Cancer treatment - preventing infection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

P When you have cancer, you may be at higher risk of infection. Some cancers and cancer treatments weaken your immune system. This makes it harder for your body to fight off germs, viruses, and bacteria. If you get an infection, it can quickly become serious and be hard to treat. In some cases, you may need to go to the hospital for treatment. So it is important to learn how to prevent and treat any infections before they spread.

T How Having Cancer Increases Infection Risk
P As part of your immune system, your white blood cells help fight infection. White blood cells are made in your bone marrow. Some types of cancer, such as leukemia, and some treatments including bone marrow transplant and chemotherapy affect your bone marrow and immune system. This makes it harder for your body to make new white blood cells and increases your infection risk.
P Your health care provider will check your white blood cell count during your treatment. When levels of certain white blood cells drop too low, it is called neutropenia. Often this is a short-lived side effect of cancer treatment. Your provider may give you medicines to help prevent infection if this occurs. But, you should also take some precautions.
P Other risk factors for infection in people with cancer, include:
- Catheters
- Medical conditions such as diabetes or COPD
- Recent surgery
- Malnutrition

T Ways to Prevent Infection
P There are many things you can do to help prevent infection. Here are some tips:
- Wash your hands often. Hand washing is very important after using the bathroom, before eating or cooking, after touching animals, and after blowing your nose or coughing. Carry hand sanitizer for times when you cannot wash.
- Take care of your mouth. Brush your teeth often with a soft toothbrush and use a mouth rinse that does not contain alcohol.
- Stay away from sick people. It is easy to catch a cold, the flu, chicken pox, or other infection from someone who has it. You should also avoid anyone who has had a live vaccine.
- Clean yourself carefully after bowel movements. Use baby wipes or water instead of toilet paper and let your provider know if you have any bleeding or hemorrhoids.
- Make sure your food and drinks are safe. DO NOT eat fish, eggs, or meat that is raw or undercooked. And DO NOT eat anything that is spoiled or past the freshness date.
- Ask someone else to clean up after pets. DO NOT pick up pet waste or clean fish tanks or birdcages.
- Carry sanitizing wipes. Use them before touching public surfaces such as doorknobs, ATM machines, and railings.
- Guard against cuts. Use an electric razor to avoid nicking yourself while shaving and do not tear at nail cuticles. Also be careful when using knives, needles, and scissors. If you do get a cut, clean it right away with soap, warm water, and an antiseptic. Clean your cut this way every day until it forms a scab.
- Use gloves when gardening. There are often bacteria in soil.
- Stay away from crowds. Plan your outings and errands for times that are less crowded. Wear a mask when you have to be around lots of people.
- Be gentle with your skin. Use a towel to gently pat dry your skin after a shower or bath, and use lotion to keep it soft. DO NOT pick at pimples or other spots on your skin.
- Ask about getting a flu shot. DO NOT get any vaccines without first talking to your provider. You should NOT receive any vaccines that contain a live virus.
- Skip the nail salon and care for your nails at home. Make sure you use tools that have been cleaned well.

T Know How to Spot an Infection
P It is important to know the symptoms of an infection so you can call your provider right away. They include:
- A fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher
- Chills or sweats
- Redness or swelling anywhere on your body
- Cough
- Earache
- Headache, stiff neck
- Sore throat
- Sores in your mouth or on your tongue
- Rash
- Bloody or cloudy urine
- Pain or burning with urination
- Nasal congestion, sinus pressure or pain
- Vomiting or diarrhea
- Pain in your stomach or rectum
P DO NOT take acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or any medicine that may reduce a fever without first talking with your provider.

T When to Call Your Doctor
P During or right after cancer treatment, call your provider right away if you have any of the signs of infection mentioned above. Getting an infection during cancer treatment is an emergency.
P If you go to an emergency room, tell the staff right away that you have cancer. You shouldn't sit in the waiting room a long time because you may catch an infection.

T Alternative Names
P Chemotherapy - preventing infection; Radiation - preventing infection; Bone marrow transplant - preventing infection; Cancer treatment - immunosuppression

T References
P American Cancer Society. Infections in people with cancer. Cancer.org Web site. Updated February 25, 2015. www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/physical-side-effects/infections/infections-in-people-with-cancer.html. Accessed January 20, 2017.
P Freifeld AG, Kaul DR. Infection in the patient with cancer. In: Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Doroshow JH, Kastan MB, Tepper JE, eds. Abeloff's Clinical Oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 36.
P National Cancer Institute. Chemotherapy and you: support for people with cancer. Cancer.gov Web site. Updated June 2011. www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/chemo-and-you. Accessed January 20, 2017.
P National Cancer Institute. Managing chemotherapy side effects: infection. Cancer.gov Web site. Updated February 2012. www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/coping/chemo-side-effects/infection.pdf. Accessed January 20, 2017.

T Review Date 12/10/2016
P Updated by: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

T Related MedlinePlus Health Topics
- Cancer

