Hantavirus: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

P Hantavirus is a life-threatening viral infection spread to humans by rodents.

T Causes
P Hantavirus is carried by rodents, particularly deer mice. The virus is found in their urine and feces, but it does not make the animal sick.
P It is believed that humans can get sick with this virus if they breathe in contaminated dust from mice nests or droppings. You may come in contact with such dust when cleaning homes, sheds, or other enclosed areas that have been empty for a long time.
P Hantavirus does not seem to spread from human to human.

T Symptoms
P The early symptoms of hantavirus disease are similar to the flu and include:
- Chills
- Fever
- Muscle aches
P People with hantavirus may begin to feel better for a very short time. But within 1 to 2 days, it becomes hard to breathe. The disease gets worse quickly. Symptoms include:
- Dry cough
- General ill feeling (malaise)
- Headache
- Nausea and vomiting
- Shortness of breath

T Exams and Tests
P The health care provider will perform a physical exam. This may reveal:
- Abnormal lung sounds as a result of inflammation
- Kidney failure
- Low blood pressure (hypotension)
- Low blood oxygen levels, which cause the skin to turn a blue color
P The following tests may be done:
- Blood tests to check for signs of hantavirus
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Complete metabolic panel
- Kidney and liver function tests
- X-ray of the chest
- CT scan of the chest

T Treatment
P People with hantavirus are admitted to the hospital, often to the intensive care unit (ICU).
P Treatments include:
- Oxygen
- Breathing tube or breathing machine in severe cases
- Special machines to add oxygen to the blood
- Other supportive care to treat symptoms

T Outlook (Prognosis)
P Hantavirus is a serious infection that gets worse quickly. Lung failure can occur and may lead to death. Even with aggressive treatment, more than one half of people who have this disease in their lungs die.

T Possible Complications
P Complications of hantavirus may include:
- Kidney failure
- Heart and lung failure
P These complications can lead to death.

T When to Contact a Medical Professional
P Call your provider if you develop flu-like symptoms after you come in contact with rodent droppings or rodent urine, or dust that is contaminated with these substances.

T Prevention
P Avoid exposure to rodent urine and droppings.
- Drink disinfected water.
- When camping, sleep on a ground cover and pad.
- Keep your home clean. Clear out potential nesting sites and clean your kitchen.
P If you must work in an area where contact with rodent urine or feces is possible, follow these recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):
- When opening an unused cabin, shed, or other building, open all the doors and windows, leave the building, and allow the space to air out for 30 minutes.
- Return to the building and spray the surfaces, carpet, and other areas with a disinfectant. Leave the building for another 30 minutes.
- Spray mouse nests and droppings with a 10% solution of chlorine bleach or similar disinfectant. Allow it to sit for 30 minutes. Using rubber gloves, place the materials in plastic bags. Seal the bags and throw them in the trash or an incinerator. Dispose of gloves and cleaning materials in the same way.
- Wash all potentially contaminated hard surfaces with a bleach or disinfectant solution. Avoid vacuuming until the area has been thoroughly decontaminated. Then, vacuum the first few times with enough ventilation. Surgical masks may provide some protection.
- If you have a heavy infestation of rodents, call a pest control company. They have special cleanup equipment and methods.

T Alternative Names
P Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome; Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

T Images
- Hanta virus
- Respiratory system overview

T References
P Bente DA. California encephalitis, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and bunyavirus hemorrhagic fevers. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Disease, Updated Edition. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 168.
P Schountz T. Diseases caused by hantaviruses. In: Magill AJ, Hill DR, Solomon T, Ryan ET, eds. Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:chap 33.6.

T Review Date 2/17/2017
P Updated by: Jatin M. Vyas, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

