Intravenous pyelogram: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

P An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is a special x-ray exam of the kidneys, bladder, and ureters (the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder).

T How the Test is Performed
P An IVP is done in a hospital radiology department or a health care provider's office.
P You may be asked to take some medicine to clear your bowels before the procedure to provide a better view of the urinary tract. You will need to empty your bladder right before the procedure starts.
P Your provider will inject an iodine-based contrast (dye) into a vein in your arm. A series of x-ray images are taken at different times. This is to see how the kidneys remove the dye and how it collects in your urine.
P A compression device (a wide belt containing 2 balloons that can be inflated) may be used to keep the contrast material in the kidneys.
P You will need to lie still during the procedure. The test may take up to an hour.
P Before the final image is taken, you will be asked to urinate again. This is to see how well the bladder has emptied.
P You can go back to your normal diet and medicines after the procedure. You should drink plenty of fluids to help remove all the contrast dye from your body.

T How to Prepare for the Test
P As with all x-ray procedures, tell your provider if you:
- Are allergic to contrast material
- Are pregnant
- Have any drug allergies
- Have kidney disease or diabetes
P Your provider will tell you if you can eat or drink before this test. You may be given a laxative to take the afternoon before the procedure to clear the intestines. This will help your kidneys to be seen clearly.
P You must sign a consent form. You will be asked to wear a hospital gown and to remove all jewelry.

T How the Test will Feel
P You may feel a burning or flushing sensation in your arm and body as the contrast dye is injected. You may also have a metallic taste in your mouth. This is normal and will go away quickly.
P Some people develop a headache, nausea, or vomiting after the dye is injected.
P The belt across the kidneys may feel tight over your belly area.

T Why the Test is Performed
P An IVP can be used to evaluate:
- An abdominal injury
- Bladder and kidney infections
- Blood in the urine
- Flank pain (possibly due to kidney stones)
- Tumors

T What Abnormal Results Mean
P The test may reveal kidney diseases, birth defects of the urinary system, tumors, kidney stones, or damage to the urinary system.

T Risks
P There is a chance of an allergic reaction to the dye, even if you have received contrast dye in the past without any problem. If you have a known allergy to iodine-based contrast, a different test can be done. Other tests include retrograde pyelography, MRI, or ultrasound.
P There is low radiation exposure. Most experts feel that the risk is low compared with the benefits.
P Children are more sensitive to the risks of radiation. This test is not likely to be done during pregnancy.

T Considerations
P Computed tomography (CT) scans have replaced IVP as the main tool for checking the urinary system. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is also used to look at the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

T Alternative Names
P Excretory urography; IVP

T Images
- Kidney anatomy
- Kidney - blood and urine flow
- Intravenous pyelogram

T References
P Bishoff JT, Rastinehad AR. Urinary tract imaging: basic principles of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and plain film. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Partin AW, Peters CA, eds. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 2.
P Sakhaee K, Moe OW. Urolithiasis. In: Skorecki K, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, Taal MW, Yu ASL, eds. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 40.

T Review Date 1/30/2017
P Updated by: Jennifer Sobol, DO, urologist with the Michigan Institute of Urology, West Bloomfield, MI. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

