JTERNATIONAL LABOUR
OFFICF
GENEVA
—
icember iyth ig2o.

Studies

and
Series
No.

Reports
K
4

The Eight Hour Day in Italian Agriculture
The attempt, to some extent successful, to introduce
an eight-hour day into Italian agriculture has not only the
humanitarian and economic motives which tend to make
the eight-hour day general in industry but also a cause pecu-N
liar to Italian conditions.
The soil of Italy is largely divided into small holdings,
cultivated by owners or tenants with the help of the members
of their family and, in some cases, of a farm-servant engaged
by the year. But there are also in many parts of the country
large estates farmed by the owner or tenant, directly and as
a single unit. He employs men hired by the year, especially
for the care of stock, but he depends to a great extent on
casual labour, paid by the day. , Consequently nearly half
the whole agricultural class is formed by a numerous and
floating mass of casual labourers (1), always likely to be reniti) According to the official census, 9,026^076 persons over ten years
old, of both sexes, were employed by agriculture in Italy in 1911 and
4,215,648 of them were day-labourers. The following figures, taken from
the official census of 1911, show the distribution of the rural population
in classes
Landowning farmers
. 1,715,260
Holders of emphyteoses and usufructuaries
. . .
29,466
Kent-paying tenants
694,118
Mezzadri and other produce-sharing tenants . . . .
1,581,492
Farm hands hired by the year
384,593'
Day-labourers
4,215,648
Growers of vegetables, oranges and lemons,
tobacco, fruit-trees, vines
66,428
Gardeners
24,529
Woodmen and hedgers
11,928
Gatherers of fungi, truffles, chicory, etc.
herborists
746
Woodcutters, charcoal burners
22,576
Stockmen, shepherds
237,005
Breeders of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, dogs, etc.
1,266
Poultry-farmers
722
Beekeepers
396
Silkworm rearers j e m P J ° y e r s ' •
399
( employees
1,155
Keepers
;
1,358
Agents and bailfifs
27,071
Field and wood watchmen
9,920

— 2 —

.

.

forced by sons of small holders who do not find employment
on their fathers' land, by holders of lots too small to support
them and their families; by unsuccessful small holders. In
periods of agrarian and agricultural crisis, such as that which
took place in the ighties, the affluence from the class of
small holders to that of casual labourers is great. To this
liability of the supply of casual agricultural labour to indefinite increase the fact must be added that it has to suffer
a dead season — the months when very little work can 'be
done in the fields. It is therefore not surprising that there
is and has been much unemployment among Italian agricultural workers. And it is this unemployment which makes
the problem .of limiting the working day in agriculture a
crucial one, as it was the main cause of the large rural emigration from Italy, and the principal motive for the foundation of the collective leaseholding societies by which associated labourers have themselves acquired land which they
work by their own labour.
In relation to her supplies of primary material and her
arable area Italy has a denser population than any other
western country, except Holland where cultivation is very
intensive (1). According. to the official census, 9,027,076
of the inhabitants of Italy, of both sexes, over ten years old,
were in 1911 employed in agriculture, that is 55 per cent, of
the whole active population. And during the last halfcentury the people of rural Italy, who were once the most
abstemious of communities and were content with a minimum of possessions, have ' developed a demand for food and
drink, clothes and amusement which is, comparatively speaking, both large and • various and which reacts on their
demand for employment and wages.
THK LIMITATION OF THE WOHKING DAY OF CASUAL LAIUHJHKUKS.

The only statutory enforcement of a limited workingday. in Italian agriculture is an Act of 1907 which applies
only to day-labourers employed on husking rice. It lays
down that work may not begin before sunrise and tha't the
working day may not exceed nine hours for local workers
or ten for those who have no lodging in the neighbourhood
of the .rice-fields and for whom, in accordance with other
clauses of the Act, the owner provides sleeping accommodation. (2) The workmg day is inclusive of periods of rest,
(1) The population per square mile of the principal European countries
is as follows.: Belgium 652, England and Wales 618, Holland 539, Italy 327,
Germany 310, Switzerland 234, France 189, Austria 187, Denmark 180,
Scotland 1G0, Ireland 135, Kussia 71, Turkey 34, Sweden 34, Norway 19.
See The Statesman's Yearbook, London, 1920.
(2) Among thé workers on rice-fields there is a prevalence of women,
old men and children. The number of immigrants is calculated at about

determined, by local regulations, of the time spent in going
to and returning from work, and of the pauses necessary
to mothers who are nursing their children. In every week
there must be a holiday of twenty-four consecutive hours
which must, if possible, cover Sunday. - The enforcement of
the clauses of the Act is entrusted to the police, to medical
officers and to labour inspectors who have free access to the
rice-fields and to workers' dwellings and sleeping-huts. Any
infringement, by worker or employer, is punishable by a
fine not exceeding £ 4 (1) for each person concerned, up to
a maximum of £ 200, the fines to be used for the benefit
of local public charitable institutions.
This Act has been largely superseded by customs and by
collective agreements between the employers and the workers'
unions. Since the return to their homes of the peasants who
served in the army, the problem of rural unemployment has
becomcmore acute than ever before, and the important experiments for its solution have, as hitherto, been made not by
the government or local authorities but by the peasants themselves. It was they who began the emigratory movement to
JSTorth and South America and it was they, on their own initiative, who undertook collective farming in Italy. And similarly they have spontaneously sought to deal with the present
crisis. The associated agricultural labourers have borrowed
from industry the principle of the eight-hour day and have
tried to adapt it to agriculture with the object of distributing
the demand for labour over a larger part of the supply by
limiting the number of hours of work which each man is allowed to contribute. Such a distribution would much reduce
individual earnings were not the total sum spent on wages
increased. But this increase has been obtained. During 1918
and especialy during 1919, the casual agricultural labourers
of many Italian provinces, in the person of their associations,
induced their employers to conclude with them agreements
which limited the Avorking day and determined rates of pay.
The day fixed is on an average one of eight hours. But
the folly of rigidly limiting all agricultural work in all seasons
to the same number of hours has not been committed. Even
advanced Socialist opinion has generally seen the fairness as
well as the necessity of modifying for agriculture the eighthour day of industry, since seasons and the weather bring
slack times, when eight hours of work in a day are impossible,
as well as times when heavy loss can be avoided only by working for nine or ten. In the provinces of Novara, Lower
36,000 at the time of the rice-harvest, and at about 26,000 at the time of
husking. The immigrants come from the mountainous and hilly districts,
where, for the most part, they are small farmers. Their work in the ricefields lasts about 40 days.
(1) The English equivalents of money values are given at par throughout this paper.

— 4 —

Parma and Brescia the agreed working day lasts eight hours
in summer—in.Brescia, nine for a few weeks in July—seven
in spring and autumn and six in winter. In the province of
Bari the day is one of four to six hours from August to June,
and eight hours from June to August except in the harvest and
threshing season . when it may extend to ten hours. This
province is one where unemployment is peculiarly acute,
where, according to a "recent estimate, many labourers cannot count on finding work for more than a hundred days in
the year (1).- In the Milanese province the agreed day averages eight hours over the whole year and is exclusive of the
time spent in going to and coming from work, and the employer.
fixes the time at which work begins and ends and the times
of rests. Moreover, allo Avance is made in all, or nearly all
agreements for overtime,paid for at an extra rate, in seasons
of heaA'y Avork and in cases of urgency. In the provinces of
Novara, Milan and Lower Parma overtime is limited, to t\vo
hours. . The enforcement of the agreements is secured by the
labourers' organisations, by the Labour Exchanges ( Uffici
Misti di Collocamento), in Avhich both employers and employed are represented, and sometimes by individual labourers,
jealous of any AVIIO obtain more employment than.themselves.
Enforcement is stated not to be difficult, the labourers cooperating. Avith their organisations and the employers making
no serious resistance. . It is remarkable that a commission
Avhich was nominated by the organised farmers as Avell as the
organised labourers and represented these tAvo classes equally,
and which-met in Borne, o~ut of reach of local pressure, reported in April 1919 in favour of an eight-hour day for all casual
agricultural labourers, Avhether men or Avomen, such day to be
modified, as the season or weather dictated, by provision for
overtime, paid for at an extra rate, and to begin, end and be
interrupted at times which made possible the best use of labour
(2).
There is a certain tendency on the part of indiA'idual work;
ers to place obstacles in the way of overtime. Similarly, a
recent report on the limitation of Avorking hours by the Ñational Federation of the LandAvorkers of Italy objects to the
system of fixing a day which averages eight hours OA-er the
AArhole year, on the ground that the labourer is idle after dark
in Avinter through no fault of his own, and therefore should
not compensate for this idleness by Avorking ten hours in summer.
In. some districts the casual labourer Avorks on his oAvn
holding before the beginning and after the end of the agreed
day, so'that his true Avorking-day lasts ten or twelve hours or
(1) Statement made in the Chamber of Deputies on 2 August 1920.
Corriere della Sera, Milan, 3 August 1920..
(2) La Giornata di Otto Ore nelle industrie, nei commerci e nell'agricoltura,
Tipografia della Camera dei Deputati, Rome, 1920.

more. From Apulia it is reported that he invariably Avorks
thus on the plot of land he owns or rents; and there have been
complaints that he is tired before he begins to earn his wages.
T H E RESTHJCTIOXS F O L L O W I N G OX T H E L I M I T E D W O R K I N G
DAY

O F CASUAL

LABOURS.

The eight-hour day is said to have lessened unemployment among casual agricultural labourers to some extent
but the unemployed and the insufficiently employed are still
so numerous as to constitute a very grave problem. The
effects of the limited working hours have been partly counteracted by the employers, who, already compelled, in many
cases, to pay higher rents for the land, have been unwilling, sometimes unable, to pay for the amount of labour
previously expended on it when the price of labour per hour
has greatly increased. Therefore they have reduced their
demand for labour by using machinery for processes hitherto
done by hand or by cultivating less intensively. In Apulia,
at any rate, there is in consequence a tendency among the
peasants to limit the use of machinery worked by horse or
steam power. The time has however been one in which
employers have not been able to obtain either machines or
the fuel they consume easily and at cheap rates; and the efforts of the labourers have generally been directed to compelling the cultivation which requires a large amount of
labour.
Since the end of 1919.-, therefore, there have been clauses
in agreements to ensure a fixed ratio hetween the area of a
farm and the number of men employed on it. Thus, an
agreement concluded in February 1920 in the province of
Reggio Emilia stipulates that the employers must ensure to
each of the organised labourers a maximum of '250 and a
minimum of 140 days of work in a year, and that every farmer
must, on an average, employ one person on from five to ten
biolehe (1) of cultivated land, the members of his own family
who are over fourteen years of age counting as employed persons. An amended form of the Milanese agreement contains
the clause that every farmer must engage to employ during
the current year one male' labourer over fourteen years of
age, paid by the day or the year, for every cultivated area
of from 40 to 50 Milanese pertiche (2) which he holds. The
local Commissioni di Avviamento (Committees for facilitating
employment) are responsible for the observation of the clause.
The small produce-sharing tenants (coloni) of the Upper Milan(1) 1 biolca of Reggio Emilia : 31,455 or in some districts 32,657 square
feet.
(2) 1 Milanese <pert/ioa : 6,945 square feet.

— G —

ese may retain one able man for every 30 pertiche they hold,
but the other members of their, family-are regarded as casual
labourers having a right to employment. There is a similar'
agreement as to a ratio between area and the labour employed
in -the province of Ferrara. In that of Parma a prefect's
decree of 14 July 1919 alloAvs mayors to make, on the advice
of á special commission, a compulsory order for the increase
of cultivation and hiring of labour, and advantage has been
taken of this to oblige farmers of first-class farms to employ
one man for every 12 biolche (1), those of second-class farms
one man for 15 biolche, those of third-class farms one man for
18 biolche.
A second movement consequent on the agreed working
day 'of casual labourers is that which would limit hours of
work for farm hands paid by the year. That farmers should
be free to employ their permanent staff for an unrestricted
portion of the day but their day-labourers only for a limited
number of hours, is indeed to offer them an inducement to
increase the number of men they hire by the year and to do,
as far as possible, without day-labourers. The labourers'
organisations have sought therefore to remedy this weakness
in their position by regulating the number of hours a day for
which a permanently employed farm hand may work, together with the wages which he must receive. Agreements
which include such regulation are in force in the provinces
of Ferrara, Milan, Padua and Parma, and are contemplated
in other provinces. They except from their scope men employed to look after stock, and they allow overtime but
only when two conditions are fulfilled, when, namely, there
is urgent work to be done and when casual labour is not
available. The .Milanese agreement enacts a special rate of
payment for the overtime work of farm hands engaged by
the year. Otherwise the working day of labourers of this
class is fix.ed as follows :
at
»

6 hours for

2 or 3 months, according to the district

7

»• 8
» 9
,» 10

»

»

21 o r 3

- »

»

»

»
»
»'

»
»
»

1,2 or 3 »
2
-»
3
»

»

» »

»

'

»

»

THE EFFECTS OF THE LIMITED WORKING DAY.

'••- The evidence as to the effect o't thè limited working' day
on 'cultivation is necessarily inconclusive, for the limitation
has been in force for hardly a twelvemonth and it will be
possible-to form.a true estimate of its reaction on agriculture
only over, a number of years. Such incomplete evidence as.
is already available is conflicting. That agricultural production
(1) 1 Parmesan biolca : 33,178 square feet.

in Italy has diminished in the last two years is hardly
disputed, but for this there are a variety of causes unconnected with the limitation — the rise in the cost of
primary material and implements and the difficulty of
obtainning them ; the real famine in fertilizers; the defective
means of transport; the unrest, lack of confidence in the
future, reciprocal distrust of employers and employed,
and lack of discipline which are so general a result of the war
and which affect both the wage-earners and the farmers.
It is widely hold that shorter hours and increased wages
have not led to greater production per hour. Where, as in
Apulia, the labourers exert themselves on their own holdings
outside the agreed working day the circumstance is easily
explained. Elsewhere it is probably due in part to "afterwar psychology", and in part to the fact that many of the
wage-earners do not feel that their own interests, as well as
those of their emploj'ers, are involved in a high rate of production.
There in also Aveighty evidence that the greatly increased
cost of labour per hour, due to the limitation of the working
day accompanied by the rise in the individual's wages, constitutes too heavy a burden on farming.
Already' farmers who
are not landowners are handicapped by a rise in rents which has
accompanied the rise in the price of land. In the province of
Parma rents now average about £ 10 or L. 11 an acre and are
sometimes as much as £ 16 an acre while labour has come
to cost from L. 20 to £ 28 an acre. These are very high'
figures as compared with those which obtained in Italy a
year or tAVo ago. Where the employer is not able, as he is
in the Milanese province, to fix the time at which work begins
and ends and at which intervals occur, the burden o f t h e
eight-hour day is increased because it is impossible to make
the most economical use of labour. A very trustworthy
authority, who cannot be accused of unfair prejudice in favour
of the capitalist since he is the great advocate of collective
farming, reports that in the province of Parma wheatgrowing
no longer pays even where a yield which is high for the
district, that of 30 bushels an acre, is obtained. He states that
the farmers tend' to enlarge their artifical meadows and to
grow forage crops rather than grain, in order to reduce their
need of labour. Another informant avers that rice-growing,
which requires much unskilled labour, is being abandoned. In
the province of Ferrara all the work that is not immediately
profitable—the bringing of waste land under cultivation, the
levelling of the soil, the upkeep of ditches and drains, the
renewing of vines,much digging in vineyards and orchards—is said to be neglected. In Bari weeding is no longer thorough. It will be difficult to defeat all this.unAvillingness of
farmers to undertake the laborious processes of agriculture
by imposing on them, as the recent agreements have done,
the necessity to employ a fixed amount of labour.

— 8 —
The limitation of the working day is also cited as a contributory canse of the general rise in prices.
On the other hand, reports from the provinces of lieggioEmilia, Brescia and Milan state that this limitation has not
injured cultivation. In the two former provinces the fact
is explained by the abundance of the supply of casual labour.
As for the living conditions of the workers, almost all the
reports recerved from local and other authorities state that
they have improved as a result of the shorter working day and
higher wages, but there are complaints of the use the men
make of their leisure and spare cash. From the Cattedra ambulante eli agricoltura (itinerant Lectureship in Agriculture)
in the province of Bari there comes the report that while
larger earnings have improved living conditions, "the reduction
of working hours has gone beyond that just limit where
physiological needs are reconciled with an individual's working capacity".
Thè great change wrought in the life of the class of the
wage-earners by the fact that they are now, comparatively
speaking, persons of leisure and means, has inevitably reacted
on other classes of the rural community. The working day
of the numerous small holders — the small landowners, the
tenants who hold for money rents [affituarii) and those Avho
render for their land, a fixed share of its produce [mezzadri
terziarii, coloni) — is not limited. In the spring and autumn
the mezzadro in the best conditions usually works'from seven
• in the morning until midday and from three to sunset: during
the seasons of great heat from four to nine in the morning
and from five in the afternoon to nine or ten; in the winter
his working hours are very short. The man who on every
mezzadria has charge of the stock is occupied for longer hours.
There is much testimony in favour of these industrious
small holders. They are reputed to have a high value, both
social and economic, to the community. Their lands are
administered by a patriarchial system, worked by a whole
clan of relatives, acknowledging a chief who distributes allowances to the younger men.
In favourable circumstances
the children of the household begin work when they are
twelve years old but they perform only lignt tasks for four
or five years longer, and the women also are customarily,
spared the heavier kinds of work, while they are allowed to
be idle immediately before childbirth and for at least twenty
days after it. The family relations obtaining on mezzadrie
are said to be, as a rule, excellent. I t is therefore much deplored by some sections of Italian public opinion that the
institution of the mezzad/ria is being undermined by the easier
conditions which wage-earners enjoy. The fittest members
of a small holder's family now tend, in districts in which
the system of small holdings is not exclusively followed, to
join the ranks of casual labour and to leave the family land
to the old men, women and boys, except before and after

— O —

the agreed working day when they too, in some cases, Avork
upon it. There have resulted both an addition to the supply
of casual labour which has intensified unemployment, and
an under cultivation of small holdings.
It should however be added, in fairness, that many tendencies of modern life are unfavourable to the continued importance of the mezzadrie.
Moreover, the higher cost of labour per hour has inclined
some landowners no longer to farm their lands directly but
to let them out in small holdings, thus actually strengthening the class of small tenants. The Stazione Sperimentale
di Risicoltura (Bicegrowing Experimental Station), reports
an increase in many districts of small farms held on producesharing systems.
***

All this information as to the limitation of the working
day in the agriculture of Italy acquires fresh interest from
the fact that a Bill making its limitation general and compulsory was introduced in the Italian Chamber of Deputies last
February. It lays down that no wage-earning agricultural
labourer, whether paid by the day or hired by thè year, may
work for more than eight hours a day.or forty-eight hours a
week, except in cases of special need when, in obedience to
agreements, two hours may be added to the working day or
twelve hours to the working week, the overtime being paid
for at a rate not less than23 per cent above the ordinary rate.
The subject is strictly pertinent to the work of the International Labour Office, since the Third International Labour Conference, to be held in Geneva on the 4th of April
1921, will, among other business, examine the possibility
of adapting to agricultural labour the Washington decision
winch limited hours of work in industrial undertakings to
eight in the day and forty-eight in the week.

— 10 —
SOU EC E S .
Concordaio per il Contratto di Lavoro Agricolo nella Provincia di Milano,
puhlished by the Royal Prefectorate of .Milan, 1920.
Concordato per i lavori di avventiziato ili agricoltura per la Provincia, di
Eeggio Emilia, printed by the Co-operativa di Lavoranti Tipografi, Reggio
Emilia, 1920.
Argentina. Altobelli : Federazione Nazionale dei Lavoratori della Terra
d'Italia, Storia, Vita, Battaglie (memorial to the International Land workers'
Congress at Amsterdam, 1920), Stablilimenti • Poligrafici Riuniti, Bologna, 1920.)
Material collected by Signor Angelo Cabrini, correspondent in Italy- of
the International Labour Office, comprising amendments of the Agricultural
Agreements of the Lower Milanese Province, 1920, and reports from the
Federazione Nazionale dei Lavoratori della Terra di Italia,, the Ufficio Nazionale del Lavoro, the Stazione Sperimentale di Eisicoltura, the Ufficio
di Ispezione e< di Assistenza per le Cooperative Agricole at Bologna, the
Federazione delle Cooperative Agricole della Provincia di Eeggio nell'Emilia,
the Federazione Agricola Interprovinciale at Milan, the Azienda Agricola
dell'Alta Valle d'Agri, and the •CattedreAmbulanti di Agricoltura (Itinerant
Lectureships in Agriculture) of Novara; Bari, Milan, Ravenna, Parma, and
Brescia, and by Signori Edoardo Soderini and Pietro Nicoolini.

STUDIES AND REPORTS
already

issued.

Where the English or French text of a Report has not yet been published it
will be issued at a later date.
Series A.
N° 1.

T H E AGREEMENT B E T W E E N T H E SPANISH W O R K E R S ' ORGANISATIONS, issued on September 25th 1920. In English and in
French.

2.

T H E DISPUTE I N T H E METAL INDUSTRY I N ITALY.
TRADE
UNION CONTROL OP INDUSTRY, issued on September 25th
1920.
In English and in French.
'

3.

ANNUAL MEETING OF T H E TRADES UNION CONGRESS 1920,
issued on October 4th 1920. In English and in French.

4.

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF W O R K E R S ' IN T H E FOOD A N D
DRINK TRADES, issued on October 11th 1920. In English and
in French.

5.

T H E BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND THE M I N E R S ' F E D E R A T I O N OF
GREAT BRITAIN. CONFERENCE B E T W E E N SIR ROBERT HORNE
AND T H E M I N E R S ' F E D E R A T I O N , issued on October
1.1th
1920. In English and in French.

0.

T H E CONGRESS O F THE LABOUR AND SOCIALIST I N T E R N A T I O N A L ,
issued on October 14th 1920. In English and in French.

7.

T H E MINERS' INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS, issued on October 1 9th
1920. In English and, in French.

8.

T H E INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION. A COMPARISON,
issued on October 21st 1920. In English and in French.

9.

T H E INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF METAL W O R K E R S , issued on
October 22nd 1920. In English and in French.

10.

THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND THE MINERS' FEDERATION OF
GREAT BRITAIN.
CONFERENCE BETWEEN
THE GOVERNMENT' ANT THE TRIPLE INDUSTRIAL ALLIANCE, issued OU
October 26th 1920. In English and in French.

"11.

T H E DISPUTE IN THE METAL INDUSTRY IN ITALY. T R A D E U N I O N
CONTROL OF I N D U S T R Y . (Second part) issued on November 4th 1920. In English and in French.

" 12.

T H E FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF B O O K B I N D E R S , issued
on November 26th 1920. In English and in French.
Series B.

N° 1. COAL PRODUCTION IN T H E R Ü H R D I S T R I C T .
Enquiry by t h e
International Labour .Office, end of May 1920, issued on September 1st 1920. In'English
and in French.
"

2. P A P E R S R E L A T I N G

TO SCHEMES

OF INTERNATIONAL

ORGANISA-

T I O N FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF RAW MATERIALS AND FOOD
STUFFS, issued on October 5 t h 1920. In English and in
French.

—
N° 3.

12 —

T H E CONDITIONS OF LABOUR AND PRODUCTION IN THE UPPER SILESIAN

COALFIELD, issued on December 10th 1920. In English and in
French.
Series C.
N° 1.

BRITISH

LEGISLATION

ON UNEMPLOYMENT

on October 26th 1920.
"

2.

In English

GOVERNMENT ACTION IN DEALING WITH UNEMPLOYMENT IN ITALY,

issued on October 27th 1920. In English
"

3. . T H E BULGARIAN

LAW ON COMPULSORY

vember 4th 1920. In English
" -4.

I N S U R A N C E , issued

and in French.

T H E ACTION

OF THE SWISS

and in French.

LABOUR, issued on No-

and in French.

GOVERNMENT

I N DEALING

WITH

UNEMPLOYMENT, issued on November 13th 1920. In English
and in French.
Series D.
N° I.

S T A F F REGULATIONS ON T H E F R E N C H R A I L W A Y S , issued on Sep-

tember 4th 1920. In English

and in French.

Series H.
N° 1.

CONSUMERS'

CO-OPERATIVE

SOCIETIES

I N 1919 (Denmark

and

Sweden), issued on September 8th 1920. In English and
in French.
"

2.

SEVENTH

CONGRESS

OF T H E BELGIAN

issued on September 25th 1920.
"

3.

CO-OPERATIVE

In English

OFFICE,

and in French.

T H E NATIONAL CONGRESS O F F R E N C H CONSUMERS' CO-OPERATIVE

SOCIETIES, issued on November 24th 1920.
in French.

In English and

Series K.
N° 1.

F I R S T INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF L A N D W O R K E R S ' UNIONS
A F F I L I A T E D TO T H E INTERNATIONAL F E D E R A T I O N OF TRADE

U N I O N , issued on November, 1920. In: English and in French.
"

2.

AGRARIAN CONDITIONS IN SPAIN, issued on November 10th 1920.

In English-and
"

3.

in French.

SMALL HOLDINGS' I N SCOTLAND, issued on November 12th 1920.

In English

and in French..