statistics cover compensated fatal and non-fatal cases in coal and lignite mines. Fatal accidents comprise those occurring during the year and resulting in death within a year at the latest from the time of the accident. Non-fatal cases are those entailing permanent total or partial disabilities and those for which the period of illness -=- 69 — exceeds four weeks. The statistics include, not only accidents in mining establishments, but also those which occur on the way to, or returning from, work. The number of man-years has been calculated by the International Labour Office by dividing by 300 the number of man-days worked. (b) Mines, (c) Industries. The statistics cover mining and quarrying; manufacturing undertakings (with the exception of tobacco manufacture), including small industrial establishments; building, transport and warehousing (not including State railways, for which special statistics are published); and theatres. Manual workers, works officials and subordinate officials employed in these industries are insured, with the exception of commercial staff. In Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, insurance also extends to workers minding machinery in agriculture. In Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia, only certified engineers minding agricultural machinery are covered by the general workers' insurance system. Cases compensated include cases having occurred during the year for which compensation is granted, i.e. entailing incapacity to work of more than four weeks in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, and of more than ten weeks in Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia. The number of man-years is calculated by dividing the number of man-days actually worked by 300. For small agricultural undertakings using machinery in Moravia and Silesia a lump sum premium is charged and the number of man-years is therefore not known. (d) Railways. The statistics cover workers employed by the State railways and private railways. The State owns or administers almost the whole railway system of the country with the exception of a few secondary lines. The special railway fund existing before the war has been abolished and compensation to railway employees in case of accident is paid directly by the administration of the railways. Cases compensated include cases occurring in working hours (or in going to or returning from work) during the year and entailing incapacity of more than twenty-eight days. A case is recorded as fatal if death ensues immediately or within a short period after the occurrence of the accident.. (e) Agriculture. Agricultural workers in Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia are insured in the Agricultural Workers' Insurance Fund of Bratislava. All agricultural and forestry workers, as well as workers engaged in improvement work and the greater part of the workers minding machinery, are insured in the Agricultural Fund, the remainder being insured in the general insurance system. The cases reported are those notified during the year and entailing — 70 — incapacity of more t h a n 24 hours. The cases compensated include cases of death, p e r m a n e n t incapacity or t e m p o r a r y incapacity of more t h a n ten weeks 1 . (a) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 COAL A N D L I G N I T E Number of man-years MINES Number of cases compensated Cases compensated per 1,000 man-years Fatal Non-fatal Total Fatal Non-fatal 137 124 161 117 110 111 97 4,515 4,256 4,887 3,927 4,499 3,874 3,720 4,652 4,380 5,048 4,044 4,609 3,985 3,817 1.51 1.34 1.64 1.30 1.33 1.53 1.49 49.88 46.01 49.65 43.47 54.21 53.46 57.18 51.39 47.35 51.29 44.77 55.54 54.99 58.67 1,494 1,441 1,549 1,581 1,584 1,362 1,265 1.35 1.01 1.49 1.31 1.22 1.93 1.06 38.91 38.31 37.02 41.82 47.18 45.00 43.61 40.26 39.32 38.51 43.13 48.40 46.93 44.67 3,158 2,939 3,499 2,463 3,025 2,623 2,552 2,597 1.63 1.56 1.74 1.29 1.39 1.27 1.82 1.74 57.50 51.07 58.38 44.60 58.78 59.11 67.64 71.16 59.13 52.63 60.12 45.89 60.17 60.38 69.46 72.90 90,516 92,500 98,433 90,332 82,998 72,468 65,059 Total Lif/nite 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 37,109 36,651 40,224 36,656 32,724 29,025 28,322 50 37 60 48 40 56 30 1,444 1,404 1,489 1,533 1,544 1,306 1,235 Hard Coal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 53,407 55,849 58,209 53,676 50,274 43,443 36,737 35,626 87 87 101 69 70 55 67 62 3,071 2,852 3,398 2,394 2,955 2,568 2,485 2,535 (b) MINES N u m b e r of cases compensated Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Number of man-years Fatal Non-fatal 103,513 107,229 112,118 104,180 153 142 183 133 4,757 4,487 5,107 5,150 80,595 72,278 127 108 4,045 3,855 Total N u m b e r of eases compensated per 1,000 m a n - y e a r s Fatal Non-fatal Total 4,910 4,629 5,290 5,283 1.48 1.32 1.63 1.28 45.96 41.85 45.55 49.43 47.44 43.17 47.18 50.71 4,172 3,963 1.58 1.49 50.19 53.34 51.76 54.82 x In Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, insurance of agricultural workers is not yet complete, only workers minding machinery being insured for the time during which the machinery is in action. — 71 — (c) INDUSTRY, TRANSPORT (EXCLUDING STATE RAILWAYS), THEATRES 1 Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1 Number of man-years N u m b e r of cases compensated per 1,000 man-years N u m b e r of eases compensated Fatal Non-fatal Total Fatal Total 1,409,853 1,580,754 1,639,695 1,573,206 683 779 830 782 24,124 27,348 29,060 28,726 24,807 28,127 29,890 29,508 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.50 17.11 17.30 17.72 18.26 17.59 17.79 18.23 18.76 1,291,652 1,216,388 565 478 24,169 20,804 24,734 21,282 0.44 0.39 18.71 17.10 19.15 17.49 Including agricultural undertakings using motors and agricultural machinery. (d) RAILWAYS N u m b e r of cases per 1,000 persons employed N u m b e r of cases compensated Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Number of persons employed 163,018 163,257 179,381 174,235 165,045 156,331 140,491 134,103 . 136,805 Fatal Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Number of persons insured 197,909 197,657 197,698 222,620 216,481 207,895 206,881 210,551 Non-fatal Total Fatal Non-fatal 511 539 612 435 145 359 362 275 270 617 642 741 544 523 418 425 333 340 0.65 0.63 0.72 0.63 0.47 0.38 0.45 0.43 0.44 3.13 3.30 3.41 2.50 2.70 2.30 2.58 2.05 2.05 106 103 129 109 78 59 63 58 60 (e) 1 Non-fatal AGRICULTURE 88,997 81,502 77,474 70,819 76,009 Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia only. 44 33 28 42 34 27 30 35 3.78 3.93 4.13 3.13 3.17 2.68 3.03 2.48 2.49 1 N u m b e r of cases Number of Compensated manyears Reported NonFatal fatal 1,065 788 691 721 702 803 823 802 Total 217 215 199 264 265 297 298 268 Cases per 1,000 man-years Compensated Reported 8.10 8.61 10.36 11.62 10.55 Fatal Nonfatal 0.47 0.42 0.35 0.42 0.46 2.97 3.25 3.83 4.21 3.53 CDCOCOCOCOCOÍOCOíOCO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO t O t O t O OSCfttt^COtOI-'OîOÛO-a COCDCOCOCOCOCOCOCO cocotocococotototo cnu^cotot—ocooo-a OS O - J OS tO I t O O Cn t o K» O O i O i CO 00 M t - i h - U - ^ t O t O t O t O C O1 OSO>Oi-JtO^Ol-'lCOCOOSrf*-OSC0O»COH^ 1 | t OrfkCO - J - J OS OS o M co t o oo co c o OitO**---lCOCO-JKOOS I I î t o t o t o t o t o t o bo I O CO * " CO - ^ i tO t**- a If». CO O tO tO CO { 1 I Of *». OS - a CO - 3 OS j l-i CO t O 00 CO ^ CO t O )—i OS O CO ht> OO 1 1 | - J 00 CO h-i t O O I—' 1 co t o o c o c o t o o co os c o c o c o co o» 1 1 1 eoo» t o n c o s 1 O CO Oí COCO 1 ! rf* OSOS O« «f*-tf*if* *»• if*- if»- os os as os os Oi 1 oo-Jcoeoosas | OS OS O C O C O *»- CO - 3 O OS OD O l tO CO CO - J - J CO t o t O t O COOS C O M i-L COCO I | tf».**.co O O O O H * | Ol CS^-CCO» 1 O ) H U U ) ! 0 | | os o ô i ô i c o Oi os o to o co **• o« t o en o» t o oo co »-» C O C O O O C S O o o o o o | hj co co co co t o tfk if*. if*. O« OS OS t O * * C O O 1 103.14 100.81 79.40 76.89 80.66 (-»w to t o c o «DtOOHO j CoôiOi hF^tn I CO tOrf».C O I - ' | | oscococoo ÜiCOOW 14,054,000 ' 14,054,000 ' 13,355,000 » 13,355,000 ' 13,516,000' 4,620 829,220 833,840 4,741 924,047 928,788 4,539 920,344 924,883 3,610 701,278 704,888 2,603 507,624 510,227 2,147 401,474 403,621 2,402 525,286 527,688 3,687 719,705 723,392 4,785 887,268 892,053 5,324 1,034,584 1,039,908 2,869 3,035 2,797 2,467 2,490 2,742 3,326 3,388 3,520 3. Mines 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 719,419 717,735 642,799 514,818 439,696 470,351 482,731 549,419 568,383 232,337 252,385 243,643 237,886 216,555 261,215 268,853 280,436 295,703 0.49 0.48 0.45 0.39 0.33 0.32 0.35 0.41 0.47 0.48 — 0.20 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.26 1 1,093,744 974,425 966,189 1,023,750 1,117,405 1,154,000 1,214,211 417 398 356 357 519 559 627 85,657 70,797 65,616 78,577 94,463 93,891 96,097 16.53 17.96 17.34 16.93 15.41 18.58 20.13 21.00 21.88 under the supervision 149,167 33 149,423 3 116,874 3 85,532 3 68,373 3 66,833 3 69,603 3 73,681 3 77,703 — — 4. Public administration 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 87.54 92.92 91.07 74.82 64.18 59.24 67.84 79.17 87.87 93.45 86,074 71,195 65,972 78,934 94,982 94,450 96,724 Fatal commerce, Total entertainments, 88.02 93.40 91.52 75.20 64.51 59.56 68.19 79.58 88.34 93.93 3,890 3,967 3,782 2,927 2,139 1,697 3,810 2,664 3,396 3,801 54,150 57,782 55,104 44,277 30,173 17,313 20,329 24,890 30,533 33,600 58,040 61,749 58,886 47,204 32,317 19,010 24,139 27,554 33,929 37,401 16.74 18.17 17.54 17.10 15.59 18.78 20.38 21.25 22.14 2,618 2,766 2,500 2,171 2,208 2,853 2,918 2,935 3,061 78,655 84,428 76,125 58,977 36,823 37,501 40,305 39,960 34,844 81,273 87,194 78,625 61,148 39,031 40,354 43,223 42,895 37,905 (including 0.38 0.41 0.37 0.35 0.46 0.48 0.52 78.31 72.66 67.91 76.08 84.54 81.36 79.14 of the mining 207.34 33 208.19 3 181.82 166.14 33 155.50 3 142.09 3 144.19 3 134.11 3 136.71 State 78.69 73.07 68.28 76.43 85.00 81.85 79.66 authorities) 1,362 *4 10,389 4' 1,353 10,262 1,490 « 8,451 «4 924 *4 6,595 613 4 3,862 44 644 4 3,338 4 762 3,852 658 * 4,137 4 770« 4,100 ' 11,751 4 11,615 *4 9,941 4 7,519 4,475 4• 3,982 4,614 44 4,795 4,870 ' railways) 392 364 309 649 439 484 566 Insured persons. Since 1932, cases notified. Cases notified. * Number of cases for which compensation was paid for the first time during the year. 8 3 Nonfatal Agriculture 235,206 255,420 246,440 240,353 219,045 263,957 272,179 283,824 299,223 (undertakings — Total (not including State railways), liberal professions 2. 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Nonfatal N u m b e r of cases compensated 7,283 7,491 4,797 3,978 4,689 4,799 4,362 7,675 7,855 5,106 4,627 5,128 5,283 4,928 — 81 — (b) COAL AND LIGNITE MINES (PRUSSIA) Number of persons employed Year 561,072 536,131 548.926 464,991 361,303 298,341 303,907 340,950 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 (b) Cases per 1,000 persons employed N u m b e r of cases reported Fatal Non-fatal 1,185 1,047 1,107 1,267 708 480 521 521 128,378 119.982 119.896 92,552 67,863 52,700 50,929 52,200 Total Fatal 2.11 1.95 2.02 2.72 1.96 1.61 1.71 1.53 129,563 121,029 121,003 93,819 68,571 53,180 51,450 52,721 Nonfatal Total Fatal 2.28 244.71 246.99 0 . 9 3 2.07 243.72 245.79 0.84 2.19 239.55 241.74 0.89 3.09 222.00 225.09 1.26 2.13 212.94 215.07 0.87 1.89 200.58 202.47 0.72 1.92 190.77 192.69 0.79 1.65 172.68 174.33 0.68 1.47 156.33 157.80 0.59 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 230.92 225.74 220.44 201.76 189.79 178.25 169.29 154.63 228.81 223.79 218.42 199.04 187.83 176.64 167,58 153.10 Lignite mines Cases per 1,000,000 man-hours Cases per 1,000 man-years 1 Fatal Total COAL AND LIGNITE MINES (PRUSSIA) Coal mines Year Non-fatal Cases per 1,000,000 man-hours Cases per 1,000 man-years ' Nonfatal Total Fatal Nonfatal Total Fatal Nonfatal Total 99.50 98.49 97.72 90.41 86.77 76.42 77.63 70.32 64.14 100.43 99.33 98.61 91.67 87.64 77.14 78.42 71.00 64.23 1.32 1.53 1.41 1.17 1.47 0.48 0.96 1.14 0.84 156.09 141.15 132.57 108.64 95.67 91.14 87.72 83.10 82.35 152.41 142.68 133.98 109.83 97.14 91.62 88.68 84.24 83.19 0.47 0.56 0.53 0.46 0.59 0.21 0.41 0.47 0.36 55.61 51.36 50.33 42.39 38.85 37.90 36.51 34.60 34.38 56.08 51.92 50.86 42.85 39.44 38.11 36.92 35.07 34.74 1 Of 300 shifts. The rates are calculated by the International Labour Office by multiplying by 3 the rates per 100,000 shifts. (b) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1 Number of persons employed 617,227 588,806 600,588 508,969 392,246 323,795 333,606 380,280 447,100 MINES (PRUSSIA) N u m b e r of cases reported Fatal Non-fatal 1.290 1,129 1,191 1,320 744 514 570 573 577 135,683 127,522 127,453 98,885 71,772 56,156 54,735 56,635 60,911 Total 136,973 128,651 128,644 100,205 72,516 56,670 55,305 57,208 61,488 Cases per 1,000 persons employed Fatal 2.09 1.92 1.98 2.59 1.90 1.59 1.71 1.51 1.29 Non-fatal 1 Total 221.92 218.49 214.20 196.88 184.87 175.02 165.78 150.44 137.53 219.83 216.57 212.22 194.29 182.97 173.43 164.07 148.93 136.24 Calculated by the International Labour Office. 6 — 82 — (b) MINES (PRUSSIA) Cases per 1,000 man-years of 300 shifts ' Cases per 1,000,000 man-hours Year Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Non-fatal Total 226.14 222.96 218.94 201.72 190.59 179.76 228.30 224.94 220.98 204.42 192.57 181.41 2.16 1.98 2.04 2.70 1.98 1.65 Fatal Non-fatal 0.85 0.78 0.82 1.09 0.80 0.64 89.83 88.56 88.26 81.61 77.54 69.69 Total 90.68 89.34 89.08 82.70 78.34 70.33 1 Calculated by the International Labour Office by multiplying by 3 the rates per 100,000 shifts. (c) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Number of persons employed * 482,906' 490,235' 465,460 447,935 419,174 413,449 RAILWAYS N u m b e r of cases reported Cases per 1,000 persons employed Fatal Non-fatal Total Fatal 457 434 430 286 280 223 265 353 1,313 1,409 1,705 1,160 856 736 723 805 1,770 1,843 2,135 1,446 1,136 959 988 1,158 0.95 0.90 0.88 0.61 0.63 0.53 0.64 Non-fatal s 2.72» 2.92 3.48 2.49 1.91 1.76 1.75 Total 3.67 3.82 4.36 3.10 2.54 2.29 2.39 s 1 Excluding workers in repair shops and machinery services (Betriebsmaschinentechn.und Werkstättendienst). ' Including workers in repair shops and machinery services of private railways (in 1930 these workers numbered 5217). 8 In the absence of figures for 1927, those given for 1928 have been used. GREAT B R I T A I N (a), (b) Mines and quarries. Annual Report of the Secretary for Mines and Annual Report of U.M. Chief Inspector of Mines for the same Period, with a Statistical Appendix to both Reports. (Board of Trade, Mines Department). The statistics cover all mines under the Coal Mines and the Metalliferous Mines Regulation Acts and quarries under the Quarries Act in Great Britain and include officials and clerks and salaried persons employed in connection with the management and in the offices of the mine or quarry. The data, are based on returns under the Mines Acts, the Notice of Accidents Act, 1906, and the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923. The cases reported as having occurred during the year include as fatal cases leading to death within one year and one day after the — 83 — occurrence of the accident or up to the date of the report, and as non-fatal cases those disabling for more than three days. The number of man-years has been calculated by the International Labour Office by dividing by 300 the estimated number of man-shifts furnished by the Mines Department. (c) Railways. Returns of Accidents and Casualties as reported by the several Railway Companies in Great Britain (Ministry of Transport). The statistics cover all public railways in Great Britain and all cases of accident happening on railway premises (excluding workshops, warehouses, repairing sheds, etc.). (Railways owned by the Dock and Harbour Authorities are not covered.) The cases reported are cases having occurred during the year. Cases are recorded as fatal if death ensues up to the date of the report, and (until 1933) as non-fatal if incapacity to work disables the worker for at least one whole day from doing his ordinary work. From 1934 onwards non-fatal cases are recorded only where there is incapacity for more than three days. (a) Year Estimated number oí man-years MINES N u m b e r of cases Fatal Non-fatal Cases per 1,000 man-years Total Fatal Mines under the Coal Mines 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 844,015 781,613 826,670 782,760 705,220 658,793 640,810 670,243 665,167 1,128 989 1,076 1,013 859 881 820 1,073 861 790 173,449 161,790 175,899 166,281 141,471 125,874 122,419 132,859 133,756 135,968 174,577 162,779 176,975 167,294 142,330 126,755 123,239 133,932 134,617 136,758 Non-iatal Total Act 1.34 1.26 1.30 1.29 1.22 1.34 1.28 1.60 1.29 205.50 207.00 212.78 212.43 200.60 191.07 191.04 198.23 201.09 206.84 208.26 214.08 213.72 201.82 192.41 192.32 199.83 202.38 0.86 1.68 1.27 0.93 1.14 1.48 1.25 1.47 2.25 104.50 104.79 111.49 94.25 82.22 80.75 77.11 93.29 99.29 105.36 106.47 112.76 95.18 83.36 82.23 78.36 94.76 101.54 1.33 1.27 1.30 1.29 1.21 1.34 1.28 1.60 1.31 203.73 205.09 210.98 210.51 199.15 189.73 189.50 196.55 199.41 205.06 206.36 212.28 211.80 200.36 191.07 190.78 198.15 200.72 Metal mines * 2 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 15,110 14,877 14,970 12,943 8,793 8,087 8,780 10,880 11,129 13 25 19 12 10 12 11 16 25 12 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 859,125 796,490 841,640 795,703 714,013 666,880 649,590 681,123 676,296 1,141 1,014 1,095 1,025 869 893 831 1,089 886 802 3 1 2 2 1,579 1,592 1,559 1,584 1,669 1,688 1,220 1,232 723 733 653 665 677 688 1,015 1,031 1,105 1,130 1,195 1,207 Mines (all) 2 a 175,028 176,169 163,349 164,363 177,568 178,663 167,501 168,526 142,194 143,063 126,527 127,420 123,927 123,096 134,963 133,874 135,747 134,861 137,965 137,163 Mines under tile Metalliferous Mines Regulation Acts. ' Number of cases reported. Total Nonfatal Fatal Cases per 1,000 persons employed i-H CN i - l CN (M t - I O O J N >C O i C l M ' i i C û O i O C O O » CQ00T#r-lií5OÍt-a0<>ÍTt( CO^OSt-COC^VS-^OCO CO»OCQt-t-asOt-CS^rt t-ir-t-t-t-CDt-t-t-OO CSb-Oit-t-»OÎO»OCOOO MNCMCMCNCNCNOltMG^ W a t C H T Ü H i O t - ' C N O O - ^ » O I - K M CO OSCO t - GOT-t-^io-^ioiMcof-eo O J H i O M O O Î I N O H I N COTÎt-ÎOt-CSCSCOOOCO r - t — t - i — r - O O r - i — c o 001—ast-lr-^COiOOGO l>05l>Ci WÎI>OtDHTH 0 ( M !DtDeOf5>f5^,^>íSW5íO 0 < O N t O O N W í 0 3 C O Í D £-0OH (c) Railways (b) Quarries Nonfatal Total Number of cases reported fa Q O H t t i C Û O û O H M N N cor-eMcociCìCMOCieo Oii-HO'^«CT«(M'fOI>>OOOQOCOH OCONNCOHOtÛTfICO OoooooîO>0»OTii»r5eD (MrHr-lr-liHi-HWi-Hi-d-t OOCSi-II—--*eNlrt*COTtir-( COOïiHOOOiOOOrtiCOI— a0C0OCSî00i00^CM»0 tf5CDO«5iC'*'^l»C«5CD asûocit-îo-^^-^ioco ccíoaooHtuTdH© rHIMOit-THCqûOrH-ftlO eOÍOCOt-USíCJíCOíOt- TÍ Î ¡> io io m C5 o es •* o •* -ITHCDCOCOCO t D C S t - C O H H O ï M t - « : H O S O t Û C O r - i O O i O W COt>C01>J>©®CDl>i> H IMCS»Oi-ICSO'*íl0«3iO>0 II! Year tat persons employed Fatal S i N.«)CftOH(MMTdiCtÛ CMCMfMCOCOCOCOCOCOCO CSCSOSCSCSOSCSCSCSCi — 85 — (e) SHIPPING 1 Trading vessels Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1 N u m b e r of persons forming first crew 235,900 239,700 240,800 237,100 212,300 196,750 187,100 185,230 183,200 185,970 Fishing vessels All vessels F a t a l cases reported F a t a l cases reported F a t a l cases reported Number Per 1,000 of crew 465 506 482 349 304 235 285 329 330 236 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.3 ! 82 97 78 90 78 71 107 116 134 162 547 603 560 439 382 306 392 445 464 398 Including Northern Ireland. ' Calculated by the International Labour Office. (d) Factories and workshops. Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops (Home Office, Factory Department). The statistics cover factories and workshops ; docks, wharves, quays, warehouses, etc., buildings under construction (under certain conditions) and private railway lines or sidings connected with the factory or workshop, in Great Britain only. Returns are made under the Factory and Workshop Acts, 1901-1929, and the Notice of Accidents Act, 1906, as amended by the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923. The statistics refer to persons employed in or on the premises, office workers being excluded. The cases reported as having occurred during the year include fatal cases, and non-fatal cases in which the worker is disabled for more than three days from earning full wages for the work on which he is employed. The accident is regarded as fatal if death occurs within a year and a day of the date of occurrence. The figures for persons employed in 1928, 1930-3-5 are derived from a special summary of returns made under the Workmen's Compensation Act and are applicable to factories (not including workshops which have been found to account for only a fraction of one per cent, of the total number of accidents in factories and workshops). For the years 1932 and 1934 the numbers of persons employed are estimates calculated by multiplying the 1928 or other census figures by " employment factors " calculated to give approximately for each industrial group the ratio of the number employed in the given year to the number employed in the base year. It is stated that these estimated data must be regarded as less reliable than those for the years based upon census materials. (e) Shipping. Return of Shipping Casualties to and Deaths on Vessels Registered in the United Kingdom (Board of Trade, Statistics Department). The statistics record fatal casualties having occurred during the year to the crews of trading (steam, motor and sailing) vessels, and fishing vessels registered under the Merchant Shipping Act. Cases of disease, suicide, and homicide are not included, but accidents ashore are. — 86 — The number of persons employed, which is given only for trading vessels, represents the persons forming the first crews of vessels actually employed during the year. They furnish an approximate basis only for estimating the risk. No information is available for non-fatal cases. GREECE (a) Mines. Annuaire statistique de la Grèce; and communication of the Statistical Office of Greece. These statistics, compiled by mining undertakings under the control of the Mines Inspection Service, show the number of fatal and nonfatal cases reported. Fatal accidents are those which result in sudden death or from which the injured person dies before the termination of the report. The number exposed to risk is the number of manyears, which has been calculated by the International Labour Office by dividing the number of man-days worked by 300. (b) Railways. Statistique des chemins de fer hellénique pendant l'année 1935 (Ministry of National Economy. Statistical Office of Greece). The statistics cover all State and privately owned railways in Greece. The cases reported are those having occurred during the year, and include only accidents in the traffic services. Accidents in railway workshops are not included. The number of persons employed includes all staff, whether permanent or temporary, employed in the traction and traffic services. (a) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1 Number of man-years1 7,107 6,334 6,380 5,657 4,529 3,100 3,579 4,720 5,004 MINES N u m b e r of cases reported Fatal Cases per 1,000 m a n - y e a r s Non-fatal Total Fatal Non-fatal Total 39 96 13 111 73 63 84 292 167 45 105 77 124 79 74 87 300 171 0.84 1.42 0.63 2.30 1.32 1.94 0.84 1.69 0.80 5.49 15.16 11.44 19.62 16.12 21.94 23.47 61.86 33.37 6.33 16.58 12.07 21.92 17.44 23.88 24.31 63.55 34.17 6 9 4 13 6 6 3 8 4 Calculated by the International Labour Office. (b) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Number of persons employed 12,825 12,723 12,757 12,414 11,692 11,074 10,516 10,360 10,334 10,532 RAILWAYS N u m b e r of cases reported Cases per 1,000 persons employed Fatal Nonfatal Total Fatal Nonfatal Total 6 9 6 5 2 1 4 5 180 52 76 11 13 23 29 28 186 61 82 16 15 24 33 31 0.47 0.72 0.51 0.45 0.19 0.10 0.39 0.47 14.12 4.19 6.50 0.99 1.24 2.22 2.81 2.47 14.59 4.91 7.01 1.44 1.43 2.32 3.20 2.94 — 87 — HUNGARY Annuaire statistique hongrois (Central Office of Statistics). (a) Mines, blast furnaces, etc. The statistics cover persons insured under accident insurance and employed in mines (metal, iron, lignite and coal, natural gas and petroleum), blast furnaces and ancillary establishments attached to mines and blast furnaces. The cases reported are those notified during the year of reporting and entailing incapacity of more than 3 days. Accidents are classified as fatal, or entailing permanent incapacity (total or partial) or temporary incapacity (slight injuries which can be completely cured) according to the opinion of the physician granting first aid to the injured. The total number of accidents also includes cases which could not be classified by the physicians. The number of full time workers (working 8 hours a day) is obtained by dividing the number of days worked in the undertaking during the year by 300. (b) Industry The statistics cover workers employed in industry, mining, building, personal and domestic services, offices, theatres and industries subsidiary to forestry, gardening, stockbreeding, fishing and agriculture (though not these themselves) which are insured by the National Social Insurance Institute. The methods adopted for defining cases and man-years are the same as those employed for mining statistics. Occupational diseases, which may be considered as accidents, are included. (c) Railways The statistics show the number of fatal and non-fatal accidents occurring to railwaymen employed on the permanent way and in stations but do not include accidents in ancillary establishments (machine shops, repair shops, etc.). They cover State railways, private railways administered by the State, and privately administered railways. The fatal cases are those in which the injured person died where the accident occurred, non-fatal cases being those resulting in incapacity of more than 3 days. Before 1931-1932 the statistics refer to main and secondary railway systems, but from then onward they concern only the main systems, which form 91 per cent, of the total. The number of persons employed includes officials and workers engaged in the supervision and maintenance of the permanent way and in traffic and commercial services. The number of officials and workers paid by the month, day or hour is shown for the last day of the financial year under consideration. In the case of workers employed by the day, the average annual number is given. This is obtained by dividing by 2,500 the number of hours worked during the year. The figures for State and State-managed railways refer to the financial year (1 July-30 June) and those for privately administered railways to the calendar year. — 88 — (d) Agriculture The statistics cover agricultural workers insured with the National Fund for Agricultural Workers (including domestic workers who under contract must also perform agricultural work) who live in the household of the employer or are employed on agricultural machinery (excluding certified engineers not belonging to the staff, not living in the household of the employer and not receiving a part of their remuneration in kind), as well as workers employed in waterworks and in forestry undertakings under the Ministry of Agriculture. The cases reported are those having occurred during the year, including from 1934 those for which certain details are missing. The number exposed to risk is the number of persons insured against the consequences of accidents in the National Fund for Agricultural Workers as ascertained at the end of the year of reporting. The number of insured persons engaged in minding machinery is obtained by multiplying the number of agricultural machines by 10. (a) M I N E S , BLAST FURNACES, N u m b e r oí cases reported Year Number of man-years 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1 40,310 40,066 41,504 36,988 28,819 34,741 35,228 37,557 38,702 43,141 PERSONAL Fatal Permanent incapacity Temporary incapacity Total > 28 37 39 30 55 27 35 18 27 30 232 249 302 242 280 241 160 139 147 173 5,788 6,505 7,135 5,611 5,566 5,054 5,082 5,582 5,835 6,657 6,209 6,975 7,780 6,278 6,324 5,888 5,699 6,221 6,543 7,125 INDUSTRY1, SERVICES, PUBLIC SERVICES, ENTERTAINMENTS, N u m b e r of cases reported Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 2 Cases p e r 1,000 man-years Fatal 0.69 0.92 0.94 0.81 1.91 0.78 0.99 0.48 0.70 0.70 Nonfatal Total1 149.34 166.57 179.19 158.24 202.85 152.41 148.80 152.33 154.49 158.32 154.03 174.09 187.45 169.73 219.44 169.48 161.77 165.64 168.98 165.16 Including unclassified cases. (b) 1 ETC. Number of man-years 559,647 591,505 595,371 538,811 493,587 608,743 584,787 625,053 641,593 723,183 COMMERCE, LIBERAL PROFESSIONS Cases per 1,000 man-years Fatal Permanent incapacity Temporary incapacity Total! Fatal Nonfatal Totala 157 136 168 124 111 98 93 104 122 101 744 756 629 543 522 471 360 309 437 565 13,631 14,678 15,809 14,395 13,087 11,598 13,054 15,077 15,782 16,795 15,857 17,194 18,858 16,852 15,666 15,242 16,556 19,485 20,583 22,333 0.28 0.23 0.28 0.23 0.22 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.14 25.69 26.09 27.61 27.72 27.57 19.83 22.94 24.62 25.27 24.00 28.33 29.07 31.67 31.28 31.74 25.04 28.31 31.17 32.52 30.88 Includes " stone and earth " industries. Including unclassified cases. — 89 — (c) Year 1927-28 1928-29 1929-30 1930-31 1931-32 1932-33 1933-34 1934-35 1935-36 Number oí persons employed 44,495 44,331 40,379 37,242 35,196 31,640 32,591 31,572 31,444 Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 562,273 655,650 689,232 684,434 667,489 639,026 642,643 635,823 677,190 728,512 Cases per 1,000 persons employed N u m b e r of cases reported Fatal 36 33 31 25 23 17 11 24 15 (d) Number of insured persons RAILWAYS Nonfatal Total Fatal 91 91 95 95 81 54 50 68 36 0.81 0.74 0.77 0.67 0.65 0.54 0.34 0.76 0.48 55 58 64 70 58 37 39 44 21 Nonfatal 1.24 1.31 1.58 1.88 1.65 1.17 1.21 1.39 0.67 Total 2.05 2.05 2.35 2.55 2.30 1.71 1.55 2.15 1.15 AGRICULTURE N u m b e r of cases reported Fatal Nonfatal Total 130 149 158 161 170 147 133 124 134 134 3,754 5,557 6,449 8,039 8,410 9,903 11,305 12,124 13,488 15,897 3,884 5,706 6,607 8,200 8,580 10,050 11,438 12,248 13,622 16,031 Cases per 1,000 insured persons Fatal 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.18 Nonfatal 6.68 8.47 9.35 9.42 12.60 15.50 17.59 19.07 19.92 21.82 Total 6.91 8.70 9.58 9.65 12.85 15.73 17.80 19.27 20.12 22.00 INDIA (a) Mines.—Indian Mines Act, 1923, Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Mines in India (Department of Industries and Labour). These statistics for British India cover manual workers, and subordinate officials and clerical and supervising staff in coal mines and gold, copper, limestone, salt, slate, clay and other mineral mines, and also adjacent works for coke making or dressing minerals and tramways or sidings. The cases reported are fatal cases and serious cases, the latter defined as cases in which an injury has been sustained which involved, or in all probability will involve, the permanent loss of the use of, or permanent injury to, any limb, or the permanent loss of, or injury to, the sight or hearing, or the fracture of any limb, or the enforced absence of the injured person from work for a period exceeding twenty days. No record is maintained of minor accidents. The average number of persons employed is found by dividing the aggregate number of daily attendances of persons permanently or temporarily employed by the number of days worked by the mines. (b) Railways. Report by the Railway Board on Indian Railways (Railway Department). The statistics cover State and private railways (open lines only) and refer to the fiscal years beginning 1 April and ending 31 March. — 90 — (a) Year Number of persons employed MINES Fatal Non-fatal Total Coal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 165,213 164,139 165,658 169,001 158,267 148,489 144,707 151,375 159,254 181 218 194 211 185 151 124 157 264 269,290 267,671 269,701 261,667 230,782 204,658 206,507 229,381 253,970 713 683 672 815 613 613 670 692 869 247 259 266 257 227 200 153 209 312 (b) Year Number of persons employed Non-fatal Total mines 1.10 1.33 1.17 1.25 1.17 1.02 0.86 1.04 1.66 2.77 2.77 2.69 2.95 2.77 2.93 3.40 3.53 3.94 3.87 4.10 3.86 4.20 3.94 3.95 4.26 4.57 5.60 0.92 0.97 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.74 0.91 1.23 2.65 2.55 2.49 3.11 2.66 3.50 3.24 3.02 3.42 3.57 3.52 3.48 4.09 3.64 4.48 3.98 3.93 4.65 (total) 960 942 938 1,072 840 813 823 901 1,181 RAILWAYS N u m b e r of cases reported Fatal Fatal 638 673 639 710 624 586 616 692 892 457 455 445 499 439 435 492 535 628 Mines 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Cases per 1,000 persons employed N u m b e r of oases reported Non-fatal Total Cases p e r 1,000 persons employed Fatal Non-fatal Total 4.70 5.22 0.52 1926-27 l 772,563 401 3,630 4,031 12.92 13.47 0.55 802,209 439 10,367 10,806 1927-28 15.12 15.68 0.56 808,433 451 12,229 12,680 1928-29 17.84 18.46 0.62 817,733 504 14,590 15,094 1929-30 20.87 21.35 0.48 781,859 372 16,320 16,692 1930-31 22.19 22.57 0.38 731,979 275 16,245 16,520 1931-32 23.00 23.32 0.32 710,512 229 16,340 16,569 24.63 24.96 0.33 701,436 234 17,277 17,511 1932-33 22.43 22.76 0.33 705,656 236 15,826 16,062 1933-34 24.39 24.80 0.41 712,364 293 17,377 17,670 1934-35 1935-36' 1 Statistics of accidents for t h e year 1926-1927 do n o t include figures of accidents in railway workshops. 2 Figures of employees and statistics of accidents for t h e years preceding 1935-1936 do n o t include figures for certain collieries (viz. J a r a n g d i h , R a l i g a r a a n d Kurasia). (c) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 FACTORIES N u m b e r of cases reported Number of persons employed Fatal 1,533,382 1,520,315 1,553,169 1,528,302 1,431,487 1,419,711 1,405,402 1,487,231 1,610,932 242 264 240 240 174 162 194 233 207 Serious Minor 3,403 3,494 4,389 4,115 3,693 3,513 3,776 4,440 4,831 Total 12,066 15,711 12,590 16,348 15,579 20,208 17,429 21,784 15,940 19,807 14,452 18.12J 14,739 18,709 16,114 20,787 18,081 23,119 Cases per 1,000 persons employed Fatal Serious Minor Total 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.12 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.13 2.22 2.29 2.83 2.69 2.58 2.47 2.69 2.99 2.99 7.87 8.28 10.03 11.40 11.14 10.18 10.49 10.83 11.22 10.25 10.75 13.01 14.25 13.84 12.77 13.31 13.98 14.35 — 91 — Accidents in railway workshops and collieries are included for some years. The cases reported comprise deaths and all non-fatal injuries other than trivial abrasions and bruises caused by accidents to trains, rolling stock, or permanent way, and other cases of injury to railway servants in work on railway premises. The number of persons employed includes the total number of employees on 31 March of each year on Indian railways (open lines only) excluding construction, but including a small number of persons employed in the Office of the Railway Board and other offices subordinate thereto as well as persons employed in workshops and collieries. (c) Industry. Statistics of Factories subject to the Indian Factories Act (XII of 1911, XXV of 1934) for the year ending December 1935 together with a note on the working of the Factories Act during the year (Government of India). These statistics cover workers in industry employed in British India in factories under the Factories Act, i.e. in any establishment, including railway workshops, employing not less than 20 persons and using mechanical power. A local government may define as a " factory " any establishment employing not less than 10 persons and working with or without mechanical power. Separate data are given for fatal cases, serious cases and minor cases, i.e., those which involved absence from work for more than 48 hours but less than 21 days. The number of persons employed represents the average daily number of persons employed, calculated by dividing the aggregate number of persons attending on all working days by the number of working days. IRELAND (a) Compensation Statistics. Statistics of Workmen's Compensation 'published annually by the Department of Industry and Commerce The statistics cover manual and non-manual workers if not earning more than £250 a year (extended to £350 in the case of non-manual workers by the terms of the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1934, which came into force on 1 August 1934). The following groups are covered: (1) factories; (2) quarries and mines; (3) constructional works and building; (4) harbours, docks, etc.; (5) railways and tramways; (6) shipping and (7) agriculture. In 1927 and 1932 the statistics include all employees in industries covered by compensation legislation. For the other years specified they are limited to returns received from insurance companies only (i.e. in respect of insured employers) and from a small number of uninsured employers (7 to 10), who each paid a substantial sum in workmen's compensation. The statistics relating to agriculture are compiled from returns received from insurance companies and therefore relate to insured employers only. The cases shown as compensated are those in which compensation was paid for the first time during the year. Non-fatal cases are entitled to compensation if entailing incapacity of more than three days (period reduced in 1934 from one week). The number of persons employed, available for 1927 and 1932 only, represents the average number of persons fully employed, for instance, two persons employed for six months only being counted as one person. — 92 — (a) CASES IN WHICH COMPENSATION IN EACH Number of persons employed Year N u m b e r of cases compensated Nonfatal Fatal Industry, Mining, WAS PAID FOR THE Building, TIME N u m b e r of cases compensated Cases p e r 1,000 persons employed Total FIRST YEAR Nonfatal Fatal Total Fatal Transpor Nonfatal Total Agriculture 104,514 4,685 4,722 0.35 44.83 45.18 16 1927 l 37 2,170 2,186 5,038 5,066 13 2,335 28 2,348 1928 2,498 4,955 4,988 14 33 2,512 1929 2,818 3,655 3,681 13 26 2,831 1930 2,761 3,498 3,525 18 27 2,779 1931 2,671 3,806 3,836 0 . 2 3 29.45 12 . 129,225 30 29.68 2,683 2,753 1932 ' 3,587 3,615 15 28 2,768 2,889 4,362 4,387 17 25 2,906 1933 2,826 4,648 4,685 15 37 2,841 1934 1935 1 The figures for 1927 and 1932 for the insurance companies and the 8 (in 1927, 10) uninsured employers were : 1927 : fatal 33, non-fatal 4,476; 1932 : fatal 28, non-fatal 3,245. (b) CASES REPORTED U N D E R FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACTS Factories a n d workshops Docks (sec. 104) Warehouses (sec. 104) and railways (see. 106) Buildings (sec. 105) Year 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Fatal Nonfatal 8 6 4 6 9 12 748 644 721 790 913 1,138 Nonfatal Fatal 88 69 75 63 47 43 3 1 2 1 1 3 (c) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Number of persons employed 17,994 17,321 17,321 17,230 16,767 15,420 14,905 17,068 17,272 18,195 Fatal Nonfatal 1 2 1 1 2 3 Fatal 11 15 5 10 7 15 1 Total Nonfatal Fatal 1 1 7 4 3 17 12 9 8 8 12 18 RAILWAYS N u m b e r of accidents reported Cases per 1,000 persons employed Fatal Nonfatal Total Fatal 2 2 8 5 4 7 5 7 9 6 534 525 573 504 424 365 400 421 457 400 536 527 581 509 428 372 405 428 466 406 0.11 0.12 0.46 0.29 0.24 0.45 0.34 0.41 0.52 0.33 Nonfatal 29.68 30.31 33.08 29.25 25.29 23.67 26.84 24.67 26.46 21.98 Total 29.79 30.43 33.54 29.54 25.53 24.12 27.17 25.08 26.98 22.31 Nonfatal 848 729 808 867 970 1,213 — 93 — (b) Cases reported under the Factory and Workshop Acts These statistics cover factories and workshops, docks, wharves, quays, warehouses, etc., buildings under construction (under certain conditions) ; and any line or siding not being part of a railway within the meaning of the Railway Employment (Prevention of Accidents) Act, 1900, used in connection with a factory or workshop or with any place to which any of the provisions of Section 106 (1) of the Factory and Workshop Act, 1901, apply, the provisions regarding accidents having effect as if the line or siding were part of the factory or workshop. An accident causing loss of life or an accident due to machinery, electricity, etc., disabling any person employed in the factory or workshop so as to cause him to be absent through at least one whole day from his ordinary work must be notified. An accident from any other cause is not notifiable unless the person is disabled for more than seven days. An accident is regarded as fatal if death occurs within a year and a day of the date of occurrence. (c) Railways The cases include accidents reported under the Regulation of Railways Act, 1871, and the Railway Employment (Prevention of Accidents) Act, 1900. The statistics cover all cases of accident to railway employees occurring on railway premises (excluding workshops, warehouses, repairing sheds, etc.). The cases reported are those which occurred during the year. Cases are recorded as fatal if death ensues up to the date of the report and as non-fatal if incapacity to work disables the worker for at least one whole day from doing his ordinary work. ITALY (a) Mines, industries, transport, public services. Statistica degli Infortuni nell'Industria e nell'Agricoltura (National Fascist Accident Insurance Institute). The statistics cover industrial workers insured with the National Fascist Industrial Accident Insurance Institute, exclusive of thirdparty insurance and State employees, as the numbers exposed to risk are not known for these groups. The cases compensated are those having occurred during the year and entailing incapacity to work of more than five days, and include State employees compensated by the Institute. The cases reported are those having occurred during the year, including also cases entailing incapacity to work of less than six days. The average number of persons insured has been computed as follows : the total earnings have been divided by the average annual wages of the workers, taken at 210 times the daily wage. The individual wages taken as a basis are the wages of insured persons injured in accidents, as established at the times of settlement of the claim. (b) Agriculture. National Fascist Accident Insurance Institute (Provinces of Genoa, Benevento and Sassari) and Federation of Mutual Societies for the Insurance of Agricultural Accidents (other provinces). Insurance is compulsory for agricultural and forestry undertakings, including stock-breeding and the preparation, storage, working-up and transport of agricultural, stock-breeding and forestry products. The age limits are 12 and 65 years. Insurance extends to landowners, — 94 — share-farmers, tenant farmers and their wives and children who habitually perform manual labour. Persons supervising work are excluded if their average earnings exceed a certain amount. Compensation for temporarily disabling accidents is restricted to wage-earners, and is paid only for cases lasting at least 11 days. The statistics of minor cases are likely to be incomplete. Pensions for partial permanent invalidity are granted only for reduction of working capacity of more than 15 per cent., and the statistics cover only compensated accidents. (a) Year 1 1 s 4 MINES, INDUSTRIES, TRANSPORT, PUBLIC SERVICES Number of persons insured l N u m b e r of cases compensated 2 Reported Fatal Permanent incapacity 212,470 1,216,976 732 13,872 1927 239,411 1,427,708 16,708 894 1928 323,711 1,890,800 22,562 1,152 1929 330,797 1,949,834 24,060 a 1,054 1930 302,047 1,917,777 24,246 1,007 1931 299,621 1,875,591 26,868 874 1932 323,357 1,973,182 31,793 466,634 2 , 8 5 3 , 8 6 5 44,147 915 1933 511,999 3,150,825 49,748 1,215 1934 503,347 3,386,978 50,563 1,818 1935« 1,934 1936 N o t including S t a t e employees. Compensated cases include S t a t e employees. U n d e r a competitive system. U n d e r a non-competitive system (R.D.L. 23 March 1933, p . 264). (b) Temporary incapacity 157,700 176,433 238,804 240,880 216,077 208,412 223,461 314,060 352,183 342,623 AGRICULTURE N u m b e r of cases reported Year Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1,145 1,207 1,345 1,220 1,473 1,380 1,377 1,370 1,666 1,527 Permanent incapacity 10,316 10,386 13,013 14,820 16,445 19,335 20,479 19,634 19,724 19,360 Temporary incapacity 23,952 24,455 27,217 30,337 34,819 43,075 50,069 56,879 55,614 61,477 Total 35,413 36,048 41,575 46,377 52,737 63,790 71,925 77,883 77,004 82,364 JAPAN (a) Mining. Rodo Tokei Yoran (Imperial Cabinet, Bureau of Statistics); Honpo Kogyo no Susei (Department of Commerce and Industry, Bureau of Mines). The statistics cover coal, metal, and other mines, as well as oil wells. The number of cases reported comprises fatal cases or cases disabling or expected to disable for more than three days. Before 1929 serious cases included all cases which required the absence of the worker from work for more than 30 days or which incapacitated the worker from 56,462 55,282 58,203 53,943 47,957 47,865 58,718 67,823 82,278 295,629 293,172 286,964 258,469 202,355 185,840 202,320 236,347 257,415 lililí 1927 1928 1929 O 1927 1928 1929 150,753 130,978 118,692 osos rH OCSOO CSt-00 97,295 70,042 58,256 57,778 64,084 61,735 72,503 50,397 41,601 40,128 44,156 41,648 CS CO O T H CS OO I— CO CO c— I ^ C S 12,590 10,605 10,380 OS T H to »O O l CO t*!Û(DiOCiO IOCSTH 1 THCSCD N O i O Ol r H r H r H r H O l Oí COCO CO O l CO CS CS OD CO OS r H CD OO r-i CS t - t - 0 0 OOO O rH HO O l " * OS C S C O - * " * rHOS COOOlOl^OS t - ira ira c o co co i-HOlCOOCSCM y—t OS CO CO CO OS O l i-t r H O l O l O l >ra co t - o i o t- ¡Hill CO CO CO CO CO CO CS CS CS CS CS CS rH O l CO T H I O co • * • * ira " * ira co os c o co >ra r H co ira r - OS co co 107,710 78,649 66,060 67,173 73,687 72,866 CS C O O COOCO 106,836 77,955 65,374 66,340 72,807 71,706 T H O l CO »O T H O l O l C- CS »Í3 O T H 164,595 142,864 130,383 T H CO CO CO ICOS »o O l c o »o O l i o 160,316 163,593 138,857 141,973 126,046 1 129,419 COCDTH 9,541 7,913 7,118 8,562 8,723 9,971 All mines 12,933 11,087 10,810 Ì 12,840 10,995 10,727 »O COCO 26,943 21,627 18,528 19,970 22,237 23,059 98,086 70,677 58,864 58,518 64,883 62,724 542.29 473.64 439.24 104.24 309.10 106.88 278.36 99.70 252.07 98.71 229.19 94.09 213.96 89.58 188.98 11.08 10.63 11.75 39.87 41.33 39.13 39.51 34.04 36.12 556.76 487.30 454.35 553.37 484.27 450.99 416.72 388.67 355.46 332.01 311.77 283.07 178.41 166.23 150.34 147.39 129.81 123.27 176.87 165.00 148.71 145.81 128.81 121.19 4 . 4 3 222.98 I 227.41 229.06 7.05 191.83 1 198.88 200.54 5.96 1 178.34 | 184.30 185.73 479.58 457.75 426.63 407.50 385.00 358.13 354.49 326.41 301.51 279.44 262.01 237.80 Total 630.33 634.13 550.58 553.94 518.85 522.70 Total 617.67 539.12 505.62 Slight 12.66 11.46 13.23 rHïr-OOlCO"* O l CM CM CM r H r H 3,277 3,116 3,373 3.80 3.36 3.85 151,662 131,777 119,573 Serious Non-fatal CM CO rH rH »ft OS CM CM Ir-OS CM CD 1,002 891 964 Fatal Total Cases per 1,000 persons employed t - r H i-f «o o í " * 0 0 r H • * rH tr-CO Coal mines Total 147,726 128,252 115,666 Slight Non-fatal 3,027 2,726 3,026 I 204,526 154,398 137,975 143,602 168,524 175,137 Fatal ¡¡5 239,167 237,890 228,761 ployed H 1927 1928 1929 Year Number of cases reported Mi Ci Number or persons 03 O M N W O œ t - » 0 010CCHO • ^ T * TK T í CO CO cooir-cao»o T * T * t - © lOCD CO «O rH t - 0 0 OO HODitîÇlOtT H CO CO CO CO O l 0 0 CO CS r H O l »O CO TH CO r H t - C O CO CO CO TJÍ CO T H t ^ C S O O CO OO CM 0 0 CO CO OOOO r H T H T H C O C O O O >< & CO HH <¡ H PS % H % % PS > o o H O z COOOCOOOrCS O l TtH 1— t ~ TH OOCO OOCO »O CO £> o M CS CO CO C O O C O t - »O TH T H i O - # £• Q H PS m ¡¡3 o PH «¡ PS H — 96 — (d) INDUSTRY (FACTORIES, PRIVATE AND STATE-OWNED) N u m b e r of eases reported Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Number of persons employed 1,821,124 1,869,668 1,942,587 1,783,133 1,739,985 1,717,096 1,883,741 2,148,761 2,425,754 Non-fatal 61 69 71 76 912 800 257 222 Non-fatal Fatal Total Serious 314 348 411 302 315 277 404 555 568 95 76 77 81 Slight 12,662 44,056 12,822 41,326 12,629 45,073 11,188 39,494 9,404 31,597 9,586 29,857 10,802 37,157 15,510 46,052 18,970 56,388 (e) 1932 1933 1934 1935 Cases per 1,000 persons employed Fatal Total 56,718 57,032 54,148 54,496 57,702 58,113 50,682 50,984 41,001 41,316 39,443 39,720 47,959 4 8 , 3 6 3 61,562 62,117 75,358 75,926 Total Serious Slight 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.17 0.18 0.16 0.21 0.26 0.23 6.95 6.86 6.50 6.27 5.40 5.58 5.73 7.22 7.82 24.19 22.10 23.20 22.15 18.16 17.39 19.73 21.43 23.25 41.88 37.74 70.01 47.06 71 56 76 75 Total 31.14 28.96 29.70 28.42 33.56 22.97 25.46 28.65 31.07 31.32 29.15 29.92 28.59 23.75 23.13 25.67 28.91 31.30 LOADING AND UNLOADING 2,593 2,634 4,989 3.587 4,470 3,909 5,448 5,751 7 6 10 9 063 7,158 543 6,619 437 10,514 338 9,419 1 1 1 1 53 09 08 06 20 114.08 00 93.74 46 146.47 45 122.51 engaging in his former work. Beginning with 1930 the same definition as in factories was adopted in mines. The number of persons employed as given in the table relates to wage earners only; they are the number actually employed at the end of June. (b) Transport. Rodo Tokei Yoran (Imperial Cabinet, Bureau of Statistics). The statistics cover private railways, tramways, and motor-car transportation. (c) Railways. Nippon Teikoku Nenkan (Statistical Yearbook of Japanese Empire, Imperial Cabinet, Bureau of Statistics). These statistics cover Government railways. The number of persons employed covers all employees in various services, including administrative staff. The number of cases relates to accidents on lines only. (d) Factories. Rodo Tokei Yoran (Imperial Cabinet, Bureau of Statistics); Kojo Kantoku Nempo (Factory inspection report). The statistics refer to workers in manufacturing, etc., employed in private and State-owned factories covered by the Factory Act, i.e. factories employing more than 10 persons or engaged in processes dangerous or injurious to health. Serious cases are those entailing incapacity of at least fourteen days, while light cases include all cases in which the worker received or expected to receive medical care, or in which incapacity lasted or was expected to last for more than three but less than fourteen days. (e) Loading and unloading. Rodo Tokei Yoran (Imperial Cabinet, Bureau of Statistics). The statistics include loading and unloading operations in ports (mainly in handling coal), stations, warehouses, factories, and mines. 115 94 147 123 61 83 55 57 — 97 — LATVIA Annuaire statistique de la Lettonie (State Office of Statistics). (a) Industry By the Act of 1 June 1927 accident insurance was extended to all private, communal and State undertakings, establishments, institutions and other workplaces and to all paid workers and apprentices. Manual and non-manual workers, including salaried employees and officials, are insured. Fishing is also covered, even if the person insured works for his own account. Before 1931 the statistics show the number of persons insured and the cases reported to the General Accident Insurance Fund. From 1931 the cases insured are those having occurred in industry and notified to the General Accident Insurance Union, and the Industrial Accidents Section of the Ministry of Social Welfare. Salaried employees in State institutions and undertakings are included in these statistics. From February 1932, voluntary firemen, wage earners using threshing machines, workers in co-operative dairy societies and apprentices and improvers are insured with the Ministry of Social Welfare and included in the figures. These groups fall partly under industry and partly under agriculture. The exact number of insured persons in them is not known and approximate figures are calculated. Temporarily disabling cases are those incapacitating for at least one day. (b) Agriculture The statistics include agricultural workers and persons engaged in industries connected with agriculture, in rural industries and in inland fishing, who until 1930 were insured in a special rural fund : the First Accident Insurance Society. Under the Act of 3 February 1931 this society was dissolved and its duties transferred to the Ministry of Social Welfare and the General Accident Insurance Union. Since 1931 the statistics show the number of accidents among persons employed in agriculture and industrial branches connected with agriculture. In 1929 the insurance was extended to farmers and their families. (a) Year Number of insured persons 1928 1929 1930 146,280 155,336 153,747 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936» 206,209 183,932 193,055 205,524 216,383 INDUSTRIES x N u m b e r of oases reported Fatal Cases per 1,000 insured persons Fatal Non-fatal Total Non-fatal Total 75 73 39 16,317 21,077 23,458 16,392 21,150 23,497 0-51 0.47 0.25 111.55 135.69 152.58 112.06 136.16 152.83 69 48 61 57 49 16,649 14,425 19,966 23,951 22,496 16,718 14,473 20,027 24,008 22,545 0.33 0.26 0.32 0.28 0.23 80.74 78.43 103.42 116.53 103.96 81.07 78.69 103.74 116.81 104.19 For notes see page 98. 7 — 98 — (b) Number oí insured persons Year AGRICULTURE 2 N u m b e r oí cases reported Fatal HrtH ,H iH r-t i-l r-t T-< 915,850 Total Non-fatal 25 43 59 2,441 5,102 9,242 2,466 5,145 9,301 52 31 29 34 67 5,977 8,143 10,295 12,303 12,237 6,029 8,174 10,324 12,337 12,304 219,434 Cases p e r 1,000 insured persons Fatal Total Non-fatal 0.11 11.12 11.24 0.07 13.36 13.43 1 For 1928-1930 insured persons afflliated and cases reported to the General Accident Insurance Fund. From 1931 insured persons afflliated and cases reported with the exception of those in agriculture. 1 For 1928-1930 insured persons afflliated and cases reported to the Agricultural Accident Insurance Fund. From 1931 insured persons afflliated and cases reported in connection with agricultural employment. " The total of cases reported in the two branches was 41,129 including 74 fatal and 41,055 non-fatal (provisional figures). LUXEMBURG Aperçu statistique. Annexe à l'Annuaire officiel (Office of Statistics). (a) Industry The statistics cover all industries (including mines, transport and railways, building, and the distribution of water and lighting) covered by the Accident Insurance Act. The cases reported include all those brought t o t h e notice of t h e insurance association. F a t a l accidents are those entailing the death of the injured person; non-fatal cases include all compensated accidents, with the exception of fatal accidents. The number of persons employed is obtained by dividing the total number of days worked during the current year by 300. (b) Agriculture Agricultural accident insurance covers agriculture, forestry, viticulture, arboriculture and artistic and commercial gardening, as well as ancillary establishments of agricultural or forestry undertakings. The cases reported are those necessitating expenditure on medical treatment and medicaments, irrespective of the duration of incapacity. The heads of agricultural or forestry undertakings and their wives come under compulsory insurance if their annual earnings do not exceed a certain limit, fixed since 1933 at 15,000 francs. (a) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 INDUSTRY (INCLUDING MINES AND Number of persons employed Number of cases reported Cases per 1,000 persons employed 50,259 51,759 52,547 51,229 43,789 36,518 35,573 37,227 38,626 39,356 25,590 28,011 27,611 22,331 16,396 11,867 11,097 10,727 10,483 11,781 509.16 541.18 525.45 435.91 374.43 324.96 311.95 288.15 • 271.40 299.34 TRANSPORT) Number of cases compensated Cases p e r 1,000 persons employed Fatal Nonfatal Total Fatal Nonfatal Total 46 56 74 68 45 37 25 27 22 18 25,271 27,274 26,949 20,844 15,155 11,110 10,474 10,184 10,091 11,302 25,317 27,330 27,023 20,912 15,200 11,147 10,499 10,211 10,113 11,320 0.92 1.08 1.41 1.33 1.03 1.01 0.70 0.73 0.57 0.46 502.81 526.94 512.86 406.88 346.09 304.23 294.44 273.56 261.25 287.17 503.73 528.02 514.27 408.29 347.12 305.24 295.14 274.29 261.82 287.63 — 99 — (b) AGRICULTURE N u m b e r of cases compensated Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 N u m b e r of cases reported 1,497 1,661 1,741 1,806 2,396 2,551 2,547 2,516 2,426 2,467 Fatal Non-fatal 8 6 15 13 16 10 14 15 9 25 1,347 1,444 1,562 1,668 2,210 2,439 2,171 2,029 2,093 2,152 Total 1,355 1,450 1,577 1,681 2,226 2,449 2,185 2,044 2,102 2,177 MEXICO (a) Coal mines, metal mines, mines, metallurgical industry, mines and metallurgical industry. First series : Anuario de Estadística Minera (Secretariat of Industry, Commerce and Labour, Mines Department, Production, Information and Publications Section). The statistics cover metal and coal mines and metallurgical works. The cases reported are those occurring during the year and obliging the worker to cease work at least on the day of the accident. Serious cases include cases entailing incapacity of more than 15 days. those cases are recorded as fatal in which death ensued before the termination of the report. Accidents entailing 5 or more deaths are not included in the statistics. The death roll for such accidents (all of which happened in metal mines) was 26 in 1928, 6 in 1929, 10 in 1930 and 9 in 1931. The International Labour Office has calculated the number of manyears by dividing the number of man-days of 8 hours by 300. Second series : Mines and metallurgical industry. Same source as that given under (b) below. (b) Industries (excluding the metallurgical industry), transport. Anuario de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (Departamiento de la Estadística Nacional). The statistics cover the food and drink industries, railways, the petroleum industry, the generation of electricity and other motive power, the textile trades and other industries (with the exception of the metallurgical industry). The number of persons employed is the number of workers (monthly average since 1933) employed in establishments notifying industrial accidents. — 100 — (a) 1 S T SERIES : MINES, METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES N u m b e r oí cases reported Year Manyears Non-fatal Serious 9 9 9 13 3 4 13 5 45 12 9 6 53,246 51,773 54,039 42,625 31,889 27,208 202 192 178 153 111 85 1,497 1,058 913 764 658 655 Total Serious 1,255 661 620 705 463 418 17,604 13,900 10,357 9,938 7,874 9,591 Slight Mines 1,277 675 674 730 475 428 Metal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Fatal Slight Coal 4,390 3,512 2,974 3,000 2,297 1,713 v Non-fatal Total Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 Gases per 1,000 man-years 2.05 2.56 3.03 4.33 1.31 2.34 2.96 1.42 15.13 4.00 3.92 3.50 285.88 188.21 208.47 235.00 201.56 244.02 290.89 192.19 226.63 243.33 206.79 249.86 3.79 3.71 3.29 3.59 3.48 3.12 28.11 20.43 16.90 17.92 20.63 24.07 330.62 268.48 191.65 233.15 246.92 352.51 362.52 292.62 211.84 254.66 271.03 379.70 3.66 3.64 3.28 3.64 3.33 3.08 26.19 19.22 16.80 17.01 19.51 22.86 327.21 263.38 192.53 233.27 243.87 346.08 357.06 286.24 212.61 253.92 266.71 372.02 13.69 319.04 11.07 83.59 6.67 94.60 6.87 97.66 5.55 83.35 6.95 132.50 333.58 95.77 101.93 105.11 89.72 140.19 Mines 19,303 15,150 11,448 10,855 8,643 10,331 Mines 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 57,636 55,285 57,013 45,625 34,186 28,921 211 201 187 166 114 89 1,510 1,063 958 776 667 661 18,859 14,561 10,977 10,643 8,337 10,009 18,841 17,968 22,642 18,770 13,341 10,785 16 20 15 11 11 8 258 199 151 129 74 75 6,011 1,502 2,142 1,833 1,112 1,429 20,580 15,825 12,122 11,585 9,118 10,759 Metallu rgical Inelustry 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 (a) 6,285 1,721 2,308 1,973 1,197 1,512 0.85 1.11 0.66 0.58 0.82 0.74 2ND SERIES : MINES, METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY N u m b e r of cases Cases per 1,000 persons employed Non-fatal Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 19321 1933 1 1934 ! 19351 1936» Number of employed persons 36,560 30,171 28,478 46,765 41,215 57,137 Serious TemF a t a l Perma- porary n e n t pincaacity inca- ofmore T o t a l pacity t h a n 15 days 226 218 167 190 121 72 73 84 65 57 — — 85 64 68 110 137 112 130 3,316 2,562 2,141 2,196 2 , 2 8 1 1,355 1,419 1,602 1,670 1,846 1,956 1,944 2,081 2,308 2,420 2,742 2,872 Non-fatal Slight Serious Temporary T o t a l incapacity of less than 15 days 14,092 10,360 7,879 7,816 6,694 9,542 9,253 9,923 12,414 12,262 Slight TemF a t a l Perma- porary incanent inca- pacity T o t a l pacity ofmore than 15 days 17,634 13,140 10,187 10,287 8,234 11,284 11,282 12,088 14,899 15,191 1.00 .75 ,25 .86 .92 72 .28 37.06 53.10 64.82 41.57 56.00 47.99 38.81 55.35 68.68 44.49 58.72 50.27 Temporary Total incapacity of less than 15 days 183.10 316.26 324.91 212.18 301.19 214.61 225.22 374.00 396.15 258.47 361.49 265.88 — 101 — (b) INDUSTRY (EXCLUDING T H E METALLURGICAL N u m b e r of cases Cases per 1,000 employed persons Non-fatal Year Number of employed persons F a t a l Permanent incapacity INDUSTRY), TRANSPORT , ETC. Non-fatal Serious Slight Temporary incapacity T o t a l Dimore than 15 days Temporary Total incapacity of less than 15days Serious Slight TemTemFatal Perma- porary porary incaincapanent of inca- pacity T o t a l city less pacity oft hmore an than 15 days 15 days Total 1927 166 1,850 7,619 9,635 125 1,725 7,901 9,751 1928 81 1,725 1929 97 74 1,678 1,752 7,879 9,685 1930 61 81,688 73.40 38 1,274 1,312 7,396 9,245 0.75 56.59 0.47 15.59 16.06 1931 50 907 4,623 5,996 48,007 69 838 1.04 1.44 1 7 . 1 6 ! 18.60= 93.67 1 113.32» 29 1,445 1932' 50,646 168.38 62 1,383 4,576 5,533 0.57 1.22 27.31 28.53 139.28 27 64,354 61 1,993 2,054 7,054 8,528 0.42 162.02 194.36 0.95 1933' 25 53,383 86 2,375 2,461 10,427 12,508 0.47 1.61 30.97 31.92 200.43 247.00 1934' 16 2,922 44.49 46.10 159.37 202.85 68,463 103 2,819 0 . 2 3 1.50 1935' 10,700 13,186 41.18 4 2 . 6 8 1936' 10,950 13,888 1 Provisional figures. 1 Not including 14 serious accidents (temporary incapacity) and 79 slight accidents which happened in the food and drink industries and in " other industries " for which information on the number of persons employed is wanting. NETHERLANDS (a) Mines. Jaarverslag van den Hoofdingenieur der Mijnen over het Jaar. The statistics cover only coal mines, including coke works and briquette factories. The cases reported are those having occurred during the year and entailing death or incapacity of more than 2 days. Accidents occurring on the way to or from work or during the resthour, etc. are not included (although in certain cases they are considered as industrial accidents under the accident legislation of 1921). The number of man-years is found by dividing by 300 the number of shifts worked by workers or salaried employees directly engaged in the technical working of the mines. (b), (c) Industry, agriculture. Ongevallen statistiek (Rijksverzekeringsbank), Part I : Statistiek der Ondernemingen ; Part I I : Statistiek der Ongevallen. (b) Industry The insurance statistics cover manual and non-manual workers, including salaried employees, in mining, industry, transport and fishing (exclusive of sea shipping and fishing), commerce and banking, personal services, entertainments, professional services and institutions, such as hospitals, museums, libraries, schools, etc. Domestic work is not insured, except for specially dangerous work. The statistics therefore cover practically the whole of industry. The cases compensated are those having occurred during the year; they are classified as fatal, or permanently or temporarily disabling, according to the estimate of the consequences at the date of reporting. As non-fatal cases recorded include also cases not entailing incapacity to work but in which medical aid only was granted, the — 102 — number of temporarily disabling cases compensated—being those entailing incapacity of more than 2 days—is separately recorded in these series, in order to make comparison with statistics of other countries possible. In 1929 an amendment of the accident insurance law came into force, providing that under certain conditions establishments may themselves provide full medical assistance and pay compensation for cases disabling for less than 6 weeks. Figures for these establishments are given separately in the source if the accident entails incapacity of more than 2 days, but for purposes of comparison they are included in the present table. Cases which have only received medical assista,) Year Number of man-years Fatal COAL MINES N u m b e r of cases reported Cases p e r 1,000 man-years Non-fatal Non-fatal Incapacity of m o r e than 21 d a y s 1 Incapacity of more than 2 but less t h a n 22 days Total capacity I n c a p a c i t y I nof of more t h a n more 2 but than less t h a n 21 d a y s 1 22 d a y s Fatal 42.39 1.09 1927 » 31,302 34 1,327 50.89 1.40 44 1,602 1928 31,482 2 4 8.62 30 1,614 0.90 8,828 7,184 1929 33,198 28 1,582 44.74 8,939 0.79 7,329 1930 35,356 27 1,467 8,449 41.12 6,955 0.76 1931 35,677 23 1,134 6,134 4,977 35.08 0.71 32 1,075 5,575 4,468 1932 32,328 36.15 1.08 16 1,062 5,421 4,343 38.86 0.59 1933 29,733 23 937 4,853 3,893 37.79 0.92 1934 27,332 15 949 5,123 4,159 36.15 0.57 1935 24,797 1936 26,255" 1 Incapacity of more than 21 days (in 1927 more than 21 working days). • Including since 1929 employees directly engaged in the technical running of the mines. * Partly estimated. (Ì)) ALL I N D U S T R I E S (EXCLUDING AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTIC SERVICE) AND Fatal 1,065 98,533 1,090 116,010 1,315 137,705 141,355 1,270 128,589 1,048 105,290 784 914 107 192 701 110 503 102 103 Not including accidents to voluntary 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1 1,263,747 1,338,930 1,391,622 1,422,287 1,336,065 1,187,651 1,182,873 1,205,217 1,171,637 1,184,067 353 441 451 402 393 314 285 266 289 270 PerTemman e n t porary incaincapacity pacity Compensated Total 99,951 117,541 139,471 143,027 130,030 106,388 108,199 110,458 102,990 103,773 SHIPPING Cases p e r 1,000 m a n - y e a r s Compensated Year MARITIME 265.92 252.82 236.82 189.74 187.50 198.34 195.71 195.12 x N u m b e r of cases Number of man-years 216.40 207.29 194.94 153.95 150.27 158.89 156.99 158.41 Total In which only medical aid was granted Total 37,132 43,023 48,099 47,450 41,422 34,737 38,474 41,616 42,867 45,830 137,083 160,564 187,570 190,477 171,452 141,125 146,673 152,074 145,857 149,603 Per- Temma- ponent rary F a t a l incaincapapacity city In which only medical aid Total was granted Total 0.84 77.97 79.09 29.38 108.47 0 . 8 1 86.65 87.79 3 2 . 1 3 119.92 0.94 98.97 100.23 34.56 134.79 0.89 100.56 33.36 133.92 0.78 99.39 97.32 31.00 128.32 96.25 0.66 89.57 29.25 118.82 9 1 . 88.65 91.47 3 2 . 5 3 124.00 91.65 3 4 . 5 3 126.18 9 1 . 23 87.90 36.59 124.49 8 7 . 43 87.64 38.06 126.35 8 7 . 65 41 firemen for whom information relating to man-years is wanting. 0.28 0.33 0.32 0.28 0.29 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.25 0.23 — 103 — (c) AGRICULTURE 1 N u m b e r of cases Cases per 1,000 man-years Compensated Year» Manyears Compensated Non-fatal Fatal Permanent incapacity Tem- T o t a l porär}' incapacity In which only medical aid was granted Non-fatal Total Fatal Permanent incapacity Temporary incapacity Total In which only medical aid was granted 1927 12,488 749 0.40 0.88 51.81 53.09 5 6.89 11 647 663 86 13,386 881 0.45 6 17 766 798 92 1928 1.27 57.22 58.94 6.87 64.37 15,006 23 1,130 0.47 7 966 996 134 1929 1.53 66.37 8.93 82.03 28 13,276 1,243 1.05 14 1,089 1,131 112 1930 2 . 1 1 85.19 8.44 93.73 16 12,546 1,297 0.32 4 1,176 1,196 101 1931 1.28 9 5 . 3 3 8.05 14,265 1,806 0.49 7 .13 1,635 171 i, 628 1932 114 114.61 11.99 15,227 1,934 0.20 3 719 1,722 212 .89 1, 088 17,828 2,371 0.34 6 1933 2,094 277 112 .12 113.09 13.92 2 , 508 19,146 2,846 0.26 5 2,513 333 1934 s 117 .00 117.46 15.54 2, 405 19,115 2,777 0,42 8 2,413 364 1935» 131 .82 131.26 17.39 2, 1936 125 126.27 19.04 1 Excluding accidents occurring in undertakings which usually do n o t employ more t h a n one worker. figures refer t o undertakings insured w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l Insurance B a n k . 2 F r o m 1 N o v e m b e r of t h e preceding y e a r until 31 October of t h e c u r r e n t year. 3 14 m o n t h s , 1 November 1933 t o 31 December 1934. 4 F r o m 1 J a n u a r y to 31 December. (d) Cases per 1,000 man-years Compensated Compensated Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 39,711 40,419 41,053 41,742 40,933 38,889 36,826 35,861 34,566 In which only Per- T e m medical m a n - porary Total aid ent was incainca- pacity granted pacity 13 20 19 11 18 18 13 17 16 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 1 2,936 2,979 3,316 3,111 3,106 2,911 2,858 2,957 2,701 In which only Per- T e m T o t a l medical F a t a l m a n - porary aid ent was inca- incapacity pacity granted Non-fatal Non-fatal Manyears 59.98 65.81 75.30 93.63 103.38 126.60 127.01 133.00 148.65 145.28 All t h e RAILWAYS N u m b e r of cases Year Total Total 4,380 2,950 1,430 4,347 2,999 1,348 4,997 3,335 1,662 4,647 3,123 4,625 3,124 1,524 4,350 2,930 1,501 4,265 2,871 1,420 7,040' 2,977 1,394 11,614' 2,718 4,063' 8,896' 0.33 0.49 0.46 0.26 0.44 0.46 0.35 0.47 0.46 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.08 0.03 73.93 73.71 80.77 74.53 75.88 74.85 77.61 82.46 78.14 74.29 3 6 . 0 1 74.20 33.35 81.24 4 0 . 4 8 74.81 3 6 . 5 1 76.32 36.67 75.34 3 6 . 5 1 77.96 37.85 83.01 113.30' 78.63 2 5 7 . 3 7 ' Total 110.30 107.55 121.72 111.33 112.99 111.86 115.81 196.31' 335.99' ' Since 15 March 1934 (date of t h e recognition of medical services in workshops) including accidents of a very slight character n o t entailing incapacity t o work. tance are also shown. The number exposed to risk is the number of man-years, calculated by dividing the man-days worked by 300. (c) Agriculture The statistics cover agriculture, including forestry, stockkeeping and horticulture. Only part of the insured undertakings are covered, — 104 — i.e. those insured with the National Insurance Bank. Moreover, most of the agricultural employers are affiliated to trade associations. The statistics for agriculture cannot therefore be considered as fully representative. The exposure to risk is expressed in man-years of 300 man-days and is calculated by the International Labour Office by dividing the number of man-days by 300. The cases and man-days for establishments employing as a rule not more than one worker are not included in these statistics, data relating to man-days not being available. (d) Railways. (Jaarverslag der Nederlandsche Spoorwegen) The statistics cover all persons, including officials, employed by the railways in train services or ancillary services (including workshops, dépôts, etc.). The cases reported include all accidents to staff during hours óf service, including the time necessary to cover the distance to and from their homes. A case is not classified as fatal if death does not take place immediately. The number of man-years is calculated by dividing the number of man-days actually worked by 300. The railways, with the exception of local lines, are administered by two limited companies under a common administration of which more than half the shares are held by the State. NEW ZEALAND (a) Mines and quarries. New Zealand Official Year Book. Mines Statement, Parliamentary Paper C-2. The statistics cover coal mines, metalliferous mines, oil wells, etc., and stone quarries under the Stone Quarries Act. The Act applies to all stone quarries with a face of more than 15 feet deep and tunnels in which explosives are used, but does not cover Government operations, road or railway cuttings, nor excavations for buildings. The cases include fatalities and serious injuries only. As serious cases are considered fractures of head or limb, dislocations of any limb, any other serious personal injury; and any injuries caused by explosions or ignition of gas or coal-dust or other explosives, by electricity, overwinding, fire below ground or irruption of water. The average number employed is the average during the year. According to the instructions issued to inspectors in charge of districts, if one miner or quarryman works for six months and then another for six months, it is to be counted as an average of one man. (b), (c), (d) Railways, factories, public works, postal and telegraph departments, and scaffolding. Statistical report on Prices, Wagerates and Hours of Labour, Unemployment, Industrial Accidents, Tramways, Banking, Building Societies, Bankruptcy, Incomes and Income Tax, Meteorology. (Census and Statistics Department.) Railways. The statistics for railways cover only government-owned railway lines, but include accidents in railway workshops as well as train accidents, accidents on line, shunting accidents and miscellaneous — 105 — accidents to employees. (Railway construction is included under public works.) All accidents entailing disability of 48 hours or more are reportable, but only compensable accidents, i.e. those with disability of three days or more, to employees receiving not more than £400 per annum, are included in these statistics. Accidents to employees while not on duty, for example in crossing a railway yard on the way to begin duty, are not included. Factories include handicraft and other manufacturing undertakings employing two or more persons, undertakings employing steam or mechanical power or generating electrical energy, and certain other enumerated undertakings, irrespective of numbers or motive power employed, such as brickyards, lime-works, tanneries, etc. Accidents in quarrying not under the Stone Quarries Act or under the Public Works Department are classed under " miscellaneous " and included with the total of factory accidents. Public Works, Post and Telegraph. This group includes railway construction, road building, hydro-electric works, public buildings, other miscellaneous public works, and the (governmental) postal and telegraph services. Scaffolding. The Scaffolding and Excavation Acts do not apply to mining, quarrying, or ships, etc., or to excavations made by local authorities or public bodies, or for tramways, but to building work of any other kind. In all these groups only compensable accidents entailing disability of at least three days (calendar days) are included in the statistics. Compensation legislation applies to manual workers and to clerical and other employees, provided that their remuneration does not exceed £400 a year. Man-hours worked are compiled from the returns of the numbers employed in factories, from information on hours worked taken from the Awards, supplemented by statistics on short time and overtime taken from the Annual Census of Factory Production, and from similar information furnished by the other departments. In order to facilitate comparisons, rates per 1,000 man-years of 2,400 hours each have been included in the table. Working days lost, for purposes of severity rates, are computed here on two different bases ; the first, " A ", using a weight of 6,000 working days lost per case of death or permanent total disability and following the methods recommended by the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions (United States and Canada), and the second, " B ", using 7,500 working days lost per case of death or permanent total disability as in Sweden, Norway, and Switzerland. In the New Zealand source the calendar days lost per case of death or permanent total disability are set at 9,545, corresponding to 60,000 working hours. This weight of 60,000 working hours is considered to measure roughly the average loss of working hours before the age of 65 in cases of fatal accidents, taking into account the average age at which such accidents occur and the subsequent death rates prevailing in New Zealand. Permanent partial disabilities are rated as a percentage of total disability in accordance with the percentage scale adopted by the International Association. For the first computation, " A ", 6,000/9,545ths of the calendar days lost ascribed to deaths and permanent disabilities are added to the (calendar) days lost on account of temporary disability. For the second basis, " B ", 7,500/9,545ths of the calendar days lost ascribed to deaths and permanent disabilities are added to 300/365ths of the calendar days lost from temporary disa- — 106 — bility. (The few cases of temporary disability of unreported duration have been estimated as of average duration for reported cases ; in the source the average time lost for these cases is assumed to be identical with that lost by cases in the industry concerned for which the time " lost is known.) The severity rates are then calculated by dividing by the man-hours worked and the result is expressed in terms of days lost per 1,000 man-hours. Hours lost per 1,000 hours worked is also available. This " proportionate time loss rate " is found by dividing the man-hours worked into the total of man-hours lost. The latter figure is found by converting calendar days lost into working hours lost by dividing by 7 to find the number of weeks lost and multiplying by 44, assuming a 44-hour working week. (a) Year Number of persons employed MINES AND QUARRIES Cases p e r 1,000 persons employed N u m b e r of cases Fatal Nonfatal Total Fatal Nonfatal Total 1.86 1.67 2.18 2.39 0.70 2.59 1.60 1.79 0.47 5.02 2.79 6.73 3.92 2.96 3.88 2.74 3.57 4.73 6.89 4.46 8.91 6.31 3.66 6.47 4.34 5.36 5.20 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.57 0.51 0.55 1.13 0.92 0.74 0.58 4.02 1.92 1.72 2.05 0.55 2.09 1.68 0.44 0.58 4.69 1.92 2.29 2.56 1.10 3.22 2.60 1.19 1.41 1.46 1.70 1.97 0.65 1.69 1.32 1.27 0.64 3.94 3.06 5.66 3.42 2.73 2.42 2.36 2.45 2.10 5.35 4.52 7.36 5.39 3.38 4.11 3.68 3.72 2.74 0.43 0.46 0.00 0.51 0.50 0.00 0.00 1.65 2.00 2.14 3.24 1.88 3.58 2.51 1.06 3.51 3.30 5.00 2.57 3.70 1.88 4.09 3.01 1.06 3.51 4.95 6.99 Coal mines 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 5,374 5,376 5,497 5,867 5,745 4,636 4,386 4,478 4,231 10 9 12 14 4 12 7 8 2 27 15 37 23 17 18 12 16 20 37 24 49 37 21 30 19 24 22 Metalliferous 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1,733 1,494 1,566 1,740 1,954 3,636 6,212 6,542 6,746 0 1 0 1 1 2 7 6 5 1 6 3 3 4 2 13 11 3 1 7 3 4 5 4 20 17 8 Mines1 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 7,107 6,870 7,063 7,607 7,699 8,272 10,598 11,020 10,977 10 10 12 15 5 14 14 14 7 28 21 40 26 21 20 25 27 23 mines (total) 38 31 52 41 26 34 39 41 30 Quarries 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1 2,341 2,161 2,130 1,958 1,995 1,888 1,711 1,818 2,002 Excluding quarries. 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 3 4 • 5 7 4 7 5 2 6 6 10 6 8 4 8 6 2 6 9 14 ©iOeO©CMCO©tOCiO N - ^ C O ^ « 0 0 5 t ~ C O ïf3»i5O'*00"*C5Cï f i O N so •* cs to © O O I - Í O O O O O T H M N H H r - M t j i o c O IHCOCMTHCNCOI-ICOCM O O O O O O O O O Perman- Tement porary Total Fatal partial disdis- ability ability CDtDi-tinos-^rHO^ii Per 1,000,000 man-hours Temporary Total (liability PermaFatal nent disability Cases per 1,000,000 man-hours H O O O Ö H C f J O t O O CM**»0©eMOOt-ieoCM C C * © O Ì H I > O K D H ©t-rHt—CO©COr-l» ÛOCOT-t T H H I N N C M H C M H H «OCDOiOOCDOiOiOSO OCìrHìr-OOCMW3THO O O r - O O O O i O t O t iHf-IC^CNCNr-fCNrHi IMOiTfOr-N'-OOiM COOOOffiCDOOOt o o o o o o o o o HOÍCOHCOtücOr-' i-t© i - l i - H O O O O © 0 © © 0 © © 0 © © (M « : CD © (M OD CR «C O) ©i-KMCO--*l©COCM© »C»Ot-ÏOr-l©l-l^t~-<*CNICOeOt-OOCO CNi-HCOOqi-lr-KMi-ICO ©í4©© r-i r-i 0 < Í 5 C O - * N O H « « 3 xO,tD-<*CMi-IOO*-^-IÎO CM.CO iHi-ICMCO©00©©© Number of compensable cases Total O Í ^ C O C O I - U C Í O Í O T - I Number of compensable cases Manhours Perworked ma- Tem(millions) Fatal nent porary Total partial disdisabi- ability lity Cases per 1,000 man-years 1 C O O C M W O O S H H l i i « O O C O f f i t - ^ t - O t OC5IXMCOC3ÍHNO W Î T H O C M H I > H H C IM CM CO CO 00 OS O SO C i OS O -*"*-*TíOr-lrHIr-» © C O © r H * * CO © - * í < © Tfl"*"<#»0''*COCOCOC iraoocM'ííT^oot-t-© OtO»OíO©OOt-CO© 00 T H t - 0 0 CO •<* t - CO 0 CO'^Ttl^'^ÍOCOCOC CNi-Ht-OJOOCO©'-!© t - t O © i—< CO i - I TH CM C r H i-H i H CM 1-4 I H i-I i-H i - * O O W 5 N H i f ) t ì M ( N i M C O N H H r t H O «O « i CM CO V5 ( N l > OOOCOrHr-IOO-^COt » © > !Z¡ 0 >< 00 »ti M IVAT W > Si Q H H H W 3 t> H t-H Cases p er 1,000 man-years Total 1 ¡SSgSSSS Cases reported 'sssssg? Non-fatal - ^ - a oo oo - * a ^J 1 Fatal ! sgasasi: t- Si Total 1 ooooooo Noñ-fatal 'SÊS^SS Total 1 "SSSsSSi w > l>1 Fatal 1¡££2S§£S 'ïïSë^gÊgg "tSSSSSS Cases per 1,000 man-years ' SÍSESE Cases reported 'ggëgsss Invali- Other nondity fatal 1 ooooooo Fatal 1 Total " Issili! Invali- Other nondity fatal l'ssssSIS SS!£H! .s- H 1 1i££Sëëë£ Man-years Year "Wëiïs Year i!!!!!!!! G s> M W 1) SJ « i GO œ H '—' oo O SU f1 "4 — 117 — (e) STATE RAILWAYS Cases reported Year Man-years Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 (f) 31,798 30,966 30,895 30,250 31,192 31,202 30,160 16 19 7 10 20 12 19 Invalidity 38 41 35 33 48 44 52 Cases per 1,000 man-years Other nonfatal Total Fatal Invalidity Other nonfatal Total 2,772 2,543 2,710 2,840 3,014 2,922 2,779 2,826 2,603 2,752 2,883 3,082 2,978 2,850 0.50 0.61 0.23 0.33 0.64 0.38 0.63 1.20 1.32 1.13 1.09 1.54 1.41 1.72 87.18 82.12 87.72 93.88 96.63 93.65 92.14 88.87 84.06 89.08 95.31 98.81 95.44 94.50 OTHER STATE SERVICES (EXCEPT STATE RAILWAYS) Cases reported Year Manyears Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 81,144 81,099 80,718 85,054 91,442 98,984 105,110 20 17 15 17 18 21 21 Cases per 1,000 man-years Invalidity Other nonfatal Total Fatal Invalidity 98 56 77 88 99 126 165 2,100 2,182 2,425 3,129 4,974 7,183 8,727 2,218 2,255 2,517 3,234 5,091 7,330 8,913 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.20 1.21 0.69 0.95 1.03 1.08 1.27 1.57 Other nonfatal 25.88 26.91 30.04 36.79 54.40 72.57 83.03 Total 27.33 27.81 31.18 38.02 55.67 74.05 84.80 SWITZERLAND Rapport annuel et Comptes and Ergebnisse der Unfallstatistik der dritten fünfjährigen Beobachtungsperiode 1928-1932 nebst technischer Bilanz und einem mathematischen Anhang (Caisse Nationale Suisse d'Assurance en cas d'accidents). (a) Mines, industries, transport The statistics cover insured manual and non-manual workers in factories (industrial undertakings where several workers are regularly employed away from home and in closed premises), building and other construction, transport (excluding State railways but including shipping), postal, telephone and telegraph services and stations for the generation of power, a number of undertakings producing or storing explosives or inflammable substances; commercial undertakings storing certain heavy goods and using mechanical equipment, or using railway sidings; warehouses, depots, etc., and a number of other undertakings enumerated. Agriculture, domestic service, commercial undertakings other than those enumerated, and home workers, are excluded. The cases reported are those having occurred during the year considered and notified up to 31 March (up to 30 April from 1933 — 118 — onward) of the following year. Non-fatal cases comprise all injuries entailing incapacity of more than two days (waiting period) beyond the day of occurrence of the accident. The number of cases compensated, therefore, excludes only those cases notified in which the claim was not admitted. Cases of death or permanent incapacity are recorded as such when it is ascertained that death or invalidity is the consequence of the case covered by the insurance. Time lost is computed as follows. Working days lost by temporary incapacity include days lost, also in subsequent periods, from cases occurring in the current year. To the days for which compensation was paid are added 2i days for each case, in order to allow for the waiting period. Days of temporary incapacity include also days of sickness preceding permanent incapacity or death. Time lost by permanent incapacity or death is calculated on the basis of 7,500 working days per fatal and permanently disabling case. For assessing degrees of permanent partial incapacity no official scale has been established, the Insurance Fund taking account in each case of the occupation of the injured. The number exposed to risk is the number of man-years of 300 mandays, calculated for each class of risk on the basis of the average wage and the total wages paid to the workers in each year. The average wage is computed on the basis of the earnings of the insured, the number of persons insured in each class of risk being sufficiently great to eliminate the possible errors of sampling. The man-year corresponds to 300 days or 2,400 hours, though the hours worked are actually longer in many of the establishments insured. (b) Railways These statistics cover all persons employed on railways including administrative staff and workshop staff. Accidents on tramways, cable railways, etc., are not included. The statistical methods used, the definitions of the cases, manyears and time lost, are the same as those indicated under (a). (a) MINES, INDUSTRY, TRANSPORT (EXCLUDING PUBLIC SERVICES, COMMERCE Cases per 1,000 man-years Number of cases compensated Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 TempoNumber Fatal Permanent rary oí incaincaman-years pacity pacity 618,403 670,786 709,781 695,158 654,892 595,134 590,047 596,720 289 309 335 322 318 293 271 247 RAILWAYS), Total 2,955 88,039 91,283 3,459 99,168 102,936 3,940 3,859 110,832 115,107 3,340 108,508 112,689 2,994 2,443 104,063 107,721 2,360 93,047 96,334 81,014 83,728 76,970 79,577 Fatal 0.47 0.46 0.47 0.46 0.49 0.49 0.46 0.41 Perm- Temanent porary incaincapacity pacity 4.78 5.16 5.55 5.55 5.10 5.03 4.14 3.95 142.37 147.84 156.15 156.09 158.90 156.35 137.30 128.99 Number ol days lost Total Total 147.62 153.46 162.17 162.10 164.49 161.87 141.90 133.35 9,147,924 10,122,517 11,593,611 11,584,684 10,473,124 9,943,850 8,594,053 8,341,696 Per manyear 14.8 15.1 16.3 16.7 16.0 16.7 14.6 14.0 — 119 — (b) RAILWAYS Number of cases Days lost Year Fatal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 32,549 32,105 32,759 33,421 33,079 31,888 30,131 29,778 Compensated per 1,000 man-years Compensated Number of manyears 28 20 22 26 22 21 9 17 P e r m - Tempoanent rary Incapa- incapacity city 68 69 79 66 70 56 47 53 2,821 2,963 3,192 2,911 2,861 2,483 2,284 2,268 Total 2,917 3,052 3,293 3,003 2,953 2,560 2,340 2,338 Fatal 0.86 0.62 0.67 0.78 0.67 0.66 0.30 0.57 P e r m - Tempoanent rary incapa- incapacity city 2.09 2.15 2.41 1.97 2.12 1.76 1.56 1.79 86.67 92.29 97.44 87.10 86.49 77.87 75.80 76.16 T o t a l Number 89.62 95.06 100.52 89.85 89.27 80.28 77.66 78.51 Per manyear 392,068 12.05 351,868 10.96 390,995 11.94 422,161 1 2 . 6 3 373,134 11.28 330,989 10.38 210,670 6.99 297,190 9.98 UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA (a) Mines, quarries and alluvial diamond diggings. Annual Report of the Government Mining Engineer for the Calendar Year ended 31 December 1936 (Department of Mines). The mines are principally gold mines, but include also coal mines, diamond mines and other mineral mines. The monthly average labour " in service " is obtained by dividing the sum of the numbers of persons on the books on each weekday by the number of weekdays in the month. These monthly figures are then averaged to form the annual average. The cases reported as having occurred during the year include fatal cases in which death occurred not later than six weeks after the end of the year and non-fatal cases of serious personal injury, such as, in the opinion of the admitted medical practitioner, " will disable the injured person for fourteen days or more, as well as any case of unconsciousness arising from heat stroke or inhalation of fumes or poisonous gas ", but not including cases " where the full period of fourteen days' disablement is not directly due to the injury." Before March 1930 the definition of non-fatal cases comprised injuries such as, in the opinion of the admitted medical practitioner, " may result in the injured person being incapacitated from his usual work for at least fourteen days." (b) Industrial establishments, etc. Same source as for mines; since 1 August 1931, Reports of the Chief Inspector of Factories, also. The statistics cover all " works " where machinery is erected or used (except works owned or used by the Department of Railways and Harbours) including, for example, metallurgical and ore-dressing works, chemical, petroleum and salt works, brick-making, lime and pottery works, sugar, flour and saw-mills, as well as waterworks and the generation and transmission of energy. Before 1 August 1931 all accidents in " works" (including factories) were reportable to the Mines Department; since 1 August 1931 all accidents in connection with mining operations or the manufacture of explosives (" works ") — 120 — (a) Year Average labour in service COAL MINES N u m b e r of eases reported Fatal Total Non-fatal 1. Coal 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 37,195 36,516 35,130 32,594 27,577 23,554 23,866 25,339 28,900 30,925 91 105 78 118 57 50 49 67 141 79 Cases per 1,000 workers 635 633 748 637 665 545 521 853 1,024 1,027 20,713 20,561 21,037 18,924 12,430 3,400 1,858 1,991 2,606 3,795 31 25 43 29 12 1 0 0 1 3 726 738 826 755 722 595 570 920 1,165 1,106 125 156 144 110 71 11 2 4 12 23 3. 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 221,468 231,190 227,847 236,305 244,987 253,274 270,347 299,954 333,650 361,459 608 517 588 584 566 577 619 610 708 760 15,606 15,435 19,343 16,835 10,107 6,261 8,431 11,030 12,381 14,896 12 24 17 18 11 3 10 12 11 8 156 181 187 139 83 12 2 4 13 26 294,981 303,702 303,357 304,658 295,101 286,489 304,502 338,314 377,537 411,075 742 671 726 749 646 631 678 689 861 850 6,072 7,386 8,027 8,016 9,376 11,150 11,342 11,935 12,878 14,297 6,680 7,903 8,615 8,600 9,942 11,727 11,961 12,545 13,586 15,057 54 61 72 71 78 148 213 274 216 252 6,886 8,236 8,991 8,834 10,190 11,854 12,078 13,066 14,130 15,599 2.45 2.88 2.22 3.62 2.07 2.12 2.05 2.64 4.88 2.55 17.07 17.33 21.29 19.54 24.11 23.14 21.83 33.66 35.43 33.21 19.52 20.21 23.51 23.16 26.18 25.26 23.88 36.31 40.31 35.76 1.50 1.20 2.04 1.53 0.97 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.79 6.03 7.59 6.85 5.81 5.71 3.23 1.08 2.00 4.60 6.06 7.53 8.80 8.89 7.34 6.68 3.53 1.08 2.00 5.00 6.85 2.75 2.24 2.58 • 2.47 2.31 2.28 2.29 2.03 2.12 2.10 27.41 31.95 35.23 33.92 38.27 44.02 41.93 39.79 38.60 39.55 30.16 34.18 37.81 36.39 40.58 46.30 44.24 41.82 40.72 41.65 Gold mines 5. 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Total mines 4. Other mineral 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Non-fatal mines 2. Diamond 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Fatal mines 66 85 89 89 89 151 223 286 227 260 Mines 0.77 1.55 0.88 1.07 1.09 0.48 1.19 1.09 0.89 0.54 3.46 3.95 3.72 4.22 7.72 23.64 25.26 24.84 17.45 16.92 4.23 5.51 4.60 5.29 8.81 24.12 26.45 25.93 18.34 17.46 7,628 8,907 9,717 9,583 10,836 12,485 12,756 13,755 14,991 16,449 2.52 2.21 2.39 2.46 2.19 2.20 2.23 2.04 2.28 2.07 23.34 27.12 29.64 29.00 34.53 41.38 39.66 38.62 37.43 37.95 25.86 29.33 32.03 31.46 36.72 43.58 41.89 40.66 39.71 40.02 — 121 — 6. Diggings and Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 quarries TOTAL : MINES, DIGGINGS AND QUARRIES, INDUSTRY. (b) INDUSTRY, ETC. N u m b e r of cases reported N u m b e r oteases reported N u m b e r of cases reported Fatal Nonfatal Total Fatal 29 27 29 37 25 22 17 15 20 27 32 41 47 49 46 30 39 50 48 50 61 68 76 86 71 52 56 65 68 77 35 44 54 60 65 44 34 59 54 72 Nonfatal 343 399 423 389 385 398 411 531 749 795 Total 378 443 477 449 450 442 445 590 803 867 Fatal 806 742 809 846 736 697 729 763 935 949 Nonfatal 7,261 8,676 9,461 9,272 10,621 12,282 12,528 13,647 14,927 16,444 Total 8,067 0,418 10,270 10,118 11,351 12,979 13,257 14,410 15,862 17,393 (C) RAILWAYS (INCLUDING HARBOURS DEPARTMENT) Year 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Average number in service 100,146 98,473 92,687 81,178 78,127 82,702 93,511 105,110 N u m b e r of cases Fatal 62 45 41 42 37 44 54 64 Non-fatal 2,946 2,637 2,506 2,622 3,119 3,367 3,295 Cases per 1,000 persons in service Total 2,991 2,678 2,548 2,659 3,163 3,421 3,359 Fatal 0.62 0.46 0.44 0.52 0.47 0.53 0.58 0.61 Non-fatal 29.92 28.45 30.87 33.56 37.71 36.01 31.35 Total 30.37 28.89 31.39 34.03 38.25 36.58 31.96 have been reportable to the Mines Department, while all other industrial accidents have been reportable to the Chief Inspector of Factories. The definition of cases as given above for mines applies also to industry. (c) Railways. Report of the Railways and Harbours Board for the Year ended 31 December 1936 (Office of the Railways and Harbours Board). The statistics cover train accidents and accidents " from other causes " to railway employees, including accidents in railway workshops and in railway construction. Accidents to persons employed by the Harbours Administration are also included. Fatal accidents include cases in which the person is killed outright as well as those in which the injuries sustained are directly responsible for subsequent death. ' The injuries include only cases where the servant has been absent from duty for fourteen days or more. The number of persons employed is the average number on the Railways and Harbours Administration staffs during the year ended 31 March of each year. — 122 — UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) Mines, quarries, metallurgical works, coke ovens and coal mines. Coal Mine Fatalities in the United States; Metal Mine Accidents in the United States; Quarry Accidents in the United States ; Accidents at Metallurgical Works in the United States ; Coke Oven Accidents in the United States (United States, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines). (a), (b), (c), (d) ; Metal mines include copper, gold, silver, lead, zinc, quicksilver, maganese, etc., iron, pyrite and bauxite mines, and non-metallic mineral mines (asbestos, asphaltum, barite, etc.). Metallurgical works cover ore-dressing, smelting, and auxiliary works. Coke ovens include only active plants. The statistics are generally based on voluntary returns from the operating companies or operators, except for certain States for which the mine inspectors or the Industrial Commissions furnish the data. Generally only mines and works in operation are included. The number of cases reported as having occurred during the year comprises all cases of injury entailing incapacity to work beyond the shift during which the accident occurred; cases are classed as fatal if death from injuries occurred at any time before the report to the Bureau of Mines. The number of man-years is calculated by dividing the number of man-days worked by 300. Man-hours are obtained directly from the companies' annual reports to the Bureau of Mines, or when not thus available, by multiplying man-days by the number of hours constituting a standard shift at the mine. The statistics may be considered fairly representative of the conditions in these industries, though they are not quite complete. (e) : Coal mines. The statistics cover all anthracite and bituminous coal mines in the United States, exclusive of small mines employing less than 4 persons or producing less than 1,000 tons a year. Briquette works are not included. Office employees are not covered; technical employees only if exposed to mining risks. Data on fatal accidents are contained in monthly reports from the State mine inspectors and in annual reports from the mining companies. Since 1930 data on lost time injuries are available from summary reports filed with the U. S. Bureau of Mines by the coal mining companies. Employment data are based upon the companies' reports collected by correspondence. The man-year consists of 300 man-days worked, calculated by multiplying the average number of persons employed by the average number of days worked and dividing by 300 or by dividing the companies' actual records of man-days by 300. Returns of manhours actually worked are made by an increasing number of mines especially since 1932 and 1933; for the rest, man-hours are calculated by multiplying the number of man-days by the number of hours constituting a working shift at the mines. (The average number of hours per day or shift is approximately 7.) (f) Steam railways : Accident Bulletin and Monthly Summary of Accidents reported by Steam Railways (Interstate Commerce Commission, Bureau of Statistics). Class I Roads comprise all railway companies (including terminal and switching companies) whose annual operating revenue exceeds one million dollars. The statistics cover all manual and non-manual employees of the railway companies, whether engaged in train and — 123 — railway service, or in auxiliary work, such as construction, work in warehouses, shops, wharves, ferries, etc. The n u m b e r of cases reported as having occurred during the year includes all cases happening to t h e employees of t h e companies while on duty, whether in connection with t h e working of trains or otherwise, except those due t o suicide or mental derangement. The cases reported as fatal are those in which t h e injured person died within 24 h o u r s ; as non-fatal, all other cases resulting in death, and cases disabling for more t h a n three days within t h e ten following t h e accident. I n 1932, 64 deaths due t o t r a i n a n d t r a i n service accidents occurred subsequently t o t h e 24-hour limit : 414 deaths due t o these accidents were reported as having occurred within 24 hours after t h e accident. The n u m b e r of man-hours worked is derived from t h e monthly Reports on the Service and Compensation of Steam Railway Employees ; it includes overtime. R a t e s have been recalculated by t h e International L a b o u r Office per 1,000 manyears, assuming t h e man-year to consist of 2,400 man-hours. (g) I r o n a n d steel. Monthly Labor Review, September 1933, J u n e a n d December 1936 (United States D e p a r t m e n t of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics). T h e statistics cover t h e individual d e p a r t m e n t s in t h e industry, such as blast furnaces, Bessemer converters, open-hearth furnaces, foundries, various types of rolling mills, fabricating shops, forge shops, wire drawing, power houses, electrical departments, mechanical d e p a r t m e n t s , yards, etc. Office employees are n o t included. T h e d a t a on cases are compiled from employers' reports collected annually b y correspondence. The n u m b e r of cases reported as having occurred during t h e year includes all injuries disabling beyond t h e day of t h e accident. As t h e statistics of each year are collected in April of t h e following year, t h e classification of cases as fatal or p e r m a n e n t l y or temporarily disabling is practically final. Time lost is computed according to t h e scale adopted b y the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards a n d Commissions by applying a weight of 6,000 days for d e a t h and cases of permanent t o t a l incapacity and a proportionate percentage allowance for cases of p e r m a n e n t partial incapacity. F o r cases of t e m p o r a r y incapacity t h e a c t u a l period of disability is computed. T h e man-hours actually worked in each establishment are usually furnished in t h e reports of t h e employers. I n a few cases, however, man-hours are calculated by multiplying t h e average n u m b e r of workers b y t h e n u m b e r of hours worked by t h e establishment d u r i n g t h e year. I n 1931 t h e previously published accident experience in t h e iron a n d steel industry was revised in accordance with later or additional experience. Operation of coke ovens a n d erection of structural steel, neither of which properly belongs t o t h e industry, were omitted from t h e general tabulation, although separate frequency a n d severity rates were published for these two each year. Beginning with 1933 and 1934 comparisons of rates and other d a t a have been presented for identical establishments in the two years. (h) Manufacturing (including iron and steel) : Monthly Labor Review, May 1931, December 1933; May 1934 and October 1936. United States D e p a r t m e n t of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. T h e statistics cover m a n u a l workers in a cross section of 29 selected industries for 1927 and 1928, and 30 industries for 1929 and subsequently, through separation of two industries formerly classed as one. — 124 — The industries covered include the manufacture of agricultural implements; fertilisers; iron and steel; foundry and machine shop products; machine tools; electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies; steam fittings, apparatus, and supplies; stamped and enamelled ware; stoves; automobiles; automobile tyres and rubber goods; brick, tile, and terra cotta; glass; hardware; pottery; leather; boots and shoes; paper and pulp; cotton goods; woollen goods; carpets and rugs; furniture; chemicals; flour, feed and other grain-mill products; and operations in shipbuilding, petroleum refining, logging, planing mills, saw-mills, and slaughtering and meat packing. The data on cases are obtained from the State authorities to whom employers are required to report, or, in some cases, directly from large employers. As the extent of reporting is regulated by law by the individual States, considerable variation exists. The majority of the States require reporting of all injuries disabling beyond the day of accident, but in some States reports are necessary only when the incapacity extends beyond one week, or even longer periods. In others records of temporarily disabling cases are not available. In computing injury rates for the combined industries, figures were, up to 1933, used only for such States as report injuries disabling beyond the day of the accident. Beginning with 1933, estimates were prepared of the number of non-reportable temporary disabilities in the various industries for the other States, to permit the use of all of the data collected. While the statistics do not cover all establishments in the specified industries, they may be considered as fairly representative of the conditions in these industries. Data for iron and steel —which are obtained from a separate study and are otherwise treated separately—are included for comparison with other manufacturing industries. Classification of cases and computation of time lost are as explained above under the iron and steel industry. The data on man-hours worked are obtained from employers' reports collected annually by correspondence. The methods explained under the iron and steel industry are used for computing the individual rates for each industry. In the source, combined frequency and severity rates for the various selected industries were, up to 1933, weighted by the total number of wage earners in the respective industries, in order to arrive at a weighted average rate. In the table given here, combined frequency and severity rates are shown without weighting, in order to render the figures comparable with those of other countries. (The weighted frequency rates for 1933 are given in a footnote on page 128.) Beginning with 1933 and 1934 comparisons of rates and other data have been presented for identical establishments in the two years. (i) Federal Government Services. Monthly Labor Review, March 1934, August 1936 (United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.) The statistics cover all accidents to civilian employees of the Federal Government services, which include besides the usual types of clerical and office work, the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture, construction work in the Reclamation Service in the Department of the Interior and in the Engineer Department of the Army, work in arsenals of the War Department, and in the navy yards of the Navy Department, in the Government Printing Office, etc. Excluded are the Civil Conservation Corps and all field project employees except administrative personnel of the emergency agencies. — 125 — Injuries, which are reported to the United States Employees' Compensation Commission, include all those with disability lasting beyond the day on which the accident occurred, as well as those in which medical attention beyond first aid is given. In the case of the shore establishments of the Navy Department, the day of the accident is counted as the first day of disability. It is estimated that the inclusion of cases of medical attention beyond first aid increases the number of non-fatal injuries by 30 per cent, over the number entailing disability lasting beyond the day the accident occurred. The numbers of man-hours are furnished by the respective Departments. (a) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 METAL MINES N u m b e r of cases reported Fatal Nonfatal Total Fatal Nonfatal Total 113,447 109,345 115,394 92,900 62,405 36,984 38,807 49,077 67,841 352 273 350 271 158 107 95 116 164 25,133 22,483 23,092 15,594 8,709 5,014 5,925 7,892 10,206 25,485 22,756 23,442 15,865 8,867 5,121 6,020 8,008 10,370 3.10 2.50 3.03 2.92 2.53 2.89 2.45 2.36 2.42 221.54 205.61 200.11 167.86 139.56 135.57 152.68 160.81 150.44 224.64 208.11 203.14 170.78 142.09 138.46 155.13 163.17 152.86 (b) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Number of man-years 82,609 81,325 76,559 68,531 51,755 37,047 37,874 43,694 49,744 QUARRIES N u m b e r of cases reported Fatal 135 119 126 105 61 32 59 60 51 (c) 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 Number of manyears 60,291 52,668 53,587 44,403 28,806 18,474 19,583 24,552 Cases per 1,000 man-years Nonfatal Total Fatal Nonfatal Total 13,459 10,568 9,810 7,417 5,427 3,574 3,637 3,924 4,152 13,594 10,687 9,936 7,522 5,488 3,606 3,696 3,984 4,203 1.63 1.46 1.65 1.53 1.18 0.86 1.56 1.37 1.02 162.92 129.95 128.14 108.23 104.86 96.47 96.03 89.81 83.47 164.55 131.41 129.79 109.76 106.04 97.33 97.59 91.18 84.49 METALLURGICAL WORKS N u m b e r of cases reported Year Cases per 1,000 man-years Number oí man-years Cases per 1,000 man-years Injured Fatal 54 44 43 25 16 8 13 13 Permanent disability Temporary disability 208 181 206 156 89 59 61 77 5,533 4,473 4,368 2,570 1,304 778 1,018 1,243 Non-fatal Total Fatal Total 5,741 4,654 4,574 2,726 1,393 837 1,079 1,320 5,795 4,698 4,617 2,751 1,409 845 1,092 1,333 0.90 0.84 0.80 0.56 0.56 0.43 0.66 0.53 Permanent disability Temporary disability Total 3.45 3.44 3.84 3.51 3.09 3.19 3.11 3.14 91.77 84.92 81.51 57.88 45.27 42.11 51.98 50.63 95.22 88.36 85.35 61.39 48.36 45.31 55.10 53.76 porary ability Total Fatal Total ft issiSsii *e 0 1 N « I > 0 0 cxmoiMt- Ot-«5«5 0 Œ lOlDOOOOn fe CO rt t - r H - * « C 1 N M O Í - | | | -«.'».»-.« | • OS CO t - C O CO «3 IsllIIls s^s^s;^ r eai "3 0^ 9 S OS á| = rH>. 1 i i l. ¿'S »S IS p c8 1 ««tiooia <»oo«oo«o • * m os t - M I t O O H t - t - M H CO C O W CO >, o¿ Fata O ü ¡ fe OCOCDCOCOO ! I | [ | H O M B C O O S U l ^ H O t CO C5 OS CCS O «3 . . > . . . | ocomœœœ CO t - C O CO CD O CO CM T Í a H H O « S O M H £ Í4 lili™ S of man year H M Nonfatal (M Fatal co Number of eases reported O Number of man-years > Year W -*COWOCiCO CMINCMINrtrt Per umber 1,000 manyears a= SSSSSSSE: »HO0!DS)H | anent bility Nonfatal Cases per 1,000 man-years a. a E«-<5 m fe Per iber 1,000 manyears ' 1 fe c3 ¡H CO C O « t - CO COrH C O t O CO «O OS CO T * 4 - * U5 O B O O H C O O O l ^ M « • « « « » M M i n M m osciB«o«n«in osososososœosososos I — 127 — (f) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 RAILWAYS (STEAM). Number of man-hours (1,000's) 4,406,627 4,191,065 4,225,292 3,641,412 2,930,657 2,286,561 2,148,527 2,300,815 2,299,807 2,585,528 CLASS I ROADS ONLY Cases per 1,000 years 2 N u m b e r of cases reported Fatal Nonfatal 1,427 1,187 1,302 898 621 532 473 500 535 648 83,883 66,744 57,164 33,184 21,417 16,360 14,482 15,703 15,080 20,412 Total Fatal 85,310 67,931 58,466 34,082 22,038 16,892 14,955 16,203 15,615 21,060 0.78 0.68 0.74 0.59 0.51 0.56 0.53 0.52 0.56 0.60 man- Cases per 1,000,000 man-hoursl Nonfatal Total Fatal Nonfatal Total 45.68 38.22 32.47 21.87 17.54 17.17 16.18 16.38 15.74 18.95 46.46 38.90 33.21 22.46 18.05 17.73 16.71 16.90 16.30 19.55 0.32 0.28 0.31 0.25 0.21 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.25 19.04 15.93 13.52 9.11 7.31 7.14 6.74 6.82 6.56 7.89 19.36 16.21 13.84 9.36 7.52 7.37 6.96 7.04 6.79 8.15 1 Including Class I termina land switching roads. * Calculated or recalculated by the International Labour Office. (g) IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY Cases per 1,000 man-years Year Number of man-years worked 480,968 507,826 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 609,849 495,678 335,275 198,375 273,413 334,857 331,102 (g) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Number of manhours worked (1,000's) 1,154,322 1,218,783 1 ,463,637 1,189,626 804,660 476,100 656,190 803,656 794,645 Fatal Permanently disabling 0.49 0.42 0.45 0.44 0.46 0.33 0.40 0.44 0.33 2.10 1.92 2.84 2.36 2.37 2.47 2.84 2.83 .2.72 235 212 275 217 153 66 110 147 109 45.19 45.56 59.19 42.28 42.32 40.53 44.90 44.08 38.09 Total 47.78 47.90 62.47 45.08 45.15 43.34 48.14 47.34 41.14 IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY N u m b e r of cases reported Fatal Temporarily disabling P e r m a - Temponently rarily Total disdisabling abling 1,012 976 1,729 1,172 795 490 776 946 902 21,735 23,138 36,096 20,956 14,190 8,041 12,277 14,760 12,611 22,982 24,326 38,100 22,345 15,138 8,597 13,163 15,853 13,622 Cases per 1,000,000 man-hours Fatal 0.20 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.14 0.17 0.18 0.14 P e r m a - Temponently- rarily Total disdisabling abling 0.88 0.80 1.18 0.98 0.99 1.03 1.18 1.18 1.13 18.83 18.98 24.66 17.62 17.63 16.89 18.71 18.37 15.87 19.91 19.95 26.03 18.78 18.81 18.06 20.06 19.73 17.14 D a y s lost per 1,000 man-hours Temporarily Total disabling 0.31 0.36 0.42 0.36 0.37 0.40 0.41 0.39 0.36 2.30 2.15 2.49 2.39 2.37 2.19 2.38 2.48 2.11 — 128 — (h) SELECTED MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Cases per 1,000 man-years Number of man-years worked Year 1,840,012 1,869,220 2,185,365 1,778,018 1,712,886 1,165,866 1,318,587 1,374,944 1,575,730 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 (h) Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Fatal Permanently disabling Temporarily disabling Total 0.37 0.37 0.32 0.36 0.33 0.35 0.38 0.35 0.29 2.62 2.90 2.99 2.92 2.84 3.04 3.00 3.57 3.18 42.25 44.71 46.79 41.48 37.11 36.21 44.32 44.94 39.80 45.24 47.98 50.10 44.76 40.28 39.61 48.61 48.85 43.27 SELECTED MANUFACTURING Cases p e r 1,000,000 man-hours » N u m b e r of cases reported N u m b e r of man-hours Perma- Tempoworked nently rarily F a t a ] Total dis(1,000's) disabling abling 4,416,030 4,486,128 5,244,876 4,267,242 4,111,167 2,798,079 3,164,608 3,299,865 3,781,752 680 695 700 647 571 408 505 478 460 INDUSTRIES Fatal 77,741 83,250 0.15 4,829 83,570 89,691 0.15 5,426 6,536 102,261 109,497 0.13 73,758 79,592 0.15 5,187 63,563 68,995 0.14 4,861 42,217 46,175 0.14 3,550 58,446 64,095 0.16 3,950 61,786 67,168 0.14 4,904 62,717 68,182 0.12 5,005 D a y s lost per 1,000 m a n - h o u r s 1 Perma- TempoPerma- Temponently rarily nent rary T o t a l inca- inca- Total disdispacity pacity abling abling 1.09 1.21 1.25 1.22 1.18 1.27 1.62 1.49 1.32 17.60 18.63 19.50 17.28 15.46 15.09 18.47 18.72 16.59 18.85 19.99 20.88 18.65 16.78 16.50 20.25 20.35 18.03 0.97 1.06 1.02 1.14 1.18 1.26 1.59 1.43 1.26 0.36 0.37 0.35 0.36 0.31 0.32 0.38 0.36 0.33 2.24 2.36 2.16 2.41 2.32 2.45 2.93 2.66 2.32 'Unweighted rates. From 1926 to 1933 the rates (per 1,000,000 man-hours) for the combined manufacturing industries were weighted by the total number of wage earners in each industry included, with the following results : Permanent disability Deaths Year 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Temporary disability Total Frequen- Severity Frequen- Severity Frequen- Severity Frequen- Severity rate cy r a t e cy r a t e rate rate cy r a t e cy r a t e rate 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.15 0.17 0.15 0.17 0.14 0.98 1.05 1.08 0.91 1.06 0.90 1.00 0.85 1.27 1.22 1.32 1.38 1.41 1.30 1.45 1.39 1.18 1.12 1.16 1.12 1.34 1.35 1.50 1.36 22.73 21.21 21.02 22.45 21.50 17.40 17.93 20.64 0.46 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.34 0.36 0.38 24.16 22.60 22.52 23.98 23.08 18.85 19.55 22.17 2.62 2.58 2.64 2.43 2.82 2.59 2.86 2.59 Data for 1934 and 1935 cover identical establishments reporting for each of the two years. — 129 — (i) FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SERVICES (CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES) N u m b e r of cases reported Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Number of man-hours (1,000's) Fatal Nonfatal 1,232,200 1,256,817 1,286,279 1,281,153 1,257,926 1,189,176 1,209,818 1,368,514 1,535,987 358 307 334 292 262 231 230 287 307 20,189 21,882 25,356 25,777 28,176 25,117 24,755 33,839 32,832 Total 20,547 22,189 25,690 26,069 28,438 25,348 24,985 34,126 33,139 Cases per 1,000,000 man-hours Fatal Nonfatal Total 0.29 0.24 0.26 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.20 16.38 17.41 19.71 20.12 22.40 21.12 20.46 24.73 21.38 16.67 17.65 19.97 20.35 22.61 21.31 20.65 24.94 21.58