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	font-family:"Courier New";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-themecolor:text1;}
p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate
	{mso-style-noshow:yes;
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	mso-style-link:"Texto de globo Car";
	margin-top:6.0pt;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:0cm;
	margin-left:0cm;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:justify;
	text-indent:14.2pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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	color:black;
	mso-themecolor:text1;
	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
	{mso-style-name:"P�rrafo de lista\,Citas Bibliograficas";
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	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	margin-top:3.0pt;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:3.0pt;
	margin-left:14.2pt;
	text-align:left;
	text-indent:-14.2pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-list:l10 level1 lfo9;
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	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
	color:black;
	mso-themecolor:text1;
	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
span.MsoSubtleReference
	{mso-style-priority:31;
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	font-family:BookAntiqua;
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	color:windowtext;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
	mso-fareast-language:ES-VE;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
span.EncabezadoCar
	{mso-style-name:"Encabezado Car";
	mso-style-priority:99;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-locked:yes;
	mso-style-link:Encabezado;}
span.PiedepginaCar
	{mso-style-name:"Pie de p�gina Car";
	mso-style-priority:99;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-locked:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Pie de p�gina";}
span.Ttulo1Car
	{mso-style-name:"T�tulo 1 Car\,T�tulo Secci�n1 Car";
	mso-style-priority:9;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-locked:yes;
	mso-style-link:"T�tulo 1\,T�tulo Secci�n1";
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	font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;
	mso-ascii-font-family:"Century Gothic";
	mso-hansi-font-family:"Century Gothic";
	color:#1F3864;
	mso-themecolor:accent1;
	mso-themeshade:128;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
span.TextoindependienteCar
	{mso-style-name:"Texto independiente Car";
	mso-style-priority:99;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-locked:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Texto independiente";
	font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-ansi-language:ES;}
span.TextodegloboCar
	{mso-style-name:"Texto de globo Car";
	mso-style-noshow:yes;
	mso-style-priority:99;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
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	mso-style-link:"Texto de globo";
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	mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;
	font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;
	mso-ascii-font-family:"Segoe UI";
	mso-hansi-font-family:"Segoe UI";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Segoe UI";}
p.Default, li.Default, div.Default
	{mso-style-name:Default;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-parent:"";
	margin:0cm;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:left;
	text-indent:0cm;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	mso-layout-grid-align:none;
	text-autospace:none;
	font-size:12.0pt;
	font-family:"Georgia",serif;
	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
	mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;
	color:black;}
span.texto
	{mso-style-name:texto;
	mso-style-unhide:no;}
span.HTMLconformatoprevioCar
	{mso-style-name:"HTML con formato previo Car";
	mso-style-priority:99;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-locked:yes;
	mso-style-link:"HTML con formato previo";
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	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Courier New";
	mso-ascii-font-family:"Courier New";
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Courier New";
	mso-fareast-language:ES-VE;}
span.TextocomentarioCar
	{mso-style-name:"Texto comentario Car";
	mso-style-priority:99;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-locked:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Texto comentario";
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	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
	font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	mso-fareast-language:ES-VE;}
p.TituloPrincipal, li.TituloPrincipal, div.TituloPrincipal
	{mso-style-name:"Titulo Principal";
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	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Titulo Principal Car";
	margin-top:6.0pt;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:3.0pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-align:left;
	text-indent:0cm;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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	font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;
	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
	color:#24408F;
	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.TituloTraducido, li.TituloTraducido, div.TituloTraducido
	{mso-style-name:"Titulo Traducido";
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	mso-style-link:"Titulo Traducido Car";
	margin-top:6.0pt;
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	margin-bottom:3.0pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-align:right;
	text-indent:14.2pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
	color:#002060;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
	font-style:italic;
	mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
span.TituloPrincipalCar
	{mso-style-name:"Titulo Principal Car";
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-locked:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Titulo Principal";
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	font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;
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	color:#24408F;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.AreadePublicacin, li.AreadePublicacin, div.AreadePublicacin
	{mso-style-name:"Area de Publicaci�n";
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Area de Publicaci�n Car";
	margin-top:3.0pt;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:3.0pt;
	margin-left:8.5pt;
	text-align:justify;
	text-indent:14.2pt;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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	mso-background-themecolor:accent5;
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	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
	color:#488FD0;
	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
span.TituloTraducidoCar
	{mso-style-name:"Titulo Traducido Car";
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	color:#002060;
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	font-style:italic;
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p.Datosdeltrabajo, li.Datosdeltrabajo, div.Datosdeltrabajo
	{mso-style-name:"Datos del trabajo";
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	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-parent:Encabezado;
	mso-style-link:"Datos del trabajo Car";
	margin-top:6.0pt;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:0cm;
	margin-left:8.5pt;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
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	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
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	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
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	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
span.AreadePublicacinCar
	{mso-style-name:"Area de Publicaci�n Car";
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	mso-style-link:"Area de Publicaci�n";
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	mso-ascii-font-family:"Century Gothic";
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	color:#488FD0;
	background:#DEEAF6;
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p.Autores, li.Autores, div.Autores
	{mso-style-name:Autores;
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	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Autores Car";
	margin-top:3.0pt;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:0cm;
	margin-left:0cm;
	margin-bottom:.0001pt;
	text-align:right;
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	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
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	mso-themecolor:text1;
	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
span.DatosdeltrabajoCar
	{mso-style-name:"Datos del trabajo Car";
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	font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;
	mso-ascii-font-family:"Century Gothic";
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	color:#014DA2;}
p.AfiliacionesAutores, li.AfiliacionesAutores, div.AfiliacionesAutores
	{mso-style-name:"Afiliaciones Autores";
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	mso-style-link:"Afiliaciones Autores Car";
	margin-top:6.0pt;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:6.0pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-align:right;
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	color:black;
	mso-themecolor:text1;
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span.AutoresCar
	{mso-style-name:"Autores Car";
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	mso-style-link:Autores;
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	mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
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p.ResumenTitulo, li.ResumenTitulo, div.ResumenTitulo
	{mso-style-name:"Resumen Titulo";
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	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Resumen Titulo Car";
	margin-top:6.0pt;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:6.0pt;
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	color:#1F3864;
	mso-themecolor:accent1;
	mso-themeshade:128;
	mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
span.AfiliacionesAutoresCar
	{mso-style-name:"Afiliaciones Autores Car";
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	mso-style-link:"Afiliaciones Autores";
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	mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt;
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	mso-ascii-font-family:"Century Gothic";
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p.ResumenTexto, li.ResumenTexto, div.ResumenTexto
	{mso-style-name:"Resumen Texto";
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	mso-style-link:"Resumen Texto Car";
	margin-top:6.0pt;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:6.0pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
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	mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
	color:black;
	mso-themecolor:text1;
	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
span.ResumenTituloCar
	{mso-style-name:"Resumen Titulo Car";
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	mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
	font-weight:bold;
	mso-bidi-font-weight:normal;}
p.SubtituloSeccin, li.SubtituloSeccin, div.SubtituloSeccin
	{mso-style-name:"Subtitulo Secci�n";
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Subtitulo Secci�n Car";
	margin-top:6.0pt;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:6.0pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
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	color:#244092;
	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
	font-style:italic;
	mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
span.ResumenTextoCar
	{mso-style-name:"Resumen Texto Car";
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	mso-style-link:"Resumen Texto";
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	mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
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	mso-hansi-font-family:"Century Gothic";
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	color:black;
	mso-themecolor:text1;}
p.CuadroIdentificacin, li.CuadroIdentificacin, div.CuadroIdentificacin
	{mso-style-name:"Cuadro Identificaci�n";
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	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-link:"Cuadro Identificaci�n Car";
	margin-top:3.0pt;
	margin-right:0cm;
	margin-bottom:3.0pt;
	margin-left:0cm;
	text-align:justify;
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	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
	color:black;
	mso-themecolor:text1;
	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
span.SubtituloSeccinCar
	{mso-style-name:"Subtitulo Secci�n Car";
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	mso-style-link:"Subtitulo Secci�n";
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	color:#244092;
	font-style:italic;
	mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
p.Encabezados, li.Encabezados, div.Encabezados
	{mso-style-name:Encabezados;
	mso-style-unhide:no;
	mso-style-qformat:yes;
	mso-style-parent:Encabezado;
	mso-style-link:"Encabezados Car";
	margin-top:6.0pt;
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span.CuadroIdentificacinCar
	{mso-style-name:"Cuadro Identificaci�n Car";
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	mso-ascii-font-family:"Century Gothic";
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p.PiedePaginas, li.PiedePaginas, div.PiedePaginas
	{mso-style-name:"Pie de Paginas";
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	mso-style-parent:"Normal \(Web\)";
	mso-style-link:"Pie de Paginas Car";
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	font-family:"Century Gothic",sans-serif;
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	color:#002060;}
span.EncabezadosCar
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<body lang="ES-VE">


<div class="WordSection1">

<p class="MsoCaption" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Art&iacute;culo Original<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>


<p class="AreadePublicacin" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; background: transparent none repeat scroll 0%; text-indent: 0cm; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bacteriolog&iacute;a<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>


<p class="Datosdeltrabajo" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Kasmera</span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> 47(2):123-130, Julio-<span class="GramE">Diciembre</span>,
2019. P-ISSN 0075-5222<span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>E-ISSN 2477-9628<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: Academicons; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">&#59774;</span> <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3406805">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3406805</a></p>


<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 18pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Frecuencia y
susceptibilidad a penicilina y meticilina de aislamientos ambientales de <i>Staphylococcus
aureus</i> en un hospital de Cuenca<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>


<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><i><span style="font-size: 16pt; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);" lang="EN-US">Frequency and susceptibility to penicillin and
methicillin of Staphylococcus aureus environmental isolations at a Cuenca&acute;s
hospital<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>


<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);" lang="EN-US">Andrade T, Carlos</span></b><span class="AutoresCar"><span style="" lang="EN-US"> </span></span><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3983-1314"><span style="font-family: Academicons; color: rgb(146, 208, 80); text-decoration: none;">&#59865;</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: &quot;Cambria&quot;,serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">.</span></span><span style=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">(Autor de Correspondencia)</span><span style="color: windowtext;">.</span><span style=""> </span><span class="AfiliacionesAutoresCar">Unidad Acad&eacute;mica de Salud y Bienestar, Carrera de
Odontolog&iacute;a, Laboratorio de Gen&eacute;tica y Biolog&iacute;a Molecular del Centro de
Investigaci&oacute;n, Innovaci&oacute;n y Transferencia de Tecnolog&iacute;a. Universidad Cat&oacute;lica
de Cuenca. Direcci&oacute;n Postal: Av. de las Am&eacute;ricas y Humboldt (esquina),
Cuenca-Ecuador. C&oacute;digo Postal: 010100. Tel&eacute;fono: +593-992910299. E-mail: <a href="mailto:candradet@ucacue.edu.ec">candradet@ucacue.edu.ec</a></span><span style=""><o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span class="AutoresCar"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Orellana B Paola</span></b></span><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6276-0521"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Academicons; color: rgb(146, 208, 80); text-decoration: none;">&#59865;</span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">. </span><span class="AfiliacionesAutoresCar">Unidad Acad&eacute;mica de Salud y
Bienestar, Carrera de Odontolog&iacute;a, Laboratorio de Gen&eacute;tica y Biolog&iacute;a Molecular
del Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n, Innovaci&oacute;n y Transferencia de Tecnolog&iacute;a.
Universidad Cat&oacute;lica de Cuenca. Cuenca-Ecuador. E-mail: <a href="mailto:porellana@ucacue.edu.ec">porellana@ucacue.edu.ec</a></span></p>


<p class="ResumenTitulo" style="margin-top: 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Resumen<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="ResumenTexto"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Staphylococcus aureus </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">es un pat&oacute;geno asociado con
infecciones intrahospitalarias com&uacute;nmente hallado en las fosas nasales y las
manos del personal de salud; as&iacute; como, en superficies ambientales, las cuales
se convierten en potenciales reservorios y veh&iacute;culos de transmisi&oacute;n de infecciones.
En este estudio s<span style="">e </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">analiz&oacute; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">la frecuencia y la </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">susceptibilidad a penicilina
y meticilina <span style="">de aislamientos
ambientales de <i>S. aureus</i><span style=""> en un</span>
hospital de Cuenca. </span><span style="">Se
recolectaron 50 muestras </span>(30 de dos quir&oacute;fanos y 20 de la sala de
cuidados intensivos). <i style="">S. aureus</i> se
identific&oacute; por pruebas fenot&iacute;picas y detecci&oacute;n molecular del gen <span class="SpellE"><i style="">nuc</i></span>. La
susceptibilidad a meticilina y penicilina se determin&oacute; por el m&eacute;todo de <span style="">difusi&oacute;n del disco en agar </span>y los genes
<span class="SpellE"><i style="">blaZ</i></span> y <span class="SpellE"><i style="">mecA</i></span> por reacci&oacute;n
en cadena de la polimerasa. La frecuencia de <i style="">S. aureus</i> fue de 6% (3/50 cepas). La resistencia a penicilina y
meticilina fue de 66,6% (2/3 cepas). Los genes <span class="SpellE"><i style="">blaZ</i></span> y <span class="SpellE"><i style="">mecA</i></span> se detectaron en las dos
cepas resistentes a penicilina y meticilina. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">La baja frecuencia de <i>S. aureus</i> puede estar
relacionada con los ambientes analizados; ya que, las superficies muestreadas
son &aacute;reas donde se hace &eacute;nfasis en la aplicaci&oacute;n de protocolos de higiene y
desinfecci&oacute;n para asegurar una adecuada descontaminaci&oacute;n.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span class="texto"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Palabras claves:</span></b></span><span class="texto"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"> </span></span><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, quir&oacute;fano, infecci&oacute;n hospitalaria, resistencia a
penicilina, resistencia a la meticilina</span><span class="texto"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="ResumenTitulo" style="margin-top: 18pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="ResumenTexto"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">Staphylococcus
aureus</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN"> is a pathogen associated with intrahospital infections
commonly found in the nasal cavities and the hands of health personnel, as well
as, on environmental surfaces; which become potential reservoirs and
transmission vehicles of infections. In this study <span style="">the frequency and </span>susceptibility to penicillin and methicillin <span style="">of environmental isolates of <i>S. aureus</i><span style=""> in a</span> hospital to Cuenca</span> were <span style="">analyzed.</span><span style=""> 50 samples </span>(30 of two operating room and 20 of the intensive
care room)<span style=""> were</span><span style=""> collected</span>. <i style="">S. aureus</i> was identified by phenotypic tests and molecular
detection of the <span class="SpellE"><i style="">nuc</i></span>
gene. The susceptibility to methicillin and penicillin was determined by <span style="">agar disc diffusion </span>method and the <span class="SpellE"><i>blaZ</i></span> and <span class="SpellE"><i>mecA</i></span> genes
by polymerase chain reaction. The frequency of <i style="">S. aureus</i> was 6% (3/50 strains). Resistance to penicillin and
methicillin was 66.6% (2/3 strains). The <span class="SpellE"><i style="">blaZ</i></span> and <span class="SpellE"><i style="">mecA</i></span> genes were detected in the
two <a name="_Hlk9683121">strains resistant to penicillin and methicillin</a>. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN">The low frequency of <i>S. aureus</i> may be
related to the environments analyzed; because the surfaces sampled are areas
where emphasis is placed on the application of hygiene and disinfection protocols
for ensure adequate decontamination.<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="ResumenTexto"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);" lang="EN-US">Keywords:</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 6pt;" lang="EN-US"> </span></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">Staphylococcus aureus</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="EN-US">, operating rooms, cross infection, Penicillin Resistance<i style="">,</i> Methicillin Resistance<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="ResumenTexto" style="margin-top: 18pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Recibido:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> 20-07-2019 / </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Aceptado:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> 03-09-2019 / </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Publicaci&oacute;n en
l&iacute;nea:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">10-09-2019<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<h1 style="margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Introducci&oacute;n<o:p></o:p></span></h1>


<p class="MsoNormal"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Staphylococcus aureus </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">forma parte <span class="GramE">de la microbiota</span>
de la piel y las superficies mucosas de humanos y animales. Este microorganismo
es considerado uno de los m&aacute;s frecuentes y de mayor significado cl&iacute;nico, se
asocia con una diversidad de enfermedades que incluyen infecciones en piel y
tejido blando hasta procesos infecciosos severos, tales como: bacteriemia,
endocarditis, neumon&iacute;a, meningitis, infecciones de heridas quir&uacute;rgicas y
s&iacute;ndrome de shock t&oacute;xico <sup>(</sup><a href="#r1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#r2"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>)</sup><i style="">.
S. aureus</i> produce una serie de factores de virulencia y enzimas
extracelulares que se relacionan con la severidad de los cuadros cl&iacute;nicos;
adem&aacute;s, tiene una alta capacidad para adquirir resistencia a los antibi&oacute;ticos,
lo cual puede implicar mayores complicaciones debido a dificultades con el
tratamiento antimicrobiano <sup>(</sup><a href="#r1"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>)</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A nivel mundial, las
infecciones adquiridas en el hospital constituyen un importante problema de
salud p&uacute;blica debido a la <span class="SpellE">morbi</span>-mortalidad que
ocasionan. Seg&uacute;n un estudio auspiciado por la Organizaci&oacute;n Mundial de la Salud,
realizado en 55 hospitales de 14 pa&iacute;ses de las regiones de Europa, Mediterr&aacute;neo
Este, Sureste Asi&aacute;tico y Pac&iacute;fico Oeste, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">el 8,7%
de los pacientes hospitalizados adquieren infecciones relacionadas con los
cuidados de salud <sup>(</sup></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="#r3"><sup><span style="">3</span></sup></a></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;">S. aureus</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> es
uno de los principales pat&oacute;genos asociados con infecciones adquiridas en el
hospital. Es un microorganismo altamente invasivo y considerado como el
principal responsable de infecciones del tracto respiratorio inferior e
infecciones de heridas quir&uacute;rgicas y la segunda causa de bacteriemia
intrahospitalaria, neumon&iacute;a e infecciones cardiovasculares <sup>(</sup><a href="#r4"><sup>4</sup></a><sup>-</sup><a href="#r9"><sup>9</sup></a><sup>)</sup>.
Por otra parte, la emergencia de cepas resistentes a meticilina, las cuales
suelen ser multirresistentes, agrava el problema, puesto que, las infecciones
intrahospitalarias producidas por <i style="">S.
aureus</i> resistente a meticilina (SARM) incrementan la <span class="SpellE">morbi</span>-mortalidad,
prolongan la estancia hospitalaria y aumentan los costos derivados del uso de
terapia antimicrobiana. Se estima que, en pa&iacute;ses en v&iacute;as de desarrollo m&aacute;s del
30% de las infecciones adquiridas en instituciones hospitalarias son producidas
por SARM <sup>(</sup><a href="#r10"><sup>10</sup></a><sup>)</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;">S. aureus</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> es
un microrganismo ampliamente distribuido en el ambiente hospitalario y
constituye un reto para los programas de control epidemiol&oacute;gico de las
infecciones intrahospitalarias. Es com&uacute;nmente hallado en las fosas nasales y
las manos del personal de salud; as&iacute; como, en superficies como pisos, paredes,
techos, mesas, interruptores el&eacute;ctricos, manillas de puertas, camas, aparatos
electr&oacute;nicos, equipos de computaci&oacute;n, f&oacute;mites, instrumentos y equipos m&eacute;dicos;
los cuales se convierten en potenciales reservorios y veh&iacute;culos de transmisi&oacute;n
de infecciones entre los pacientes <sup>(</sup><a href="#r5"><sup>5</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#r11"><sup>11</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#r12"><sup>12</sup></a><sup>)</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">La mayor&iacute;a de las infecciones
adquiridas en el hospital son de origen end&oacute;geno; siendo <span class="GramE">la
microbiota</span> del paciente la principal fuente. Sin embargo, el contacto
con otros pacientes infectados o colonizados, el personal de salud y el
ambiente hospitalario constituyen fuentes ex&oacute;genas para la adquisici&oacute;n de
pat&oacute;genos hospitalarios <sup>(</sup><a href="#r13"><sup>13</sup></a><sup>)</sup>.
Se estima que, aproximadamente, de 20-40% de las infecciones intrahospitalarias
tienen su origen en contaminaci&oacute;n cruzada a trav&eacute;s de las manos del personal de
salud en contacto directo con los pacientes o, indirectamente, por contacto con
superficies ambientales contaminadas <sup>(</sup><a href="#r6"><sup>6</sup></a><sup>,</sup><a href="#r14"><sup>14</sup></a><sup>)</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">La contribuci&oacute;n de las
superficies ambientales en la transmisi&oacute;n de pat&oacute;genos intrahospitalarios est&aacute;
relacionada con diversos factores, incluyendo: la habilidad del microorganismo
para permanecer viable en superficies inanimadas secas, la frecuencia con la
cual los pacientes y el personal de salud entran en contacto con las superficies
com&uacute;nmente contaminadas y los niveles de contaminaci&oacute;n suficientemente altos
como para permitir la transmisi&oacute;n a los pacientes <sup>(</sup><a href="#r15"><sup>15</sup></a><sup>)</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Si bien est&aacute; establecido que
la diseminaci&oacute;n de bacterias intrahospitalarias tiene causas multifactoriales y
depende, en gran parte, de la interacci&oacute;n entre el hospedero, el microorganismo
y el entorno; los factores considerados m&aacute;s importantes para la diseminaci&oacute;n de
<i style="">S. aureus</i> en los centros
hospitalarios se relacionan con la capacidad de adaptaci&oacute;n de la bacteria a
diversas condiciones ambientales, la aglomeraci&oacute;n de pacientes en espacios
f&iacute;sicos reducidos, el incumplimiento de las normas b&aacute;sicas de asepsia y fallas
en la identificaci&oacute;n temprana de los portadores del microorganismo <sup>(</sup><a href="#r8"><sup>8</sup></a><sup>)</sup>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">En vista de la importancia de
<i>S. aureus</i> como pat&oacute;geno intrahospitalario, investigar su presencia en
los ambientes de instituciones de atenci&oacute;n en salud, puede aportar datos para
establecer el papel que desempe&ntilde;an las superficies inertes como reservorios y
fuente de transmisi&oacute;n de este microrganismo entre pacientes hospitalizados y
personal de salud. Por lo tanto, la presente investigaci&oacute;n tiene como objetivo </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">analizar </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">la frecuencia y los patrones de susceptibilidad a
penicilina y meticilina de <i>S. aureus</i><span style=""> aislados de </span>la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) y las salas
de cirug&iacute;a de un centro hospitalario de Cuenca, Ecuador.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>


<h1 style="margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">M&eacute;todos<o:p></o:p></span></h1>


<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span class="SubtituloSeccinCar"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Tipo y dise&ntilde;o de la investigaci&oacute;n:</span></span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"> </span></b><a name="_Hlk17374618"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">El estudio realizado fue de tipo no experimental, descriptivo, ya que,
durante el proceso de investigaci&oacute;n no se manipularon variables, ni condiciones
de experimentaci&oacute;n; s&oacute;lo se observ&oacute; y describi&oacute; el comportamiento de las
variables.</span></a><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"> El dise&ntilde;o de la investigaci&oacute;n es
transversal, puesto que, los datos se recolectaron y evaluaron durante un
tiempo establecido; es decir, se seleccionaron los ambientes hospitalarios, se
tomaron las muestras y se analizaron mediante t&eacute;cnicas de laboratorio, con el
objetivo de evaluar las variables en estudio<span style="">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>


<span style=""></span>

<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><a name="_Hlk17379605"><span class="SubtituloSeccinCar"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Muestra:</span></span></a><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"> l</span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">os ambientes hospitalarios
seleccionados para el estudio fueron los dos quir&oacute;fanos y la sala de cuidados
intensivos con dos camas, existentes en un Hospital de la ciudad de Cuenca. Se<span style=""> recolectaron 50 muestras</span> de
materiales instrumentales, equipos m&eacute;dicos y superficies de las &aacute;reas
mencionadas, distribuidas de la siguiente manera: 15 de cada uno de los dos
quir&oacute;fanos y 10 de cada una de las dos camas ubicadas en la UCI. El muestreo
fue aleatorio simple.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><a name="_Hlk17404831"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Para su
inclusi&oacute;n en este estudio, se seleccionaron los ambientes hospitalarios
considerados como &aacute;reas cr&iacute;ticas para la adquisici&oacute;n de infecciones
intrahospitalarias, puesto que, en ellos se aplican procedimientos invasivos,
relacionados con los cuidados de salud de los pacientes, los cuales aumentan la
posibilidad de contaminaci&oacute;n de las superficies ambientales, instrumentos y
equipos m&eacute;dicos. Se excluyeron aquellos ambientes que, por la naturaleza de la
atenci&oacute;n prestada, no representan &aacute;reas de riesgo de contaminaci&oacute;n microbiana.</span></a></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Las muestras fueron recolectadas por duplicado con
la ayuda de un hisopo de algod&oacute;n est&eacute;ril humedecido con caldo soya tripticasa
(CST), el cual se frot&oacute; sobre las superficies de contacto frecuente (manijas de
cortinas, interruptores, piso, mesa para materiales, ventanas y l&aacute;mparas),
materiales instrumentales y equipos m&eacute;dicos y se coloc&oacute; en un tubo conteniendo CST.
El procesamiento de las muestras se ejecut&oacute; en el laboratorio de Biolog&iacute;a
Molecular y Gen&eacute;tica del Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n, Innovaci&oacute;n y Transferencia de
Tecnolog&iacute;a, Universidad Cat&oacute;lica de Cuenca.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<span style=""></span>

<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span class="SubtituloSeccinCar"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Metodolog&iacute;a:</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">previo a su
an&aacute;lisis bacteriol&oacute;gico, las muestras fueron incubadas en aerobiosis por 4
horas a 35-37&deg;C. Posteriormente, se inocularon en agar manitol salado e
incubaron en condiciones de aerobiosis, a una temperatura entre </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">35-37&deg;C, durante 24-48 horas. <span style="">Transcurrido el per&iacute;odo de incubaci&oacute;n, se procedi&oacute;
a la identificaci&oacute;n presuntiva mediante la selecci&oacute;n de colonias fermentadoras
del manitol, con caracter&iacute;sticas morfol&oacute;gicas de microorganismos pertenecientes
al g&eacute;nero <i style="">Staphylococcus. </i>A partir de
estas colonias se realiz&oacute; un extendido coloreado mediante la t&eacute;cnica de Gram.
Si se observaban cocos Gram positivos con predominio de racimos, se efectu&oacute; la
identificaci&oacute;n definitiva mediante pruebas fenot&iacute;picas y detecci&oacute;n gen&eacute;tica del
gen <span class="SpellE"><i style="">nuc</i></span><i style=""> </i><sup>(</sup></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="#r16"><sup><span style="">16</span></sup></a></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">, que codifica para una nucleasa
espec&iacute;fica de <i style="">S. aureus.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">La
identificaci&oacute;n fenot&iacute;pica de <i style="">S. aureus</i>
se realiz&oacute; mediante la fermentaci&oacute;n en agar manitol salado y las reacciones
positivas de las pruebas de coagulasa y <span class="SpellE">desoxirribonucleasa</span>
(<span class="SpellE">DNAsa</span>). <o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span class="SubtituloSeccinCar"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Determinaci&oacute;n
fenot&iacute;pica de susceptibilidad a antibi&oacute;ticos beta lact&aacute;micos:</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">l<span style="">a susceptibilidad a penicilina y oxacilina de los aislamientos de S.
aureus se determin&oacute; mediante el m&eacute;todo de difusi&oacute;n del disco en agar, siguiendo
los lineamientos del Instituto para la Estandarizaci&oacute;n de Laboratorios Cl&iacute;nicos
(CLSI, por sus siglas en ingl&eacute;s) <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="#r17"><sup><span style="">17</span></sup></a></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">. Para tal fin, se prepar&oacute; con cada
una de las cepas de <i style="">S. aureus</i> a
analizar, un in&oacute;culo bacteriano espectrofotom&eacute;tricamente estandarizado con el
patr&oacute;n 0,5 del nefel&oacute;metro de <span class="SpellE">MacFarland</span> (625nm; DO: 0,8-1,0).
Con esta suspensi&oacute;n, se inocul&oacute; una placa de agar M&uuml;eller Hinton sobre la cual
se colocaron los discos de antibi&oacute;ticos penicilina G(10U) y oxacilina (1&micro;g).
Las placas se incubaron en condiciones de aerobiosis, por 18-24 horas a 35&deg;C.
Luego, se procedi&oacute; a la lectura, midiendo los di&aacute;metros de los halos de
inhibici&oacute;n y los resultados se interpretaron de acuerdo con los criterios del
CLSI como: sensibles, intermedios o resistentes.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SubtituloSeccinCar"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Extracci&oacute;n de ADN:</span></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">para la extracci&oacute;n de ADN de las cepas de <i style="">S. aureus</i> se utiliz&oacute; el m&eacute;todo de lisis
alcalina, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">el cual se describe brevemente a continuaci&oacute;n: Se
suspendieron colonias de <i style="">S. aureus</i> en
1ml de agua destilada, se centrifug&oacute; 10 minutos a 3000rpm y se descart&oacute; el
sobrenadante, se agregaron 50&micro;l de soluci&oacute;n de lisis formada por dodecilsulfato
s&oacute;dico al 1% en NaOH 0,25N, se mezcl&oacute; y se hirvi&oacute; por 15 minutos, se a&ntilde;adieron
450&micro;l de agua libre de nucleasas y se centrifug&oacute; por 20 segundos. El ADN
extra&iacute;do se conserv&oacute; a -20&deg;C.<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SubtituloSeccinCar"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Identificaci&oacute;n
genot&iacute;pica de S. aureus:</span></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">la identificaci&oacute;n molecular de las cepas de <i style="">S. aureus </i>se realiz&oacute; mediante prueba de
reacci&oacute;n en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) utilizando iniciadores espec&iacute;ficos
para amplificar el gen <span class="SpellE"><i style="">nuc</i></span>
que </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">codifica para una nucleasa espec&iacute;fica de especie <sup>(</sup></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="#r16"><sup><span style="">16</span></sup></a></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">. El producto amplificado, iniciadores y condiciones de
amplificaci&oacute;n se muestran en la </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="#t1">Tabla 1</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">. Como
controles positivos, se utiliz&oacute; <i style="">S. aureus</i>
ATCC&reg; 11632 y <i style="">S. aureus</i> ATCC&reg; 43300 y
como control negativo <i style="">Streptococcus
pyogenes (S. pyogenes)</i> ATCC&reg; 12344.<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span class="SubtituloSeccinCar"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Detecci&oacute;n genot&iacute;pica de resistencia a beta-lact&aacute;micos:</span></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"> </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">la t&eacute;cnica de PCR fue
utilizada para la detecci&oacute;n molecular de los genes <span class="SpellE"><i style="">blaZ</i></span> y <span class="SpellE"><i style="">mecA</i></span>, que codifican para
resistencia a penicilina y meticilina, respectivamente <sup>(</sup></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="#r18"><sup><span style="">18</span></sup></a></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">-</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="#r20"><sup><span style="">20</span></sup></a></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">. En la </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="#t1"><span style="">Tabla
1</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"> se indican los iniciadores, productos amplificados y condiciones de
amplificaci&oacute;n. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Como
controles positivos se utilizaron las cepas ATCC&reg; 11632 (<span class="SpellE"><i style="">blaZ</i></span> +) y ATCC&reg; 43300 (<span class="SpellE"><i style="">mecA</i></span> +) y como
control negativo, <i style="">S. pyogenes</i> ATCC&reg;
12344.<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Todas las
reacciones de PCR, tanto para la detecci&oacute;n del gen <span class="SpellE"><i style="">nuc</i></span> como para los genes <span class="SpellE"><i style="">blaZ</i></span><i style=""> </i>y <span class="SpellE"><i style="">mecA</i></span><i style="">,</i> se llevaron a cabo en un volumen </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">total de 20&mu;l conteniendo: 10&mu;l de <span class="SpellE">Mastermix</span> <span class="SpellE">GoTaq</span> Green 2X de
Promega con 400&mu;M de cada uno de los <span class="SpellE">dNTP</span> y 3mM
MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 1,5&mu;l de cada iniciador, 1,5&mu;l del ADN extra&iacute;do y
5,5&mu;l de agua pura.<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Las amplificaciones se realizaron en
un termociclador PIKO </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">(<span class="SpellE">Finnzymes</span>) </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;" lang="ES">seg&uacute;n los protocolos mencionados en la </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="#t1"><span style="" lang="ES">Tabla 1</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;" lang="ES">.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">
La separaci&oacute;n de los productos de PCR se realiz&oacute; por electroforesis en geles de
agarosa (1,5%p/v) </span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0%; font-size: 10pt; color: black; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;">sobre un c&aacute;mara horizontal sumergidos en buffer
TBE (Tris 90mM-Borato 90mM-EDTA 2mM) con Bromuro de Etidio al 0,5&micro;g/ml, a </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">70V, 70A y 50 W por 2 horas. El tama&ntilde;o
de los productos de PCR se calcul&oacute; de acuerdo con sus migraciones en los geles
de agarosa compar&aacute;ndolo con la migraci&oacute;n de las bandas de ADN patr&oacute;n del
marcador de peso molecular <span class="SpellE">Trackit</span> de Invitrogen (1
Kb Plus DNA <span class="SpellE">ladder</span>) y</span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0%; font-size: 10pt; color: black; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"> se fotografiaron
sobre un transiluminador con una c&aacute;mara digital.</span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0%; color: windowtext; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="TablaTitulo"><a name="t1"><b><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tabla 1.</span></b>
Iniciadores, producto amplificado y condiciones de amplificaci&oacute;n de genes </a><span class="SpellE"><span style=""><i style="">nuc</i></span></span><span style="">, <span class="SpellE"><i style="">blaZ</i></span> y <span class="SpellE"><i style="">mecA</i></span></span></p>


<span style=""></span>

<div align="center">

<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border: medium none ; border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">

 <tbody>
    <tr style="height: 1pt;">

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 32, 96) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 63.8pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 1pt;" width="85">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: white;">Producto amplificado (pb)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 32, 96) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 7cm; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 1pt;" width="265">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: white;">Secuencia del iniciador 5&rsquo;-3&rsquo;<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 32, 96) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 141.5pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 1pt;" width="189">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: white;">Condici&oacute;n de amplificaci&oacute;n<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 32, 96) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 63.8pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 1pt;" width="85">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: white;">Referencia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

  </td>

 </tr>

 <tr style="height: 1pt;">

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt; height: 1pt;" width="85">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span class="SpellE"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">nuc</span></i></span><i style=""><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">(218)<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7cm; height: 1pt;" width="265">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">Forward:
  GACTATTATTGGTTGATCCACCTG<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">Reverse:
  GCCTTGACGAACTAAAGCTTCG<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.5pt; height: 1pt;" width="189">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">94
  &deg;C 5 min<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">30
  ciclos:<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">94&deg;C
  1 min<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">54&deg;C
  1 min<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">72&deg;C
  1 min<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">72&deg;C
  10 min (Elongaci&oacute;n final)<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt; height: 1pt;" width="85">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;" lang="EN-US">Depardieu y col, 2004</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

 </tr>

 <tr style="height: 1pt;">

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(242, 247, 252) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 63.8pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 1pt;" width="85">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span class="SpellE"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">blaZ</span></i></span><sup><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></sup></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">(674)</span><i style=""><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(242, 247, 252) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 7cm; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 1pt;" width="265">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">Forward: GTTGCGAACTCTTGAATAGG</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">Reverse: GGAGAATAAGCAACTATATCATC</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(242, 247, 252) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 141.5pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 1pt;" width="189">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">94 &deg;C 5 min</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">34 ciclos:</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">94&deg;C 1 min</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">54&deg;C 1 min</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">72&deg;C 1 min</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">72&deg;C 10 min (Elongaci&oacute;n final)</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(242, 247, 252) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 63.8pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 1pt;" width="85">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;" lang="EN-US">Olsen y col, 2006</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

 </tr>

 <tr style="height: 1pt;">

  <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 32, 96); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt; height: 1pt;" width="85">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span class="SpellE"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">mecA</span></i></span><i style=""><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">(310)<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 32, 96); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7cm; height: 1pt;" width="265">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">Forward:
  GTAGAAATGACTGAACGTCCGATGA Reverse: CCAATTCCACATTGTTTCGGTCTAA<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 32, 96); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.5pt; height: 1pt;" width="189">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">94
  &deg;C 5 min<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">30
  ciclos:<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">94&deg;C
  1 min<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">62&deg;C
  30 <span class="SpellE">seg</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">72&deg;C
  35 <span class="SpellE">seg</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">72&deg;C
  10 min (Elongaci&oacute;n final)<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 32, 96); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt; height: 1pt;" width="85">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;">Elhassan</span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"> y col, 2015;<o:p></o:p></span></p>

  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;" lang="EN-US">Harrison y col, 2014</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

 </tr>

  </tbody>
</table>


</div>


<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 18pt;"><span class="SubtituloSeccinCar"><span style="">An&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;stico:</span></span><b style=""><i><span style="color: windowtext;"> </span></i></b><span style="color: windowtext;">los datos obtenidos fueron organizados en tablas y
figuras. El an&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;stico se realiz&oacute; utilizando el paquete estad&iacute;stico
SPSS</span><span class="A5"><span style="font-family: &quot;Century Gothic&quot;,sans-serif; color: windowtext;">TM </span></span><span style="color: windowtext;">versi&oacute;n 19.0
(SPSS, Inc. Chicago, USA) para <span class="SpellE">Windows<span class="A5"><sup><span style="font-family: &quot;Century Gothic&quot;,sans-serif; color: windowtext;">TM</span></sup></span></span>.
Para establecer si existe alguna relaci&oacute;n de asociaci&oacute;n entre el ambiente
hospitalario y la presencia de <i style="">S. aureus</i>
se utiliz&oacute; el estad&iacute;stico de contraste <i>X</i></span><span class="A5"><sup><span style="font-family: &quot;Century Gothic&quot;,sans-serif; color: windowtext;">2</span></sup></span><span class="A5"><span style="font-family: &quot;Century Gothic&quot;,sans-serif; color: windowtext;"> </span></span><span style="color: windowtext;">(Chi-cuadrado),
con un nivel de significancia del 95%<i style="">.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>


<h1 style="margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Resultados<o:p></o:p></span></h1>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;" lang="ES-PE">En este estudio, se demostr&oacute; una frecuencia de </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">6% </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;" lang="ES-PE">de<i style=""> S. aureus</i> contaminando las superficies
de los ambientes hospitalarios analizados. La distribuci&oacute;n de las cepas
obtenidas fue la siguiente: un aislamiento procedi&oacute; de una mascarilla utilizada
para anestesia general perteneciente al quir&oacute;fano 1; mientras que, las otras
dos cepas se aislaron de muestras obtenidas de un dispositivo de succi&oacute;n y de
un equipo de intubaci&oacute;n, ambos dispuestos en el per&iacute;metro correspondiente a la
cama 1 de la UCI. No se recuper&oacute; <i style="">S.
aureus</i> de los espec&iacute;menes provenientes del quir&oacute;fano 2 y de las adyacencias
a la cama 2 de la UCI (</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="#t2"><span style="" lang="ES-PE">Tabla 2</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;" lang="ES-PE">).<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;" lang="ES-PE">Las 3 cepas identificadas por pruebas bioqu&iacute;micas como
<i style="">S. aureus</i> amplificaron el fragmento
218pb, correspondiente al gen <span class="SpellE"><i style="">nuc</i></span>, lo cual confirman su identificaci&oacute;n genot&iacute;pica. <o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="TablaTitulo"><a name="t2"><b><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Tabla 2.</span></b></a><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"> </span>Distribuci&oacute;n de <i style="">S. aureus</i> en muestras ambientales de un
centro hospitalario.</span></p>


<span style=""></span>

<div align="center">

<table class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; border-collapse: collapse;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">

 <tbody>
    <tr style="height: 8.5pt;">

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 32, 96) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 175.5pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 8.5pt;" width="234">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: white;">Ambiente<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 32, 96) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 100.2pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 8.5pt;" width="134">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: white;">Positivo N (%)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(0, 32, 96) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 106.3pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 8.5pt;" width="142">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: white;">Negativo N (%)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

  </td>

 </tr>

 <tr style="height: 8.5pt;">

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt; height: 8.5pt;" width="234">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">Quir&oacute;fano 1</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.2pt; height: 8.5pt;" width="134">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">1(6,6)</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; height: 8.5pt;" width="142">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">14(93,4)</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

 </tr>

 <tr style="height: 8.5pt;">

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(242, 247, 252) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 175.5pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 8.5pt;" width="234">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">Quir&oacute;fano 2</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(242, 247, 252) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 100.2pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 8.5pt;" width="134">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">0</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(242, 247, 252) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 106.3pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 8.5pt;" width="142">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">15(100)</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

 </tr>

 <tr style="height: 8.5pt;">

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt; height: 8.5pt;" width="234">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">Sala de cuidados intensivos Cama 1</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.2pt; height: 8.5pt;" width="134">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">2(20)</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; height: 8.5pt;" width="142">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">8(80)</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

 </tr>

 <tr style="height: 8.5pt;">

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(242, 247, 252) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 175.5pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 8.5pt;" width="234">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">Sala de cuidados intensivos Cama 2</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(242, 247, 252) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 100.2pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 8.5pt;" width="134">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">0</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt; background: rgb(242, 247, 252) none repeat scroll 0%; width: 106.3pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; height: 8.5pt;" width="142">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">10(100)</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

 </tr>

 <tr style="height: 8.5pt;">

  <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 32, 96); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt; height: 8.5pt;" width="234">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">Total</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 32, 96); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.2pt; height: 8.5pt;" width="134">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">3(6)</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

  <td style="border-style: none none solid; border-color: -moz-use-text-color -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 32, 96); border-width: medium medium 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt; height: 8.5pt;" width="142">
  
      <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: black;">50(94)</span><span style="font-size: 8pt; color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

  </td>

 </tr>

  </tbody>
</table>


</div>


<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;" lang="ES-PE">De las 3 cepas <i style="">S. aureus</i> aisladas a partir de muestras
ambientales, 2 (66,6%) fueron resistentes a penicilina y meticilina, por el
m&eacute;todo de difusi&oacute;n del disco en agar, mientras que, una cepa result&oacute; sensible a
estos dos antimicrobianos.<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;" lang="ES-PE">En relaci&oacute;n con la detecci&oacute;n de los genes de
resistencia a beta-lact&aacute;micos, las dos cepas resistentes, por el m&eacute;todo
fenot&iacute;pico, amplificaron los fragmentos 674pb y </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">310pb</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;" lang="ES-PE">,
por lo tanto, poseen los genes <span class="SpellE"><i style="">blaZ</i></span> y <span class="SpellE"><i style="">mecA</i></span>, que codifican para resistencia a penicilina y
meticilina, respectivamente (</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="#f1"><span style="" lang="ES-PE">Figuras 1</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;" lang="ES-PE"> y
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="#f2"><span style="" lang="ES-PE">2</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;" lang="ES-PE">).<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>


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<p class="TablaTitulo"><span style=""><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Figura 1.</span></b></span><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"> </span>Productos de PCR
para el gen <span class="SpellE"><i>blaZ</i></span> (674pb) en <i>S. aureus</i>
aislados de ambientes hospitalarios: carril 1: marcador de PM; carril 2 cepa
control positivo; carriles 3 cepa control negativo; carriles 4 cepa negativa:
carriles 5 y 6, cepas positivas.</span></p>


<span style=""></span>

<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>


<p class="TablaTitulo" style="margin-bottom: 18pt;"><a name="f2"><b><span style=""><v:shape id="Imagen_x0020_12" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style="width: 239.25pt; height: 171.75pt; visibility: visible;">
 <v:imagedata src="20072019_archivos/image007.png" o:title="">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b></a><span style=""><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>


<p class="TablaTitulo" style="margin-bottom: 18pt;"><span style=""><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Figura
2.</span></b></span><span style=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"> </span>Producto
de PCR para el gen <span class="SpellE">mecA</span> (310 pb) en <i>S. aureus</i>
aislados de ambientes hospitalarios: Carril 1 marcador de PM, Carril 2 cepa
control positivo, Carril 3 cepa control negativo, carril 4 cepa negativa,
carriles 5 y 6 cepas positivas.</span></p>


<span style=""></span>

<h1 style="margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Discusi&oacute;n<o:p></o:p></span></h1>


<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk5410378"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Las superficies ambientales, f&oacute;mites, equipos e instrumentos
m&eacute;dicos son reconocidos como importantes reservorios de pat&oacute;genos
intrahospitalarios productores de infecciones asociadas con cuidados de salud.
En este estudio, mediante el cual se evalu&oacute; la presencia de <i style="">S. aureus</i> en dos quir&oacute;fanos y una UCI,
se recuper&oacute; este microorganismo en 6% de las muestras analizadas. Los
resultados de esta investigaci&oacute;n coinciden con los reportados por Ch&aacute;vez y col <sup>(</sup></span></a><span style=""></span><a href="#r8"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">,
quienes analizaron la frecuencia de <i style="">S.
aureus</i></span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"> en varios servicios de un hospital de Cali-Colombia
y comunicaron 6,1% de aislamiento en la UCI. De igual modo, </span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Al-<span class="SpellE">Abdli</span>
y <span class="SpellE">BIau</span> <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r21"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">21</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">, reportaron 10% de <i style="">S. aureus</i> </span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">en la
unidad de di&aacute;lisis de un hospital de Libia; sin embargo, estos autores
comunicaron un porcentaje de recuperaci&oacute;n de este microrganismo en la UCI de
23,8%, lo cual discrepa de los resultados de este estudio. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Otros autores han hallado porcentajes ligeramente
superiores a los encontrados en este estudio. As&iacute;, <span class="SpellE">Gharsa</span>
y col <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r1"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">, en un estudio
realizado en diferentes servicios de un hospital de Tunes, reportaron 12% de <i style="">S. aureus;</i> estos aislamientos fueron
recuperados en diferentes unidades, mostrando una amplia distribuci&oacute;n de este
microorganismo en el ambiente hospitalario. Otros autores, <span class="SpellE">Ekrami</span>
y col <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r22"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">22</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">, <span class="SpellE">Mukhiya</span>
y col <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r23"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">23</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">, <span class="SpellE">Tagoe</span>
y Desbordes <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r24"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">24</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">, evaluaron la presencia
de esta bacteria en muestras provenientes de diversas superficies hospitalarias
y reportaron porcentajes de positividad similares que oscilan entre
13,7-14,42%.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Al contrastar las publicaciones de otros autores
con los resultados de la contaminaci&oacute;n de los ambientes hospitalarios evaluados
en esta investigaci&oacute;n, se aprecia una notable discrepancia en la frecuencia de
aislamiento de <i style="">S. aureus.</i> En este
sentido, Rivera y col <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r5"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">5</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">,
en un estudio realizado en un hospital de Per&uacute;, recuperaron 26,6% de <i style="">S. aureus</i> en muestras provenientes de </span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">salas de cirug&iacute;a y salas de parto</span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">:
mientras que,</span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"> <span class="SpellE">Oie</span> y col <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r25"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">25</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">, </span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">en
un centro de servicios de salud japon&eacute;s, comunicaron 27% de aislamiento de este
microorganismo en espec&iacute;menes recolectados de superficies inanimadas. Por otra
parte, </span></span><span style=""><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Odoya</span></span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"> y col <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r4"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">4</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">, en un hospital
nigeriano, </span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">indican contaminaci&oacute;n por este agente
microbiano superior al 50% en espec&iacute;menes ambientales de diversas &aacute;reas
hospitalarias. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Las variaciones en el aislamiento de pat&oacute;genos
hospitalarios, como <i style="">S. aureus</i>, pueden
relacionarse con factores como la t&eacute;cnica de muestreo, los m&eacute;todos de cultivo y
aislamiento bacteriano, la facilidad y grado de contaminaci&oacute;n de las
superficies y objetos inanimados, la capacidad de la cepa de mantenerse viable
por per&iacute;odos prolongados en ambientes secos, la resistencia bacteriana a los
desinfectantes y antis&eacute;pticos utilizados para la limpieza, la aglomeraci&oacute;n de
pacientes y personal en las salas de servicios de salud, la falta de protocolos
estandarizados para la higiene y desinfecci&oacute;n de los ambientes hospitalarios,
la frecuencia de brotes epid&eacute;micos en el hospital y la rotaci&oacute;n de pacientes en
las camas hospitalarias <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r15"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">15</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">,</span></sup></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r26"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">26</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Investigaciones a nivel mundial han analizado la
distribuci&oacute;n de <i style="">S. aureus</i> en
ambientes hospitalarios y; en general, existe consenso en cuanto a que estas
&aacute;reas constituyen reservorios de este pat&oacute;geno. No obstante, el papel de estas
superficies como fuente de infecci&oacute;n estafiloc&oacute;cica es controversial. Por una
parte, Price y col <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r27"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">27</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">, en un estudio
realizado en un centro de salud, encontraron que, aunque esta bacteria es
frecuentemente aislada en la UCI, s&oacute;lo en dos casos demostraron asociaci&oacute;n
directa entre el medio ambiente y la adquisici&oacute;n de infecci&oacute;n por <i style="">S. aureus</i>. Por otra parte, otros autores
<sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r14"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">14</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;"> indican que, cuando
los pacientes ocupan camas dejadas por otros, quienes han padecido infecciones
intrahospitalarias, tienen una mayor probabilidad de infectarse con el mismo
pat&oacute;geno; lo cual evidencia como las camas y las superficies adyacentes
representan fuentes de contaminaci&oacute;n microbiana.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Otros estudios han asociado la </span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">contaminaci&oacute;n de
las superficies ambientales con la mitad de las epidemias por </span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">SARM
</span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">en diversos hospitales. Adem&aacute;s, los datos de un estudio retrospectivo,
realizado por Watson y col <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r28"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">28</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">, entre 2005-2009, en diferentes
hospitales de California, Estados Unidos; establecieron una asociaci&oacute;n entre la
contaminaci&oacute;n ambiental y la transmisi&oacute;n de SARM y; adem&aacute;s, se demostr&oacute; que la
inclusi&oacute;n de protocolos estrictos de limpieza, favorecen la protecci&oacute;n de los
pacientes contra infecciones intrahospitalarias. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Desde el descubrimiento de la
penicilina, en 1940, el uso de este antibi&oacute;tico para el tratamiento de
infecciones por <i style="">S. aureus</i> y el r&aacute;pido
desarrollo de resistencia antimicrobiana han sido ampliamente documentados. En
la actualidad, aproximadamente, el 90% de las cepas aisladas de cuadros
cl&iacute;nicos son resistentes a penicilina <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r18"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">18</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">.
Ahora bien, los asilamientos de muestras ambientales obtenidos en esta
investigaci&oacute;n mostraron una alta resistencia a penicilina, puesto que, de las 3
cepas de <i style="">S. aureus</i> aisladas, 2
(66,6%) presentaron el gen <span class="SpellE"><i style="">blaZ</i></span> y el fenotipo de resistencia a penicilina. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Numerosas investigaciones cient&iacute;ficas
han evaluado la susceptibilidad a meticilina de <i style="">S. aureus</i> aislados a partir de muestras cl&iacute;nicas y de ambientes
hospitalarios. Las cepas resistentes a este antibi&oacute;tico tambi&eacute;n lo son a la
mayor&iacute;a de los antimicrobianos beta-lact&aacute;micos <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r1"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">;
adem&aacute;s, los aislamientos resistentes a meticilina suelen portar genes de
resistencia a m&uacute;ltiples antibi&oacute;ticos, lo cual puede limitar el uso de otros
antimicrobianos para el tratamiento de cuadros cl&iacute;nicos provocados por SARM. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">El porcentaje de resistencia a
meticilina de las cepas ambientales de <i style="">S.
aureus</i> aisladas en esta investigaci&oacute;n fue de 66,6% (2/3), resultados
similares han sido reportados por </span></span><span style=""><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Wille</span></span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">
y col <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r29"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">29</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">, quienes comunicaron 64% de aislamientos
resistentes a meticilina en muestras de superficies inanimadas. De igual modo, <span class="SpellE">Ekrami</span> y col <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r22"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">22</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">, analizaron el comportamiento frente a
este agente antimicrobiano de cepas de <i style="">S.
aureus</i> obtenidas de muestras del medio ambiente de siete hospitales iran&iacute;es
y publicaron 60% de resistencia. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Otros
autores </span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Ch&aacute;vez y col, en Colombia <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r8"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">8</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">;
<span class="SpellE">Mukhiya</span> y col <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r23"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">23</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">,
en Nepal y </span></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Al-<span class="SpellE">Abdli</span> <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r21"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">21</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">, en Libia; analizaron los patrones de
susceptibilidad a meticilina en aislados de diferentes &aacute;reas hospitalarias y
encontraron entre 32-45,9% de resistencia a este antimicrobiano. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">En
contraste con los resultados de este estudio, Price y col <sup>(</sup></span></span><span style=""></span><a href="#r27"><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt;">27</span></sup></span></a><span style=""><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">)</span></sup></span><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">, evaluaron la transmisi&oacute;n de <i style="">S. aureus</i> entre trabajadores de salud,
medio ambiente y pacientes de una UCI. Durante el an&aacute;lisis, los autores
obtuvieron 12,92% de resistencia a meticilina en las cepas de <i style="">S. aureus</i> ambientales. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">En conclusi&oacute;n, la baja frecuencia de aislamientos
de <i>S. aureus</i> en este estudio puede estar relacionada con los ambientes
muestreados; ya que, las superficies examinadas est&aacute;n ubicadas en &aacute;reas en las
cuales se hace &eacute;nfasis en la aplicaci&oacute;n de protocolos de higiene y desinfecci&oacute;n
para asegurar una adecuada descontaminaci&oacute;n. Por otra parte, el volumen de
pacientes atendidos en el hospital es relativamente bajo; por lo tanto, no
existen condiciones de hacinamiento debidas a la aglomeraci&oacute;n de pacientes y
personal de salud, que faciliten la transmisi&oacute;n de microorganismos. Adem&aacute;s, la
media de estancia hospitalaria es baja, lo cual disminuye las posibilidades de
transmisi&oacute;n de pat&oacute;genos entre los pacientes. No obstante, es necesario el
an&aacute;lisis de otras salas del hospital, para evaluar su papel como posibles
reservorios de <i style="">S. aureus</i> y otros
pat&oacute;genos intrahospitalarios.<b> <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">En vista que, la mayor&iacute;a
de los aislamientos de <i style="">S. aureus</i>
obtenidos portaban genes de resistencia a penicilina y meticilina, es
recomendable mantener medidas de vigilancia epidemiol&oacute;gica de la resistencia de
las cepas aisladas, tanto de pacientes como de superficies ambientales, a fin
de controlar la diseminaci&oacute;n de cepas multirresistentes, principalmente SARM;
importante pat&oacute;geno intrahospitalario productor de procesos infecciosos graves
que pueden prolongar la estancia hospitalaria, generar altos costos y
comprometer la vida del paciente. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: windowtext;">Esta investigaci&oacute;n se vio
limitada por la falta de protocolos estandarizados para la evaluaci&oacute;n de la
contaminaci&oacute;n microbiana de los ambientes hospitalarios.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>


<span style=""></span>

<h1 style="margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Conflicto de
Intereses<o:p></o:p></span></h1>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Los autores declaran no
presentar conflictos de intereses.<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<h1 style="margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Referencias
Bibliogr&aacute;ficas<o:p></o:p></span></h1>


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<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify;"><a name="r24"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoSubtleReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Century Gothic&quot;,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);" lang="EN-US"><span style="">24.<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--></a><span class="SpellE"><span style=""><span class="MsoSubtleReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Century Gothic&quot;,sans-serif;" lang="EN-US">Tagoe</span></span></span></span><span style=""><span class="MsoSubtleReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Century Gothic&quot;,sans-serif;" lang="EN-US"> DN, <span class="SpellE">Desbordes</span> KK. Investigating potential sources of
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<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: justify;"><a name="r28"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoSubtleReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Century Gothic&quot;,sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"><span style="">28.<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="MsoSubtleReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Century Gothic&quot;,sans-serif;" lang="EN-US">Watson PA, Watson LR, </span></span></a><span class="SpellE"><span style=""><span class="MsoSubtleReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Century Gothic&quot;,sans-serif;" lang="EN-US">Torress</span></span></span></span><span style=""><span class="MsoSubtleReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Century Gothic&quot;,sans-serif;" lang="EN-US">-Cook A.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 18pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0cm;" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">Contribuci&oacute;n de los Autores:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>


<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);">ATC y OBP:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(0, 32, 96);"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">concepci&oacute;n y dise&ntilde;o del estudio, an&aacute;lisis e interpretaci&oacute;n de
datos, an&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;stico, revisi&oacute;n cr&iacute;tica del art&iacute;culo. Elaboraci&oacute;n del
manuscrito y aprobaci&oacute;n de la versi&oacute;n final a ser publicada.<o:p></o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>


<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(213, 220, 228) none repeat scroll 0%; text-indent: 0cm; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">&copy;2019. Los Autores. </span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: &quot;Gill Sans Ultra Bold&quot;,sans-serif;">Kasmera</span></span><span style="font-size: 8pt;">. Publicaci&oacute;n del Departamento de <span class="CuadroIdentificacinCar"><span style="">Enfermedades
Infecciosas y Tropicales de la Facultad de Medicina. Universidad del Zulia.
Maracaibo-Venezuela. Este</span></span> es un art&iacute;culo de acceso abierto
distribuido bajo los t&eacute;rminos de la licencia <span class="SpellE">Creative</span>
<span class="SpellE">Commons</span> atribuci&oacute;n no comercial (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</a>)
que permite el uso no comercial, distribuci&oacute;n y reproducci&oacute;n sin restricciones
en cualquier medio, siempre y cuando la obra original sea debidamente citada<o:p></o:p></span></p>


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style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span><span
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