Low potassium level: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

P Low potassium level is a condition in which the amount of potassium in the blood is lower than normal. The medical name of this condition is hypokalemia. 

T Causes
P Potassium is an electrolyte (mineral). It is needed for cells to function properly. You get potassium through food. The kidneys remove excess potassium through the urinary system to keep a proper balance of the mineral in the body.
P Common causes of low potassium level include:
- Medicines, such as diuretics (water pills), certain antibiotics
- Diarrhea or vomiting
- Using too much laxative, which can cause diarrhea
- Chronic kidney disease
- Eating disorders (such as bulimia)
- Low magnesium level
- Sweating
- Genetic disorders, such as hypokalemic periodic paralysis, Bartter syndrome

T Symptoms
P A small drop in potassium level often does not cause symptoms, which may be mild, and may include:
- Constipation
- Feeling of skipped heart beats or palpitations
- Fatigue
- Muscle damage
- Muscle weakness or spasms
- Tingling or numbness
P A large drop in potassium level may lead to abnormal heart rhythms, especially in people with heart disease. This can cause you to feel lightheaded or faint. A very low potassium level can even cause your heart to stop.

T Exams and Tests
P Your health care provider will order a blood test to check your potassium level. Normal range is 3.7 to 5.2 mEq/L (3.7 to 5.2 mmol/L).
P Other blood tests may be ordered to check levels of:
- Glucose, magnesium, calcium, sodium, phosphorous
- Thyroid hormone
- Aldosterone
P An electrocardiogram (ECG) to check the heart may also be done.

T Treatment
P If your condition is mild, your provider will likely prescribe oral potassium pills. If your condition is severe, you may need to get potassium through a vein (IV).
P If you need diuretics, your provider may:
- Switch you to a form that keeps potassium in the body. This type of diuretic is called potassium-sparing.
- Prescribe extra potassium for you to take every day.
P Eating foods rich in potassium can help treat and prevent low level of potassium. These foods include:
- Avocados
- Baked potato
- Bananas
- Bran
- Carrots
- Cooked lean beef
- Milk
- Oranges
- Peanut butter
- Peas and beans
- Salmon
- Seaweed
- Spinach
- Tomatoes
- Wheat germ

T Outlook (Prognosis)
P Taking potassium supplements can usually correct the problem. In severe cases, without proper treatment, a severe drop in potassium level can lead to serious heart rhythm problems that can be fatal.

T Possible Complications
P In severe cases, life-threatening paralysis may develop, such as with hypokalemic periodic paralysis.

T When to Contact a Medical Professional
P Call your provider right away if you have been vomiting or have had excessive diarrhea, or if you are taking diuretics and have symptoms of hypokalemia.

T Alternative Names
P Potassium - low; Low blood potassium; Hypokalemia

T Images
- Blood test

T References
P Mount DB. Disorders of potassium balance. In: Skorecki K, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, Taal MW, Yu ASL, eds. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 18.
P Seifter JL. Potassium disorders. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 117.

T Review Date 5/21/2017
P Updated by: Laura J. Martin, MD, MPH, ABIM Board Certified in Internal Medicine and Hospice and Palliative Medicine, Atlanta, GA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

