INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE STUDIES AND REPORTS Series 0 (Migration), No. 1 MIGRATION MOVEMENTS 1920-1923 GENEVA 1925 FOR li WORD The earliest compilation of national migration statistics coincided in most countries with the recognition of the right to emigrate. It goes back to the beginning of the nineteenth century, when the economic distress due to the Napoleonic wars forced masses of emigrants to leave Europe. It was the very size of the movement which induced various governments to compile statistics. The countries of immigration took the initiative, and their example was followed later by the countries of emigration, but there was no co-ordination and no unity of method, each state acting separately. Certain statistical publications, however, are not limited to national migration. They also reproduce the data collected by various other countries, whether of emigration or of immigration. But even the fullest table, that published since 1877-1878 by the Italian Central Statistical Office, gave in its last edition, that of 1915 x, only comparatively limited information, the total figures referring to not more than 17 European countries and Japan for emigration and 9 oversea countries for immigration. Moreover, the data were comparable only for some countries. Both in Europe and America various experts have latterly been considering the possibility of combining and co-ordinating national migration statistics, but so far without positive results. It may therefore justifiably be said that no really international statistics of world migration movements are yet to be found. This is the gap which the International Labour Office has tried to fill. Certain preliminary steps were necessary. In view of the meeting of the International Emigration Commission, set up by 1 Statistica delia emigrazione italiana per l'estero negli anni 1912 e 1913 con una appendice di confronti internazionali. Rome, 1915. — VI —• a decision of the First Session of the International Labour Conference, the Office sent to the various Governments at the end of 1920 a questionnaire on emigration and immigration. The first question dealt with statistics and asked not only for data on migration movements, but also for information on the methods employed in compiling such data. The replies received made it clear that before grouping, co-ordinating, and comparing existing statistics there would first have to be a certain unity of method 1. Expression was given to this requirement in the Recommendation concerning information on migration adopted by the International Labour Conference in 1922. This first measure has borne fruit, and the Office may congratulate itself on the readiness shown by many authorities in complying. Owing to this valuable collaboration it is now possible to publish the present study on migration movements in 1923 with figures for 60 countries and territories. In cases where the expected data were not received, as much use as possible was made of official publications. Moreover, for every country and territory an attempt was made to discover official returns and, wherever available, these have been included in the tables. It will be seen t h a t the tables are limited to the fundamental points prescribed in the Recommendation. It must be made clear that this is a first attempt. Improvements are no doubt possible and will be sought in the future. Subject to this reservation it is felt that this general survey contains new information on the various currents of migration and the composition of the groups of persons of which they are made up. It should serve as a serious scientific basis for the future extension of migration statistics. Its preparation has already had the useful result of inducing several states to make or contemplate important improvements in their methods. They have tried, or propose, to bring these into closer conformity with the provisions of the Recommendation, and thus to effect a greater uniformity. The remaining gaps are easily detected, and it is hoped that the Governments in their turn will try to improve their reports. 1 See the Resolutions of the International Emigration Commission on this point (International Emigration Commission, Geneva, August 1921, Report of the Commission, p. 3, Resolutions 1 and 2) and the report prepared for the Commission by the Office {Ibid., p. 150) ; cf. also INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE: Methods of Compiling Emigration and Immigration Statistics; Geneva, 1922; 57 pp. VII — The study should also be of immediate practical value. It throws light on the development of migration after the war and offers a basis for that research into causes and effects which is essential for the adoption of a more systematic emigration policy, whether international or national in scope. In addition, countries of emigration and of immigration alike will find information on the origin, destination, and composition of the groups of migrants and thus obtain material for a policy of effective rivalry or useful collaboration, as the case may be, with other states. Finally, there is scarcely any need to draw attention to the interest of such statistics to employers, workers, transport undertakings, private organisations for protecting migrants, etc., particularly at a time of world economic disturbance. A few words on the scheme of the study may be added. The principles on which the international tables have been drawn up are sketched in an introduction. This is followed by a description, as brief as possible, of oversea and continental migration, dealt with separately and supplemented by tables, diagrams, and certain statistical conclusions throwing light on or completing the information contained in the general tables. These are given next, numbered from I to X. The study concludes with a series of explanatory notes for the countries considered, giving all necessary information on the sources used and the definitions adopted. They throw light on the real import and value of the figures used. It may be added that the information obtained was centralised by the Migration Section of the International Labour Office of which Professor Louis Variez is the head. The work of examining the data received, interpreting, completing, and co-ordinating them was entrusted to Dr. Imre Ferenczi, the author of the present report. It cannot be repeated too often that this study is a first attempt and is far from being considered final. On the contrary, any observations or corrections will be gratefully received, and will be taken into account in subsequent studies, in the hope of improving year by year the quality and method of presentation of this statistical survey. CONTENTS Page Introduction l CHAPTER I Oversea Migration I. VOLUME 9 Migration of Nationals European Countries Non-European Countries Migration in Relation to Population; Net Emigration or Immigration Migration of Aliens Non-European Countries Migration in Relation to Population; Net Emigration or Immigration II. COMPARATIVE STATISTICS Volume and Direction of Migration Movements III. 9 9 15 17 22 22 28 28 . . . . 28 CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS 36 Sex Age Sex and Age Occupation 36 40 43 45 CHAPTER II Continental Migration I. VOLUME Migration of Nationals European Countries Non-European Countries Migration of Aliens Non-European Countries European Countries 51 . 51 51 53 54 54 56 II. DIRECTION 58 III. CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRANTS 59 Sex, Age, and Occupation 59 Conclusion 61 APPENDIX: TABLES I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. Emigration in 1920-1923 Immigration in 1920-1923 ^ Oversea Emigration of Nationals (Europeans), by Country of Future Residence, 1922 and 1923 Oversea Immigration of Aliens (Non-European Countries), by Country of Last Residence or Nationality, 1922 and 1923 Continental Migration (European Countries), by Country of Last or Future Residence, 1922 and 1923 Distribution of Emigrants by Sex and Age (Children or Young Persons and Adults), 1922 and 1923 Distribution of Immigrants by Sex and Age (Children or,Young Persons and Adults), 1922 and 1923 Distribution of Migrants (European Countries) by Occupation, 1922 and 1923 Distribution of Migrants (Non-European Countries) by Occupation, 1922 and 1923 Migrants in Transit (European Countries), Outgoing and Returning, 1920-1923 EXPLANATORY NOTES AND SOURCES 68 72 7& 78 81 83 85 88 90 91 92 LIST OF TEXT TABLES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Oversea Emigration of Nationals (European Countries), 1881-1923 Fluctuations of Oversea Emigration and Immigration of Nationals (European Countries), 1920-1923 Oversea Migration of Nationals (European Countries) and Aliens (Non-European Countries), per 100,000 inhabitants, 19201923 Indirect Statistics of Oversea Emigration of Nationals, 1922 and 1923 Fluctuations of Oversea Immigration and Emigration of Aliens (Non-European Countries), 1920-1923 Immigration of Aliens into the United States, by Principal Countries of Origin, 1913-1914, 1920-1921, and 1922-1923 . . Migrants in Transit (outgoing), 1920-1923 Oversea Emigration from Europe in 1923, by|Country of Last Residence (Statistics of Countries of Immigration) . . . Oversea Immigration in 1923 (All Countries), by Country of Last Residence (Statistics of Countries of Emigration) . 10 12 18 20 23 24 30 31 31 — XI — Page 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Oversea Emigration from Europe in 1923, by Country of Future Residence (Statistics of- Countries of "Emigrä-tion) . . . . Oversea Emigration from Europe in 1923, by Country of Future Residence (Statistics of Countries of Immigration) . . . . Oversea Immigration in 1923 Distribution of Migrants by Sex, 1922 and 1923 Emigration of Nationals from Various European Countries, by Age, 1922 and 1923 Children of Each Sex as Percentage of Total Number of Emigrants from Certain European Countries, 1922 and 1923 Children of Each Sex as Percentage of Alien Immigrants in Certain Non-European Countries, 1922 and 1923 Children of Each Sex as Percentage of Alien Emigrants from South Africa and New Zealand, 1922 and 1923 Distribution by Occupation of Oversea Migrants (European Countries), 1922 and 1923 Percentage Distribution by Occupation of Emigrants from Finland, Italy, and Czechoslovakia, 1922 and 1923 Percentage Distribution by Occupation of Immigrants in Certain Non-European Countries, 1922 and 1923 Percentage Distribution by Occupation of Alien Emigrants from South Africa, the United States, and New Zealand, 1922 and 1923 Comparative Statistics of Occupations Fluctuations of Continental Emigration and Immigration of Nationals (European Countries), 1920-1923 Number of Sets of Statistical Data in Tables I to X, by Countries Monthly Fluctuations of Oversea and Continental Emigration from Italy, Poland, and Czechoslovakia, 1922 and 1923 . . 33 34 36 37 41 43 44 44 47 48 49 49 50 52 62 64 11ST OF DIAGRAMS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Oversea Emigration of Nationals (European Countries), 1881-1923 Fluctuations of Oversea European Migration (All Countries), 1920-1923 Proportion o! Oversea Emigration of Nationais in Europe, to Population 1923 Oversea Migration in 1923, by Country of Last Residence . . . . Oversea Emigration from Europe in 1923, by Country of Future Residence Oversea Immigration in 1923 Monthly Fluctuations of Oversea and Continental Emigration from Italy, Poland, and Czechoslovakia, 1922 and 1923 . 11 13 21 32 34 36 65 INTRODUCTION This study is the outcome of the Recommendation concerning the collection of information on migration questions adopted b y the International Labour Conference at its Fourth Session (18 October to 3 November 1922). The particulars which it is now possible to publish were communicated to the Office in accordance with section II of the Recommendation, which runs as follows: The General Conference recommends that each Member of the International Labour Organisation should make every effort to communicate to the International Labour Office, within six months of the end of the year to which they refer, and so far as information is available, the total figures of emigrants and immigrants, showing separately nationals and aliens, and specifying particularly, for nationals, and, as far as possible, for aliens: (1) Sex. (2) Age. (3) Occupation. (4) Nationality. (5) Country of last residence. (6) Country of proposed residence. During the first year following the adoption of this Recommendation very few countries took steps to carry it into effect, and by the end of the maximum period of eighteen months laid down in the Peace Treaties a certain number of the States Members of the International Labour Organisation had not yet submitted the Recommendation to the competent authorities. A survey of the present position is given in the following table x : 1 It may be recalled that by Article 405 of the Treaty of Versailles "each of the Members undertakes that it will, within the period of one year at most from the closing of the Session of the Conference, or if it is impossible owing to exceptional circumstances to do so within the period of one year, then at the earliest practicable moment, and in no case later than 18 months from the closing of the Session of the Conference, bring the Recommendation . . . before the authority or authorities within whose competence the matter lies, for the enactment of legislation or other action. In the case of a Recommendation, the Members will inform the Secretary-General of the action taken." States having informed States having officially the Secretary-General reported that the of the League of Recommendation has Nations of the measures been submitted to the adopted, and date competent authorities, of such and date of such communication submission Australia 2 J u n e 1925 Belgium 18 J u n e 1925 Canada 29 Nov. 1923 Czechoslovakia 21 March 1925 Finland 15 April 1924 France 26 April 1924 India 20 Nov. 1923 Italy 13 Aug. 1925. Japan 9 April 1924 Poland 25 J u l y 1923 Roumania 1 April 1923 Siam 2 April 1923 Spain 15 April 1925 Switzerland 22 M a y 1923 Union of South Africa 27 April 1923 Austria 9 J a n u a r y 1924 Bulgaria 1924 Chile 7 August 1924 Great Britain 9 May 1923 Latvia 24 J a n u a r y 1924 Netherlands 24 October 1923 Norway 1924 Venezuela 30 J u n e 1924 .• States having given other official information States having given no official information Brazil Cuba Denmark Esthonia Germany Luxemburg New Zealand Serb-CroatSlovene Kingdom Sweden Uruguay Albania Argentina Bolivia China Colombia Costa R i c a Ethiopia Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hungary Irish Free S t a t e Liberia Lithuania Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Persia Peru Portugal Salvador In the ordinary course, the International Labour Office should expect to receive statistics from comparatively few states only, namely, those which had informed the Secretary-General of the League of Nations of the measures taken to give effect to the Recommendation, or in any other official way had notified the Office of their intention to carry out the terms of the Recommendation. Moreover, certain delays were inevitable. The Recommendation itself provides that the figures should be communicated " within six months of the end of the year to which they refer " ; besides which, about three months must be allowed for documents from certain distant countries to reach Geneva. It was thus to be expected that information would continue to arrive at least until the beginning of September 1924. As a matter of fact, no annual statistics were officially communicated to the Office in 1923. During the following year a certain number of states sent their annual statistics for 1922 and 1923, drawing attention to the - 3 - measures adopted to give effect to the Recommendation. Certain other countries, although they had not taken any formal steps, still despatched the necessary information. Finally, on the intervention of the Office, certain Governments have sent statistics for 1923 which continued to come in up to May 1925. In addition to annual statistics, the Governments supplied a quantity of monthly and quarterly data during 1923 and 1924, Moreover, the Office has been able to make considerable use of the statistical publications of other states. It therefore decided to publish monthly migration statistics as from March 1924. These appear in the International Labour Review and cover five kinds of migration, but they give only the gross number of emigrants and immigrants, with details only of their nationality. Further, the data in question refer only to 27 countries. The annual statistics which it is now possible to publish are much wider in scope. They cover 60 states and colonies, that is to say, three times the number dealt with in the provisional statistics for 1922 published in the International Labour Review for June 19231. The object of this annual report is to draw up a careful balance sheet of the world movement of migration in 1923, with a comparison with the figures for 1920 to 1922. An attempt has been made to give the available data in as clear and complete a form as possible. For this purpose, the results of national statistics have been interpreted so as to fit into the various general tables and, at the same time, forms of migration which are essentially the same have been co-ordinated in a single table. Further particulars on this point will be found in the explanatory notes. The study has not been limited to giving a purely quantitative indication of the volume of migration according to geographical direction2. On the contrary, an attempt has been made, in accordance with the terms of the Recommendation, to illustrate the qualitative character of the movements of migration. In order to facilitate international comparison of the national figures, migratory currents have first of all been classified on three main principles : (1) by the direction of migration from the point of view of the country supplying the statistics (emigration and immigration) ; 1 Cf. International Labour Review, Vol. VII, No. 6, June 1923, pp. 931-947, Migration Statistics for 1922". 2 Cf. Methods of Compiling Emigration and Immigration Statistics, p . 45. _ 4 — (2) by the nationality of the emigrants, namely, whether they are nationals of the country supplying the statistics or not (migration of nationals and aliens); (3) by the geographical relations between countries of emigration and of immigration (oversea and continental migration). These distinctions are of capital importance to the study of economic, social, and political phenomena. It is essential to take them into account if international migration statistics are to be improved. By combining these three principles of classification, the movements studied have been subdivided under eight separate heads: (1) Oversea emigration oí nationals. (2) Continental emigration of nationals. (3) Oversea immigration of nationals (repatriation I). (4) Continental immigration of nationals (repatriation II). (5) Oversea emigration of aliens (generally returning to their country of origin). (6) Continental emigration of aliens (generally returning to their country of origin). (7) Oversea immigration of aliens. (8) Continental immigration of aliens. The fundamental classification of migration movements is that contained in the distinction between emigration and immigrationj the same phenomenon being considered from the points of view of the two countries concerned. For the country compiling the. statistics it is also of great political importance to know if the emigrant or immigrant is a national or an alien. Finally, it is of capital importance to know whether emigrants from the country are leaving for a state in the same continent, or are going overseas. The period of absence, the conditions and risks of the journey, the chances of permanent settlement in the country of destination, are often in direct proportion to the distance between the country which the emigrant is leaving and that of his future residence, especially if an oversea voyage is involved. The classification is no less important for the country of immigration, especially from the point of view of the permanent settlement and assimilation of the immigrants. In most European and oversea countries legislation has hitherto referred only to oversea emigration, so that very often the statistics give no information on other currents of migration. Of the various statistics published, those dealing with oversea migration are the oldest and the most usual. They are also more highly developed with respect to method and —5— accuracy. Statistics of continental migration are still scanty, and as a rule very defective. Moreover, their further development raises greater difficulties than the statistics of oversea movements. In the appended tables, more particularly in the two chief tables I and II, the principal classification has been made into emigration and immigration, each movement being further classified by direction (oversea and continental), and subdivided under the heads " nationals " and " aliens ". In the text itself, however, the first distinction made is between the two fundamental phenomena of oversea and continental migration, which are not of equal importance when the possibilities of introducing regulations are considered. Taking these two main heads, and comparing the emigration and immigration of nationals and aliens for European countries and for oversea countries respectively, it is thought that the national and international importance of the various movements, as well as their intensity, will be more clearly brought out by comparing them with the population in a large number of states. A comparison of oversea migration with population offers perhaps the soundest criterion for a comparison of the movements of migration in different countries. At the same time, it is possible very largely to check the figures of emigration and immigration (repatriation) of nationals, as given by the statistics of the country of emigration, by figures of immigration and emigration of aliens, taken from the statistics of the corresponding countries of immigration. In this way international statistics are supplemented by data for countries which have not yet published direct and regular national statistics. In addition to these main features of the movements of migration, there is the question of the migration of aliens from the point of view of the countries of transit. Such movements, too, may be logically classified in four groups, according as the migration is oversea or continental, but for purposes of this report only two forms of transit are of real importance — the transit of aliens leaving for and returning from oversea countries. The various phenomena should not be studied from the quantitative point of view alone. The geographical direction of the migration movements in the different countries should also be observed, with particulars of the country of future or last residence. The tables give details on these points, and use has sometimes been made of a classification of migrants by nationality to supplement the data on the direction of movements. It should be —6 observed, however, that it is not always possible to establish definitely the nationality of migrants, in the political sense of the term. Still in accordance with the terms of the Recommendation, an attempt has also been made to classify emigrants and immigrants (nationals and aliens) by sex, age, and occupation, at least so far as national statistics allow. Such is the general plan followed. It is hoped that this study will provide in succinct form a sufficiently clear view of the migration movements in the more important countries during 1923. In addition, the appended tables and explanatory notes should supply specialists with all the details it is at present possible to give. Another question to be settled was that of the choice of period. In the first two tables (emigration and immigration) statistics are given, not only for 1923, but for purposes of comparison, wherever possible, also for 1920, 1921, and 1922. The other tables are confined to data for 1922 and 1923. For the general tables (I and II) 1920 is taken as the startingpoint, because it was the first relatively normal post-war year. Political conditions were comparatively calm and shipping no longer presented excessive risks. Moreover, the movements of prisoners and war refugees, which had no permanent significance, were already reduced, while in 1920 most states had resumed the compilation of their old migration statistics and the new states had begun to draw up reports. The year 1920 marks the beginning of a new period in migration. In view of the changes in the populations of the different countries, the shifting of political frontiers and the general economic conditions, it may be considered the starting-point of the developments which took place during the following years. From that date the new conditions created by the war and the Peace Treaties had a more stable influence on the volume and character of migration movements. Yet, as before the war, there were considerable fluctuations in international migration from one year to another. It is therefore essential to strike an average for several years, if a sound basis for comparison is to be obtained. Consequently, the average of the four years in question (1920-1923) has been taken as a basis for comparing the annual fluctuations in migration after the war. It may be added that this is the only basis allowing of a reliable comparison between this post-war period and the pre-war decennial — 7 — averages. Next year the available statistics will cover the five years after the war, and the average should serve as a stable basis of comparison for future work. It should be pointed out that the whole phenomenon of migration has not been covered. First, currents of migration on which official documents were not available have only been taken into account as an exception. Secondly, there are movements which have not been analysed, in spite of their importance, because they are occasioned much more by the force of political circumstances than by economic causes. Such movements require separate analysis. This applies to the migration of refugees and other movements due to the changes made in the political map of Europe and certain colonial territories by the Peace Treaties, which are not covered by this study any more than migrations which are to be attributed to questions of racial minorities or certain internal conflicts. Nor has an attempt been made to analyse the causes and effects of migrations properly so called. It was considered outside the scope of this study to define the connection between migration movements, population, social conditions, legislation, and intellectual conditions in the different countries, to classify probable future tendencies, and to study the means of influencing developments by national legislation or international measures. In brief, although more than a mere compilation of figures has been attempted, the study makes no claim to enter into theoretical considerations or offer practical suggestions. The object has merely been to carry out the instructions of the 1922 Resolution to the Office " to make every effort to facilitate international co-ordination of migration statistics ". Constant care has been exerted to examine as closely as possible all the figures received, by studying the administrative measures under which they were compiled and the definitions used in making returns. It is hoped that by the use of these methods this statistical study has been made as accurate as possible. CHAPTER I OVERSEA MIGRATION I. Volume MIGRATION OF NATIONALS European Countries Emigration Most countries resumed the compilation and publication of oversea emigration statistics immediately after the war, and this was the branch of migration statistics to which the new countries first paid attention. It is thus possible to give fairly complete data (see the general table I), for twenty different countries, of oversea migration from 1920 to 1923. Figures for 1920 for Danzig, Roumania, the Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom, and Hungary are lacking, so that the average for the other three years has been taken instead. The table is complete for 1922 and 1923, except that for the Irish Free State separate statistics were available only from 1 April 1923 and were not really complete until 1 October 1923. For the previous period the figures for the Irish Free State were included in those of Great Britain 1. In addition, the statistics for Malta have had to be taken separately, as only a general total was published for the period from 11 November 1918 to 31 March 1922. Some European countries have no direct statistics, in particular France (since 1913)2, certain Balkan states (Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey), the Baltic states (Esthonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), and Russia. Russian oversea emigration is in any case practically 1 2 See explanatory note on Irish Free State (tables I andll). The number of oversea emigrants has been estimated at 5,000. (RÉPUBLIQUE FRANÇAISE: Annuaire Statistique, Vol. 38, 1912, pp. 193-195; Paris). — 10 — negligible owing to the prohibition by the Soviet Government; but migration to European countries and within the immense territory of the Union itself has correspondingly increased in importance. European oversea emigration in the strict sense of the term is far from being as great as before the war. Table 1 x gives comparative figures for the annual average volume of migration before and after the war; the years 1914-1919 must be regarded as exceptional and are therefore not considered. The same figures are represented graphically in figure 1. TABLE 1. OVERSEA EMIGRATION OF NATIONALS (EUROPEAN COUNTRIES), 1881-1923 Annual average for the years Country of emigration Germany Austria-Hungary Belgium Denmark Spain Finland United Kingdom Italy Norway Netherlands Portugal Sweden Switzerland Total 1881-1890 1891-1900 1901-1910 1911-1913 1920-1923 134,242 22,384 4,027 8,162 37,782 2,679 255,853 99,000 18,669 5,211 18,532 32,751 9,091 52,988 35,680 2,850 5,151 38,780 5,905 174,279 157,959 9,485 2,393 26,889 20,451 4,408 27,965 110,332 3,055 7,342 109,090 15,883 281,843 361,517 19,086 2,801 32,531 22,404 4,907 22,359 240,979 5,607 7,632 161,709 13,384 390,292 408,550 10,486 2,374 82,909 16,228 5,858 45,963 47,620 3,692 5,826 92,603 7,175 242,136 176,203 8,737 4,261 31,038 11,109 7,550 648,383 537,218 998,756 1,368,367 685,217 l i Estimated emigration for the post-war period 1920-1923 from the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy : Austria 36,452 Hungary 5,854 Poland 36,828 Roumania 20,794 Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom . . . . 17,710 Czechoslovakia 72,842 Total Annual average . . 190,480 47,620 We have taken the annual average European emigration for the period 1920 to 1923 as a basis of comparison. As already indicated, this average is also used as a standard in comparing the annual fluctuations of emigration during the period itself. 1 In most of the tables countries are placed in French alphabetical order. —11 FIGURE 1 . OVERSEA EMIGRATION OF NATIONALS (EUROPEAN COUNTRIES) 1881-1923 (annual averages in thousands) 450 I8ÖI-90 IÖ9I-00 I90I-I0 1911-15 ' I920-23 Taking the aggregate for the European countries covered, the present volume of emigration is thus rather larger than for the ten years 1881 to 1890, namely, an annual average of 685,217 per- — 12 — sons during the period 1920 to 1923 as compared with 648,383 during the earlier period. From 1890 until the outbreak of the war emigration increased considerably in southern and eastern Europe (Italy, AustriaHungary, Spain, Portugal), while it fell, in northern and western Europe (Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland). In the United Kingdom and Finland, on the other hand, there was a drop from 1891 to 1900 and then a marked increase until the war. Taken as a whole, the total emigration from Europe fell during the last decade of the nineteenth century (annual average 537,218), rose to a remarkable extent from 1901 to 1910 (annual average 998,756), and reached a maximum during the last three years of peace from 1911 to 1913 (annual average 1,368,367). From 1920 to 1923 Germany and the Netherlands were the only countries in which there was an increase in the number of emigrants as compared with the number before the war. There was a marked reduction in all other countries, including the chief centres of emigration, namely, the territories of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Russia. TABLE 2 . FLUCTUATIONS OF OVERSEA EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION OF NATIONALS (EUROPEAN COUNTRIES), 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 2 3 . Emigration Country Germany Austria Belgium Denmark Danzig Spain Finland U n i t e d Kingdom Hungary Italy Norway Netherlands Poland Portugal Roumania Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom Sweden Switzerland Czechoslovakia Total Annua] average, 19201923 45,963 9,113 3,692 5,826 19 92,603 7,175 228,740 1,463 176,203 8,737 4,261 63,843 31,038 10,397 Immigration (repatriation) Percentage of average 1920 1921 I 1922 1 1923 18.4 51.0 79.5 251.1 57.1 56.8 116.0 170.1 254.2 59.6 75.1 61.1 108.1 91.1 70.3 130.5 105.2 126.3 68.4 110.5 162.6 67.5 69.2 100.7 78.0 50.0 80.0 192.8 124.7 87.1 76.1 112.1 68.4 83.3 116.3 132.3 119.9 110.3 68.9 100.9 63.9 53.0 73.9 209.3 139.9 77.1 50.6 132.3 116.1 136.8 60.3 86.8 149.5 57.7 93.6 99.2 96.2 19.8 161.7 122.3 8,855 79.1 146.4 68.7 105.8 11,109 54.7 45.6 72.1 227.6 7,550 122.9 94.4 76.6 106.4 18,211 96.5 97.8 118.0 87.7 734,798 117.7 89.2 Annual average; 19201923 Percentage oí average 1920 1 1921 I 1922 1 1923 1,296 102.8 51,538 95.1 115.6 86.4 90.7 149.0 99.6 62.6 70,763 121.6 100.8 1,163 146.2 147.0 65,943 117.7 139.9 96.1 87.9 82.3 81.4 19.1 60.2 41,657 168.0 189.2 26.7 18,158 89.3 112.0 113.0 1,851 135.0 137.5 89.7 16.1 85.4 37.7 3,819 146.7 104.9 1,507 99.6 99.6 75.3 117.8 257,695 120.0 135.9 84.8 63.7 99.6 100.0 83.0 61.1 — 13 — Taking as a whole the twenty European countries which have supplied direct statistics, it will be seen from table I that the volume of emigration fluctuated considerably from 1920 to 1923, since the total of 2,952,591 emigrants is composed of 864,848 for 1920, 655,394 for 1921, 553,541 for 1922, and 878,808 for 1923, the •corresponding percentages of the average being 117.7,89.2, 75.3, and 117.8 respectively. There was thus a marked reduction from 1920 to 1922 and a rise in 1923, when the maximum was reached. FIGURE 2. FLUCTUATIONS OF OVERSEA EUROPEAN MIGRATION {ALL COUNTRIES) 1920-1923 «OOOOOOi 900000 OVERSEA EMIGRATION OI> MATIOMALS ÔOOOOO 700O0O 600000 SOOOOO «OOOOO - OVERSEA IMMIGRATOTI Of- MATIOMALS (n£rwrf!Ariori ) 5O0OOO 200000 ipoooo o . COriTIMEMTAL IQ20 EMIGRATION Of MATIOMALS 1922 IQ2I 1923 The various European countries may be classified in three groups according to the tendency of their oversea emigration : (1) Countries in which emigration has increased heavily since 1920 (sometimes with a slight fall in 1921). In some of these countries more than half the emigrants left during 1923: Country Germany . . Austria . . . Finland . . . Hungary . . Norway . . . Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1920 1921 1922 1923 8,458 5,200 5,595 1,000 5,581 6,078 23,451 5,176 3,557 1,218 4,627 5,062 36,527 10,579 5,715 1,701 6,456 8,014 115,416 15,497 13,835 1,935 18,287 25,282 (2) Countries in which the emigration curve has the same form as that for Europe as a whole, showing, after a very marked fall in 1921-1922, an increase in the volume of emigration: _ Country Denmark . . . . Spain United Kingdom. Italy Netherlands . . . Poland Portugal . . . . Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom . . . Switzerland . . . 14 — 1920 6,300 150,566 285,102 211,227 5,963 74,121 46,410 1921 5,309 62,479 199,477 194,320 3,284 87,334 17,915 1922 4,094 64,119 174,096 121,410 2,158 38,516 29,037 1923 7,061 93,246 256,284 177.853 5,639 55,401 30,792 7,000 9,276 12,965 7,129 6,086 5,787 9,370 8,006 (3) Countries in which emigration was less in 1923 than in 1922: Country Roumania. . . . Czechoslovakia. . 1920 10,000 17,567 1921 2,058 17,809 1922 16,812 21,494 1923 12,719 15,972 It should be pointed out that in the countries of the last group the statistics are still in an early stage of development, and uniform methods have not always been used in recording the number of emigrants during the years in question. In any case, the figures given above are of only secondary significance from the point of view of the real importance of emigration. They do not admit of the conclusion that in these countries there is a more or less marked tendency to find the necessary outlet for expansion in emigration, or to use it as a means of solving the problems of over-population and unemployment. Before drawing such a conclusion it would at least be necessary to compare the applications for passports and visas with the other official information available. Immigration (Repatriation) An exact estimate of emigration from European countries also requires statistics of the reverse movement for each country, i.e. of the return of nationals from oversea countries. These data are as a rule Jess frequent and less complete, especially for the continental countries of Europe; a general idea of the importance of the movement may however be obtained by comparing such statistics of repatriation as exist. For Belgium, Czechoslovakia, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Irish Free State, Poland, Portugal, Roumania, Spain, and Switzerland, oversea repatriation from 1920 to 1923 included 1,033,863 persons. It is further observed that for these countries as a whole there is much less variety in the movements of the repatriation figures than in those of emigration. There was a marked reduction in the total during the last three years considered : — 15 — Total PGT cGnt of average . . . . 1920 1921 1922 309,129 350,160 213,291 120.0 135.9 83.0 1923 60,653 61.1 The following were the countries in which the tendency to decrease was most marked: Country Spain United Kingdom. Italy Poland Roumania. . . . Sweden 1920 1921 1922 1923 46,534 86,055 77,599 70,000 2,500 5,601 76,439 71,367 92,212 78,817 2,546 4,005 51,097 68,026 54,282 11,116 1,662 3,237 32,081 57,606 39,680 6,693 698 2,433 This is not the place to consider the causes of this phenomenon, nor to estimate its effects for the countries of emigration. Before the war the losses from emigration were largely compensated by the higher standard of living and of general culture among the repatriated emigrants and by their higher birthrate. At present the situation in many countries is much less favourable. In Italy, for instance, returning emigrants were 56 per cent, of emigrants for the years 1909-1913, whereas for the period 1920-1923 they were only about 37 per cent. The proportion was about 31 per cent, for the United Kingdom, but here it should be observed that most emigrants go to the Dominions and colonies. For other countries, taking the averages of the period 1920-1923 (table 2), the proportions are: Sweden, one-third; Spain, one-half; Czechoslovakia, one-twelfth. For Portugal, where oversea emigration is largely seasonal, the proportion is about 50 per cent. Non-European Countries Emigration For Asiatic countries an estimate of the oversea emigration from India and Japan can be given. Emigration of unskilled labourers from India, which used to go mainly to South Africa (indentured labour), was suspended under the 1922 Act, and was subsequently allowed only to Mauritius. In Japan various methods are used for recording oversea emigration. The port statistics, which are the most accurate, give particulars of the emigration of workers to Canada, Hawaii, and the United States. The numbers are now much less than before the war, owing to the restrictions imposed by immigration legisla- — 16 — tion (26,841 in 1920-1923). Emigration, more particularly to the United States, where it was already limited by the " Gentlemen's Agreement " (1907) \ has fallen still more since 1921. The figures for the four years 1920-1923 were 2,875, 10,000, 7,616, and 6,350 respectively. Although port statistics are more accurate than statistics of passports or even of emigration permits, they are based on a definition which does not exclude ordinary passengers. Moreover, they ignore Japanese oversea emigration in certain directions and thus neglect a new tendency. They must therefore be completed by statistics of emigration permits, although these include persons who do not use their permits, and they do not cover clandestine emigrants going to certain American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Chile, and Colombia) and to Oceania. In 1922 and 1923 the numbers of emigrants going to South America were 1,360 and 1,290 respectively, those of emigrants to Oceania 3,377 and 2,615. The statistics of the countries of immigration (see table IV) also show the importance of these movements. As far as is known to the Office, there are no statistics of emigration to the Japanese Islands and Korea. For many other Asiatic countries (China, etc.) only indirect statistics are available, obtained by adding the respective figures given by the countries of oversea immigration; these give some indication of the important movement of the yellow races to other continents. The emigration statistics of the British Dominions do not distinguish between British born or naturalised British subjects and other permanent residents or even alien passengers leaving the country (Australia). Immigration (Repatriation) The statistics of non-European countries for the oversea immigration of nationals (repatriation) are even more meagre than those for their emigration. Even the United States still neglects this branch of statistics. In India and Japan, however, a record is kept of genuine emigrants returning to their country. 1 In 1907 the number of passports issued to oversea travellers was still as high as 43,627. In 1908 it was only 21,344, and in 1909 15,740 (E. GRÜNFELD: Die japanische Auswanderung, p. 12. Tokio, 1913.) — 17 — For India, the reports (for Bengal and Madras) published on the administration of the 1922 Emigration Act make it possible to determine, from 1923 onwards, the figures of repatriated Indian labourers who have been employed in various oversea colonies: Trinidad, British Guiana, Jamaica. The total for 1923 was 7,827. The statistics published by the Board of Trade for previous years combine the figures for oversea and continental returning emigrants. In Japan the two movements (emigration and repatriation) balance one other. Both Argentina 1 and Brazil, where some thousands of persons return every year, usually after a short journey, compile statistics of this kind. It may be noted that Brazil is the only country where comparative figures for the four years considered are available. Migration in Relation to Population: Net Emigration or Immigration It is not proposed to discuss here the causes of migration movements or their effects on population policy. All that is sought is as accurate an estimate as possible of their magnitude and a comparison of their relative volume in the different countries. For this purpose the relation of emigration and immigration to population (as distinct from the relative numerical intensity) has been calculated from the decrease (number of emigrants per 100,000 inhabitants) or increase (number of immigrants and returning emigrants per 100,000 inhabitants) of the population. In addition a balance has been struck for the annual migration to or from countries which record not only oversea emigration but also the repatriation of their nationals, by comparing the two figures of relative intensity calculated as above; the last part of table 3 shows the net annual increase ( + ) or decrease (—) of the population per 100,000 inhabitants. 1 It should be pointed out that in Argentina the word "repatriation" does not usually cover the spontaneous return of national emigrants. It applies to their enforced return, or at least to their return at the public expense — a sense in which it is frequently used in English-speaking countries. 2 TABLE 3 . OVERSEA MIGRATION OF NATIONALS (EUROPEAN COUNTRIES) AND ALIENS (NON-EUROPEAN COUNTRIES), PER 100,000 INHABITANTS, 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 2 3 1920 Country Germany Austria Belgium Denmark Spain Finland Great Brit- 1 ain a n d I Northern f Ireland J Hungary l Irish F . S t a t e Italy Norway Netherlands Poland Portugal Roumania Population 59,855,966 6,526,661 7,405,569 3,267,831 21,338,381 3,402,593 Luate oí cne census 1919 1923 1920 1921 1920 1920 1921 1922 7,981,143 1920 3,160,000 1922 38,835,824 1921 2,632,138 1920 6,865,314 1920 25,372,447 1921 6,032,991 1920 16 000,000 1920 44,201,591 (8 Oct.) (7 Mar.) (31 Dec.) (1 Feb.) (31 Dec.) (31 Dec.) (19 June)) (30 June)) (31 Dec.) (30 June) ( 1 Dec.) ( 1 Dec.) (31 Dec.) (30 Sept.) ( 1 Dec.) (estim. a t 31 Dec.) I. Nationals (European 1921 1923 1922 1920 Countries) 1921 1922 14 80 127 192 705 164 38 80 30 162 293 105 61 162 13 125 301 168 193 237 30 236 437 407 645 12 451 15 394 21 544 215 87 292 769 50O 178 48 344 297 63 13 1922 19201923 1923 Net increase ( + ) or decrease (—) Immigration Emigration 1921 1920 1923 — 109 — 13 + 7 — 15 — 130 287 — 769 18 17 20 15 219 358 240 150 — 486 + 65 — 61 — 195 22 162 22 154 13 130 — 3 + 450 — 10 + 289 — 7— 240 — 8 — 450 — 1,429 21 — 12 313 248 31 152 481 580 24 580 458 703 82 218 510 200 238 140 102 — 344 — 262 — 173 — 356 — 1,135 277 27 312 34 44 34 27 — 26 — 15 — 742 — 32 — 263 — 108 — 447 — 191 — 346 484 — 1,936 105 79 16 16 10 4 — + 3— 95 — 47 75 — 214 Serb-CroatSlovene Kingdom Sweden Switzerland Czechoslovakia 12,017,323 5,904,489 3,887,352 1921 (31 Jan.) 1920 (31 Dec.) 1920 ( 1 Dec.) 58 103 238 108 86 183 51 136 149 78 429 206 95 68 55 41 — 8— 18 — 81 — 13,611,349 1921 (15 Feb.) 129 131 158 117 11 11 11 11 — 120 — 119 — 147 — II. Aliens Country Africa : South Africa Population 7,156,319 Date of the census 1921 (3 May) (Non-European 293 185 106 — 491 Net increase ( + ) or decrease (—) Emigration 168 495 Countries) Immigration 319 388 210 220 206 213 + 109 + 73 — 21 — 45 + 116 to America : Argentina Brazil Canada Cuba Unit. States Paraguay (30 June) 1,011 1,140 1,502 2,266 225 191 218 276 (1 Sept.) 1,122 772 531 1,341 (1 June) (15 Sept.) 6,030 2,040 900 2,612 272 664 230 323 (1 J a n . ) 20 32 55 (estimate) 12 8,610,000 30,635,605 8,788,483 2,889,004 105,710,620 1,000,000 1920 1920 1921 1919 1920 1918 Oceania: Australia 5,435,734 1921 New Zealand 1,218,913 1921 (17 April) 1,446 1,242 1,136 722 + 544 780 + 1,722 + 2,502 72 + 13 + 441 + 53 + (4 April) 1,568 1,477 1,694 1,709 1,416 1,161 1,021 1,018 + 152 + + 1,008 + 673 + 691 + 1,826 960 + 762 + 3,906 965 259 270 223 234 177 176i 203 + 1,176 + 310 251 758 i See note 2 to table 4. s The same proportional number is given for the Irish. Free State as for Great Britain, as separate statistics for tbe former do not begin until i April 1923 and are very incomplete until 1 October of that year. — 20 — For nineteen countries in table 3 it has been possible to use direct emigration statistics. For nine more, which have no direct statistics, and for Hungary, for which the direct statistics would upset the results of the general table, the indirect method has had to be used. The number of emigrants from each of these countries has been calculated from the statistics of immigrants in the chief countries of immigration (oversea countries). TABLE 4 . INDIRECT STATISTICS OF OVERSEA EMIGRATION OF NATIONALS1, 1922 AND 1923 Emigrants Country of emigration Population Albania . 876,854 Bulgaria Esthonia Prance . Greece . Hungary Latvia . , . . . 4,861,439 1,110,538 39,209,766 5,536,375 7,981,143 1,950,000 2 . Lithuania. Russia in Europe 3 T u r k e y in Europe. Total . 2,404,000 101,734,443 6,130,200 Date of the census 1922 (estimate, 31 Dec.) 1920 (31 Dec.) 1922 (28 Dec.) 1921 (6 May) 1920 (18-31 Dec.) 1920 (31 Dec.) 1922 (estimate, 31 Dec.) 1922 (31 Dec.) 1922 1923 Per 100,000 Number inhabitants Per 100,000 Number inhabitants 8 1,512 12 8,850 4,145 6,251 1 31 1 22 75 79 284 1,559 404 10,532 6,241 6,588 36 32 37 26 113 83 52 1,000 2 49 2,242 3,085 118 128 1920 (28 Aug.)* 25,753 25 32,622 32 1910 (estimate) 41 2,873 47 2,530 50,113 66,430 i European countries which have no direct statistics, but which appear in table IV (statistics of immigration (non-European countries), by country of last residence). 2 The indirect statistics, though they do not cover all non-European countries, are more than three times as great as the direct statistics (table 3). The annual quota admitted to the United States is alone almost equal to the total given by the indirect statistics. The latter figures has therefore been taken for comparison and is used in figure 3. Most of the Russians included in these statistics were refugees arriving indirectly in non-European countries after staying in various European countries. * The territories covered correspond to the administrative organisation in force on 1 September 1921. A comparison of the number of emigrants from these countries in 1923 with the population gives the relative intensity of emigration 1. The results are illustrated in the following map : 1 Italy, where the relative intensity was 458 per 100,000 inhabitants, is classified in the group 400-450. — 21 — FIGURE 3 . PROPORTION OF OVERSEA EMIGRATION OF NATIONALS IN EUROPE TO POPULATION, 1 9 2 3 N. B. For the tollowing countries indirect statistics have been used : Albania, Bulgaria, Esthonia, France, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Turkey in Europe. Ten of the countries included in table 3 also compile statistics of the immigration of their nationals (repatriation). A balance has therefore been struck for each of these countries also, and it appears that nearly all European countries show an excess of oversea emigration over immigration. Taken in the order of the net emigration per 100,000 inhabitants the countries are as follows: Portugal (1,936), Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1,249), Italy (1,135), followed by Spain, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Roumania, and Belgium (130), all showing much lower figures. But to estimate the influence of migration on population and the labour market it is not sufficient merely to determine its relation to the population. It is also necessary to find out whether the emigrants have gone to colonies and countries where they are sure to be assimilated and to form communities with a national character, or whether the current of migration is more or less seasonal. The continental migration of nationals must also be taken into account, for, although it is largely seasonal, it has yet some influence on the demographic situation. Finally, the emigration and immigration (oversea and continental) of aliens must be considered, the density - 22 - of the population, changes in the birth rate and death rate — all with reference to the sex, age, occupation, etc. of the migrants — •as well as the conditions of life in the country of destination and its future prospects. Moreover, these observations should cover a sufficient period, say ten years. Failing adequate knowledge of these various factors, no definite conclusions are possible. MIGRATION OF A L I E N S Non-European Countries Immigration The available immigration statistics for non-European countries refer to thirty-one states and colonies, but they are far from complete. Even those for such important countries as Chile (passenger statistics), Uruguay, and Venezuela are incomplete; figures for 1923 are lacking, etc. The statistics of non-European colonies are even less satisfactory. The fullest and most complete are those of the British Dominions. The annual reports of the United States Commissioner-General of Immigration contain information on the Philippines. The Netherlands publishes reports on migration in the Dutch Indies and Dutch Guiana (Surinam). No reports are published on immigration in the French, Japanese, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish colonies. On the other hand the tables include the immigration statistics for mandated territories which appeared in the reports submitted to the Mandates Commission of the League of Nations. In the British Dominions, the Union of South Africa, New Zealand, and Canada consider as alien immigrants aliens arriving for the first time with a view to settling permanently in the country (for more than one year). Some Dominions also include persons who were born or were formerly permanently resident in the country and who return after a permanent stay abroad (for more than one year). To give a general idea of the extent of oversea immigration the figures for the ten most important countries of immigration have been added, namely, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chili, New Zealand, Paraguay, the Philippines, the Union of South Africa, and the United States, which have supplied figures for the whole period 1920-1923, giving a total of 911,636. The averages for the four years have been calculated and the yearly totals for each country average. are shown 23 - as p e r c e n t a g e s of t h e corresponding TABLE 5. FLUCTUATIONS OF OVERSEA IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION OF ALIENS (NON-EUROPEAN COUNTRIES), 1920-1923 Emigration Immigration Country Annual average 19201923 Asia : Philippines Africa : South Africa Per cent, of average 1920 Annual average 19201923 Per cent, of average 1920 1921 1921 1922 1923 8,437 117.0 126.8 77.4 79.3 1,354 112.0 127.3 17,253 132.2 121.3 76.7 69.7 15,168 98.9 104.0 America : Argentina 127,361 68.3 77.0 101.5 153.7 Brazil 83,656 82.5 59.9 80.1 101.2 Canada 82,545 119.5 82.2 96.5 141.7 Chile 12,422 98.1 110.8 94.4 96.6 Cuba 83,656 208.3 70.5 31.1 90.2 Unit. States 393,796 73.1 178.3 61.8 86.9 193,640 141.5 122.2 300 106.7 185.7 67.0 41.3 Paraguay Oceania: Australia New Zealand Total 87,616 97.3 911,636 94.8 123.5 1923 81.6 79.5 96.9 100.3 97.1 39.2 62,732 122.8 100.6 88.5 88.2 2,687 122.5 106.3 80.0 91.2 71.3 104.1 275,581 139.7 120.2 68.7 52.5 91.7 105.1 106.0 14,594 120.8 103.8 1922 94.9 80.6 The above table shows that the immigration curve for these countries taken as a whole was below the average in 1920 (94.8 per cent.), rising by 29 per cent, (to 123.5 per cent.) in 1921 falling again by 42 per cent, (to 71.3 per cent.) in 1922, and rising slightly above the average (to 104.1 per cent.) in 1923. The heavy setback in 1922 was apparently due to the changes in American immigration legislation, since during the four years in question nearly half the total number of oversea immigrants (1,575,183) arrived in the United States. The Percentum Limit Act of 19 May 1921 (sometimes known as the Quota Act) came into force in June 1921 x and affected migration not only in the 1 Under this Act the number of nationals of each country to be admitted to the United States under the immigration laws was limited to an annual maximum of 3 per cent, of the total number of nationals of that country resident in the United States in 1910. - 24 - United States but throughout the world. Under the old law immigration to the United States rose from 287,695 (73.1 per cent. of the average) in the fiscal year 1919-1920* to 702,153 (178.3 per cent.) in 1920-1921. Under the new Act the number of oversea immigrants fell suddenly to 243,195 in 1921-1922 (61.8 per cent, of the average), rising considerably in the following year to 342,140 (86.4 per cent.)2. The reason was that the Act tended merely to limit immigration from the countries of eastern and southern Europe, having little effect on immigration from northern and western Europe, while American countries were not affected at all. Thus the United States labour market continued to absorb labour from countries not affected by the new regulations. TABLE 6. IMMIGRATION OF ALIENS INTO THE UNITED STATES, BY PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN, 1 9 1 3 - 1 9 1 4 , 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 2 1 , AND 1922-1923 Number of immigrants admitted Countries of origin Northern and western Europe Southern and eastern Europe British North America Mexico Other countries Total Per cent, of total 1913-1914 1920-1921 1922-1923 1913-1914 1920-1921 1922-1923 164,133 138,551 156,429 13.4 17.2 29.9 915,974 525,548 153,674 75.2 65.3 29.4 86,139 14,614 37,620 72,317 30,758 38,054 117,011 63,768 32,037 7.1 1.2 3.1 9.0 3.8 4.7 22.4 12.2 6.1 1,218,480 805,228 522,919 100.0 100.0 100.0 Table 6 shows two tendencies. First, there is a reduction, already considerable before the new system came into force, of total immigration into the United States as compared with 19131914, a reduction which became more marked in the year 19221923 under the influence of the new law. Secondly, it will be seen that in 1922-1923 less than one-third of the immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe, whereas the proportion in 1913-1914 was three-fourths. The number of immigrants from northern and 1 2 The fiscal year ends on 30 June. The corresponding figures for the calendar years 1922 and 1923 were 281,351 and 487,057 respectively. — 25 — western Europe, which was formerly about one-eighth of the total, is now nearly one-third. It might be expected that the statistics would show the new directions taken by the large numbers of European emigrants to whom North America is closed, for it is difficult to suppose that the impetus given to emigration by the social conditions created in Europe during and after the war has been checked. Yet there are very few important countries of immigration which show a marked increase in immigration during 1920-1923. The first is Argentina, with 87,032, 98,086, 129,263, and 195,063 immigrants in the four years respectively; to these numbers should be added a certain number of immigrants arriving by river who, according to official information, are classified as continental immigrants in table II B. Immigration into Brazil also increased after a slight fall in 1921, the figures for the four years being 69,042, 58,476, 66,968, and 84,632. Mexican statistics show barely 30,000 (1922) and 40,000 (1923) immigrants a year, and even these figures include alien immigrants arriving across the continental frontiers. The figures for Chile, which are not very accurate, being taken from passenger statistics, suggest that the stream of immigration is fairly steady. The Venezuelan statistics relate only,to 1920 and 1921. Those for Paraguay are not general enough to be taken as fully representative of the extent of immigration. In Cuba there was a marked decrease after 1920, with a considerable rise in 1923, the figures being 174,221, 58,948, 25,993 and 75,463 for the four years. The British Dominions and Colonies offer little outlet for overpopulated Europe except for the subjects of Great Britain. In point of fact nationals of ex-enemy countries were excluded on principle until the end of the period 1920-1923. On the other hand there has been a considerable increase in the migration of British subjects to different parts of the Empire as a result of the continued development and co-ordination of British and Dominionpolicy, as a result of which important financial and administrative assistance is provided for British emigrants. Yet the system of assisted emigration has not yielded all the results expected. When the Empire Settlement Act 1922 was adopted it was thought that the system would lead to a considerable exodus. Thus it was estimated that 55,000 or 56,000 British nationals a year would leave the home country to settle in Australia, 14,000 in New Zealand, and 15,000 in Canada. In fact, the number of assisted emigrants — 26 — has not exceeded 20,000 a year 1. It should be explained that the result has fallen so far below expectations because the Dominions have not contributed enough to the financial side of the scheme. In the Union of South Africa a very definite decrease in immigration was recorded: 22,816, 20,933, 13,235, 12,027. In 1923 the number of immigrants had thus fallen to nearly half that in 1920. The growing employment of native and imported coloured labour is already creating doubts of the future predominance of the white race in this country 2 . In New Zealand the reduction in immigration (17,624, 15,146, 13,845, 11,762) has been equally striking. The passenger statistics of the Commonwealth of Australia indicate that the number of immigrants is almost the same from year to year. The possibilities of immigration and settlement on a large scale would appear to be most realised in Canada. The figures for the four years are : 98,636 (119.5 per cent, of the average), 67,840 (82.2), 46,690 (56.5), 117,013 (141.7). After a setback in 1921 and 1922 immigration was apparently given a fresh impulse by the new regulations, which even relax the restrictions on the admission of ex-enemy aliens. Among other British possessions the Barbados, Jamaica, Tobago, and, in particular, Mauritius and British Guiana are specially important as outlets for emigration from India; but it should be remembered that the figures relating to these British possessions include also a certain number of ordinary passengers and tourists. Among the mandated territories the Cameroons, Nauru Island, and Samoa are still of very little importance from the point of view of oversea immigration. There is in general little to record except isolated immigrants and travellers making a short stay in these territories. This does not apply to Palestine. Since this country was made the national Jewish home by an international agreement it has had a real attraction for Jews, especially from eastern Europe. Owing to the regulation of immigration, however, the figures for 1922 and 1923 are comparatively low, namely 7,000 a year 3 . 1 Report of the Oversea Settlement Committee for the year ended 31 December 1923, p. 4. London, 1924. 2 Ci- L. E. NEAME : "The Real SouthAfrican Problem in" The Quarterly Review, Jan. 1925. London. 3 For the period 1919-1921 the number of Jewish immigrants was estimated at 30,000 persons, and of repatriated Jews at 5,000. — 27 — Emigration The emigration of aliens is a movement made up almost entirely of the return of former emigrants to their own countries. Figures for each country in table I are given for at least one of the four years covered. The United States again shows the highest figures : 274,041, 236,557, 187,947, and 76,015. The steady decrease in the number of aliens leaving the United States is strikingly shown by the figures giving the number of emigrants each year as a percentage of the average for the four years: 141.5, 122.2, 97.1, and 39.2. In the Philippines emigration, like immigration, is steadily decreasing. Canada does not record the number of emigrants. There was also a considerable reduction during the four years in question in the number of emigrants from Australia (out-going passengers 1) and New Zealand (permanent residents leaving to settle permanently in another country). In the latter country there was, however, a slight increase in 1923. The number of aliens returning from Argentina, on the contrary, is comparatively large; it is estimated at about one-third of that of immigrants. It must not be forgotten that immigration into Argentina is in fact very largely seasonal. At the same time emigration was less in 1923 than in 1922 (62,174 in 1922 as compared with 46,810 in 1923). The average emigration from the Philippines, South Africa, Argentina, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand (275,581) led to a decrease in the total volume of emigration during the four-year period (139.7, 126.2, 68.7, 52.5). It should therefore also be concluded that since the war immigration has become more and more important as compared with emigration. For Palestine, the 1922 and 1923 figures show a very low proportion of emigrants, about one-sixth of the number of immigrants. In South Africa the emigration of residents leaving to settle permanently (for more than one year) in an oversea country remained stationary, while immigration, as has been noted, decreased considerably. For certain other oversea countries statistics are available only for 1920 and 1921, and for certain mandated territories only for 1922 and 1923. 1 In comparing statistics of "permanent departures" and "emigrants" in South Africa and New Zealand, it may be estimated that only one-third of the "departures" should be described as emigrants. — 28 — Migration in Relation to Population: Net Emigration or Immigration For non-European countries it is important to follow closely the fluctuations in migration and their effect on the population. Table 3 therefore gives figures for the four years covered, showing the number of immigrants per 100,000 inhabitants. Here the figures for 1923 alone are considered. Setting aside Cuba, where immigration is seasonal (sugar cane plantations, etc.), Argentina heads the list of the countries of immigration with 2,266 immigrants per 100,000 inhabitants, followed by Canada (1,341), New Zealand (965), the United States (323), Brazil (276), and South Africa (168). The figure for Australia (1,709) is not of real interest, as it is based on passenger statistics which artificially increase the number of immigrants. In striking a balance for the five countries which compile not only immigration but also emigration statistics, it will be seen that New Zealand showed the largest excess of immigration over emigration as compared with the population (3,906 for the four years 1920-1923). It is followed by Argentina (2,502), Australia (1,826), the United States (758), and South Africa (116). Here, too, it should be pointed out that to obtain a comparatively correct estimate of the migration movement in each country, account should also be taken of the density of population, changes in the birth rate and death rate, continental migration, conditions of work and of life, and the sex, age, occupations, etc. of migrants. II. Comparative Statistics VOLUME AND DIRECTION OF MIGRATION MOVEMENTS In comparing the total figures for oversea emigration of nationals from European countries (table I) and immigration of aliens into non-European countries (table II), it will be seen that in spite of the variety of data and of methods employed, the statistics approximately agree on the extent and direction of oversea migration. (1) For the period 1920-1923 the figure for oversea emigration of European nationals (including aliens for certain countries) is 2,952,591, and the figure for oversea immigration of aliens from — 29 — European countries is 3,910,439. This marked difference is largely due to the fact that the statistics received do not all cover the same number of years, and are not compiled on the same method. In 1923 the difference between the figures for the countries of emigration and immigration (878,808 and 989,447) was already much less. There are several reasons for the difference between the figures based on the departure and on the arrival of migrants. In the first place, nine European countries have no direct emigration statistics. Failing these, the statistics of the countries of immigration give useful information. Thus it is found that for the nine countries in question the annual average number of emigrants to oversea countries from 1920 to 1923 was about 75,000. Secondly, about a quarter of the oversea immigrants counted come from non-European countries. On the other hand certain non-European countries publish no information at all on immigration. Thirdly, it should not be forgotten that it is easier for the countries of immigration to record the arrival of immigrants than for the countries of emigration, especially continental countries, to note their departure. Statistical methods, particularly in the new states, can be improved only by degrees. (2) There is another source of information which may be used to determine the number of European emigrants, namely, the statistics of the transit ports where emigrants embark for oversea countries. By adding the number of out-going alien emigrants in transit to the number of national emigrants leaving national ports it should be possible to determine accurately the total number of oversea emigrants. Unfortunately data of the alien emigrants passing through ports of maritime countries are available for only seven countries — Belgium, Danzig, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, and Norway-—and only three of these — Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Italy— compile statistics of the return of alien emigrants. The other transit countries, France, Greece, Spain, etc., do not yet supply any particulars of this kind. It is also unfortunate that migrants in transit are not always classified by nationality or country of last residence. For the present, therefore, it is impossible to use this method to determine the amount and direction of European emigration. The following table gives for certain countries figures of out-going emigrants in transit from 1920 to 1923. — 30 — TABLE 7. MIGRANTS IN TRANSIT (OUTGOING), 1 9 2 0 - 1 9 2 3 Country of transit United Kingdom Belgium Germany Danzig Netherlands Italy. Norway Total. . . Total number of migrants Per cent, of total 280,833 112,993 111,724 109,395 89,948 66,918 4,219 36.2 14.6 14.4 14.1 11.6 8.6 0.5 776,030 100.0 The distribution of the 776,030 alien migrants among the seven countries of transit varies very much from one year to another. These fluctuations cannot be specifically attributed to the economic and legal conditions which influence emigration in general, for these have no great importance for transit. The fundamental factors determining the flow of migrants through the different European ports are the more or less skilful commercial methods of the shipping companies, the political and commercial relations between the countries (commercial treaties, etc.), and certain specifically personal factors. Table X shows that the number 1 of emigrants embarking at German (1.7, 17.4, 34.4, 46.5) and Norwegian (9.1, 8.8, 16.5, 74.6) ports increased substantially from year to year. These countries are followed by the United Kingdom (24.9, 25.8, 17.4, 31.9) and Italy (25.7,18.4,22.9,33.0), where there was a slight fall in 1921 and a maximum in 1923. Next come Belgium (25.4, 48.3, 12.9, 13.4), Danzig (28.0, 29.9, 22.7, 19.4), and the Netherlands (40.4, 28.6, 11.7, 19.3), all showing a marked fall in the number of emigrants transported. For the three countries which publish statistics of the return of emigrants, there was a steady rise only in Belgium (24.2, 18.8, 26.3, 30.7). In the United Kingdom, on the other hand (25.0, 37.4, 25.8, 11.7), and Italy (statistics incomplete) the numbers on the whole fell. (3) The third fact which emerges from these comparative statistics is that from the point of view of their contributions to the total European emigration, the countries of Europe may be 1 The figures in parentheses are the yearly totals as percentages of the total for the four years for the country in question. — 31 — placed in the same order, whether their own statistics are considered, or those of the countries of immigration (immigrants classified by country of last residence). TABLE 8 . OVERSEA EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE IN 1 9 2 3 , BY COUNTRY OF (Statistics LAST RESIDENCE of countries of emigration). Country of emigration United Kingdom Italy Germany Spain Poland Portugal Sweden. Norway Czechoslovakia Austria Finland Irish F r e e S t a t e Roumania Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom Other countries w i t h direct statistics 1 O t h e r countries w i t h n o direct statistics 2 Total Number of emigrants 256,284 177,853 115,416 93,246 55,401 30,792 25,282 18,287 15,972 15,497 13,835 13,396 12,719 9,370 26,406 66,430 946,186 Per cent. of total 27.10 18.80 12.20 9.86 5.86 3.25 2.67 1.96 1.68 163 1.46 1.44 1.34 1.00 2.73 7.02 100.00 i Countries contributing less than 1 per cent, of the total: Belgium, Denmark, Danzig, Malta, Netherlands, Switzerland. 2 Cf. table 3. TABLE 9 . OVERSEA IMMIGRATION IN 1 9 2 3 (ALL COUNTRIES), BY COUNTRY OF LAST RESIDENCE (Statistics of countries of immigration). Number Country of last residence of immigrants U n i t e d Kingdom 279,878 Italy 168,107 Germany 119,411 Spain 115,902 Poland 53,144 37,634 Portugal Russia 32,622 31,430 Sweden 21,175 Czechoslovakia 20,127 Norway Roumaia 16,924 Austria 13,467 1 85,810 O t h e r E u r o p e a n countries (16) 1 Asia 44,229 British N o r t h America 207,987 82,618 Mexico 18,811 South America W e s t Indies 17,334 O t h e r countries (6) * 13,663 Total i Countries contributing less than 1 per cent, of the total. 1,380,273 Per cent. of total 20.28 12.18 8.65 8.39 3.85 2.72 2.36 2.27 1.53 1.46 1.22 1.00 6.21 3.20 15.07 5.98 1 38 1.25 1.00 100.00 — 32 FIGURE 4 . OVERSEA MIGRATION IN 1 9 2 3 , BY COUNTRY OF LAST RESIDENCE A. Statistics of countries of emigration (European countries) B. Statistics of countries of immigration (all countries) Table 8 and figure 4A show that the European countries from which there was most emigration irt 1923 were the United Kingdom (one-fourth), Italy (one-fifth), Germany (one-eighth), Spain (one-tenth). For the other countries the proportion was considerably less. Table 9 and figure 4B show that Europe is the continent from which there was most emigration. In 1923 three-quarters of the total number of oversea emigrants came from Europe, followed in the second place by British North America, with about one-sixth of the total. At the same time it should be pointed out that many British emigrants leave for the British Dominions, possessions, and mandated territories. It would be logical to expect that for each country of origin the total number of outgoing emigrants recorded should be higher than the total number of immigrants recorded by the countries of immigration, since some of the latter do not compile immigration statistics. Yet at present Germany and Italy are the only countries for whose nationals this is found to hold. Other countries, which base their statistics on the number of passports issued or of transport contracts, record fewer emigrants than the numbers recorded by the countries of immigration. This anomaly is due to the fact that the method is liable to miss many emigrants. Another cause of error is that some persons leave a foreign country after living there for some time, and yet are recorded in the immigration statistics as coming direct from their country of origin. — 33 — (4) The geographical direction of migration movements and their sociological importance may be determined from statistics of the countries of last and future residence of the migrants. The countries which at present publish such returns include the most important country of immigration, namely, the United States, and certain other non-European countries (South Africa, New Zealand, and Palestine). Unfortunately, the countries of immigration do not always record the last residence of the immigrants, but merely note their nationality. In many cases statistics based only on the latter have had to be used 1. For Australia, for which there are more complete statistics based on the nationality or race of the immigrant, the total number of British immigrants from the different parts of the Empire has been replaced by figures taken from the special table showing the last permanent residence of these immigrants. TABLE 10. OVERSEA EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE COUNTRY OF FUTURE RESIDENCE IN 1923, BY (Statistics of countries of emigration) Country of future residence | United States of "total*' 41.'i 17.6 13.1 7.8 8.4 5.9 1.2 1.1 3.5 British North America Brazil Other American countries Oceania Other countries (not specified) Total. 100.0 1 On the other hand it has not been possible to draw up a special table classifying immigrants by "nationality" in the sense used in the 1922 Recommendation, since for certain countries, in particular the United States, the necessary data are incomplete. In order to facilitate comparison with other countries the figures published in the Monthly Labour Review (fiscal years) have been used to give statistics of the countries of last and future residence for the calendar years 1922 and 1923. 3 — 34 — TABLE 11. OVERSEA EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE IN 1 9 2 3 , BY COUNTRY OF FUTURE RESIDENCE (Statistics of countries of immigration) Per cent. of total Country of immigration United States Argentina Canada Australia Brazil Cuba Mexico South Africa New Zealand 44.0 19.5 11.0 8.6 7.7 4.7 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.1 Paraguay Total. FIGURE 5. OVERSEA A. 100.0 EMIGRATION FROM EUROPE IN 1 9 2 3 , BY COUNTRY OP FUTURE RESIDENCE. Statistics of Countries of emigration. B. Statistics of Countries of immigration. The migrants included in the general tables III and IV represent a variety of different definitions and methods of compilation of statistics. In view of the approximate agreement between the — 35 — figures derived from the statistics of countries of emigration and those of immigration, as to the relative size of the various currents of migration, it may, however, be concluded that the method followed is satisfactory. As a matter of fact the nationality of most oversea emigrants coincides with their country of last permanent residence, and the exceptions more or less balance one another. These tables, and the corresponding diagrams, also show the importance of the United States for emigration from Europe. If the countries of Europe are arranged in order according to the proportion of their emigrants going to the United States in 1923 (table III), the result is as follows: Sweden 93.9 (per cent, of Swedish emigrants), Norway 88.2, Germany 80.4, Denmark 76.5, Hungary 65.6, Finland 64.6, Austria 60.6, Roumania 58.1, Switzerland 56.8, Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom 44.1, Poland 42.8, Czechoslovakia 42.0, Great Britain 36.3, Italy 32.4, Belgium 32.0, Portugal 6.3, Malta 2.4. More than three-quarters of the emigrants from certain northern and western European countries (Sweden, Norway, Germany, and Denmark) go to the United States. On the other hand the United States has less attraction for emigrants from certain other European countries, especially countries with colonies. Great Britain, in particular, sends almost as many emigrants to Canada (34.4 per cent.) as to the United States. A large proportion of emigrants from Finland now go to Canada (35 per cent.). Brazil is the chief country of destination for Portuguese emigrants (88.3 per cent.), only 6.3 per cent, going to the United States; it would also appear to be growing in importance as an outlet for Roumanian emigrants (36.6 per cent., as compared with 58.1 per cent, to the United States). While the emigration of Italians to the United States is falling (32.4 per cent.), that to Argentina has risen (52.5 per cent.). Many Spaniards (44.7 per cent.) and Czechoslovaks (37.4 per cent.) also emigrate to that country. The majority of the German emigrants under the head "other countries of America" also go to Argentina; but most of the Spanish emigrants (53.1 per cent.) are attracted by other South American countries, except Brazil, which receives only 1.8 per cent. Table IV shows that the United States receives more immigrants from Europe than from the other continents. ' Table 12 shows the distribution of oversea immigration for non-European countries, based on the statistics of the countries of immigration. — 36 — TABLE 1 2 . (Statistics OVERSEA IMMIGRATION IN 1 9 2 3 of non-European countries of immigration) Per cent. of total Country of immigration United States 53.3 15.1 8.3 6.6 6.0 5.4 3.0 0.9 0.83 0.56 0.01 Canada Australia Brazil Cuba Mexico South 4frica Palestine Total. FIGURE 6. (Statistics 100.00 OVERSEA IMMIGRATION IN 1923. of non-European of immigration). III. countries The statistics of the complementary movements — (emigration of aliens from non - European countries, generally returning to their country of origin, and immigration of nationals (repatriation) — are not yet full enough to allow of useful comparisons as to their size and direction. Characteristics of Migrants. SEX Classification of oversea migrants by sex and age is undoubtedly of fundamental importance, but it has only been possible to show it for 25 countries of emigration (table VI) and 14 countries of immigration (table VII). Certain countries (Hungary, the Netherlands) distinguish adult national migrants by sex, but give the total number — 37 — of children without distinction of sex. Further, the age groups for the different countries do not agree. Table 13 shows the distribution by sex in 1922 and 1923 of three groups of oversea migrants, the statistics of which are approximately comparable: (1) The first group consists of oversea emigrants (nationals)' from 13 European countries : Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Finland, the United Kingdom, Norway, Portugal, Serb-CroatSlovene Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, and Czechoslovakia. Italy (see footnote to table VI) has not been included here. (2) The second group consists of oversea immigrants (aliens) to six non-European countries : South Africa, Argentina, the United States, the Philippines, New Zealand, and Paraguay. (3) The third group consists of oversea national immigrants (repatriation), returning to Belgium, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, and Sweden. TABLE 13. DISTRIBUTION OF MIGRANTS BY SEX, 1 9 2 2 AND 1 9 2 3 1922 Category Males Number Oversea emigrants (nationals) Oversea immigrants (aliens) 2 . l Icenï. 1923 Females Numbftr Total I cent Males Number Icent. Females Total Number | c f « 205,224 55.6 163,808 44.4 369,032 406,304 63.7 231,641 36.2 638,145 249,686 54.2 210,952 45.8 460,638 467,400 62.4 281,194 37.6 748,594 Oversea immigrants (nationals) s 130,241 65.5 68,380 34.5 147,524 96,830 64.7 52,856 35.3 149,686 i Statistics for 13 European countries: ftermany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Finland, United Kingdom, Norway, Portugal, Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia. 2 Statistics for 6 non-European countries: South Africa, Argentina, United States, New Zealand, Philippines, Paraguay. 3 Statistics for 6 European countries: Belgium, Spain. United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, Sweden. For the group of European countries it will be found that among the oversea emigrants from the 14 countries named (including Italy), who represented in 1922 about two-thirds of the total number of European emigrants given in table I (three-fourths in 1923), 55.6 per cent, were men and 44.4 per cent, women in 1922, — 38 — and 63.7 per cent, men and 36.3 per cent, women in 1923. The rise in the proportion of men in 1923 is due to the fact that the countries of northern and western Europe made less use of their immigration quota to the United States in 1922 than in the following year. Further, emigrants from central and eastern Europe who have been away for some time usually arrange for their wives and children to join them in the country of immigration. It may be added that owing to poverty new emigrants from these countries are relatively few. On the other hand a large number of men from north-west Europe emigrate to oversea countries, and return to fetch their families much later when tbey are more or less permanently settled. In a general way this remark applies also to all emigrants going to South America. They very seldom send their families prepaid tickets for the journey. This fact should be noted in connection with the relative increese in the number of emigrants to South America during the last few years. The above explanation is corroborated by the figures of the sex distribution of emigrants from the different countries. The proportion of maje oversea emigrants from the European countries considered was above the average in 1923 (the figure in brackets gives the 1922 percentage) for the following: Spain 70.8 per cent. (66.1); Norway, 68.4 per cent. (61.3); Sweden, 74.5 per cent. (63.8); Czechoslovakia, 76.1 per cent. (66.0); Denmark, 67.7 per cent. (60.5). For the following countries, on the other hand, the proportion of men was perceptibly less than in the former group: Germany, 57.8 per cent. (53.5); Austria, 61.7 per cent. (56.9); Belgium, 60.8 per cent. (66.0); Finland, 66.0 per cent. (48.4); the United Kingdom, 59.6 per cent. (51.9) ; Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom, 61.0 percent. (46.2); Switzerland, 65.9 per cent. (53.8). In Portugal the proportion of the sexes varied considerably. In 1922, 24.6 per cent, were men and 75.4 per cent, women; in 1923, 72.5 per cent, were men and 27.5 per cent, women. Table VI does not give the sex distribution for Italy, as it has been necessary to iise statistics compiled by age and not by sex (see explanatory notes). The sex distribution may be calculated from the statistics of Italian emigrants leaving solely from national ports (given in a footnote to table VI), which give a proportion of 79.6 per cent, men and 20.4 per cent, women in 1923, and 73.8 per cent, men and 26.2 per cent, women in 1922. For the group of non-European countries where immigration is — 39 — largely European, the average proportion of male emigrants during 1922 and 1923 was 54.2 per cent, and 62.4 per cent, respectively, an increase corresponding approximately to that indicated by the European emigration statistics. In particular, immigration into the United States showed a high proportion of women for 1922, a fact confirming the explanation given above. For 1922 the proportion of male immigrants was 48.4 per cent, and that of women 51.6 per cent. In 1923, on the contrary, owing to the larger number of immigrants from north-west Europe, the proportion was 58.8 per cent, men to 41.2 per cent, women. In the other countries of immigration (South America) men are always in a large majority. In the British colonies there is less difference owing to the frequency of family emigration. The proportion of male immigrants in South Africa was 52.4 per cent, in 1922 and 53.2 per cent, in 1923; in New Zealand it was 52.2 per cent, in 1923. In Cuba (seasonal immigration) the proportion of male immigrants was very high: 70.9 per cent, in 1922. The statistics of alien emigrants leaving non-European countries show very varying proportions between the sexes. In 1922, 51.2 per cent, were men and 48.8 per cent, women; in 1923, 65.4 per cent, men and 34.6 per cent, women. In the United States men were about three-quarters of the total number of alien emigrants during the two years considered. In South Africa, on the other hand, 55.9 per cent, of alien emigrants were men in 1922 and 56.2 per cent, in 1923. In New Zealand the proportion was 48.7 per cent, in 1923. This phenomenon is to be explained by the family character of immigration and emigration already described. In general, either families who leave for the colonies do not return to their country of origin, or else the whole family returns or emigrates to another country. The statistics of European countries of oversea immigration of nationals (repatriation) for 1923 give approximately the same sex distribution as the statistics studied above. It has only been possible, however, to calculate an average for six countries : Belgium, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, and Sweden; the results are 64.7 per cent, men to 35.3 per cent, women (65.5 and 34.5 per cent, respectively in 1922). This phenomenon is due to the fact that there are in the first place more male than female emigrants. In addition, women who leave for oversea countries usually intend to settle there permanently ; men, on the contrary, more often return to their country of origin, either because they have been disappointed by the new country, — 40 — or to settle at home on their savings, or to return to their families, or to marry, or merely to visit their relations. This tendency is clearly shown by the figures for Spain, with 73.6 per cent, men and 26.4 per cent, women in 1923; Italy, 77.1 per cent, men and 22.9 per cent, women in 1923 (73.8 and 26.2 respectively in 1922); Portugal, 78.1 per cent, men and 21.9 per cent, women in 1923 (76.8 and 23.2 respectively in 1922). The opposite tendency is seen in the United Kingdom: 48.3 per cent, men and 51.7 per cent. women in 1923 (47.2 and 52.8 per cent, respectively in 1922). In this country there must be a high proportion of emigration of families, or of women alone. The figures may be partly explained by the return of families without the head of the household. As regards the emigration of nationals from non-European countries, the excess of men was lower in 1922 than it was for aliens. Yet in 1923 the proportion of American nationals who emigrated was about two-thirds of the total number of emigrants. This may be explained by the fact that American nationals who go abroad usually leave only for a short period, on business, and very seldom take their wives and children with them. The proportion of men among Indian emigrants is more than two-thirds, a fact due to the seasonal character of the movement. AGE The classification of emigrants by age is of great interest economically and demographically, as also for the supervision of morality. In fact it is the only particular on which the International Labour Conference thought it desirable to make definite proposals in a Resolution adopted during the 1922 session. It expressed the view that emigrants should be classified by age in four groups: under 15 years; from 15 to 25; from 25 to 55; over 55 years. A careful study of all the statistics giving an age classification leads to the conclusion that as yet the only possible comparative international table is one classifying emigrants in two groups: those of under 15 years (under that age the emigrant is as a rule unable to engage in a profitable occupation, besides which he needs more effective protection) and those of over 15 years of age (capable of productive work). Since, however, among European countries — 41 — only six (Spain, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Czechoslovakia) give information on emigrants in the first group, a different age limit has had to be used for tables VI and VII. Children and young persons under an age limit which varies from 12 to 18 years have been placed in the first group, and adults, that is to say emigrants whose ages exceed this limit; in the second. But it may be useful to give here a special table with as complete a classification as possible, based on the information supplied by European countries on the emigration of their nationals. TABLE 1 4 . EMIGRATION OF NATIONALS FROM VARIOUS EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, BY AGE, 1 9 2 2 AND 1 9 2 3 Age limit lor children and young persons, and country of emigration Percentage of Children and young persons 1922 Under 10 years: Netherlands . . . . Under 12 years: Hungary Under 14 years: Germany Under 15 years: Austria Denmark Spain Italy Malta Norway Sweden Czechoslovakia . . . Under 16 years: Belgium (Antwerp) . Finland Switzerland . . . . Under 17 years: United Kingdom (Board of Trade). Under 18 years: Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom . . . . 1923 Adults 1922 1923 86.2 13.8 16.5 19.5 83.5 80.5 11.6 10.3 88.4 89.7 . 11.6 10.6 12.0 11.8 13.4 8.1 9.8 8.0 11.9 88.4 89.4 — 7.2 8.5 9.9 88.0 88.2 86.6 91.9 90.2 92.0 88.1 21.2 8.8 13.3 22.6 8.4 9.8 78.8 91.2 86.7 77.4 91.6 90.2 21.8 20.4 78.2 79.6 23.2 18.5 76.8 81.5 — 12.1 87.9 92.8 91.5 90.1 It will be seen that in 1922 and 1923 the proportion of children was very high in Hungary (16.5 per cent, and 19.5 per cent.), Belgium (21.2 and 22.6 per cent.), and the United Kingdom (21.8 — 42 — and 20.4 per cent.). For Hungary account should be taken of the effect of prepaid tickets sent by members of the family already settled in the United States. For other countries emigration by families is usual on the first removal. It may be added that the number of children shown by repatriation statistics is also very high for Hungary (24.8 and 17.1 per cent.) and the United Kingdom (22.2 and 22 per cent.). For Austria (11.6 per cent.), Czechoslovakia (9.9 per cent.), Denmark (10.6 per cent.), Italy (12.1 per cent.), Norway (7.2 per cent.), Sweden (8.5 per cent.), the average proportion of emigrants under 15 years was 11.1 per cent, in 1923, representing a relatively small increase in the unproductive population of the countries of immigration. For non-European countries all that can be given is an average for five countries for the immigration of aliens in 1923, as the figures for 1922 are not complete, namely, the United States (under 16 years), South Africa and New Zealand (under 15 years), Argentina and Canada (under 14 years). As the age limit for children and young persons is 16 years in the United States and 14 years in Argentina and Canada, there is no serious objection to taking 15 years as the average. For these five countries the proportion of alien immigrants in the lower age group was 17.3 per cent. The difference between the averages for the countries of emigration and of immigration is mainly due to the fact that British emigrants could not be included above in the group of European emigrants, while the countries of immigration record a large number of immigrants from the United Kingdom. Owing to the policy of the British Government, whole families emigrate together from that country to a much greater extent than they do from other European countries and there is a considerable volume of state-aided emigration of groups of children and young persons. The following figures give the proportion of immigrant children : South Africa, 16.4 per cent, in 1922 and 14.3 per cent, in 1923; Argentina, 10.4 per cent, in 1922 (under 15 years) and 10.4 per cent, in 1923 (under 14 years) ; Canada, 19.9 per cent, in 1922 and 14.9 per cent, in 1923; Cuba, 6.8 per cent, in 1922 (seasonal immigration); United States, 20.6 per cent, in 1922 and 17.6 per cent, in 1923; New Zealand, 22.5 per cent, in 1922 and 23.2 per cent, in 1923. In the Philippines (27.2 and 32.1 per cent.) and Palestine (26.7 and 26.9 per cent.) immigration of whole families is the general rule. — 43 — The number of children travelling with returning emigrants from non-European countries varied very much in 1922 for different countries. Thus the proportion of children accompanying emigrants returning from the United States was 4 . 8 per cent., while for emigrants returning from South Africa the proportion of children of under 15 years was 14.5 per cent. The corresponding figure for New Zealand was 23.6 per cent., a phenomenon explained above. In 1923 the proportion of children was as a rule rather higher: from the United States 5.6 per cent., South Africa 14.7 per cent., New Zealand 26.4 per cent. SEX AND AGE On examining the influence of sex and age distribution it will be seen that in the group of children, boys are slightly in the majority. The following table shows, for the countries which classify emigrants by both sex and age, the proportion of children of each sex to the total number of emigrants. TABLE 15. CHILDREN OF EACH SEX AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL NUMBER OF EMIGRANTS FROM CERTAIN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 1922 AND 1923 1922 Country of emigration Germany . . . . Belgium . . . . Denmark . . . . Spain Finland United Kingdom. Norway Sweden Switzerland . . . Czechoslovakia . Boys 5.8 9.9 5.7 6.7 4.3 11.5 5.0 4.3 7.0 5.9 1923 Girls 5.8 11.3 6.3 5.1 4.5 10.3 4.8 3.7 6.3 6.0 Boys Girls 5.2 13.0 5.5 5.1 10.6 5.1 — — 4.4 10.9 3.6 4.4 5.3 5.1 4.0 9.5 3.6 4.1 4.5 4.8 In most countries the proportion of children (and young persons) among emigrants is about the same for both sexes, or at least the difference is not very marked until 15 years. The predominance — 44 — of males begins only after that age (sometimes before in southern countries). The reason is that boys are usually compelled to earn their living before girls. This is one of the reasons why the United Kingdom and Spain in particular (1922) show a wider difference between the two sexes than other countries. A second cause in the case of Spain is the seasonal nature of some of her oversea emigration. Among alien immigrants into non-European countries the proportion of the sexes among children (and young persons) was about the same in 1922 and 1923. TABLE 16. CHILDREN OF EACH SEX AS PERCENTAGE IMMIGRANTS IN CERTAIN NON-EUROPEAN OF ALIEN COUNTRIES, 1922 AND 1923 1922 Country ol immigration 1923 Boys Girls Boys Girls 8.6 7.8 7.5 6.8 5.5 4.9 5.5 4.9 11.6 11.6 1 For South Africa and New Zealand the proportion of children among alien emigrants was as follows: TABLE 17. CHILDREN EMIGRANTS FROM OF EACH SOUTH SEX AS PERCENTAGE AFRICA AND NEW OF ALIEN ZEALAND, 1922 AND 1923 1922 Country of emigration South Africa New Zealand Boys 7.4 1923 Girls 7.1 Boys Girls 8.2 12.4 6.5 14.0 The high proportion of adult men, already referred to in the section dealing with sex, is clearly brought out in the table showing the sex distribution of migrants. — 45 — OCCUPATION It is difficult to make any international comparisons of the data on the occupations of migrants. Several countries do not compile such statistics, and among those which do, no two have adopted the same detailed classification of occupations. An attempt has been made to draw up two different but comparable classifications of occupations. For a number of European countries of emigration (table VIII) they have been classified under six heads : (1) agriculture; (2) industry and mining; (3) transport and commerce; (4) domestic service and general labour; (5) liberal professions and public service; (6) other occupations, no occupation, or occupation unknown. For certain non-European countries of immigration (table IX) only four heads have been adopted: (1) liberal professions and public officials; (2) skilled workers; (3) miscellaneous occupations; (4) no occupation (including women and children). These two classifications, although not very detailed, give a fairly accurate idea of the main lines of distribution by occupation of European national emigrants and of alien immigrants in non-European countries in 1922 and 1923. A different classification was necessarily adopted for countries of immigration, because some of them give information only on certain of the groups in the classification used for the European countries. The classification actually adopted is that of the United States immigration statistics, which would seem to satisfy the chief needs of the countries of immigration. Their demand is chiefly for workers without special training who may be employed either as settlers or as unskilled workers in industry and mining. Apart from certain exceptional cases, they do not as a rule wish to recruit skilled workers, and still less any kind of non-manual worker. It often happens that emigrants on leaving their country — and still more often on arrival •— do not hesitate to give information which they think most likely to ensure them admission to the country of immigration or to secure their future. For this reason the occupation statistics are generally less accurate than the age statistics, which can be adequately checked by passports and other identity papers. There are fourteen European countries for which the six classes of occupations may be distinguished. These are Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, the Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The non-European countries to which the second classification applies are Argentina, Canada, Cuba, New Zealand, Paraguay, South Africa and the United States. — 46 — Among the European countries named a certain number (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany1, Norway, Poland, the Serb-CroatSlovene Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) include under the heading "no occupation" not only persons actually without a trade, but also the wives, children, grandparents and, in some cases, other members of the family supported by persons who have a definite occupation. Finland, Italy, and Czechoslovakia, on the other hand, classify the persons supported by the emigrant under his occupation. Consequently the classification by occupation has had to be made separately for the first group of European countries. An average for the last three countries cannot be calculated owing to the very wide differences in their statistical methods. Further, it is difficult to determine how far the differences due to the variable composition of families may influence the national distribution by occupation and the international average. For the fourteen European countries named, the average proportion of emigrants belonging to the industry and mining group was fairly high (16.6 per cent, in 1922 and 26.5 per cent, in 1923). Before the war the great majority of European emigrants were in the agricultural group, but in 1922 emigrants in this group were only one-seventh (14.6 per cent.) of the total, and the proportion was still lower in 1923 (14.4 per cent.). It should be observed that there are considerable differences in this respect from country to country and from year to year. Thus for the Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom the proportion of emigrants in the agricultural group was 58.6 per cent, in 1922, but fell in 1923 to 29.7 per cent. At the same time, when the emigration of rural workers is being estimated account must be taken of the group "domestic service and general labour". The workers in this group are largely recruited from the rural population, and are quite prepared to resume an agricultural occupation abroad. These workers represented 18.7 per cent, of the total number of emigrants in 1922 and 16.1 per cent, in 1923. If the two groups are taken together, the proportion of emigrants who might be classified under agriculture is about one-third. 1 The German statistics give two tables. The first shows the distribution by occupational groups oí persons engaged in a gainful occupation ; the second also includes under the same headings the members of the families of these persons. In this study the classification used for the majority of countries has also been employed for Germany. 47 — TABLE 1 8 . DISTRIBUTION BY OCCUPATION OF OVERSEA MIGRANTS (EUROPEAN COUNTRIES), 1 9 2 2 AND 1 9 2 3 Agriculture Industry and mining (1) (2) Other Transport Domestic Liberal and service and professions occupations commerce general and public none, or labour unknown services (4) (3) (6) (5) Total (7) 1922 Emigration 1 47,747 14.6 % 54,517 16.6 % 29,970 9.1 % 61,382 18.7 % Immigration 6 : 738 9,673 5.9 % 10,794 9.5 % 14,694 119,832 328,142 4.5 % 36.5 100 % 6,446 5.7 % 43,490 113,853 38.2 % 100 % 15,138 123,530 422,071 3.6 29.3 100 % % 2 36,712 32.2 % 1923 Emigration ' 61,023 14.4 % 111,785 42,714 67,881 26.5 10.1 % 16.1 % % % % Immigration '• 3,480 8,271 6,954 5,842 5,276 25,452 55,275 6.3 % 15.0 % 12.6 % 10.6 % 9.5 % 46.0 % 100 % i Statistics for Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, United Kingdom.Norway, Poland, Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom, Sweden, and Switzerland. 3 Statistics for Norway, Unitod Kingdom, Sweden, and Spain. The next group in order of importance is that of commercial employees and transport workers, constituting 9.1 per cent, in 1922 and 10.1 percent, in 1923. The proportion of immigrants belonging to the liberal professions and public services was still lower — 4.5 per cent, in 1922 and 3.6 per cent, in 1923 — but there has been a considerable increase in both groups over the pre-war proportion. A large proportion of the emigrants (26.5 per cent, in 1922 and 29.3 per cent, in 1923) are classified under the collective heading " other occupations, occupation unknown, and no occupation", — 48 — including unoccupied members of the family. National statistics differ so much on this point that very different information has had to bê grouped in this way. The number of emigrants engaged in industry was above the average in 1923 in the following countries: Austria, 27.1 per cent. (19.4 per cent, in 1922); Czechoslovakia, 30.8 per cent. (19.4 per cent.); Germany, 30.3 per cent. (28.9 per cent.); Italy, 33.3 per cent. (24.3 per cent.); Norway, 27.2 per cent. (24.2 per cent.); Sweden, 28 per cent. (19.9 per cent.). The number of immigrants in the commercial group was also very high in certain countries in 1923: Germany, 11.4 per cent. (16.4 per cent, in 1922); Norway, 15 per cent. (14.6 per cent.); and Switzerland, 15.9 per cent. (15.6 per cent.). Finally, the proportion of emigrants in the liberal professions was 3.3 per cent. in Germany (5.5 per cent, in 1922), 6.3 per cent, in Norway (5.5 per cent.), and 6 per cent, in Switzerland (6.9 per cent.). The distribution by occupation for the three countries in which the families of the emigrant are classified under his occupation is shown in the following table: TABLE 1 9 . OF EMIGRANTS PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION FROM FINLAND, ITALY, BY OCCUPATION AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA, 1922 AND 1923 Country of emigration, and year Percentage in occupational groups i (1) Finland . . 1922 1923 . Italy . . . . 1922 1923 Czechoslovakia 1922 1923 48.2 51.8 51.3 44.2 26.1 29.0 1 (2) 10.2 12.4 24.3 33.3 19.4 30.8 1 (3) 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.8 1 (4) 20.0 19.7 17.2 14.2 25.9 24.2 1 (5) 5.2 4.5 1.8 2.2 0.9 1.2 1 (6) 12.7 8.2 2.3 3.2 24.0 12.0 i The figures in parentheses refer to the occupational groups given in table 18. In Italy and Finland about half the emigrants are recruited from persons engaged in agriculture; the corresponding proportion for Czechoslovakia is only a quarter. The group of non-European countries of immigration for which immigrants have been classified by occupation includes seven states, but figures for New Zealand are not available for 1922, and for 1923 figures have been obtained only for South Africa, the United States, and New Zealand. The total number of immigrants in 1922 (535,804) and 1923 (858,908) were classified as follows among the four main groups of occupations: — 49 — TABLE 2 0 . PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY OCCUPATION OF IMMI- GRANTS IN CERTAIN NON-EUROPEAN Year Liberal professions and public officials Skilled workers 1922 1923 2.7 2.5 13.2 18.9 1 COUNTRIES, 1 9 2 2 1 J AND 1923 Miscellaneous occupations No occupation i 43.9 43.6 40.2 35.0 Including non-working members of families. The majority of immigrants thus come under the heading "miscellaneous" occupations, which includes agricultural workers, general workers, commercial employees, etc. In 1922 the proportion of immigrants belonging to tbis group was as follows : Cuba, 74 per cent.; Canada, 45.6 per cent.; the United States, 37.5 per cent.; South Africa, 30.5 per cent. In 1923 the figures were 18.6 per cent. for South Africa, 32.8 per cent, for New Zealand, and 39.9 per cent, for the United States. It may be observed that in 1923 the proportion of persons belonging to the liberal professions and skilled industrial workers increased perceptibly as a result of the increase in the number of emigrants from the countries of northern and western Europe. The proportion of immigrants with no occupation was rather less in 1923 than in 1922. Attention should be drawn to the heavy percentage for South Africa (56.4 per cent, in 1922 and 64 per cent. in 1923) and the low figure for Cuba (18.9 per cent, in 1922). Figures of the emigration of aliens from non-European countries are available only for South Africa, the United States, and New Zealand, and for the latter country only for 1923. The distribution of the emigrants from these countries, most of them of European origin, was as follows: TABLE 2 1 . PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY OCCUPATION OF ALIEN EMIGRANTS FROM SOUTH AFRICA, THE UNITED STATES, AND NEW ZEALAND, 1 9 2 2 AND 1 9 2 3 Year Iliberal professions Skilled workers Miscellaneous occupations No occupation 1922 1923 2.1 3.7 9.3 9.9 59.1 51.4 29.5 35.0 Thus the miscellaneous group, which includes agricultural and general workers, is proportionately very much higher for emigrants than for immigrants. The small proportion of skilled workers in 4 — 50 — the repatriation table, as compared with that in the emigration table, is due to the fact that a certain number of such workers are classified on their return under the heading "miscellaneous occupations". The reason for this change is that the persons in question were unable to find the work for which they were trained and had to accept some unskilled employment. It may also be observed that non-manual workers who return to their country are relatively numerous, as it is more difficult for them to adapt themselves to their new surroundings. Reference has already been made to a possible comparison between tables VIII and IX. This comparison shows the approximate agreement between the statistics of European countries of emigration and non-European countries of immigration as to the distribution of migrants by occupation. The average percentages for 1922 and 1923 are summarised in the table below: TABLE 2 2 . COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF OCCUPATIONS European countries (emigration) Occupational group I. Liberal Non-European countries (immigration) 1922 1923 per cent. per cent. 3.6 4.5 professions . II. Industry and 16.6 mining . . . 14.6 ] III. Agriculture . Transport and 1 9.1 } 42.4 commerce Dom. service I and gen. labour 18.7 ) IV. Other occupations and 36.5 no occupation 26.5 14.4 ) 1 10.1 } 40.6 Occupational group Liberal professions . . Skilled workers . . . . 1922 1 1923 percent. percent. 2.7 . 2 -5 13.2 18.9 Miscellaneous occupations . . 43.9 43.6 No occupation (includingwomen and children) . 40.2 35.0 ( 16.1 ) 29.3 It will be seen that three of the groups in the European statistics have had to be combined to form a group corresponding to the "miscellaneous occupations" of the non-European statistics, on the lines of the United States statistics. The divergencies for the liberal professions and industry and mining may be ascribed to many causes. There is the fact already mentioned that emigrants often prefer not to state their real occupation; a certain number of emigrants in these occupations have been admitted in this way, in particular to the United States. Differences in the method of classification have also some effect. Finally, it should not be forgotten that the United States statistics relate not to the calendar years 1922 and 1923, but to the fiscal years 1921-1922 and 1922-1923. CHAPTER II CONTINENTAL MIGRATION I. Volume MIGRATION OF NATIONALS European Countries Emigration In many European countries, continental emigration since the war, like oversea emigration, has been of exceptional importance as a means both of dealing with unemployment and of regulating the labour market. It would have been even greater in volume if certain countries had not been flooded with a mass of refugees who obtained employment instead of alien workers, so that the normal immigration of the latter lost much of its importance. Statistics of continental emigration are not much developed in Europe, and still less in non-European countries. The countries of emigration are chiefly interested in compiling statistics of their national emigrants, while the countries of immigration are most concerned in the arrival of alien immigrants. Both tend to ignore repatriation statistics. Further, continental migration statistics do not as a rule cover the whole movement, but only migrating workers. Only four countries, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Poland, and Roumania, have direct and regular returns of continental emigration. Several important countries of emigration (Austria, Germany, Portugal, Spain, etc.) do not compile statistics, or else their returns are obtained indirectly by the imperfect method of municipal registers (Belgium), sometimes not even distinguishing between nationals and aliens (Sweden), and including non-workers. — 52 — The data supplied by the countries named show that continental emigration has been on a large scale from 1920 onwards. The total emigration for the period 1920-1923 covered 883,159 persons, the totals for the four years being 242,917, 120,530, 223,543,and 296,169. The corresponding percentages of the average for the four years are 110.0, 54.6, 101.2, 134.2. TABLE 2 3 . FLUCTUATIONS OF CONTINENTAL EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION OF NATIONALS (EUROPEAN COUNTRIES), 1920-1923 Emigration 1920 1921 1922 1923 . . 22,800 126,955 35,717 9,855 2,930 22,536 141.0 121.1 75.1 101.5 107.5 75.7 79.3 47.9 33.9 93.3 104.7 76.3 96.5 96.9 89.2 124.6 96.0 140.0 83.2 134.1 201.7 80.6 91.4 108.0 Total . . 220,793 110.0 54.6 101.2 134.2 Italy Roumania Per cent, ol average Annual average, 19201923 Country of emigration . . . . Czechoslovakia Immigration Country of immigration Annual average, 19201923 Per cent, of average 1920 1921 1922 1923 10,562 55,055 121.0 101.0 87.6 54.0 90.6 101.1 101.8 144.4 Roumania . . . . Sweden Czechoslovakia . . 3,912 133.9 100.9 78.4 86.8 Total . . 69,529 355.9 242.5 270.1 333.0 Belgium Italy A comparison with the curve of oversea emigration of nationals (figure 2) shows parallel movements in 1920 and 1921. The economic depression of 1921 led to a sudden fall in continental emigration also, even greater than that in oversea emigration. As soon as the situation on the French labour market improved, in 1922, there was a steady increase in immigration, and at the same time the American Quota Act led to a considerable reduction in oversea emigration. — 53 — The restrictive measures adopted in France in 1921 to protect national labour led to a marked fall in Italian emigration, which represents close on two-thirds of the recorded continental migration of European workers. Italian emigration (153,717, 60,846, 123,030, and 170,226) is the principal factor in the fluctuations of the total continental emigration. Emigration from Poland follows the same curve (26,846, 12,129, 31,873 and 72,020)1 and is very closely related to the situation on the French labour market. The setback experienced by Czechoslovakia in 1923 (17,050, 17,201, 31,558, and 24,334) was due to the cessation of organised emigration to Germany after the fall of the mark. Immigration The only countries which compile statistics of the continental immigration of nationals (repatriation) are Italy (frontier statistics), and Belgium and Sweden (municipal register statistics). The repatriation of Italians from European countries followed the same course as continental emigration during the years 1920-1923 (55,000, 30,083, 55,641 and 79,498) ; allowing for the defectiveness of the statistics, this may be taken as an indication that much of the movement is seasonal. During the period covered, Poland did not compile returns of the immigration properly so called of its nationals (repatriation). It is scarcely possible either to use the data previously published under the heading " repatriation " because they related very largely to a post-war phenomenon. The figures included several hundred thousand prisoners of war, and military and civilian refugees, returning home after a long absence; nor can these data be compared with those of other countries. For Roumania, the emigration figures are mainly of nationals. The immigration statistics on the other hand comprise a large number of alien workers, who were still urgently needed during the period 1920-1923. The Roumanian figures are therefore included in the total in table II (immigration). Non-European Countries Emigration The emigration returns of non-European countries relate mainly to aliens, as the emigration of nationals is of little importance. 1 During the four years there was more clandestine emigration to Germany than emigration to France. — 54 — Such returns are made by the United States for emigration to Cane da and Mexico, which during the fiscal years 1920-1923 covered only 78,868 persons. The steady fall in the figures is probably due to the growing demand for labour caused by immigration restrictions. In India the continental emigration of nationals is considerable. Various ports of embarkation, including Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, draw up returns, though no statistics are compiled for emigration across land frontiers. According to the statistics published under the 1922 Emigration Act, the total number of continental emigrants recorded in the statistics of the ports mentioned was only 78,307 in 1923, a figure which would appear to be much below the reality (cf. the statistics of the corresponding countries of immigration). Immigration Since the continental emigration of nationals from non-European countries is not very large, there is obviously not much repatriation. Thus in the United States there are no returns of the immigration of nationals from Canada and Mexico. The entry of repatriated Canadians and of alien immigrants from the United States into Canada during the period in question was recorded in the quarterly statistics of the Canadian Labour Gazette, although only a total is given. As this quarterly figure includes more aliens than nationals, it is inserted in table II B (continental immigration of aliens). MIGRATION OF ALIENS Non-European Countries Immigration Several non-European countries attach very great importance to the continental immigration of aliens. The most rational and also the fullest statistics are those published by the United States, where the exceptionally important phenomenon of alien immigration across land frontiers has been followed with growing interest for some time. The many cases of clandestine immigration across these frontiers have suggested the advisability of introducing some means of checking this unlawful penetration of the country. Owing to the restrictions on oversea immigration, there has been an extraordinary rise in the number of Canadian and Mexican immi- — 55 — grants. In addition many Europeans try to enter across the land frontiers in the hope that the selection clause of the immigration laws may be less strictly enforced there. The number of continental immigrants to the United States, which was 142,386 in 1920, fell to 103,775 in 1921 and 66,361 in 1922, but was increased threefold (180,779) in 1923. The corresponding percentages of the average for the four years are 115.6, 83.7, 53.9, 146.8. The figures for the calendar'years 1922 and 1923 were 99,816 and 263,993. The increase in immigration from Mexico and Canada after the war was comparatively higher than the decrease in immigration from south-eastern Europe. On the other hand, the number of Canadians and aliens entering Canada from the United States fell: 48,866 (165.9 per cent, of the average); 32,563 (103.8 per cent.); 23,733 (75.6 per cent.); 20,309 (64.7 per cent.). Mexico is growing in importance as a transit country for continental immigration into the United States. The continental and oversea immigration of aliens from 1920 to 1923 was 139,354, but it should be noted that this figure does not include Mexicans returning from the United States after a period of seasonal employment. In Africa, too, continental migration is on quite a large scale. An instance is the immigration into the Union of South Africa of natives from Portuguese East Africa, introduced and employed by members of the Native Recruiting Corporation, Ltd. The number of workers thus introduced was 42,824 during the fiscal year 1921-1922 and 55,832 in 1922-1923 \ In Argentina immigration by river may lead to some confusion, as many oversea immigrants travel by river from Montevideo. At the same time, the persons concerned are often ordinary passengers. The continental immigration of aliens into the Straits Settlements is considerable. It consists of the temporary immigration of Indians and Chinese, mainly organised by the Government; their numbers were 221,297 in 1920, 236,716 in 1921, and 191,560 in 1922. Emigration There is a good deal of continental emigration across the land frontiers of the United States. The total number of aliens who emigrated across the Canadian and Mexican frontiers was 41,635 1 South Africa, 17 Oct. 1924. London. — 56 — in the fiscal years 1920-1923. The numbers fell from 1922 to 1923 almost in the same proportion as those of emigration to oversea countries (137.1, 107.2, 103.4, 52.2), as most of the immigrants from these two countries settle permanently in the United States. In Argentina the number of alien emigrants leaving by river in 1923 was about equal to the number of immigrants entering the country by river. A similar remark applies to the Straits Settlements, which offers a typical case of seasonal migration. The number of continental emigrants returning to India was 55,481 in 1920, 61,551 in 1921 and 45,733 in 1922. Hong-Kong is the chief port of emigration for Chinese coolies going to other parts of Asia (479,889 emigrants from 1920 to 1923). Emigration from Mexico is mainly to the United States. The growing number of alien emigrants (13,250 in 1920 and 32,481 in 1923) is proof of the attraction of economic conditions in the United States, and of the importance of Mexico as a transit country for aliens. Many aliens live for a certain period in Mexico so as to be able to enter the United States. According to the American authorities, the number of persons who cross the frontier clandestinely is even higher. European Countries Immigration The methods of compiling statistics of alien immigrants are as a rule very defective in Europe. Continental immigration is recorded regularly only by the two chief countries of immigration — France, and to some extent Germany. In France, the compilation of the statistics is still unsatisfactory. For instance, the Italian emigration statistics, which are compiled on a comparatively reliable method, show about one-third more emigrants going to France thsn the number of immigrants from Italy recorded by the French statistics. The French figures are 112,475 for 1923 and 57,199 for 1922, while the Italian statistics give 142,990 and 85,815 respectively. Moreover, it is officially stated in Italy that the emigration statistics compiled from the counterfoils of emigrants' identity cards are 25 to 30 per cent. below the real figures. From 1920 to 1923 the French labour market was subject to regulation according to social and economic requirements, which — 57 — led to marked fluctuation in the number of continental immigrants (86.4, 16.3, 122.2, and 175.1). The regulation 'of immigration in France has had as much influence on the continental migration of European countries as that in the United States has had on oversea migration. For the period covered by this report, Germany published no special figures of the admission of foreign agricultural workers registered at the frontier offices of the Central Office for Workers (Deutsche Arbeiter zentrale), but since 1922 these offices, which have a monopoly of this form of placing, have published statistics of the alien workers — nearly always agricultural — placed in employment by them. The immigration of industrial workers, and therefore the number placed, has latterly been negligible. The number of immigrant workers placed in 1922 by the Central Office for Workers was 42,929. The corresponding figure for 1923 was only 19,735. The British statistics published by the Home Office also cover workers who enter the country with the special permit issued by the Ministry of Labour authorising them to enter the country. There was not much of this immigration during the four years in question. Belgium is the only country which compiles statistics of all alien immigrants, irrespective of class; the figures given for the period 1920-1923 are: 28,780, 13,317, 18,602, and 22,168. The Roumanian figures combine the immigration of alien workers and the return of nationals across the frontier, without distinguishing between the two movements (13,000, 15,274, 13,603, 12,189). Czechoslovakia reported for 1923 the authorised admission of 3,954 aliens, but these statistics are very incomplete, as the admission of foreigners from certain countries is not recorded; the figures also include nationals. Emigration France alone makes some kind of record of the emigration of alien workers, but the statistics compiled by the frontier offices of alien immigrant workers returning to their countries are even less complete than the immigration statistics, for there is no compulsory supervision on leaving the country. The returns relate mainly to collective emigration. In addition, the identity papers remain valid for some time, which leads to certain abuses. However, the figures available show the general parallelism of the two movements, due to the seasonal nature of the immigration. — 58 — IL Direction For the continental migration of nationals, only five European countries (Belgium, Italy, Poland, Roumania, and Sweden) compile statistics by country of destination, and of these only three (Belgium, Italy, and Sweden) record the country of last residence of their returning nationals (repatriation). The Italian classification has been adopted for the table showing the direction of continental migration, the most important movement being the emigration of Italian workers. In 1922 and 1923 more than three-quarters of the Italian emigrants went to France (85,815 and 142,990); emigration to Belgium and the Netherlands (15,385 and 11,214) and to Switzerland (5,241 and 6,906) was also considerable. The sharp drop in emigration to Luxemburg (from 5,547 to 841) and Austria and Hungary (from 2,719 to 1,303) shows that continental migration has some elasticity. Officially, emigration from Poland was almost entirely to France in 1923 (70,895). Roumanian emigration was mostly to Austria and Hungary, while Swedish emigrants went to the other Scandinavian countries, and Belgians, only a small number of whom settle in the Netherlands, prefer to settle in France. For the continental migration of aliens, figures are available for six European countries (Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, the United Kingdom, Norway, and Roumania). The immigration movements are on much the same lines as those of the emigration of nationals. In 1923 most of the alien workers employed in France came from Italy, Poland, and Spain; formerly Spain held the second place. Belgium also supplies a fairly large contingent of workers 1. These countries are followed by Portugal, Czechoslovakia, and various other states, supplying a very much smaller number of workers. Belgium too obtains her largest contingent of foreign workers from Italy. In Norway the majority of immigrants come from other Scandinavian countries; in Roumania the alien workers come mainly from Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Italy. Most Italian nationals returning home come from France and Belgium. In the Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom, Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, also, most returning nationals come from France. During the last two years the number of these repatriated aliens was even higher than that of emigrants from these countries going to France. 1 It should be noted that the figures of Belgian immigrants entering France are admittedly very defective. — 59 — III. Characteristics of Migrants SEX, AGE, AND OCCUPATION Information on continental emigration as to sex, age, and occupation is very scanty for Europe, and still more so for other continents. It is therefore difficult to draw general conclusions. As regards classification of continental emigrants by sex, it is interesting to compare Belgium and Italy. The emigration of Belgian nationals, irrespective of class or occupation, is mainly by families and permanent (the proportion of men was 50.6 per cent, in 1922, and 51.0 per cent, in 1923), while the continental emigration of Italian nationals is seasonal. In Italy only adults are classified by sex, but they formed 92.9 per cent, of the total number of emigrants in 1922, and 90.3 per cent, in 1923. The proportion of adult men was 67 per cent, in 1923 and 71.3 per cent, in 1922. The type of emigration also accounts for the difference in Belgium,.where the proportion of men among alien emigrants was 59.6 per cent, in 1923 (50.6 per cent, in 1922), and Argentina, where it was 81.7 per cent. As regards age, the seasonal character of Italian continental emigration is plainly shown by the very low proportion of children. In 1923, 9.7 per cent, of the Italian continental emigrants were children (7.1 per cent, in 1922), and 12.1 per cent, of the oversea emigrants (13.4 per cent, in 1922). For continental emigrants from Argentina, the proportion of children in 1923 was even lower, being 2.0 per cent. For continental immigration, even fewer data are available. In Belgium, the immigration of nationals (repatriation) is of the permanent and family type, with 50.6 per cent, men in 1923 (50.8 per cent, in 1922), while in Italy the preponderance of men is more marked among returning emigrants than among emigrants : 80.5 per cent, in 1923 (80.1 per cent, in 1922). The immigration of aliens into Belgium was to some extent seasonal (62.2 per cent. men in 1923, 56.5 per cent, in 1922). For the distribution of alien immigrants by age, the only data available are the figures of immigrant workers entering the United Kingdom published by the Home Office. According to these statistics, the proportion of children under 15 years of age was 3.4 per cent, in 1923 (2.2 per cent, in 1922), showing that most of the immigrants were either single, or fathers of families travelling alone. — 60 — As regards the classification of emigrants by occupation, Italy is the only country which publishes sufficiently detailed figures to allow of grouping emigrants under the six headings used for oversea emigration from European countries. A similar classification is hardly possible for the corresponding movement of the immigration of aliens. The most striking change since the war in the relative size of the various occupational groups is the leading place now taken by the industrial and mining group. Before the war the first place was held by agriculture. According to the Italian statistics, 56.4 per cent, in 1923 (62 per cent, in 1922) of the emigrants belonged to the industrial and mining group. The next group in order of importance was that of domestic service and general labour with 26.3 per cent. (23.3 per cent, in 1922); agriculture represented only 10 per cent, of the total. The numbers in other occupations were very small. Similarly, according to the statistics of the countries of immigration, the majority of alien immigrants belonged to the industry and mining group in France (70.1 per cent, in 1923 and 59.3 per cent, in 1922) and Belgium (52.2 per cent, in 1923 and 42.4 per cent. in 1922); while the proportion for agriculture was only 29.9 per cent, in 1923 (40.7 per cent, in 1922) in France, and 2.4 per cent. (3 per cent, in 1922) in Belgium. The difference between the French and Belgian figures is partly due to the fact that the Belgian statistics include the members of the immigrants' families under the heading " Other occupations or no occupation " while in France they are placed in the same group as the working immigrant. The immigration of alien workers into Germany shows a twofold tendency: first, the steady reduction in immigration in general, and secondly, the almost total elimination of industrial workers. In 1923 the number of emigrants placed in industry and mining by the Central Office for Workers was barely 1 per cent, of the total, practically all the workers being placed in agricultural work. Before the war agriculture absorbed from 400,000 to 500,000 alien workers a year; in 1923 the total number was only 135,000, of whom 80,000 were already settled in the country, 20,000 were placed by the Central Office for Workers, and 35,000 entered the country and were engaged individually. CONCLUSION In conclusion, some general remarks may be offered on the results shown by this study, with special reference to the terms of the Recommendation adopted by the Conference. The points to be considered involve an examination of how far the data so far collected represent progress for the International Labour Office in carrying out its duties relating to migration statistics, and how far they provide materials for the compilation of a general table showing the extent and direction of migration during 1923. To take first the question of how much information has been supplied, the following table summarises for each country the number of sets of data included in tables I to IX. It shows that 60 countries and territories in all 1 compile regular statistics of migration movements: 22 in Europe, 5 in Asia, 8 in Africa, 17 in America, and 5 in Oceania. Altogether 302 separate sets of data were obtained, the greatest numbers being from Belgium (25), Argentina (18), Italy (14), the United States (12), the United Kingdom and Sweden (10 each), Norway (10), Czechoslovakia (9), South Africa (8), Germany, New Zealand, Roumania, and Spain (7 each). There are on the other hand several countries which have not yet any regular migration statistics. A considerable number of countries of South America (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru), Central America, Asia (China, Persia, Turkey), and Africa (Abyssinia, Egypt, etc.) and most colonial authorities do not compile statistics even of oversea migration. Such statistics are also lacking for 8 European countries, including Russia. Further, most national statistics are incomplete, and merely give figures for one or other of the eight groups of migrants distinguished above. Thus the absence of information on the other groups makes it impossible to obtain an accurate idea of the amount of migration, or its essential characteristics. An examination of the various kinds of data in the accompanying tables will show that emigration statistics are the most complete, 1 At the last moment statistics were received from Greece showing the oversea emigration of nationals in 1923. These statistics, which are based on the records of the passport authorities, unfortunately arrived too late to be included in the tables. — 62 — TABLE 24. NUMBER OF SETS OF STATISTICAL DATA IN TABLES I TO X, BY COUNTRIES Country N u m b e r of sets of d a t a in table 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. G. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Germany Austria Belgium Denmark Danzig Spain Finland France United Kingdom Hungary Irish Free State Italy Malta Norway Netherlands Poland Portugal Roumania Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom 20. Sweden 21. Switzerland 22. Czechoslovakia Europe : Total 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. fi. 7. 8. Ceylon Hong-Kong India Dutch Indies Japan Palestine Philippines Straits Settlements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. South Africa Cameroon Kenya Mauritius Southern Rhodesia St.. Helena Seychelles Togo Asia : Africa: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. lfi. 17. 30 Id 1 2 1 2 2 1 Id 11 Id Total Total Total T o t a l (60 countries) 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 23 1 Ï 1 1 2 1 2 2 la 1 2a 2 1 1 la 0 1 — 1 2 22 18 1 — 9 6 74 15 23 1 1 — 1 — — — — 7 — — 4 3 — — — 1 1 — 1 1 4 4 1 — 2 — 7 — 6 2 — 2 — 1 la 1 la 2 1 1 — 6 — 8 — 1 — 1 — — 2 — 19 11 16 1 — 1 1 34 28 1 7 4 25 4 2 7 4 5 10 5 2 14 5 10 5 6 5 7 155 2 2 4 3 6 6 4 3 30 8 4 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 — 1 4 H 4 9 — 1 Id 2 1 la 16 26 16 80 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ìc 1 la 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1c Id 1c 1ft Id 25 — 1 16 10 1 1 1 Id 1 1 2 1 2 1 Id 2 1 1 2a 1 1 2 2 1 X 1 1 3 24 Total ! VTI 1 V I I I • I X 2 1 4 3 1 1 1 2 9 la 16 2 lb — 1 VI 1 1 4 1 2 4 la 1 2 2 1 1 2 4 Id 1c lc 2 1 V 1 1 1 1 4 lc lc 2c Id 1 III I IV 4 1 5 1 16 3 1 3 Australia Fiji Nauru New Zealand Samoa Oceania: 1 2 1 2 1 2 Argentina Barbados Bermuda Brazil Canada Chile Cuba United States British Guiana D u t c h Guiana Jamaica Mexico Paraguay Newfoundland Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela America : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Total I 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 21 18 2 2 5 5 2 4 12 2 2 2 5 4 2 2 4 2 • 65 3 2 5 7 4 2 — — 2 — 21 23 10 7 302 a Figures for 1922 only. 6 Figures for 1920 and 1921. c Figures for 192 1 and 1922. d Figures for 1920, 1921 and 1922. — 63 — being given in 80 cases, as compared with 74 for immigration. It should be noted that, in the absence of data for 1923, figures for previous years have had to be used in certain cases. Only two countries, Argentina and Belgium, have been able to supply for 1923 information concerning all the eight fundamental types of migration. In the United States statistics of the immigration of nationals (repatriation) are lacking. Most European countries do not publish statistics of the oversea immigration of aliens, and many do not record the repatriation of their nationals. Similarly, very few countries publish statistics of continental emigration and immigration, and even where they do, as for instance in Germany and France, such statistics are far from being as complete as certain data of oversea migration (port statistics and shipping records). Finally, it should be observed that no statistics are absolutely complete, since they obviously cannot include clandestine emigrants and immigrants, the number of whom may sometimes be fairly high if supervision is inadequate. Thus, in the United States, which has very full statistics, the number of clandestine immigrants is estimated at 125,000 or 150,000 a year. No doubt the value of the statistics does not depend solely on the quantity of data supplied, but it is clear that the number of items of information is of great importance in drawing up a world table of migration movements. The analysis of these movements requires a knowledge of their direction. Information of this type (the emigrant's country of last residence, his country of future residence, and nationality) is rare. Only 19 European countries of emigration and 11 non-European countries of immigration have given particulars of the direction of oversea migration. The details for continental migration are even more scanty; nine European countries have supplied 16 sets of data. As regards information on the personal characteristics of migrants, the fullest is that on sex and age; 34 sets of data of this kind have been received for emigrants and 28 for immigrants. Belgium, however, is the only country which can supply these particulars for each of the eight groups of migrants. On the other hand, 32 out of the 60 countries have not yet published any of these statistics. The statistics of occupation are also fuller than before the war; there are 23 sets of data for 17 European countries, and 10 for 7 non-European countries. Taken as a whole, it must therefore be recognised that there are still considerable gaps. Further, since the basis of the statistics varies considerably, as they are compiled on very different — 64 — principles and vary widely in their degree of accuracy, it is often difficult to group them in international tables. Subject to these reservations, it is impossible to ignore the progress made since before the war in both the quantity and the quality of these returns. Although the figures are still imperfect for purposes of international comparison, it should be pointed out that the efforts of the International Labour Organisation have already led certain countries to make a serious attempt at standardisation. Certain European countries, in particular the new States (especially Austria, Czechoslovakia, Finland, the Irish Free State, the Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom) and some non-European countries (Argentina, New Zealand, South Africa) exercise special care in compiling their statistics. It may be added that, migration being a two-sided phenomenon, the comparison of the returns from the countries of origin with those from the countries of destination leads to very useful results. In brief, it may be said of the data now available, that if they do not allow of making a complete and detailed table of migration movements throughout the world, they are at least sufTicient to give a general view of the volume and principal directions of migration. It should however be pointed out that annual statistics cannot show all the facts, since migration often has very marked seasonal fluctuations. The table and diagram below illustrate this clearly. TABLE 2 5 . MONTHLY FLUCTUATIONS OF OVERSEA AND CONTINENTAL EMIGRATION FROM ITALY, POLAND, AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA, 1922 AND 1923 1922 Month Oversea emigration 1923 Continental emigration Oversea emigration Continental emigration January. . . . February March. . April . . May . . June . . July . . August . September October . November December . . 8,511 6,015 8,267 6,702 7,545 12,923 12,949 23,472 24,034 27,313 27,342 15,416 6,907 8,347 16,801 18,428 17,286 14,168 13,723 15,878 16,989 16,133 13,069 13,325 14,663 15,710 16,312 14,815 14,514 16,793 19,001 28,026 26,019 36,392 29,650 17,099 17,486 18,988 27,934 29,125 23,057 19,242 20,020 17,943 22,962 21,310 22,974 17,763 Total . . 180,489 171,054 248,994 258,804 — 65 — FIGURE 7. MONTHLY FLUCTUATIONS OF OVERSEA AND CONTINENTAL EMIGRATION FROM ITALY, POLAND, AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA, 1922 AND 1923 ., V ~ A A A •• • •• • 32000 . ••, •• SOOOO i— 2S0OO ; _ . ! i _ î• • 26O00 ; • - - • 24000 ; • 2200O ^V \ ï 2O0OO •~ — lAnoo _•" —Z: I6O0O — I4000 — —— I2000 5400O O^tU^A^ 34000 32000 50O0O 23000 26000 A A 1— •••• i - --- "/ — \— i — ••- »*' t i~ •• ; Í•- ^ ; V V f \ _> —1 A / /// // Î 22000 • Ï 2O00O ISOOO I60OO I4000 12000 IOO00 eooo 6O0O —— —s ¡ r /— ¿= ~*H •• • —^/" — -1922- IOUUVJ •!* w I i I i —a~i »• • _. "•_ 1 OVERSEA .._ IO00O EMIGRATION COMTIMH1TAL. — - -;;; — J — — J — SOOO " • 6000 -1923- A glance at the table and diagram above is sufficient to give an idea of the information provided by monthly statistics which annual figures are unable to supply. It is a striking fact that, during the two years covered, the months in which continental emigration was largest correspond fairly closely to those in which oversea emigration was least. A more detailed study of this phenomenon might lead to interesting practical conclusions. A consideration of the monthly statistics from other points of view might suggest other conclusions than those to be drawn from a study of the annual figures. Finally, monthly statistics, though much less detailed than annual statistics and scarcely suited to anything but a quantitative study of migration movements irrespective of their direction or other characteristics, have at least the practical advantage of being more rapidly available. While it is often difficult to obtain complete annual statistics less than a year after the end of the period covered, monthly statistics are usually available at a fairly early date \ Consequently the statistics published regularly in the International Labour Review do not duplicate a synthetic annual survey, but on the contrary complete it and give more detailed information on several points. 1 Thus it was possible to publish in the International Labour Review for June 1925 for nearly every country figures for every month of 1924, and for certain countries for the first months of 1925 (cf. pp. 867-873, table I, Oversea Emigration; table II, Oversea Immigration; table III, Continental Emigration; table IV, Continental Immigration; table V, Migrants in Transit (outgoing)). Information on the method of compiling these statistics and their sources will be found in the introductory notes to these tables published in the Review for March 1924 and subsequent numbers. APPENDIX TABLES L-X — 68 — TABLE I. EMIGRAT Nationals. (1) Oversea emigration Country of emigration 1920 Europe : Germany Austria Belgium Denmark i Danzig Spain Finland United Kingdom . Hungary Irish Free State » . Italy Malta l Norway Netherlands . . . Poland i Portugal Roumania i . . . Serb-Croat-Slovene Kingdom . . . Sweden1 Switzerland i . . . Czechoslovakia . . . . . . . . . Total (Europe) Asia : India5 Dutch Indies Japan Palestine 1921 1922 8,458 5,200 9,384 6,300 20 § 150,566 5,595 285,102 1,000§ 23,451 5,176 2,200 5,309 24 62,479 3,557 199,477 1,218 36,527 10,579 927 § 4,094 13 64,119 5,715 174,096 1,701 211Î227 1923 Tota! 1920-1923 1920 115,416 183,852 15,497 36,452 2,256§ 14,767 7,601 23,304 21 78 93,246 370,410 13,835 28,702 256,284 914,959 1,935 5,854 13,396 (p) 13,396 704,810 177,853 194,320 121*410 5,581 5,963 74,121 46,410 10,000§ 4,627 3,284 87,334 17,915 2,058 6*456 2,158 38,516 29,037 16,812 18*287 5,639 55,401 30,792 12,719 34,951 17,044 255,372 124,154 41,589 7,0005 6,078 9,276 17,567 12,965 5.062 7,129 17,809 6,086 8,014 5,787 21,494 9,370 25,282 8,006 15,972 35.421 44,436 30,198 72.842 864,848 655,394 553,541 878,808 2,952,591 1,005 (p) 2,875 10,000 7,616 1,521 6,350 2,165 26,841 (p) 3,686 3,846 1,715 37,455 1,380 46,560 (P) (p) 3.846 3,095 172,255 1*038 2*267 (p) 3,305 907,931 715,607 1,005 Africa : Cameroon (French m a n d a t e ) . . Togo (French m a n d a t e ) . . America : Argentina Brazil United States » . . . . Mexico Uruguay 62,200 26,034 Oceania: Nauru (Australian mandate) Samoa (New Zealand mandate) Total (nationals) . 624,878 918,208 3,166,624 The sign — signifies: "figures not published or not communicated to t h e Office"; t h e s i g n * : statistics"; the sign §: " e s t i m a t e " ; the letter (p) indicates a partial total, statistics for certain year t h e period 1920-1923 not being available. i The statistics of oversea emigration provided by the shipping companies (Denmark, N o r w a y , Pols Sweden, Switzerland) and those of Roumania (statistics of frontier stations) include also a certain n u n — 69 — i 1920-1923 A. Nationals. Sum of available totals 2) Continental emigration 1921 * * 18,086 * * * * * * * 60-846 * * * 12,129 ) 13 982 (p) 2,714 1,065,960 * 1,715 64,474 54,908 1,038 • 1,380 71,191 13,167 2,267 * * * 1,234,496 875,890 538 6,456 2,158 70,389 | 1920-1923 46,410 2Î114 (p) 5,876 * * 245,503 1 404,828 1923 4,627 3,284 99,463 3,000 (p) 3,000 6 1922 5,581 5,963 100,967 1,610 (P) 1,610 * * 16,998 * * 1921 8,458 5,200 41,539 6,300 20 150,566 5,595 285,102 §2,5002 78,307 (p) 78,307 3,762 | . 3,860,019* 81,764 609 32,717 3,686 1,610 1,610 3,000 3,000 * 16,259 79,198 37,553 36,260 86,616 16,259 3,095 251,123 192,244 3,305 * * 6 7 1,194 982 910,356 1,417,044 13 2,714 4,452,158* ssident aliens or persons born abroad. 2 Including emigrants whose country of destination is not stated. parate statistics since 1 April 1923 (see Explanatory Notes). Before that date the statistics for the Irish e State are included in those of the United Kingdom. * For the period from 11 November 1918 to Vlarch 1922 only a single figure (14,372) has been published. This is included in the total for 1920-1923 he last column, s Fiscal year ending 31 March. • Fiscal year ending 30 June. — 70 — TABLE I. EMIGRATION B. (Generally Aliens returning to their own country) (1) Oversea emigration Country of emigration 1921 1920 Europe : 1922 | Total 1920-1923 1923 1920 699 464 519 389 * * * • * 15,702 12,151 * * 1,418 2,782 (p) * * * 1,077 4,200 1,509 * * — * 1,724 * * * 5,415 * * * 55,481 * * * * 466 (p) 466 15,000 3,621 83 427 15,769 3,243 144 305 14,696 4,529 * 34,044 9,071 * 33,505 7,419 62,174 15,846 125 13,765 30,259 8,991 13,002 18,054 12,949 92 10,783 22,887 8,233 17,882 274,041 236,557 * 1,312 * 886 109,129 (187,947) * 12,789 * 8,735 11,883 9,152 77,012 4,741 3,292 63,105 3,168 2,855 France 2,071 Asia: British E m p i r e : Hong-Kong . . . . Palestine ( m a n d a t e ) . Straits Settlements . Africa : Cameroon (French m a n d a t e ) , . British E m p i r e : South Africa . . . . ft * * * 1,105 —318 15,209 — — — 60,674 11,393 (p) 227 1,050 * * * * * America : Chile British E m p i r e : British Guiana . . . Newfoundland • . . Trinidad and Tobago United States (fiscal year)i . . . . (calendar year) . . . Dutch Guiana . . . . * — 7,375 — — — — — * — 46,810 (p)108,984 — (p) 67,549 — (p) 23,865 — — — —, —, —. (p) (P) (p) (p) (P) (p) 28,795 217 33,539 66,148 8,233 35,936 65,568 774,560 (76,015) * 205 (p) 2,198 * — * 21,524 (P) )p) 21,035 * * * * « * * * * 14,274 * * * * * Oceania : British E m p i r e : New Z e a l a n d . . . . Nauru (Australian mandate) Samoa (New Zealand mandate) 55,490 — 2,150 55,319 — (p) 2,474 250,926 7,909 10,771 * 278 502 (P) 13 1,231 675 939 2,858 Total (aliens). . 527,586 461,088 360,667 202,187 1,551,528 97,608 Total (nationals and aliens) 1,435,517 1,176,695 985,545 1,120,395 4,718,152 367,544 * 780 * * * * * The sign — signifies: "figures not published or not communicated to the Office"; the sign *: statistics"; the letter (p) indicates a partial total, statistics for certain years of the period 1920-1923 being available. i Fiscal year ending 30 June. — 71 — Í 1920-1923 {coni.) B. Aliens (Generally reluming to their own country) S u m of available totals ) Continental emigration 1922 1923 8,053 50,309 9,847 59,951 45,733 Total 1920-1923 40,477 184,947 (p)162,765 1921 1920 1922 1923 19:0-1923 16,401 12,151 7,339 62,536 8,572 50,309 10,234 59,951 146,247 105,258 127,107 156,011 120,227 2,782 55,481 1,509 61,551 1,724 145,737 98,393 1,418 45,733 1,105 1,077 I 463 15,000 3,621 427 15,769 3,243 144 305 34,044 9,071 33,505 7,419 7,375 15,846 125 13,765 30,259 8,991 13,002 13,451 (p) 13,451 10,765 (6,849) 240 5,435 (5,042) 41,635 15,209 318 62,174 60,261 18,054 12,949 92 10,783 22,887 8,233 17,882 288,315 247,718 198,712 (115,978) 1,312 13,250 12,789 11,883 22,771 8,735 9,152 25,592 81,450 (70,610) 205 32,481 77,012 4,741 3,292 63,105 3,168 2,855 55,490 55,319 2,*150 2,474 * 453 650 13 1,471 679 939 443,842 889,949 909,340 745,428 443,725 1,509,802 2,124,445 1,785,230 1,655,784 1,860,769 175 148 (P) 323 4 (P) 244 8,832 360,542 493,660 115,039 14,696 4,529 — 72 — TABLE II. IMMIGRATION A. Aliens (1) Oversea Immigration Couniry of immigration 1920 1921 | 1922 1923 Total | 1920-1923 1920 Europe : United Kingdom . . . Netherlands i Czechoslovakia!. . . . *1,403 * * * * * * 4 641 * * * * * * * 992 * * 372 * * * * 707 * * 235 » *1,527 *3,743 * * 607 * *1,527 (p) (p) Asia: British E m p i r e : Palestine (mandate) . Straits Settlements . Africa : British E m p i r e : South Africa . . . . Mauritius Southern Rhodesia . * * * * *9,872 * * * * * 10,652 * * * *6,537 * «7,149 * 27,910 14,478 6,689 33,750 22,816 20,933 10,888 4,809 13,235 9,054 4,821 12.027 69,011 (p) 19,942 (p) 13,153 «3,523 • 101 * 213 Cameroon (French mandate) . . America: Chile Cuba United S t a t e s : (fiscalyear) 2 (calendar year) British E m p i r e : British G u i a n a 3 . . . . Newfoundland . . . . Trinidad and Tobago 3 . 67 252 7,329 * —380 — • — * — — 570 * * * 87,032 69,042 12,184 174,221 287,695 98,086 58,476 13,772 58,948 702,153 * * 320 * * 557 129,263 66,968 11,731 25,993 243,195 (281,351) 195,063 84,632 12,000 75,463 342,140 (487,057) 13,506 11,178 7,859 10,086 13,168 79 98,636 13,155 32,496 13,156 197 67,840 10,409 25,446 8,867 20,948 * 201 — — — .— 46,690 -— — 1,975 * 124 — — — — 117,013 —— — —657 92,054 92,859 * 20,157 3,559 — 9,009 14,917 * * * 27,910 (P) (p) (p) * 168 845 570 509,444 279,118 49,687 334,625 1,575,183 * *1,202 (p)21,365 (p) 21,264 (p) 26,324 (P) 276 (p)330,179 (p) 32,573 (p) 72,859 (p) 8,867 (p)41,105 (P) 6,191 * 28,7 129,8 * • • 13,0 * 136,6 * • * • 22i,2 * * * * * • * 12,3 * * * 14*,3 * z• * * * * 48,8 * • * • • Oceania : British E m p i r e : 85.237 Fiji New Zealand . . . . (Australian mandate) Samoa (New Zealand mandate) Total (aliens) . * 17,624 80,316 1,844 15,146 * * 13,845 11,762 350,466 (p) 1,844 58,377 * 358 472 500 1,473 535 448 2,956 977,717 1,243,821 699,454 989,447 3,910,439 * (p) 830 * * * * * 733,2 The sign — signifies: "figures not published or not communicated to the Office"; the sign • : ' statistics"; the sign §: "estimate"; the letter (p) indicates a partial total, statistics for certain years of period 1920-1923 not being available. — 73 — IN 1920-1923 A. Aliens ) Continental immigration Sum of available totals 1922 1923 Total 1920-1923 13,317 24,490 42,929 18,602 183,482 19,735 22,168 262.877 (p) 62,664 82,867 600,652 * * * 15,274 * * * 13,603 * * * 12,189 106,598 174,569 * * 236,716 * * *801 191,560 947 1,337 768 1,437 * * * * • * * * * * — * * * * 10,505 17,785 17,497 58,164 * * * 103,775 * * • * * * * 32,563 * * * * * * * * 66,361 * * * 180,779 (99,816) (263,993) * * * 493,301 * * * * * * * 125,471 * * * * * 1921 * 3,178 4 3,280 3,954 * 602 * * * * * * 20,309 * * * * * * * * (p)417,866 136,699 105,258 106,598 156,011 174,569 98,393 8,128 191,560 120,224 7,751 * 27,910 6,889 *1,403 (P) (p)649,573 * * 9,872 221,297 (p) 2,289 (P) 2,774 22,816 * * * * * 3,523 * *101 213 * * * * * — 545,522 738,876 543,971 2,561,577 * * (P) 14,003 10,491 4,821 1,944 -— 380 99,409 69,042 12,184 174,221 430,081 108,591 58,476 13,772 58,948 805,228 * 21,400 320 13,506 11,178 37,854 557 7,859 10,086 13,168 79 147,502 13,155 32,496 13,156 197 100,403 10,409 25,446 8,867 20,948 3,559 ~ * 80,316 1,844 15,146 a * 17,624 500 1,868,047 2 21,880 12,225 4,809 3,343 67 252 6,537 * 85,237 i3 Including a certain number ol nationals. Fiscal year ending 31 March. * * 10,652 236,716 * * 20,157 75 * * * * * * a 7 1923 (P) 3,954 * * * * * 68 1922 22,655 15,274 4 * * * * * * 23,733 * • * * * * 13,958 24,490 3,007 * * * 574 * 30,183 129,803 2,500 | 27,964 13,000 * * 54,066 ) 6,458 4 * 1921 42,929 19.594 183,482 2,015 3,550 33,796 13,603 4 * * 1920 — 12,189 5,481 * * 12,601 — — * •— •— 62,664 86,610 600,652 10,127 7,065 84,415 54,066 5,481 417,866 479,886 15,879 649,573 27,910 33,750 71,300 22,716 13,153 5,287 168 845 570 570 147,048 66,968 11.731 25,993 309,556 (381,167) 37,058 201 212,560 84,632 12,000 75,463 522,919 (751,050) 43,042 124 567,608 279,118 49,687 334,625 2,067,784 — — — — — 70,423 9,009 14,917 — 137,322 * 139,354 1,202 21,365 21,264 26,324 276 455,650 32,573 72,859 8,867 41,105 6,191 •— — 1,975 — — —. —657 92,054 92,859 13,845 * 11,762 426 479 905 535 448 2,956 1,699,289 7,190,383 1,473 2,011,513 19,735 22,875 262,877 2,605 3,515 Total 1920-1923 1,611,534 Fiscal vear ending 30 June. * 350,466 1,844 58,377 — 74 — TABLE II. IMMIGRATION B. Nationals (repatriation) (1) Oversea immigration Country of immigration Europe : United Kingdom . . . Irish Free State 2 . . . Czechoslovakia 1921 1922 1923 Total 1920-1923 1,333 46,534 86,055 1,700§ 1,233 76,439 71,367 1,709 1,499 51,097 68,026 1,022 77,599 92,212 54,282 1,121 32,081 57,606 222 3,080 39,680 5,186 206,151 283,054 4,653 (p) 3,080 263,773 70,000 16,307 2,500 5,601 1,500 78,817 20,332 2,546 4,005 1,500 11,116 20,480 1,662 3,237 1,500 6,693 15,512 698 2,433 1,527 14,412. 7,827 10,784 1920 . . . . Asia .- « • * * 55.00C * * 5,24C • * * • • 8,016 2,135 8,016 8,573 * * * « * 1,987 2,308 2,143 1,395 3,186 Total (nationals) . . 312,511 355,654 * • 230,476 * * 189,415 T o t a l (nationals and aliens) 1,290,228 1,599,475 929,930 1,178,862 * Americo ••_ 166,626 72,631 7,406 15,276 6,027 12,786 * * • * * * Africa : Cameroon (French mandate) . . * 1920 (P) 7,827 (p) 25,196 (p) 4,581 * * 1,088,056 73,026 4,998,495 806,234 The sign — signifies: "figures not published or not communicated to the Office"; the sign * : "1 Btatistics" ; the sign § : "estimate" ; the letter (p) indicates a partial total, statistics for certain years of t period 1920-1923 not being available. , . ^ t ^ . . „ 1 Including immigrants (repatriation) whose country of last residence is not stated. * Separa — 75 — 'N 1920-1923 (coni.) B. Nationals (repatriation) Rum of available totals Continental immigration 1921 1922 1923 Total 1920-1923 Total 1920-1923 1920 1921 1922 1923 14,119 43,534 86,055 1,700 10,431 76,439 71,367 1,7311 11,016 51,097 68,026 1,1141 11,869 32,081 57,606 287 1 3.080 119,178 2,534 6,093 15,512 698 5,827 1,527 47,435 206,151 283,054 4,8321 3,080 483,995 11,500 166,626 72,631 7,406 30,922 6,027 * 7,827 10,784 1,131 32,266 25,196 1,131 * 2,091 2,091 19,941 2,135 89,764 19,941 8,573 324,734 4,581 1,742,172 s 9,198 9,517 10,748 42,249 * * * * 50,083 * * * * 3,946 * * * * * * * * 55,641 * * * * 3,066 * * * * * * * * 79,498 * * * * 3,394 * * * * * * * * 220,222 « * * * 15,646 * * * * * * 2,091