Tubal ligation: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

P Tubal ligation is surgery to close a woman's fallopian tubes. (It is sometimes called "tying the tubes.") The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus. A woman who has this surgery can no longer get pregnant. This means she is "sterile."

T Description
P Tubal ligation is done in a hospital or outpatient clinic.
- You may receive general anesthesia. You will be asleep and unable to feel pain.
- Or, you will be awake and given local or spinal anesthesia. You may also receive medicine to make you sleepy.
P The procedure takes about 30 minutes.
- Your surgeon will make 1 or 2 small surgical cuts in your belly. Most often, they are around the belly button. Gas may be pumped into your belly to expand it. This helps your surgeon see your uterus and fallopian tubes.
- A narrow tube with a tiny camera on the end (laparoscope) is inserted into your belly. Instruments to block off your tubes will be inserted through the laparoscope or through a separate small cut.
- The tubes are either burned shut (cauterized) or clamped off with a small clip or ring (band).
P Tubal ligation can also be done right after you have a baby through a small cut in the navel. It can also be done during a C-section.
P Another method uses coils that are placed in the tubes at the point where they connect with the uterus (hysteroscopic tubal occlusion procedure). The procedure is done through the cervix. It does not involve cuts in the abdomen and sometimes can be done in a clinic setting without general anesthesia.

T Why the Procedure is Performed
P Tubal ligation may be recommended for adult women who are sure they do not want to get pregnant in the future. The benefits of the method include a sure way to protect against pregnancy and the lowered risk of ovarian cancer.
P Women who are in their 40s or who have a family history of ovarian cancer may want to have the whole tube removed in order to further decrease their risk of later developing ovarian cancer.
P However, some women who choose tubal ligation regret the decision later. The younger the woman is, the more likely she will regret having her tubes tied as she gets older.
P Tubal ligation is considered a permanent form of birth control. It is NOT recommended as a short-term method or one that can be reversed. However, major surgery can sometimes restore your ability to have a baby. This is called a reversal. More than half of women who have their tubal ligation reversed are able to become pregnant. An alternative to tubal reversal surgery is to have IVF (in vitro fertilization).
P A hysteroscopic tubal occlusion procedure is very hard to reverse. In this case, the best option would be IVF.

T Risks
P Risks for tubal ligation are:
- Incomplete closing of the tubes, which could make pregnancy still possible. About 1 out of 200 women who have had tubal ligation get pregnant later.
- Increased risk of a tubal (ectopic) pregnancy if pregnancy occurs after a tubal ligation.
- Injury to nearby organs or tissues from surgical instruments.

T Before the Procedure
P Always tell your health care provider:
- If you are or could be pregnant
- What drugs you are taking, even drugs, herbs, or supplements you bought without a prescription
P During the days before your surgery:
- You may be asked to stop taking aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), warfarin (Coumadin), and any other drugs that make it hard for your blood to clot.
- If you smoke, try to stop. Ask your provider for help quitting.
- If you are having the tubal occlusion procedure, you will be asked to take a hormone for at least 2 weeks before the procedure. This thins the uterine lining so your doctor can see the tubal openings more clearly.
P On the day of your surgery:
- You will most often be asked not to drink or eat anything after midnight the night before your surgery, or 8 hours before the time of your surgery.
- Take the drugs your provider told you to take with a small sip of water.
- Your provider will tell you when to arrive at the hospital or clinic.

T After the Procedure
P You will probably go home the same day you have the procedure. You will need a ride home and will need to have someone with you for the first night if you have general anesthesia.
P You will have some tenderness and pain. Your provider will give you a prescription for pain medicine or tell you what over-the-counter pain medicine you can take.
P After laparoscopy, many women will have shoulder pain for a few days. This is caused by the gas used in the abdomen to help the surgeon see better during the procedure. You can relieve the gas by lying down.
P You can return to most normal activities within a few days, but should avoid heavy lifting for 3 weeks.
P If you have the hysteroscopic tubal occlusion procedure, you will need to keep using a birth control method until you have a test called hysterosalpingogram 3 months after the procedure to make sure the tubes are blocked.

T Outlook (Prognosis)
P Most women will have no problems. Tubal ligation is an effective form of birth control. If the procedure is done with laparoscopy or after delivering a baby, you will NOT need to have any further tests to make sure you cannot get pregnant.
P Your periods should return to a normal pattern. If you used hormonal birth control or the Mirena IUD before, then your periods will return to your normal pattern after you stop using these methods.
P Women who have a tubal ligation have a decreased risk of developing ovarian cancer.

T Alternative Names
P Sterilization surgery - female; Tubal sterilization; Tube tying; Tying the tubes; Hysteroscopic tubal occlusion procedure; Contraception - tubal ligation; Family planning - tubal ligation

T Patient Instructions
- Tubal ligation - discharge

T Images
- Tubal ligation
- Tubal ligation - Series

T References
P Jensen JT, Mishell DR Jr. Family planning: contraception, sterilization, and pregnancy termination. In: Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Katz VL, eds. Comprehensive Gynecology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby; 2012:chap 13.
P Newkirk GR. Permanent female sterilization (tubal ligation). In: Pfenninger JL, Fowler GC, eds. Pfenninger and Fowler's Procedures for Primary Care. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 152.

T Review Date 4/5/2016
P Updated by: Irina Burd, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

