Hypospadias: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

P Hypospadias is a birth (congenital) defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis. The urethra is the tube that drains urine from the bladder. In males, the opening of the urethra is normally at the end of the penis.

T Causes
P Hypospadias occurs in up to 4 in 1,000 newborn boys. The cause is often unknown.
P Sometimes, the condition is passed down through families.

T Symptoms
P Symptoms depend on how severe the problem is.
P Most often, boys with this condition have the opening of the urethra near the tip of the penis on the underside.
P More severe forms of hypospadias occur when the opening is in the middle or base of the penis. Rarely, the opening is located in or behind the scrotum.
P This condition may cause a downward curve of the penis during an erection. Erections are common in infant boys.
P Other symptoms include:
- Abnormal spraying of urine
- Having to sit down to urinate
- Foreskin that makes the penis looks like it has a "hood"

T Exams and Tests
P This problem is almost always diagnosed soon after birth during a physical exam. Imaging tests may be done to look for other congenital defects.

T Treatment
P Infants with hypospadias should not be circumcised. The foreskin should be kept intact for use in later surgical repair.
P In most cases, surgery is done before the child starts school. Today, most urologists recommend repair before the child is 18 months old. Surgery can be done as young as 4 months old. During the surgery, the penis is straightened and the opening is corrected using tissue grafts from the foreskin. The repair may require several surgeries.

T Outlook (Prognosis)
P Results after surgery are most often good. In some cases, more surgery is needed to correct fistulas, narrowing of the urethra, or a return of the abnormal penis curve.
P Most males can have normal adult sexual activity.

T When to Contact a Medical Professional
P Call your health care provider if your son has:
- A curved penis during an erection
- Opening to the urethra that is not on the tip of the penis
- Incomplete (hooded) foreskin

T Patient Instructions
- Hypospadias repair - discharge

T References
P Elder JS. Anomalies of the penis and urethra. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 544.
P Rajpert-De Meyts E, Main KM, Toppari J, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and testicular tumors. In: Jameson JL, De Groot LJ, de Kretser DM, et al, eds. Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 137.
P Snodgrass WT, Bush NC. Hypospadias. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Partin AW, Peters CA, eds. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 147.

T Review Date 1/30/2017
P Updated by: Jennifer Sobol, DO, urologist with the Michigan Institute of Urology, West Bloomfield, MI. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

