Tracheomalacia - acquired: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia

P Acquired tracheomalacia is a weakness and floppiness of the walls of the windpipe (trachea, or airway). It develops after birth.
P Congenital tracheomalacia is a related topic.

T Causes
P Acquired tracheomalacia is very uncommon at any age. It occurs when normal cartilage in the wall of the windpipe begins to break down.
P This form of tracheomalacia may result:
- When large blood vessels put pressure on the airway
- As a complication after surgery to repair birth defects in the windpipe and esophagus (the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach)
- After having a breathing tube or trachea tube (tracheostomy) for a long time

T Symptoms
P Symptoms of tracheomalacia include:
- Breathing problems that get worse with coughing, crying, or upper respiratory infections, such as a cold
- Breathing noises that may change when body position changes, and improve during sleep
- High-pitched breathing
- Rattling, noisy breaths

T Exams and Tests
P A physical exam confirms the symptoms. A chest x-ray may show narrowing of the trachea when breathing out. Even if the x-ray is normal, it is needed to rule out other problems.
P A procedure called a laryngoscopy is used to diagnose the condition. This procedure allows the otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat doctor, or ENT) to see the structure of the airway and determine how severe the problem is.
P Other tests may include:
- Airway fluoroscopy
- Barium swallow
- Bronchoscopy
- CT scan
- Lung function tests
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

T Treatment
P The condition may improve without treatment. However, people with tracheomalacia must be monitored closely when they have respiratory infections.
P Adults with breathing problems may need continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Rarely, surgery is needed. A hollow tube called a stent may be placed to hold the airway open.

T Possible Complications
P Aspiration pneumonia (a lung infection) can occur from breathing in food.
P Adults who develop tracheomalacia after being on a breathing machine often have serious lung problems.

T When to Contact a Medical Professional
P Call your health care provider if you or your child breathes in an abnormal way. Tracheomalacia can become an urgent or emergency condition.

T Alternative Names
P Secondary tracheomalacia

T Images
- Respiratory system overview

T References
P Finder JD. Bronchomalacia and tracheomalacia. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 389.
P Kugler C, Stanzel F. Tracheomalacia. Thoracic Surg Clin. 2014;24(1):51-58. PMID: 24295659 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24295659.
P Nelson M, Green G, Ohye RG. Pediatric tracheal anomalies. In: Flint PW, Haughey BH, Lund V, et al, eds. Cummings Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 206.

T Review Date 4/24/2017
P Updated by: Liora C Adler, MD, Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Joe DiMaggio Childeren’s Hospital, Hollywood, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

