INTERNATIONAL LABOUR
OFFICE

Studies and Reports
Series

GENEVA

—

No. 1

15 October 1921

The International Protection of Women
Workers
EARLY MEASURES OF PROTECTION

Attention is being directed to the work of women in
industry, and the special protection which they receive, by
the holding of the International Congress of Working Women
at Geneva from 17 October 1921 onwards.
The protection of the weak, and therefore of women as well
as of children and young persons, is one of the fundamental
principles underlying the movement which led to the creation
of the International Labour Organisation. The protection
of children has been undertaken in the past at an earlier stage
than that of women; for some time, indeed, most of those
states which had the most advanced social legislation made
no distinction between men and women workers.
It was in 1842 that the United Kingdom first prohibited
the employment of women in underground work in mines, and
in 1847 that the 10-hour day for women in the textile industry
was instituted. About the same time, in 1841, a French Act
was passed dealing with children only. The penalties provided in this Act being found insufficient, it was necessary
to revise it. The new Bill embodied the principle of the
limitation of the working day of giris to 12 hours. The
memoranda which Daniel Legrand was at that time submitting
to the various European governments in order to induce
them to undertake the international protection of workers
referred only to children and girls, and with some exceptions
made no provision for the protection of women.
At the Berlin Conference of 1890 the question of the
protection of women workers was definitely raised for the
first time as an international matter. The Berlin Conference
voted the following resolutions on this subject :
(1) that it should not be allowed for women to be employed on underground work in mines ;
(2) that it should not be allowed for women and young girls to be
employed at night in industrial work;
(3) that women should not be employed for more than 11 hours per
day with a rest period of at least I1/, hours;]

IL0-SR/I1
ENGL
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(4) that restrictions should be laid down for specially unhealthy or dangerous occupations ;
(5) that women should not be allowed to work during the four weeks
following confinement.

The composition of the Berlin Conference and the powers
it enjoyed did not, of course, permit it to do more than
pass resolutions. It is, however, clear that the development
of ideas to which it gave rise led most of the industrial states
of western Europe to take some measure of action in the sense
which it proposed.
At the time of the meeting of the Berne Conference of
1906, which was for the first time to give the force of an
international agreement to regulations for the protection of
workers, the British Government stated, in a report submitted
to the House of Commons, that the measures taken in pursuance of the resolutions of the Berlin Conference had been
the following. The employment of women on underground
work in mines was prohibited in Great Britain, Austria,
France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and Norway. It was also
prohibited in Eelgium in the case of women under 21.
No regulations existed in Denmark, the Netherlands, Hungary,
Luxemburg, Portugal, and Switzerland, but it should be
noted that in Holland and Switzerland women were not in
practice employed on underground work. The night work
of women in industry was prohibited in the same states,
also in Holland, Luxemburg, and Switzerland; Belgium and
Italy, however, allowed exceptions of considerable extent.
Working hours for women were fixed at 10 per day in France,
11 in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, and 12 in the
United Kingdom and Italy. There was no legislation on
this subject in Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Hungary,
Luxemburg, Portugal, Sweden, and Norway. The prohibition
of employment for four weeks after confinement was fairly
general except in Hungary, Luxemburg, and Portugal. Italy
and Denmark allowed exceptions to this regulation, while
Norway had increased the period to six weeks.
Such were the broad outlines cf the legal protection allowed
to women workers when the Conference of 1906 undertook
to deal with the question of the prohibition of night work
of women in industry. The International Association for
Labour Legislation, in the memoranda submitted to the
Swiss Federal Government on this occasion, estimated the
number of women workers liable to be employed at night,
in the states which had issued no prohibition of such employment, at one million. If America and Australia were included, a further 350,000 would have to be added. In practice,
however, the night work of women did not nearly attain these
proportions, and the number of women actually employed at
night in the countries of western Europe, to which the proposed

— 3 —

prohibition was to apply, was probably very small and did
not amount to more than a few thousands.
The report submitted to the Berne Conference by the
commission which had to draft the principles of a Convention
prohibiting night work for women shows thct agreement was
easily reached on the principle itself. There were, however,
great differences of opinion as to the length of time to be
included in the term " night ". Most of the delegations, in
agreement with the International Association for Labour
Legisla'ion, wished to fix this period at 12 hours, so that the
actual working hours of women might in practice be reduced
indirectly to a maximum of 10 or Í1 per day. Seven of the
delegations took this view, those of Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Denmark, France, Luxemburg, and Switzerland. The representatives of Belgium, Sweden, and Norway, on the other hand,
did not wish the night period to exceed 10 hours. The
Commission finally compromised, on the proposal of the If alian
delegation, on a period of 11 hours.
There was also considerable discussion on the question of
the exceptions to be allowed for certain industries and the
period of grace to run before the Convention was applied.
The Convention was finally signed by the plenipotentiaries of
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Prance.
the United Kingdom, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands,
Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland. The Convention was
subsequently ratified by all the states which had signed it
except Denmark and Luxemburg.
The International Association for Labour Legislation, at
its meeting at Geneva after the Berne Conference, passed a
resolution in favour of the limitation by international
agreement of the working day for all women workers included
in the Berne Convention to a maximum of 10 hours per day.
This resolution was several times repeated. In consequence
of these resolutions of the International Association the Swiss
Federal Council called an expert conference at Berne in 1913
to deal with the question of the limitation of working hours
for women.
Although great progress had by this time been made in
social legislation, Greece, Monaco, Montenegro, Turkey, and
the greater part of Asia, Africa, and South America possessed
no regulations fixing working hours. Even in Europe,
Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Finland, Hungary, Luxemburg,
Portugal, Sweden, and Norway had not in practice fixed a
maximum working day for women, in spite of having done
so in the case of young persons. The usual working hours
of women in states which had issued regulations were 10 per
day. The hours were rather less in the United Kingdom,
Germany, and the Netherlands, owing to the regulations as
regards Saturdays. The hours Avere IO in France, Serbia,
Bulgaria, and Roumania, 11 in Switzerland and Austria, 1 1 %
iu-Russia, and 12 in Italy and Japan.

— i —

The question of maximum working hours was the most
hotly contested question at the Berne Conference. The
Italian representative, Mr. Dragoni, proposed 11 hours per
day and 63 per week, but this proposal was rejected by ten
votes to two with one abstention, and a proposal for 10 hours
was adopted by nine votes to one (the Netherlands), with four
abstentions (Belgium, Italy, Norway, and Eussia).
Once the principle of the 10-hour day had been adopted,
the conference allowed considerable latitude in the methods of
its application.
An interesting question of principle was raised by the
Norwegian delegate to the Conference. Norway had meanwhile
become independent and was taking part in a conference of
this kind for the first time. The Norwegian delegate, Mr.
Bygg, stated that in his country there was a strong trend
of opinion in opposition to all special protection for women.
He demanded equal legislation for men and women
workers. This was the first appearance of this essentially
feminist principle in an international labour conference.
Up till that time the desirability of special protection for the
weaker members of the working community had never been
questioned. Since that time there has always been one section
of opinion which lays particular stress on the equal competition
of men and women, and which does not wish to destroy this
equality by placing women in an inferior economic position
merely in order to secure certain material advantages for them
in the organisation of labour.

RESOLUTIONS AND BECOÜVEMENDATIONS

The Commission which was entrusted with the preparation
of the Labour Clauses of the Peace Treaty, at its meeting of
18 March 1919, heard the representatives of certain women's
associations, who expressed the point of view of women
workers.
The main principle for which this delegation stood was
expressed by Mrs. Duchêne, who presented the following
memorandum to the Commission.
Considering that special labour legislation concerning women only
serves, most often, to limit their scope of work and to exclude them from
certain industries, while leaving them free nevertheless to engage in work
which is not prohibited but which is prejudicial to their health :
Considering that an insufficient or substantially different technical
training lowers the value of a woman on the labour market :
Considering that the human community has imperative duties in regard
to children, which demand their protection from the beginning :
Considering, finally, that maternity is a function of vital interest to
the State :
We are resolved
(1) that all protective labour legislation should be established on a basis
of absolute equality for all adult workers without distinction of sex ;

(2) that no prohibition affecting the whole of an industry should he allowed
and that restrictive measures should only bear on specific processes ;
(3) that prohibition shall be strictly limited, after consultation with
women's commissions consisting of delegates from the organisations of
workers engaged in such work, women inspectors of work, physiologists,
hygienists, women doctors, or other women competent in any other respect
to deal with the matter ;
(4) that before coming to a decision such commissions should consider
whether the detriment to women is due to unhealthy processes or conditions
capable of being changed and which should be changed as much in the
interests of men as of women ;
(5) that vocational education should be open to all and organised on a
basis of equality between the two sexes :
(6) that the protection of maternity should be instituted on the same
grounds as that of children ;
(7) that it should be recognised that the state must, during the period
of prohibition of work while a woman is pregnant or nursing, allow her,
without distinction of category, a living compensatory indemnity in view
of the forfeited salary.

It is clear that the idea of absolute equality between the
sexes as regards the protection of labour, which had already
been expressed at the Berne Conference of 1913 by the
Xorwegian Delegation, inspires the modern feminist movement.
It was for this reason that the women's delegations did not
confine their proposals exclusively to questions connected
with women's work.
In spite of their enthusiasm for equality, however, the
women's associations could not refrain from emphasising
certain questions of particular interest to women. The memorandum submitted to the Peace Conference on behalf
of the International Women's Council by Mrs. Avril de
S te. Croix read as follows :
(1) Considering that it is impossible at the present time, when the
industrialisation of female labour has transformed the conditions of life
of the majority of women, to permit the continuance of inequality of
treatment • between the workers of the two sexes, and in order to prevent
the interests of women being separated from or set up against the interests
of men :
(2) Considering the absolute necessity of preventing the too early
exploitation of juvenile labour'and the right of a child to general and
technical education :
(3) Considering the importance of allowing a woman worker time for
rest and intellectual development outside the hours passed in the factory
or the workshop :
(4) Considering that night work is injurious and detrimental to family
life :
(5) Considering the injustice that has too long attached to female labour
in respect of salary :
(6) Considering the impossibility of suppressing home work, which
is often the moral safeguard of a family as well as a materia] necessity :
(7) Considering the right of women to be in a position to defend their
interests in every respect and discuss exceptional measures proposed
concerning them, as, for example, those pertaining to maternity:
The International Women's Council adopts the following resolution :
(1) t h a t wherever work is open to women, those equally qualified
should have the opportunity of attaining to the same positions as .men ;
(2) that for apprentices the age of leaving school should be fixed at

15 years, and that from 15 to 18 years they should continue their vocational
education and follow technical and supplementary courses ;
(3) that the working week should be limited to 44 hours :
(4) that, whenever it may be possible without creating a situation
unfavourable to women, night work should be suppressed ;
(5) t h a t the principle of equal pay for equal work should be conceded
both as regards men and women ;
(6) (a) that severe measures should be taken for the regulation of
home work ;
(ft) that a minimum wage should be established for such work;
(7) (a) that women should be invited to participate on the same
footing as men in the deliberation of all international commissions created
with a view to labour organisation ;
(6) that women's labour commissions should be set up in every
country consisting of representatives of governments, trade unions,
scientific women, etc., to whom should be submitted all exceptional
legislative measures.

A similar demand was presented by Mrs. Brunschvig, who
represented the Conference of Allied Women Suffragists, as
follows :
That a female labour committee should be set up in every country,
consisting of women alone (representatives of governments, trade unions,
associations, scientific women, women doctors, etc.), to whom should be
submitted for advice all exceptional legislative measures proposed
concerning women.

Miss Van den Pias, speaking in the name of the same
organisation, asked that the question of half-time work for
married women should be placed on the agenda of the first
International Labour Conference, on the ground that
under such an arrangement a married woman would be able to work
without abandoning her household and her children, and without, on the
other hand, being subjected to the low wages which were given to her on
the pretext that she only needed a nominal wage.

In connection with the special protection of motherhood.
Mrs. Brunschrig submitted the following proposal to the
Peace Conference :
Women shall not be employed in work known to be really dangerous
for them in the event of maternity. Such prohibitions shall be strictly
limited, after consultation with women's commissions consisting of delegates
from the organisations of workers engaged in sucli work, women inspectors
of work, physiologists, hygienists, women doctors, or other women competent
in any other respect to' deal with the matter.
Before coming to a decision such commissions shall consider whether
the detriment to women is due to unhealthy processes or to conditions capable of being changed.
Prohibition may be justified in individual cases on pathological grounds.
During the period of pregnancy, work which has to be done standing
shall be prohibited, work requiring considerable physical effort shall be
suppressed, and the hours of work reduced optionally according to the system
of half-time work.
Every woman, whether a wage-earner or not, shall have a right to an
indemnity during the six weeks before and after childbirth. This maternity
indemnity shall not be less than the minimum living wage fixed in t h a t
region.

Every pregnant women being able to prove by medical certificate that
her state of health prevents her from carrying on her duties shall have a
right from that moment—and for as long as may be necessary—to a maternity indemnity which shall be equal to the minimum living wage fixed for
the region.
Every women whose working capacity shall be diminished owing to
her having to nurse her child herself shall continue to receive the maternity
indemnity during the three months following childbirth ; during the next
six months she shall receive half such indemnity.
The maternity indemnity allowed for by the state is independent of any
social insurance effected by those concerned with or without the participation of the employers.

The proposals submitted by the women's delegation were
studied exhaustively by the Commission. Undoubtedly they
influenced the drafting of Part X I I I of the Peace Treaty,
which includes the protection of children, young persons, and
women among the duties of the International Labour Organisation.
Article 427 includes amongst the general principles upon
which the social work of the League of nations is to be
based " the principle that men and women should receive
equal remuneration for work of equal value ". The same
Article also provides that " each state should make provision
for a system of inspection, in which women should take part,
in order to ensure the enforcement of the laws and regulations
for the protection of the employed ".
Finally the Commission appointed to draw up the agenda
of the First International Labour Conference at Washington
included therein : " Women's employment (a) before and
after childbirth, including the question of maternity benefit ;
(b) during the night ; (c) in unhealthy processes ".
During the International Labour Conference at Washington
the First International Congress of Working Women also met,
convened by the organisations of American women workers.
This congress was held at Washington from 28 October to 6
November 1919. It was composed of women delegates from
Germany, Belgium, Canada, Czecho-Slovakia, France, Great
Britain, India, Italy, JSTorwav, Poland, Sweden, and the
United States. Cuba, Denmark, Japan; the "Netherlands,
Serbia, Spain, and Switzerland were unofficially represented.
The congress discussed the whole agenda of the International Labour Conference, aud passed a series of recommendations,
which were submitted to the Conference. Certain of them
undoubtedly influenced the discussions of the Conference.
The women's congress requested that at the International
Labour Conference each state should be represented by six
delegates instead of four, two at least of whom should be women.
The congress adopted the following recommendations
on the maternity question :
(1) No woman shall be employed for six weeks before or six weeks
after childbirth.

— 8 —
(2) (o) Every woman shall be entitled during maternity to free medical,
surgical, and nursing care, either in a hospital or at home, and also to a
monetary allowance.
(b) Every wage-earning woman or the wife of a wage-earner shall
be entitled during maternity to free medical, surgical, and nursing care,
either in a hospital or at home, and also to a maternity allowance.
(3) The monetary allowance given to mothers shall be adequate for the
full and healthy maintenance of mother and child during the aforesaid
period.
(4) In each country government commissions shall be created to study
the best methods of maternity and infant care, and to devise and put in
operation effective methods of securing such care.
(5) A bureau shall be established in the Labour Office of the League
of Nations to collect information on the best methods of maternity and
infant care, the said information to be furnished to countries represented
in the Labour Conference.

There was a minority vote for the following resolution:
The indemnity given to mothers shall be based on the living wage in
the district. j ,

The Congress asked for the general adoption of the
Berne Convention on night work, and urged that night
work for men should also be prohibited as far as possible. The
congress further voted a series of recommendations relative
to the 8-hour day, the employment of children, unemployment, emigration, unhealthy occupations, and the distribution of raw material. Finally, it decided that a permanent
bureau should be formed to serve as a centre for the women's
labour movement.
In the meantime the official Conference met at Washington
on 22 October 1919. Among the Technical Advisers attached
to the various delegations and entitled to represent their
countries on commissions and to take part in the discussion
were 21 women. Twelve belonged to the government delegations from Denmark, Spain, France, Great Britain, Italy,
Norway, the Netherlands, Poland, Jugo-Slavia, and Sweden.
The workers' delegations from Belgium, Canada, France, Great
Britain, and Czecho-Slovakia included altogether eight Aromen.
The British was the only employers' delegation to which a
woman was attached as Technical Adviser.
The Organising Committee submitted to the Conference
introductory memoranda on the various items on the agenda
to serve as a basis for its work. The Conference referred
questions relative to the protection of women to a special
commission.
The Commission unanimously resolved to
recommend to the Conference that the Berne Convention
of 1906 on night work for women in industry should be
extended to all countries. In spite of the war, in spite of the
fact that several countries had been obliged tor the time being
to abandon the application of this Convention, the members
of the Commission were agreed on the necessity of re-establishing it in practice. To allow for the evolution of ideas and

— 9 —
fresh conditions, however, the Commission proposed a
general amendment which consisted in extending the
application of the Convention to all industrial enterprises,
not merely to factories employing more than ten labourers,
as had been provided in the Berne Convention.
The Italian delegation further proposed the extension of
the term "night work". It will be remembered that at the
Berne Conference the Italian delegates opposed the legal
definition of "night" as a period of 12 hours; at the Washington Conference, on the other hand, they proposed to return to
the period of 12 hours. This was supported by ïforway, but
the majority of members thought better not to alter the Convention on so essential a point. The importance of the question
has greatly decreased since the length of the working day
was fixed at 8 hours both for women and for men. The importance of the discussion at Berne was that, by extending
the interpretation of night hours, an indirect attempt was made
to regulate working hours in the day. That reason no longer
existed at Washington, and the Conference preferred to keep
to the actual terms of the Berne Convention.
The Commission, which included several women delegates,
endorsed the conclusions of the women's congress regarding
the protection of maternity. The congress, as was noted above,
demanded that the protection of women in childbirth should be
extended to the six weeks preceding and following their confinement. The Organising Committee proposed that the Conference
adhere to the period of four weeks already provided for in
most systems of legislation. The Commission, however, did not
feel impelled completely to prohibit the employment of women
during the period preceding childbirth, but only to authorise
pregnant women to stop work upon the production of a medical
certificate. The Commission also included in the Convention
the idea of free treatment by a doctor or a midwife, and the
idea of a benefit sufficient for the maintenance of the mother
and child under healthy conditions.
The Commission also dealt with the regulation of unhealthy
industries, but as it had no adequate medical statistics at
its disposal as to the relative susceptibility of women and men
in the majority of unhealthy industries, it confined itself to
a Recommendation.
Up to the present, the Draft Convention on night work
for women in industry has been ratified by Great Britain,
Greece, India, Eoumania, and Czecho-Slovakia. In Trermany,
Argentine, Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, and the Netherlands
the draft ratification has been laid before Parliament. Austria,
Belgium, British Columbia, and Great Britain have enacted
laws for the application of the Convention; in Chili, Denmark,
Poland, Portugal, and Switzerland laws are being drafted for
this purpose.
The Convention relative to «maternity has only been

—

10 —

ratified by Greece and Roumania, but steps are being taken
with a view to ratification by the parliaments of Germany,
Argentine, Belgium, Spain, Italy. France, and Poland. Aiistria, British Columbia. Chili, Denmark, Italy, Portugal, and
Roumania have passed, or are about to pass, laws for its
application. Finally, a large number of countries have declared their intention of putting into effect the Recommendations
relating to unhealthy industries.
The Second International Labour Coference,
which
met at Genoa in July 1020, did not deal with women's
employment, as its agenda was confined to questions of the
employment of seamen.
FUTURE

DEVELOPMENTS

The Third International Labour Conference, which is to
be held at Geneva, has to deal with several questions very
closely affecting women's employment. These are the question
of the adaptation to agriculture of the Washington decisions,
especially those concerning the protection of women and
children; the consideration of special protective measures
for agricultural labourers in connection with technical education, housing, and sleeping accommodation, and the
guarantee of the right of association and combination; and
protection against accident, sickness, invalidity, and old age.
The Conference will also deal with weekly rest-days in
¿rade and commerce, a question which touches a large number
of women workers very tíosely, as well as with various
questions affecting the general health of the workers.
As regard questions relating directly to women's employment, i.e. the protection of women before and after
childbirth, and night work of women in agriculture,
questionnaires have been sent to the governments to enable
them to make their observations. As a result of these, grave
difficulties have appeared over the practical application to
agriculture of maternity legislation. The majority of the
countries seem to recoil before the very heavy financial
burdens which such an extension would involve. Of the
sixteen governments which have so far sent their replies,
only two — France and Spain — have declared themselves
unreservedly in favour of this extension. The other
governments are opposed to it, or make considerable reservations. Finland and Poland have suggested that the period
before childbirth for which a woman is kept away from work
shouldbe reduced to four weeks, and Poland proposes the same
period after childbirth. In view of this, the International
Labour Office felt unable to submit to the Conference a Draft
Convention, which, even had it been adopted, would probably
have met with such passive resistance as to make it of no
effect.
The International Labour Office, however, considered
it necessary to draw the attention, of the governments to the

— 11 —
importance of this question for agricultural women workers,
and proposes to submit to the Conference the following Draft
Eecommendation :
The General Conference recommends that each Member oí the International Labour Organisation take measures to ensure to women wageearners employed in agricultural undertakings protection before and after
childbirth similar to that provided by the International Draft Convention
adopted by the International Labour Conference at Washington for women
employed in industry and commerce, and that such measures should include
the right to a period of absence from work before and after childbirth and
to a grant of benefit diiring the said period, provided either out of public
funds or by means of a system of insurance.

The replies of the governments to the questionnaire
on night work have shown that night work for women is
practically non-existent in agriculture, and, when it is required,
it is only for exceptional reasons, which in any case should
be allowed for in any Convention.
The majority of the governments have, therefore, expressed
themselves as not in favour of the application to agriculture
of the Washington Convention concerning night work.
On the other hand, several governments have recognised
that it would be expedient to provide adequate consecutive
hours of rest for women, so that they need not be called upon
to tend cattle in the small hours of the morning after
doing house-work late at night. With this idea the International Labour Office proposes to submit the following Draft
Eecommendation to the Conference :
The General Conference recommends that the Members of the International Labour Organisation take steps to regulate the employment of
women wage-earners in agricultural undertakings during the night in such
a way as to ensure to them a period of rest compatible with their physical
necessities and consisting of not less than nine consecutive hours.

The principal importance of the Conference which is about
to be held lies, as has been shown, not in the special measures
that it may adopt for the protection of women workers, so
much as in the proposal to put men and women on a footing
of almost complete equality in all protective measures
contemplated. It is in this direction that women desire to
see the development of protection for women workers. They
no longer ask for privileges—they demand absolute equality.
Most of the Draft Conventions submitted to the Conference
ought, in the view of the Governing Body of the International
Labour Organisation, to apply equally to women and to men.
They are a step towards the complete unification of social
legislation which is the real object of the whole moAement
of working women.

— 12 —

STUDIES AND REPORTS
already issued
Except where stated, all Studies and Reports are issued both in English and French.

Series A
No. 1.

T H E AGREEMENT B E T W E E N T H E SPANISH W O R K E R S '
TIONS, issued 25 September 1920.

T H E D I S P U T E I N THE METAL INDUSTRY I N ITALY.
TRADE
UNION CONTROL O F INDUSTRY (First p a r t ) , issued. 25 September 1920.

A N N U A L MEETING OF T H E TRADES
issued 4 October 1920.

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF WORKERS I N T H E FOOD AND
DRINK TRADES, issued 11 October 1920.

T H E B R I T I S H GOVERNMENT AND T H E M I N E R S ' FEDERATION OF
GREAT BRITAIN. CONFERENCE B E T W E E N S I R ROBERT HORNE
AND T H E M I N E R S ' F E D E R A T I O N , issued 11 October 1920.

T H E CONGRESS O F THE LABOUR AND SOCIALIST I N T E R N A T I O N A L ,
issued 14 October 1920.

T H E MINERS'
1920.

T H E INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION.
issued 21 October 1920.

T H E INTERNATIONAL
22 October 1920.

" 10.

INTERNATIONAL

CONGRESS

UNION

CONGRESS,

O F METAL

ORGANISA-

CONGRESS

issued

1920,

October

A COMPARISON,

WORKERS,

issued

T H E B R I T I S H GOVERNMENT AND T H E M I N E R S ' F E D E R A T I O N O F
GREAT

BRITAIN.

CONFERENCE

MENT AND THE TRIPLE
26 October 1920.

BETWEEN

INDUSTRIAL

THE

GOVERN-

ALLIANCE,

issued

"11.

THE DISPUTE IN THE METAL INDUSTRY IN ITALY. TRADE UNION
CONTROL O F INDUSTRY (Second p a r t ) , issued 4 Novemb •
1920.

" 12.

T H E FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF B O O K B I N D E R S , issued
26 November 1920.

" 13.

T H E MINERS' STRIKE
1920.

T H E x v t h CONGRESS OF THE GENERAL CONFEDERATION OF LABOUR
(CONFÉDÉRATION GÉNÉRALE D U TRAVAIL), FRANCE, HELD AT
ORLEANS,
27
SEPTEMBER TO 2 OCTOBER
1920, issued
23 December 1920.

14.

" 15.

IN GREAT

T H E INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
issued 24 January 1921.

BRITAIN,

issued

OF GENERAL FACTORY

December

WORKERS

— 13 —
N o . 16.

T E N D E N C I E S OF EUROPEAN LABOUR LEGISLATION SINCE

THE WAR,

issued 11 F e b r u a r y 1921.
"

17.

T H E GROWTH O F TRADE UNIONISM

DURING

T H E T E N Y E A R S 1910-

1919, issued 16 F e b r u a r y 1 9 2 1 .
"

18.

F I R S T SPECIAL

INTERNATIONAL

TRADE UNION CONGRESS, London,

22-27 N o v e m b e r 1920, issued 15 M a r c h 1921.
"

19.

T H E MINIMUM

PROGRAMME OF T H E GENERAL CONFEDERATION OF

L A B O U R OF F R A N C E , issued 18 M a r c h 1921.
"

20.

I N T E R N A T I O N A L R A I L W A T M E N ' S C O N G R E S S , L o n d o n , 29-30 N o v e m -

b e r 1920, issued 11 April 1921.
"

21.

T H E PROGRAMME

A N D ORGANISATION

OF T H E CHRISTIAN

TRADE

U N I O N S O F G E R M A N T (Congress a t E s s e n 20-24 N o v e m b e r 1920),
issued 3 M a y 1921.
"

22.

L E CONGRÈS INTERNATIONAL D E S OUVRIERS D U TRANSPORT (GENÈVE,

18-22 AVRIL 1921), issued 13 A u g u s t 1921. French
"

23.

N I N T H CONGRESS

O F T H E INTERNATIONAL

only.

FEDERATION

OF HAT

M A K E R S , issued 16 A u g u s t 1921.

Series B
N o . 1.

COAL

PRODUCTION

THE RUHR

DISTRICT.

E n q u i r y by

the

I n t e r n a t i o n a l L a b o u r Office, e n d of M a y 1920, issued 1 Septe m b e r 1920.
"

P A P E R S RELATING TO SCHEMES O F INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR T H E DISTRIBUTION OF RAW MATERIALS AND FOOD-

S T U F F S , issued 5 O c t o b e r 1920.
"

T H E CONDITIONS O F LABOUR AND PRODUCTION I N T H E U P P E R SILESIAN

COALFIELD, issued 10 D e c e m b e r 1920.
"

T H E SOCIALISATION O F COAL M I N E S I N G E R M A N T , i s s u e d 25 J a n u a r y

1921.
"

T H E ESSEN

MEMORANDUM

MINES I N GERMANT

ON T H E SOCIALISATION

O F T H E COAL

( 6 N o v . 1920), issued 2 8 J a n u a r y 1921.

W O R K S C O U N C I L S I N G E R M A N T , issued

29 J a n u a r y

1921.

T H E B I L L T O E S T A B L I S H W O R K E R S ' C O N T R O L I N I T A L Y , i s s u e d 28 F e b -

r u a r y 1921.
"

8. A DEMAND FOR WORKERS' CONTROL IN INDUSTRY IN FRANCE. CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE FEDERATION OF METAL WORKERS
AND THE ASSOCIATION OF METALLURGICAL AND MINTNG INDUSTRIES, issued 31 M a r c h 1921.

T H E REFORM OF THE SUPREME
SUPERIORE D E L LAVORO) I N

COUNCIL O F LABOUR (CONSIGLIO
ITALY : TOWARDS A TECHNICAL

P A R L I A M E N T O F L A B O U R , issued 14 A p r i l 1921.
" 10.

PROFIT-SHARING AND LABOUR CO-PARTNERSHIP. PROPOSAL OF T H E
I T A L I A N C A T H O L I C P A R T Y , i s s u e d 16 J u n e 1921.

— 14 —
Series C
No. I.

BRITISH

LEGISLATION

ON UNEMPLOYMENT

INSURANCE, issued

26 October 1920.
" • 2.

GOVERNMENT ACTION IN DEALING WITH UNEMPLOYMENT IN ITALY,

T H E BULGARIAN LAW ON COMPULSORY LABOUR, issued 4 Novem-

T H E ACTION

issued 27 October 1920.
ber 1920.
O F THE SWISS

GOVERNMENT

IN DEALING

WITH

UNEMPLOYMENT, issued 13 November 1920.
"

T H E ORGANISATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE AND EMPLOYMENT

EXCHANGES IN FRANCE, issued 21 February 1921.

Series D
No 1.

S T A F F REGULATIONS ON T H E F R E N C H RAILWAYS, issued 4 Sept-

ember 1920.
Series E
No. 1.

COMPENSATION FOR WAR DISABLEMENT IN FRANCE. ACT OF 31 MARCH

1919, issued 28 February 1921.
"

T H E COMPULSORY EMPLOYMENT OF DISABLED MEN, issued 25 April

COMPENSATION- FOR WAR DISABILITIES

1921.
IN GERMANY,

AUSTRIA,

POLAND, AND CZECHO-SLOVAKIA, issued September 1921.

Series F
No. 1.

CANCER OF THE BLADDER AMONG WORKERS IN ANILINE FACTORIES,

issued 23 February 1921.
"

MEMOIRE

SUR L'INTOXICATION

SATURNINE

DANS

L'INDUSTRIE,

DÉSINFECTION D E LA LAINE E N GRANDE-BRETAGNE.

PRÉVENTION

issued 20 September 1921.
"

DU CHARBON, issued 20 September 1920.
Series H
No. 1.

CONSUMERS'

CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES

IN 1919 (Denmark

and

Sweden), issued 8 September 1920.
"

SEVENTH

CONGRESS

OF THE BELGIAN

CO-OPERATIVE

OFFICE,

issued 25 September 1920.
Series K
No. l.

F I R S T INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF LANDWORKERS' UNIONS
AFFILIATED TO THE INTERNATIONAL F E D E R A T I O N OF T R A D E

UNIONS, issued November 1920.
" 2. AGRARIAN CONDITIONS I N SPAIN, issued 10 November 1920.
" 3. SMALL HOLDINGS I N SCOTLAND, issued 12 November 1920.
"

T H E EIGHT HOUR DAY IN ITALIAN AGRICULTURE, issued 17 Decem-

T H E EIGHT HOUR

ber 1920.
DAY IN AGRICULTURE,

BEFORE

THE FRENCH

CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES, issued 10 Februaiy 1921.
"

T H E REGULATION OF LABOUR IN AGRICULTURE IN FRANCE, issued

23 April 1921.