Surgical wound infection - treatment: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

P Surgery that involves a cut (incision) in the skin can lead to a wound infection after surgery. Most surgical wound infections show up within the first 30 days after surgery.
P Surgical wound infections may have pus draining from them and can be red, painful or hot to touch. You might have a fever and feel sick.

T Causes
P Surgical wounds can become infected by:
- Germs that are already on your skin that spread to the surgical wound
- Germs that are inside your body or from the organ on which the surgery was performed
- Germs that are in the air
- Infected hands of a caregiver or health care provider
- Infected surgical instruments
P You are more at risk for a surgical wound infection if you:
- Have poorly controlled diabetes
- Have problems with your immune system
- Are overweight or obese
- Are a smoker
- Take corticosteroids (for example, prednisone)
- Have surgery that lasts longer than 2 hours
P There are different levels of wound infections:
- Superficial -- the infection is in the skin area only
- Deep -- the infection goes deeper than the skin into the muscle and tissue
- Organ/space -- the infection is deep and involves the organ and space where you had surgery

T Treatment
P Antibiotics are used to treat most wound infections. Sometimes, you also may need surgery to treat the infection.
P ANTIBIOTICS
P You may be started on antibiotics to treat the surgical wound infection. The length of time you will need to take the antibiotics varies, but will typically be for at least 1 week. You may be started on IV antibiotics and then changed to pills later. Take all of your antibiotics, even if you feel better.
P The pus from your wound may be tested to figure out the best antibiotic. Some wounds are infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which is resistant to commonly used antibiotics. A MRSA infection will need a specific antibiotic to treat it.
P INVASIVE SURGICAL TREATMENT
P Sometimes, your surgeon needs to do a procedure to clean the wound. They can take care of this either in the operating room or in your hospital room. They will:
- Open the wound by removing the staples or sutures
- Do tests of the skin and tissue in the wound to figure out if there is an infection and what kind of antibiotic medicine would work best
- Debride the wound by removing dead or infected tissue in the wound
- Rinse the wound with salt water (saline solution)
- Drain the pocket of pus (abscess), if present
- Pack the wound (if it is a hole) with strips of saline-soaked dressing and a bandage
P WOUND CARE
P Your surgical wound may need to be cleaned and the dressing changed on a regular basis. You may learn to do this yourself, or nurses may do it for you. If you do this yourself, you will:
- Remove the old bandage and packing. You can shower to wet the wound, which allows the bandage to come off more easily.
- Clean the wound.
- Put in new, clean packing material and put on a new bandage.
P To help some surgical wounds heal, you may have a wound VAC (vacuum-assisted closure) dressing. It increases blood flow in the wound and helps with healing.
- This is a negative pressure (vacuum) dressing.
- There is a vacuum pump, a foam piece cut to fit the wound, and a vacuum tube.
- A clear dressing is taped on top.
- The dressing and the foam piece are changed every 2 to 3 days.
P It may take days, weeks, or even months for the wound to be clean, clear of infection, and finally heal.
P If the wound does not close by itself, you may need a skin graft or muscle flap surgery to close the wound. If a muscle flap is necessary, the surgeon may take a piece of muscle from your buttocks, shoulder, or upper chest to put over your wound. If you need this, the surgeon will not do this until after the infection has cleared.

T Outlook (Prognosis)
P GOING HOME OR TO A SKILLED NURSING FACILITY
P You may need to spend at least a few days in the hospital. After that, you will either:
- Go home and follow-up with your surgeon. Nurses may come to your home to help with care.
- Go to a nursing facility.

T When to Contact a Medical Professional
P Call your provider if your surgical wound has any signs of infection:
- Pus or drainage
- Bad smell coming from the wound
- Fever, chills
- Hot to touch
- Redness
- Pain or sore to touch

T Alternative Names
P Infection - surgical wound; Surgical site infection - SSI

T References
P Anderson DJ. Surgical site infections. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 2011;25(1):135-153. PMID: 21315998 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21315998.
P Kulaylat MN, Dayton MT. Surgical complications In: Townsend CM Jr, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017:chap 12.
P Rosenberger LH, Sawyer RG. Surgical site infections. In: Cameron JL, Cameron AM, eds. Current Surgical Therapy. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:1172-1177.

T Review Date 8/22/2016
P Updated by: Laura J. Martin, MD, MPH, ABIM Board Certified in Internal Medicine and Hospice and Palliative Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

