Cocaine withdrawal: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

P Cocaine withdrawal occurs when someone who has used a lot of cocaine cuts down or quits taking the drug. Symptoms of withdrawal can occur even if the user is not completely off cocaine and still has some of the drug in their blood.

T Causes
P Cocaine produces a sense of euphoria (extreme mood elevation) by causing the brain to release higher than normal amounts of some chemicals. But, cocaine's effects on other parts of the body can be very serious, or even deadly.
P When cocaine use is stopped or when a binge ends, a crash follows almost right away. The cocaine user has a strong craving for more cocaine during a crash. Other symptoms include fatigue, lack of pleasure, anxiety, irritability, sleepiness, and sometimes agitation or extreme suspicion or paranoia.
P Cocaine withdrawal often has no visible physical symptoms, such as the vomiting and shaking that accompany withdrawal from heroin or alcohol.

T Symptoms
P Symptoms of cocaine withdrawal may include:
- Agitation and restless behavior
- Depressed mood
- Fatigue
- General feeling of discomfort
- Increased appetite
- Vivid and unpleasant dreams
- Slowing of activity
P The craving and depression can last for months after stopping long-term heavy use. Withdrawal symptoms may also be associated with suicidal thoughts in some people.
P During withdrawal, there can be powerful, intense cravings for cocaine. However, the "high" associated with ongoing use becomes less and less pleasant. It can produce fear and extreme suspicion rather than euphoria. Even so, the cravings may remain powerful.

T Exams and Tests
P A physical examination and history of cocaine use are often all that is needed to diagnose this condition. However, routine testing will likely be done. It may include:
- Blood tests
- Cardiac enzymes (to look for evidence of heart damage or heart attack)
- Chest x-ray
- ECG (electrocardiogram, to measure electrical activity in the heart)
- Toxicology (poison and drug) screening
- Urinalysis

T Treatment
P Symptoms of withdrawal usually disappear over time. If symptoms are severe, a live-in treatment program may be recommended. There, medicines may be used to treat the symptoms. Counseling may help end the addiction. And, the person's health and safety can be monitored during recovery.

T Support Groups
P Resources that may help during recovery include:
- The Partnership at Drugfree.org -- www.drugfree.org
- LifeRing -- lifering.org
- SMART Recovery -- www.smartrecovery.org
P A workplace employee assistance program (EAP) is also a good resource.

T Outlook (Prognosis)
P Cocaine addiction is difficult to treat, and relapse can occur. Treatment should start with the least restrictive option. Outpatient care is as effective as inpatient care for most people.
P Withdrawal from cocaine may not be as unstable as withdrawal from alcohol. However, the withdrawal from any chronic substance use is very serious. There is a risk of suicide or overdose.
P People who have cocaine withdrawal will often use alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics, or anti-anxiety medicines to treat their symptoms. Long-term use of these drugs is not recommended because it simply shifts addiction from one substance to another. Under proper medical supervision, however, short-term use of these medicines may be helpful in recovery.
P Presently, there are no medicines to reduce craving, but research is taking place.

T Possible Complications
P Complications of cocaine withdrawal include:
- Depression
- Craving and overdose
- Suicide

T When to Contact a Medical Professional
P Call your health care provider if you use cocaine and need help to stop using it.

T Prevention
P Avoid cocaine use. If you use cocaine and wish to stop, talk with a health care provider. Also try to avoid people, places, and things you associate with the drug. If you find yourself thinking about the euphoria produced by cocaine, force yourself to think of the negative outcomes that follow its use.

T Alternative Names
P Withdrawal from cocaine; Substance use - cocaine withdrawal; Substance abuse - cocaine withdrawal; Drug abuse - cocaine withdrawal; Detox - cocaine

T Images
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)

T References
P Kowalchuk A, Reed BC. Substance use disorders. Rakel RE, Rakel DP, eds. Textbook of Family Medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 50.
P National Institute on Drug Abuse. What is cocaine? Updated May 2016. www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/cocaine/what-cocaine. Accessed May 2, 2017.
P Weiss RD. Drugs of abuse. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2016:chap 34.

T Review Date 3/31/2017
P Updated by: Jacob L. Heller, MD, MHA, Emergency Medicine, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

