Document Title,Abstract,Year,PDF Link,label
Efficient color correction approach for phase unwrapping based on color-encoded digital fringe projection,"A highly efficient color correction approach based on color-encoded fringe projection is proposed, which combine color image segmentation and color intensity interpolation technique. Only 24 designed color patterns are projected and recorded to implement the process with a high brightness DLP projector and a color camera. To establish the correspondence between the designed color intensity and recorded color intensity, the recorded image is firstly segmented into some adjacent grid region by neighboring pixel intensity fitting error, the grid region is then grown to the region boundary employing some process algorithm, thirdly, the region number is labeled and adjusted based on the designed color pattern by searching the region centre coordinate and applying a man-machine conversation method, finally, the color correspondence relation is established according to the designed color pattern pixel index and the labeled grid region number of recorded image. While doing the color correction, firstly, the initial color intensity is searched according to the minimum color distance between the recorded color and designed color. Secondly, color interpolation is implemented to obtain the true color intensity correspondence to recorded color. The proposed approach validity is testified by experiment results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5564281,no
Fault diagnosis systems development for Fuel Cell Vehicle,"A hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicle is developed, in which a distributed control and communication system based on CAN (Controller Area Network) is built. For vehicle diagnostic purpose, a new on-board fault diagnosis strategy is presented. There are two efficient automotive diagnostic systems based on CAN designed and implemented in this paper: (1)CANoe is a powerful CAN development tool. A fault diagnosis environment based on CANoe is established to satisfy the needs of on-board and off-board fault diagnosis application of FCV. By setting up the communication interface between CANoe and Access, the vehicle fault codes are collected and stored. Meanwhile a database is designed for the management of fault information. (2) A hand-held fault diagnosis equipment as well as a windows analyzer interface is set up. All fault information from FCVpsilas CAN network can be gotten easily by the equipment. With the Serial Communication between the equipment and PC, the fault codes stored in the equipment can be read, analyzed and disposed by PC.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4677487,no
The Two-Level-Turn-Model Fault-Tolerant Routing Scheme in Tori with Convex and Concave Faults,"A kind of routing scheme with the ability to tolerate the faults is necessary in the massively parallel multiprocessors. In this paper, we have proposed a kind of fault-tolerant routing scheme in the tori networks. The new routing scheme is called the two-level-turn-model routing scheme, which is based on our investigation of the fault-tolerant properties of the turn-model. Through employing two specific kinds of turn model, our routing scheme could tolerate the convex faults and the concave faults both with a few limitations to their shape. At most five virtual channels would be used to avoid the deadlock occurrence in the tori, no matter whether the fault regions are connected and no matter where the faults locate. Actually, if the fault regions encompass no physical boundary nodes in the tori, totally four virtual channels, each pair for each turn model, would be sufficient to preclude the occurrence of the deadlock. At last, the simulation shows the effectiveness of our scheme.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5070601,no
Slicing and dicing bugs in concurrent programs,"A lack of scalable verification tools for concurrent programs has not allowed concurrent software development to keep abreast with hardware trends in multi-core technologies. The growing complexity of modern concurrent systems necessitates the use of abstractions in order to verify all the expected behaviors of the system. Current abstraction refinement techniques are restricted to verifying mostly sequential and simpler concurrent programs. In this work, we present a novel incremental underapproximation technique that uses program slicing. Based on a reachability property, an initial backward slice for a single thread is generated. The information in the program slice is coupled with a concrete execution to drive the lone thread; generating an underapproximation of the program behavior space. If the target location is reached in the underapproximation, then we have an actual concrete trace. Otherwise, the initial single-thread slice is refined to include another thread that affects the reachability of the target location. In this case, the concrete execution only considers the two threads in the slice and preemption points between the threads only occur at locations in the slice. This refinement process is repeated until the target location is reached or is shown to be unreachable. Initial results indicate that the incremental technique can potentially allow the discovery of errors in larger systems using fewer resources and produce a better reduction in systems that are correct.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062158,no
Cross-layer error resilience for robust systems,"A large class of robust electronic systems of the future must be designed to perform correctly despite hardware failures. In contrast, today's mainstream systems typically assume error-free hardware. Classical fault-tolerant computing techniques are too expensive for this purpose. This paper presents an overview of new techniques that can enable a sea change in the design of cost-effective robust systems. These techniques utilize globally-optimized cross-layer approaches, i.e., across device, circuit, architecture, runtime, and application layers, to overcome hardware failures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5654129,no
Search-based Prediction of Fault-slip-through in Large Software Projects,"A large percentage of the cost of rework can be avoided by finding more faults earlier in a software testing process. Therefore, determination of which software testing phases to focus improvements work on, has considerable industrial interest. This paper evaluates the use of five different techniques, namely particle swarm optimization based artificial neural networks (PSO-ANN), artificial immune recognition systems (AIRS), gene expression programming (GEP), genetic programming (GP) and multiple regression (MR), for predicting the number of faults slipping through unit, function, integration and system testing phases. The objective is to quantify improvement potential in different testing phases by striving towards finding the right faults in the right phase. We have conducted an empirical study of two large projects from a telecommunication company developing mobile platforms and wireless semiconductors. The results are compared using simple residuals, goodness of fit and absolute relative error measures. They indicate that the four search-based techniques (PSO-ANN, AIRS, GEP, GP) perform better than multiple regression for predicting the fault-slip-through for each of the four testing phases. At the unit and function testing phases, AIRS and PSO-ANN performed better while GP performed better at integration and system testing phases. The study concludes that a variety of search-based techniques are applicable for predicting the improvement potential in different testing phases with GP showing more consistent performance across two of the four test phases.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635180,no
Logic fault test simulation environment for IP core-based digital systems,A logic fault test simulation environment for core-based digital systems is proposed in this paper. The simulation environment emulates a typical built-in self-test (BIST) environment with test pattern generator that sends its outputs to a circuit under test (CUT) and the output streams from the CUT are fed into a response data analyzer. The developed simulator is suitable for testing digital IP cores. The paper describes in details the test architecture and application of the logic fault simulator. Some partial simulation results on ISCAS 85 combinational and ISCAS 89 sequential benchmark circuits are provided.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5235951,no
IP core logic fault test simulation environment,"A low-level logic fault test simulation environment for embedded systems directed specifically towards application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and intellectual property (IP) cores is proposed in the paper. The developed simulation environment emulates a typical builtin self-testing (BIST) architecture with automatic test pattern generator (ATPG) that sends its outputs to a circuit (core) under test (CUT) and the output streams from the CUT are fed into an output response analyzer (ORA). The paper delineates the development of the test architecture, test application and fault injection including the relevance of the logic fault simulator.in great details. Some results on simulation on specific IP cores designed using combinations from ISCAS 85 combinational and ISCAS 89 sequential benchmark circuits are provided as well for evaluation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5488199,no
Surface Defects Inspection System Based on Machine Vision,"A machine vision based tinplate surface inspection system was developed. The system was composed of two parallel line scan CCD cameras, a special designed wide field illumination, which can overcome the vibration of tinplate, and a software based on SOM (Self-Organizing Feature Map) neural network. The images of tinplate were captured by cameras. All kinds of defects candidates such as pinholes, scallops, dust and scratches were found out, and their features can be extracted and selected from images. These candidates were distinguished by the SOM neural network to find out real defects. The inspection speed reached up to 1.4 m/s, and the resolution was 0.1 mm, and recognition rate was 95.45%.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5631800,no
Inspection system for detecting defects in a transistor using Artificial neural network (ANN),"A machine vision system based on ANN for identification of defects occurred in transistor fabrication is presented in this paper. The developed intelligent system can identify commonly occurring errors in the transistor fabrication. The developed machine vision and ANN module is compared with the commercial MATLAB<sup></sup> software and found results were satisfactory. This work is broadly divided into four stages, namely intelligent inspection system, machine vision module, ANN module and Inspection expert system. In the first a system with a camera is developed to capture the various segments of the transistor. The second stage is the image processing stage, in this the captured bitmap format image of the transistor is filtered and its size is altered to an acceptable size for the developed ANN using Set Partitioning Hierarchical Tree (SPIHT). These modified data are given as input to the ANN in the third stage. Generalized ANN with Back propagation algorithm is used to inspect the transistor. The ANN is trained and the weight values are updated in such a way that the error in identification is the least possible. The output of ANN is the inspected report. The developed system is explained with a real time industrial application. Thus, the developed algorithms will solve most of the problems in identifying defects in a transistor.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5738806,no
Fabric defect detection based on open source computer vision library OpenCV,"A method for fabric defect detection based on OpenCV with rich computer vision and image processing algorithms and functions is presented. Firstly, OpenCV image processing functions implement fabric image preprocessing. We use morphological opening and closing operations to segment image because of their blur defects. Secondly, seed filling algorithm is applied to connect broke lines to keep defect edge smoothing. Finally, the edge detection function is to complete accurate positioning defects. Experimental results under Borland C++ Builder 6.0 show that OpenCV based fabric defect detection methods are simple, high code integration, accurate defects positioning, which can be applied to develop real-time fabric defect detection system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5555633,no
Detection and Correction of Lip-Sync Errors Using Audio and Video Fingerprints,"A method for measuring and maintaining time synchronization between an audio and video stream is described. Audio and video fingerprints are used to create a combined audio/video synchronization signature (A/V Sync Signature) at a known reference point. This signature is used at later points to measure audio/video timing synchronization relative to the reference point. This method may be used, for example, to automatically detect and correct audio/video synchronization (i.e. lip-sync) errors in broadcast systems and other applications.  Advantages of the method described over other existing methods include that it does not require modification of the audio or video signals, it can respond to dynamically changing synchronization errors, and it is designed to be robust to modifications of the audio/video signals.  While the system requires data to be conveyed to the detection point, this data does not need to be synchronized with, or directly attached to, the audio or video streams. As this method uses fingerprints it also enables other fingerprinting applications within systems, such as content identification and verification. In addition, it may be used to maintain synchronization of other metadata associated with audio/video streams.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7269123,no
A Method for Optimum Test Point Selection and Fault Diagnosis Strategy for BIT of Avionic System,"A method for optimum test point selection and the fault diagnosis strategy which is based on the fault message matrix and features of BIT is proposed. The fault message matrix is divided based on the weight of the test points The diagnosis strategy is determined using dividing the fault message matrix and the thought of detecting first and isolating next. Result shows that the optimum method is suitable for BIT to select the appropriate test points and fault diagnosis procedure. Besides, average numbers of test steps were reduced.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4960753,no
A practical methodology for experimental fault injection to test complex network-based systems,"A methodology for dependability assessment of complex computer systems, such as fault tolerant grids, is presented in this paper. The methodology uses communication fault injection and was built by adapting a widely accepted approach for performance analysis. To demonstrate its applicability and usefulness, the methodology was applied to a third party grid platform using a fault injector we are developing. The paper reasons about the advantages of this methodology to perform fault injection campaigns in the prototype phase of a system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4813788,no
Inverted defected ground structure for microstrip line filters reducing packaging complexity,"A new defected ground structure for microstrip line circuits was introduced by keeping the ground plane of the circuit fully metallized and etching the slots on the superstrate, which is directly lain on the top of the substrate. The metal of the superstrate is connected by via holes to the ground plane. The structure has the great advantage in reducing the packaging complexity, since it can be directly based on the carrier block without the need of machining a recessed region in it. Moreover, a higher Q-factor is obtained for this kind of structures. The low-pass filter based on this structure was designed, fabricated and measured. The DGS structure located on the superstrate provides the transmission zeros improving the steepness of the transmission characteristic and the attenuation in the stop-band. The filter insertion losses are better than 0.4 dB. The measured data fit well the results of MoM simulation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4958684,no
A fast and efficient H.264 error concealment technique based on coding modes,"A new error concealment technique based on the coding modes is proposed for H.264 video sequences. The motion-compensation modes (i.e., block-partitioning types) of surrounding macroblocks are employed to predict the mode of a lost macroblock. This adaptive selection mechanism is combined with a refined set of candidate motion vectors. Experimental results show that the proposed method, as compared to the technique used in the JM reference software, provides 1 to 2 dB gain in PSNR with only 50% increase in computation time.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463091,no
New fault tolerant robotic central controller for space robot system based on ARM processor,"A new fault tolerant robotic central controller with dual processing modules is introduced. Each processing module is composed of 32 bit ARM RISC processor and other commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) devices. As well as, a set of fault handling mechanisms is implemented in the robotic central controller, which can tolerate a single fault. The robotic central controller software based on VxWorks is organized around a set of processes that communicate between each other through a routing process. Considering the demanding of the extremely tight constraints on mass, volume, power consumption and space environmental conditions, the new fault tolerant robotic central controller has been developed. Its excellent data processing capability is enough to meet the space robot missions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4608500,no
Unreliability tracing technique for system components based on the fault tree analysis,"A new method is developed for tracing the unreliability contributions of system components and recognizing the system weak parts using the fault tree analysis (FTA). The method is based on the minimum cut set (MCS) algorithm for evaluating the system reliability using the FTA and the proportional sharing principle (PSP). The fault tree can be expressed as MCSs and the system unreliability can be mathematically expressed by a certain terms of probability of occurrence of MCSs. A unreliability tracing (UT) principle is proposed for allocating the probability of each term to the basic events fairly and reasonably, and then the direct contribution relationship between the system unreliability and basic events can be established. The system UT sharing factors (UTSFs) are derived to easily identify the weakness parts in a system. The applicability of the proposed methods is illustrated by case studies of a simple system and a multiple-output power distribution system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5528944,no
The discovery of the fault location in NIGS,"A new method is discovered for calculating the fault distance of the overhead line of the Neutral Indirect Grounded System (NIGS) in power distribution networks, in which the single phase to ground fault point or distance is difficult to detect, because the zero sequence current is in lower value. It is found that the information of the fault distance is kept in the zero sequence voltage vector which may be measured at the tail terminal of the questioned line by digging the data. Then an algorithm to calculate the fault location on the overhead lines is proposed by considering that the zero sequence voltage vector at the tail terminal. The value of the zero sequence voltage is determined by the fault location, and the phase angle also contains the distance traveled by the load current to the fault point. The system analysis for parameters is conducted for the NIGS by considering line is actual and by the two terminals' parameters.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5569691,no
Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Feature Weighted FCM Cluster Analysis,"A new method of fault diagnosis based on feature weighted FCM is presented. Feature-weight assigned to a feature indicates the importance of the feature. This paper shows that an appropriate assignment of feature-weight can improve the performance of fuzzy c-means clustering. Feature evaluation based on class separability criterion is discussed in this paper. Experiment shows that the algorithm is able to reliably recognize not only different fault categories but also fault severities. Therefore, it is a promising approach to fault diagnosis of rotating machinery.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722953,no
Development of simulation model based on directed fault propagation graph,"A new method of simulation model is presented in this paper in order to deal with system based fault mode and effect analysis model in modern complex system with large structure. Directed fault propagation graph model based on fault influence degree is proposed and fault propagation model is put forward. With the definition of direct fault propagation influence degree and indirect fault propagation influence degree is introduced, the algorithm of propagation and search method for fault propagation model is discussed. Visualization simulation system based on directed fault propagation graph is developed with object oriented method according to the proposed fault analysis model. The Simulation system can used for fault propagation analysis and fault influence of exist complex system, simulation result can be validated and verified by control area network platform, the method is useful for fault diagnosis and analysis model in modern large complex system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5620730,no
Single-stage Flyback converter for led driver with inductor voltage detection power factor correction,"A constant current output Flyback converter with power factor correction used for LED driving is presented in this paper. The inductor voltage detection method is applied and acquired the inductor voltage to generate the control signal. Based on this design principle, the inner loop of input current shaping is eliminating, the input voltage sensing and multiplier are also not necessary. The simulation and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control scheme based on the lab prototype boards. The output load condition is set from full load to light load, and the results show that the system drives the LEDs with high power factor.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5515433,no
Control chart of mean with low alpha error probability,"A control chart of adjustment center imbalance of process with low alpha error probability and stability to unknown distribution parameter is designed. At the heart of algorithm is hypothesis check criterion. According to results of current controlled parameter measurements at every step is made a calculation of line inclination value and is tested hypothesis of its equality to null. If we accept this hypothesis, we consider the current process to be disordered.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4897155,no
Superconducting Fault Current Limiter Application for Reduction of the Transformer Inrush Current: A Decision Scheme of the Optimal Insertion Resistance,"A conventional superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is usually only connected to a power system for fault current limitation. The study described in this paper, however, attempts to use the hybrid SFCL application to reduce the transformer inrush current. To accomplish this, this paper first suggests the concepts to expand the scope of the SFCL application in the power system. The power system operator should first determine the proper amount of current-limiting resistance (CLR) of the hybrid SFCL. Therefore, this paper suggests a decision scheme of the optimal insertion resistance in an SFCL application to reduce the transformer inrush current. This scheme and the SFCL model are implemented using the electromagnetic transient program (EMTP). We determine the optimal CLR by EMTP simulation, and this value is applied to model the SFCL by the EMTP. The simulation results show the validity and effectiveness of the suggested scheme and the ability of the SFCL to reduce the inrush current.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5482050,no
Detection and Diagnosis of Recurrent Faults in Software Systems by Invariant Analysis,"A correctly functioning enterprise-software system exhibits long-term, stable correlations between many of its monitoring metrics. Some of these correlations no longer hold when there is an error in the system, potentially enabling error detection and fault diagnosis. However, existing approaches are inefficient, requiring a large number of metrics to be monitored and ignoring the relative discriminative properties of different metric correlations. In enterprise-software systems, similar faults tend to reoccur. It is therefore possible to significantly improve existing correlation-analysis approaches by learning the effects of common recurrent faults on correlations. We present methods to determine the most significant correlations to track for efficient error detection, and the correlations that contribute the most to diagnosis accuracy. We apply machine learning to identify the relevant correlations, removing the need for manually configured correlation thresholds, as used in the prior approaches. We validate our work on a multi-tier enterprise-software system. We are able to detect and correctly diagnose 8 of 10 injected faults to within three possible causes, and to within two in 7 out of 8 cases. This compares favourably with the existing approaches whose diagnosis accuracy is 3 out of 10 to within 3 possible causes. We achieve a precision of at least 95%.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4708890,no
CRINet: A secure and fault-tolerant data collection scheme using 3-way forwarding and group key management in wireless sensor networks,"A critical security threat in a WSN is the compromising of sensor nodes. Not only can attackers use such vulnerability to eavesdrop on the dataflow, but could also inject bogus information into the network. However, most current secure data collection methods trade fault-tolerant ability for end-to-end protection, thus with poor performance. This work proposes CRINet, a secure and fault-tolerant data collection scheme with group key management mechanism. To achieve high reliability, sensing data would be transferred to the sink through multi-path. EBS is applied in CRINet for group key management in order to reduce re-key efforts. Simulation results demonstrate that CRINet scheme is superior in terms of data confidentiality and availability.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5068959,no
Design of circular split-ring type Defected Ground Structure as elliptic filters,"A Defected Ground Structure in the metallic ground plane of a microstrip line is attractive solution for achieving finite pass band, rejection band and slow-wave characteristics. A split-ring shaped DGS structure has a high selectivity would be preferable owing to the demand for currently expanding communication systems within finite spectrum resources. First of all a split-ring type DGS unit slot is designed underneath a pair of T-shaped microstrip line. [1-4]. Thus just applying a T section at the upper plane of DGS unit a lowpass filter can be changed to a sharp response highpass filters.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5430619,no
Depth Image-Based Temporal Error Concealment for 3-D Video Transmission,"A depth image-based error concealment algorithm for 3-D video transmission is proposed, which utilizes the strong correlations between 2-D video and its corresponding the depth map. We first investigate the internal characteristics of the macroblock in the depth map, and then take advantage of these characteristics to recover accurately the lost motion vector for the corrupted blocks, with the joint consideration of the neighbor information and the corresponding depth. Experimental results show that the proposed method provides significant improvements in terms of both objective and subjective evaluations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5308355,no
CPN model for a Hierarchical Fault Tolerance Protocol for Mobile Agent systems,"A mobile agent (MA) is an autonomous and identifiable software process that travels through a network of heterogeneous machines and acts autonomously on behalf of the user. Improving the survivability of MA in presence of various faults is the major issue concerned with implementation of MA. This paper presents a hierarchical fault tolerance protocol (HFTP) for mobile agents, which can tolerate host failure, system failure as well as link failure by grouping the hosts within a network and rear guard based migration of MA in the global network. It also presents Colored Petri Net (CPN) based architectural modeling of HFTP, which includes systematic specification, design and implementation of components of the system. Various useful results have been drawn by simulation as well as data collector and monitoring tools. We also present a formal analysis of the protocol.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4772581,no
Torsional oscillations of the turbine-generator due to network faults,"A model of the electromechanical system, suitable for the analysis of torsional oscillations due to the power system's faults, is established. Results of an example of computer simulation of transient torsional torques in the shaft-line due to a three-phase fault and the subsequent fault clearing, as obtained by the model, are presented. Effect of chosen fault clearing time is discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5606642,no
A model-based approach for fault-tolerant control,"A model-based controller architecture for fault-tolerant control (FTC) is presented in this paper. The controller architecture is based on the Youla-Jabr-Bongiorno-Kucera (YJBK) parameterization. The FTC architecture consists of two central parts, fault detection and isolation (FDI) part and a controller reconfiguration part. The theoretical basis for the architecture will be given followed by an investigation of the single parts in the architecture. At last, system interconnection will be considered with respect to the described controller architecture.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675947,no
Research of Remote Fault Diagnosis System Based on Multi-Agent,"A Multi-agent based Remote fault Diagnosis system is an important system for high speed and automation which can not only monitor the status of the remote device, but serve for the remote device. Remote Fault diagnosis system are vital aspects in automation process, in this sense, remote diagnosis systems should support decision-making tools, the enterprise thinking and flexibility. In this paper a kind of Remote Diagnosis System based on multi-agent is presented. This model is based on a generic framework using multi-agent systems. Specifically, this paper analyses the architecture of Remote Fault Diagnosis System and the collaboration mechanism between Agents. The method brought forward in the paper was generally applicable to a general fault diagnosis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5629626,no
A Multiple Faults Test Generation Algorithm Based on Neural Networks and Chaotic Searching for Digital Circuits,A multiple faults test generation algorithm based neural networks for digital circuits is proposed in this paper because the test generation for multiple faults in digital circuits is more difficult. This algorithm change multiple faults into single fault firstly and constructs the constraint network of the fault for the single fault circuit with method of neural networks. The test vectors for multiple faults in the original circuit can be obtained by solving the minimum of energy function of the constraint network for the fault with chaotic searching method. The experimental results on some international standard circuits demonstrate the feasibility of the algorithm.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676989,no
Multiwave interaction analysis of a coaxial Bragg structure with a localized defect introduced in sinusoidal corrugations,"A multiwave interaction formulation is presented to investigate the effects of a localized defect on the reflective spectrum of a coaxial Bragg structure with sinusoidal corrugations. Good agreement has been achieved between the theoretical results obtained by the present formulation and those simulated by the software HFSS, which confirms the validity and the significance of the multiwave interaction formulation. It is found that, the localized defect creates defected eigenmodes within each reflective band gap of the initial standard Bragg structure, which the parameter can be controlled by the location of the localized defect.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5384209,no
A Zero Module Current Obtaining Approach Based on Magnetic Induction for Single Phase Grounding Fault,"A new approach based on the magnetic field induction is presented to obtain transient zero module current for single phase grounding gault of overhead lines. The paper analyses the characteristics of magnetic field around the overhead lines and presents the magnetic field under the lines is proportional to the zero module current, and the zero module current can be measured by inducting the magnetic field. The paper proposes a zero-module current obtaining approach using a hall sensor to induct magnetic field, and elaborates the solution to the key issues in practical applications, at last simulation and experiment results demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5449339,no
Design and realization of a new compact branch-line coupler using defected ground structure,"A new compact branch-line directional coupler is proposed combined the T-model branch line coupler with defected ground structure (DGS). Using transmission theory, the parameter selection limit about the T-Model equivalent structure is discussed firstly. Then a T-model branch line coupler with DGS is proposed and optimum designed with simulation software. The measurement results show that the proposed coupler has the advantages as compact and well passband flatness.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4734818,no
"Decoding of the (24, 12, 8) extended golay code up to four errors","A new decoder is proposed to decode the (24, 12, 8) binary extended Golay code up to four errors. It consists of the conventional hard decoder for correcting up to three errors, the detection algorithm for four errors and the soft decoding for four errors. For a weight-4 error in a received 24-bit word, Method 1 or 2 is developed to determine all six possible error patterns. The emblematic probability value of each error pattern is then defined as the product of four individual bit-error probabilities corresponding to the locations of the four errors. The most likely one among these six error patterns is obtained by choosing the maximum of the emblematic probability values of all possible error patterns. Finally, simulation results of this decoder in additive white Gaussian noise show that at least 93% and 99% of weight-4 error patterns that occur are corrected if the two E<sub>b</sub>/N<sub>0</sub> ratios are greater than 2 and 5 dB, respectively. Consequently, the proposed method can achieve a better percentage of successful decoding for four errors at variable signal-to-noise ratios than Lu et al.'s algorithm in software. However, the speed of the method is slower than Lu et al.'s algorithm.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4777677,no
Determining the Amount of Audio-Video Synchronization Errors Perceptible to the Average End-User,"<para> The Media and Acoustics Perception Lab (MAPL) designed a study to determine the minimum amount of audio-visual synchronization (a/v sync) errors that can be detected by end-users. Lip synchronization is the most noticeable a/v sync error, and was used as the testing stimuli to determine the perceptual threshold of audio leading errors. The results of the experiment determined that the average audio leading threshold for a/v sync detection was 185.19 ms, with a standard deviation of 42.32 ms. This threshold determination of lip sync error (with audio leading) will be widely used for validation and verification infrastructures across the industry. By implementing an objective pass/fail value into software, the system or network under test is held against criteria which were derived from a scientific subjective test. </para>",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4599253,no
"Automated fault data collection, analysis, and reporting","A brief summary of the NERC Classification and Standards, NERC standards for Digital Fault Recorders and requirements for Automated Fault reporting are presented. This paper describes a method for meeting these requirements. A common architecture is proposed to implement an automated data collection tool utilizing the existing infrastructure. Two data transfer tools are described & compared. In addition to meeting NERC requirements for Disturbance Monitoring Equipment, the benefits of implementing an enterprise-wide Network Based Fault Data Collection and Analysis system are discussed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275547,no
Comparison of the main types of fault-tolerant electrical drives used in vehicle applications,"A comparative study of several fault-tolerant electrical drives is presented in this paper. As the application is concerned, the authorspsila attention was oriented towards the vehicle transportation. Thus, the main electrical drives under study are: the induction, the switched reluctance and the permanent magnet synchronous machine, respectively. The present work will explore the aforementioned drivespsila capabilities in terms of fault-tolerant operation. The authors present a substantial study for the fault-tolerant issue in electrical drives by using finite element method (FEM). During this numerical analysis many phenomenon will be emphasized and, coming together with some tests, final conclusions will be depicted.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4581328,no
Coverage method for FPGA fault logic blocks by spares,"A fault coverage method for digital system-on-chip by means of traversal the logic block matrix to repair the FPGA components is proposed. A method enables to obtain the solution in the form of quasioptimal coverage for all faulty blocks by minimum number of spare tiles. A choice one of two traversal strategies for rows or columns of a logic block matrix on the basis of the structurization criteria, which determine a number of faulty blocks, reduced to the unit modified matrix of rows or columns is realized.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5742089,no
"A comparative analysis of network dependability, fault-tolerance, reliability, security, and survivability","A number of qualitative and quantitative terms are used to describe the performance of what has come to be known as information systems, networks or infrastructures. However, some of these terms either have overlapping meanings or contain ambiguities in their definitions presenting problems to those who attempt a rigorous evaluation of the performance of such systems. The phenomenon arises because the wide range of disciplines covered by the term information technology have developed their own distinct terminologies. This paper presents a systematic approach for determining common and complementary characteristics of five widely-used concepts, dependability, fault-tolerance, reliability, security, and survivability. The approach consists of comparing definitions, attributes, and evaluation measures for each of the five concepts and developing corresponding relations. Removing redundancies and clarifying ambiguities will help the mapping of broad user-specified requirements into objective performance parameters for analyzing and designing information infrastructures.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5039586,no
NoC Interface for fault-tolerant Message-Passing communication on Multiprocessor SoC platform,A prevalent design paradigm in electronic systems design is the usage of multiple programmable processors on general purpose Multiprocessor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) platforms where processors and other sub-systems communicate through communication infrastructures called Network-on-Chip (NoC). This paper presents a new approach to a NoC Interface (NI) called Micronswitch Interface (MSI) designed for message-passing communication with a light-weight Micron Message-Passing (MMP) protocol on Micronmesh MPSoC platform. The operation of the MSI Hardware (HW) and Software (SW) are tightly coupled with that of the MMP protocol in order to improve communication performance. The MSI provides mechanisms for efficient buffer management and fault-tolerant communication which will be necessary for reliable and efficient operation of the MPSoCs. Performance analyses show that the MSI is also able to produce a good throughput and latency.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5397848,no
Do stack traces help developers fix bugs?,"A widely shared belief in the software engineering community is that stack traces are much sought after by developers to support them in debugging. But limited empirical evidence is available to confirm the value of stack traces to developers. In this paper, we seek to provide such evidence by conducting an empirical study on the usage of stack traces by developers from the ECLIPSE project. Our results provide strong evidence to this effect and also throws light on some of the patterns in bug fixing using stack traces. We expect the findings of our study to further emphasize the importance of adding stack traces to bug reports and that in the future, software vendors will provide more support in their products to help general users make such information available when filing bug reports.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463280,no
Architectural and Behavioral Modeling with AADL for Fault Tolerant Embedded Systems,"AADL is an architecture description language intended for model-based engineering of high-integrity systems. The AADL Behavior Annex is an extension allowing the refinement of behavioral aspects described through AADL. When implementing Distributed Real-time Embedded system, fault tolerance concerns are integrated by applying replication patterns. We considered a simplified design of the primary backup replication pattern to express the modeling capabilities of AADL and its annex. Our contribution intends to give accurate description of the synchronization mechanisms integrated in this example.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5479572,no
An Initial Study on the Bug Report Duplication Problem,"According to recent work, duplicate bug report entries in bug tracking systems impact negatively on software maintenance and evolution productivity due to, among other factors, the increased time spent on report analysis and validation, what in some cases take over 20 minutes. Therefore, a considerable amount of time is lost mainly with duplicate bug report analysis. This work presents an initial characterization study using data from bug trackers from private and open source projects, in order to understand the possible factors that cause bug report duplication and its impact on software development.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5714448,no
A model-based approach to adding autonomic capabilities to network fault management system,"Adding autonomic capabilities to network management systems provides great promise in delivering high QoS while lowering operation and maintenance cost. In this paper, we present a model-based approach to adding autonomic capabilities to a fault management system for cellular networks. We propose the use of modeling techniques to specify software failures and their dispositions at the model level for the target system. This facilitates the deployment of a control loop for adding autonomic capabilities into the system architecture, which include self-monitoring, self-healing, and self-adjusting. Our case study on the intelligent network fault management system illustrates the proposed approach by adding and deploying these autonomic capabilities derived from self-model specifications, to mitigate the risk of specified failures and maintain the level of healthiness of the system, dynamically and effectively.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4575232,no
A General QoS Error Detection and Diagnosis Framework for Accountable SOA,"Accountability is a composite measure for different but related quality aspects. To be able to ensure accountability in practice, it is required to define specific quality attributes of accountability, and metrics for each quality attribute. In this paper, we propose a quality detection and diagnosis framework for the service accountability. We first identify types of quality attributes which are essential to manage QoS in accountability framework. We then present a detection and diagnosis model for problematic situations in services system. In this model, we design situation link representing dependencies among quality attributes, and provide information to detect and diagnose problems and their root causes. Based on the model, we propose an integrated model-based and case-based diagnosis method using the situation link.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4690621,no
Event-based motion correction in PET transmission measurements with a rotating point source,"Accurate attenuation correction is important for quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. In PET transmission measurement using external rotating radioactive sources, object motion during the transmission scan can affect measured attenuation correction factors (ACFs), causing incorrect radiotracer distribution or artefacts in reconstructed PET images. Therefore a motion correction method for PET transmission data could be very useful. In this paper we report a compensation method for rigid body motion in PET transmission measurement, in which transmission data are motion-corrected event-by-event, based on known motion, to ensure that events that traverse the same path through the object are recorded on the same LOR. After motion correction, events detected on different LORs may be recorded on the same transmission LOR. To ensure that the corresponding blank LOR records events from the same combination of contributing LORs, the list mode blank data are spatially transformed event-by-event based on the same motion information. The proposed method has been verified in phantom studies with continuous motion.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5874331,no
On the 2-Adic Complexity and the k-Error 2 -Adic Complexity of Periodic Binary Sequences,"A significant difference between the linear complexity and the 2-adic complexity of periodic binary sequences is pointed out in this correspondence. Based on this observation, we present the concept of the symmetric 2-adic complexity of periodic binary sequences. The expected value of the 2-adic complexity is determined, and a lower bound on the expected value of the symmetric 2-adic complexity of periodic binary sequences is derived. We study the variance of the 2-adic complexity of periodic binary sequences, and the exact value for it is given. Because the k-adic complexity of periodic binary sequences is unstable, we present the concepts of the <i>kappa</i>-error 2-adic complexity and the k-error symmetric 2-adic complexity, and lower bounds on them are also derived. In particular, we give tighter upper and lower bounds for the minimum k-adic complexity of l-sequences by substituting two symbols within one period.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4439852,no
Research and Application of Fault-Tolerance Based on Watershed Model Grid Platform,"A systematic scheme to form the watershed computational platform was developed based on lightweight Grid technique in this paper. The scheme that takes advantage of widely deployed local network makes full use of the non dedicated distributed computing resources. To overcome the vagary of overall system, MPICH-T a trust model based fault tolerant model was adopted, and the checkpoint based on pessimistic log can ensure that process repeats in single node and task migration on multi-nodes. and the transplant of system is guaranteed on the watershed model Grid platform, lastly several experiments were made on this platform and the results show that this platform has better performance though has a slightly time delay and the fault-tolerance mechanism based on MPICHT model is a nice choice suiting to the watershed model Grid platform.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722282,no
Self-organizing maps for automatic fault detection in a vehicle cooling system,"A telematic based system for enabling automatic fault detection of a population of vehicles is proposed. To avoid sending huge amounts of data over the telematics gateway, the idea is to use low-dimensional representations of sensor values in sub-systems in a vehicle. These low-dimensional representations are then compared between similar systems in a fleet. If a representation in a vehicle is found to deviate from the group of systems in the fleet, then the vehicle is labeled for diagnostics for that subsystem. The idea is demonstrated on the engine coolant system and it is shown how this self-organizing approach can detect varying levels of clogged radiator.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4670481,no
Comparison of Voltage and Flux Modulation Schemes of StatComs Regarding Transformer Saturation During Fault Recovery,"A transformer might be driven into saturation by faults in the connected system. In a transmission system with a static synchronous compensator and transformers connected at the point of common coupling, different modulation schemes utilized by the voltage source converter influence the transformer saturation in different ways. This paper compares the saturation effect during fault recovery when two alternative modulation schemes are utilized: voltage modulation and flux modulation. The comparison shows that utilization of flux modulation scheme tends to soften the saturation problem during fault recovery. However, this is achieved at a higher converter transient peak current.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4624567,no
Implementation of Web-Based Fault Diagnosis Using Improved Fuzzy Petri Nets,"According to the current application and maintenance situation of numerical control equipment (NCE), a novel remote fault diagnosis expert system is designed to prevent fault occurrence and quicken the recovering process by online real-time monitoring the working state of NCEs. The article addresses the overall framework and relevant application technology of fault diagnosis system (FDS) and emphasizes on the establishment of fuzzy expert system (FES). Improved fuzzy Petri nets (FPNs) model and concurrent reasoning algorithm are applied to handle the fuzziness and concurrency of fault and inadequate and uncertain information. Utilization of simple matrix operation to realize complicated reasoning process that simplifies the diagnostic reasoning decision-making process. Meanwhile, it can be realized easily by computer programming. Finally, a practical fault instance is presented to demonstrate the feasibility and validity of this method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5359014,no
Study of online fault diagnosis for distributed substation based on Petri nets,"According to the distributed substation protection configuration and the principle of fault-clearance, a new model of fault diagnosis based on Petri net is proposed in this paper. In Petri net diagnosis model, all kinds of fault have a specific token which make it easily and clearly to find the fault location and understand the sequence of the fault events. The diagnostic is implemented by solving some matrix equations, which has a fast computational speed and a definite diagnostic result. The approach proposed is particular suitable for substation fault online diagnosis. Specially, in this model, the differential protection of the transformer and the bus bars are concerned as well as over current protection.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5589414,no
Immunevonics: Avionics fault tolerance inspired by the biology system,"A novel approach to Advanced Avionics fault tolerance is proposed that takes inspiration from the intersection of human immune system and nervous system as a method of fault recognition and removal. The human body's defenses-the immune system, the sense of pain, and the healing processes-could serve as a conceptual model for high-confidence systems in advance avionics fault tolerance. In this paper we propose a hybrid fault tolerance instrument that suitable for Advanced Avionics system, by use distribute `body' immune system and central `nervous' system management principle. Through an artificial immune algorithm the proposed Advanced Avionics `body' immune system will learn to differentiate between acceptable and abnormal states and transitions within the `immunized' system. Potential faults can then be flagged and suitable recovery methods invoked to return the system to a safe state. When the `body' immune system can not handle the fault then a `pain' message being reported to Operating System health monitor system (OS-HM) and central `nervous' system will tolerant the fault through a three layered Preconscious health monitor and conscious fault handling strategy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5406480,no
Development on surface defect holes inspection based on image recognition,"A novel method of surface defect holes inspection was proposed based on both 2D and 3D image processing & recognition. In this method, the first step is to detect the holes in the binary image converted by the 3D image which is scanned by a 3D laser scanner, and the second step is to confirm the defect holes by dimension calculation using the data of the scanned 3D image. The software is developed in MATLAB.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5695748,no
A dynamic fault localization algorithm using digraph,"Analyzed here is a dynamic learning fault localization algorithm based on directed graph fault propagation model and feedback control. Input and output of the algorithm are named as fault and hypothesis respectively. Because of the complexity and uncertainty of fault and symptom, it's difficult to accurately model the relationship of them in probabilistic fault localization. Fault localization algorithm depends on the prior specified model, and the parameter and structure of model is approximate correct and often differ from the real situation. So we propose DMCA+ algorithm which has 3 features: reduce the requirement for accuracy of initial conditions; statistically learn to automatically adapt the probability distribution of fault occurrence while localizing fault; generalize the MCA+ algorithm of no feedback. The feedback learning is similar with proportional adjusting of PID control, but increment is sensitive to detection rate because little increment adjusts output too slowly and big will result in a large number of error hypotheses. The simulation results show the validity and efficiency of dynamic learning under complex network. In order to promote detection rate, optimizing measures are also discussed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5212305,no
Implementation of e-beam proximity effect correction using linear programming techniques for the fabrication of asymmetric bow-tie antennas,"Antenna-coupled tunnel junction diodes have recently been offering great advantages for IR and Terahertz detection applications. Fabrication has been a major constraint in our ability to field these devices. The first obstacle is the relatively small size of the antenna. As the length of the wave to be detected gets smaller, the size of the antenna shrinks according to the A/4 rule. This eliminates the use of traditional photolithographic fabrication techniques, which fails in the nanometer geometry range. For this reason, e-beam lithographic technique is used. The second challenge appears in the fabrication of the tunnel junction. The tunnel junction part of the device is formed by sandwiching an insulation layer in between two conductor antenna parts. Previously, many fabrication techniques were offered for the vertical conductor-insulator-conductor (CIC) structures where two metal layers overlap each other forming a tunnel junction vertical to the antenna surface. However, planar CIC structures have become more popular because they enable the surface plasmon excitement across the tunnel junction barrier. The fabrication of planar tunnel junction requires the patterning of a nano-size gap that will enable the tunneling of the electrons in between two conductor antenna wings. At this critical location, e-beam proximity effect (pixel-to-pixel beam interactions) becomes a very important issue to be addressed in order to create a nanometer-range accuracy gap.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5378016,no
Context-Aware Adaptive Applications: Fault Patterns and Their Automated Identification,"Applications running on mobile devices are intensely context-aware and adaptive. Streams of context values continuously drive these applications, making them very powerful but, at the same time, susceptible to undesired configurations. Such configurations are not easily exposed by existing validation techniques, thereby leading to new analysis and testing challenges. In this paper, we address some of these challenges by defining and applying a new model of adaptive behavior called an Adaptation Finite-State Machine (A-FSM) to enable the detection of faults caused by both erroneous adaptation logic and asynchronous updating of context information, with the latter leading to inconsistencies between the external physical context and its internal representation within an application. We identify a number of adaptation fault patterns, each describing a class of faulty behaviors. Finally, we describe three classes of algorithms to detect such faults automatically via analysis of the A-FSM. We evaluate our approach and the trade-offs between the classes of algorithms on a set of synthetically generated Context-Aware Adaptive Applications (CAAAs) and on a simple but realistic application in which a cell phone's configuration profile changes automatically as a result of changes to the user's location, speed, and surrounding environment. Our evaluation describes the faults our algorithms are able to detect and compares the algorithms in terms of their performance and storage requirements.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5432224,no
Edge Defect Detection in Ceramic Tile Based on Boundary Analysis Using Fuzzy Thresholding and Radon Transform,"Applying image processing technology and machine vision in industry have had significant development in recent decade. Tile and ceramic industry was not excluded form this matter. By using image processing techniques in production line of this industry, it is possible to detect surface defections such as edge defections, cracks and coloring defections. Surface defection is the most common type of defection in tile and ceramic industry. In this article a new and simple approach for detecting surface defections using Fuzzy thersholding and morphological operand and Radon transforms as well as boundary analysis is introduced. The available algorithm in the articles has good ability in determining number and place of defections and displaying them. Compared with results of other methods, the used algorithm in this article has better results on actual data base, in presence of camera noise and environmental lighting effects.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4775686,no
Design of arc fault detection system based on CAN bus,"Arc fault detection system (AFDS) is a device intended to protect the power system against the arc fault that may cause fire. When there is an arc fault, the scale of fault current is lower than the initialization of most of the protection devices installed in the lowers, hence AFDS is an effective device to detect the arc fault successfully and interrupt the circuit in time. The characteristics of arc, how it ignites, and what losses it may cause were discussed. The basic structure of AFDS and the primary principles of that AFDS detect arc fault were proposed. For efficiently realizing the global optimization, the single function problem of conventional arc fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) was solved by setting up a detection system. Composed with detectors, controllers and host computer database, system achieved the automatic detection of arc fault, high temperature fault and leakage current fault to protect the conductors, the equipments and ensure human's safety. Detectors, controllers and host computer database were communicated with CAN bus. Device realized the expectations of reducing the communication cost and improving the communication quality.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5306631,no
MATLAB Design and Research of Fault Diagnosis Based on ANN for the C3I System,Artificial neural networks (ANN) are an information-processing method of a simulation of the structure for biological neurons. C<sup>3</sup>I system as a modern combat unit can control and command the army action and can communicate to others. This paper makes a research on the approach of the artificial neural network for fault diagnosis of C<sup>3</sup>I system and constructs a fault diagnosis system of C<sup>3</sup>I system with ANN. And the system can analyze fault phenomena and detect C<sup>3</sup>I system fault. It will greatly improve the response to the C<sup>3</sup>I system fault diagnosis and maintenance efficiency.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5600194,no
A Test of Artificial Neural Network-Based Gross Error Detection Used in Conversion of GPS Heights,"Artificial neural networks (ANN) has been used in GPS heights conversion. It is impossible to avoid gross errors in conversion of GPS heights. So, the paper puts forward a kind algorithm to detect gross error considering of ANN used in conversion of GPS heights. After the three tests, the algorithm proposed for disposing of gross error is validated in conversion of GPS heights, and some practicable conclusions are received.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4721688,no
Investigation on flow instrument fast fault detection based on LSSVM predictor,"Aimed at the issue of real time fault diagnosis in Flow Totalizer, a new type predictor based on Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) was put forward. By comparing predictive value with flow meter output value, fault diagnosis was carried out. Predictive errors and the speed of prediction were considered in this algorithm, by dealing with compromise between them, the samples were selected and a higher predicting speed was ensured. The analysis and simulation results showed that the relative higher speed could be acquired by training LSSVM with the selected-samples and reducing the precision of predictor. So this type of predictor was more suitable in real time fault detection.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5583616,no
Power Cable Fault Diagnosis System Based on LabVIEW,"Aiming at the online fault diagnoses of the power cable, an online Power Cable Monitoring system is built by using the virtual instrument platform Lab VIEW. In the system, the monitoring surface is designed by using the graphical programming language, and the data acquisition card PCI6221 is used to capture the data and to monitor the state of the online cable. The experiment shows that the functions of the friendly interface, the visual display of the online data of the power cable traveling waves, and the reliable data processing measure are implemented. The system provides the hardware support for the online cable monitoring and fault diagnosis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5630166,no
Analog Circuit Fault Simulation Based on Saber,"Although analog circuit simulation tool like Saber software are numerous, however, it is lack of software which can simulate analog circuits affected by fault modes. Research in the fields of analog circuit fault simulation has not achieved the same degree of success as digital circuits, because of the difficulty in modeling the more complex analog behavior. This article presents a new approach to this problem by simulating the good and fault circuits in Saber and introduces the general circuit fault simulation process. In view of failure mechanism under the components, some novel approaches for fault modeling are proposed. Fault injection and simulation interface based on Saber are detailed in this paper. This method is verified by an example and the actual engineering value is indicated.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5709104,no
The Application of Topological Gradients to Defect Identification in Magnetic Flux Leakage-Type NDT,An inverse problem is formulated to indentify the shape and size of the defects in a nonlinear ferromagnetic material using the signal profile from magnetic flux leakage-type NDT. This paper presents an efficient algorithm based on topological shape optimization which exploits the topological gradient to accelerate the process of shape optimization to identify the defect. Topological gradient images for the cracks are obtained using 2-D and 3-D finite element models. Robustness of this imaging method in the presence of noise is also evaluated.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5512921,no
Analog circuit fault diagnosis based on artificial neural network and embedded system,Analog circuit fault diagnosis system based on S3C2410 embedded board is achieved in this paper. The hardware and software design are presented. Momentum addition BP neural network algorithm with embedded system is applied to that system. Real-time data collection and on-line detection of analog circuit fault condition are designed as the basic functions in the embedded system. Diagnosis system of intelligence and minimization is realized actually.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5412941,no
Bug reports retrieval using Self-organizing Map,"An important process when implementing complex software systems consist of documenting the bugs found in that software. However, since many developers are working at the same time on the project, a bug may easily be reported multiple times, resulting in duplicated bug reports. Therefore, developers responsible for fixing bugs may spend time and effort reading and trying to understand two bugs that actually are the same. This way, we propose in this paper an approach for identifying duplicated bug reports that combines document indexing and self-organizing maps (SOM). The results of our experiments show that at most 69% of duplicated bug reports were identified, representing saving of time and effort for the developers.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4746786,no
Fault diagnosis of analog circuit based on support vector machines,"An innovative method based on support vector machines is presented to diagnose the fault of analog circuit. Firstly, in order to get enough fault samples, the circuit program is compiled in MATLAB software to obtain expressions of output signals. Secondly, fault samples are sent into Support Vector Machines to train Support Vector Machines. Thirdly, the test samples are classified by trained Support Vector Machines. Finally, an example of analog circuit fault diagnosis is provided. The result shows that this method has the advantages of simple algorithm, high efficiency, high accuracy, great capability in generalization and classification.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5349243,no
A interturn fault protection method of HV shunt reactors based on unbalanced parameter detection,"An interturn fault protection method of the HV shunt reactor is put forward in this paper, which is based on the unbalanced parameter detection. This method is established on the basis of the time-domain parameter model, and uses the electrical quantities at two terminals of the HV reactor to calculate the electrical parameters of each phase by mean of least squares algorithm. Suppose that the interturn short-circuit faults of the HV phase-separated shunt reactors impossibly occur at three phases at the same time, we could identify whether the interturn short-circuit fault of the HV reactor occurs by designing the comprehensive detection criterion which could reflect three-phase unbalanced parameters and parameter mutation. The interturn protection of HV reactors could avoid the impact from power swings and frequency deviation. This method is based on the measurement and the comparison of per-phase equivalent inductance parameters of the reactor. The setting of the protection is simple and convenient to implement. Furthermore, the protection has high sensitivity. Because this interturn protection detects the variation of per-phase inductance parameters, it could avoid the influence from the system operating mode and the fault while those based on the principle of sequence components cannot. It is also adaptive to the installation location of the voltage transformer (PT), and could be easily applied to HV reactors of both transmission lines and busbars.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666110,no
Research on high-speed fuzzy reasoning with CPLD for fault diagnosis expert system,"As an effective method for diagnosis reasoning, fuzzy reasoning is hard to meet the real-time challenge for its complex process and time-consuming. According to the principle of conventional fuzzy reasoning with software, a new method to design expert system fuzzy reasoning with CPLD for fault diagnosis is presented. In the new method, fuzzy operating is realized by function transform with ROM, and CPLD provides logic control and process coordination for fuzzy reasoning. After all, the whole fuzzy reasoning is finished with hardware, not software. It is validated by many experiments that the speed of fuzzy reasoning with this method is faster than traditional modes, and it can be applicable to many on-line diagnosis systems based on single-chip controller or DSP (digital signal processor).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5274648,no
Online Estimation of Architectural Vulnerability Factor for Soft Errors,"As CMOS technology scales and more transistors are packed on to the same chip, soft error reliability has become an increasingly important design issue for processors. Prior research has shown that there is significant architecture-level masking, and many soft error solutions take advantage of this effect. Prior work has also shown that the degree of such masking can vary significantly across workloads and between individual workload phases, motivating dynamic adaptation of reliability solutions for optimal cost and benefit. For such adaptation, it is important to be able to accurately estimate the amount of masking or the architecture vulnerability factor (AVF) online, while the program is running. Unfortunately, existing solutions for estimating AVF are often based on offline simulators and hard to implement in real processors. This paper proposes a novel way of estimating AVF online, using simple modifications to the processor. The estimation method applies to both logic and storage structures on the processor. Compared to previous methods for estimating AVF, our method does not require any offline simulation or calibration for different workloads. We tested our method with a widely used simulator from industry, for four processor structures and for 100 to 200 intervals of each of eleven SPEC benchmarks. The results show that our method provides acceptably accurate AVF estimates at runtime. The absolute error rarely exceeds 0.08 across all application intervals for all structures, and the mean absolute error for a given application and structure combination is always within 0.05.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4556738,no
Using MPLS fault recovery mechanism and bandwidth reservation in network-on-chip,"As CMOS technology scales down into the deep submicron (DSM) domain, devices and interconnects are subject to new types of malfunctions and failures that are harder to predict and avoid with the current system-on-chip (SoC) design methodologies. In this paper we compare four reconfigurable fault recovery mechanism and path restoration schemes, namely, Haskin, Makam, Simple Dynamic and Shortest Dynamic in real network, in the sense of on chip network design methodology. These schemes are simulated by using NS-2 that provides the advantage of reusability of entities, thus increases the NoC fault-tolerant and reliability with Quality-of-Service.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5451263,no
Improvement the NOC Bandwidth and fault Tolerant by Multipath routing in three-dimensional topologies for multi-media applications,"As CMOS technology scales down into the deep submicron (DSM) domain, devices and interconnects are subject to new types of malfunctions and failures that are harder to predict and avoid with the current system-on-chip (SoC) design methodologies. We propose a combination of a topology and Multi-path routing which can increase fault-Tolerant and Communication load which is suitable for multimedia applications. We compare the performance of Fat-Tree, 2d-Mesh and 3d-Mesh architectures using Multi-path routing in the sense of on chip network design methodology. The simulations of each of the architectures are done with IP and Multi-path routing, two-dimensional and three-dimensional topologies. We also carry out the high level simulation of on chip network using NS-2 to verify the analytical analysis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5451627,no
Equivalence between Weight Decay Learning and Explicit Regularization to Improve Fault Tolerance of RBF,"Although weight decay learning has been proposed to improve generalization ability of a neural network, many simulated studies have demonstrated that it is able to improve fault tolerance. To explain the underlying reason, this paper presents an analytical result showing the equivalence between adding weight decay and adding explicit regularization on training a RBF to tolerate multiplicative weight noise. Under a mild condition, it is proved that explicit regularization will be reduced to weight decay.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4696195,no
Fault location on series-compensated transmission line using measurements of current differential protective relays,An accurate algorithm for locating faults on a series-compensated line is presented. This algorithm can be applied with current differential protective relays since two-end currents and one-end voltage are utilized as the fault locator input signals. The algorithm applies two subroutines and the procedure for indicating the valid subroutine. The algorithm has been evaluated using the fault data of ATP-EMTP versatile simulations of faults on a series-compensated transmission line. The presented example shows the validity of the presented algorithm and its high accuracy.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6007182,no
An adaptive scheme for handling deletion spelling errors' for an intelligent e-learning system,"An adaptive scheme for handling spelling errors by an e-learner while responding to the e-learning system through typed-in single-word responses is presented in this paper. To simulate the behaviour of a human instructor, the system preprocesses the input word with respect to spelling errors due to wrong letter or missing letter. The appropriately encoded input is then to fed into a neural net that intelligently recognizes the correct response, in spite of minor spelling mistakes committed by the learner. Results show that the scheme intelligent recognises the misspelled words as expected to be done by a human instructor.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5645875,no
Coupled field-circuit-mechanical model of an electromagnetic actuator operating in error actuated control system,"An algorithm of coupled field-circuit simulation of the dynamics of an electromagnetic linear actuator operating in error actuated control system is presented. The software consists of three main parts: (a) numerical model of the actuator dynamics which includes equations of a transient electromagnetic field in a non-linear conducting and moving medium, (b) discrete model of electric circuit and (c) optimization solver. Numerical implementation is based on the finite elements. The influence of the PID controller settings on the actuator operation is shown. In order to find optimal parameters of the system the genetic algorithm is applied. The simultaneous optimization of both: actuator structure and regulator settings has been carried out.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4635623,no
A Hierarchy Management Framework for Automated Network Fault Identification,"An autonomous diagnosis approach of faulty links is proposed in this paper,. Given the information by which paths a designated network node with management responsibilities can communicate with certain other nodes, and can't communicate with another set of node, with the help of building diagnosis model and computing probability of link's failure the node with management responsibilities would like to identify as quickly as possible a ranked list of the most probable failed network links, and furthermore, accurately check out which links have failed by testing. Based on this approach, a hierarchy network management architecture is designed to deal with the fault diagnosis for a heterogeneous network environment. The simulation shows that this approach has the features of real-time, higher accuracy and autonomy, especially, it will occupy a few bit of bandwidth and even require no bandwidth.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4679266,no
Controller design and real-time fault diagnosis for a humanoid robot,"An effective controller is crucial for a humanoid robot since a humanoid robot generally has more than thirty DOFs to be controlled in real-time and needs to deal with information of multiple sensors. On the other hand, real-time fault diagnosis is increasingly important for the humanoid robot due to its mechanism and control complexity and inherent instability of risking tipping itself over. In this paper, we propose a distributed controller consisting of the online planning sub-system and the motion control sub-system based on CAN bus and Ethernet for humanoid robots. Moreover, a real-time fault diagnosis method is proposed to observe the most probable faults, such as joint over-limit, force/torque sensor failure, encoder failure, and inertial sensor failure. The effectiveness of our designed controller and fault diagnosis was confirmed by experiments on our newly-built humanoid robot.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5585332,no
A Fault Management Architecture for Wireless Sensor Network,"Advancement in wireless communication and electronics has made possible the development of low cost sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) facilitate monitoring and controlling of physical environment from remote location with better accuracy. They can be used for various application areas (e.g. health, military, home). Due to their unique characteristics, they are offering various research issues that are still unsolved. Sensors energy cannot support long haul communication as changing energy supply is not always possible in WSN. Also, failures are inevitable in wireless sensor networks due to inhospitable environment and unattended deployment. Therefore fault management is an essential component of any network management system. In this paper we propose a new fault management architecture for wireless sensor networks. In our solution the network is partitioned into a virtual grid of cells to support scalability and perform fault detection and recovery locally with minimum energy consumption. Specifically, the grid based architecture permits the implementation of fault detection in a distributed manner and allows the failure report to be forwarded across cells. A cell manager and a gateway node are chosen in each cell to perform management tasks. Cell manager and gateway nodes coordinate with each other to detect faults with minimum energy consumption. We assume a homogeneous network where all nodes are equal in resources. The architecture has been evaluated analytically and compared with different proposed solutions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4600034,no
HVDC converter modeling and harmonic calculation under asymmetric faults in the AC system,"After a detailed analysis of the dynamic processes in the HVDC converter when asymmetric faults occur in the ac system, a sequence-component model of converter based on the advanced switching functions is present. Furthermore, a linear direct method of harmonic calculation is proposed. In this method, both the effect of the harmonic interaction between the ac and dc system and the dynamic processes in the converter are considered. It is demonstrated that quantitative analysis basis for harmonic suppression, filter configuration and setting calculation of relaying can be provided by this method which is verified by comparison with the results obtained by dynamic simulation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275286,no
Fault diagnosis for using TPG low power dissipation and high fault coverage,"BIST TPG (built in self test) for low power dissipation and high fault coverage presents a low hardware overhead test pattern generator (TPG) for scan-based built-in self-test (BIST) that can reduce switching activity in circuits under test (CUTs) during BIST and also achieve very high fault coverage with reasonable lengths of test sequences. The proposed BIST TPG decreases transitions that occur at scan inputs during scan shift operations and hence reduces switching activity in the CUT. The BIST TPG comprises of two TPG's, LT-RTPG and 3-weight WRBIST. Test patterns generated by the LT-RTPG detect easy-to-detect faults and test patterns generated by the 3-weight WRBIST detect faults that remain undetected after LT-RTPG patterns are applied. The BIST TPG does not require modification of mission logics, which can lead to performance degradation. Recently, techniques to reduce switching activity during BIST have been proposed. A straightforward solution is to reduce the speed of the test clock during scan shift operations. However, since most test application time of scan-based BIST is spent for scan shift operations, this will increase test application time by about a factor of if scan flip-flops are clocked at speed during scan shift operations. Larger reduction in switching activity is achieved in large circuits. Experimental results also show that the BIST-TPG can be implemented with low area overhead. Larger reduction in switching activity is achieved in large circuits. Experimental results also show that the BIST-TPG can be implemented with low area overhead.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5705884,no
Multi-level Bounded Model Checking to detect bugs beyond the bound,"Bounded Model Checking is a widely used technique both in hardware and software verification. However, it cannot be applied if the bounds (number of time frames to be analyzed) becomes large. Therefore it cannot detect bugs that can be observed only through very long sequence counter-examples. In this paper, we present a method connecting multiple BMCs by sophisticated uses of inductive approach and symbolic simulation. The proposed method can check unbounded properties by analyzing loop behaviors in the design with decision procedures. In our verification flow, a property is automatically decomposed and refined instead of designs. First, a property is decomposed not to consider the reachability from the initial states of the design. Next, if a counter-example is found, the condition to enter it is generated by symbolic simulation. Finally, the reachability from the initial states to the states where the condition becomes true is checked inductively by another Bounded Model Checking. If they are not reachable from the initial states, then the property is refined not to enter the unreal counter-example. Key observation here is that each BMC does not need to process so many time frames as compared with pure BMC from initial states. Therefore, the proposed method can process much larger bounds. Experimental results with two examples have confirmed this advantage.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4695874,no
Error-Related EEG Potentials Generated During Simulated BrainComputer Interaction,"Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are prone to errors in the recognition of subject's intent. An elegant approach to improve the accuracy of BCIs consists in a verification procedure directly based on the presence of error-related potentials (ErrP) in the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded right after the occurrence of an error. Several studies show the presence of ErrP in typical choice reaction tasks. However, in the context of a BCI, the central question is: ldquoAre ErrP also elicited when the error is made by the interface during the recognition of the subject's intent?rdquo We have thus explored whether ErrP also follow a feedback indicating incorrect responses of the simulated BCI interface. Five healthy volunteer subjects participated in a new human-robot interaction experiment, which seem to confirm the previously reported presence of a new kind of ErrP. However, in order to exploit these ErrP, we need to detect them in each single trial using a short window following the feedback associated to the response of the BCI. We have achieved an average recognition rate of correct and erroneous single trials of 83.5% and 79.2%, respectively, using a classifier built with data recorded up to three months earlier.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4360138,no
Normalization of illumination conditions for ground based hyperspectral measurements using dual field of view spectroradiometers and BRDF corrections,"BRDF effects present in dual field-of-view spectroscopy datasets were investigated. A data-driven normalization procedure was developed by decomposing the target BRDF into a target specific Lambertian component and a bi-directional component characterizing a group of similar targets,. The normalization method was used to convert reflectance factors obtained under cloud obscured conditions into clear sky conditions. An evaluation on four targets measured under different illumination conditions suggests that the normalization can reduce relative reflectance errors between 400 and 1800 nm from 15% to less than 5% even under full cloud obscuration. At higher wavelengths a decreased signal-to-noise ratio increases the error level.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5417752,no
Predicting Re-opened Bugs: A Case Study on the Eclipse Project,"Bug fixing accounts for a large amount of the software maintenance resources. Generally, bugs are reported, fixed, verified and closed. However, in some cases bugs have to be re-opened. Re-opened bugs increase maintenance costs, degrade the overall user-perceived quality of the software and lead to unnecessary rework by busy practitioners. In this paper, we study and predict re-opened bugs through a case study on the Eclipse project. We structure our study along 4 dimensions: (1) the work habits dimension (e.g., the weekday on which the bug was initially closed on), (2) the bug report dimension (e.g., the component in which the bug was found) (3) the bug fix dimension (e.g., the amount of time it took to perform the initial fix) and (4) the team dimension (e.g., the experience of the bug fixer). Our case study on the Eclipse Platform 3.0 project shows that the comment and description text, the time it took to fix the bug, and the component the bug was found in are the most important factors in determining whether a bug will be re-opened. Based on these dimensions we create decision trees that predict whether a bug will be re-opened after its closure. Using a combination of our dimensions, we can build explainable prediction models that can achieve 62.9% precision and 84.5% recall when predicting whether a bug will be re-opened.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5645566,no
A discriminative model approach for accurate duplicate bug report retrieval,"Bug repositories are usually maintained in software projects. Testers or users submit bug reports to identify various issues with systems. Sometimes two or more bug reports correspond to the same defect. To address the problem with duplicate bug reports, a person called a triager needs to manually label these bug reports as duplicates, and link them to their ""master"" reports for subsequent maintenance work. However, in practice there are considerable duplicate bug reports sent daily; requesting triagers to manually label these bugs could be highly time consuming. To address this issue, recently, several techniques have be proposed using various similarity based metrics to detect candidate duplicate bug reports for manual verification. Automating triaging has been proved challenging as two reports of the same bug could be written in various ways. There is still much room for improvement in terms of accuracy of duplicate detection process. In this paper, we leverage recent advances on using discriminative models for information retrieval to detect duplicate bug reports more accurately. We have validated our approach on three large software bug repositories from Firefox, Eclipse, and OpenOffice. We show that our technique could result in 17-31%, 22-26%, and 35-43% relative improvement over state-of-the-art techniques in OpenOffice, Firefox, and Eclipse datasets respectively using commonly available natural language information only.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062072,no
Improving the Table Boundary Detection in PDFs by Fixing the Sequence Error of the Sparse Lines,"As the rapid growth of PDF documents, recognizing the document structure and components are useful for document storage, classification and retrieval. Table, a ubiquitous document component, becomes an important information source. Accurately detecting the table boundary plays a crucial role for many applications, e.g., the increasing demand on the table data search. Rather than converting PDFs to image or HTML and then processing with other techniques (e.g., OCR), extracting and analyzing texts from PDFs directly is easy and accurate. However, text extraction tools face a common problem: text sequence error. In this paper, we propose two algorithms to recover the sequence of extracted sparse lines, which improve the table content collection. The experimental results show the comparison of the performance of both algorithms, and demonstrate the effectiveness of text sequence recovering for the table boundary detection.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5277535,no
Application of neural network and DS evidence fusion algorithm in power transformer fault diagnosis,"As the transformer's fault types and fault positions are complexity, complementarity, redundancy and strong characteristics of uncertainty, a satisfactory diagnosis of transformer fault types and fault position may not be obtained if only one technique is used. In this paper, a synthetic diagnosis method using neural network and DS evidence theory for transformer fault diagnosis is presented, combining DGA data with application of data fusion theory. This method has advantage of both neural and DS evidential theory, it can effectively solve the problem of uncertainty, and improve the fault diagnosis system's accuracy and reliability. A simulation example in this paper illustrates that the method combing of neural network with DS evidence theory is indeed greatly improved integration of the credibility of the data, making diagnostic systems easy to design, high precision and prone to operation. It can fulfill users' requirement perfectly.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5736014,no
Solid-state fault current limiters: Silicon versus silicon carbide,"As utilities face increasing fault currents in their systems as a result of increasing demand and/or deployment of new technologies, fault current limiters promise a solution that will mitigate the need for replacing existing breakers as well as being a general protective device for elements connected to the grid. This paper describes some recent advances in semiconductor-based fault current limiting technology including both the more mature silicon developments along with early developments using silicon carbide. The capabilities and limitations of these technologies are compared and contrasted. Some example scenarios of FCLs have been analyzed and are briefly described along with advanced features that semiconductor FCLs may bring to the solution space.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4596612,no
A bug you like: A framework for automated assignment of bugs,"Assigning bug reports to individual developers is typically a manual, time-consuming, and tedious task. In this paper, we present a framework for automated assignment of bug-fixing tasks. Our approach employs preference elicitation to learn developer predilections in fixing bugs within a given system. This approach infers knowledge about a developer's expertise by analyzing the history of bugs previously resolved by the developer. We apply a vector space model to recommend experts for resolving bugs. When a new bug report arrives, the system automatically assigns it to the appropriate developer considering his or her expertise, current workload, and preferences. We address the task allocation problem by proposing a set of heuristics that support accurate assignment of bug reports to the developers.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5090066,no
Fault-Tolerant Reconfiguration System for Asymmetric Multilevel Converters Using Bidirectional Power Switches,"Asymmetric multilevel converters can optimize the number of levels by using H-bridges scaled in the power of three. The shortcoming of this topology is that the H-bridges are not interchangeable, and then, under certain faulty conditions, the converter cannot operate. A reconfiguration system based on bidirectional electronic valves has been designed for three-phase cascaded H-bridge inverters. Once a fault is detected in any of the insulated gate bipolar transistors of any H-bridge, the control is capable to reconfigure the hardware keeping the higher power bridges in operation. In this way, the faulty phase can continue working at the same voltage level by adjusting its gating signals. Some simulations and experiments with a 27-level inverter, to show the operation of the system under a faulty condition, are displayed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4663108,no
Application of a New Image Recognition Technology in Fabric Defect Detection,"At present, defect detection during the manufacturing are still finished by man, there are a lot of weaknesses by this way, such as low detection efficiency, high miss rate. All of these affect the production quality seriously and restrict the further improvement of production efficiency. This paper presents a method using Fisher classifier in computer image pattern recognition for defect detection and grade scoring of fabric, and gives the realization of software programming and testing. The test results show that the defect recognition rate is 94%.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5076687,no
A Fault Diagnostic Method for EFI Engine Based on MATLAB Software Package,"At present, the diagnostic instruments used widely here and abroad is not entire, which can not diagnose the mechanical fault without fault code. In order to solve this problem, this paper presents a method for fault diagnosis of electronic fuel injection (EFI) engine using radial basis function (RBF) neural network. By connecting MATLAB software package and ACCESS database, a fault diagnosis program is set up and a fault without code can be found. Meanwhile, the comparison has been done between RBF network and back propagation (BP) network. The simulation experimental results show that the RBF model is more feasible and successful than BP model and makes fault diagnosis easier.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4659886,no
Shadow checker (SC): A low-cost hardware scheme for online detection of faults in small memory structures of a microprocessor,"At various stages of a product life, faults arise from different sources. During product bring up, logic errors are dominant. During production, manufacturing defects are main concerns while during operation, the concern shifts to aging defects. No matter what the source is, debugging such defects may permit logic, circuit or physical design changes to eliminate them in future. Within a processor chip, there are three broad categories of structures, namely the large memory structures such as caches, small memory structures such as reorder buffer, issue queue, and load-store buffers and the data-path. Most control functions and data steering operations are based on small memory structures and they are hard to debug. In this paper, we propose a lightweight hardware scheme, called shadow checker to detect faults in these critical units. The entries in these units are tested by means of a shadow entry that mimics intended operation. A mismatch traps an error. The shadow checker shadows an entry for a few thousand cycles before moving on to shadow another. This scheme can be employed to test chips during silicon debug, manufacturing test as well as during regular operation. We ran experiments on 13 SPEC2000 benchmarks and found that our scheme detects 100% of inserted faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5699222,no
Attenuation correction in MR-PET scanners with segmented T1-weighted MR images,"Attenuation correction of PET data acquired in new hybrid MR-PET scanners which do not offer the possibility of a measured attenuation correction can be done in different ways. A previous report of our group described a method which used attenuation templates. The present study utilizes a new knowledge-based segmentation approach applied on T1-weighted MR images. It examines the position and the tissue membership of each voxel and segments the head volume into attenuation-differing regions: brain tissue, extracerebral soft tissue, skull, air-filled nasal and paranasal cavities as well as the mastoid process. To examine this new approach three groups of subjects having MRI and PET were chosen, the selection criterion being the different MR scanners, while the PET scanner was the ECAT HR+ in all cases: 1) four subjects with 1.5T MR images and CPFPX PET scans, 2) four subjects with 3T MR images and Altanserin PET scans, and 3) three brain tumor patients with 3T MR images from the hybrid MR-BrainPET scanner and FET PET scans. Furthermore, a single subject had 3T MR images, a FDG PET scan, and an additional CT scan. All segmented T1-weighted MR images were converted into attenuation maps for 511 KeV photons with coefficients of 0.096 1/cm for brain tissue, 0.146 1/cm for skull, 0.095 1/cm for soft tissue, 0.054 1/cm for the mastoid process, and 0.0 1/cm for nasal and paranasal cavities. The CT volume was also converted from the Hounsfield units into attenuation coefficients valid for 511 keV photons. The 12 segmented-based attenuation (SBA) maps as well as the CT-based attenuation (CBA) map were first filtered by a 3D Gaussian kernel of 10 mm filter width and then used to reconstruct the corresponding PET emission data. These were compared to the PET images attenuation corrected using the conventional PET-based transmission data (PBA). Relative differences (RD) were calculated from ROIs. For the single subject the RD of CBA data exhibit a mean of 1.66%?0.84% with a rang- from -0.88% to 3.42%, while the RD's mean of SBA data is 1.42%?2.61% (range from -4.12% to 4.66%). Comparing the results obtained with the SBA correction only, the RD for 1) range from -6.10% to 2.56% for cortical regions and from -6.99% to 5.64% for subcortical regions; for 2) they range from -7.33% to 2.33% for the cortical regions, subcortical ones being not drawn due to the not significant tracer uptake; for 3) the mean over the three subjects resulted in 0.89%?1.10% for ROIs at 48% threshold of the image's maximum and in 2.25%?1.50% for ROIs at 72% threshold. ROIs on the healthy contra-lateral grey matter show a mean of -3.24%?0.87%. In conclusion, the first attenuation correction results obtained with the new segmented-based method on a strongly heterogeneous collective are very promising. Further improvements of the method will be focused on the delineation of the skull.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5402034,no
Update on distribution system fault location technologies and effectiveness,Automatic fault location is an area of significant interest and research in the industry. This paper provides an update on the work performed to date with various utilities and the fault location systems. Basic information on the techniques used to locate faults is provided as well as several examples of where these techniques have been deployed.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5371248,no
A Multi-step Simulation Approach toward Secure Fault Tolerant System Evaluation,"As new techniques of fault tolerance and security emerge, so does the need for suitable tools to evaluate them. Generally, the security of a system can be estimated and verified via logical test cases, but the performance overhead of security algorithms on a system needs to be numerically analyzed. The diversity in security methods and design of fault tolerant systems make it impossible for researchers to come up with a standard, affordable and openly available simulation tool, evaluation framework or an experimental test-bed. Therefore, researchers choose from a wide range of available modeling-based, implementation-based or simulation-based approaches in order to evaluate their designs. All of these approaches have certain merits and several drawbacks. For instance, development of a system prototype provides a more accurate system analysis but unlike simulation, it is not highly scalable. This paper presents a multi-step, simulation-based performance evaluation methodology for secure fault tolerant systems. We use a divide-and-conquer approach to model the entire secure system in a way that allows the use of different analytical tools at different levels of granularity. This evaluation procedure tries to strike a balance between the efficiency, effort, cost and accuracy of a system's performance analysis. We demonstrate this approach in a step-by-step manner by analyzing the performance of a secure and fault tolerant system using a JAVA implementation in conjunction with the ARENA simulation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5623417,no
Research on software defect prediction based on data mining,"As the development of computer technology, software system becomes more and more complicated. Because of human's ability limit, there must be a lot of defects generated in the software development life cycle. This paper reviewed the state of art in the field of software defect management and prediction, and presented data mining technology briefly. Finally, proposed an ideal software defect management and prediction system, researched and analyzed several software defect prediction methods based on data mining techniques and specific models (Bayesian Network and PRM). With this system, we can efficiently draw up some prevention and solution scheme to guide the development of new software.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5451355,no
Bi-direction Motion Vector retrieval based error concealment scheme for H.264/AVC,"As the newest video coding standard, H.264/AVC adopts the high-efficiently predictive coding and variable length entropy coding to achieve high compression efficiency. On the other side, transmission errors become the major problem faced by video broadcasting service providers. Error concealment (EC) here is adopted to handle slices with huge conjunctive corrupted areas inside. Considering error propagation from corrupted slice to succeeding ones is the key factor affecting the video quality, this paper proposes a novel temporal EC scheme including the bi-direction motion vector (MV) retrieval method and an adaptive EC ordering basing on it. Background and motional steady shift part of slice will be given top and second priority, respectively. Combined with our proposed improved boundary matching algorithm (IBMA) which provides more accurate distortion function, experiments results show that our proposal achieves better performance under different error rate channel, compared with EC algorithm adopted in H.264 reference software.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5069214,no
Design and realization on the fault diagnostic flat based on virtual instrument for warship equipment,"Based on virtual instrument (VI) technology, Delphi and database, etc., the fault diagnostic flat for shipboard equipment is developed in order to avoid various abuses that conventional methods brought. The modularization and universalization are proposed in its database-based design concept, realized the design of software and hardware. It broke through conventional check diagnosis patterns for warships equipment, resolved difficult to overcome problems brought on adopting existing conventional fashions examined and repaired shipboard equipment, greatly shortened the cycle of maintenance for naval warships equipment. It was proved by experiments that the flat system has merits, such as operation simpleness, high testing precision, strong flexibility and reliability and extensibility, and economical practicability. Also it is of some values for developing the other fault diagnostic instrument.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5626698,no
Navigation error analysis for the rocketplane XP,"bd Systems has supported the navigation architecture development of the Rocketplane XP as part of its responsibility as the vehicle guidance, navigation, and control (GN&C) subsystem lead contractor. The Rocketplane XP is a reusable sub-orbital space-plane being designed by Rocketplane Limited, Inc. for the commercial space tourism market. The horizontal take-off/horizontal landing vehicle, which will be one of the world's first true manned aerospace vehicles, has a short development schedule and began operation in 2007. bd Systems performed a detailed trade study to select the navigation subsystem and developed high-fidelity error models for use in the overall vehicle six-degree-offreedom (6DOF) simulation in order to determine the effects of navigation errors on vehicle performance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4798989,no
A method for fault diagnosis of analog circuits based on optimized fuzzy inference,"Because of the difficulty of disposing of fuzzy inference rules for fault diagnosis, a systematic approach for fault diagnosis of analog circuits based on optimized fuzzy inference is presented. The fuzzy logic system for based on fuzzy inference analog circuits fault diagnosis, quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithm (QEA) is used to optimize the membership function of the rules of the fault diagnosis fuzzy logic system, then self adapted genetic algorithm to select the optimum fuzzy rule aggregate, so the number of fuzzy rules is decreased to make it easy to dispose fault diagnosis of analog circuits. The simulation results of a analog power magnifier circuits show the fault diagnosis method of the analog circuits with optimized fuzzy inference is effective.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5626967,no
A Fault-Tolerant Framework for Web Services,"Being the new generation middleware, Web services have been enjoying great popularities in recent years. The high usability of the Web service is becoming a new focus for research. According to the demands of Web services, a fault-tolerant Web services framework named FW4WS is presented. In the article, we set forth the framework and the workflow of the system in detail.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5319378,no
Fault diagnosis of power circuits based on SVM ensemble with quantum particles swarm optimization,"Based on least squares wavelet support vector machines (LS-WSVM) ensemble with quantum particle swarm optimization algorithm (QPSO), a systematic method for fault diagnosis of power circuits is presented. Firstly, wavelet coefficients of output voltage signals of power circuits under faulty conditions are obtained with wavelet lifting decomposition, and then faulty feature vectors are extracted from the disposed wavelet coefficients. Secondly, a boosting strategy is adopted to select faulty feature vectors automatically for LS-WSVM-based multi-class classifiers, QPSO is applied to select the optimal values of the regularization and kernel parameters of multi-class LS-WSVM. So the multi-class LS-WSVM ensemble model with boosting for the power circuits fault diagnosis system is built. The simulation result of push-pull circuits shows that the fault diagnosis method of the power circuits using LS-WSVM ensemble with QPSO is effective.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4776246,no
Fault diagnosis for power circuits based on SVM within the Bayesian framework,"Based on least squares wavelet support vector machines (LS-WSVM) within the Bayesian evidence framework, a systematic method for fault diagnosis of power circuits is presented. In this paper, the Bayesian evidence framework is applied to select the optimal values of the regularization and kernel parameters of multi-class LS-WSVM classifiers. Also wavelet coefficients of output voltage signals of power circuits under faulty conditions are obtained with wavelet lifting decomposition, and then faulty feature vectors are extracted from the disposed wavelet coefficients. The faulty feature vectors are used to train the multi-class LS-WSVM classifiers, so the model of the power circuits fault diagnosis system is built. In push-pull circuits, this method is applied to diagnose the faults of the circuits with simulation; the results show that the fault diagnosis method of the power circuits with LS-WSVM within the Bayesian evidence framework is effective.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4593762,no
Based on Compact Type of Wavelet Neural Network Tolerance Analog Circuit Fault Diagnosis,"Based on the classical wavelet neural network, this paper put forward a sort of improved multiple-input multiple-output compact type of wavelet neural network, adopted adaptive learning rate and additional momentum BP algorithm to carry out training, studied its tolerance analog circuit fault diagnosis applications. Simulation results displayed that the compact type of wavelet neural network learning is fast, it can be effective diagnosed and located to tolerance analog circuit fault.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5363065,no
Research on Multi-Sensor Information Fusion for the Detection of Surface Defects in Copper Strip,"Based on the defects detection on the surface of the copper strips, this paper firstly studies how to enhance system stability with the multi-sensors information fusion method. This method combines infrared, visible light and laser sensors to deal with defects detection, utilizes fuzzy logic and neural network to carry on the sensor's management, and uses wavelet transformation in image fusion. Experimental results show that this method can effectively detect surface defects in copper strips. Furthermore, it enhances the accuracy of recognizing and classifying, and makes the overall system more automatic and intelligent.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5365587,no
A Demonstration on Influencing Factors of FDI Location Choice: Based on Co-Integration and Error Correction Model,"Based on the relevant data in the year of 1983-2008,the paper utilizes Co-integration Test and Error Correction Model to inspect the influencing factors on FDI Location Choice in China. With a such research, the paper comes to the conclusion, that is,there is a long co-integration relation among them,fixed asset investment,R, former accumulated foreign capital amount, loan balance of financial corporation and FDI have a positive correlation, while W,the city person and FDI have a negative correlation;This paper can provide policy reference.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5664938,no
Design and implementation of Weapons Fault Diagnosis Expert System Platform,"By analyzing the distinguishing features of the current popular weapons fault diagnosis expert system, as well as using component-based software design and complex knowledge representation methods, this paper proposes a solution of overall design and a description of user interfaces about the Weapons Fault Diagnosis Expert System Platform. It studies and discusses the complex knowledge representation about the reusable expert system. The implementation essentials in a variety of reasoning mechanisms are also discussed. It is proved that, a special weapons fault diagnosis expert system can be generated using this expert system platform and the special knowledge of the weapons fault.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5620629,no
A Block Device Driver for Parallel and Fault-tolerant Storage,"Cauchy-Reed/Solomon is an XOR-based erasure-tolerant coding scheme which is widely used for reliable distributed storage and fault-tolerant memory. A variety of different codes can be specified, depending on the number of parallel operating storage resources and the desired strength of fault tolerance. First we present an approach to parameterize the codes for different systems and requirements, such as the desired parallelism and reliability. Based on this parameterization, a Linux block device driver was developed which is evaluated in this paper.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5758986,no
A technique for real-time correction of measurement instrument transducers frequency responses,"As it is well known, transducers are the most important components of a measurement system: they converts the physical quantity, which has to be measured, in an electrical one, processed in turns by electronic instruments. It is also known that they are the major source of uncertainty, which it is desirable to be as low as possible; obviously, their costs grow, sometimes exponentially, with their performances. Since digital measurement equipments, based on data acquisition systems and digital processors, represent nowadays the core of most electronic measuring instrument, it is possible to use them in order to compensate errors coming from transducers, without increasing their costs. So in this paper a digital technique for the correction of transducers errors is presented: it has got a low computational burden, and therefore it can be implemented in real-time even on low cost digital processors.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4547382,no
Trace-based microarchitecture-level diagnosis of permanent hardware faults,"As devices continue to scale, future shipped hardware will likely fail due to in-the-field hardware faults. As traditional redundancy-based hardware reliability solutions that tackle these faults will be too expensive to be broadly deployable, recent research has focused on low-overhead reliability solutions. One approach is to employ low-overhead (ldquoalways-onrdquo) detection techniques that catch high-level symptoms and pay a higher overhead for (rarely invoked) diagnosis. This paper presents trace-based fault diagnosis, a diagnosis strategy that identifies permanent faults in microarchitectural units by analyzing the faulty corepsilas instruction trace. Once a fault is detected, the faulty core is rolled back and re-executes from a previous checkpoint, generating a faulty instruction trace and recording the microarchitecture-level resource usage. A diagnosis process on another fault-free core then generates a fault-free trace which it compares with the faulty trace to identify the faulty unit. Our result shows that this approach successfully diagnoses 98% of the faults studied and is a highly robust and flexible way for diagnosing permanent faults.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630067,no
Falcon: fault localization in concurrent programs,"Concurrency fault are difficult to find because they usually occur under specific thread interleavings. Fault-detection tools in this area find data-access patterns among thread interleavings, but they report benign patterns as well as actual faulty patterns. Traditional fault-localization techniques have been successful in identifying faults in sequential, deterministic programs, but they cannot detect faulty data-access patterns among threads. This paper presents a new dynamic fault-localization technique that can pinpoint faulty data-access patterns in multi-threaded concurrent programs. The technique monitors memory-access sequences among threads, detects data-access patterns associated with a program's pass/fail results, and reports dataaccess patterns with suspiciousness scores. The paper also presents the description of a prototype implementation of the technique in Java, and the results of an empirical study we performed with the prototype on several Java benchmarks. The empirical study shows that the technique can effectively and efficiently localize the faults for our subjects.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062092,no
A study of the internal and external effects of concurrency bugs,"Concurrent programming is increasingly important for achieving performance gains in the multi-core era, but it is also a difficult and error-prone task. Concurrency bugs are particularly difficult to avoid and diagnose, and therefore in order to improve methods for handling such bugs, we need a better understanding of their characteristics. In this paper we present a study of concurrency bugs in MySQL, a widely used database server. While previous studies of real-world concurrency bugs exist, they have centered their attention on the causes of these bugs. In this paper we provide a complementary focus on their effects, which is important for understanding how to detect or tolerate such bugs at run-time. Our study uncovered several interesting facts, such as the existence of a significant number of latent concurrency bugs, which silently corrupt data structures and are exposed to the user potentially much later. We also highlight several implications of our findings for the design of reliable concurrent systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544315,no
Comparison of Morlet wavelet filter for defect diagnosis of bearings,"Condition monitoring helps to avoid unexpected failures of equipments. Rolling element bearings are critical components in rotating equipments. Vibration analysis is a common method used for defect detection and diagnosis of rotating equipments without effecting their operation. The measured vibration signal contains noise, modulations and low frequency components due to unbalance, misalignment, structural losseness etc. Since the impulses due to bearing defects are having low amplitude, it is difficult to detect and identify the location of bearing defect from raw vibration signals, especially during the initial stages of defect development. Since there are more transfer segments, detection of inner race and rolling element defects are also challenging. Morlet wavelet filter (MWF) can be used for denoising of vibration signals so that condition monitoring of bearings can be performed from the denoised signals. The parameters of the wavelet need to be optimized before denoising is performed. Two algorithms used for optimization of MWF are compared in this paper. First algorithm use Shannon entropy and kurtosis for optimization of shape factor and scale of the wavelet respectively. Second algorithm uses kurtosis for optimization of wavelet parameters. Experiments are performed to obtain vibration signal of bearings with defect induced in the rolling element. MWF optimized using the proposed methods were used to denoise the vibration signals. The filtered signals are compared and performances of the algorithms are evaluated.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5779584,no
Correction of scattered radiation for cone-beam computed tomography at high X-ray energies,Cone-beam computed tomography (CT) using X-ray tubes of high energy (450 keV) faces the problem of strong artifacts and a significant contrast degradation in reconstructed images. System components of cone-beam CT scanners operating at high X-ray energies have to be optimized to reduce the amount of scattered photons hitting the detector. In addition it is mandatory to apply scatter correction algorithms. A prototype of a cone-beam CT system equipped with a 450 kV industrial X-ray tube has been developed within the framework of a European research project. The influences of scattered radiation generated by the object have been extensively evaluated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Furthermore scattering reduction and correction methods have been developed. A key task was the implementation of a new hybrid method for the fast and accurate calculation of the scattering intensity distribution in X-ray projections for industrial cone-beam CT.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4775231,no
Fault diagnosis box based on Cloud Computing,"Considering the development of Internet and the diversity and complication of fault diagnosis, combined with the practice, we put forward a kind of fault diagnosis box. Efficiency of the fault diagnosis will be significantly improved based on internet. The user input his requirement in the terminal by way of diagnosis box, and then diagnosis platform can analyze the user's needs. The service which can satisfy the need is based on Cloud Computing, and the Cloud Computing can make many expensive hardware resources shared.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5568951,no
A Novel SVC VoD System with Rate Adaptation and Error Concealment over GPRS/EDGE Network,"Considering the high packet losses and low, varying bandwidth of GPRS/EDGE network and limited computation power of handheld devices, we present and implement a novel SVC video-on-demand system for hand-held devices over GPRS/EDGE network. For the purpose of handling varying bitrate, we propose a priority based layer switching (PLS) adaptation scheme for SVC stream, which not only performs online 3-D adaptation more quickly by a simple parser, but also optimizes the video quality in a R-D sense under the bandwidth constraint. To resist packet losses, a motion-detection based adaptive error concealment (MDA) algorithm is proposed, which can achieve a PSNR gain of up to 3dB comparing to existing methods, while maintaining low complexity. Moreover, our proposed system was implemented and tested over existing GPRS/EDGE network deployed in China. The test results demonstrate that the proposed system and schemes have performance advantage in terms of quicker data rate adaptation, higher PSNR and lower overhead.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4566177,no
Fine-Grained Fault Tolerance for Process Variation-Aware Caches,"Continuous scaling in CMOS fabrication process makes circuits more vulnerable to process variations, which results in variable delay, malfunctioning, and/or leaky circuits. Caches are one of the biggest victims of process variations due to their large sizes and minimal cell features. To mitigate the impacts of process variations on caches, we propose to localize the effects of process variations at a word level, not at the conventional cache set, cache way, or cache line level. Faulty words are disabled or shut down completely and accesses to those words are bypassed to a small set of word-length buffers. This technique is shown to be effective in reducing performance penalty due to process variations and in increasing the parametric yield up to 90% when subjected to the performance constraints.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5572757,no
Missing-Sensor-Fault-Tolerant Control for SSSC FACTS Device With Real-Time Implementation,"Control of power systems relies on the availability and quality of sensor measurements. However, measurements are inevitably subjected to faults caused by sensor failure, broken or bad connections, bad communication, or malfunction of some hardware or software. These faults, in turn, may cause the failure of power system controllers and consequently, severe contingencies in the power system. To avoid such contingencies, this paper presents a sensor evaluation and (missing sensor) restoration scheme (SERS) by using auto-associative neural networks (auto encoders) and particle swarm optimization. Based on the SERS, a missing-sensor-fault-tolerant control is developed for controlling a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) connected to a power network. This missing-sensor fault-tolerant control (MSFTC) improves the reliability, maintainability, and survivability of the SSSC and the power network. The effectiveness of the MSFTC is demonstrated by a real-time implementation of an SSSC connected to the IEEE 10-machine 39-bus system on a Real Time Digital Simulator and TMS320C6701 digital signal processor platform. The proposed fault-tolerant control can be readily applied to many existing controllers in power systems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4801588,no
A fault location algorithm for urban distribution network with DG,"Conventional power distribution system is radial in nature, characterized by a single source feeding a network of downstream feeders. The distribution automation fault location, primarily considering the fault current amplitude signals, has traditionally been designed assuming the system to be radial. However, the system with distributed generation (DG) may no longer radial, which means more fault direction signals to be needed for fault location. The paper suggests a novel algorithm, based on fault current amplitude difference of zone. The algorithm realizes direction detection using the difference of short - circuit capacity between system source and DG. The PSS/E simulation results indicate the method could locate fault zone correctly in urban distribution network with DG.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4523852,no
Improving error resilience of scalable H.264 (SVC) via drift control,"Common error concealment schemes mitigate errors for frames in which losses occur only, even though errors propagate to future frames. Drift control is generally challenging due to lack of reliable basis for determining what needs to be corrected and how. In this paper, we show that for scalable or multi-layer video, an available base-layer can serve as such basis to allow continous error drift checking and correction of higher layers even when the base-layer is of much lower spatial resolution. The associated algorithm is low-complexity, incurs no additional bit cost, and experiments using SVC reference software show PSNR improvement of up to 5 dB over concealment methods without drift control.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5495975,no
Silk Texture Defect Recognition System Using Computer Vision and Artificial Neural Networks,"Competiveness of textile industries depends on the quality control of production. In order to minimize production cost, effort is directed towards less defectiveness and time spent on production operations. More accuracy in silk texture defect identification should be maintained so as eliminate any abnormality in the silk texture that hinders its acceptability by the consumer. In this paper, silk texture defect identification is achieved by implementing artificial neural network (ANN) technique. Methodology for feature selection that leads to high recognition rates and to simpler classification systems architectures is presented.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5303972,no
Overview of an automatic underground distribution fault location system,"Con Edison uses power quality monitors to locate faults on its primary distribution underground network. The power quality monitors serve as the voltage and current sensors in an automatic fault location system. Fault measurements captured by the meters are downloaded automatically, integrated into a relational database, and processed for impedance calculations. The impedance calculations combined with up-to-date distribution circuit models and geographic information system data are used to build estimated fault location tables and map displays. The systems are integrated on Con Edison's intranet and used in real-time by numerous groups within Con Edison including operations, system protection, and power quality. The system can detect and locate both single-phase faults and multi-phase faults. It sends alerts when subcycle faults and magnetizing inrush current transients are detected. For single-phase faults, the system's accuracy regularly exceeds 80% success in estimating the fault location within 10% of the total number of the feeder structures. In 2008, the system was expanded to incorporate data from feeder relays and in 2009 it may be expanded to include data from transmission digital fault recorders. This document will present an overview of some of the parameters and practices for finding faults in place every day at Con Edison.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275256,no
Real-time correction of distortion image based on FPGA,"Correcting infrared camera distortion is necessary in target tracking and object recognition system. The existent FPGA algorithm didn't utilize sufficiently the advantage of the parallel processing and leaded to the results that a great deal of the system resources were consumed and the running speed was slowed down. The paper analyzed the existing problems such as serial structure in other algorithms, proposed a new parallel algorithm and realized it with the lowest resources. The experiments carried on the chip-virtex5 produced by Xilinx company show that the proposed algorithm has a good real-time performance, use less resource than previous structure and realize the correction of distortion on FPGA on line.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5656804,no
Error Correction of Noisy Interleaved Block Ciphers,"Correction of noisy cipher is a challenging task. Classical error detection and correction methods are not suitable for encrypted data. Previous work has been done on correcting noisy block ciphers using cipher and plaintext characteristics. For certain amount of errors, when error correction using cipher characteristics fails, the language properties of plaintext data were used, instead, to eliminate noise. However, this method requires an iterative process, and there are cases that may occur when unique solution cannot be achieved. In this paper, error detection and correction is performed at the receiver end, without any changes to the encryption algorithm, using only cipher characteristics. Interleaving the cipher text before transmission and deinterleaving after reception cause bursts of channel errors to be spread out in time, and, thus, to be in the correction capability of, only, cipher characteristic approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5701898,no
Research on a Novel Method for Measuring Volumetric Error of Coordinate Measuring Machine,"CMM (Coordinate Measuring Machine) is used as an accurate measuring instrument in manufacturing and design of products. High accurate CMM is required by the development of super-finish, micro-machinery, micro-electronic mechanical systems (MEMS). The precision of CMM is influenced by its volumetric error and dynamic error. The volumetric error is the major component during slowly probing, but the dynamic error is not omitted during fast probing. Compensating the volumetric error is an effective approach to improve the precision of CMM. The volumetric error in the working space of CMM must be measured and the error model must be set up before compensating. In this paper, a novel method to measure 5 volumetric errors of a guide way at the same time by 3-beam laser interferometer is proposed. The error compensating model is validated by experiment. The method can also be used to measure the dynamical error of CMM and CNC machine in real-time. The research can be referred to design the super higher accurate CMM and the accurate CNC machine.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5460155,no
Detouring: Translating software to circumvent hard faults in simple cores,"CMOS technology trends are leading to an increasing incidence of hard (permanent) faults in processors. These faults may be introduced at fabrication or occur in the field. Whereas high-performance processor cores have enough redundancy to tolerate many of these faults, the simple, low-power cores that are attractive for multicore chips do not. We propose Detouring, a software-based scheme for tolerating hard faults in simple cores. The key idea is to automatically modify software such that its functionality is unchanged but it does not use any of the faulty hardware. Our initial implementation of Detouring tolerates hard faults in several hardware components, including the instruction cache, registers, functional units, and the operand bypass network. Detouring has no hardware cost and no performance overhead for fault-free cores.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630073,no
Research on fault diagnosis of HT-60 drilling rig based on neural network expert system,"Combining the characteristics of drilling rig fault, a solution of fault diagnosis expert system based on artificial neural network is proposeed. The fault diagnosis system is designed for HT-60 drilling rig, which acquires knowledge by neural network and diagnoses by expert system. The system with characteristics of self-learning and self-adaptive can acquire knowledge from existing data in order to achieve the purpose of expanding knowledge, which maks up the inadequacies of traditional expert system. Through analyzing a variety of common faults and solutions, the software interface is established by using the Force Control software to achieve fault diagnosis which is based on artificial neural network expert system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5619156,no
Semantic Impact and Faults in Source Code Changes: An Empirical Study,"Changes to source code have become a critical factor in fault predictions. Text or syntactic approaches have been widely used. Textual analysis focuses on changed text fragments while syntactic analysis focuses on changed syntactic entities. Although both of them have demonstrated their advantages in experimental results, they only study code fragments modified during changes. Because of semantic dependencies within programs, we believe that code fragments impacted by changes are also helpful. Given a source code change, we identify its impact by program slicing along the variable def-use chains. To evaluate the effectiveness of change impacts in fault detection and prediction, we compare impacted code with changed code according to size and fault density. Our experiment on the change history of a successful industrial project shows that: fault density in changed and impacted fragments are higher than other areas; for large changes, their impacts have higher fault density than changes themselves; interferences within change impact contribute to the high fault density in large changes. Our study suggests that, like change itself, change impact is also a high priority indicator in fault prediction, especially for changes of large scales.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5076635,no
Automatic Detection of In-field Defect Growth in Image Sensors,"Characterization of in-field defect growth with time in digital image sensors is important for measuring the quality of sensors as they age. While more defects were found in cameras exposed to high cosmic ray radiation environments, comparing the collective growth rate of different sensor types has shown that CCD imagers develop twice as many defects as APS imagers, indicating that CCD imagers may be more sensitive to radiation. The defect growth of individual imagers can be estimated by analyzing historical image sets captured by individual cameras. This paper presents a defect tracing algorithm, which determines the presence or absence of defects by accumulating Bayesian statistics collected over a sequence of images. Recognizing the complexity of image scenes, camera settings, and local clustering of defects in color images (due to demosaicing), refinements of the algorithm have been explored and the resulting detection accuracy has increased significantly. In-field test results from 3 imagers with a total of 26 defects have shown that 96% of the defects' dates were identified with less than 10 days difference compared to visual inspection. In addition to our continuous study of in-field defects in high-end digital SLRs, this paper presents a preliminary study of 10 cellphone cameras. Our test results address the comparison of defects types, distribution and growth found in low-end and high-end cameras with significantly different pixel sizes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641186,no
Adaptive Correction of Errors from Recognized Chinese Ink Texts Based on Context,"Chinese ink texts can not be converted into encoded texts until their writing characters are correctly recognized. There are many errors in recognized Chinese ink texts even importing language models because Chinese ink texts are free forms and mixed with other languages, as well as their Chinese characters have a large set and complex structures. Recognized writing characters may contain wrong language types, symbols, words, and word pairs. A direct selection and input approach based on context is proposed to adaptively correct theses errors. Each writing characterpsilas recognition candidates are fully visualized. Users can naturally and easily correct recognition errors with direct operations. Userspsila intensions are identified from userspsila gestures and objects invoked by them. Recognized Chinese ink texts can provide multi-levels of information after correction. We have conducted experiments using real-life Chinese ink texts and compared the proposed approach with others. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective and robust.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5190077,no
An OpenMP Approach to Modeling Dynamic Earthquake Rupture Along Geometrically Complex Faults on CMP Systems,"Chip multiprocessors (CMP) are widely used for high performance computing and are being configured in a hierarchical manner to compose a CMP compute node in a parallel system. OpenMP parallel programming within such a CMP node can take advantage of the globally shared address space and on-chip high inter-core bandwidth and low inter-core latency. In this paper, we use OpenMP to parallelize a sequential earthquake simulation code for modeling spontaneous dynamic earthquake rupture along geometrically complex faults on two CMP systems, IBM POWER5+ system and SUN Opteron server. The experimental results indicate that the OpenMP implementation has the accurate output results and the good scalability on the two CMP systems. Further, we apply the optimization techniques such as large page and processor binding to the OpenMP implementation to achieve up to 7.05% performance improvement on the CMP systems without any code modification.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5365641,no
Calculating the fault coverage for dual neighboring faults using single stuck-at fault patterns,"Chip structures shrink rapidly, but the particles causing the defects do not shrink in the same degree, thus multiple faults are more and more frequent in today's deep sub-micron chips. Scan test patterns are usually calculated to detect single stuck-at faults, and they detect also 'nearly all' multiple faults if at least one of the faults is detectable as a single fault. 'Nearly all' implies that there are exceptions, and indeed sometimes two single-stuck-at faults can only be detected when occurring alone, but not if they occur together. This phenomenon is called fault masking and has been extensively discussed in the literature, but only in considering each pair of possible faults having the same likelihood to occur. In reality, however, pairs of neighboring faults have a much higher likelihood than pairs of distant faults. Using layout and pattern data of a commercial circuit, the extent of fault masking is calculated both for neighboring faults, and for distant faults.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4538792,no
FTCloud: A Component Ranking Framework for Fault-Tolerant Cloud Applications,"Cloud computing is becoming a mainstream aspect of information technology. The cloud applications are usually large-scale, complex, and include a lot of distributed components. Providing highly reliable cloud applications is a challenging and critical research problem. To attack this challenge, we propose FTCloud which is a component ranking based framework for building fault-tolerant cloud applications. FTCloud employs the component invocation structures and the invocation frequencies to identify the significant components in a cloud application. An algorithm is proposed to automatically determine optimal fault tolerance strategy for these significant components. The experimental results show that by tolerating faults of a small part of the most significant components, the reliability of cloud application can be greatly improved.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635078,no
Exploring machine learning techniques for fault localization,"Debugging is the most important task related to the testing activity. It has the goal of locating and removing a fault after a failure occurred during test. However, it is not a trivial task and generally consumes effort and time. Debugging techniques generally use testing information but usually they are very specific for certain domains, languages and development paradigms. Because of this, a neural network (NN) approach has been investigated with this goal. It is independent of the context and presented promising results for procedural code. However it was not validated in the context of object-oriented (OO) applications. In addition to this, the use of other machine learning techniques is also interesting, because they can be more efficient. With this in mind, the present work adapts the NN approach to the OO context and also explores the use of support vector machines (SVMs). Results from the use of both techniques are presented and analysed. They show that their use contributes for easing the fault localization task.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4813783,no
Accurate microarchitecture-level fault modeling for studying hardware faults,"Decreasing hardware reliability is expected to impede the exploitation of increasing integration projected by Moore's Law. There is much ongoing research on efficient fault tolerance mechanisms across all levels of the system stack, from the device level to the system level. High-level fault tolerance solutions, such as at the microarchitecture and system levels, are commonly evaluated using statistical fault injections with microarchitecture-level fault models. Since hardware faults actually manifest at a much lower level, it is unclear if such high level fault models are acceptably accurate. On the other hand, lower level models, such as at the gate level, may be more accurate, but their increased simulation times make it hard to track the system-level propagation of faults. Thus, an evaluation of high-level reliability solutions entails the classical tradeoff between speed and accuracy. This paper seeks to quantify and alleviate this tradeoff. We make the following contributions: (1) We introduce SWAT-Sim, a novel fault injection infrastructure that uses hierarchical simulation to study the system-level manifestations of permanent (and transient) gate-level faults. For our experiments, SWAT-Sim incurs a small average performance overhead of under 3x, for the components we simulate, when compared to pure microarchitectural simulations. (2) We study system-level manifestations of faults injected under different microarchitecture-level and gate-level fault models and identify the reasons for the inability of microarchitecture-level faults to model gate-level faults in general. (3) Based on our analysis, we derive two probabilistic microarchitecture-level fault models to mimic gate-level stuck-at and delay faults. Our results show that these models are, in general, inaccurate as they do not capture the complex manifestation of gate-level faults. The inaccuracies in existing models and the lack of more accurate microarchitecture-level models motivate using infrastruc- - tures similar to SWAT-Sim to faithfully model the microarchitecture-level effects of gate-level faults.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4798242,no
Automatic defect classification of TFT-LCD panels using machine learning,"Defect classification in the liquid crystal display (LCD) manufacturing process is one of the most crucial issues for quality control. To resolve this constraint, an automatic defect classification (ADC) method based on machine learning is proposed. Key features of LCD micro-defects are defined and extracted, and support vector machine is used for classification. The classification performance is presented through several experimental results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5213760,no
A die-based defect-limited yield methodology for line control,"Defect monitoring and control in the semiconductor fab has been well documented over the years. The methodologies typically described in the literature involve controls through full-wafer defect counts, or defect densities, with attempts to correlate defects to electrical fail modes in order to predict the yield impact. These wafer-based methodologies are not adequate for determining the impact of defects on yield. Most notably, severe complications arise when applying wafer-based methods on wafers with mixed distributions (mix of random and clustered defects). This paper describes the proper statistical treatment of defect data to estimate yield impact for mixed-distribution wafer maps. This die-based, defect-limited yield (DLY) methodology properly addresses random and clustered defects, and applies a die-based multi-stage sampling method to select defects for review. The estimated yield impact of defects on the die can then be determined. Additionally, a die normalization technique is described that permits application of this die-based methodology on multiple products with different die sizes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5551412,no
Tracking concept drift of software projects using defect prediction quality,"Defect prediction is an important task in the mining of software repositories, but the quality of predictions varies strongly within and across software projects. In this paper we investigate the reasons why the prediction quality is so fluctuating due to the altering nature of the bug (or defect) fixing process. Therefore, we adopt the notion of a concept drift, which denotes that the defect prediction model has become unsuitable as set of influencing features has changed - usually due to a change in the underlying bug generation process (i.e., the concept). We explore four open source projects (Eclipse, OpenOffice, Netbeans and Mozilla) and construct file-level and project-level features for each of them from their respective CVS and Bugzilla repositories. We then use this data to build defect prediction models and visualize the prediction quality along the time axis. These visualizations allow us to identify concept drifts and - as a consequence - phases of stability and instability expressed in the level of defect prediction quality. Further, we identify those project features, which are influencing the defect prediction quality using both a tree induction-algorithm and a linear regression model. Our experiments uncover that software systems are subject to considerable concept drifts in their evolution history. Specifically, we observe that the change in number of authors editing a file and the number of defects fixed by them contribute to a project's concept drift and therefore influence the defect prediction quality. Our findings suggest that project managers using defect prediction models for decision making should be aware of the actual phase of stability or instability due to a potential concept drift.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5069480,no
Localizing Software Faults Simultaneously,"Current automatic diagnosis techniques are predominantly of a statistical nature and, despite typical defect densities, do not explicitly consider multiple faults, as also demonstrated by the popularity of the single-fault Siemens set. We present a logic reasoning approach, called Zoltar-M(ultiple fault), that yields multiple-fault diagnoses, ranked in order of their probability. Although application of Zoltar-M to programs with many faults requires further research into heuristics to reduce computational complexity, theory as well as experiments on synthetic program models and two multiple-fault program versions from the Siemens set show that for multiple-fault programs this approach can outperform statistical techniques, notably spectrum-based fault localization (SFL). As a side-effect of this research, we present a new SFL variant, called Zoltar-S(ingle fault), that is provably optimal for single-fault programs, outperforming all other variants known to date.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381406,no
Hierarchical fault diagnosis and health monitoring in multi-platform space systems,"Current spacecraft health monitoring and fault diagnosis practices that involve around-the-clock limit-checking and trend analysis on large amount of telemetry data, do not scale well for future multi-platform space missions due to the presence of larger amount of telemetry data and an increasing need to make the long-duration missions cost-effective by limiting the size of the operations team. The need for efficient utilization of telemetry data by employing machine learning and rule-based reasoning has been pointed out in the literature in order to enhance diagnostic performance and assist the less-experienced personnel in performing monitoring and diagnosis tasks. In this research we develop a systematic and transparent fault diagnosis methodology within a hierarchical fault diagnosis framework for multiplatform space systems. Our proposed Bayesian network-based hierarchical fault diagnosis methodology allows fuzzy rule-based reasoning at different components in the hierarchy. Due to the unavailability of real formation flight data, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methodology by using synthetic data of a leader-follower formation flight. Our proposed methodology is likely to enhance the level of autonomy in ground support based spacecraft health monitoring and fault diagnosis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4839690,no
A Model Based Framework for Specifying and Executing Fault Injection Experiments,"Dependability is a fundamental property of computer systems operating in critical environment. The measurement of dependability (and thus the assessment of the solutions applied to improve dependability) typically relies on controlled fault injection experiments that are able to reveal the behavior of the system in case of faults (to test error handling and fault tolerance) or extreme input conditions (to assess robustness of system components). In our paper we present an Eclipse-based fault injection framework that provides a model-based approach and a graphical user interface to specify both the fault injection experiments and the run-time monitoring of the results. It automatically implements the modifications that are required for fault injection and monitoring using the Javassist technology, this way it supports the dependability assessment and robustness testing of software components written in Java.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5261017,no
Fault Modeling and Functional Test Methods for Digital Microfluidic Biochips,"Dependability is an important attribute for microfluidic biochips that are used for safety-critical applications, such as point-of-care health assessment, air-quality monitoring, and food-safety testing. Therefore, these devices must be adequately tested after manufacture and during bioassay operations. Known techniques for biochip testing are all function oblivious (i.e., while they can detect and locate defect sites on a microfluidic array, they cannot be used to ensure correct operation of functional units). In this paper, we introduce the concept of functional testing of microfluidic biochips. We address fundamental biochip operations, such as droplet dispensing, droplet transportation, mixing, splitting, and capacitive sensing. Long electrode actuation times are avoided to ensure that there is no electrode degradation during testing. The functional testing of pin-constrained biochips is also studied. We evaluate the proposed test methods using simulations as well as experiments for a fabricated biochip.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5166457,no
Novel modular fault tolerant switched reluctance machine for reliable factory automation systems,"Electrical machines and drives used in diverse critical fields like advanced factory automation systems, automotive and aerospace applications, military, energy and medical equipment, etc. require both special motor and converter topologies to achieve high level fault tolerance. In the paper a novel modular fault tolerant switched reluctance machine is proposed. Its stator is built up of simply to manufacture and to replace modules. The machine is able to have continuous operation despite winding faults of diverse severity. It is fed by a special power converter having separate half H-bridge leg for each coil. Thus a complex and high reliable electrical system is obtained. By advanced dynamic co-simulations (using a coupled Flux 2D and Simulink<sup></sup> program) the behaviour of the drive system under five winding fault conditions are studied. The obtained results prove the fault tolerant capacity of the proposed machine.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5520679,no
Electrical Test Structures for Investigating the Effects of Optical Proximity Correction,Electrical test structures have been designed to enable the characterisation of corner serif forms of optical proximity correction. These structures measure the resistance of a conducting track with a right angled corner. Varying amounts of OPC have been applied to the outer and inner corners of the feature and the effect on the resistance of the track investigated. A prototype test mask has been fabricated which contains test structures suitable for on-mask electrical measurement. The same mask was used to print the structures using an i-line lithography tool for on-wafer characterisation. Results from the structures at wafer level have shown that OPC has an impact on the final printed features. In particular the level of corner rounding is dependent upon the dimensions of the OPC features employed and the measured resistance can be used to help quantify the level of aggressiveness of the inner corner serifs.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4814632,no
WYSIWIB: A declarative approach to finding API protocols and bugs in Linux code,"Eliminating OS bugs is essential to ensuring the reliability of infrastructures ranging from embedded systems to servers. Several tools based on static analysis have been proposed for finding bugs in OS code. They have, however, emphasized scalability over usability, making it difficult to focus the tools on specific kinds of bugs and to relate the results to patterns in the source code. We propose a declarative approach to bug finding in Linux OS code using a control-flow based program search engine. Our approach is WYSIWIB (What You See Is Where It Bugs), since the programmer expresses specifications for bug finding using a syntax close to that of ordinary C code. The key advantage of our approach is that search specifications can be easily tailored, to eliminate false positives or catch more bugs. We present three case studies that have allowed us to find hundreds of potential bugs.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270354,no
Error correction in single-hop wireless sensor networks - A case study,"Energy efficient communication is a key issue in wireless sensor networks. Common belief is that a multi-hop configuration is the only viable energy efficient technique. In this paper we show that the use of forward error correction techniques in combination with ARQ is a promising alternative. Exploiting the asymmetry between lightweight sensor nodes and a more powerful base station even advanced techniques known from cellular networks can be efficiently applied to sensor networks. Our investigations are based on realistic power models and real measurements and, thus, consider all side-effects. This is to the best of our knowledge the first investigation of advanced forward error correction techniques in sensor networks which is based on real experiments.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5090865,no
Fault Coverage Measurement of a Timed Test Case Generation Approach,"Ensuring that a Real-Time Embedded System(RTES) is absent of major faults that may affect the way it performs is a non-trivial task. RTES behaviour is based on the interactions with its surrounding environment and on the timing characteristics of that same environment. As a result, time poses a new dimension to the complexity of the testing process. In previous research, we introduced a `priority-based' approach which tested the logical and timing behaviour of an RTES modeled formally as Uppaal automata. The `priority-based' approach was based on producing sets of timed test traces by achieving timing constraints coverage according to three sets of priorities, namely boundary, out-boundary and in-boundary. In this paper, we extend that work by validating the `priority-based' approach according to a well-known timed fault model. The validation process shows promising results, notably, that the `priority-based' approach is capable of detecting all the fault types included in the proposed fault model.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5457778,no
Cross-Cultural Differences of Error Climate between Chinese and German Entrepreneurial Firms,"Entrepreneurial firms' actions can be easily away from the predetermined goals or directions when in developing, which are errors. It would be critical for surviving how the firms cope with those errors. Our research defined the error climate as a general tendency to errors of the employees. The research used the free software, Mx, and studied four industries, including IT and software, catering and hotel, machinery and parts, and construction, to find the characteristics of the error climates of Chinese entrepreneurial firms and German entrepreneurial firms, and compared the differences between the error climates of them. The results suggest that Chinese entprepreueurial firms pay more attention to solve problems caused by errors and German entrepreneurial firms pay more attention to encourage employees communicating when an error occurs. The implication of the results for IT industry is also included.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634643,no
Reversible Data Hiding-Based Approach for Intra-Frame Error Concealment in H.264/AVC,"Error concealment plays an important role in robust video transmission. Recently, Chen and Leung presented an efficient data hiding-based (DH-based) approach to recover corrupted macroblocks from the intra-frame of an H.264/AVC sequence, but it suffers from the quality degradation problem. Since the quantized discrete cosine transform coefficients of an H.264/AVC sequence tend to form a Laplace distribution, we therefore propose a reversible DH-based approach for intra-frame error concealment based on this characteristic. Our design is able to achieve no quality degradation. Experimental results demonstrate that the quality of recovered video sequences obtained by our approach is indeed superior to that of the DH-based method. In addition, the quality advantage of our approach is illustrated when compared with the previous five related methods.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5580023,no
Spatial error concealment technique for losslessly compressed images using data hiding in error-prone channels,"Error concealment techniques are significant due to the growing interest in imagery transmission over error-prone channels. This paper presents a spatial error concealment technique for losslessly compressed images using least significant bit (LSB)-based data hiding to reconstruct a close approximation after the loss of image blocks during image transmission. Before transmission, block description information (BDI) is generated by applying quantization following discrete wavelet transform. This is then embedded into the LSB plane of the original image itself at the encoder. At the decoder, this BDI is used to conceal blocks that may have been dropped during the transmission. Although the original image is modified slightly by the message embedding process, no perceptible artifacts are introduced and the visual quality is sufficient for analysis and diagnosis. In comparisons with previous methods at various loss rates, the proposed technique is shown to be promising due to its good performance in the case of a loss of isolated and continuous blocks.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6391373,no
Enhanced temporal error concealment algorithm with edge-sensitive processing order,"Error concealment techniques are widely used in video decoder with error-prone communication channels. In this paper, an enhanced edge-sensitive processing order for temporal error concealment algorithm is proposed. Side information of neighboring macroblocks of the corrupted macroblocks are considered to derive a suitable processing order for error concealment, and a new motion vector searching algorithm is also proposed for temporal error concealment. Experimental results prove that the processing order plays an important role in error concealment. With considering the processing order, the proposed algorithm outperforms existing algorithms in terms of PSNR and perceptual artifacts, and the improvement of 2.45dB in PSNR can be achieved compared with the same system with raster-scan order.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4542205,no
Evaluation of Error Control Mechanisms Based on System Throughput and Video Playable Frame Rate on Wireless Channel,"Error control mechanisms are widely used in video communications over wireless channels. However for improving end-to-end video quality: they consume extra bandwidth and reduce effective system throughput. In this paper, considering the parameters of system throughput and playable frame rate as evaluating metrics, we investigate the efficiency of different error control mechanisms. We develop a throughput analytical model to present system effective throughput for different error control mechanisms under different conditions. For a given packet loss probability, both optimal retransmission times in adaptive ARQ and optimal number of redundant packets in adaptive FEC for each type of frames are derived by keeping the system throughput as a constant value. Also, end to end playable frame rates for the two schemes are computed. Then which error control scheme is the most suitable for which application condition is concluded. Finally empirical simulation experimental results with various data analysis are demonstrated.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5480940,no
A Feature-Based Flexible Customization Method of Error Modeling for Machine Tool,"Error model customization for different work type of complex CNC equipments is significant to identify and compensate the errors of CNC integrated manufacturing, and further to achieve process optimization and product quality control. Traditional error modeling method is complicated, takes long time and is difficult to change itself. A flexible customized error modeling method based on feature and multi-body system (MBS) theory is proposed. Firstly, feature space of machine tool and Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) homogeneous transformation matrix space are build separately. Secondly, feature mapping function is deduced. Thirdly, customization method of error model is described. Finally, flexible customization system for error modeling based on feature is developed. Using this system and method to execute error modeling for several typical machine tools of Shenyang Machine Tool Group. It takes about 1minute to get an accurate error model. It can analyze single error's percentage of total error. These are basis of error compensation. The practices indicate the method is effective and feasible. The method provides a new thought for error control, optimization of integrated manufacturing process, digital manufacturing and automation technology.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5700920,no
Error Modeling in Network Tomography by Sparse Code Shrinkage (SCS) Method,"Errors in data measurements for network tomography may cause misleading estimations. This paper presents a novel technique to model these errors by using sparse code shrinkage (SCS) method. SCS is used in the field of image recognition for denoising the image data and we are the first to apply this technique for estimating error free link delays from erroneous link delay data. To make SCS adoptable in network tomography, we have made some changes in the SCS technique such as the use of Non Negative Matrix Factorization (NNMF) instead of independent component analysis (ICA) for the purpose of estimating sparsifying transformation. The estimated (denoised) link delays are compared with the original (error free) link delays based on the data obtained from a laboratory test bed. The simulation results verify the accuracy of the proposed technique.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5684133,no
Quantifying the effects of placement errors on WSN connectivity in grid-based deployments,"Device deployment plays a key role in the performance of any Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) application. WSN device deployment (i.e. the numbers and positions of the devices) must consider several design factors, like coverage, connectivity, lifetime, etc. However, connectivity remains the most fundamental factor especially in harsh environments. Extensive work has been applied on connectivity in WSN deployments. However, realistic physical deployment errors have been ignored in the majority of that work. In this paper, we explore an efficient grid-based deployment planning for connectivity when sensors placement is affected by random bounded errors around their corresponding grid vertices. We propose a new approach to evaluate the average connectivity percentage of the deployed sensor nodes. We apply this approach to practical 3D deployment scenario, namely, the cubic grid-based deployment with bounded uniform random errors. The average connectivity percentage is computed numerically and verified by extensive simulation results. Based on the results, quantified effects of placement errors on the connectivity percentage are outlined.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5473002,no
Middleware for decentralised fault tolerant service execution using replication in pervasive systems,"Devices in pervasive systems are resource constrained, heterogeneous, mobile and personal. The devices may seek or provide such services as data compression, encryption, image analysis, query processing and other types within a local, but dynamic network. In order to enable sharing of services and resources, it is necessary that the middleware facilitate collaboration amongst devices. Resource and service sharing in such environments is a challenge due to device mobilities, heterogeneity and link failures. In this paper, we propose a middleware that enables decentralised decision making for fault tolerant service execution in pervasive systems. Opportunistic contacts between pairs of devices are exploited to locate service-device mappings and initiate replicas of the required service. Redundancy is an unnecessary, but unavoidable consequence of any replication based fault tolerance scheme. One of the objectives of the proposed middleware is to minimise the number of replications. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme has lower time overhead as compared to existing schemes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5470622,no
Adaptive Correction of Errors from Segmented Digital Ink Texts in Chinese Based on Context,"Digital ink texts in Chinese can neither be converted into users' desired layouts nor be recognized until their characters, lines, and paragraphs are correctly extracted. There are many errors in automatically segmented digital ink texts in Chinese because they are free forms and mixed with other languages, as well as their Chinese characters have small gaps and complex structures. Paragraphs, lines, and characters (recognizable language symbols) in digital ink may be wrongly extracted. An adaptive approach based on context is proposed to correct wrongly extracted these objects. Each extracted object is first adaptively visualized by color and shape labels according to relations between it and its neighbors. Users use simple gestures naturally and easily to merge and split wrongly extracted objects. Contexts are constructed from users' gestures and objects invoked by them, where users' intensions are identified. We have conducted experiments using real-life segmented digital ink texts in Chinese and compared the proposed approach with others. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach is feasible, flexible, effective, and robust.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5557338,no
Impact of configuration errors on DNS robustness,"During the past twenty years the Domain Name System (DNS) has sustained phenomenal growth while maintaining satisfactory user-level performance. However, the original design focused mainly on system robustness against physical failures, and neglected the impact of operational errors such as mis-configurations. Our measurement efforts have revealed a number of mis-configurations in DNS today: delegation inconsistency, lame delegation, diminished server redundancy, and cyclic zone dependency. Zones with configuration errors suffer from reduced availability and increased query delays up to an order of magnitude. The original DNS design assumed that redundant DNS servers fail independently, but our measurements show that operational choices create dependencies between servers. We found that, left unchecked, DNS configuration errors are widespread. Specifically, lame delegation affects 15% of the measured DNS zones, delegation inconsistency appears in 21% of the zones, diminished server redundancy is even more prevalent, and cyclic dependency appears in 2% of the zones. We also noted that the degrees of mis-configuration vary from zone to zone, with the most popular zones having the lowest percentage of errors. Our results indicate that DNS, as well as any other truly robust large-scale system, must include systematic checking mechanisms to cope with operational errors.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4808472,no
Offset based leaky prediction for error resilient ROI coding,"During the period of transmission, video data usually suffer from transmission errors inevitably. Intra update is a common approach to stop error propagation. However, damaged images cannot recover until next update in case of errors, which often leads to annoying effect. In this paper, we propose an enhanced leaky prediction approach that enables the region-of-interest (ROI) of images to recover gently from the immediate succeeding frame of erroneous ones in favor of better human perception. Moreover, an optimized offset compensation technique is designed to improve coding performance. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve better image quality for ROI and the fluctuation of bit rate is greatly reduced, compared to the intra update method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5202457,no
An improved DMVE temporal error concealment,"During video transmission over error-prone networks, the compressed bit stream is often corrupted by channel errors which may cause the video quality degrading suddenly. In this paper, we present a novel temporal error concealment technique as a post-processing tool at the decoder side for recovering the lost information. In order to recover the lost motion vector, an improved decoder motion vector estimation (DMVE) criterion is introduced which considers temporal correlation and motion trajectory together. We utilize pixels in the two previous frames as well as surrounding pixels of the lost block. The best motion vector is determined according to the criterion, and then the lost pixels are recovered using motion compensation. Simulations show that the proposed technique can achieve remarkable objective (PSNR) and subjective gains in the quality of the recovered video.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4517877,no
A Dynamic Binary Translation Framework Based on Page Fault Mechanism in Linux Kernel,"Dynamic binary translation and optimization is one of the most important essential techniques for computing system virtualization. This paper proposes a new dynamic translation framework for co-designed virtual machines. It generates and handles translation requests based on page fault mechanism provided in Linux kernel. In this new framework, the translation of guest codes and the execution of translated codes can be performed on different processors in parallel. The framework support the coprocessor translating guest code pages and the host CPU executing translated pages simultaneously, thus the translator becomes more efficient. The paper also presents a qualitative analysis of the time cost in our framework on an x86-ARM co-designed dynamic binary translation system, and suggests that the performance of this framework can be further improved if shared memory between host CPU and coprocessor is used. The framework can also be used in a dynamic binary translator on multi-core platforms.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5578325,no
Fault-tolerant and power-aware scheduling algorithm in hard-real-time distributed systems,"Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) technique is being increasingly used in hard-real-time energy-limited embedded systems as a means to conserve energy and prolong their lifetimes. In this paper, we first analyze the interplay between fault-tolerance and energy-saving as well as their quantitative needs on processor slack resource. Then, we extend the traditional fault-tolerant completion time test (FTCTT) to power-aware fault-tolerant completion time test (PAFTCTT). Based on PAFTCTT, a voltage slowdown factor calculation is proposed. These slowdown factors not only guarantee that all hard tasks can be scheduled within their deadlines despite of any single permanent fault, but also effectively reduce energy consumption. Finally, the simulation experiments reveal that slowdown factor technique can achieve the percents of energy-saving up to 31.3% (with an average of 16.3%).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5565199,no
Defect detection of bearing surfaces based on machine vision technique,"Due to the high demands for productivity and quality of bearing and the shortage of traditional detection methods, this paper proposes an automatic detection system based on machine vision technique. The detection system uses digital image processing technology to process the images collected by CCD camera and finish identification for the surfaces of bearing quickly and accurately. Firstly, least squares fitting and annulus scan are used to locate the bearing and the regions which will be detected. Secondly, contrast enhancement and low-pass filtering are used to improve the quality of images. Next, object inspection is applied to determine whether defects exist. Finally, the shape feature is used to finish recognition of defects. Experiments show that the detection system has the features of high efficiency, high accuracy and ease of use. This research has a certain practical value.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5620311,no
Study on method of single-phase-to-earth fault section location in neutral point resonant grounded system,"Due to the large amount of branches and high grounding resistance of the distribution network, the earth fault location has not been solved effectively. A live location method is proposed for the single-phase-to-earth fault section in the neutral point resonant grounded system. By this method, the compensation current of arc-suppression coil is adjusted after the metallic earth fault occurs. And the fault section can be confirmed by the variation of zero-sequence current measured by FTU equipped in the lines, for the zero-sequence current in the non-fault path is proportional to the zero-sequence voltage. When the single-phase-to-earth fault via resistance occurs, zero-sequence voltage changes after the arc-suppression coil is adjusted. The method is also effective as long as the zero-sequence current is converted by zero-sequence voltage. The site experiments have been carried out to prove that the method is feasible.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5617537,no
Modeling method for information model of fault tree diagnosis based on UML,"Due to the problem of complex relation between different data types existing in information model of fault tree diagnosis, the modeling method for information model of fault tree diagnosis based on UML is proposed. Firstly, the requirement of integrated diagnosis and AI-ESTATE to information in test and diagnostic environment and the shortage of information model of fault tree diagnosis is analyzed in the paper. Secondly, key structure, elements, data type and their restricting relation in the diagnostic information model of fault tree based on XML Schema is described. Afterwards, the mapping relation and the binding rule between XML Schema and UML class is researched. Finally, the UML class diagram about information model of fault tree diagnosis is created.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5565179,no
Practical Diagnostic Approach of Energy Consumption and Systematic Fault of AC System,"Due to the vast amount of energy consumption of AC (Air Conditioning) systems, the reasonable design, optimal operation and efficient management of AC systems are inevitable and necessary to the whole city energy management (CEM). To achieve these objectives, the verification of systematic characteristics, practical approaches of energy consumption and systematic fault diagnosis of AC systems should be taken as the premises and the most elementary works. Based on AC commissioning principle, a practical diagnosis approach of energy consumption and systematic fault of AC system is established. The framework and general procedures of the practical approach is presented and introduced in this paper.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5577264,no
On the Risk of Fault Coupling over the Chip Substrate,"Duplication and comparison has proven to be an efficient method for error detection. Based on this generic principle dual core processor architectures with output comparison are being proposed for safety critical applications. Placing two instances of the same (arbitrary) processor on one die yields a very cost efficient ""single chip"" implementation of this principle. At the same time, however, the physical coupling of the two replica creates the potential for certain types of faults to affect both cores in the same way, such that the mutual checking will fail. The key question here is how this type of coverage leakage relates to other imperfections of the duplication and comparison approach that would also be found using two cores on separate dies (such as coupling over a common power supply or clock). In this paper we analyze several of the relevant physical coupling mechanisms and elaborate a model to decompose the genesis of a common cause fault into several steps. We present an experimental study showing that a very tight local and temporal coincidence of the fault effect in both replica is a crucial prerequisite for a common cause fault. Based on this quantitative input we can conclude from our decomposition model that the risk of common cause faults is low for physical coupling mechanisms with relatively slow propagation speed, such as thermal and mechanical effects. The role of asymmetry for mitigating common cause faults is discussed in the light of these findings.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5350057,no
A new method for fault detection during power swing in distance protection,"During a power swing, currents and voltages behave such as a fault. Therefore, power swing blocking function in distance relays is necessary to discriminate between a power swing and a fault. Otherwise power swings can be considered as a fault and causes relay trip. The main problem happens when during power sings a fault occurs. In this case, distance relays should be unblocked. In this paper, a new method based on the DC component of fault currents will be proposed to detect a fault during power swing blocking. The proposed method can detect single-phase to ground, two-phase to ground and three-phase fault. Applying the new method on a sample network reveals the features of the method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5136999,no
Test Case Mutation in Hybrid State Space for Reduction of No-Fault-Found Test Results in the Industrial Automation Domain,During development of a device a large set of testcases is executed to ensure the qualitative requirements. Nevertheless because of timing issues it is not possible to perform all possible test cases and therefore it is not possible to guarantee a product that works always as expected by the end user.Finding the root cause of failures in returned devices is still largely manual work by an expert because the exact system and environment state is not known.In this paper we present an approach which allows automatic mutation of test cases for hybrid systems to reproduce failures based on vague user descriptions.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5254081,no
Evaluating the impact of Undetected Disk Errors in RAID systems,"Despite the reliability of modern disks, recent studies have made it clear that a new class of faults, UndetectedDisk Errors (UDEs) also known as silent data corruption events, become a real challenge as storage capacity scales. While RAID systems have proven effective in protecting data from traditional disk failures, silent data corruption events remain a significant problem unaddressed by RAID. We present a fault model for UDEs, and a hybrid framework for simulating UDEs in large-scale systems. The framework combines a multi-resolution discrete event simulator with numerical solvers. Our implementation enables us to model arbitrary storage systems and workloads and estimate the rate of undetected data corruptions. We present results for several systems and workloads, from gigascale to petascale. These results indicate that corruption from UDEs is a significant problem in the absence of protection schemes and that such schemes dramatically decrease the rate of undetected data corruption.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270353,no
A first design for CANsistant: A mechanism to prevent inconsistent omissions in CAN in the presence of multiple errors,"Despite the significant advantages of the controller area network (CAN) there is an extended belief that CAN is not suitable for critical applications, mainly because of several dependability limitations. One of them is its limited data consistency. Several solutions to this problem have been previously proposed but they are not able to efficiently ensure consistent broadcasts in the presence of multiple channel errors. This paper introduces a circuit called CANsistant, that detects all scenarios potentially leading to the inconsistent omission of a frame in the presence of up to 4 channel errors and, if necessary, retransmits the affected frame.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5347236,no
Wavelet Coherence and Fuzzy Subtractive Clustering for Defect Classification in Aeronautic CFRP,"Despite their high specific stiffness and strength, carbon fiber reinforced polymers, stacked at different fiber orientations, are susceptible to interlaminar damages. They may occur in the form of micro-cracks and voids, and leads to a loss of performance. Within this framework, ultrasonic tests can be exploited in order to detect and classify the kind of defect. The main object of this work is to develop the evolution of a previous heuristic approach, based on the use of Support Vector Machines, proposed in order to recognize and classify the defect starting from the measured ultrasonic echoes. In this context, a real-time approach could be exploited to solve real industrial problems with enough accuracy and realistic computational efforts. Particularly, we discuss the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence for examining relationships in time-frequency domains between. For our aim, a software package has been developed, allowing users to perform the cross wavelet transform, the wavelet coherence and the Fuzzy Inference System. Since the ill-posedness of the inverse problem, Fuzzy Inference has been used to regularize the system, implementing a data-independent classifier. Obtained results assure good performances of the implemented classifier, with very interesting applications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5447413,no
Influence of localized defect on transmission in a coaxial Bragg structure,"Detailed simulations are presented for the effect of localized defect on the transmission of a coaxial Bragg structure. It is found that if localized defect is introduced to both the outer-wall and the inner-rod corrugations, two pass-bands will generate in the initial stop-band associated with the inter-coupling of the operating mode with spurious modes, which are quite narrow and thus may provide promising applications in high-Q resonators, tunable narrow-band filters, and pulse compressors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5475857,no
A Skeletal-Based Approach for the Development of Fault-Tolerant SPMD Applications,"Distributing applications over PC clusters to speed-up or size-up the execution is now commonplace. Yet efficiently tolerating faults of these systems is a major issue. To ease the addition of checkpoint-based fault tolerance at the application level, we introduce a {em Model for Low-Overhead Tolerance of Faults}(MoLOToF) which is based on structuring applications using {em fault-tolerant skeletons}. MoLOToF also encourages collaborations with the programmer and the execution environment. The skeletons are adapted to specific parallelization paradigms and yield what can be called {em fault-tolerant algorithmic skeletons}. The application of MoLOToF to the SPMD parallelization paradigm results in our proposed FT-SPMD framework. Experiments show that the complexity for developing an application is small and the use of the framework has a small impact on performance. Comparisons with existing system-level checkpoint solutions, namely LAM/MPI and DMTCP, point out that FT-SPMD has a lower runtime overhead while being more robust when a higher level of fault tolerance is required.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5704425,no
Analytically redundant controllers for fault tolerance: Implementation with separation of concerns,"Diversity or redundancy based software fault tolerance encompasses the development of application domain specific variants and error detection mechanisms. In this regard, this paper presents an analytical design strategy to develop the variants for a fault tolerant real-time control system. This work also presents a generalized error detection mechanism based on the stability performance of a designed controller using the Lyapunov Stability Criterion. The diverse redundant fault tolerance is implemented with an aspect oriented compiler to separate and thus reduce this additional complexity. A Mathematical Model of an Inverted Pendulum System has been used as a case study to demonstrate the proposed design framework.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5531539,no
DNA error correcting codes: No crossover.,"DNA error correcting codes over the edit metric create embeddable markers for sequencing projects that are tolerant of sequencing errors. When a sequence library has multiple sources for its sequences, use of embedded markers permit tracking of sequence origin. Evolutionary algorithms are currently the best known technique for optimizing DNA error correcting codes. In this study we resolve the question of the utility of the crossover operator used in earlier studies on optimizing DNA error correcting codes. The crossover operator in question is found to be substantially counterproductive. A majority of crossover events produce results that violate minimum-distance constraints required for error correction. A new algorithm, a form of modified evolution strategy, is tested and is found to locate codes with record size. The table of best know sizes for DNA-error correcting codes is updated.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4925705,no
Mask contribution on CD & OVL errors budgets for Double Patterning Lithography,"Double Patterning Technology (DPT) is now considered as the mainstream technology for 32 nm node lithography. The main DPT processes have been developed according targeted applications: spacer and pitch splitting either by dual line or dual trench approaches. However, the successful implementation of DPT requires overcoming certain technical challenges in terms of exposure tool capability, process integration, mask performance and finally metrology. For pitch splitting process, the mask performance becomes critical as the technique requires a set of two masks. This paper will focus on the mask impact to the global critical dimension (CD) and overlay (OVL) errors for DPT. The mask long-distance and local off-target CD variation and image placement were determined on DP features at 180 nm and 128 nm pitches, dedicated to 45 nm and 32 nm nodes respectively. The mask data were then compared to the wafer CD and OVL results achieved on same DP patterns. Edge placement errors have been programmed on DP like-structures on reticle in order to investigate the offsets impact on CD and image placement. The CD lines increases with asymmetric spaces adjacent to the drawn lines for offsets higher than 12 nm, and then have been compared to the corresponding density induced by individual dense and sparse symmetric edges and have been correlated to the simulated prediction. The single reticle trans-X offsets were then compared to the impact on CD by OVL errors in the double patterning strategy. Finally, the pellicle-induced reticle distortions impact on image placement errors was investigated. The mechanical performance of pellicle was achieved by mask registration measurements before and after pellicle removal. The reticle contribution to the overall wafer CD and OVL errors budgets were addressed to meet the ITRS requirements.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5760004,no
Analysis of Fault-Tolerant Performance of a Doubly Salient Permanent-Magnet Motor Drive Using Transient Cosimulation Method,"Doubly salient permanent-magnet (DSPM) motors offer the advantages of high power density and high efficiency. In this paper, it is examined that the DSPM motor is a new class of fault-tolerant machines, a potential candidate for many applications where reliability and power density are of importance. Fault analysis is performed in a DSPM motor drive, including internal and external faults. Due to the fact that the experimentation on a true motor drive for such a purpose is impractical because of its high cost and difficulty to make, a new cosimulation model of a DSPM motor drive is developed using coupled magnetic and electric circuit solvers. Last, to improve the performance of a DSPM motor drive with an open-circuited fault, a fault compensation strategy is proposed. Simulation and experimental results are presented, showing the effectiveness of the proposed cosimulation method and the high performance of the fault-tolerant characteristic of DSPM motor drives.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4441340,no
Double circuit transmission line Fault Distance Location using Artificial Neural Network,"Distance relays used for protection of transmission lines have problems of under-reach, over-reach and maloperation due to high impedance faults. Further the problem is compounded when the distance relays are used for protection of double circuit transmission lines due to effect of zero sequence mutual coupling. Different types of faults on a protected transmission line should be located correctly. This paper presents a single neural network for fault distance location for all the ten types of faults (3 LG, 3 LLG, 3 LL, 1 LLL) in both the circuits of a double circuit transmission line fed from sources at both the end. This technique uses only one end data and accurate fault distance location is achieved after one cycle from the inception of fault. The proposed Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based Fault Distance Locator uses fundamental components of three phase current signals of both the circuits & three phase voltage signals to learn the hidden relationship in the input patterns. An improved performance is obtained once the neural network is trained suitably, thus performing correctly when faced with different system parameters and conditions i.e. varying fault type, fault location, fault resistance, fault inception angle, presence of mutual coupling and remote source infeed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5393593,no
A new method for fault section estimation in distribution network,"Determination of fault section is a necessary step for locating the fault in the distribution power system. In this paper a new practical based method is presented for fault section estimation in distribution system. In the proposed method, at first different zones is defined using impedance classifier. Then, the suitable locations for installing the cutout fuses are determined using expert of designer. After that, special settings for cutout fuse links are determined in such a way that they operate coordinately. Finally, current waveforms are used to distinguish which cutout fuse operated or in which section fault occurred.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666632,no
Defect identification of lumber through correlation technique with statistical and textural feature extraction method,"Feature extraction is an important component of a pattern recognition system. A well-defined feature extraction algorithm makes the identification process more effective and efficient. Several techniques exist for the quality checking of wooden materials. However, image based quality checking of wooden materials still remains a challenging task. Although trivial quality checking methods are available, they do not give useful results in most situations. This paper addresses the issue of quality checking of wooden materials using statistical and textural feature extraction techniques with high accuracy and reliability. In our work, a wood defect identification system has been designed based on pre-processing techniques, feature extraction and by correlating the features of those wood species for their classification. The most popular technique used for the textural classification is Gray-level Co-occurrence Matrices (GLCM). The features from the enhanced images are thus extracted using the GLCM is correlated, which determines the classification between the various wood species. Experiments conducted under the proposed conditions showing significant results are presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5738784,no
Automated Diagnosis of Product-Line Configuration Errors in Feature Models,"Feature models are widely used to model software product-line (SPL) variability. SPL variants are configured by selecting feature sets that satisfy feature model constraints. Configuration of large feature models can involve multiple stages and participants, which makes it hard to avoid conflicts and errors. New techniques are therefore needed to debug invalid configurations and derive the minimal set of changes to fix flawed configurations. This paper provides three contributions to debugging feature model configurations: (1) we present a technique for transforming a flawed feature model configuration into a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) and show how a constraint solver can derive the minimal set of feature selection changes to fix an invalid configuration, (2) we show how this diagnosis CSP can automatically resolve conflicts between configuration participant decisions, and (3) we present experiment results that evaluate our technique. These results show that our technique scales to models with over 5,000 features, which is well beyond the size used to validate other automated techniques.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4626856,no
Adding Integrity Verification Capabilities to the LDPC-Staircase Erasure Correction Codes,"File distribution is becoming a key technology, in particular in large scale content broadcasting systems like DVB-H/SH. They largely rely on Application Level FEC codes (AL-FEC) in order to recover from transmission erasures. We believe that sooner or later, content integrity and source authentication security services will be required in these systems. In order to save the client terminal resources, which can be a handheld autonomous device, we have designed a hybrid system that merges the AL-FEC decoding and content integrity/source authentication services. More precisely our system can detect a random object corruption triggered by a deliberate attack with a probability close to 100% almost for free in terms of computation overhead. The case of intelligent corruptions is also addressed and counter measures proposed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5426110,no
Adaptive FMO selection strategy for error resilient H.264 coding,"Flexible macroblock ordering (FMO) is one of the effective error resilient tools in H.264/AVC video coding standard. Nevertheless the issue of how to suitably arrange the macroblocks in suitable FMO mapping type for different video applications is yet to be clarified and investigated. In this paper, we are analyzing the tradeoff and effectiveness of the six fixed FMO types, and based these six fixed FMO types, using the joint source-channel rate distortion optimization (RDO) principle to propose an adaptive FMO type selection strategy for different video scenes and applications. The experiment results shows that our method has more compatibility and flexibility than the six fixed FMO types, and better error resilience than most of them.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4589969,no
Comparison of the four configurations of the inductive Fault Current Limiter,"Fault current limiters (FCLs) are expected to play an important role in the protection of the future power networks, since the increase of loads and expansion of the power networks lead to much higher short-circuit power. This paper presents the comparison of four different configurations of inductive FCL, with respect to the FCL weight (magnetic core and winding material) and losses during both the nominal and the fault state of operation. Two main challenges in the inductive FCL design are reduction of the material weight and reduction of the induced dc winding over-voltage during the fault period. So far, solutions (core configurations) proposed in the literature are: decoupling of the dc and the ac magnetic circuits to avoid high voltages across the dc winding during a fault and the so-called open- core configuration. The presented results reveal the merits and drawbacks of each of the configurations and compare them to the conventional inductive FCL design characteristics. The results are obtained through the simulations in SaberDesinger and by experiments.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4592574,no
A new approach for fault detection in digital relays-based power system using Petri nets,"Fault detection in power systems, from the viewpoint of its required speed and accuracy, needs to be investigated yet. The hidden faults resulted from malfunctioning of circuit breakers and incorrect warnings of relays and happening of several faults, are the main difficulties in monitoring of power system. In this paper, Petri nets have been used for modeling and location detection of faults in power systems. In this deductive method, using the information of protection system's situation, the estimation of the faulted sections has been modeled using Petri nets. This deductive process can be represented graphically based on Petri nets and executed using matrix operations. The inputs of fault diagnosis models are the acquired data by the Remote Terminal Units (RTU) of the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system including the relay's trip signals and the signal of circuit breaker's situation. Logical operand information of digital protection relays such as pickup and operation of protection devices are more reliable than that of SCADA in reflection of relays trip condition. They can be added to the information of SCADA based fault diagnosis models. By using Petri nets, the processing time of information is reduced and the precise of fault detection procedure is increased. Also the proposed approach provides hierarchical monitoring of power systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5712527,no
A fault classification model of modern automotive infotainment system,"Fault detection, analyzing and fixing are major challenges in automotive field especially in modern complex infotainment system. To diagnose and fix a fault, it is essential to find a proper fault classification model. This paper presents a fault classification model of modern automotive infotainment system which consists of electronic control units. After investigating automotive infotainment system from different possible aspects, a fault classification scheme is proposed which best fits in this field.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5289263,no
Ventilator Fault Diagnosis Based on Fuzzy Theory,"Fault diagnosis has been the research hotspot in the industry fields. It has a practical significance to discuss the effective fault diagnosis methods. Aiming at the fuzzy and random features of the occurrence probabilities, this paper presents a hybrid method that combines the fault tree with fuzzy set theory.In this approach, fuzzy aggregation and defuzzification are adopted and this method is used in ventilator fault diagnosis. The research shows that this method is feasible and effective and can be applied to the other rotating machinery fault diagnosis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5365808,no
Exploratory analysis of massive data for distribution fault diagnosis in smart grids,"Fault diagnosis in power distribution systems is critical to expedite the restoration of service and improve the reliability. With power grids becoming smarter, more and more data beyond utility outage database are available for fault cause identification. This paper introduces basic methodologies to integrate and analyze data from different sources. Geographic information system (GIS) provides a framework to integrate these data through spatial and temporal relations. Features extracted from raw data provide different discriminant powers, which can be evaluated by the likelihood measure. A fault cause classifier is then trained to learn the relations between fault causes and the features. Two statistical methods, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and logistic regression (LR), are introduced. The assumptions, general approaches and performances of these two techniques are discussed and evaluated on a real-world outage dataset.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275689,no
Introducing dynamics in a fault diagnostic application using Bayesian Belief Networks,"Fault diagnostic techniques are required to determine whether a fault has occurred in a system and to identify the component failures that may have caused it. This task can be complicated when dealing with complex systems and dynamic behaviour, in particular, introduces further difficulties. This paper presents a method for fault detection on dynamic systems using Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs). Possible trends are identified for the variables in the systems that are monitored by the sensors. Fault Trees (FTs) are built to represent the causality of the trends and these are then converted into BBNs. The networks developed for different sections are connected together to form a unique concise network. For a combination of sensors which deviate from the expected trends, calculating the updated probability enables a list of potential causes for the system scenarios to be obtained. A simple water tank system has been used to validate the method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270213,no
Evaluating the Use of Reference Run Models in Fault Injection Analysis,"Fault injection (FI) has been shown to be an effective approach to assessing the dependability of software systems. To determine the impact of faults injected during FI, a given oracle is needed. Oracles can take a variety of forms, including (i) specifications, (ii) error detection mechanisms and (iii) golden runs. Focusing on golden runs, in this paper we show that there are classes of software which a golden run based approach can not be used to analyse. Specifically, we demonstrate that a golden run based approach can not be used in the analysis of systems which employ a main control loop with an irregular period. Further, we show how a simple model, which has been refined using FI experiments, can be employed as an oracle in the analysis of such a system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5368242,no
An improved fault locating system of distribution network based on fuzzy identification,"Fault locating system, which is designed for the fast power recovery, is very important in the economical operating of the distribution network. But, for the uncertainty of the fault information, the incorrect conclusion may be obtained by the traditional fault location calculation, so the most fault locating system can not be employed in the distribution network. In this paper, an improved fault locating system is proposed, which is composed of the fault signal acquisition unit and the fault location analysis center. Fuzzy identification is employed in the fault location analysis center to deal with the uncertainty of fault information. The failure and mistake rates of indicator action are used as the fuzzy parameters to calculate the fuzzy difference of the fault sequence and the standard fault set. The fault indicator is the primary device of fault information acquisition. The radio frequency and GPRS technology construct the communication channel of fault signal acquisition unit, which cuts down the construction cost and also ensures the obtaining accuracy of the fault information. The fault location system is working on the distribution network and operating well. With the accurate fault location, power supply recovers fast. The loss of power failure is reduced effectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5735873,no
Current fault management trends in NASA's planetary spacecraft,"Fault management for today's space missions is a complex problem, going well beyond the typical safing requirements of simpler missions. Recent missions have experienced technical issues late in the project lifecycle, associated with the development and test of fault management capabilities, resulting in both project schedule delays and cost overruns. Symptoms seem to become exaggerated in the context of deep space and planetary missions, most likely due to the need for increased autonomy and the limited communications opportunities with Earth-bound operators. These issues are expected to cause increasing challenges as the spacecraft envisioned for future missions become more capable and complex. In recognition of the importance of addressing this problem, the Discovery and New Frontiers Program Office hosted a Fault Management Workshop on behalf of NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Planetary Science Division, to bring together experts in fault management from across NASA, DoD, industry and academia. The scope of the workshop was focused on deep space and planetary robotic missions, with full recognition of the relevance of, and subsequent benefit to, Earth-orbiting missions. Three workshop breakout sessions focused the discussions to target three topics: 1) fault management architectures, 2) fault management verification and validation, and 3) fault management development practices, processes and tools. The key product of this three-day workshop is a NASA White Paper that documents lessons learned from previous missions, recommended best practices, and future opportunities for investments in the fault management domain. This paper summarizes the findings and recommendations that are captured in the white paper.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4839530,no
Fault Management Using the CONMan Abstraction,"Fault management in networks is difficult. We argue that a major contributor to the difficulty of debugging network faults is the sheer volume of semantically anemic details exposed by protocols. Unlike past approaches that try to cope with the deluge of information exposed, in this paper we explore how to reduce and structure the management information exposed by data-plane protocols and devices to make them more amenable to fault management. To this effect, we delineate two conditions that the management interface of data-plane protocols should satisfy: it should provide a structured description of protocol reality and it should support what we call a ""conservation of bytes"" invariant. Based on this, we propose an architecture wherein data- plane protocols expose management information satisfying these conditions. This allows management applications to detect, localize and (possibly) resolve faults in a structured fashion. We discuss the detection of a representative set of real-world faults to illustrate our approach. We implemented these fault management features into three protocols and built a management application that uses the features to debug faults. Apart from serving as a proof of concept, this exercise indicates that our proposal does indeed simplify debugging of a large fraction of network faults.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5061985,no
A new distributed approach for building balanced ring for fault tolerance in mesh architecture,"Fault ring (f-ring) is a popular model for the fault tolerance in grid based architectures such as 2D-mesh and torus. In the work proposed by Huxi Gu et al. introduced the concept of a balanced ring( b-ring) to reduce the traffic load on the fault ring to achieve fault tolerance in a mesh architecture. However, central to their work is the formation of the balanced ring that surrounds a fault ring. In this paper, we propose a new distributed approach for the formation of the balanced ring. Our approach is based on eight-neighborhood property that requires only the local information of the faulty nodes in contrast to the global knowledge as needed by the algorithm.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5397940,no
A Modified BCE Algorithm for Fault-Tolerance Scheduling of Periodic Tasks in Hard Real-Time Systems,"Fault tolerance is an important aspect of real-time control systems, due to unavoidable timing constraints. In this paper, the timing problem of a set of concurrent periodic tasks is considered where each task has primary and alternate versions. In the literature, probability of fault in the alternate version of a task is assumed to be zero. Here, a fault probability with uniform distribution has been used. In addition, to cover the situations in which both versions are scheduled with some time overlapping, a criterion is defined for prioritizing primary version against the alternate version. A new scheduling algorithm is proposed based on the defined criterion. Simulation results show that an increase in the number of executed primary tasks which improves the efficiency of processor utilization, hence prove the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5071998,no
Doubly Fed Induction Generator Model-Based Sensor Fault Detection and Control Loop Reconfiguration,"Fault tolerance is gaining interest as a means to increase the reliability and availability of distributed energy systems. In this paper, a voltage-oriented doubly fed induction generator, which is often used in wind turbines, is examined. Furthermore, current, voltage, and position sensor fault detection, isolation, and reconfiguration are presented. Machine operation is not interrupted. A bank of observers provides residuals for fault detection and replacement signals for the reconfiguration. Control is temporarily switched from closed loop into open-loop to decouple the drive from faulty sensor readings. During a short period of open-loop operation, the fault is isolated using parity equations. Replacement signals from observers are used to reconfigure the drive and reenter closed-loop control. There are no large transients in the current. Measurement results and stability analysis show good results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4773265,no
Formal static fault tree analysis,"Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a traditional informal reliability and safety analysis technique. FTA is basically a combinational model in which standard Boolean logic constructs, such as AND and OR gates, are used to decompose the fault events. Several dynamic constructs, such as Functional Dependency (FDEP) and Priority AND (PAND) gates, are also proposed to handle dynamic behaviors of system failure mechanisms. In this article, we focus on some paradoxes and constraints of the traditional FDEP and PAND gates, and present our static solutions to these dynamic gates. The proposed static fault tree model is formalized with Maude, an executable algebraic formal specification language. Two example fault tolerant parallel processor (FTPP) configurations are used to demonstrate our static fault tree model.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5674869,no
Adaptive partition size temporal error concealment for H.264,"Existing temporal error concealment methods for H.264 often decide the partition size of the lost macroblock (MB) before recovering the motion information, without actual quality comparison between different partition modes. In this paper, we propose to select the best partition mode by minimizing the Weighted Double-Sided External Boundary Matching Error (WDS-EBME), which jointly measures the inter-MB boundary discontinuity, inter-partition boundary discontinuity and intrapartition block artifacts in the recovered MB. The proposed method estimates the best motion vectors for each of the candidate partition modes, calculates the overall WDS-EBME values for them, and selects the partition mode with the smallest overall WDS-EBME to recover the lost MB. We also propose a progressive concealment order for the 4times4 partition mode. Test results show that the adaptive partition size method always outperforms the fixed partition size methods. Both the adaptive and fixed partition size methods are much superior to the temporal error concealment (TEC) method in the H.264 reference software.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4746376,no
Shared Data from a Study of Measurement Uncertainty in Fault Injection,"Experimental dependability studies usually produce an amount of data substantially greater than what can be presented in a research paper or a technical report. For this reason, authors condensate the results into more succinct forms that allow them to convey their message. Since a large amount of the original data is left unexplored, sharing it allows other teams to discover additional facts (as well as to compare the results to other studies). In a previous paper, we investigated sources of uncertainty in measurement results obtained using three different fault injection techniques. The resulting experimental data was shared in the AMBER raw data repository. This paper gives an overview of the study and makes an attempt at further exploring the shared data.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5628855,no
Trustworthy Evaluation of a Safe Driver Machine Interface through Software-Implemented Fault Injection,"Experimental evaluation is aimed at providing useful insights and results that constitute a confident representation of the system under evaluation. Although guidelines and good practices exist and are often applied, the uncertainty of results and the quality of the measuring system is rarely discussed. To complement such guidelines and good practices in experimental evaluation, metrology principles can contribute in improving experimental evaluation activities by assessing the measuring systems and the results achieved. In this paper we present the experimental evaluation by software-implemented fault injection of a safe train-borne driver machine interface (DMI), to evaluate its behavior in presence of faults. The measuring system built for the purpose and the results obtained on the assessment of the DMI are scrutinized along basic principles of metrology and good practices of fault injection. Trustfulness in results has been estimated satisfactory and the experimental campaign has shown that the safety mechanisms of the DMI correctly identify the faults injected and that a proper reaction is executed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5368539,no
Efficiency analysis of illumination correction methods for face recognition performance,"Face recognition is an important task in the computer vision community leading to multiple applications such as building control access, video surveillance or forensics, to mention only a few. Face images are acquired in the enrollment process to form a database, which is the first stage usually performed off line. Second stage implies real-time test procedure where a new unseen face is captured and the face recognition system authorizes or does not, or recognize the identity of the person, based on similarity matching between the new acquired face image and the ones existing in the database, providing a matching score. When the acquiring conditions provided by the enrollment process highly differ by test environmental conditions, some preprocessing steps may be required. An instance of such step is given by illumination correction. The paper aims at analyzing the efficiency of five recent state-of-the-art normalization approaches in term of illumination correction and their effect on face recognition. Surprisingly, to the best of our knowledge, no systematic comparison exist in the literature to date, fact that had motivated us to carry out such analysis. We should also note that, apart from the face recognition task, other domains, such as medical imaging, could benefit from those preprocessing techniques.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5606436,no
Algorithm-Based Fault Tolerance for Fail-Stop Failures,"Fail-stop failures in distributed environments are often tolerated by checkpointing or message logging. In this paper, we show that fail-stop process failures in ScaLAPACK matrix-matrix multiplication kennel can be tolerated without checkpointing or message logging. It has been proved in previous algorithm-based fault tolerance that, for matrix-matrix multiplication, the checksum relationship in the input checksum matrices is preserved at the end of the computation no mater which algorithm is chosen. From this checksum relationship in the final computation results, processor miscalculations can be detected, located, and corrected at the end of the computation. However, whether this checksum relationship can be maintained in the middle of the computation or not remains open. In this paper, we first demonstrate that, for many matrix matrix multiplication algorithms, the checksum relationship in the input checksum matrices is not maintained in the middle of the computation. We then prove that, however, for the outer product version algorithm, the checksum relationship in the input checksum matrices can be maintained in the middle of the computation. Based on this checksum relationship maintained in the middle of the computation, we demonstrate that fail-stop process failures (which are often tolerated by checkpointing or message logging) in ScaLAPACK matrix-matrix multiplication can be tolerated without checkpointing or message logging.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4492768,no
hFT-FW: Hybrid Fault-Tolerance for Cluster-Based Stateful Firewalls,"Failures are a permanent menace for the availability of Internet services. During the last decades, numerous fault-tolerant approaches have been proposed for the wide spectrum of Internet services, including stateful firewalls. Most of these solutions adopt reactive approaches to mask failures by replicating state-changes between replicas. However, reactive replication is a resource consuming task that reduces scalability and performance: the amount of computational and bandwidth resources to propagate state-changes among replicas might be high. On the other hand, more and more commercial off-the-shelf platforms provide integrated hardware error-detection facilities. As a result, some current fault-tolerance research works aim to replace the reactive fault-handling with proactive fault-avoidance. However, pure proactive approaches are risky and they currently face serious limitations. In this work, we propose a hybrid proactive and reactive model that exploits the stateful firewall semantics to increase the overall performance of cluster-based fault-tolerant stateful firewalls. The proposed solution reduces the amount of resources involved in the reactive state-replication by means of Bayesian techniques to perform lazy replication while, at the same time, benefits from proactive fault-tolerance. Preliminary experimental results are also provided.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4724361,no
Comparative Study of Fault-Proneness Filtering with PMD,"Fault-prone module detection is important for assurance of software quality. We have proposed a novel approach for detecting fault-prone modules using spam filtering technique, named Fault-proneness filtering. In order to show the effectiveness of fault-proneness filtering, we conducted comparative study with a static code analysis tool, PMD. In the study, Fault-proneness filtering obtains higher F<sub>1</sub> than PMD.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700354,no
Modified feedback configuration for sensor fault tolerant control,"Faults in process control systems can cause undesired reactions and shut-down of a plant, and could be damaging to components, to personnel or the environment. The improvement of reliability, safety and efficiency of the system has become increasingly important. The fundamental purpose of a FTCS scheme is to ensure that faults do not result in system breakdown and although at a lower degree of system performance. The correlative action or prevention measures can be taken to eliminate or minimize the effect of the fault. This paper demonstrates how a feedback control structure can tolerate sensor faults in a temperature control system. The proposed fault-tolerant control design consists of two parts: a nominal performance controller and a model based element to provide sensor fault compensating signals. The nominal controller can have any given structure that satisfies the performance specification, such as a PID controller. When a sensor fault is present, the controller input is augmented to compensate the fault. Results of real time implementation for temperature control are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed FTCS scheme. Sensor faults and disturbance were included to test the proposed design. Deteriorated sensor performance is considered as fault.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4795844,no
Safety verification of fault tolerant goal-based control programs with estimation uncertainty,"Fault tolerance and safety verification of control systems that have state variable estimation uncertainty are essential for the success of autonomous robotic systems. A software control architecture called mission data system, developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, uses goal networks as the control program for autonomous systems. Certain types of goal networks can be converted into linear hybrid systems and verified for safety using existing symbolic model checking software. A process for calculating the probability of failure of certain classes of verifiable goal networks due to state estimation uncertainty is presented. A verifiable example task is presented and the failure probability of the control program based on estimation uncertainty is found.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4586461,no
Self-Adaptation of Fault Tolerance Requirements Using Contracts,"Fault tolerance is a constant concern in data centers where servers have to run with a minimal level of failures. Changes on the operating conditions or on server demands, and variations of the systems own failure rate have to be handled in such a way that SLAs are honored and services are not interrupted. We present an approach to handle fault tolerance requirements, based on component replication, which is supported by a context-aware infrastructure and guided by contracts that describe adaptation policies for each application. At run-time the infrastructure autonomically manages the deployment, the monitoring of resources, the maintenance of the fault tolerance requirements described in the contract, and reconfigures the application when necessary, to maintain compliance. An example with an Apache web server and replicated Tomcat servers is used to validate the approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5284167,no
A Framework for Proactive Fault Tolerance,"Fault tolerance is a major concern to guarantee availability of critical services as well as application execution. Traditional approaches for fault tolerance include checkpoint/restart or duplication. However it is also possible to anticipate failures and proactively take action before failures occur in order to minimize failure impact on the system and application execution. This document presents a proactive fault tolerance framework. This framework can use different proactive fault tolerance mechanisms, i.e., migration and pause/un-pause. The framework also allows the implementation of new proactive fault tolerance policies thanks to a modular architecture. A first proactive fault tolerance policy has been implemented and preliminary experimentations have been done based on system-level virtualization and compared with results obtained by simulation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4529406,no
The secret life of bugs: Going past the errors and omissions in software repositories,"Every bug has a story behind it. The people that discover and resolve it need to coordinate, to get information from documents, tools, or other people, and to navigate through issues of accountability, ownership, and organizational structure. This paper reports on a field study of coordination activities around bug fixing that used a combination of case study research and a survey of software professionals. Results show that the histories of even simple bugs are strongly dependent on social, organizational, and technical knowledge that cannot be solely extracted through automation of electronic repositories, and that such automation provides incomplete and often erroneous accounts of coordination. The paper uses rich bug histories and survey results to identify common bug fixing coordination patterns and to provide implications for tool designers and researchers of coordination in software development.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5070530,no
Application of a fault injection based dependability assessment process to a commercial safety critical nuclear reactor protection system,"Existing nuclear power generation facilities are currently seeking to replace obsolete analog Instrumentation and Control (I&C) systems with contemporary digital and processor based systems. However, as new technology is introduced into existing and new plants, it becomes vital to assess the impact of that technology on plant safety. From a regulatory point of view, the introduction or consideration of new digital I&C systems into nuclear power plants raises concerns regarding the possibility that the fielding of these I&C systems may introduce unknown or unanticipated failure modes. In this paper, we present a fault injection based safety assessment methodology that was applied to a commercial safety grade digital Reactor Protection System. Approximately 10,000 fault injections were applied to the system. This paper presents a overview of the research effort, lessons learned, and the results of the endeavor.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544285,no
A PIN-Based Dynamic Software Fault Injection System,"Fault injection plays a critical role in the verification of fault-tolerant mechanism, software testing and dependability benchmarking for computer systems. In this paper, according to the characteristics of software faults, we propose a new fault injection design pattern based on the PIN framework provided by Intel company, and develop a PIN-based dynamic software fault injection system (PDSFIS). Faults can be injected by PDSFIS without the source code of target applications under assessment, nor does the injection process involve interruption or software traps. Experimental assessment results of an Apache Web server obtained by the dependability benchmarking are presented to demonstrate the potentials of PDSFIS.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4709308,no
Novel fault localization approach for ATPG / scan-fault failures in complex sub-nano FPGA/ASIC debugging,Fault isolation in automated test pattern generation (ATPG) / scan-fault has been increasingly challenging in today's advanced integrated circuit (IC) as diagnosis results usually point to extensive faulty nets which can be physically widespread on the die. This work highlights a novel approach in understanding electrical fault data with promising physical failure analysis (PFA) results in FPGA/ASIC debugging.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5532246,no
Optimization for Fault Localization in All-Optical Networks,"Fault localization is a critical issue in all-optical networks. The limited-perimeter vector matching (LVM) protocol is a novel fault-localization protocol proposed for localizing single-link failures in all-optical networks. In this paper, we study the optimization problems in applying the LVM protocol in static all- optical networks. We consider two optimization problems: one is to optimize the traffic distribution so that the fault-localization probability in terms of the number of localized links is maximized, and the other is to optimize the traffic distribution so that the time for localizing a failed link is minimized. We formulate the two problems into an integer linear programming problem, respectively, and use the CPLEX optimization tool to solve the formulated problems. We show that by optimizing the traffic distribution the fault-localization probability can be maximized and the fault-localization time can be minimized. Moreover, a heuristic algorithm is proposed to evaluate the optimization results through simulation experiments.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5153289,no
Exploiting Quasiperiodicity in Motion Correction of Free-Breathing Myocardial Perfusion MRI,"Free-breathing image acquisition is desirable in first-pass gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but the breathing movements hinder the direct automatic analysis of the myocardial perfusion and qualitative readout by visual tracking. Nonrigid registration can be used to compensate for these movements but needs to deal with local contrast and intensity changes with time. We propose an automatic registration scheme that exploits the quasiperiodicity of free breathing to decouple movement from intensity change. First, we identify and register a subset of the images corresponding to the same phase of the breathing cycle. This registration step deals with small differences caused by movement but maintains the full range of intensity change. The remaining images are then registered to synthetic references that are created as a linear combination of images belonging to the already registered subset. Because of the quasiperiodic respiratory movement, the subset images are distributed evenly over time and, therefore, the synthetic references exhibit intensities similar to their corresponding unregistered images. Thus, this second registration step needs to account only for the movement. Validation experiments were performed on data obtained from six patients, three slices per patient, and the automatically obtained perfusion profiles were compared with profiles obtained by manually segmenting the myocardium. The results show that our automatic approach is well suited to compensate for the free-breathing movement and that it achieves a significant improvement in the average Pearson correlation coefficient between manually and automatically obtained perfusion profiles before ( <b>0.87</b> <b>0.18</b>) and after (<b>0.96</b> <b>0.09</b>) registration.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5458069,no
Full coverage location of logic resource faults in A SOC co-verification technology based FPGA functional test environment,"Full coverage location of logic resource faults is vital for FPGA design and fabrication, rather than only detecting whether there are faults or not. Taking advantage of flexibility and observability of software in conjunction with high-speed simulation of hardware, SOC co-verification technology based in-house FPGA functional test environment embedded with an in-house computerized tool, ConPlacement, can locate logic resources automatically, exhaustively and repeatedly. The approach to implement full coverage location of configurable logic block (CLB) faults by the FPGA functional test environment is presented in the paper. Experimental results of XC4010E demonstrate that full coverage location of logic resource faults as well as multi-faults position can be realized.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5351202,no
Software-Based Algorithm for Modeling and Correction of Gradient Nonlinearity Distortions in Magnetic Resonance Imaging,"Functional radiosurgery is a noninvasive stereotactic technique that requires magnetic resonance image (MRI) sets with high spatial resolution. Gradient nonlinearities introduce geometric distortions that compromise the accuracy of MRI-based stereotactic localization. We present a gradient nonlinearity correction method based on a cubic phantom MRI data set. The approach utilizes a sum of spherical harmonics to model the geometrically warped planes of the cube and applies the model to correct arbitrary image sets acquired with the same scanner. In this paper, we give a detailed description of the Matlab distortion correction program, report on its performance in stereotactic localization of phantom markers, and discuss the possibility to accelerate the code using general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU) techniques.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5233196,no
Further Results on Prony Approximation for Evaluation of the Average Probability of Error,"Further results on a Prony approximation for efficient evaluation of the average probability of error over fading channels are presented. A generic definition of the average probability of error for a communication system is given. The Prony approximation method is shown to be an extension of the Chernoff bound and the MGF method. An improved algorithm for obtaining the parameters of the Prony approximation is developed. New, simple and highly accurate Prony approximations for the conditional probability of bit-error of M-ary modulations assuming parameter quantization to only 3 significant figures are presented. Furthermore, the rank and determinant design criteria for space-time block codes in Gaussian channels are shown to be valid for the exact pairwise error probability. Numerical results indicate that the relative approximation error using the Prony approximation method is less than 5% of the exact average probability of error for all practical values of the signal-to-noise ratio.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4533298,no
PTGC: A parallel triangular geometric correction algorithm for remote sensing images,"Geometric correction with the compute intensive characteristic is the critical step in the processing of remote sensing image. As is known, the correction based on polynomial transform will lead to significant computing errors when applied to the region with fluctuant terrain. In this paper we present a novel and more precise parallel triangular geometric correction algorithm to deal with the image of the fluctuant terrain with large amount of data. In the algorithm, dynamic cut-off points are adopted to achieve good load balance, and the triangle scan line structure is utilized to preserve the index of the triangle, which is hashed by the pixel. Hence, the redundant calculation is avoided. The algorithm is equipped with good scalability, and is able to handle arbitrary geometric distortion. The accuracy of our approach is approximate 80% higher than the polynomial geometric correction algorithm with similar computational overhead.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5293445,no
Fault-based attack of RSA authentication,"For any computing system to be secure, both hardware and software have to be trusted. If the hardware layer in a secure system is compromised, not only it would be possible to extract secret information about the software, but it would also be extremely hard for the software to detect that an attack is underway. In this work we detail a complete end-to-end fault-attack on a microprocessor system and practically demonstrate how hardware vulnerabilities can be exploited to target secure systems. We developed a theoretical attack to the RSA signature algorithm, and we realized it in practice against an FPGA implementation of the system under attack. To perpetrate the attack, we inject transient faults in the target machine by regulating the voltage supply of the system. Thus, our attack does not require access to the victim system's internal components, but simply proximity to it. The paper makes three important contributions: first, we develop a systematic fault-based attack on the modular exponentiation algorithm for RSA. Second, we expose and exploit a severe flaw on the implementation of the RSA signature algorithm on OpenSSL, a widely used package for SSL encryption and authentication. Third, we report on the first physical demonstration of a fault-based security attack of a complete microprocessor system running unmodified production software: we attack the original OpenSSL authentication library running on a SPARC Linux system implemented on FPGA, and extract the system's 1024-bit RSA private key in approximately 100 hours.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5456933,no
A novel fault-tolerant control method of wireless sensor networks,"For sensor distribution of wireless sensor networks, a neural network fault-tolerant control strategy is proposed: first the control law in various fault conditions is designed using the method of system reconstruction, and then the control law features is learned based a neural network. After learning, the neural network as a controller system can be controlled. Simulation results show that: neural network controller can replace the original controller system, and for an unknown fault in the system, it can have the same fault tolerant.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5543713,no
A length compensation method to eliminate the varying length defect in one dimensional fisheye views,"Graphical fisheye view is an effective technique for visualizing and navigating large information structures. However, there are still technical difficulties that hinder its broader applications. One of the prominent problems is the varying length effect seen in most fisheye views. The varying length effect refers to a phenomenon that the length (or height) of a fisheye component is not fixed, but it varies with the location of the focal point. This effect may bring some disadvantages that reduce the usability of a fisheye component. To overcome this defect, sporadical solutions have been seen for specific implementations, but a systematic method has not been seen yet. This paper proposes a length compensation method to eliminate the varying length defect for one dimensional fisheye components. The method provides solutions for handling both discrete and continuous magnifications respectively. The mathematical foundation of the method is given, and the implemented prototype proves that it is effective.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5512457,no
Gravity measurement from moving platform by second order Kalman Filter and position and velocity corrections,"Gravity measurement is an effective tool for oil and gas exploring. It is particularly important for gravity observation from moving platforms, especially for remote areas and offshore fields by aircraft, boat, ship, submarine, satellite, vehicle, etc. The measurement is complicated by difficulty to discern gravity from platform accelerations, nonlinearity, drift and dynamic angular movement. Presented solution is second order Kalman Filter, a recursive estimator that is applied to highly nonlinear measurement problems. The filter optimally combines data of three-axis gyros, accelerometers and platform position and velocity signals to provide accurate attitude and gravity measurement. Extensive simulations verified accuracy and robustness of proposed method for measurement form different vehicles in various dynamic environments.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4957130,no
Managing Faults for Distributed Workflows over Grids,"Grid applications composed of multiple, distributed jobs are common areas for applying Web-scale workflows. Workflows over grid infrastructures are inherently complicated due to the need to both functionally assure the entire process and coordinate the underlying tasks. Often, these applications are long-running, and fault tolerance becomes a significant concern. Transparency is a vital aspect to understanding fault tolerance in these environments.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5427403,no
DDGrid: A Grid Computing Environment with Massive Concurrency and Fault-Tolerance Support,"Grid Computing is an effective computing paradigm widely used in solving complex problems. There are a variety of existing grid middleware systems which support operation of grid infrastructures, including CNGrid GOS, EGEE gLite, Globus Toolkit, and OSG Condor etc. These grid infrastructures focus on encapsulating underlying computing and storage resources and providing necessary basic services such as batch job service, information service, scheduling service, and cross-domain security, etc. Some other features such as fault-tolerance, massive concurrency support are vital to the success of real applications, especially complex and long running applications. These features have not been the focus point of the current grid systems. DDGrid, a key project supported by CNGrid (China National Grid), is aiming at establishing a grid computing environment that can utilize computing resources scattered over the Internet to carry out virtual-screening operations which requires computing power that a single institute or company can't afford. In our design and implementation of DDGrid, we propose a master/worker mode which effectively utilizes computing resources that the underlying grid infrastructure provides and tries to provide additional features of fault-tolerance and massive concurrency support that are essential to the real applications.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4662836,no
Fault tolerant mechanism in grid based on Backup Node,"Grid is a very efficient technology to performing heavy processing with distributed resources. These resources at geographically distributed widely and without central control unit. One of the important challenges in grid is fault tolerant, because the grid resources in this environment are not reliable. And to avoid duplication with processing done by a resource, the Check Pointing mechanism has been proposed. The state of application at particular point of time can be store and in case of failure the status information can restore on new node and computation can continue. Check Pointe storage location is a major challenge in the fault tolerant techniques. In this paper we presented a new method by using a backup node. Adding a component to GRAM to improve efficiency and fault tolerant. With clear Backup Node the Check point information can save on it. This method increases the efficiency and system reliability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5689756,no
Achieving Fault Tolerance on Grids with the CPPC Framework and the GridWay Metascheduler,"Grids have brought a significant increase in the number of available resources that can be provided to applications. In the last decade, an important effort has been made to develop middleware that provides grids with functionalities related to application execution. However, support for fault-tolerant executions is either lacking or limited. This paper presents an experience to endow with fault tolerance support parallel executions on grids through the integration of CPPC, a check pointing tool for parallel applications, and Grid Way, a well-known met scheduler provided with the Globus Toolkit. Since both tools are not immediately compatible, a new architecture, called CPPC-GW, has been designed and implemented to allow for the transparent execution of CPPC applications through Grid Way. The performance of the solution has been evaluated using the NAS Parallel Benchmarks. Detailed experimental results show the low overhead of the approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5644958,no
A broadband network fault distribution model,"Growth of the telecommunications market brings more and more types of broadband services, and also the total amount of users who use broadband services is growing. All of this leads to increasing number of user interference, which may be caused by various reasons. Among the most common causes of errors may be faults in the access network, the failures of the customer equipment, errors in the core network, errors in the access devices, etc. For the telecom operators it is very important to well manage the removal of those errors, because the quality of customer services depends on it. This article deals with the exploration of the most common error places and describes time distribution appearing of these errors. As part of this work was created the fault generator, which tries to truly predict the appearance of user interferences. Generator is modeled by using the method of Fourier series and a quantile function.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5306881,no
Temporal error concealment algorithm for H.264/AVC using omnidirectional motion similarity,"H.264/AVC is the newest one among several video compression standards. The main goals of H.264/AVC are to achieve efficient compression performance and a network friendly video coding. However, if an error occurs when transmitting compressed video, error concealment is needed to prevent error propagation and to improve the video quality. In this paper, we propose the temporal error concealment algorithm which provides high performance for H.264/AVC. The proposed algorithm uses the property that the motion vectors (MVs) between the error macroblock (MB) and the neighboring MB have high similarity to select a group of candidate MVs, when an error occurs in the inter-coded frame. Next, weighted overlapped boundary matching algorithm using the credibility of information selects the best candidate MV among a group of candidate MVs. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm improves PSNR up to 3.02 dB compared with the boundary matching algorithm (BMA).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5586725,no
Physical defect modeling for fault insertion in system reliability test,"Hardware fault-insertion test (FIT) is a promising method for system reliability test and diagnosis coverage measurement. It improves the speed of releasing a quality diagnostic program before manufacturing and provides feedbacks of fault tolerance of a very complicated large system. Certain level insufficient fault tolerance can be fixed in the current system but others may require ASIC or overall system architectural modifications. The FIT is achieved by introducing an artificial fault (defect modeling) at the pin level of a module to mimic any physical defect behavior within the module, such as SEU (single event upset) or escaped delay defect. We present a hardware architectural solution for pin fault insertion. We also present a simulation framework and optimization techniques for a subset of module pin selection for FIT, such that desired coverage are obtained under the constraints of limited FIT pins due to the costs of the associated implementation. Experimental results are presented for selected ISCAS and OpenCore benchmarks, as well as for an industrial circuit.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5355715,no
Fault Tolerant ICAP Controller for High-Reliable Internal Scrubbing,"High reliable reconfigurable applications today require system platforms that can easily and quickly detect and correct single event upsets. This capability, however, can be costly for FPGAs. This paper demonstrates a technique for detecting and repairing SEUs within the configuration memory of a Xilinx Virtex-4 FPGA using the ICAP interface. The internal configuration access port (ICAP) provides a port internal to the FPGA for configuring the FPGA device. An application note demonstrates how this port can be used for both error injection and scrubbing (L. Jones, 2007). We have extended this work to create a fault tolerant ICAP scrubber by triplicating the internal ICAP circuit using TMR and block memory scrubbing. This paper will describe the costs, benefits, and reliability of this fault-tolerant ICAP controller.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526471,no
Hardware/software solution for high precision defect correction in digital image sensors,"High resolution image sensors are now standard in imaging devices such as mobile phones with camera functionality. Resolution improvement in very small sensors is obtained by decreasing the pixel size but, in CMOS sensors, the likelihood of defective pixels also augments. Hence, sophisticated processing is necessary for achieving high quality images despite of noise and defects. This paper presents a hardware/software solution for high precision correction of defective pixels in an image sensor. The method maintains an always up-to-date map of the defective pixels and also allows detection of new defects as they show up during the lifetime of the sensor. The reliability of the map is assured by tracking the history of pixels defectiveness. The map is updated automatically and in real time without user intervention.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4559487,no
Improvement of bit error rate using channel interleaving for channel binding WLAN prototype,"High speed wireless LAN prototype of 324 Mbit/sec has been developed. Six channel binding of 802.11 a signal on frequency domain was employed for increasing PHY data rate. Frame aggregation was employed to improve MAC-SAP throughput. Individual adaptive data rate setting on each channel, so called adaptive dynamic channel assign was implemented in order to achieve maximum MAC-SAP throughput at any channel condition. In this paper, multiple channel interleaving over all frequency channels for randomization of burst error was presented. Interleaving can be carried out over all channels or inside individual channel. Bit and packet error rate were measured using implemented WLAN equipements with/without multiple channel interleaving. It was confirmed that improvement using multiple channel interleaving were measured to be 2 dB.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4699826,no
Simple correction of chemical shift changes in magnetic resonance spectroscopy quantitation,"High-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) <sup>1</sup>H spectroscopy is playing an increasingly important role for diagnosis. This technique enables setting up metabolite profiles of ex vivo pathological and healthy tissue. Automatic quantitation of HRMAS signals provides reliable reference profiles to monitor diseases and pharmaceutical follow-up. Nevertheless, for several metabolites chemical shifts may slightly differ according to the micro-environment in the tissue or cells, in particular its pH. This hampers accurate estimation of the metabolite concentrations mainly when using quantitation algorithms based on a metabolite basis-set. In this work, we propose a user-friendly way to circumvent this problem based on stretching of the metabolite basis-set signals and maximization of the correlation between the HRMAS and basis-set spectra prior to quantitation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5548476,no
Improving the performance of hypervisor-based fault tolerance,"Hypervisor-based fault tolerance (HBFT), a checkpoint-recovery mechanism, is an emerging approach to sustaining mission-critical applications. Based on virtualization technology, HBFT provides an economic and transparent solution. However, the advantages currently come at the cost of substantial overhead during failure-free, especially for memory intensive applications. This paper presents an in-depth examination of HBFT and options to improve its performance. Based on the behavior of memory accesses among checkpointing epochs, we introduce two optimizations, read fault reduction and write fault prediction, for the memory tracking mechanism. These two optimizations improve the mechanism by 31.1% and 21.4% respectively for some application. Then, we present software-superpage which efficiently maps large memory regions between virtual machines (VM). By the above optimizations, HBFT is improved by a factor of 1.4 to 2.2 and it achieves a performance which is about 60% of that of the native VM.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5470357,no
Image mosaic method based on the image geometric correction for traffic accident scene,Image mosaic is one of important technologies for image processing. It is normally used to make up a seamless and high resolution image. There are some algorithms that deal with the image mosaic. But the most make simply two or more images seamlessly form a large image for a holographic scenic display. The post-processing on the photo from a traffic accident scene is required to reflect and allow inspectors to accurately determine the actual distance between objects in the scene. Therefore the images taken from the traffic accident scene need to be corrected before being spliced to each other. The image correction allows the information on the scene to be correctly displayed. The splicing on the corrected images ensures a thorough view and complete information gain that covers the whole scene.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5646855,no
Fault data collection in substations according to IEC 61850,"In a research project a fault data collection device for substations with a communication interface according to IEC 61850 was developed. The IEC 61850 standard is the future of substation automation networking. This standard has no models for signaling faults included up to date. Therefore, specific logical nodes were defined by using attribute types of the standard. These additional nodes were implemented and tested in a self made server.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5282051,no
Eye gaze correction to guarantee eye contact in videoconferencing,"In a typical desktop video-conference setup, the camera and the display screen cannot be physically aligned. This problem produces lack of eye contact and substantially degrades the user's experience. Expensive hardware systems using semi-reflective materials are available on the market to solve the eye gazing problem. However, these specialized systems are far away from the mass market. This paper presents an alternative approach using stereo rigs to capture a three-dimensional model of the scene. This information is then used to generate the view from a virtual camera aligned with the conference image the user looks at.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5336642,no
LEON3 ViP: A Virtual Platform with Fault Injection Capabilities,"In addition to functional simulation for validation of hardware/software designs, there are additional robustness requirements that need advanced simulation techniques and tools to analyze the system behavior in the presence of faults. In this paper, we present the design of a fault injection framework for LEON3, a 32bit SPARC CPU based system used by the European Space Agency, described at Transaction Level using System C. First of all an extension of a previous XML formalization of basic binary faults, like memory and CPU registers corruption, is done in order to support TLM2.0transaction's parameters corruptions. Next a novel Dynamic Binary Instrumentation (DBI) technique for C++ binaries is used to insert fault injection wrappers in SystemC transaction path. For binary faults in model components the use of TLM2.0 transport_dbg is proposed. This way each component with fault injection capabilities exposes a standard interface to allow internal component inspection and modification.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5615462,no
A smart design of coolant tank leak testing equipment in car manufacture using fault detection and isolation observer based method,"In car manufacture industry (in Shanghai), we need to do leak test for coolant tank. Normally, many coolant tanks e.g. 5 have to be tested at the same time. The traditional test system has only one pressured liquid input with a single pressure sensor and a temperature sensor to monitor and control the coolant tank leak test system. Once a tank leaked, it was difficult to identify which one in testing had been leaking. This paper presents a smart design of the test equipment for a coolant tank leak test using existing testing equipment. This design applied fault detection and isolation observer based method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4582855,no
An algorithm for diagnostic fault simulation,"In diagnostic testing faults detectable by test vectors are partitioned into groups. This partitioning is such that a fault is distinguishable from faults in all other groups, but is indistinguishable from those in its own group. Diagnostic fault coverage (DC) is defined as the number of fault groups divided by the total number of faults. We present a new diagnostic fault simulation algorithm that determines the DC of given test vectors and produces a fault dictionary. For each vector, we begin with detected fault list at each primary output obtained from a convetional fault simulator. For the vector being simulated each fault is assigned a detection index that uniquely specifies its detection status at all primary outputs. Fault list is then partitioned. Faults with different detection index are distinguished by the simulated vector and are kept in separate groups. Any fault in a group by itself is dropped from further simulation with subsequent vectors for which its detection index remains unknown (X). After simulation of each vector, the cumulative DC is obtained by counting the fault groups. Fault dictionary syndrome for a fault is the array of its detection indexes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5550345,no
"Numerical simulation of propagation and defect reflection of T(0,1) mode guided wave in pipes","For the complexity of calculating and analyzing the guided wave propagation and defect reflection in steel pipes, and the instructional role on studying the characters of T(0,1) mode guided wave to experimental studies, a method associating guided wave theory with numerical solution was applied to simulate T(0,1) mode guided wave propagation and defect reflection in steel pipes by building models, imposing surface loads, and calculating in the ANSYS program, and the characters of T(0,1) mode guided wave were studied. The results of numerical calculation prove that: the T(0,1)mode guided wave was basically non-dispersive in reasonable frequencies, the attenuation trend of amplitude was exponential and the amplitude was basically keeping stable after propagating some distance, the T(0,1) mode guide wave was sensitive to both inner and outer circumferential defects. The reflection coefficient of T(0,1) mode guided wave increases linearly with the increase of circumferential length and depth of defects. When defect depth is not through-thickness, axial length has more influence on reflection coefficient. When defect depth is through-thickness, the influence of axial length to reflection coefficient is basically omitted.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5619082,no
A fault-tolerant system for Java/CORBA objects,"Frameworks like CORBA facilitate the development of distributed applications through the use of off-the-shelf components. Though the use of distributed components allows faster building of applications, it also reduces the application availability as failure of any component can make the application unavailable. In this paper we present the design and implementation of a fault-tolerant system for CORBA objects implemented in Java. The proposed fault tolerant system employs object replication. We use a three tier architecture in which the middle tier manages replication and acts as a proxy for replicated objects. The proxy ensures consistency and transparency. In the current implementation, the proxy uses the primary-site approach to ensure strong consistency. Saving and restoring of objects' state is done transparently and it does not require object implementation to have special functions implemented for this purpose.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536152,no
Machining accuracy improvement of five-axis machine tools by geometric error compensation,"In five-axis machining, geometric error of the machine tool is an important error source reducing machining accuracy. Through geometric error compensation, the machining accuracy can be improved. A software-based error compensation strategy is discussed in this study. All individual geometric error components of five-axis machine tools are identified by a laser interferometer system and a ball bar system. To acquire synthetic error, a generalized error model was established based on muti-body system (MBS) and homogeneous transfer matrix (HTM). Finally, the geometric error was compensated by correcting the NC code. Corresponding error compensation software has been developed and an experiment has shown the feasibility of the proposed compensation method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6139041,no
A Resource Management System for Fault Tolerance in Grid Computing,"In grid computing, resource management and fault tolerance services are important issues. The availability of the selected resources for job execution is a primary factor that determines the computing performance. The failure occurrence of resources in the grid computing is higher than in a tradition parallel computing. Since the failure of resources affects job execution fatally, fault tolerance service is essential in computational grids. And grid services are often expected to meet some minimum levels of quality of service (QoS) for desirable operation. However Globus toolkit does not provide fault tolerance service that supports fault detection service and management service and satisfies QoS requirement. Thus this paper proposes fault tolerance service to satisfy QoS requirement in computational grids. In order to provide fault tolerance service and satisfy QoS requirements, we expand the definition of failure, such as process failure, processor failure, and network failure. And we propose resource scheduling service, fault detection service and fault management service and show implement and experiment results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5283868,no
Evaluation of probabilistic-based selectivity technique for earth fault protection in MV networks,"In a Bayesian selectivity technique has been introduced to identify the faulty feeder in compensated medium voltage (MV) networks. The proposed technique has been based on a conditional probabilistic method applied on transient features extracted from the residual currents only using the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). In this paper, the performance of this selectivity technique is evaluated when the current transformers (CTs) impacts are considered. The CTs are modeled considering their frequency characteristics. Furthermore, network noises are added to the simulated signals. Therefore, the algorithm can be tested at different practical conditions, such as nonlinear characteristics of the measuring devices and the impact of noise as well. The fault cases occurring at different locations in a compensated 20 kV network are simulated by ATP/EMTP. Results show a reduction in the algorithm sensitivity with considering CT and noise effectiveness.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5282189,no
Soft error assessments for servers,"In order to assess the soft error rate (SER) of a server, it is important to not only quantify the soft error contribution of the individual semiconductor components, but also to account for derating and for SER mitigation like hardening and shielding. Derating describes the fact that not every soft error has an impact. A large number of soft errors vanish based on electrical, logical or timing considerations. They have no impact. Additionally, a server can, to a large degree, be protected from the impact of soft errors by implementing error detection and correction means. In these cases the impact of the soft error is limited to the extra compute time needed for the correction. Summing up the SER contributions from transistors and circuits results in the so-called raw soft error rate, a rate which describes just the bottom layer of the system stack. Powerful protection mechanisms at higher layers can reduce that rate by several orders of magnitude. Awareness of this vertical interaction across the different layers in the system stack leads to servers optimized for robustness.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5488799,no
Application of MATLAB in teaching of Error Theory And Survey Adjustment,"In order to improve and strengthen the ability of survey data processing, MATLAB software is introduced in the course of Error Theory and Survey Adjustment as the teaching assistance method. Based on its ability formidable calculating function, graph handling ability and the rich toolbox, the MATLAB-based Error Theory and Survey Adjustment experiment has been set up. It improves the students' creative capability and stimulates learning activity, because the abstract theory becomes direct viewing and vivid, so the teaching effect is improved.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5622615,no
Subpixel Edge Location Using Orthogonal Fourier-Mellin Moments Based Edge Location Error Compensation Model,"In order to improve the edge location accuracy of vision measurements, this paper presents a compensation model for edge location calculation using the orthogonal Fourier-Mellin moments (OFMMs). The edge location error is the difference between the sampling edge location and the actual one which occurs when the edge location is not within the center pixel and pixel boundaries. We established a look-up table which as the compensation model to eliminate the error for OFMMs.Experimental results showed that the proposed model can be used to correct the error of edge location. The precision of 0.19 pixel by using OFMMs with the compensation model can be achieved. It can be concluded that the proposed method is an efficient approach to satisfy the practical requirements for high accuracy for edge detection.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4696488,no
Analysis of measuring errors for the visible light phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer,"In order to improve the measuring accuracy of the visible light phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer (PS/PDI) for the extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) aspheric mirrors, the main measuring errors will be discussed in this paper. At first, the elementary configuration and measuring principle of the visible light phase-shifting point diffraction interferometer are introduced briefly, then the different errors which are possible to affect the measuring result are summed up, the errors include PZT phase-shifting error, detector nonlinearity error, detector quantization error, wavelength instability error and intensity instability error of the laser source, vibration error, air refractivity instability error and so on. Through detailed analysis and simulation, the magnitude of these errors can be obtained. By analysing the reasons which cause these errors and the relationship between these errors and interferometer configuration parameters, some methods are put forward to avoid or restrain these errors accordingly.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5713588,no
Efficient High-Speed Interface Verification and Fault Analysis,"In this article we discuss three challenges of device verification and test for high-speed interfaces, with special focus on latest memory device interface generations as DDR3 / GDDR5 / XDR working in the GHz clock frequency range. We address how efficient device verification in terms of reaching target coverage fast can be achieved through random methods on ATE, both random operating condition tests and Random Test Pattern (RTP). We present a novel Random Test Pattern generation method suitable for memory device verification. Failure conditions and failing pattern must be transferred to simulation for root-cause understanding, which is not directly possible due to the large gap between pattern length on ATE in the order of 10<sup>6</sup> clock cycles and pattern length limitations in simulation of 10<sup>3</sup> clock cycles. We present an extraction algorithm on ATE with DUT in the loop to extract the minimum length failing test pattern sequence for simulation and root-cause analysis. An application example is presented, where a large Random Test Pattern revealed a special command sequence leading to device failure and how this sequence has been extracted for simulation. The presented random methods lead to fast detection of device issues by exploring the full coverage space. With the presented automated extraction that replaces manual interactive analysis, fast root-cause understanding with engineering time and ATE test-time reduction from typically few days to below one hour are achievable.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700559,no
Wide band harmonic suppression based on Koch-shaped defected ground structure for a microstrip patch antenna,"In this article, a wide band harmonic suppression microstrip patch antenna using the Koch-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) is presented. In order to realize the wide band harmonious suppression, the Koch-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) microstrip circuit is designed as the feed part of the proposed antenna. By inserting parallel slots, the antenna can be directly fed by the simple 50 microstrip transmission line. The proposed patch antenna operates at the center frequency of 2.5GHz and the spurious radiations up to 15GHz are properly suppressed. Simulated and measured results indicate that the Koch-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) is effective in suppressing spurious radiations. And the patch antenna considered here can be widely applied in active integrated communication systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5524944,no
Design of Energy-Efficient High-Speed Links via Forward Error Correction,"In this brief, we show that forward error correction (FEC) can reduce power in high-speed serial links. This is achieved by trading off the FEC coding gain with specifications on transmit swing, analog-to-digital converter (ADC) precision, jitter tolerance, receive amplification, and by enabling higher signal constellations. For a 20-in FR4 link carrying 10-Gb/s data, we demonstrate: 1) an 18-mW/Gb/s savings in the ADC; 2) a 1-mW/Gb/s reduction in transmit driver power; 3) up to 6?? improvement in transmit jitter tolerance; and 4) a 25- to 40-mV improvement in comparator offset tolerance with 3?? smaller swing.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5464335,no
A method of probe refinement for fault diagnosis,"In order to obtain the information of the actual execution sequences, probes are required to be deployed in the system, which may influence the operation of system. In this paper, a method of probe refinement is proposed to reduce the cost of probes. By taking the distinction capacity of component as heuristic information, and considering the actual constraints such as that the probes in different positions impact the system differently, the algorithm of reduction is applied to remove these components which can not affect the recognition of the execution sequences. Then the necessary information of the sequences can be obtained with fewer probes deployed in the rest components. Meanwhile, the strategy is discussed and implemented to ensure the completeness of the result. Finally, the experiment shows that the refinement method can reduce the overheads of introducing probes effectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5579044,no
Bearing fault detection based on order bispectrum,"In order to process the non-stationary vibration signals such as speed up or speed down vibration signals effectively, the order bispectrum analysis technique is presented. This new method combines computed order tracking technique with bispectrum analysis. Firstly, the vibration signal is sampled at constant time increments and then uses software to resample the data at constant angle increments. Therefore, the time domain transient signal is converted into angle domain stationary one. In the end, the resampled signals are processed by bispectrum analysis technology. The experimental results show that order bispectrum analysis can effectively detect the bearing fault.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5647398,no
Research of industrial furnace fault diagnosis expert system,"In order to realize fast location and detection of abnormal status during running of industrial furnace, especially abnormal status of firing, this article studies and designs a fault diagnosis expert system based on fault tree theory. Firstly, formalized definition of industrial furnace fault diagnosis expert system is given in the paper, then all component elements of the expert system are analyzed and designed in detail, finally the principles and methods of design knowledge base are introduced to us by using the fault tree theory, and also reasoning algorithm is put forward, which is used to reason the fault by way of fault tree. The project practice indicates that this system knowledge model has good suitability, and what's more it is used simply and conveniently, also the outcome of fault diagnosis is reliable and steady.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5619377,no
Graph fitting test method for the interpolation error of moire fringe,"In order to realize the fast test for the interpolation error, the graph fitting test method for the interpolation error of Moire fringe is put forward in this paper. Firstly, the triangular wave Moire fringe photoelectric signal of the encoder whose phase difference is 90deg are sampled to get the Lissajous graph of the two signals. Secondly, the single wave represented by the founded subsection function is used to fit the practical Moire fringe Lissajous graph. Then, the fitting result is tested to verify whether it satisfies the accuracy requirement. Lastly, the founded subsection function instead of the practical wave function is used to calculate the interpolation error. Using the graph fitting method to sample the Moire fringe single of 15-bits photoelectric encoder to get the interpolation error curve, the tested maximum interpolation error is 70rdquo and the minimum error is - 69rdquo. Comparing with the interpolation error which is received from traditional test method, the change trend of the interpolation error curve is similar, and peak-peak value is almost equality. The results of experiment indicate that: the equipment is convenient and the examination method is efficient and feasible. The measure speed is fast and the manifestation result is intuitionistic. The system can be used in the working field. The method can avoid the speed influence and realize the dynamic interpolation error measure, which is significant for the research of encoder's dynamic accuracy characteristics.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5274511,no
Use of Faulted Phase Earthing using a custom built earth fault controller,"In order to reduce customer hours lost (CHL) and customer interruptions (CI), the use of Faulted Phase Earthing (FPE) is being considered on the Irish 20 kV distribution system. The operation of this particular FPE system is enabled by the use of a custom built Earth Fault Controller (EFC) that has the ability to detect high impedance faults of up to 12 k??. The EFC can also successfully identify single pole switching events, which have at times caused the mal-operation of existing protection. FPE involves the earthing of a faulted phase during a single line to ground fault. This ensures that the fault site is made safer and that no customers are interrupted during the fault.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5522145,no
Study on the Neural Network Model for Shield Construction Faults Diagnosis,"In order to solve the problem of establishing the mathematic model for shield construction faults diagnosis, an approach to the mathematic model by using BP neural network is presented in this paper. The BP neural network model for diagnosing three familiar shield construction faults based on the data of shield excavation parameters was built. The inputs of the model are respectively nine shield excavation parameters which are correlative with shield construction faults. The outputs of the model are three shield construction faults which are respectively the spewing at screw conveyer, the wear of disc-cutters and the jamming of shield. The case study of a shield project validated that the structure of the established model is practical, the diagnostic results are right and the diagnosis method is effective. The conclusion provides the beneficial guidance for the design of the online diagnosis system of shield construction faults based on the data of shield excavation parameters.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5656576,no
Research on influences of sampling errors on performances of three-level PWM rectifier,"In order to solve the problem that the sampling errors depress the control performances of pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier, this paper focuses on a three-level PWM rectifier with voltage oriented control (VOC) strategy, introduces the structure of sampling process, and analyzes the influences of sampling errors on the control performances quantificationally. A software optimization method aimed for restraining the persistent and random sampling errors is then proposed. Simulation and experimental results verified the validity of the analyses and the feasibility of the proposed method. The performances of the rectifier were remarkably improved by using the proposed optimization method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5382954,no
Multilayer Architecture Based on HMM and SVM for Fault Classification,"In order to solve the problems of current machine learning in fault diagnosing system of the chemical plants, a better and effective multilayer architecture model is used in this paper. Hidden Markov model (HMM) is good at dealing with dynamic continuous data and support vector machine (SVM) shows superior performance for classification, especially for limited samples. Combining their respective virtues, we propose a new multilayer architecture model to improve classification accuracy for a fault diagnosis example. The simulation result shows that this two level architecture framework combining HMM and SVM is better than the single HMM method in high classification accuracy with small training samples.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5412442,no
Adaptive Fault-Tolerance by Exposing Service Request Process as First-Class Object in Pervasive Computing,"In the open and dynamic pervasive computing environment, it is challenging to detect and handle the frequently occurred failures of service request. The widely used transparent mechanisms Remote Procedure Call and Object Request Broker have a great impact on the adaptive fault-tolerance, because they make it difficult for service requester to sense, configure and control the service request process. In this paper, we explicitly encapsulate and expose the service request process as the first-class object. By the exposed service request object, both the pervasive computing platform and the user applications are able to acquire the adaptive and systematic fault-tolerance ability during the service request process.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5482747,no
A Cellular Approach to Fault Detection and Recovery in Wireless Sensor Networks,"In the past few years wireless sensor networks have received a greater interest in application such as disaster management, border protection, combat field reconnaissance and security surveillance. Sensor nodes are expected to operate autonomously in unattended environments and potentially in large numbers. Failures are inevitable in wireless sensor networks due to inhospitable environment and unattended deployment. The data communication and various network operations cause energy depletion in sensor nodes and therefore, it is common for sensor nodes to exhaust its energy completely and stop operating. This may cause connectivity and data loss. Therefore, it is necessary that network failures are detected in advance and appropriate measures are taken to sustain network operation. In this paper we extend our cellular architecture and proposed a new mechanism to sustain network operation in the event of failure cause of energy-drained nodes. In our solution the network is partitioned into a virtual grid of cells to perform fault detection and recovery locally with minimum energy consumption. Specifically, the grid based architecture permits the implementation of fault detection and recovery in a distributed manner and allows the failure report to be forwarded across cells. The proposed failure detection and recovery algorithm has been compared with some existing related work and proven to be more energy efficient.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5210889,no
New attenuation correction for the HRRT using transmission scatter correction and total variation regularization,In the standard software for the Siemens HRRT PET scanner the most commonly used segmentation in the A-map reconstruction for human brain scans is MAP-TR. Problems with bias in the lower cerebellum and pons in HRRT brain images have been reported. The main source of the problem is poor bone / soft tissue segmentation in these regions and the lack of scatter correction in the A-map reconstruction. In this paper we describe and validate the new TXTV segmentation method (included in the HRRTU 1.0 and 1.1 user software) aimed at solving the bias problem.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5401730,no
Zech Logarithmic Decoding of Triple-Error-Correcting Binary Cyclic Codes,"In this letter, Zech logarithmic decoding method is proposed for triple-error-correcting binary cyclic codes, which have not been developed before, whose generator polynomials have at most three irreducible factors.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4640951,no
Harmonics mitigation and power factor correction with a modern three-phase four-leg shunt active power filter,"In this paper a compensating system using four-leg shunt active power filter (SAPF) in a three-phase four-wire distribution network which will be able to mitigate harmonics, absorb or generate reactive power, and improve the power factor on supply side, is presented. Two control approaches based on p-q theory and load current detection using phase locked loop (PLL) are proposed. To validate the compensation performance of SAPF the distribution network with nonlinear loads is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. Simulation results have proved and validated the performance of SAPF minimizing the total harmonics distortion (THD) and neutral current.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5697574,no
Performance Increase of Error Control Operation on Data Transmission,"In this paper a new approach is proposed to increase the performance of the operation of error control on data transmission. Specifically, a hardware structure for parallel cyclic redundancy check (CRC) calculation is developed to speed up the error control operation of data transmission. Based on a study of the properties of both CRC and check sum (CS) a new error detecting scheme is developed which combines CRC and CS. Also it is shown that the proposed error detecting scheme ensures high reliability and performance of the error control operation on data transmission in comparison to CRC alone.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5384741,no
High impedance fault detection in distribution networks using support vector machines based on wavelet transform,"In this paper a new pattern recognition based algorithm is presented to detect high impedance fault (HIF) in distribution networks. In this method, using wavelet transform (WT), the time-frequency based features of the current waveform up to 6.25 kHz are calculated. To extract the best feature set of the generated time frequency features, two methods including principle component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are used and then support vector machines (SVM) is used as a classifier to distinguish the HIFs considering with and without broken conductor from other similar phenomena such as capacitor banks switching, no load transformer switching, load switching and harmonic loads considering induction motors, arc furnaces. The results show high accuracy of the proposed method in the detection task.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4763380,no
Exploring Quality Metrics to Support Defect Management Process in a Multi-site Organization - A Case Study,"In large software development projects, the number of defects can be considerably high and defect management can become even more challenging when the development is distributed over several sites. Defect reduction solutions and commonly agreed defect management methods are needed to handle the defects and to meet the target quality level of the software, measured by the number of open defects. In this study, a combination of three quality metrics was used to support the defect management process in four consecutive multi-site software development programs involving several hundred people, and the result was compared to a program not using the described quality criteria set. According to the results, defect closing speed was improved, the number of open defects was reduced, and defects were reported earlier in programs that were using the quality metrics.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700326,no
The research on the relation between magnetic leakage signal character and defect character,"In magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing of pipelines, quantitatively classifying defects remains to be a difficult problem. The mathematical model of MFL field is presented based on the finite element (FE) method, and two-dimensional axisymmetric FE model of MFL testing system is also established by adopting ANSYS software to simulate magnetostatics. The results show that different defects cause different signal. There are certain functions between the defect character and MFL signal character. Defect is quantitatively classified by MFL signal character.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4593331,no
Design aspects and pattern prediction for phased arrays with subarray position errors,"In modern array design, the antenna elements are often grouped into mechanical units such as printed antenna boards and mechanical subarrays/multipacks. This contributes to a more cost efficient manufacturing process and facilitates integration, handling, reuse and exchange of units, but it also makes the antenna element position errors correlated. Classical papers predict the statistical sidelobe level based on the assumption of uncorrelated errors, but using this for the general case, the statistical sidelobe level is under estimated. In this paper, the statistical sidelobe level for arrays with correlated position errors is predicted. Furthermore, rules of thumb relating antenna element position tolerances and mechanical array design to antenna array performance (sidelobe level) are given. Finally, array design aspects are discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5613332,no
Performance of restricted earth fault protection scheme in the presence of current transformer remanence,"In modern power system protection, an accurate transformation of primary short circuit current is vital to ensure correct operation of the high impedance Restricted Earth Fault (REF) protection scheme used for transformer protection. The dc component in the fault current as well as the remanent flux cans causes severe saturation conditions if the current transformer is not selected correctly. Behavior of the current transformer during the transient condition is important as this will determine the stability of the REF protection scheme. This paper discusses how the remanence phenomenon beside the dc component in the fault current can causes severe saturation to the current transformer and affects the stability of the REF protection scheme.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4762536,no
Stiffness and load free transmission error for the Multi-Flexible-Body-Dynamics (MFBD) Simulation of a wind turbine gearbox using a FE-based tooth contact analysis,In most MFBD-systems it is possible to use a gear element to create a dynamic model of a wind turbine gearbox. This article shows a possibility to calculate the stiffness and the load free transmission error for this element using a FE-based tooth contact analysis.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4497320,no
Correction for continuous motion in small animal PET,"In small animal PET imaging experiments, animals are generally required to be anaesthetized to avoid motion artifacts. However, anaesthesia can alter biochemical pathways within the brain, thus affecting the physiological parameters under investigation. The ability to image conscious animals would overcome this problem and open up the possibility of entirely new investigational paradigms.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4774487,no
Implicit Social Network Model for Predicting and Tracking the Location of Faults,"In software testing and maintenance activities, the observed faults and bugs are reported in bug report managing systems (BRMS) for further analysis and repair. According to the information provided by bug reports, developers need to find out the location of these faults and fix them. However, bug locating usually involves intensively browsing back and forth through bug reports and software code and thus incurs unpredictable cost of labor and time. Hence, establishing a robust model to efficiently and effectively locate and track faults is crucial to facilitate software testing and maintenance. In our observation, some related bug locations are tightly associated with the implicit links among source files. In this paper, we present an implicit social network model using PageRank to establish a social network graph with the extracted links. When a new bug report arrives, the prediction model provides users with likely bug locations according to the implicit social network graph constructed from the co-cited source files. The proposed approach has been implemented in real-world software archives and can effectively predict correct bug locations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4591547,no
Error Analysis of the Complex Kronecker Canonical Form,"In some interesting applications in control and system theory, i.e. in engineering, in ecology (Leslie population model), in financial/actuarial (Leontief multi input - multi output) science, linear descriptor (singular) differential/difference equations with time-invariant coefficients and (non-) consistent initial conditions have been extensively used. The solution properties of those systems are based on the Kronecker canonical form, which is an important component of the Matrix Pencil Theory. In this paper, we present some preliminary results for the error analysis of the complex Kronecker canonical form based on the Euclidean norm. Finally, under some weak assumptions an interesting new necessary condition is also derived.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5480451,no
Curve fitting algorithm using iterative error minimization for sketch beautification,"In previous sketch recognition systems, curve has been fitted by a bit heuristic method. In this paper, we solved the problem by finding the optimal parameter of quadratic Bezier curve and utilize the error minimization between an input curve and a fitting curve by using iterative error minimization. First, we interpolated the input curve to compute the distance because the input curve consists of a set of sparse points. Then, we define the objective function. To find the optimal parameter, we assume that the initial parameter is known. Then, we derive the gradient vector with respect to the current parameter, and the parameter is updated by the gradient vector. This two steps are repeated until the error is not reduced. From the experiment, the average approximation error of the proposed algorithm was 0.946433 about 1400 synthesized curves, and this result demonstrates that the given curve can be fitted very closely by using the proposed fitting algorithm.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4761535,no
A multi-path routing protocol with fault tolerance in mobile ad hoc networks,"In recent years many researches have focused on ad-hoc networks, mainly because of their independence to any specific structure. These networks suffers from frequent and rapid topology changes that cause many challenges in their routing. Most of the routing protocols try to find a path between source and destination nodes because any path will expire, offer a short period, the path reconstruction may cause the network inefficiency. The proposed protocol build two paths between source and destination and create backup paths during the route reply process, route maintenance process and local recovery process in order to improve the data transfer and the fault tolerance. The protocol performance is demonstrated by using the simulation results obtain from the global mobile simulation software(Glomosim). The experimental results show that this protocol can decrease the packet loss ratio rather than DSR and SMR and it is useful for the applications that need a high level of reliability.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5349359,no
Common Software-Aging-Related Faults in Fault-Tolerant Systems,"In recent years, remarkable attention has been focused on software aging phenomena, in which the performance of software systems degrades with time. Fault-tolerant software systems which provide high assurance may suffer from such phenomena. Based on the common software-aging-related faults in fault-tolerant systems, a behavior model of a double-version fault-tolerant software system is established using Markov reward model. The performance of the system such as expected service rate in steady state is evaluated and the sensitivity analysis of some parameters is performed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5172646,no
Learning fault-tolerance from nature,"In the last decade, there has been a considerable increase of interest in fault-tolerant computing due to dependability problems related to process scaling, embedded software, and ubiquitous computing. In this paper, we discuss an approach to fault-tolerance which is inspired by biological systems. Biological systems are capable of maintaining their functionality under a variety of genetic changes and external perturbations. They have natural self-healing, self-maintaining, self-replicating and self-assembling mechanisms. We present experimental and numerical evidence that the intrinsic fault-tolerance of biological systems is due to the dynamical phase in which the gene regulatory network operates. The dynamical phase is, in turn, determined by the subtle way in which redundancy is allocated in the network. By understanding the principles of redundancy allocation at the genetic level, we may find ways to build chips that possess the inherent fault-tolerance of biological systems.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4657478,no
Faults digital library in burning process,"In this paper was developed a faults library for the steam boiler, the accent being on the study of the situations when faults occur in the burning process (furnace). This library is used in the monitoring and control system, the main object consisting in detection and localization of different faults. The system realise the fault detection in real time, comparison the process response with the response of the other models from the digital library and when are applied the same commands or signals in the same mode that in real process. In the last two sections of the paper was developed the application of fault detection algorithm based on plant model of burning process (included in this paper) and graphical results of fault detection experiments.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4588719,no
Sampling error analysis applied to high-accuracy measurements,In this paper we apply a mathematical analysis of the main error sources in sampling theory to estimate alias and integration errors in asynchronous digital sampling measurements.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4574795,no
Analyzing and Improving the Simulation Algorithm of IEEE 802.11DCF Error Frame Model in QualNet Simulator,"In this paper we focus on the concept of IEEE 802.11 DCF error frame model. Based on the analysis of the model in detail, we point out the error of the simulation algorithm of the DCF error frame model in QualNet simulation environment. Furthermore, we modify the simulation algorithm in QualNet strictly according to the specifications of the DCF error frame model. The simulation results show that compared with the original simulation algorithm, the modified algorithm can simulate the related specifications of the DCF error frame model more correctly, thus can provide more reliable simulation results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5670858,no
Topological Properties of a New Fault Tolerant Interconnection Network for Parallel Computer,"In this paper we introduce a new interconnection network, the extended varietal hypercube with cross connection denoted by EVHC(n,k). This network has hierarchical structure and it overcomes the poor fault tolerant properties of extended varietal hypercube. This network has low diameter, constant degree connectivity and low message traffic density.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4731294,no
Error resilience tools in the MPEG-4 and H.264 video coding standards,"In this paper we introduce error resilience tools which are used by MPEG-4 and H. 264 video coding standards. MPEG-4 as well as H.264 offers error resilience tools which were implemented by older video coding standards, but they also introduce new tools and improved efficiency of previously used tools. This paper offers only brief review of them, but it focuses on their most important characteristics.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4542722,no
Closed-Form Error Analysis of Dual-Hop Relaying Systems over Nakagami-m Fading Channels,"In this paper we investigate the end-to-end performance of dual-hop relaying systems over non identical-Nakagami-m fading channels. Our analysis considers channel state information (CSI-) assisted relays that just amplify and retransmit the information signal also known as ""non-regenerative"" relays. New closed-form expressions for the average bit error probability (ABEP) are derived. The proposed expressions apply to general operating scenarios with distinct Nakagami-m fading parameters and average signal to noise ratios (SNRs) between the hops. When the fading parameter is an odd multiple of one half, the ABEP is expressed in terms of hypergeometric functions. When m takes any real non integer value, the obtained results involve the fourth Appell's hypergeometric function. For an arbitrary fading parameter, an analysis of such a scheme is performed using the well known moment-based approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5506419,no
Fault tolerant multipath routing with overlap-aware path selection and dynamic packet distribution on overlay network for real-time streaming applications,In this paper we propose overlap-aware path selection and dynamic packet distribution due to failure detection in multipath routing overlay network. Real-time communications that utilize UDP do not ensure reliability for realizing fast transmission. Therefore congestion or failure in a network deteriorates the quality of service significantly. The proposed method seeks an alternate path that hardly overlaps an IP path so as to improve its reliability. The proposed method also detects congestion or failure by differential of packet loss rate and apportion packets to the IP path and the alternate path dynamically. Evaluation on PlanetLab shows the proposed method avoids congestion Consequently the influence of congestion and failure lessens and the proposed multipath routing improves the reliability which can be used for real-time communications.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4638724,no
A note on fault diagnosis algorithms,"In this paper we review algorithms for checking diagnosability of discrete-event systems and timed automata. We point out that the diagnosability problems in both cases reduce to the emptiness problem for (timed) BuAchi automata. Moreover, it is known that, checking whether a discrete-event system is diagnosable, can also be reduced to checking bounded diagnosability. We establish a similar result for timed automata. We also provide a synthesis of the complexity results for the different fault diagnosis problems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5399968,no
A new scheduling algorithm for dynamic task and fault tolerant in heterogeneous grid systems using Genetic Algorithm,"In this paper with studying of all parameters in grid environment a new scheduling algorithm for independent task is introduced according to Genetic Algorithm. This algorithm can be more efficient and more dependable than similar previous algorithms. The simulated results and reasons for reaching to better makespan and more efficiency in the grid environment. In the grids with high fault with high fault rate for fault tolerant is used from check point method that has more efficiency that other methods such as retry, migration and replication. This method maintains effective efficiency in these situations. So the servicing quality increases in various grid environments and also the average time of task recoveries decreases considerably The main purpose of this paper is reducing the repeating of the generations in Genetic Algorithm for reaching higher speed and also considering the communications costs (available in fitness function) with maintaining the fitness efficiency. The simulations are done with Gridsim for showing the created improvement at proposed algorithm rather than previous algorithms.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5564753,no
Fault Diagnosis Implementation of Induction Machines based on Advanced Digital Signal Processing Techniques,"In this paper, a comprehensive cross correlation-based fault diagnostic method is proposed for real time DSP implementation. It covers both fault monitoring and decision making stages. In practice, a motor driven by an adjustable speed drive is run at various operating points where the frequency, amplitude and phase of the fault signatures varies with time. These dynamic changes are considered as one of the common factor that yields erroneous fault tracking and unstable fault detection. In this paper, the proposed algorithms deals with the operating point dependent ambiguities and threshold issues. It is theoretically and experimentally verified that the motor fault can continuously be tracked when the operating point changes within a limited range.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4802778,no
Fuzzy Time-Frequency defect classifier for NDT applications,"In this paper, a customized classifier is presented for the industry-practiced nondestructive evaluation (NDE) protocols using a hybrid-fuzzy inference system (FIS) to classify the and characterize the defects commonly present in the steel pipes used in the gas/petroleum industry. The presented system is hybrid in the sense that it utilizes both soft computing through fuzzy set theory, as well as conventional parametric analysis through time-frequency (TF) methods. Various TF transforms have been tested and the most suitable one for this application, multiform tiltable exponential distribution (MTED), is presented here. Four defining states are considered in the paper; slag, porosity, crack, and lack-of-fusion, representing the four most critical types of defects present in welds on the pipes. The necessary features are calculated using the TF coefficients and are then supplied to the fuzzy inference system as input to be used in the classification. The resulting system has shown excellent defect classification with very low misclassification and false alarm rates.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5407574,no
Analysis of stator short-circuit faults for induction machine using finite element modeling,In this paper we present an analysis on the different types of short-circuit (sc) that may affect the stator windings by means of a finite element model. Three cases of short-circuit were simulated on the electrical circuit of stator. The machine is modelled in magneto-evolving.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5585589,no
Fault Recognition on Power Networks via SNR Analysis,"In this paper we present and to an extent analyze, findings from a real installation of broadband over power lines done by the Greek Public Power Corporation in the region of Larissa. The findings indicate the correlation between faulty equipment on the power networks and the signal-to-noise ratio of the power-line signal induced thus showing the possibility of developing a new method of fault recognition in power networks.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5235861,no
Intelligent fault diagnosis system based on UML,"In this paper, it is united that the ordinary software project method and the object-oriented method. The object-oriented analysis, the object-oriented design and the object-oriented modeling in the intelligent fault diagnosis system with UML is introduced, which decreases the complexity of the intelligent fault diagnosis system that is more manageable. The diagnostic reasoning adopts the technique of expert system and reasoning under uncertainty. The intelligent fault diagnosis system is a very important part of the power station simulation system. With the data gathered from the devices or the converted parameters, it can find the devices which are out of order by reasoning. The diagnostic reasoning adopts the technique of expert system and reasoning under uncertainty.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5413067,no
Error density metrics for business process model,"In this paper, metrics for business process model (BPM), are proposed, which are capable to measure the usability and effectiveness of BPMs. The proposed model is adapting error density metrics to BPMs by considering the similarities between the conceptual characteristics of BPMs and software products. We applied seven software metrics for evaluating quality of business processes/ process models. Results show that our metrics help the organization to improve their process, as weighted measurements are indicators for unexpected situations/behaviour for business processes.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5291871,no
Fundamental Limitations on Designing Optimally Fault-Tolerant Redundant Manipulators,"In this paper, the authors examine the problem of designing nominal manipulator Jacobians that are optimally fault tolerant to one or more joint failures. Optimality is defined here in terms of the worst-case relative manipulability index. While this approach is applicable to both serial and parallel mechanisms, it is especially applicable to parallel mechanisms with a limited workspace. It is shown that a previously derived inequality for the worst-case relative manipulability index is generally not achieved for fully spatial manipulators and that the concept of optimal fault tolerance to multiple failures is more subtle than previously indicated. Lastly, the authors identify the class of 8-DOF Gough--Stewart platforms that are optimally fault tolerant for up to two joint failures. Examples of optimally fault-tolerant 7- and 8-DOF mechanisms are presented.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4623141,no
Intraoperative ultrasonography for the correction of brainshift based on the matching of hyperechogenic structures,"In this paper, a global approach based on 3D freehand ultrasound imaging is proposed to (a) correct the error of the neuronavigation system in image-patient registration and (b) compensate for the deformations of the cerebral structures occurring during a neurosurgical procedure. The rigid and non rigid multimodal registrations are achieved by matching the hyperechogenic structures of brain. The quantitative evaluation of the non rigid registration was performed within a framework based on synthetic deformation. Finally, experiments were carried out on real data sets of 4 patients with lesions such as cavernoma and low-grade glioma. Qualitative and quantitative results on the estimated error performed by neuronavigation system and the estimated brain deformations are given.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5490261,no
A High Speed and Low Cost Error Correction Technique for the Carry Select Adder,"In this paper, a high speed and low cost error correction technique is proposed for the Carry Select Adder (CSA) which can correct both transient and permanent errors and is applicable on all partitioning types of the basic CSA circuit. The proposed error correction technique is compatible with all existing error detection techniques which are proposed for the CSA adder. The synthesized results show that applying this novel error correction technique to a CSA with error detection technique results in up to 18.4%, 3.1% and 14.9%, increase in power consumption, delay and area respectively.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5066539,no
Exact Fault-Tolerant Feasibility Analysis of Fixed-Priority Real-Time Tasks,"In this paper, a necessary and sufficient (exact) feasibility test is proposed for fixed-priority scheduling of a periodic task set to tolerate multiple faults on uniprocessor. We consider a fault model such that multiple faults can occur in any task and at any time, even during recovery operations. The proposed test considers tolerating a maximum of f faults that can occur within any time interval equal to the largest relative deadline of the task set. The feasibility of the task set is checked based on the maximum workload requested by the higher-priority jobs within the released time and deadline of the job of each task that is released at the critical instant. The maximum workload is calculated using a novel technique to compose the execution time of the higher-priority jobs. To the best of our knowledge, no other work (assuming the same fault model as ours) has derived an exact feasibility test for periodic task sets having a lower time complexity than that of the test proposed in this paper.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5591653,no
Induction Motor Electrical Fault Diagnosis Using Voltage Spectrum of an Auxiliary Winding - Part II,"In this paper, a new method for induction motor fault diagnosis is presented. It is based on the so-called voltage spectrum of an auxiliary small winding inserted between two of the stator phases. An expression of the inserted inductance voltage is presented. After that, discrete Fourier transform analyzer is required for converting the voltage signal from the time domain to the frequency domain. Simulations results curried out for defected and non defected motor show the effectiveness of the proposed method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4570408,no
A low complexity and efficient slice grouping method for H.264/AVC in error prone environments,"In this paper, a new method is proposed for Macroblock (MB) importance classification of inter frames. Instead of selecting the most important MBs, the least important MBs are decided first. It makes use of the properties of skip mode in the H.264/AVC standard as the first step. Because the number of MBs chosen as skip mode in a frame varies, further classification is usually required. Four other different features therefore are considered to determine the Important Factor of the remaining MBs. It has been proved that the proposed method can provide good objective and subjective video quality performance, whilst also being simple and fast.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5031443,no
Extended Fault-Location Formulation for Power Distribution Systems,"In this paper, an extended impedance-based fault-location formulation for generalized distribution systems is presented. The majority of distribution feeders are characterized by having several laterals, nonsymmetrical lines, highly unbalanced operation, and time-varying loads. These characteristics compromise traditional fault-location methods performance. The proposed method uses only local voltages and currents as input data. The current load profile is obtained through these measurements. The formulation considers load variation effects and different fault types. Results are obtained from numerical simulations by using a real distribution system from the Electrical Energy Distribution State Company of Rio Grande do Sul (CEEE-D), Southern Brazil. Comparative results show the technique robustness with respect to fault type and traditional fault-location problems, such as fault distance, resistance, inception angle, and load variation. The formulation was implemented as embedded software and is currently used at CEEE-D's distribution operation center.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4797797,no
Software reliability modeling of fault detection and correction processes,"In this paper, both fault detection and correction processes are considered in software reliability growth modeling. The dependency of the two processes is first studied from the viewpoint of the fault number in two ways. One is the ratio of corrected fault number to detected fault number, which appears S-shaped. And the other is the difference between the detected fault number and corrected fault number, which appears Bell-shaped. Then based on the ratio and difference functions, two software reliability models are proposed for both fault detection and correction processes. The proposed models are evaluated by a data set of software testing. The experimental results show that the new models fit the data set of fault detection and correction processes very well.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4914730,no
On Unequal Error Protection of Convolutional Codes From an Algebraic Perspective,"In this paper, convolutional codes are studied for unequal error protection (UEP) from an algebraic theoretical viewpoint. We first show that for every convolutional code there exists at least one optimal generator matrix with respect to UEP. The UEP optimality of convolutional encoders is then combined with several algebraic properties, e.g., systematic, basic, canonical, and minimal, to establish the fundamentals of convolutional codes for UEP. In addition, a generic lower bound on the length of a UEP convolutional code is proposed. Good UEP codes with their lengths equal to the derived lower bound are obtained by computer search.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5361497,no
A new adaptive hybrid neural network and fuzzy logic based fault classification approach for transmission lines protection,"In this paper, an adaptive hybrid neural networks and fuzzy logic based algorithm is proposed to classify fault types in transmission lines. The proposed method is able to identify all ten shunt faults in transmission lines with high level of robustness against variable conditions such as measured amplitudes and fault resistance. In this approach, a two-end unsynchronized measurement of the signals is used. For real-time estimation of unknown synchronization angle and three phase phasors a two-layer adaptive linear neural (ADALINE) network is used. The estimated parameters are fed to a fuzzy logic system to classify fault types. This method is feasible to be used in digital distance relays which are able to be programmed, to share and discourse data with all protective and monitoring devices. The proposed method is evaluated by a number of simulations conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC and MATLAB software.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4762602,no
Broken bar fault detection in induction motors based on modified winding Function,"In this paper, a new turn function for skewed rotor bars based on winding Function approach is presented. This approach has been used for simulating the machine behavior under healthy and broken rotor conditions. Proposed method is applied for rotor bars fault detection based on an advanced Park's vectors approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5611213,no
Power System Fault Estimation under Non-white Noise,"In this paper, a novel fault detection and isolation filter design method for power distribution in DC electronic system is proposed. The proposed double filter method is a combination of quadratic programming (QP) and Kalman filter which has three main advantages: first, it could estimate the fault position accurately under non-white noise. Second, this is a sequential method which could be used for real-time fault estimation with limited computation. Third, the model is simple and could be used on other circuits without much effort. The performance of the proposed method is verified by numerical simulations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5743383,no
An novel loss protection scheme for H.264 video stream based on Frame Error Propagation Index,"In this paper, a novel GOP level unequal loss protection (G-ULP) scheme is proposed for robust H.264-coded video streaming over packet loss networks. This scheme use frame error propagation index (FEPI) to characterize video quality degradation caused by error propagation in different frames in a GOP when suffer from packet loss. A fast FEPI calculation method in compression domain is also proposed in this paper. By exploiting the unequal significance in different frames in a GOP, different amount of forward error correction (FEC) packets are allocated to different frames in a GOP. The optimal FEC allocation algorithm is based on the FEPI of each frame in the GOP. The simulation results show that the proposed G-ULP scheme can improve the receiver side reconstructed video quality remarkably under different channel loss patterns.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4685150,no
A Decision Tree-Based Method for Fault Classification in Double-Circuit Transmission Lines,"In this paper, a novel method for fault classification of double-circuit transmission lines is presented. The proposed method needs voltages and currents of only one side of the protected line. After detecting the exact time of fault inception and calculating the odd harmonics of the measured signals, up to the nineteenth, a decision tree algorithm has been employed for recognition of the intercircuit fault type. Also, the proposed method is extended for classification of crossover faults in these transmission lines. Simulation results have shown that the proposed method can classify the faults in less than a quarter of a cycle with the highest possible accuracy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5556052,no
Quasi-cyclic generalized ldpc codes with low error floors,"In this paper, a novel methodology for designing structured generalized LDPC (G-LDPC) codes is presented. The proposed design results in quasi-cyclic G-LDPC codes for which efficient encoding is feasible through shift-register-based circuits. The structure imposed on the bipartite graphs, together with the choice of simple component codes, leads to a class of codes suitable for fast iterative decoding. A pragmatic approach to the construction of G-LDPC codes is proposed. The approach is based on the substitution of check nodes in the protograph of a low-density parity-check code with stronger nodes based, for instance, on Hamming codes. Such a design approach, which we call LDPC code doping, leads to low-rate quasi-cyclic G-LDPC codes with excellent performance in both the error floor and waterfall regions on the additive white Gaussian noise channel.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4436088,no
Modified residue codes based on residue number system as a fault tolerance scheme,In this paper residue number system (RNS) arithmetic and redundant residue number system (RRNS) based codes as well as their properties are reviewed. We propose the modification of the RRNS based error correction codes with less number of residues. Our method reduces the hardware overhead drastically and also improves the performance of the system. We review the properties of the modified RRNS codes. We propose applications of the modified RRNS codes as fault tolerance scheme.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5174110,no
Computer simulation of the native point defects structure in CdTe,"In this paper the computer simulation of the structure of point defects in CdTe is developed by the numeral solution of electron neutrality equation. The software presented contains lexical analyzer, which allows to construct, analyse and solve the electron neutrality equations of various type. The results of the performer calculations coincide well with experimental data, obtained from the high temperature (500-1200 K) measurements of kinetic coefficients carried out on the CdTe single crystals right their growth.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4839745,no
Practical Evaluation of Opportunistic Error Correction,"In, we have proposed a novel cross-layer scheme based on resolution adaptive ADCs and fountain codes for the OFDM systems to lower the power consumption in ADCs. The simulation results show that it saves more than 70% power consumption in ADCs comparing to the current IEEE 802.11a system. In this paper, we investigate its performance in the realworld. Measurement results show that the FEC layer used in the IEEE 802.11a system consumes around 59 times of the amount of power in ADCs comparing to the LDPC codes from the IEEE 802.11n standard, whose power consumption in ADCs is around 26 times of the proposed cross-layer method. In addition, this new cross-layer approach only needs to process the well-received packets to save the processing power. The latter can not be applied in the current FEC schemes.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5425810,no
Effect of Implantation Defects and Carbon Incorporation on Si/SiGe Bipolar Characteristics,"Incorporation of carbon in SiGe has attracted great interest, which makes SiGeC based heterojunction transistors as an attractive device for high frequency applications. Carbon addition in SiGe dramatically reduces out-diffusion of boron caused by excess of interstitials generated by extrinsic base implantation. However carbon incorporation negatively influences the electrical device characteristics. In this paper we investigate active implantation defects, the aim was to the specify space localization and parasitic effects of this ones. Second, we investigate the impact of carbon content on the electrical characteristics of device, the results show that indeed C contents A 1% severely degrade transistor performances.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5380214,no
Optimizing the fault tolerance capabilities of distributed real-time systems,"Industrial real-time systems typically have to satisfy complex requirements, mapped to the task attributes, eventually guaranteed by a fixed priority scheduler in a distributed environment. These systems consist of a mix of hard and soft tasks with varying criticality, as well as associated fault tolerance requirements. Time redundancy techniques are often preferred in industrial applications and, hence, it is extremely important to devise resource efficient methodologies for scheduling real-time tasks under failure assumptions. In this paper, we propose a methodology to provide a priori guarantees in distributed real-time systems with redundancy requirements. We do so by identifying temporal feasibility windows for all task executions and re-executions, as well as allocating them on different processing nodes. We then use optimization theory to derive the optimal feasibility windows that maximize the utilization on each node, while avoiding overloads. Finally on each node, we use integer linear programming (ILP) to derive fixed priority task attributes that guarantee the task executions within the derived feasibility windows, while keeping the associated costs minimized.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5347216,no
Data-fitting reconstruction for defect inspection of airplane aluminum structure in infrared thermographic NDT,"Infrared (IR) thermography has already demonstrated to be an effective tool for nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT & E) applications. Pulsed thermography (PT) is such kind of technique often used in rapid and wide-area sub-surface inspection. In aviation industry, metal structures of aluminum, which has high thermal conductivity and diffusivity, usually need to be verified in material integrality both for manufacture and maintenance. And it is generally difficult to get sufficient noise-free sampling data for an accurate analysis due to swift heat conduction in material of high thermal conductivity, if the IR device is not good enough for a high sampling rate. So a data-fitting process is offered to reconstruct the sequence from a PT test for cost-effective detection by a commercial mediocre infrared imaging system. This method brings two evident advantages: increased image quality by reducing temporal stochastic noise, and discretionary number of reconstructed frame at any precision for quantitative analysis. A particular specimen of duralumin is machined to emulate airplane components. And experimental difference curves and images are given, behaving well to indicate the validity of this economical inspection.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5138294,no
Review of fault diagnosis in control systems,"In this paper, we review the major achievements on the research of fault diagnosis in control systems (FDCS) from three aspects which including fault detection, fault isolation and hybrid intelligent fault diagnosis. Fault detection and isolation (FDI) are two important stages in the diagnosis process while hybrid intelligent fault diagnosis is the hot issue in current research field. The particular feature of FDCS is using the closed-loop monitoring information in control system to establish the quantitative and qualitative process model, detecting and then isolating the main failures in sensors, actuators, and the controlled process; the main challenge of FDCS is reducing the false alarm rate and missing alarm rate, improving the sensitivity and rapidity. The robust fault detection in the transition process, the knowledge acquisition for quantitative and qualitative diagnosis based on process history data, and hybrid intelligent fault diagnosis system architecture are worthy of a deeper research.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5195065,no
Iterative correction of frequency response mismatches in time-interleaved ADCs: A novel framework and case study in OFDM systems,"In this paper, we study a versatile iterative framework for the correction of frequency response mismatch in time-interleaved ADCs. Based on a general time varying linear system model, we establish a flexible iterative framework, which enables the development of various efficient iterative correction algorithms. In particular, we study the Gauss-Seidel iteration in detail to illustrate how the correction problem can be solved iteratively, and show that the iterative structure can be efficiently implemented using Farrow-based variable digital filters with few general-purpose multipliers. Simulation results show that the proposed iterative structure performs better than conventional compensation structures. Moreover, a preliminary study on the BER performance of OFDM systems due to TI ADC mismatch is conducted.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5543057,no
Impact of transmission error in DCH channel on the performance of UMTS networks,"In this paper, we study the impact of dedicated channel (DCH) transmission error on the performance of the application layer in universal mobile terrestrial system (UMTS) networks. We simulate a UMTS network with fully implemented protocol stack and study the impact of transmission error in the physical layer on the throughput and the delay variance (jitter) as performance metrics in the application layer. Our simulation results indicate that the net error rate for the delivered data in the application layer in acknowledged mode (AM) is smaller than that of unacknowledged mode (UM) however, in both AM and UM modes the channel throughput perceived in the application layer is decreased by increasing channel error rate in an approximately linear fashion. Simulation results also indicate that increasing/decreasing channel error rate in the physical layer has no significant impact on the delay variance in both AM and UM modes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4564873,no
Feature Selection with Imbalanced Data for Software Defect Prediction,"In this paper, we study the learning impact of data sampling followed by attribute selection on the classification models built with binary class imbalanced data within the scenario of software quality engineering. We use a wrapper-based attribute ranking technique to select a subset of attributes, and the random undersampling technique (RUS) on the majority class to alleviate the negative effects of imbalanced data on the prediction models. The datasets used in the empirical study were collected from numerous software projects. Five data preprocessing scenarios were explored in these experiments, including: (1) training on the original, unaltered fit dataset, (2) training on a sampled version of the fit dataset, (3) training on an unsampled version of the fit dataset using only the attributes chosen by feature selection based on the unsampled fit dataset, (4) training on an unsampled version of the fit dataset using only the attributes chosen by feature selection based on a sampled version of the fit dataset, and (5) training on a sampled version of the fit dataset using only the attributes chosen by feature selection based on the sampled version of the fit dataset. We compared the performances of the classification models constructed over these five different scenarios. The results demonstrate that the classification models constructed on the sampled fit data with or without feature selection (case 2 and case 5) significantly outperformed the classification models built with the other cases (unsampled fit data). Moreover, the two scenarios using sampled data (case 2 and case 5) showed very similar performances, but the subset of attributes (case 5) is only around 15% or 30% of the complete set of attributes (case 2).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381844,no
The Two-Level-Turn-Model Fault-tolerant Routing Scheme in Tori with Convex Faults,"In this paper, we would present a fault-tolerant wormhole routing scheme, called two-level-turn-model scheme, in the tori with convex faults. The reason why we choose the convex faults is that the shape of the convex faults is instrumental to design an effective fault-tolerant routing algorithm. Compared with many other solutions, which mainly focus on providing extra virtual channels to tolerate the faults, one of the advantages of our solution is that it is based on the turn model, which itself could tolerate some faults for some messages. At the same time, our solution could work effectively no matter where the fault region locates and no matter whether the fault regions are connected. In our solution, two patterns of the turn model are complementary to tolerate the faults. With a few limits to the shape of the convex faults, at most five virtual channels per physical channel are required to avoid the deadlock.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4624895,no
An Alternative Approach to Fault Location on Main Line Feeders and Laterals in Low Voltage Overhead Distribution Networks,"In this study, a digital fault location and monitoring technique for overhead power distribution lines with laterals is presented. The technique is based on utilising the fault voltage and current samples obtained at a single location of a typical distribution system with laterals; these are then filtered after the analogue to digital conversion process by using digital filtering techniques to obtain power frequency components of voltage and current samples. In the implementation of the algorithm, superimposed voltage and current components rather than total values are used to minimise the effects of pre-fault loading on the accuracy. The effectiveness of this method is verified through electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) simulations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4497011,no
The design and implementation of a microcontroller-based single phase on- line uninterrupted power supply with power factor correction,"In this study, the design and implementation of a microcontroller-based single phase on-line UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) with PFC (Power Factor Correction) were made practically. SP-320-24 SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) module was used to correct the input power factor. Input power factor value was held at the desired value in uninterrupted power supply topologies. In the realized system, two PIC16F876 were used as microcontroller. One of them was used to generate sinusoidal PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signals that are used to drive n-channel MOSFETs in push pull inverter and to assure feedback control. Other one was used to control and display units. Harmonics were eliminated and output filter was simplified by using sinusoidal PWM technology.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5355274,no
Detection of small defects by THz-waves for non-destructive testing in dielectric layered structures,"In this study, the small defects detection in dielectric layered structures by THz waves for nondestructive testing. Finite element method were used for modelling of the structures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5546032,no
Fault Diagnosis of Power Transformer Using SVM and FCM,"In this study, we are concerned with fault diagnosis of power transformer. The objective is to explore the use of some advanced techniques such as SVM and FCM and quantify their effectiveness when dealing with dissolved gases extracted from power transformers. The proposed fault diagnosis system consists of data acquisition, fault/normal diagnosis, identification of fault and analysis of aging degree parts. In data acquisition part, concentrated gases are extracted from transformer for data gas analysis. In fault/normal diagnosis part, SVM is performed to separate normal state from fault types. The determination of fault type is executed by multi-class SVM in identification part. Although the inputted data is normal state, the analysis of aging degree is performed by considering the distance measure calculated by comparing with reference model constructed by FCM and input data. Our approach makes it possible to measure the possibility and degree of aging in normal transformer as well as the identification of faults in abnormal transformer. As the simulation results to verify the effectiveness, the proposed method showed more improved classification results than conventional methods.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4570291,no
Error performance of maximal-ratio combining with transmit antenna selection in flat Nakagami-m fading channels,"In this paper, the performance of an uncoded multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) scheme combining single transmit antenna selection and receiver maximal-ratio combining (the TAS/MRC scheme) is investigated for independent flat Nakagami-m fading channels with arbitrary real-valued m. The outage probability is first derived. Then the error rate expressions are attained from two different approaches. First, based on the observation of the instantaneous channel gain, the binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) asymptotic bit error rate (BER) expression is derived, and the exact BER expression is obtained as an infinite series, which converges for reasonably large signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Then the exact symbol error rate (SER) expressions are attained as a multiple infinite sum based on the moment generating function (MGF) method for M-ary phase-shift keying (M-PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM). The asymptotic SER expressions reveal a diversity order equal to the product of the m parameter, the number of transmit antennas and the number of receive antennas. Theoretical analysis is verified by simulation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4786523,no
Error in projection of planewaves using various basis functions,"In this paper, the projection error of RMS in 1D and 2D case is analyzed. The analytical projection error on the infinite meshes are given in closed form for the pulse basis, triangular basis, the second-order basis in 1D case, the divergence-conforming basis on rectangular element and the one-directional triangular element in 2D case. In addition, the projection error is numerically calculated for various basis functions with a finite computational domain. There are good agreements between the analytical and numerical results. It is found the projection error of p-th order 1D basis function is asymptotically proportional to (p+1) power of the size of the element. More results and discussions about the projection errors will be presented at the conference.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4619717,no
Design and analysis of AC/DC converters with interleaved Power Factor Correction,"In this paper, two current sharing control schemes base on average current mode control is proposed for interleaved Power Factor Correction (PFC) converter. The boost inductor current of each phases of interleaved PFC must be sensed to achieve current sharing and power limiting. To meet this requirement, we proposed a current transformers current sense skill which achieve current sharing and also can improve current harmonic distortion during high line operation. Finally, the SPICE like tool of simulation for the whole system is built up for verification.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4528886,no
Transmission characteristic of defect for the 90 bend photonic crystal,"In this paper, we analyzed the transmission characteristics of the point-defected around the outer layers of 90-degree bend photonic crystal. The simulation results show the vertical and horizontal point-defects have much effect than slanted ones.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5588430,no
Dynamic Multiple-Fault Diagnosis With Imperfect Tests,"In this paper, we consider a model for the dynamic multiple-fault diagnosis (DMFD) problem arising in online monitoring of complex systems and present a solution. This problem involves real-time inference of the most likely set of faults and their time-evolution based on blocks of unreliable test outcomes over time. In the DMFD problem, there is a finite set of mutually independent fault states, and a finite set of sensors (tests) is used to monitor their status. We model the dependence of test outcomes on the fault states via the traditional D-matrix (fault dictionary). The tests are imperfect in the sense that they can have missed detections, false alarms, or may be available asynchronously. Based on the imperfect observations over time, the problem is to identify the most likely evolution of fault states over time. The DMFD problem is an intractable NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem. Consequently, we decompose the DMFD problem into a series of decoupled subproblems, one for each sample epoch. For a single-epoch MFD, we develop a fast and high-quality deterministic simulated annealing method. Based on the sequential inferences, a local search-and-update scheme is applied to further improve the solution. Finally, we discuss how the method can be extended to dependent faults.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5281205,no
A heuristic method to reduce fault candidates for a speedy fault diagnosis,"In this paper, we present a heuristic method to reduce fault candidates for an efficient fault diagnosis. This paper uses a matching algorithm for the exact fault diagnosis. But the time consumption of a fault diagnosis using the matching algorithm is huge. So, we present a new method to reduce the fault diagnosis time. The method to reduce the time consumption is separated into two different phases which are a pattern comparison and a back-tracing comparison in failing pattern. The proposed method reduces fault candidates by comparing failing patterns with good patterns during critical path tracing process and comparing back-tracing from non-erroneous POs with back-tracing erroneous POs. The proposed method increases the simulation speed than the conventional algorithms. And this method is also applicable to any other fault diagnosis algorithms. Experimental results on ISCAS'85 and ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits show that fault candidate lists are reduced than those of previous diagnosis methods.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4815607,no
"Fault detection, isolation, and accommodation in a UAV longitudinal control system","In this paper, we present a multiple-model based method of analyzing for the longitudinal controller performance loss caused by actuator faults in the aircraft elevator system. More specifically, we consider the effects of the failure-induced elevator actuator bandwidth reduction integrated with the longitudinal flight dynamics. Results of the proposed multiple-model based fault detection, isolation, and accommodation (FDIA) algorithm are applied to an uninhabited air vehicle (UAV) subject to multiple actuator failures. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed fault-tolerant controller is an effective and efficient FDIA methodology, and could practically be vital to attack a wide range of similar applications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676046,no
Online Failure Forecast for Fault-Tolerant Data Stream Processing,"In this paper, we present a new online failure forecast system to achieve predictive failure management for fault-tolerant data stream processing. Different from previous reactive or proactive approaches, predictive failure management employs failure forecast to perform informed and just-in-time preventive actions on abnormal components only. We employ stream-based online learning methods to continuously classify runtime operator state into normal, alert, or failure, based on collected feature streams. We have implemented the online failure forecast system as part of the IBM system S stream processing system. Our experiments show that the on-line failure forecast system can achieve good prediction accuracy for a range of stream processing software failures, while imposing low overhead to the stream system.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4497565,no
Single-image vignetting correction using radial gradient symmetry,"In this paper, we present a novel single-image vignetting method based on the symmetric distribution of the radial gradient (RG). The radial gradient is the image gradient along the radial direction with respect to the image center. We show that the RG distribution for natural images without vignetting is generally symmetric. However, this distribution is skewed by vignetting. We develop two variants of this technique, both of which remove vignetting by minimizing asymmetry of the RG distribution. Compared with prior approaches to single-image vignetting correction, our method does not require segmentation and the results are generally better. Experiments show our technique works for a wide range of images and it achieves a speed-up of 4-5 times compared with a state-of-the-art method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4587413,no
The effectiveness of using non redundant test cases with program spectra for bug localization,"In this paper, we present our approach of using non redundant test cases with program spectra (one of the automated bug localization techniques) to locate software bugs in a program. We evaluate several spectra metrics (functions mapped from program spectra) using the non redundant test cases. Extensive evaluation on Siemens Test Suite and subset of Unix datasets shows the effectiveness of locating bug using non redundant test cases with program spectra. In this paper, we also show that by adding duplicates of non redundant test cases, the stability and performance of spectra metrics are affected.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5234587,no
A fast and accurate multi-cycle soft error rate estimation approach to resilient embedded systems design,"In this paper, we propose a very fast and accurate analytical approach to estimate the overall SER and to identify the most vulnerable gates, flip-flops, and paths of a circuit. Using such information, designers can selectively protect the vulnerable parts resulting in lower power and area overheads that are the most important factors in embedded systems. Unlike previous approaches, the proposed approach firstly does not rely on fault injection or fault simulation; secondly it measures the SER for multi cycles of circuit operation; thirdly, the proposed approach accurately computes all three masking factors, namely, logical, electrical, and timing masking; fourthly, the effects of error propagation in re-convergent fanouts are considered in the proposed approach. SERs estimated by the proposed approach for some ISCAS89 circuit benchmarks are compared with that estimated by the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation based fault injection approach. The results show that the proposed approach is about four orders of magnitude faster than the MC fault injection approach while having an accuracy of about 97%. This level of fastness and accuracy makes the proposed approach a viable solution to measure the SER of very large size circuits used in industry.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544952,no
A CPW bandpass filter using defected ground structure with shorting stubs for 60 GHz applications,"In this paper, we design and fabricate a coplanar waveguide (CPW) bandpass filter operating at 60 GHz. A new DGS pattern is proposed and serves as the unit cell. We cascade two unit cells to construct a second-order bandpass filter. The equivalent lumped element circuit model was extracted form the full-wave electromagnetic simulation. Moreover, we obtain good agreement between circuit model analysis and simulation. The measurement results for the proposed bandpass filter reveals a 3 dB pass band with a bandwidth of 6.8 GHz. Furthermore, the insertion loss at 60 GHz is less than 2 dB.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5578757,no
Research and Implementation of Fault Diagnosis System on Oil Field Based on Intelligence Integrating,"In this paper, the authors put forward the integrating intelligence diagnosis model and the key technologies on this model in order to solve the work status diagnosis problem of oil well .The merits of this system included: knowledge acquisition automatically, high speed of identifying, high degree of intelligent zing, etc., and this system can identify 21 kinds of faults, this diagnosis technology was more exact comparing to other diagnosis methods.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5138032,no
A strategy to replace the damaged element for fault-tolerant induction motor drive,"In this paper, the best moment to replace to the damaged element in a fault-tolerant induction motor drive working with a open-loop and closed-loop control is presented, a previous stage of fault-diagnostic to detect a short-circuit or open-circuit failure in the power device is considered. The technique is based on the connection of bidirectional switches to electrically isolate the damaged element by mean of fuse blown corresponding and to replace only the damaged device by another healthful one at the most suitable moment, the main issue is to diminish the tracking error of the motor current during the fault transient. Experimental and simulation results are obtained in order to validate the technique proposed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4723458,no
Control strategy of transformer coupling solid state fault current limiter and its experimental study with capacitance load,"In this paper, the control strategy of transformer coupling three phase bridge type solid state fault current limiter (TC-SSFCL) is presented. It is validated in an experimental system. It's proved that the control strategy ensures TC-SSFCL has excellent control performance and current-limiting effectiveness in its normal startup, operation and current-limiting conditions. Issues faced by TC-SSFCL in a double-side power system are analyzed and solutions are suggested. The series resonance which appears in the test of TC-SSFCL with capacitance load is analyzed in detail. To suppress the resonance, both methods, pre-triggering the SCR bridge and adding a damping resistance in parallel with the coupling transformer, are discussed. The simulation results verify that the proposed strategies for suppressing the resonance are effective.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5348308,no
The SRGM Framework of Integrated Fault Detection Process and Correction Process,"In this paper, the hypothesis that the detected faults will be immediately removed is revised. An integration of fault detection process and correction process is considered. According to the statistic of the faults, the two new frameworks, which are the SRGM framework including repeated faults (CRDW) and the SRGM framework excluding repeated faults (CNRDW), are presented. The above two frameworks, not only can predict the number of cumulative detected faults, but also can predict the number of corrected faults. In this paper, as an example, two reliability models are gained from CNRDW with different detection process and different correction process. The fitting capability and prediction capability of the two models are evaluated by an open software failure data set. The experimental results show that the presented models have a fairly accurate fitting capability and prediction capability compared with other software reliability growth models.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722142,no
Implementation of a bug algorithm in the e-puck from a hybrid control viewpoint,"In this paper, the implementation in the e-puck robot of an algorithm to keep going in a trajectory while evading fixed obstacles is presented. A review of some existing algorithms for trajectory tracking with obstacles avoidance is done. Also the basic characteristics of the mobile robot e-puck and the programming environment used to implement the control algorithm and prove the performance of the robot are summarized. By modeling the kinematics of the robot and simulating the implementation of the algorithm, the good performance of the control in both the simulated environment and the real robot in different surroundings are shown. The effects of different environmental factors in the performance of the robot are analyzed. This leads to suggest some algorithm improvements as a matter of future works.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5587242,no
Fault tolerance system for UAV using hardware in the Loop Simulation,"In Unmanned Aerial Vehicle system, the application software is large and becoming hard to meet the real-time application. UAV system may suffer faults in the controlled plant as well as in the execution platform. The execution platforms support a modern real-time embedded system, but distributed architecture is made of heterogeneous components that may incur transient or permanent faults. In the proposed system, we have developed UAV system based on Hardware in-the Loop Simulation (HILS), which is used for testing the UAV with real time data and real environment. This technique of simulation makes the system to be tested extrinsically with various conditions. The major part of this system deals with fault tolerance system for the UAV with fault injection mechanism and fault detection mechanism using the fault tree analysis. The fault recovery mechanism is also used for making the UAV to land in the safe mode. This paper also deals with the hardware in the simulation setup for the UAV system using the QNX operation system. This reliable architecture can enhance analysis capabilities for critical safety properties and reduce costs for such systems using Hardware in-the Loop Simulation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5488603,no
Design of LDPC-based error correcting cipher,"In this paper, we propose a LDPC error correcting cipher which joints the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and LDPC code together. The LDPC error correcting cipher which is based on the wide trail strategy is a six round block cipher that encrypts 256 bit plaintexts using secret key to produce 512 bit ciphertexts, and the key is composed of 128 bit AES secret key and LDPC generator matrix. By using the LDPC generator matrix with high performance in diffusion property, we made the LDPC error correcting cipher as secure as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) against linear, differential attacks in fewer rounds. Even the square attack has no effect on attacking the cipher. Lastly, the process of encrypting/decrypting is implemented, and the security and error correction capacity is analyzed also.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6414833,no
Theoretical expression of error event probability for a trellis chaos coded modulation concatenated with space-time blok code,"In this paper, we propose a new insights for the chaos coded modulation (CCM) schemes originally proposed by Kozic & al. using the approximation of the distance spectrum distribution with some usual laws, a complete study of the performances of these CCM schemes when they are concatenated with a Space Time Block Code (STBC) is proposed. Accurate bounds are obtained even in the case of time selective channels.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7096508,no
Laboratory system for a traceable measurement of error vector magnitude,Laboratory system for a traceable measurement of error vector magnitude (EVM) is presented. It comprises a sampling oscilloscope which is directly traceable to basic physical quantities and a spectrum analyzer which is used for routine measurements and calibrations. The system is able to measure EVM for basic digitally modulated signals with low uncertainty.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5296163,no
An NN-based atmospheric correction algorithm for Landsat/TM thermal infrared data,"Land surface temperature (LST) is a key variable for studies of global or regional land surface processes, energy and water cycle, and thus, has important applications in various areas. Atmospheric correction is a major issue in LST retrieval using remote sensing data because the presence of the atmosphere always influences the radiation from the ground to the space sensor. Atmospheric correction of thermal infrared (TIR) data for land surface temperature retrieval is to estimate the three atmospheric parameters: transmittance, path radiance and the downward radiance. Typically the atmospheric parameters are obtained using atmospheric profiles combined with a radiative transfer model (RTM). But this approach is time-consuming and expensive, which is impractical for high-speed (near-realtime) operational atmospheric correction. An artificial neural network (NN) based atmospheric correction model for Landsat/TM thermal infrared data is proposed. The multi-layer feed-forward neural network (MFNN) is selected, in which the atmospheric profiles (temperature, humidity and pressure), elevation and scan angle are the input variables, and the atmospheric parameters are the output variables. The MFNN is combined with the radiative transfer simulation, using MODTRAN 4.0 and the latest global assimilated data. Finally, the transmittance and path radiance derived by the MFNN-based algorithm is compared with MODTRAN4.0 results. The RMSE for both parameters are 0.0031 and 0.035 Wm<sup>-2</sup>sr<sup>-1</sup>m<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The results indicate that the proposed approach can be a practical method for Landsat/TM thermal data in both accuracy and efficiency.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5476046,no
Finding Defects in Natural Language Confidentiality Requirements,"Large-scale software systems must adhere to complex, multi-lateral security and privacy requirements from regulations. It is industrial practice to define such requirements in form of natural language (NL) documents. Currently existing approaches to analyzing NL confidentiality requirements rely on a manual linguistic transformation and normalization of the original text, prior to the analysis. This paper presents an alternative approach to analyzing requirements by using semantic annotations placed directly into the original NL documents. The benefits of this alternative approach are twofold: (1) it can effectively be supported by an interactive annotation tool and (2) there is a direct traceability between annotation structures and the original NL documents. We have evaluated our method and tool support using the same real-world case study that was used to evaluate the earlier linguistic approach. Our results show that our method generates the same results, i.e., it uncovers the same problems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5328562,no
Active and latent failure conditions leading to human error in physical security,"Latent failure conditions describe the set of background circumstances which eventually lead to an unsafe act. These latent and active failures are generally uncovered during an accident investigation following an incident such as an airplane crash. This paper proposes that many evident preconditions for system failure exist in the physical security industry. This proposition is based upon observing control room operator's capabilities and practices while conducting operations in a 3D virtual control room simulator. The nature of physical security industry is such that there is very little real-time feedback on operator and system performance. Operators are expected to maintain high levels of detection performance day after day, month after month. In most cases how the approximately 500,000 individuals that are protecting the nation's critical infrastructure will perform will only be known when an actual crisis occurs. It is proposed that the latent preconditions for failures in the physical security industry can be uncovered using the same methodologies used in accident investigation. The causal factors for human performance breakdown can be uncovered through simulation exercises rather than through actual incident investigation. Remedial measures can then be developed and validated in the simulator prior to being implemented in actual operations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5678736,no
Stream Prediction Model Based on Tendency Correction,"Linear regression model is widely used in data stream prediction processing. In order to eliminate the prediction deviation caused by small data set, curve tendency correction technique is used to increase the prediction accuracy. Firstly the weighted moving method is used to modify the prediction function parameters. This algorithm improves the predicting accuracy, but causes low efficiency of time and space. Based on this algorithm, the exponential smoothing method is proposed. It is proved that this algorithm can reduce the space and time complexity, and also improves the prediction accuracy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5368078,no
Error propagations for local bundle adjustment,"Local bundle adjustment (LBA) has recently been introduced to estimate the geometry of image sequences taken by a calibrated camera. Its advantage over standard (global) bundle adjustment is a great reduction of computational complexity, which allows real-time performances with a similar accuracy. However, no confidence measure on the LBA result such as uncertainty or covariance has yet been introduced. This paper introduces statistical models and estimation methods for uncertainty with two desirable properties: (1) uncertainty propagation along the sequence and (2) real-time calculation. We also explain why this problem is more complicated than it may appear at first glance, and we provide results on video sequences.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5206824,no
Consistent outdoor vehicle localization by bounded-error state estimation,"Localization is a part of many automotive applications where safety is of crucial importance. We think that the best way to guarantee the safety in these applications is to guarantee the results of their embedded localization algorithms. Unfortunately localization of vehicles is mostly solved by Bayesian methods which (due to their structure) can only guarantee their results in a probabilistic way. Interval analysis allows an alternative approach with bounded-error state estimation. Such an approach provides a bounded set of configurations that is guaranteed to surround the actual vehicle configuration. We have validated the bounded-error state estimation with an outdoor vehicle equipped with odometers, a GPS receiver and a gyro. With the experimental results we compare the bounded-error state estimation with the particle filter localization in terms of consistency and computation time.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5354673,no
Request Path Driven Model for Performance Fault Diagnoses,"Locating and diagnosing performance faults in distributed systems is crucial but challenging. Distributed systems are increasingly complex, full of various correlation and dependency, and exhibit dramatic dynamics. All these made traditional approaches prone to high false alarms. In this paper, we propose a novel system modeling technique, which encodes component's dynamic dependencies and behavior characteristics into system's meta-model and takes it as a unifying framework to deploy component's sub-models. We propose an automatic analyze approach to distill, from request travel paths, request path signatures, the essential information of component's dynamic behaviors, and use it to induce metamodel with Bayesian network, and then use the model to make fault location and diagnoses. We take up fault-injection experiments with RUBiS, a TPCW alike benchmark, simulating eBay.com. The results indicate that our model approach provides effective problem diagnosis, i.e., Bayesian network technique is effective for fault detecting and pinpointing, in terms of request tracing context. Moreover, meta-model induced with request paths, provides an effective guidance for learning statistical correlations among metrics across the system, which effectively avoid 'false alarms' in fault pinpointing. As a case study, we construct a proactive recovery framework, which integrate our system modeling technique with software rejuvenation technique to guarantee system's quality of services.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634347,no
Defects Inspecting System for Tapered Roller Bearings Based on Machine Vision,"Many bearing manufacturers take traditional manual methods to inspect defects of bearings, which are in low efficiency, costly and unreliable. In this paper, a defects inspecting system for tapered roller bearing based on machine vision (DISTRB) is introduced. DISTRB is used to realize online automatic inspection, which includes mechanical parts, electrical parts, lighting equipments, a CCD, a computer and its software. DISTRB actualizes automatic online inspection by CCDs and defects recognizing algorithms and takes the place of workers' eyes. Some implementation devices are used to get high-quality images. Defects recognition algorithms of DISTRB are mainly elaborated. The defects of bearings include roller-missing in tapered roller bearings (RM) and some rollers being installed opposite to the direction of standard need (ROD). The key of DISTRB is to use practical image processing skills to improve the accuracy of the defects recognizing algorithms. The accuracy and stability of DISTRB mainly depends on the algorithms with a precondition of a fixed lighting part and imaging part. The DISTRB involves multi-domains such as mechatronic engineering, computer science, image-processing and pattern recognition. In this paper, taking image of type 32011X bearing as a research object, defects recognizing algorithms for RM and ROD defects are illustrated. After theoretical calculation and experiments in laboratory and practical applications in factories, the defects inspecting system is reliable, stable and effective.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5629504,no
A novel nanocomposite and its application in repairing bone defects,"Many commercial bone graft substitutes (BGS) and experimental bone tissue engineering scaffolds have been developed for bone repair and regeneration. Among them, sol-gel processed bioactive glasses showed promise due to their unique nanostructure. This study reports the in vivo bone regeneration using a newly developed porous bioactive and resorbable nanoscomposite that is composed of nano-bioactive glass (BG), collagen (COL), hyaluronic acid (HYA) and phosphatidylserine (PS), BG-COL-HYA-PS. The nanocomposite was prepared by a combination of sol-gel and freeze-drying methods. A rabbit radius defect model was used to evaluate bone regeneration at time points of 2, 4 and 8 weeks. Techniques including radiography, histology, fluorescent marker, and micro-CT were applied to characterize the new bone formation. In addition, ectopic bone formation was also investigated for the osteoinductivity of the materials. 8 weeks' results showed that (1) nearly complete bone regeneration was achieved for the BG-COL-HYA-PS nanocomposite that was combined with a bovine bone morphogenetic protein (BMP); (2) partial bone regeneration was achieved for the BG-COL-HYA-PS composites alone; and (3) control remained empty. This study demonstrated that the novel BG-COL-HYA-PS nanocomposite with or without the grafting of BMP, is a promising BGS or a tissue engineering scaffold for non-load bearing orthopaedic applications.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4484477,no
Fault tolerance for embedded control system,"Many products with embedded electronic systems demand high reliability and high security, such that they can be trusted to operate in safety-critical applications. Safe and secure system engineering requires designers to consider all the consequences of errors and intrusions in their systems in addition to normal modes of operation. The proposed system for embedded control system meets the requirements of fault tolerance as a major issue. Fault tolerance proposed in this paper is based on redundancy, transient faults, and fault detection which are processed by software techniques. This fault tolerance system can enhance analysis capabilities for critical safety properties and reduce certification costs.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5341096,no
Using Logic Criterion Feasibility to Reduce Test Set Size While Guaranteeing Double Fault Detection,"Logic criteria are used in software testing to find inputs that guarantee detecting certain faults. Thus, satisfying a logic criterion guarantees killing certain mutants. Some logic criteria are composed of other criteria. Determining component criterion feasibility can be used as a means to reduce test set size without sacrificing fault detection. This paper introduces a new logic criterion based on component criterion feasibility. Given a predicate in minimal DNF, a determination is made of which component criteria are feasible for individual literals and terms. This in turn provides determination of which criteria are necessary to detect double faults and kill second-order mutants. A test set satisfying this new criterion guarantees detecting the same double faults as a larger test set satisfying another criterion. An empirical study using predicates in avionics software showed that tests sets satisfying the new criterion detected all but one double fault type. For this one double fault type, 99.91% of the double faults were detected and combining equivalent single faults nearly always yielded an equivalent double fault.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4976383,no
Highly Parallel FPGA Emulation for LDPC Error Floor Characterization in Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Channel,"Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes offer a promising error correction approach for high-density magnetic recording systems due to their near-Shannon limit error-correcting performance. However, evaluation of LDPC codes at the extremely low bit error rates (BER) required by hard disk drive systems, typically around 10<sup>-12</sup> to 10<sup>- 15</sup>, cannot be carried out on high-performance workstations using conventional Monte Carlo techniques in a tractable amount of time. Even field-programmable gate array (FPGA) emulation platforms take a few weeks to reach BER between 10<sup>-11</sup> and 10<sup>-12</sup>. Thus, we implemented a highly parallel FPGA processing cluster to emulate a perpendicular magnetic recording channel, which enabled us to accelerate the emulation by > 100times over the fastest reported emulation. This increased throughput enabled us to characterize the performance of LDPC code BER down to near 10<sup>-14</sup> and investigate its error floor.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5257218,no
Machine Learning and Bias Correction of MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth,"Machine-learning approaches (neural networks and support vector machines) are used to explore the reasons for a persistent bias between aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the accurate ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network. While this bias falls within the expected uncertainty of the MODIS algorithms, there is room for algorithm improvement. The results of the machine-learning approaches suggest a link between the MODIS AOD biases and surface type. MODIS-derived AOD may be showing dependence on the surface type either because of the link between surface type and surface reflectance or because of the covariance between aerosol properties and surface type.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5159498,no
Employing Rapid Prototyping biomedical model to assist the surgical planning of defect mandibular reconstruction,"Mandibular defects need customized titanium plates for reconstruction. The conventional design process of titanium plate is prior to surgical interventions. The efficiency and accuracy of the conventional method is mainly dependent on experiences and skills of the designer. In order to decrease the dependence on design experience and enhance the participation of surgeons in the design process, designing and fabricating a customized titanium plate implant according to Rapid Prototyping (RP) biomedical model could be employed. RP biomedical model is greatly convenient to diagnosis and treatment planning. It could decrease the operation time and the risk of misinterpretation of the medical problem. In these cases, the operation time was reduced by 1.5-2.5 hours. A physical biomedical model also facilitates surgery planning and makes the rehearsal and simulation of the operation possibly. The customized titanium plate shape conforms to the patient's mandible anatomy and is thick enough to provide the strength and stiffness needed to fix the mandible until the bone grafts and soft tissues heal. At the same time it is thin enough to avoid extensive intrusion into soft tissues and to avoid weighing too much for the patient's jaw.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5639569,no
Efficient Intra Refresh Using Motion Affected Region Tracking for Surveillance Video over Error Prone Networks,"Intra refresh is well-known as a simple technique for eliminating temporal error propagation in a predictive video coding system. However, for surveillance video systems, most of the existing intra refresh methods do not make good use of the properties of surveillance video. This paper proposes an efficient error recovery scheme using a novel intra refresh based on motion affected region tracking (MTIR). For every frame between two successive intra refresh frames, the motion affected regions are statistic analyzed and the error sensitive ones are intra refreshed in an refreshed frame. To suppress the potential spatial and temporal error propagation, constrained intra prediction is used for the intra refreshed macroblocks, and the reference number of an inter predicted frame which behinds an intra refreshed frame is limited. Experimental results show that compared with existing intra refresh methods and flexible macroblock ordering, the proposed method can achieve a considerable improvement on both objective peak signal noise ratio (PSNR) and subjective visual quality at the same bit rate and packet loss rate.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4696338,no
Definition of Managed Objects for Fault Management of Satellite Network,"It is a new subject for network management to investigate the fault management of satellite network. Fault management of satellite network can acquire data of managed objects by means of network management protocol. Multiplex network management protocol (MNMP) exhibits great advantages on satellite network management. However, the current MIB of MNMP defines only a part of management objects, most of which focus on the transformation of management objects of SNMP MIB and CMIP. According to objects for fault management of the four granularities, i.e. network-, function-, device-, and component-class of satellite network, this paper defines the corresponding information of management objects. The aforementioned definition conforms to definition of MNMP managed object (DMMO). All these work can solve the lack of objects in MIB fault management for MNMP.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5231531,no
Engineering Equipment Integrated Fault Diagnosis System Based on Component Technology,"It is difficult to develop the corresponding fault diagnosis system and the software reusability is bad because the engineering equipment type are so many and their performance is diverse. This paper discussed the solution to engineering equipment integrated fault diagnosis system based on component technology, put forward the system model and gave the system frame designment process and working principle. The software was designed based on the three-layer hierarchy. It is easy to reuse and maintain, and the operation of the software is simple. A kind of new theory and method to develop the engineering equipment fault diagnosis system for the future was provided.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5203051,no
Fault Diagnosis of Generator Based on D-S Evidence Theory,"It is difficult to identify the fault type with the signal gathered from the sensors. In this paper, a new fusion algorithm based on the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence and neural networks is brought forward. This method combines the advantages of D-S evidence theory and the BP neural network. Neural networks are used to pretreated the data gathered from the embedded sensors in the monitoring system of hydropower plant. Compared with the approaches that only adopt D-S evidence theory or neural networks, the accuracy of diagnostic results is obviously improved, and the signals analysis proved this conclusion. This method has been applied in the monitoring system of JiLin FengMan hydropower plant successfully.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4696285,no
Injecting intermittent faults for the dependability validation of commercial microcontrollers,"It is expected that intermittent faults will be a great challenge in modern VLSI circuits. In this work, we present a case study of the effects of intermittent faults on the behavior of a commercial microcontroller. The methodology used lies in VHDL-based fault injection technique, which allows a systematic and exhaustive analysis of the influence of different fault and system parameters. From the simulation traces, the occurrences of failures and latent errors have been logged. To extend the study, the results obtained have been compared to those got when injecting transient and permanent faults. The applied methodology can be generalized to more complex systems.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4695899,no
Partial Discharge Pattern Characteristic of HV Cable Joints with Typical Artificial Defect,"Insulation failure of XLPE cable system, particularly in joints and terminations, mostly attributes to local defects resulted from inadequate manufacturing or poor installation workmanship. Since it is well-acknowledged that partial discharge (PD) has a relationship with the discharge source (fault or defect), PD detection and pattern recognition have been widely accepted as a means to provide information on both the type and severity of defects or potential failures, which is further expected to give advice on repair or replacement of cable accessories. This paper presents a laboratory experiment on HOkV XLPE cable joints with artificial typical defects and their partial discharge pattern characteristic. PD patterns and statistical operators of these defects shows dissimilarity, which can be utilized as samples for further on-site PD pattern recognition.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5449349,no
"Snooze: A Scalable, Fault-Tolerant and Distributed Consolidation Manager for Large-Scale Clusters","Intelligent workload consolidation and dynamic cluster adaptation offer a great opportunity for energy savings in current large-scale clusters. Because of the heterogeneous nature of these environments, scalable, fault-tolerant and distributed consolidation managers are necessary in order to efficiently manage their workload and thus conserve energy and reduce the operating costs. However, most of the consolidation managers available nowadays do not fulfill these requirements. Hence, they are mostly centralized and solely designed to be operated in virtualized environments. In this work, we present the architecture of a novel scalable, fault-tolerant and distributed consolidation manager called Snooze that is able to dynamically consolidate the workload of a software and hardware heterogeneous large-scale cluster composed out of resources using the virtualization and Single System Image (SSI)technologies. Therefore, a common cluster monitoring and management API is introduced, which provides a uniform and transparent access to the features of the underlying platforms. Our architecture is open to support any future technologies and can be easily extended with monitoring metrics and algorithms. Finally, a comprehensive use case study demonstrates the feasibility of our approach to manage the energy consumption of a large-scale cluster.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5724821,no
Enhanced server fault-tolerance for improved user experience,"Interactive applications such as email, calendar, and maps are migrating from local desktop machines to data centers due to the many advantages offered by such a computing environment. Furthermore, this trend is creating a marked increase in the deployment of servers at data centers. To ride the price/performance curves for CPU, memory and other hardware, inexpensive commodity machines are the most cost effective choices for a data center. However, due to low availability numbers of these machines, the probability of server failures is relatively high. Server failures can in turn cause service outages, degrade user experience and eventually result in lost revenue for businesses. We propose a TCP splice-based Web server architecture that seamlessly tolerates both Web proxy and backend server failures. The client TCP connection and sessions are preserved, and failover to alternate servers in case of server failures is fast and client transparent. The architecture provides support for both deterministic and non-deterministic server applications. A prototype of this architecture has been implemented in Linux, and the paper presents detailed performance results for a PHP-based Webmail application deployed over this architecture.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630085,no
Improvement of Interpixel Uniformity in Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Display by Luminance Correction Circuit,"Interpixel uniformity is critical to image quality, and is hard to be improved by structural reformation of emissive elements because of nonuniformity in luminance characteristics of subpixels in self-emissive device like the carbon nanotube field emission display (CNT-FED). In this paper, we discuss the improvement of the interpixel uniformity by individually controlling the luminance of all subpixels in a display panel. We propose a prototype CNT-FED with improved interpixel uniformity using luminance correction circuitry. The analysis of interpixel uniformity with the proposed luminance correction circuit shows that the index of interpixel uniformity increases about 8% with only about 10% luminance reduction ratio that is a relatively small penalty compared to the enhancement of the interpixel uniformity. The proposed correction method can also be used to ensure improvement of the interpixel uniformity in large-size CNT-FED panels.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4444642,no
Optical Fault Attacks on AES: A Threat in Violet,"Microprocessors are the heart of the devices we rely on every day. However, their non-volatile memory, which often contains sensitive information, can be manipulated by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. This paper gives practical results demonstrating that the non-volatile memory can be erased with UV light by investigating the effects of UV-Clight with a wavelength of 254 nm on four different depackaged microcontrollers. We demonstrate that an adversary can use this effect to attack an AES software implementation by manipulating the 256- bit S-box table. We show that if only a single byte of the table is changed, 2 500 pairs of correct and faulty encrypted inputs are sufficient to recover the key with a probability of 90%, in case the key schedule is not modified by the attack. Furthermore, we emphasize this by presenting a practical attack on an AES implementation running on an 8-bit microcontroller. Our attack involves only a standard decapsulation procedure and the use of alow-cost UV lamp.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5412863,no
Mining Top-K Fault Tolerant Frequent Patterns with Sliding Windows in Data Streams,"Mining frequent patterns over streaming data has become an important research focus field with broad applications. However, the real-world data may be usually polluted by uncontrolled factors. Fault-tolerant frequent pattern can express more generalized information than frequent pattern which is absolutely matched. Therefore, a novel single-pass algorithm is proposed for efficiently mining top-k fault-tolerant frequent pattern from data streams without minimum support threshold specified by user. A novel data structure is developed for maintaining the essential information of itemsets generated so far. Experimental results show that the developed algorithm is an efficient method for mining top-k fault-tolerant frequent pattern from data streams.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5565961,no
A novel co-evolutionary approach to automatic software bug fixing,"Many tasks in software engineering are very expensive, and that has led the investigation to how to automate them. In particular, software testing can take up to half of the resources of the development of new software. Although there has been a lot of work on automating the testing phase, fixing a bug after its presence has been discovered is still a duty of the programmers. In this paper we propose an evolutionary approach to automate the task of fixing bugs. This novel evolutionary approach is based on co-evolution, in which programs and test cases co-evolve, influencing each other with the aim of fixing the bugs of the programs. This competitive co-evolution is similar to what happens in nature for predators and prey. The user needs only to provide a buggy program and a formal specification of it. No other information is required. Hence, the approach may work for any implementable software. We show some preliminary experiments in which bugs in an implementation of a sorting algorithm are automatically fixed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630793,no
Fault detection and location of open-circuited switch faults in matrix converter drive systems,"Matrix converter based electric vehicles can be effectively applied to military vehicles due to weight and volume reduction as well as high temperature operation with no dc-bus capacitors fragile in a harsh environment. For successful applications for military vehicle areas, satisfactory reliability issues have to be incorporated into the matrix converter drives. This paper proposes a fault diagnostic technique for detecting and locating open-circuited faults in switching components of matrix converter drive systems. In this paper, the fault-mode behaviors of the matrix converter are, in detail, explored under the open-circuited switch fault conditions. Based on the investigated knowledge of the converter behaviors, the proposed scheme enables the matrix converter drive to detect and exactly identify power switches in which open-circuited faults have occurred. The proposed fault diagnostic algorithm is based on monitoring nine voltage errors assigned to nine bi-directional switches of the matrix converter. The voltage error signals are constructed with simple comparison of measured input and output voltages. In case that any of bi-directional switches are associated with open-circuited switch faults, the dedicated voltage error signals rise over a certain threshold value, which can be possible to detect a fault occurrence and locate the faulty switch. Since the developed diagnostic method requires no construction of reference output voltages from the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) reference signals, it can be implemented with simple and robust features. Verification results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed technique.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5289539,no
Static Security Analysis Based on Input-Related Software Faults,"It is important to focus on security aspects during the development cycle to deliver reliable software. However, locating security faults in complex systems is difficult and there are only a few effective automatic tools available to help developers. In this paper we present an approach to help developers locate vulnerabilities by marking parts of the source code that involve user input. We focus on input-related code, since an attacker can usually take advantage of vulnerabilities by passing malformed input to the application. The main contributions of this work are two metrics to help locate faults during a code review, and algorithms to locate buffer overflow and format string vulnerabilities in C source code. We implemented our approach as a plug in to the Grammatech CodeSurfer tool. We tested and validated our technique on open source projects and we found faults in software that includes Pidgin and cyrus-imapd.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4812737,no
Automatic detection technology of surface defects on plastic products based on machine vision,"It is very necessary to detect surface defects on plastic products during production process and post treatment. The research and application of automatic detection technology of surface defects on plastic products is supposed to greatly liberate the human workforce, improve the automated production level, and has wide application prospect. The development of machine vision's key technologies such as illumination system, CCD camera, image enhancement, image segmentation, image recognition, and so on has been explained in detail. Its application on detection for surface defects on plastic products such as plastic electronic components, strips, PVC building materials, films, leather, bottles, and so on is also presented briefly. Especially, it mainly focuses on the automatic detection of surface defects for injection products, and the automatic detection system is proposed. It is composed of the conveyor belt device, the image acquisition and processing software and PLC control device, et al.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5536470,no
Development of Fault Detection System in Air Handling Unit,"Monitoring systems used at present to operate air handling unit(AHU) optimally do not have a function that enables to detect faults properly when there are faults of such as operating plants or performance falling, so they are unable to manage faults rapidly and operate optimally. In this paper, we have developed a classified rule-based fault detection system which can be inclusively used in AHU system of a building by installation of sensor which is composed of AHU system and required low costs compare to the model based fault detection system which can be used only in a special building or system. In order to experiment this algorithm, it was applied to AHU system which is installed inside environment chamber(EC), verified its own practical effect, and confirmed its own applicability to the related field in the future.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4622840,no
Probabilistic Event-Driven Heuristic Fault Localization using Incremental Bayesian Suspected Degree,Most fault localization techniques are based on time windows. The size of time windows impacts on the accuracy of the algorithms greatly. This paper took weighted bipartite graph as fault propagation model and proposed a heuristic fault localization algorithm based on incremental Bayesian suspected degree (IBSD) to eliminate the above shortcomings. IBSD sequentially analyzes the incoming symptoms in an event-driven way and incrementally computes the Bayesian suspected degree and determines the most probable fault set for the current observed symptoms. Simulation results show that the algorithm has high fault detection rate as well as low false positive rate and has a good performance even in the presence of unobserved alarms. The algorithm which has a polynomial computational complexity can be applied to large scale communication network.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4709050,no
Analysis of the effect of Java software faults on security vulnerabilities and their detection by commercial web vulnerability scanner tool,"Most software systems developed nowadays are highly complex and subject to strict time constraints, and are often deployed with critical software faults. In many cases, software faults are responsible for security vulnerabilities which are exploited by hackers. Automatic web vulnerability scanners can help to locate these vulnerabilities. Trustworthiness of the results that these tools provide is important; hence, relevance of the results must be assessed. We analyze the effect on security vulnerabilities of Java software faults injected on source code of Web applications. We assess how these faults affect the behavior of the scanner vulnerability tool, to validate the results of its application. Software fault injection techniques and attack trees models were used to support the experiments. The injected software faults influenced the application behavior and, consequently, the behavior of the scanner tool. High percentage of uncovered vulnerabilities as well as false positives points out the limitations of the tool.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5542602,no
A Framework for Evaluating Automatic Classification of Underlying Causes of Disturbances and Its Application to Short-Circuit Faults,"Most works in power systems event classification concern classifying an event according to the morphology of the corresponding waveform. An important and even more difficult problem is the classification of the event underlying cause. However, the lack of labeled data is more problematic in this second scenario. This paper proposes a framework based on frame-based sequence classification (FBSC), the Alternative Transient Program (ATP), and a public dataset to advance research in this area. As a proof of concept, a thorough evaluation of automatic classification of short circuits in transmission lines is discussed. Simulations with different preprocessing (e.g., wavelets) and learning algorithms (e.g., support vector machines) are presented. The results can be reproduced at other sites and elucidate several tradeoffs when designing the front end and pattern recognition stages of a sequence classifier. For example, when considering the whole event in an offline scenario, the combination of the raw front end and a decision tree is competitive with wavelets and a neural network.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5570113,no
K-space and image space combination for motion artifact correction in multicoil multishot diffusion weighted imaging,"Motion during diffusion encodings leads to phase errors in different shots of a multishot acquisition. Phase differences in k-space data among shots result in phase cancellation artifacts in the reconstructed image. Due to aliasing of the phase from under-sampled regions of the shot, correction of the phase error using direct low-resolution phase subtraction is incomplete. We introduce a new k-space and image-space combination (KICT) method for motion artifacts cancellation that avoids incomplete phase error correction. Further, the method preserves the phase of the object, which is important for parallel imaging applications.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4649497,no
Algorithmic Cholesky factorization fault recovery,"Modeling and analysis of large scale scientific systems often use linear least squares regression, frequently employing Cholesky factorization to solve the resulting set of linear equations. With large matrices, this often will be performed in high performance clusters containing many processors. Assuming a constant failure rate per processor, the probability of a failure occurring during the execution increases linearly with additional processors. Fault tolerant methods attempt to reduce the expected execution time by allowing recovery from failure. This paper presents an analysis and implementation of a fault tolerant Cholesky factorization algorithm that does not require checkpointing for recovery from fail-stop failures. Rather, this algorithm uses redundant data added in an additional set of processors. This differs from previous works with algorithmic methods as it addresses fail-stop failures rather than fail-continue cases. The implementation and experimentation using ScaLAPACK demonstrates that this method has decreasing overhead in relation to overall runtime as the matrix size increases, and thus shows promise to reduce the expected runtime for Cholesky factorizations on very large matrices.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5470436,no
Algorithm-based fault tolerance for many-core architectures,"Modern many-core architectures with hundreds of cores provide a high computational potential. This makes them particularly interesting for scientific high-performance computing and simulation technology. Like all nano scaled semiconductor devices, many-core processors are prone to reliability harming factors like variations and soft errors. One way to improve the reliability of such systems is software-based hardware fault tolerance. Here, the software is able to detect and correct errors introduced by the hardware. In this work, we propose a software-based approach to improve the reliability of matrix operations on many-core processors. These operations are key components in many scientific applications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5512738,no
A morphological filter to distinguish a fault from capacitor switching,"Modern numerical relays have substantially reduced false operation of overcurrent relays used for capacitor protection. However, faster and more reliable operation can be useful. This paper proposes a morphological filter for fast and clear distinction between fault currents and switching currents that can benefit all types of overcurrent relays used for protection of capacitor banks. The filter performance is tested using waveforms generated from PSCAD/EMTDC<sup></sup> simulation of a standardized test-system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484367,no
Evaluating the Fault Tolerance of Stateful TMR,"Module redundancy is often used in the construction of reliable systems. Triple Module Redundancy (TMR) is a method for improving reliability through module redundancy, although it does not give the correct results when two out of three modules fail. We, therefore, proposed a new voting architecture known as Stateful TMR, which uses both the results of TMR and the history of states to select the most reliable module. Through simulations, we evaluate the reliability of a module using both TMR and Stateful TMR, and show that for both transient and permanent failures, Stateful TMR achieves higher reliability than TMR.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5636133,no
Time series analysis for bug number prediction,"Monitoring and predicting the increasing or decreasing trend of bug number in a software system is of great importance to both software project managers and software end-users. For software managers, accurate prediction of bug number of a software system will assist them in making timely decisions, such as effort investment and resource allocation. For software end-users, knowing possible bug number of their systems will enable them to take timely actions in coping with loss caused by possible system failures. To accomplish this goal, in this paper, we model the bug number data per month as time series and, use time series analysis algorithms as ARIMA and X12 enhanced ARIMA to predict bug number, in comparison with polynomial regression as the baseline. X12 is the widely used seasonal adjustment algorithm proposed by U.S. Census. The case study based on Debian bug data from March 1996 to August 2009 shows that X12 enhanced ARIMA can achieve the best performance in bug number prediction. Moreover, both ARIMA and X12 enhanced ARIMA outperform the baseline as polynomial regression.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5542853,no
A Novel Watermarking Extraction Based on Error Correcting Code and Evidence Theory,Nowadays digital watermarking has played an important role in the copyright protection of multimedia. A new robust watermarking algorithm is proposed with the base of error correcting code (ECC) and data fusion by evidence theory and distortion factor. The algorithm does not need any mask or original image during the extraction and makes the watermark more robust and further more the data fusion composed by a new watermark confidence relatively reduces the volume of the embedding watermark. At last experiments have proved the algorithm is practical.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4667067,no
Magnets faults characterization for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors,"Nowadays Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) are an attractive alternative to induction machines for a variety of applications due to their higher efficiency, power density and wide constant power speed range. In this context the condition monitoring of magnets status is receiving more and more attention since is critical for industrial applications. This paper presents a characterization of rotor faults for such a motor due to local and uniform demagnetization by means of two dimensional (2-D) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and proposes a new non-invasive method for their detection by means of a Fourier transform of the back-EMF. The proposed approach is then validated for three permanent magnet synchronous motors with different winding configurations.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5292770,no
Multi-domain fault management architecture based on a shared ontology-based knowledge plane,"Nowadays the number of services whose functionalities need to adapt across heterogeneous networks with different technological and administrative domains has substantially increased. Each domain involves different management procedures; therefore the comprehensive management of multi-domain services presents serious problems. This paper is focused in fault management aspects and presents a novel management architecture for multi-domain environments. The architecture is based on a distributed set of agents, using semantic techniques. A Shared Knowledge Plane has been implemented to ensure communication between agents.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5691283,no
Investigating fault tolerant computing systems reliability,"Nowadays, computers and networks represent the heart of a great part of modern technologies. Computing systems are widely used in many application areas, and they are desired to achieve various complex and safety-critical missions. As consequence, greater attention is lavished on performance and dependability evaluation of computing systems. This brings to the specification of precise techniques and models, that consider and evaluate aspects before (consciously or unconsciously) approximated or ignored at all. On the other hand, the increasing importance assumed by such systems is translated in terms of tighter and tighter constraints, requirements and/or policies (QoS, fault tolerance, maintenance, redundancy, etc.) according to the systems' criticism. The evaluation must therefore take into great account such dynamic behaviors, carefully identifying and quantifying dependencies among devices. In this paper we face the problem of individuating and evaluating the most common dynamic behaviors and dependencies affecting fault tolerant computing systems. We propose some models to represent such aspects in terms of reliability/availability, basing on dynamic reliability block diagrams (DRBD), a new formalism derived from RBD we developed. In this way we want to provide the guidelines for adequately evaluating fault tolerant computing system reliability/availability.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536155,no
Research on code pattern automata-based code error pattern automatic detection technique,"Nowadays, many defects, e.g., obscure error generation-scenario and lacking of formalization which is the basis for the automatic error detection, exist in field of code error research. Furthermore, the automation of error detection will greatly affect the quality and efficiency of software testing. Therefore, more deeply research on code errors need to be done. At first, this paper presents the definition of code error pattern based on definition of pattern. Secondly, it investigates the formalization description of code error pattern. Then, it studies the automatic error pattern detecting technique based on non-determinate finite state automata and treats the matching technique of error pattern as the key problem. Finally, some case studies are given. The preliminary results show the rationality of code error pattern definition and the effectiveness of error pattern formalization description and error pattern matching technique.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270089,no
Analysis of the influence of intermittent faults in a microcontroller,"Nowadays, new submicron technologies have allowed increasing processors performance while decreasing their size. However, as a side effect, their reliability has been negatively affected. Although mainly permanent and transient faults have been studied, intermittent faults are expected to be a big challenge in modern VLSI circuits. Usually, intermittent faults have been assumed to be the prelude of permanent faults. Currently, intermittent faults due to process variations and residues have grown, being necessary to study their effects. The objective of this work has been to analyse the impact of intermittent faults, taking advantage of the power of the simulation-based fault injection methodology. Using as background faults observed in real computer systems, we have injected intermittent faults in the VHDL model of a microcontroller. The controllability and flexibility of VHDL- based fault injection technique has allowed us to do a detailed analysis of the influence of some parameters of intermittent faults. We have also compared the results obtained with the impact of transient and permanent faults.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4538761,no
Comparison of fourier & wavelet transform methods for transmission line fault classification,"Nowadays, power supply has become a business asset. The quality and reliability of power system needs to be maintained in order to obtain optimum performance. Therefore, it is extremely important that transmission line faults from various sources to be identified accurately, reliably and be corrected as soon as possible. In this paper, a new technique is discussed by which avoiding noise in fault detection in high voltage transmission lines is achieved. Later, a comparative study of the performance of Fourier transform and wavelet transform based methods combined with protective relaying pattern classifier algorithm Neural Network for classification of faults is presented. A new classification method is proposed for decreasing training time and dimensions of NN. The proposed algorithms are based on Fourier transform analysis of fundamental frequency of current signals in the event of a short circuit. Similar analysis is performed on transient current signals using multi-resolution Haar wavelet transform, and comparative characteristics of the two methods are discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5559232,no
Considering Faults in Service-Oriented Architecture: A Graph Transformation-Based Approach,"Nowadays, using Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) is spreading as a flexible architecture for developing dynamic enterprise systems. Due to the increasing need of high quality services in SOA, it is desirable to consider different Quality of Service (QoS) aspects in this architecture as security, availability, reliability, fault tolerance, etc. In this paper we investigate fault tolerance mechanisms for modeling services in service-oriented architecture. We propose a metamodel (formalized by a type graph) and some graph rules for monitoring services and their communications to detect faults. By defining additional graph rules as reconfiguration mechanisms, service requesters can be dynamically switched to a new service (with similar descriptions). To validate our proposal, we use our previous approach to model checking graph transformation using the Bogor model checker.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5359808,no
Data diverse fault tolerant architecture for component based systems,"Of late, component based software design has become a major focus in software engineering research and computing practice. These software components are used in a wide range of applications some of which may have mission critical requirements. In order to achieve required level of reliability, these component-based designs have to incorporate special measures to cope up with software faults. This paper presents a fault tolerant component based data driven architecture that is based on C2 architectural framework and implements data diverse fault tolerance strategies. The proposed design makes a trade-off between platform flexibility, reliability and efficiency at run time and exhibits its ability to tolerate faults in a cost effective manner. Application of proposed design is exhibited with a case study.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5393876,no
"New Results on Periodic Sequences With Large <formula formulatype=""inline""> <img src=""/images/tex/348.gif"" alt=""k""> </formula>-Error Linear Complexity","Niederreiter showed that there is a class of periodic sequences which possess large linear complexity and large <i>k</i>-error linear complexity simultaneously. This result disproved the conjecture that there exists a trade-off between the linear complexity and the <i>k</i>-error linear complexity of a periodic sequence by Ding By considering the orders of the divisors of <i>xN</i>-1 over <i>BBF</i> <i>q</i>, we obtain three main results which hold for much larger <i>k</i> than those of Niederreiter : a) sequences with maximal linear complexity and almost maximal <i>k</i>-error linear complexity with general periods; b) sequences with maximal linear complexity and maximal <i>k</i> -error linear complexity with special periods; c) sequences with maximal linear complexity and almost maximal <i>k</i>-error linear complexity in the asymptotic case with composite periods. Besides, we also construct some periodic sequences with low correlation and large <i>k</i> -error linear complexity.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5238757,no
A Preliminary Study on Two Dimensional Image Reconstruction of Log Cross-Section Defect Based on Stress Wave,"Nondestructive testing for wood defect detecting has been playing an important role in wood industry. The 2D image reconstruction contributed greatly for log cross-section defect testing in order to promote the utilization rate of wood resources. At first, this paper studied the stress wave computerized tomography technique, and introduced the straight-line tracing technique and the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) algorithm. Then, the medium model was constructed for numerical simulation analysis. The reconstruction of the medium model was conducted using straight line tracing - ART algorithm, and the impact of the number of iterations for image reconstruction accuracy was analyzed. At last, this paper validated the feasibility for two-dimensional image reconstruction of log internal defects using this method by physical model testing. Empirical and medium model results showed that the convergence of straight line tracing - ART algorithm was fast and reconstruction image was good. The two-dimensional image reconstruction of log internal defects could basically be realized using the straight line tracing-algebraic reconstruction algorithm method. And the feasibility and practicality of theory and technique that proposed in this paper were validated by practical testing.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5460213,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>An intelligent method for the control of magnitude of parabolic-like transmission error of a pair of gears,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>Traditionally, the control of magnitude of parabolic-like transmission error of a pair of gears requires a lot of time-consuming trial-and-error manual procedures. To advance design efficiency, this paper has proposed an intelligent method to control efficiently and accurately the magnitude of parabolic-like transmission error. The intelligent method is devised based on the development of a system of governing equations under the conditions of tooth contact and constraints for magnitude of parabolic-like transmission error. Design parameters required to be determined are transformed into the roots of the system of equations. Just applying Newton's root finding method, parameters needed to be designed are obtained automatically and efficiently. To show how to apply the proposed method, a pair of external gears composed of an involute gear and a circular-arc gear is adopted to be an example. The gear pair is verified numerically the magnitude of parabolic-like transmission error is really controlled.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5558560,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>The coordinate transformation method of GPS RTK and their relationship with the position error,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>We must calculate first the coordinate transformation parameters between WGS-84 coordinates system and the national or local coordinates system when we measure with GPS RTK. In order to have better results, a new idea will be put forward about the four-parameter transformation of the small regional area, and its validity is validated in this paper. At the same time, through comparing with the current method, we find that the parameters precision of the new method is slightly better than that of the current method in the same conditions. Finally, according to the new method, we discuss the effect of the common point error on the accuracy of coordinate transformation parameters when we use GPS RTK, and find to have a simple calculation process, a better result, a change at regular on between the common point error and the parameters precision. All this have an instructive role of operating conveniently GPS RTK.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5563665,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>Boiler Tube Leakage Acoustic Localization Error Analysis,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>Efficient and reliable operation is the main requirement of the modern power plant, hence it's significant that the boiler tube leakage source is localized precisely. The four-element acoustic array was exploited in the furnace, a set of hyperbolic equations were established and the sensors distributed for capture the leakage signal were given. The stable and sharp peak can be obtained by an approximation of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator, which was verified via the experiment on localization of leakage. The time differences of arrival (TDOA) error level was 0.1us, the array failed to fix position as the remarkable coordinate error, while the error level was 0.01us, the coordinates error was linearized and reduced to the permitted range (less than 1m).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5448980,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>Study on the Uncertain Problems in Power Grid Fault Diagnosis,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>To solve the uncertain problems existing in power grid fault diagnosis, on the base of fault diagnosis expert system based on rules and causal logic, a method of Bayesian statistics inference is proposed in this paper , through the analysis of historical data, the diagnosis system gets a general memory function; meanwhile, introducing case-based reasoning (CBR), establishing a special case library, enables the system to remember the special events; the application of the two methods, has improved the diagnosis system's comprehensive reasoning abilities and enhanced the adaptability and self-learning ability of the system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5365291,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>Present situation and development of error calibration for linear motion guide,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>The calibration of linear motion guide is not only the academic direction for mechanical machining, but also the important means for error compensation of multi-freedom motion system. The calibration of linear motion guide is important part for kinematic research of motion system and main portion for the enhancement of motion system precision. This paper addresses the direct calibration method and the indirect calibration method in the calibration of linear motion guide. Especially the artifacts method, optics method and displacement lines method, which include their principle, characteristic and present situation, are expounded at length. And the artifacts method is the important way which may be used in short journey fields. While the displacement lines method is not only applied to long journey fields, but also is an economical calibration method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5564813,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>A fast error measurement system for CNC machine tools based on step-gauge,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>Traditional error measuring methods for CNC machine tools are often restricted by repeated alignment in set-up, high price and strict measuring environment. In order to develope a convenient and fast error measuring system, research about the principle of error measurement based on step-gauge has been done. The proposed equipment is convenient for it has no demand for installation accuracy and working environment. It can identify the gesture of step-gauge with its own measuring function. And automatic correction of micrometer and step-gauge's gesture can eliminate interference caused by installation, which has greatly enhanced the efficiency. Temperature difference compensation enables the equipment to perform in the workshop. This method is fast with accuracy within 2~3 m, which can be applied to measure position error of economy machine tools. In addition, it can generate corresponding compensation files for various CNC system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5558427,no
Evolving non-dominated solutions in multi objective fault section estimation for automated distribution networks,"Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) that use nondominated sorting have been criticized mainly for their computational complexity and nonelitism approach. In this paper, we suggest a non-dominated sorting based multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA), called nondominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) for solving the fault section estimation problem in automated distribution networks, which alleviates all the above difficulties. Due to the presence of various conflicting objective functions, the fault location task is a multi-objective, optimization problem. The considered FSE problem should be handled using Multiobjective Optimization techniques since its solution requires a compromise between different criteria. In the adopted formulation, these criteria are fast and accurate estimation of the potential fault location. In contrast to the conventional Genetic algorithm (GA) based approach; NSGA-II does not require weighting factors for conversion of such a multi-objective optimization problem into an equivalent single objective optimization problem. Based on the simulation results on four different automated distribution networks, the performance of the NSGA-II based scheme has been found significantly better than that of a conventional GA based method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666601,no
Research on network fault diagnosis based on mobile agent,"Network fault management is an important part of Network management. Aiming to the problem of the traditional SNMP-based network fault management, a mobile agent-based network fault diagnosis model is proposed, which applies mobile agent technology to network management, so it can monitor, detect and deal with network fault autonomously. The structure and function of model, especially the architecture and strategy of diagnostic agent, is depicted. Finally, comparing the system performance through experiment and results show that the network fault diagnosis based on mobile agent has greater advantage.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5479127,no
A novel arc-suppression method for grounding fault in wind farm,"Neutral-point non-effectively grounded system is used in the wind farm with complex structure, high cost, wide distribution and higher capacitance current. This paper presents an arc-suppression method for the neutral non-effective grounding system-voltage arc-suppression method. A reactor is directly connected to the fault bus and ground. The voltage of the reactor is used to suppress the voltage of the fault phase, to make sure it become much smaller than the amplitude of electric strength recovery, undermine the arc renewed mechanism, and remove the arc grounding. Simulation result in the paper verifies the validity and advantages of the method and it is not affected by grounding current, eliminating the complex track and compensation calculation. Arc-suppression method is simple. Especially suitable for system with high capacity current,such as cables wind farms.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666575,no
Testbench components verification using fault injection techniques,"New methodologies for digital designs verification make use of SystemVerilog's object-oriented mechanisms to speed-up the verification environment development. Yet, undetected testbench errors can slow down or even compromise the overall verification process. This paper concentrates on fault injection technique applied to different SystemVerilog testbench components. By altering functionality in different places of the testbench, potential hidden errors can be detected, improving the testbench capacity to detect design misbehavior. The fault injection in SystemVerilog testbench components may be used in addition to existing methods of functional verification analysis, for testbench validation. Modalities to alter the main testbench components are presented, highlighting the effects on the testbench behavior.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5510515,no
Data-Driven Fault Detection Based on Process Monitoring using Dimension Reduction Techniques,"One goal of integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) for commercial airplane customers is to monitor sensor data to anticipate problems before flight deck effects (FDEs) ground the airplane for unplanned maintenance. Airplane subsystems - such as flight and environmental control systems, electrical and hydraulic power - can have a high number of associated parameters. Monitoring sensor data streams individually can be inefficient, and fail to detect problems. A research effort at The Boeing Company is investigating anomaly detection algorithms for multivariate time series of parametric data. The multivariate process monitoring techniques account for correlation between parameters, and therefore alert when relationships between parameters change, as well as when mean levels of individual parameters change. Since many traditional multivariate process monitoring techniques are not suited for the high number of parameters in airplane subsystems, this paper discusses using dimension reduction techniques. One example is principal component analysis (PCA). If the assumptions behind PCA are not met, then monitoring charts based on conventional PCA alone can show false alarms and bad detectability. Independent component analysis (ICA) is a recently developed method in which the goal is to decompose observed data into linear combinations of statistically independent components. ICA can be considered an extension of PCA since it uses PCA as an initial pre-whitening stage. Like projection pursuit density estimation, ICA searches for projections of the data that are most non-Gaussian.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526621,no
On the design of tunable fault tolerant circuits on SRAM-based FPGAs for safety critical applications,"Mission-critical applications such as space or avionics increasingly demand high fault tolerance capabilities of their electronic systems. Among the fault tolerance characteristics, the performance and costs of an electronic system remain the leader factors in the space and avionics market. In particular, when considering SRAM-based FPGAs, specific hardening techniques generally based on Triple Modular Redundancy need to be adopted in order to guarantee the desired fault tolerance degree. While effectively increasing the fault tolerance capability, these techniques introduce an important performance degradation and a dramatic area overhead, that results in higher design costs. In this paper, we propose an innovative design flow that allow the implementation of fault tolerance circuits in SRAM-based FPGA devices with different fault tolerance capability degrees. We introduce a new metric that allows a designer to precisely estimate and set the desired fault tolerance capabilities. Experimental analysis performed on a realistic industrial-type case study demonstrates the efficiency of our methodology.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4484702,no
Fault Detection and Diagnosis in IP-Based Mission Critical Industrial Process Control Networks,"Mission-critical industrial process control networks support secure and reliable communications of devices in a controlling or manufacturing environment. They used to mostly use proprietary protocols and networks. Recently, however, many of them are being migrated to IP-based networks to consolidate many different types of networks into a single common network to simplify network operation, administration, and maintenance, and reduce operational expenses and capital expenditures. Despite their wide deployment, most operators have very little knowledge on how to operate them reliably and securely. This is mainly due to the operators' unfamiliarity with various faults that occur on IP-based process control networks. The current process of detecting and diagnosing faults in process control networks is mostly manual and thus the operators detect the problems only after noticeable process malfunctions. This article presents an overview of industrial process control networks and discusses the issues of introducing IP technologies into them. We then propose a fault detection and diagnosis method which is suitable for IP-based process control networks. We also present the system architecture and implementation of fault detection and diagnosis system as well as its deployment at POSCO. Finally, based on operational experience, we have generated a failure prediction model that can be used to predict potential alarms.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4511666,no
Dominant Color Tracking Based Color Correction for Multi-View Video Using Kalman Filter,"Multi-view video is a new multimedia service which provides interactive experience and depth perception. Color variations between the camera views are necessary to be eliminated in multi-view imaging. In this paper, a dominant color tracking based color correction method for multi-view video is proposed using Kalman filter. It tracks the dominant colors by using Kalman filter to fit the color variation of the real corrected multi-view videos. Experimental results show that the proposed method can eliminate discontinuous variations between frames for higher coding performance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5366685,no
Design trends and challenges of logic soft errors in future nanotechnologies circuits reliability,"Nanometer circuits are becoming increasingly susceptible to soft errors due to alpha particle and atmospheric neutron strikes as device scaling reduces node capacitances and supply voltage scaling reduces noise margins. The result is a significantly reduced reliability that becomes unacceptable in an increasingly number of applications as we move deeper to the nanotechnologies. In this context, logic soft errors, a concern for space applications in the past are a reliability issue at ground-level today. More and more techniques were used to mitigate various faults including the logic soft errors. The paper comprehensively analyzes logic soft errors sensitivity in future deep submicron processes, and also discusses the fault tolerant schemes at different design levels.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4734615,no
Sensor soft fault detection method of autonomous underwater vehicle,"Operating in complex ocean environment, the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of sensors have great impact on the safety of autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). When the sensor soft fault of AUV is detected by the traditional method of observer based on the means of close-loop control and close-loop detection, the sensor measured value with fault information is fed into the input of observer, which will affect the output of observer and make it track with the measured value of sensor. Meanwhile, as the sensor information with fault is fed into the controller, the fault of sensor will be compensated by the adjusting function of controller. To solve the problem that it is difficult to detect the soft fault of sensors from the state data of AUV and the output of observer, the paper presents a novel diagnosis method to detect the sensor soft fault. Based on the means of close-loop control and open-loop detection, it constructed the open-loop state observer model using RBF neural network and take the observer residual and actual residual as the judicative residual and the basis residual respectively. The sensor condition is adjudged according to the different trend of the two kinds of residual mentioned above. In the process of training of RBF neural network state observer, the selective method of initial center is improved and the repeated selection of initial center is avoided. The experiment results show that the improved RBF learning algorithm has faster convergence speed and better training effect. The pool experimental results prove that the method of sensor soft fault detection is feasible and effective for the autonomous underwater vehicle.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246397,no
Design and simulation of Optical Frequency Domain reflectometer for short distance fault detection in optical fibers and integrated optical devices using ptolemy-II,"Optical Frequency Domain measurements are much more accurate and efficient as compared to that in time domain for short distances of fibers or integrated optical devices. In the present investigation, the traditional Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) technique has been combined, which is used for analysis of fibers of large length, with frequency analysis of the time domain signal to develop a system that detects faults in optical IC's or fibers of very small lengths in a non-destructive fashion. The drawback of the OTDR is that it can be used only for cables of long distances because when used in short fibers the total time taken between the injected laser beam and the response will be negligible. To circumvent this problem we use the frequency domain analysis of the time domain data by applying Fourier transform.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5345575,no
Space Mapping With Adaptive Response Correction for Microwave Design Optimization,"Output space mapping is a technique introduced to enhance the robustness of the space-mapping optimization process in case the space-mapped coarse model cannot provide sufficient matching with the fine model. The technique often works very well; however, in some cases it fails. Especially in the microwave area where the typical model response (e.g., |<i>S</i> <sub>21</sub>|) is a highly nonlinear function of the free parameter (e.g., frequency), the output space-mapping correction term may actually increase the mismatch between the surrogate and fine models for points other than the one at which the term was calculated, as in the surrogate model optimization process. In this paper, an adaptive response correction scheme is presented to work in conjunction with space-mapping optimization algorithms. This technique is designed to alleviate the difficulties of the standard output space mapping by adaptive adjustment of the response correction term according to the changes of the space-mapped coarse model response. Examples indicate the robustness of our approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4757209,no
Energy-aware fault-tolerant clustering scheme for target tracking wireless sensor networks,"Over the last few years, the deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been fostered in diverse applications. WSN has great potential for a variety of domains ranging from scientific experiments to commercial applications. Due to the deployment of WSNs in dynamic and unpredictable environments, these applications must have potential to cope with variety of faults. This paper proposes an energy-aware fault-tolerant clustering protocol for target tracking applications termed as the Fault-Tolerant Target Tracking (FTTT) protocol. The identification of redundant nodes (RNs) makes sensor node (SN) fault tolerance plausible and the clustering endorsed recovery of sensors supervised by a faulty cluster head (CH). The FTTT protocol intends two steps of reducing energy consumption: first, by identifying RNs in the network; secondly, by restricting the numbers of SNs sending data to the CH. Simulations validate the scalability and low power consumption of the FTTT protocol in comparison with LEACH protocol.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5624313,no
Packet error rate optimization for routing algorithms in ad hoc wireless sensor networks,"Over the last years, wireless multihop ad hoc networks have received a tremendous interest from research groups. The major focal point has been the routing protocols, i.e. how to select the best route to send information from any source to any destination. Each node in an ad hoc network may work as a router to relay connections or data packets to their destination. The key issues of ad hoc networking are medium access control, which is used to share common channel resources among wireless nodes, and the networking layer. In this work, we have implemented a routing protocol based on the multihop algorithm to transmit information from any source to any destination node. We have focused on an indoor wireless sensor network, where all the links between nodes follow a line-of-sight propagation model. Medium access control and physical layer have been implemented according to the IEEE 802.15.4 standard in the 2.45 GHz frequency band where information is modulated in O-QPSK. In multihop wireless networks, one important question is how does the route selection depend on the physical and logical topology of the network. In terms of routing there is a trade-off between between hop distance and reception rate. This compromise will give us the best route to minimize the power consumption and maximize the transmission success probability.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4602097,no
Masking Does Not Protect Against Differential Fault Attacks,"Over the past ten years, cryptographic algorithms have been found to be vulnerable against side-channel attacks such as power analysis attacks, timing attacks, electromagnetic radiation attacks and fault attacks. These attacks capture leaking information from an implementation of the algorithm in software or in hardware and apply cryptanalytical and statistical tools to recover the secret keys. A very well-known countermeasure against these attacks is to randomize every execution of the algorithm and every intermediate piece of data with a so-called masking method. In this paper we demonstrate that traditional countermeasures such as masking methodsfor symmetric cryptosystems are completely inefficient against fault attacks. In other words, differential fault attacks still apply on masked data. As an example we show how to recover secret keys from two masked AES implementations using a basic differential fault attack.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4599555,no
The error chain in using Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems,"Over-reliance in the information provided by electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS) is a higher risk in navigation. This paper states the advantages of ECDIS and potential human errors, equipment errors and operation errors that have been found in using ECDIS. The root cause analysis for determining the core errors, the error chain in using ECDIS is discussed and identified, then the comments for correctly using ECDIS is proposed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4811566,no
Toward Fault-Tolerant P2P Systems: Constructing a Stable Virtual Peer from Multiple Unstable Peers,"P2P systems must handle unexpected peer failure and leaving, and thus it is more difficult to implement than server-client systems. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to implement P2P systems by using virtual peers. A virtual peer consists of multiple unstable peers. A virtual peer is a stable entity; application programs run on a virtual peer are not compromised unless a majority of the peers fail within a short time duration. If a peer in a virtual peer fails, the failed peer is replaced by another (non-failed) one to restore the number of working peers. The primary contribution of this paper is to propose a method to form a stable virtual peer over multiple unstable peers. The major challenges are to maintain consistency between multiple peers and to replace a failed peer with another one. For the first issue, the Paxos consensus algorithm is used. For the second issue, the process migration technique is used to replicate and transfer a running process to a remote peer. Furthermore, the relation between the reliability of a virtual peer and the number of peers assigned to a virtual peer is evaluated. The proposed method is implemented in our musasabi P2P platform. An overview of musasabi and its implementation is also given.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5359069,no
A Dynamic Temporal Error Concealment Algorithm for H.264,"Packet losses or errors of high compressed video stream during transmission over error-prone channel may cause serious decline in video quality. Error concealment (EC) at decoder side is an effective technology to reduce this video degradation. This paper proposes a Dynamic Temporal Error Concealment (DTEC) algorithm for H.264, which chooses different error concealment approach according to the variance of motion vectors of available macro-blocks (MBs) around the lost MB. Furthermore, a recovery method based Directional Temporal Boundary Match Algorithm (DTBMA) is proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm not only increases PSNR but also improves subjective video quality compared with conventional temporal error concealment algorithms in the case of the same packet loss rate.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5629840,no
EVAL: Utilizing processors with variation-induced timing errors,"Parameter variation in integrated circuits causes sections of a chip to be slower than others. If, to prevent any resulting timing errors, we design processors for worst-case parameter values, we may lose substantial performance. An alternate approach explored in this paper is to design for closer to nominal values, and provide some transistor budget to tolerate unavoidable variation-induced errors. To assess this approach, this paper first presents a novel framework that shows how microarchitecture techniques can trade off variation-induced errors for power and processor frequency. Then, the paper introduces an effective technique to maximize performance and minimize power in the presence of variation-induced errors, namely High-Dimensional dynamic adaptation. For efficiency, the technique is implemented using a machine-learning algorithm. The results show that our best configuration increases processor frequency by 56% on average, allowing the processor to cycle 21% faster than without variation. Processor performance increases by 40% on average, resulting in a performance that is 14% higher than without variation - at only a 10.6% area cost.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4771810,no
A model driven approach to the design and implementing of fault tolerant Service oriented Architectures,"One of the key stages of the development of a fault tolerant service oriented architecture is the creation of diagnosers, which monitors the systempsilas behaviour to identify the occurrence of failure. This paper presents a model driven development (MDD) approach to the automated creation of the diagnosing services and integrating them into the system. The outline of the method is as follows. BPEL models of the services are transformed to deterministic automaton with unobservable event representations using MDD transformations. Then, relying on discrete event system techniques a diagnoser automaton for the deterministic automata are created automatically. Finally, the diagnoser automaton is transformed into a new BPEL representation, which is integrated into the original architecture.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4746773,no
Distance errors correction for the time of flight (ToF) cameras,One of the most important distance measurement errors is produced by light reflections. These errors can't be avoided and black are more affected than white objects. The measured distance by the ToF camera to an object in the scene changes if surrounding objects are moved. The distance error can be greater than 50% and camera calibration is useless if objects are moved. The calibration method we propose can be performed in any conditions not only in the laboratory. The distance errors for all objects in the scene can be corrected if on the objects are attached white or black tags/ labels. The ToF cameras can be improved using an active illumination with structured light. The improvement will eliminate the distance errors produced by light reflections.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4611675,no
Improvement on error concealment for H.264 spatial scalable video coding,"One of the scalability features in H.264/SVC is spatial scalability, and it is found to be useful in distribution of video content to a variety of consumers. Transmission of an H.264/SVC stream over a packet network may introduce losses, at worst case would involve whole frame losses. It is necessary to conceal the errors in the decoded bitstream. We propose an improvement in the error concealment scheme in H.264/SVC by improved motion estimation and post processing of the concealed frames in the pixel domain. The proposed method successfully conceals the lost frame and was found to be effective for low bitrate video transmission over conventional methods.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5543003,no
A Study on Defect Density of Open Source Software,"Open source software (OSS) development is considered an effective approach to ensuring acceptable levels of software quality. One facet of quality improvement involves the detection of potential relationship between defect density and other open source software metrics. This paper presents an empirical study of the relationship between defect density and download number, software size and developer number as three popular repository metrics. This relationship is explored by examining forty-four randomly selected open source software projects retrieved from SourceForge.net. By applying simple and multiple linear regression analysis, the results reveal a statistically significant relationship between defect density and number of developers and software size jointly. However, despite theoretical expectations, no significant relationship was found between defect density and number of downloads in OSS projects.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5591023,no
An improved global analysis for program bug checking,"Property simulation is an efficient approach that checks if a program satisfies certain temporal safety properties, and inter-procedural property simulation terminates in polynomial time and space. This paper first proposes a general framework for bug checking. Then, it defines function summary as a stand-in for the function. It improves property simulation and gives a new global analysis approach, in which the execution state is described in extended intervals. Experiments show that the testing tool based on this new approach has a higher accuracy rate for program bug checking.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5413103,no
Error sensitivity analysis for wireless JPEG2000 using perceptual quality metrics,"Quality assessment of mobile and wireless multimedia services including image and video applications has gained increased attention in recent years as a means of facilitating efficient radio resource management. In particular, approaches that utilize perceptual-based metrics are becoming more dominant, as conventional fidelity metrics such as the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) may not correlate well with quality as perceived by the human observer. In this paper, we focus on the error sensitivity analysis for images given in the wireless JPEG2000 (JPWL) format using perceptual quality metrics. Specifically, the perceptual quality improvements obtained by progressively decoding an increasing number of image packets are examined. It is shown that the considered perceptual quality metrics exploiting structural image features may accompany or replace the PSNR-based error sensitivity description (ESD) marker segment in the wireless JPEG2000 standard. This addition will increase the effectiveness of the ESD marker segment as it facilitates the communication of reduced-reference information about the image quality from the transmitter to the receiver. In addition, the proposed approach can be used to guide the design of preferential error control coding schemes, link adaptation techniques, and selective retransmission of packets with respect to their contribution to overall quality as perceived by humans.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4813665,no
Monitoring Software Quality Evolution for Defects,"Quality control charts, especially c-charts, can help monitor software quality evolution for defects over time. c-charts of the Eclipse and Gnome systems showed that for systems experiencing active maintenance and updates, quality evolution is complicated and dynamic. The authors identify six quality evolution patterns and describe their implications. Quality assurance teams can use c-charts and patterns to monitor quality evolution and prioritize their efforts.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5453334,no
One kind of quantum CSS code for burst errors,"Quantum error correction is an important research area of quantum information. This paper proposes one kind of quantum CSS code for burst errors. Two construction methods are given of the proposed CSS code obtaining from classical cyclic code. Using these methods, a group of CSS codes of length 15 and 30 suitable for burst errors are obtained. In conclusion, the capability of correcting burst errors of the quantum CSS codes is much larger than their capability of correcting random errors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5607805,no
Continuous phase corrections applied to SAR imagery,"Phase error compensation is typically applied identically to every pixel in a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image. For certain modern systems and applications, this methodology is on the verge of becoming insufficient. We present Pixel-Unique Phase Adjustment (PUPA), an algorithm that performs an arbitrary spatially varying correction. We treat this as a deconvolution problem for which the goal is to minimize the cost function corresponding to the maximum likelihood estimate of the restored image. Our approach uses an iterative, gradient-based optimization algorithm. This method handles nonparametric phase errors and removes distortions exactly. We present results on real SAR data and demonstrate that quality is limited only by measurement noise. We analyze performance in terms of both computational complexity and memory requirements, and discuss two different implementations that allow a tradeoff to be made between these resources.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4976981,no
Error Correction on IRIS Biometric Template Using Reed Solomon Codes,"Pin number or password that is used for authentication can be easily attacked. This limitation triggered the utilization of biometric for secured transactions. Biometric is unique to each individual and is reliable. Among the types of biometric being used currently, iris is the most accurate and it remains stable throughout a persons life. However the major challenge on iris and other biometric for authentication is the intra user variability in the acquired identifiers. Iris of the same person captured at different time may differ due to the signal noise of the iris camera. Traditional cryptography method is unable to encrypt and store biometric template, then perform the matching directly. Minor changes in the bits of the feature set extracted from the iris may lead to a huge difference in the results of the encrypted feature. In our approach, an iris biometric template is secured using iris biometric and passwords. Error Correction Code, ECC is introduced to reduce the variability and noise of the iris data. Experimental results show that this approach can assure a higher security with a low false rejection or false acceptance rate. The successful iris recognition rate using this approach is up to 97%.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5489230,no
Mitigation of GPS multipath error using recursive least squares adaptive filtering,"Positional accuracy of GPS is limited by various error sources like ionosphere, troposphere, clock, instrumental bias, multipath etc. Among these, multipath errors are quite significant, since it should be dynamically modelled with respect to GPS receiver environment. In this paper, multipath error is estimated based on both code and carrier phase measurements using CMC (code minus carrier) method. It is verified with experimental static dual frequency GPS receiver data. The multipath time series data is applied to various Recursive Least Squares (RLS) adaptive filtering algorithms to minimize the multipath error. The results are encouraging and significant reduction of multipath error is observed. The convergence of RLS filters is faster than the conventional Least Mean Squares (LMS) adaptive filters. These RLS filters can also be applied to real time kinematic GPS applications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5775022,no
Experimental study on the partial discharge characteristics of four typical defects in GIS,"Partial discharge (PD) can be one of the most influential phenomena in the aging of electrical insulation systems. In order to ensure reliability in the operation of such equipment, the detection and interpretation of PD measurements is required to monitor the condition of insulation. In this paper, physical model of typical defects in gas-insulated substation (GIS) are established, and studied for PD using pulse current method, which are based on the characteristics of defects and PD checker instrument. The results show that the phase-resolved PD (PRPD) patterns, the time domain waveforms, average amplitude and central phase changing of PD signals have very similar distribution characteristics and those of different defect have different ones. So it would be very convenient for the recognition of PD types and a deeper study of the mechanism of PD.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5274733,no
An investigation of partial volume effect and partial volume correction in small animal positron emission tomography (PET) of the rat brain,"Partial volume correction (PVC) has been successfully applied to human PET data, where a range of methods has been used including the use of anatomical side information. The rat brain is expected to have low variability for animals of similar weight, thus making it possible to delineate volumes of interest (VOIs) on a stereotaxic atlas [1]. The aims of this study were to investigate the magnitude of partial volume effect (PVE) in small animal PET for different regions in the rat brain and to evaluate the performance of PVC based on the geometric transfer matrix method (GTM) [2] using anatomical regions drawn on a stereotaxic atlas. PVE estimates in terms of activity retention in each region and spill-over between regions were calculated by convolving each region with a measured spatially invariant point spread function. PVC was tested on dynamic microPET studies of the dopaminergic D2 receptor radioligand <sup>11</sup>C-Raclopride which were simulated using PET SORTEO, a Monte Carlo based PET simulator [3]. The kinetics of striatum and remaining brain were simulated based on the simplified reference tissue model [4] using the cerebellum as the reference tissue. A significant amount of PVE is present in microPET rat brain studies with recovery of true VOI concentration being between 52% and 20%. In the simulated <sup>11</sup>C-Raclopride study the uncorrected time activity curves showed up to 55% reduction in measured activity concentration and a bias in binding potential of up to 36%. Good activity recovery and improvement of binding potential estimation was achieved with PVC (0.26% to 4.36% bias). We conclude that PVE has a substantial influence on rat brain studies and PVC should be used to improve quantitative accuracy. PVC using the adapted GTM method shows promising results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4774410,no
"Whirlwind: Overload protection, fault-tolerance and self-tuning in an Internet services platform","Performance and availability are of critical importance when Internet services are integrated into emergency response management. Poor performance or service failure can result in severe economic, social or environmental cost. This paper presents Whirlwind, a software architecture that includes primitives for overload management and fault tolerance. A Whirlwind service is composed of a collection of isolated, independent, sequential processes that communicate through asynchronous message passing. If a process fails, the fault is contained within the process and a message is propagated to monitoring processes that may attempt to recover from the error. Processes are grouped with other processes that share similar resource, computation and concurrency requirements. Each group contains a scheduler and a thread pool that drives execution of processes within the group. The group may also define a message predicate that determines if a message posted to a process in the group is accepted. A rejected message typically signals overload and allows the application the chance to perform load shedding and avoid over commitment of resources. Principals are shared between processes in different groups, enabling consistent prioritization and admission control across groups. The resource management policies are typically driven by feedback loops that monitor resource availability and system performance, and adjust tuning parameters to meet performance goals. Whirlwind evolved over a period of five fire seasons as part of emergency response software in Victoria, Australia.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5431539,no
A dual-side comparison method of online fault monitoring for railway signal cable,"Railway signal cable plays an important role to ensure trains operating safe. The failure of railway signal cable has a serious effect on safety of train operation. As a result of characteristics of cable laying itself, the traditional methods of fault detection of railway signal cable has great limits to its application. Therefore, the fixed resistors can be connected into spare wire pairs in the cable junction box along lines, which has formed a closed loop of circuit network. Thus, By applying different voltages at dual-side of circuit to comparison the loop resistance, the status of cable can be reflected by the change of resistance in the loop and the spare wire pairs can be used to monitor the online fault of railway signal cable instead of occupying wire pairs. After practical test, the online monitoring and positioning of fault of railway signal cable about breaking has been solved effectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5636512,no
Fault Diagnosis System of Locomotive Axle's Track Based on Virtual Instrument,"Railway vehicle is usually working in hazardous environment. The operational status of axle, which is the railway vehicle's main components to run, affects the safe operation of the railway vehicle directly. Over the years, the railway of our country has remained low equipment-rate, high using-rate and high intensity-transport. In addition, because of the need of the rapid development of economy, our country has raised the speed of the railway vehicle, which leads to the railway vehicle's axle wearing and tearing seriously, the life shortened and accidents increasing significantly. So, it is very necessary and urgent to develop the detection system because axle is related to the safety of the railway vehicle. Compared with traditional instrument, the virtual instrument has characteristics of openness, easy using and high cost performance. It has already been widely used in detection systems at present. Based on LabVIEW which is a developing platform software of NI Company, the paper has designed a kind of fault diagnosis system on locomotive axle's track.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634722,no
On the error distribution for randomly-shifted lattice rules,"Randomized quasi-Monte Carlo (RQMC) methods estimate the expectation of a random variable by the average of n dependent realizations of it. In general, due to the strong dependence, the estimation error may not obey a central limit theorem. Analysis of RQMC methods have so far focused mostly on the convergence rates of asymptotic worst-case error bounds and variance bounds, when n  , but little is known about the limiting distribution of the error. Here we examine this limiting distribution for the special case of a randomly-shifted lattice rule, when the integrand is smooth. We start with simple one-dimensional functions, where we show that the limiting distribution is uniform over a bounded interval if the integrand is non-periodic, and has a square root form over a bounded interval if the integrand is periodic. In higher dimensions, for linear functions, the distribution function of the properly standardized error converges to a spline of degree equal to the dimension.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5429346,no
Delay Constraint Error Control Protocol for Real-Time Video Communication,"Real-time video communication over wireless channels is subject to information loss since wireless links are error-prone and susceptible to noise. Popular wireless link-layer protocols, such as retransmission (ARQ) based 802.11 and hybrid ARQ methods provide some level of reliability while largely ignoring the latency issue which is critical for real-time applications. Therefore, they suffer from low throughput (under high-error rates) and large waiting-times leading to serious degradation of video playback quality. In this paper, we develop an analytical framework for video communication which captures the behavior of real-time video traffic at the wireless link-layer while taking into consideration both reliability and latency conditions. Using this framework, we introduce a delay constraint packet embedded error control (DC-PEEC) protocol for wireless link-layer. DC-PEEC ensures reliable and rapid delivery of video packets by employing various channel codes to minimize fluctuations in throughput and provide timely arrival of video. In addition to theoretically analyzing DC-PEEC, the performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed by simulating real-time video communication over ldquorealrdquo channel traces collected on 802.11 b WLANs using H.264/AVC JM14.0 video codec. The experimental results demonstrate performance gains of 5-10 dB for different real-time video scenarios.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4815530,no
Error distribution of range measurements in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs),"Previous work predominantly assumes that the pdf of range measurements exhibit Gaussian characteristics. The objective of this paper is to scrutinize this assumption for different environments. Experiments are performed in both outdoor and indoor environments with Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) conditions using IEEE 802.15.4 compliant devices. These devices consist of a low-cost 2.45 GHz chipset and use Time-of-Flight (TOF) measurement technique for range estimation. Our results and analysis are based on four different statistical Goodness-of-Fit (GOF) tests i.e., a graphical technique, Linear correlation coefficient, Anderson-Darling, and Chi-squared for investigating the Gaussianity of range measurements.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5671597,no
Looking for Product Line Feature Models Defects: Towards a Systematic Classification of Verification Criteria,"Product line models (PLM) are important artifacts in product line engineering. Due to their size and complexity, it is difficult to detect defects in PLMs. The challenge is however important: any error in a PLM will inevitably impact configuration, generating issues such as incorrect product models, inconsistent architectures, poor reuse, difficulty to customize products, etc. Surveys on feature-based PLM verification approaches show that there are many verification criteria, that these criteria are defined in different ways, and that different ways of working are proposed to look for defect. The goal of this paper is to systematize PLM verification. Based on our literature review, we propose a list of 23 verification criteria that we think cover those available in the literature.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5328480,no
The Effect of the Number of Defects on Estimates Produced by Capture-Recapture Models,Project managers use inspection data as input to capture-recapture (CR) models to estimate the total number of faults present in a software artifact. The CR models use the number of faults found during an inspection and the overlap of faults among inspectors to calculate the estimate. A common belief is that CR models underestimate the number of faults but their performance can be improved with more input data. This paper investigates the minimum number of faults that has to be present in an artifact before the CR method can be used. The result shows that the minimum number of faults varies from ten faults to twenty-three faults for different CR estimators.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700348,no
Detecting defects on planar circuits by using non-contacting magnetic probe,"Recently, the research of non-contacting measurement with magnetic coupling theorem mostly choose CPW(coplanar waveguide) loop-type circuits as probes. It has advantage of low cost, easy to fabricate and simple designing. While moving the probe, different relative position between planar circuit and magnetic probe cause different strength of coupling. Variation of resonance frequency due to changing magnetic coupling and electric coupling from metal strip outline can be observed. The relation between planar circuit and magnetic probe is analyzed by full-wave EM simulation and some simple measurement. Furthermore, the LC equivalent circuit has also been built for analyzing. At last, the possibility of doing quickly defect-detecting by sweeping the circuits at special frequency will be discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5728532,no
A control-theoretic energy management for fault-tolerant hard real-time systems,"Recently, the tradeoff between low energy consumption and high fault-tolerance has attracted a lot of attention as a key issue in the design of real-time embedded systems. Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) is known as one of the most effective low energy techniques for real-time systems. It has been observed that the use of control-theoretic methods can improve the effectiveness of DVS-enabled systems. In this paper, we have investigated reducing the energy consumption of fault-tolerant hard real-time systems using feedback control theory. Our proposed feedback-based DVS method makes the system capable of selecting the proper frequency and voltage settings in order to reduce the energy consumption while guaranteeing hard real-time requirements in the presence of unpredictable workload fluctuations and faults. In the proposed method, the available slack-time is exploited by a feedback-based DVS at runtime to reduce the energy consumption. Furthermore, some slack-time is reserved for re-execution in case of faults. Simulation results show that, as compared with traditional DVS methods without fault-tolerance, our proposed approach not only significantly reduces energy consumption, but also it satisfies hard real-time constraints in the presence of faults. The transition overhead (both time and energy), caused by changing the system supply voltage, are also taken into account in our simulation experiments.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5647798,no
Developing auto recipe management system for LCD panel auto defect detecting inspection machine,"Recently, there is an intensive price competition among mass LCD panel makers. to decrease labor costs, many manufacturing processes such as auto defect detecting are getting automated. However, to maintain its optimal performance, user must keep attention to hardware settings and many recipe parameters. These efforts are supposed to be managed constantly as developing new model. In this paper, we introduce automated defect finding algorithm generally used in periodic pattern image, and suggest auto recipe management algorithms and system that help user to devote less effort for maintenance. Three algorithms are developed - auto pitch calculation, auto threshold control, auto light source intensity control. To verify the performance of auto recipe management algorithm, simulation and machine tests are executed with several color filter and TFT pattern image. Through the tests, we verified the performance of developed algorithm and got successful result.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4655030,no
Design and error analysis of reconfigurable turn-milling machine tool,"Reconfigurable turn-milling machine tool is the cooperative product of reconfigurable machine tool technology and turn-miling process. With the quick reconfiguration of different modules, the machine tool can adjust to produce a part family in a lower cost and higher efficience. The method and process of designing turn-milling RMT is discussed in this paper. Using commercial off the shelf (COTS) method, some possible configurations of machine tool were developed. Some defenition about RMT workspace were given to guide the reconfiguration of the machine tools. Also, this research has applied screw theory to perform error analysis and error compensation of turn-milling reconfigurable machine tools.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246661,no
A Fault Diagnosis Method in Satellite Networks,"Satellite network is a time-varying network, its network topology changed periodically. The common network fault diagnosis models and methods are not suitable to it. This paper is based three levels management architecture. The central management station manages the sub-stations and satellites, the sub-stations manage the satellite agents. When satellite network ruuning, if the satellite could not respond to the network management demands, the intra-domain cooperation or inter-domain cooperation would be activated. The suspectable fault satellite could be diagnosed through cooperation among the fault diagnosis agents in the satellite and the diagnosis task are disassembled. The simulation results shows that in the circumstance of the low faulty frequency, the new method put forward in this paper could be effectively used in satellite network with short cooperative time and low throughput.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5600969,no
Responsive Fault-Tolerant Computing in the Era of Terascale Integration State of Art Report,"Scaling in hardware integration process results in IC-process geometry reductions, lower operating voltages and increased clock speeds. This paper first surveys the reliability obstacles these developments give rise to and then points out that computing systems can no longer be safely assumed to fail only by crashing. Yet this assumption is at the core of primary-backup replication which the literature presents as the appropriate, and hence the most widely used, strategy for time-critical fault-tolerant applications. The paper then observes that building computing nodes with announced crash failure mode is a promising way forward to deal with the emerging reliability challenges. Work carried out to assure such a failure mode has also been briefly surveyed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4553326,no
Emission-based scatter correction in SPECT imaging,"Scatter correction in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has been focused on either using multiple-window acquisition technique or the scatter modeling technique in iterative image re-construction. We propose a technique that uses only the emission data for scatter correction in SPECT. We assume that the scatter data can be approximated by convolving the primary data with a scatter kernel followed by the normalization using the scatter-to-primary ratio (SPR). Since the emission data is the superposition of the primary data and the scatter data, the convolution normalization process approximately results in the sum of the scatter data and a convolved version of scatter data with the kernel. By applying a proper scaling factor, we can make the estimation approximately equal to or less than the scatter data anywhere in the projection domain. Phantom and patient cardiac SPECT studies show that using the proposed emission-based scatter estimation can effectively reduce the scatter-introduced background in the reconstructed images. And additionally, the computational time for scatter correction is negligible as compared to no scatter correction in iterative image reconstruction.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6076070,no
A New Wafer Level Latent Defect Screening Methodology for Highly Reliable DRAM Using a Response Surface Method,"Screening latent defects in a wafer test process is very important task in both reducing memory manufacturing cost and enhancing the reliability of emerging package products such as SIP, MCP, and WSP. In terms of the package assembly cost, these package products are required to adopt the KGD (known good die) quality level. However, the KGD requires a long burn-in time, added testing time, and high cost equipments. To alleviate these problems, this paper presents a statistical wafer burn-in methodology for the latent defect screen in the wafer test process. The newly proposed methodology consists of a defect-based wafer burn-in (DB-WBI) stress method based on DRAM operation characteristics and a statistical stress optimization method using RSM (response surface method) on the DRAM manufacturing test process. Experimental data shows that package test yields in the immature fabrication process improved by up to 6%. In addition, experimental results show that the proposed methodology can guarantee reliability requirements with a shortened package burn-in time. In conclusion, this methodology realizes a simplified manufacturing test process supporting time to market with high reliability.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700632,no
A Fault-Tolerant Strategy for Improving the Reliability of Service Composition,"Service composition is an important means for integrating the individual Web services for creating new value added systems that satisfy complex demands. Since, Web services exist in the heterogeneous environments on the Internet, study on how to guarantee the reliability of service composition in a distributed, dynamic and complex environment becomes more and more important. This paper proposes a service composition net(SCN) and fault-tolerant strategy to improve the reliability of service composition. The strategy consists of static strategy, dynamic strategy and exception handling mechanism, which can be used to dynamically adjust component service for achieving good reliability as well as good overall performance. SCN is adopted to model different components of service composition. The fault detection and fault recovery mechanisms are also considered. Based on the constructed model, theories of Petri nets help prove the consistency of processing states and the effectiveness of the strategy. A case study of Export Service illustrates the feasibility of proposed method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562976,no
Recursive Evaluation of Fault Tolerance Mechanisms for SLA Management,"Service level agreements (SLAs) have been introduced into the grid in order to build a basis for its commercial uptake. The challenge for Grid providers in agreeing and operating SLA-bound jobs is to ensure their fulfillment even in the case of failures. Hence, fault-tolerance mechanisms are an essential means of the provider's SLA management. The high utilization of commercial operated clusters leads to scenarios in which typically a job migration effects other jobs scheduled. The effects result from the unavailability of enough free resources which would be needed to catch all resource outages. Consequently before initiating a migration, its effects for other jobs have to be compared and the initiation of fault- tolerance (FT-) mechanisms have to be evaluated recursively. This paper presents a measurement for the benefit of initiating a FT-mechanism, the recursive evaluation, and termination condition. Performing such an impact evaluation of an initiated chain of FT-mechanisms is often more profitable than performing a single FT-mechanism and accordingly this is important for the Grid commercialization.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4476562,no
An Engineering Process for Autonomous Fault Management in Service-Oriented Systems,"Service-Oriented Computing reveals features which are not commonly found in conventional computing paradigms; loose coupling, dynamism, blackbox, evolvability, and heterogeneity. These features make diagnosing and healing faults found in deployed services and service-related elements more challenging than managing conventional systems. Hence, service-oriented systems management often results in problems of increased cost/effort, decreased effectiveness, and irresolvable service faults. Applying key disciplines of autonomic computing to services management would effectively resolve these problems and automate the task. This paper presents a process for managing faults in autonomous manner. We define a whole life-cycle process for managing faults in SOA and the essential artifacts of each phase. Then, we present instructions for carry out each phase. Especially, we propose methods for fault diagnosis and reasoning knowledgebase updates by learning mechanism in detail. The process is not limited to providing a theoretical basis for service management, but it can be practically applied with current service-oriented architecture standards.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5591058,no
A Research of MPLS-Based Network Fault Recovery,"Researching on use of new real-time connection-oriented services like streaming technologies and mission-critical transaction-oriented services and more reliable network become inevitable trends presently. MPLS is a next generation backbone architecture, it can speed up packet forwarding to destination by label switching. However, if there exists no backup LSP when the primary LSP fails, MPLS frames cannot be forwarded to destination. Therefore, fault recovery has become an important research area in MPLS Traffic Engineering. At present, two famous methods, Makam and Haskin are belonging to Protection Switching, and other methods basically come into being on base of them. But these two famous methods both have its disadvantage. In order to solve their drawback, the thesis tries to do some exploration on the MPLS-based recovery model. This new model in the thesis using the Reverse Backup Path to solve the wrapping of data back to the path is too long, and using the simulation tool NS-2 to do some experiments. Finally the simulation experiments show that new method of MPLS-based recovery has less packet disorder and much lower delay and packet losses than the two famous methods.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5693801,no
Use of invariant properties to evaluate the results of fault-injection-based robustness testing of protocol implementations,"Robustness testing has as main objective to determine how a system behaves in the presence of unexpected inputs or stressful environmental conditions. An approach commonly used for that purpose is fault injection, in which faults are deliberately injected into a system to observe its behavior. One main limitation of this approach is results evaluation: a system is considered as robust if it does not crash or hang during testing. This is not enough because a system can still continue to execute, but present a wrong behavior. To overcome this limitation, we propose a passive approach for robustness testing, in which the system under test is instrumented for fault injection during runtime, as well as for monitoring its behavior. At the end, the readouts collected are analyzed to determine whether the observed behavior under faults is consistent with properties based on a finite state model of the system. We illustrate the approach using an implementation of the wireless application protocol (WAP). The approach was implemented using off-the-shelf tools; results obtained thus far are presented.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4566988,no
FPGA On-Board Computer design based on hierarchical fault tolerance,"Safety is a crucial requirement of On-Board Computer (OBC) design of a satellite, especially for the new type OBC--takes FPGA as central processor. Upon that this paper proposes a plan of FPGA OBC design and adds hierarchical fault tolerant concept to enhance the reliability of the OBC system. The fault tolerant architecture can be divided into three hierarchic ranks, containing single-CPU reconfiguration, component unit transfer and dual-CPU subrogation. One of the above fault manage mode will be chosen to deal with problems according to error situation in-orbit. In the worst cases, all three modes may be used. The last part of the paper gives the functional verification approach under development for the hierarchical fault tolerant OBC design.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4776381,no
Taming coincidental correctness: Coverage refinement with context patterns to improve fault localization,"Recent techniques for fault localization leverage code coverage to address the high cost problem of debugging. These techniques exploit the correlations between program failures and the coverage of program entities as the clue in locating faults. Experimental evidence shows that the effectiveness of these techniques can be affected adversely by coincidental correctness, which occurs when a fault is executed but no failure is detected. In this paper, we propose an approach to address this problem. We refine code coverage of test runs using control- and data-flow patterns prescribed by different fault types. We conjecture that this extra information, which we call context patterns, can strengthen the correlations between program failures and the coverage of faulty program entities, making it easier for fault localization techniques to locate the faults. To evaluate the proposed approach, we have conducted a mutation analysis on three real world programs and cross-validated the results with real faults. The experimental results consistently show that coverage refinement is effective in easing the coincidental correctness problem in fault localization techniques.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5070507,no
Fault Tolerance by Quartile Method in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks,"Recent technological advances have lead to the emergence of wireless sensor and actor networks (WSAN) which sensors gather the information for an event and actors perform the appropriate actions. Since sensors are prone to failure due to energy depletion, hardware failure, and communication link errors, designing an efficient fault tolerance mechanism becomes an important issue in WSAN. However, most research focus on communication link fault tolerance without considering sensing fault tolerance on paper survey. In this situation, actor may perform incorrect action by receiving error sensing data. To solve this issue, fault tolerance by quartile method (FTQM) is proposed in this paper. In FTQM, it not only determines the correct data range but also sifts the correct sensors by data discreteness. Therefore, actors could perform the appropriate actions in FTQM. Moreover, FTQM also could be integrated with communication link fault tolerance mechanism. In the simulation results, it demonstrates FTQM has better predicted rate of correct data, the detected tolerance rate of temperature, and the detected temperature compared with the traditional sensing fault tolerance mechanism. Moreover, FTQM has better performance when the real correct data rate and the threshold value of failure are varied.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5447511,no
A March-CL test for interconnection faults of SOC,"Shrinks of feature size, high working frequency, and rising number of the IP cores integrated in SOC make the problem with interconnection test critics. A March-CL test for interconnection faults of SOC is proposed in this article. According to the method, eight test patterns are used to detect stuck and delay faults of interconnection between IP cores. The IP connected by interconnection under test (IUT) is wrapped and complied with IEEE1500. Short test time and low area overhead are achieved with the method. Moreover, modified wrapper cell structure with simple control logic is adopted for detecting delay in March-CL test. Finally, March-CL test is applied to ITCpsila02 bench, and result proves that the method covers 100% of stuck, bridge and delay faults in synchronous interconnection test.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4607018,no
SDG Multiple Fault Diagnosis by Fuzzy Logic and Real-Time Bidirectional Inference,"Significant research has been done in the past 30 years to use signed directed graph (SDG) for process fault diagnosis. However, multiple fault diagnosis is still a difficult problem because the number of combinations grows exponentially with the number of faults. The method by real-time inverse inference is suitable for multiple fault diagnosis. However, the choice of thresholds is made based on experience so improper thresholds may lead to missed or wrong diagnosis. In addition, the compensatory response and inverse response in the SDG model usually hamper inverse inference and it also leads to missed or wrong diagnosis. In this work, a SDG multiple fault diagnosis by fuzzy logic and real-time bidirectional inference is proposed. Fuzzy logic is used to determine the states of nodes in SDG model and a bidirectional inference strategy based on assumption and verification is used to overcome influence of compensatory response and inverse response. The poor resolution of SDG based fault diagnosis is overcome by arranging the causes in decreasing order according to the indexes calculated by fuzzy logic. The implementation of multiple fault diagnosis method is done using the integrated SDG modeling, inference and post-processing software platform. Its application is illustrated on an atmospheric distillation tower. The result shows this method provides fast, reliable and accurate multiple fault diagnosis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5365044,no
On the use of RTP for monitoring and fault isolation in IPTV,"Since the first operational IPTV networks have been deployed, service providers and operators have struggled to make their subscribers happy and satisfied with their services. To keep them as customers in the long term, they have been looking for ways to identify impairments to the perceived quality of experience. It is now well understood that this can only be achieved if the service providers have virtual eyes throughout their networks. In this article we provide an overview of the Real- Time Transport Protocol and its application to IPTV. We describe the monitoring and reporting features offered by RTP, and emphasize how they can be used to enhance subscriber QoE.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5430139,no
Error Resilient Video Coding Using B Pictures in H.264,"Since the quality of compressed video is vulnerable to errors, video transmission over unreliable Internet is very challenging today. Multi-hypothesis motion-compensated prediction (MHMCP) has been shown to have error resilience capability for video transmission, where each macroblock is predicted by a linear combination of multiple signals (hypotheses). B picture prediction is a special case of MHMCP. In H.264/AVC, the prediction of B pictures is generalized such that both of the two predictions can be selected from the past pictures or from the subsequent pictures. The multiple reference picture framework in H.264/AVC also allows previously decoded B pictures to be used as references for B picture coding. In this paper, we will discuss the error resilience characteristics of the generalized B pictures in H.264/AVC. Three prediction patterns of B pictures are analyzed in terms of their error-suppressing abilities. Both theoretical models (picture level error propagation) and simulation results are given for the comparison.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5159391,no
Fault tolerant model for data dissemination in wireless sensor networks,"Reliable event detection at the sink is based on collective information provided by source nodes and not on any individual report. Reliable data gathering and transmission are important in wireless sensor networks. While node redundancy in WSNs, increases the fault tolerance, no guarantees on reliability levels can be assured. Furthermore, the frequent node or other physical failures within WSNs impact the observed reliability over time and make that reliability models dont work properly in data transmission protocols. Many frameworks for modeling reliability of data transport protocols in WSNs are currently exist but dont satisfy the reliable data transmission. The existence of such a framework would simplify evaluation and comparison of protocols. This paper formulates the problem of data transport in a WSN as a set of operations with reliability block diagram. The operations aim at filtering the raw data to streamline its reliable transport towards the sink. Based on this formulation we systematically define a reliability framework and compare the reliability of existing data transmission protocols (ESRT, RMST) with this new framework.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4631920,no
A taxonomy of software security defects for SST,"Software security test (SST) is a useful way to validate software system security attribute. Defects based testing technologies are more effective than traditional specification testing technologies, and more and more researchers pay their attention to the testing methods. Before testing, an organized list of actual defects is especially essential. But at present the only existing suitable taxonomies are mostly for software designers or tool-builders, and do not adequately represent security defects that are found in modern software. In our work, we have coalesced previous efforts to categorize security errors as well as problem reports in order to create a kind of security defects taxonomy. We correlate this taxonomy with available information about current Top 10 software dangerous errors, which come from CWE, SANS and other authoritative vulnerabilities enumerations. We suggest that this taxonomy is suitable for software security testers and to outline possible areas of future research.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5656736,no
Self-healing strategies for component integration faults,"Software systems increasingly integrate Off-The-Shelf (OTS) components. However, due to the lack of knowledge about the reused OTS components, this integration is fragile and can cause in the field a lot of failures that result in dramatic consequences for users and service providers, e.g. loss of data, functionalities, money and reputation. As a consequence, dynamic and automatic fixing of integration problems in systems that include OTS components can be extremely beneficial to increase their reliability and mitigate these risks. In this paper, we present a technique for enhancing component-based systems with capabilities to self-heal common integration faults by using a predetermined set of healing strategies. The set of faults that can be healed has been determined from the analysis of the most frequent integration bugs experienced by users according to data in bug repositories available on Internet. An implementation based on AOP techniques shows the viability of this technique to heal faults in real case studies.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4686290,no
Superfit Combinational Elusive Bug Detection,"Software that has been well tested and analyzed may fail unpredictably when a certain combination of conditions occurs. In bounded exhaustive testing (BET) all combinations are tested on reduced versions of a problem/application with the idea that bugs associated with combinations for full versions of a program may also show up when combinations are tested for the reduced version. In previous work, a class oriented JUnit framework approach to BET was introduced, along with the idea of a BET test pattern. In this paper we considered the application of BET to system testing, using an extension of the FIT (framework for integrated testing) framework called SuperFIT. This approach is described along with a simple example of the application of a SuperFIT test generation tool.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4591548,no
Impact of solid-state fault current limiters on protection equipment in transmission and distribution systems,"Solid-state fault current limiters (SSFCLs) offer a number of benefits when incorporated within transmission and distribution systems. SSFCLs can limit the magnitude of a fault current seen by a system using different methods, such as inserting a large impedance in the current path or controlling the voltage applied to the fault. However, these two methods can introduce a few problems when SSFCLs are used in a system along with other protection equipment such as protective relays and sensors. An experiment was designed and implemented to evaluate the behavior of the protective relays in a mimic distribution system with a SSFCL. This paper introduces the details of the experiment and the result shows that the distorted current and voltage waveforms resulting from the action of the SSFCL disturb the protective equipment.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484242,no
Experimental Study of Discriminant Method with Application to Fault-Prone Module Detection,"Some techniques have been applied to improving software quality by classifying the software modules into fault-prone or non fault-prone categories. This can help developers focus on some high risk fault-prone modules. In this paper, a distribution-based Bayesian quadratic discriminant analysis (D-BQDA) technique is experimental investigated to identify software fault-prone modules. Experiments with software metrics data from two real projects indicate that this technique can classify software modules into a proper class with a lower misclassification rate and a higher efficiency.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4724642,no
SEU data and fault tolerance analysis of a LEON 3FT processor,Single-bit per word error protection is implemented on this LEON 3 fault tolerant processor. SEU data is reviewed and fault analysis is examined based on processor operation and operational environment.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5994733,no
Slant Correction of Vehicle License Plate Integrates Principal Component Analysis Based on Color-Pair Feature Pixels and Radon Transformation,"Slant Correction plays an important role in the pretreatment during the recognition of vehicle license plate (VLP). To reduce and avoid the interference from the dirt, noise and frame of the VLP, as well as simplify the computation load, a method of slant correction of VLP integrates PCA (Principal Component Analysis) based on color-pair feature and radon transformation is presented in this paper. Three steps compose the method. The first step is to obtain the color-pair feature pixels of the image of VLP. The second step aims to seek the approximate slant angle of the plate by principal component analysis of the color-pair feature pixels. The final step is to achieve the further exact slant angle by radon transformation. The approach is implemented by program. And the experimental results demonstrate that this method is more precise and efficient than absolutely principal component analysis or radon transformation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4721900,no
SMS4 Algorithm Algebra Fault Attack,"SMS4 algorithm packet length and key length is 128 bit. This article presents a SMS4 algorithm of byte-oriented theory, algebraic fault attack only need 1 error redaction that we can recover SMS4 of 128 bit key.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5557421,no
Defect location in traditional vs. Web applications - an empirical investigation,"So far, few attempts were carried out in literature to understand the specific nature of Web bugs and their distribution among the tiers of applications' architecture. In this paper we present an experimental investigation conducted with five pairs of homologous applications (Web and traditional) and 780 real bugs taken from SourceForge aimed at studying the distributions of bugs in Web and traditional applications. The investigation follows a rigorous experimental procedure and it was conducted in the context of three bachelor theses. The study results, although preliminarily, provide a clear-cut empirical evidence that the presentation layer in Web applications is more defect-prone when compared to analogous traditional applications.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5631245,no
"Facing more than moore, is magnetic microscopy the new Swiss knife for 3D defect localization in SiP?","So far, most of the defects at system level are assembly related. This trend obviously concerns Systems in Package, Stacked dies, Packages on Package devices, passive integration, integration of logic, power, wireless, analog, sensor and actuator in the same packaged device... All these Systems in Package defy our failure localization tools. For the first time, we have to face non transparent material, massive 3D structure with mandatory long working distance and need of relatively high spatial resolution. Magnetic microscopy has the ability do this as long as we are able to adapt its principle to the mandatory 3D sensitivity and resolution. We have developed a global 3D approach based on simulation in order to target m resolution at long working distance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5532003,no
The Instruction Scheduling for Soft Errors Based on Data Flow Analysis,"Soft errors are emerging as a new challenge in computer applications. To mitigate the effects of soft errors, a variety of techniques have been proposed in the past. They can be mainly classified into two types: hardware-based and software-based. Hardware-based methods are expensive, since they require replicated hardware modules or developing custom hardware equipment. Although software-based methods do not incur the high economical costs, they usually utilize the strategies of data duplication and time redundancy for tolerating soft errors, which provoke memory overhead and performance degradation. In this paper, we propose a compiler optimization approach that can enhance the reliability of programs without extra costs. The basic idea is to use instruction scheduling to decrease the total valid area that is vulnerable to soft errors during the execution process. Based on the result of data flow analysis, the concrete algorithm for basic block scheduling is described in the dynamic programming fashion. The experimental results of fault injection indicate that the average reliability of the benchmark programs have been improved for 2% without palpable overhead.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5369344,no
On Reducing Circuit Malfunctions Caused by Soft Errors,Soft errors due to radiation are expected to increase in nanoelectronic circuits. Methods to reduce system failures due to soft errors include use of redundancy and making circuit elements robust such that soft errors do not upset signal values. Recent works have noted that electronic circuits have partial intrinsic immunity to soft errors since single event upsets on a large percentage of signal lines do not cause errors on circuit outputs. Using ISCAS-89 benchmark circuits we present experimental evidence that the partial immunity to single event upsets is in most cases due to redundancy in the circuits and thus immunity to soft errors may not be available in irredundant circuits. Thus goals on immunity to soft errors may not be achievable in highly optimized circuits without adding circuit redundancy and/or relaxing the requirements on system failures due to soft errors.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641179,no
On the Characterization and Optimization of On-Chip Cache Reliability against Soft Errors,"Soft errors induced by energetic particle strikes in on-chip cache memories have become an increasing challenge in designing new generation reliable microprocessors. Previous efforts have exploited information redundancy via parity/ECC codings or cacheline duplication for information integrity in on-chip cache memories. Due to various performance, area/size, and energy constraints in various target systems, many existing unoptimized protection schemes may eventually prove significantly inadequate and ineffective. In this paper, we propose a new framework for conducting comprehensive studies and characterization on the reliability behavior of cache memories, in order to provide insight into cache vulnerability to soft errors as well as design guidance to architects for highly efficient reliable on-chip cache memory design. Our work is based on the development of new lifetime models for data and tag arrays residing in both the data and instruction caches. Those models facilitate the characterization of cache vulnerability of stored items at various lifetime phases. We then exemplify this design methodology by proposing reliability schemes targeting at specific vulnerable phases. Benchmarking is carried out to showcase the effectiveness of our approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4785458,no
Self-Adaptive Data Caches for Soft-Error Reliability,"Soft-error induced reliability problems have become a major challenge in designing new generation microprocessors. Due to the on-chip caches' dominant share in die area and transistor budget, protecting them against soft errors is of paramount importance. Recent research has focused on the design of cost-effective reliable data caches in terms of performance, energy, and area overheads, based on the assumption of fixed error rates. However, for systems in operating environments that vary with time or location, those schemes will be either insufficient or overdesigned for the changing error rates. In this paper, we explore the design of a self-adaptive reliable data cache that dynamically adapts its employed reliability schemes to the changing operating environments thus to maintain a target reliability. The proposed data cache is implemented with three levels of error protection schemes, a monitoring mechanism, and a control component that decides whether to upgrade, downgrade, or keep the current protection level based on the feedback from the monitor. Our experimental evaluation using a set of SPEC CPU2000 benchmarks shows that our self-adaptive data cache achieves similar reliability to a cache protected by the most reliable scheme, while simultaneously minimizing the performance and power overheads.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4527119,no
Using software invariants for dynamic detection of transient errors,"Software based error detection techniques usually imply modification of the algorithms to be hardened, and almost certainly also demand a huge memory footprint and/or execution time overhead. In the software engineering field, program invariants have been proposed as a means to check program correctness during the development cycle. In this work we discuss the use of software invariants verification as a low cost alternative to detect soft errors after the execution of a given algorithm. A clear advantage is that this approach does not require any change in the algorithm to be hardened, and in case its computational cost and memory overhead are proven to be much smaller than duplication for a given algorithm, it may become a feasible option for hardening that algorithm against soft errors. The results of fault injection experiments performed with different algorithms are analyzed and some guidelines for future research concerning this technique are proposed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4813813,no
Classification of Software Defect Detected by Black-Box Testing: An Empirical Study,"Software defects which are detected by black box testing (called black-box defect) are very large due to the wide use of black-box testing, but we could not find a defect classification which is specifically applicable to them in existing defect classifications. In this paper, we present a new defect classification scheme named ODC-BD (Orthogonal Defect Classification for Black-box Defect), and we list the detailed values of every attribute in ODC-BD, especially the 300 detailed black-box defect type. We aim to help black-box defect analyzers and black-box testers improve their analysis and testing efficiency. The classification study is based on 1860 black-box defects collected from 39 industry projects and 2 open source projects. Furthermore, two empirical studies are included to validate the use of our ODC-BD. The results show that our ODC-BD can improve the efficiency of black-box testing and black-box defect analysis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5718384,no
The Real Cost of Software Errors,"Software is no longer creeping into every aspect of our lives - it's already there. In fact, failing to recognize just how much everything we do depends on software functioning correctly makes modern society vulnerable to software errors.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4812166,no
Fault Tree Analysis of Software-Controlled Component Systems Based on Second-Order Probabilities,"Software is still mostly regarded as a black box in the development process, and its safety-related quality ensured primarily by process measures. For systems whose lion share of service is delivered by (embedded) software, process-centred methods are seen to be no longer sufficient. Recent safety norms (for example, ISO 26262) thus prescribe the use of safety models for both hardware and software. However, failure rates or probabilities for software are difficult to justify. Only if developers take good design decisions from the outset will they achieve safety goals efficiently. To support safety-oriented navigation of the design space and to bridge the existing gap between qualitative analyses for software and quantitative ones for hardware, we propose a fault-tree-based approach to the safety analysis of software-controlled systems. Assigning intervals instead of fixed values to events and using Monte-Carlo sampling, probability mass functions of failure probabilities are derived. Further analysis of PMF lead to estimates of system quality that enable safety managers to take an optimal choice between design alternatives and to target cost-efficient solutions in every phase of the design process.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5362097,no
Pavlov's Bugs: Matching Repair Policies with Rewards,"Software maintenance engineers devote a significant amount of work to repairing user-identified errors. But user, maintainer, and manager perceptions of an error's importance can vary, and bug-repair assignment policies can adversely affect those perceptions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5173038,no
A Mobile Based Application for Detecting Fault by Sound Analysis in Car Engines Using Triangular Window and Wavelet Transform,"Sound energy belies an enormous amount of information which can provide assistance in various applications like navigation, communication, recognition, medical - diagnosis, detection and therapy, analysis & design of structures and many more. This paper presents a method for detecting faults in car engines just by recording their sounds through window based applications in mobile phones and processing it in the mobile phone using our algorithm. The algorithm preprocesses the sound to remove the noise if present, the noise free car engine sound is passed through a triangular window to acquire the Multi resolution coefficients for discrete wavelet transform and compare resulting plots. The Wavelet transform analysis is done and the plots are scrupulously analyzed and the faults can now be detected by referring to plots. With a little know-how non technical persons can now detect the abnormalities in car engines just be using this automation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5702026,no
A Diagnostic Tree Approach for Fault Cause Identification in the Attitude Control Subsystem of Satellites,"Space and Earth observation programs demand stringent guarantees ensuring smooth and reliable operations of space vehicles and satellites. Due to unforeseen circumstances and naturally occurring faults, it is desired that a fault-diagnosis system be capable of detecting, isolating, identifying, or classifying faults in the system. Unfortunately, none of the existing fault-diagnosis methodologies alone can meet all the requirements of an ideal fault- diagnosis system due to the variety of fault types, their severity, and handling mechanisms. However, it is possible to overcome these shortcomings through the integration of different existing fault-diagnosis methodologies. In this paper, a novel learning-based, diagnostic-tree approach is proposed which complements and strengthens existing efficient fault detection mechanisms with an additional ability to classify different types of faults to effectively determine potential fault causes in a subsystem of a satellite. This extra capability serves as a semiautomatic diagnostic decision support aid to expert human operators at ground stations and enables them to determine fault causes and to take quick and efficient recovery/reconfiguration actions. The developed diagnosis/analysis procedure exploits a qualitative technique denoted as diagnostic tree (DX-tree) analysis as a diagnostic tool for fault cause analysis in the attitude control subsystem (ACS) of a satellite. DX-trees constructed by our proposed machine-learning-based automatic tree synthesis algorithm are demonstrated to be able to determine both known and unforeseen combinations of events leading to different fault scenarios generated through synthetic attitude control subsystem data of a satellite. Though the immediate application of our proposed approach would be at ground stations, the proposed technique has potential for being integrated with causal model-based diagnosis and recovery techniques for future autonomous space vehicle missions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5259178,no
Improved microwave circuit design using multipoint-response-correction space mapping and trust Regions,"Space mapping (SM) technology includes so-called output SM that ensures exact matching between the surrogate and the fine model at the current design. Output SM exploits the fine model data at a single design and is not able to align the models' sensitivity. Here, a multipoint response correction is introduced that generalizes the concept of output SM. By using a design-variable-dependent correction term and exploiting all available fine model information, the proposed technique provides exact match between the surrogate and the fine model at several designs. This not only retains the benefits of output SM but also enhances sensitivity matching between the two models, which results in improved performance of the SM optimization process. Verification using two microwave design problems is provided.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5552471,no
Analysis of the forming defects of the trapezoidal inner-gear spinning,"Spin-forming of cup-shaped thin-walled trapezoidal inner-gear is a new technology of the near-net forming in gear manufacturing field. Experiments and FEM simulations shows that the quality of workpiece is greatly influenced by the forming process method. The defects, such as the un-uniform distribution of tooth height along the axial and tangential directions and the wave-shaped opening-end of workpiece etc., occur easily. The mechanism for defects during spinning is analyzed, which is mainly caused by the partial thickening (in the area of gear-tooth) and thinning (in the area of tooth-groove). Improved forming methods, such as stagger spin-forming, positive-reverse rotation of main spindle and adopting a restraint ring at the opening-end of blank, are put forward. The forming methods are simulated by MSC. Marc and also investigated by experiments. The results show that the improved process methods overcome the forming defects effectively.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5373016,no
A rapid prototyping system for error-resilient multi-processor systems-on-chip,"Static and dynamic variations, which have negative impact on the reliability of microelectronic systems, increase with smaller CMOS technology. Thus, further downscaling is only profitable if the costs in terms of area, energy and delay for reliability keep within limits. Therefore, the traditional worst case design methodology will become infeasible. Future architectures have to be error resilient, i.e., the hardware architecture has to tolerate autonomously transient errors. In this paper, we present an FPGA based rapid prototyping system for multi-processor systems-on-chip composed of autonomous hardware units for error-resilient processing and interconnect. This platform allows the fast architectural exploration of various error protection techniques under different failure rates on the microarchitectural level while keeping track of the system behavior. We demonstrate its applicability on a concrete wireless communication system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5457176,no
Towards SOA-Based Code Defect Analysis,"Static code analysis is the analysis of software that is performed to acquire information concerning the dynamic behavior of programs built from that software, without actually executing the programs. Currently, most analysis techniques are implemented as independent tools, or plugins for integrate development environment (IDE, e.g., Eclipse). However, in this paper, we introduce a new way to release the analyzing ability: a Web Service based approach, which can integrate multiple analysis tools, and provides analyzing ability by way of standard Web Service interface. The user can benefit code analyzing ability by just submit the code to be analyzed to the service, without download any analyzing tools, and then get the merged result. The experiment shows that the proposed approach is feasible and efficient.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4730498,no
Towards identification of latent defects: Yield mining using defect characteristic model and clustering,"Statistical yield modeling is used to calculate the probability of a die containing a latent defect based on its spatial relationship with other dies in its surrounding neighborhood. Previous research implements a blanket application of predictive yield mining on devices and assumes that a spatial relationship exists between killer defects screened at probe test, and latent defects screened at packaged level burn-in. This research investigates the use of the defect characteristic models as yield models to screen latent defects while taking into account wafers with defect clusters. It goes on to evaluate the pre-selected yield models in economic terms and interprets the results as either a predictive or descriptive yield model to describe and identify latent defects.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5155982,no
Combining a spread spectrum technique with error-correction code to design an immune stegosystem,"Steganography is the art and science of hiding that a communication is taken place. It embeds the secret file (text, audio or image) in other carrier file. Text in image steganography is considered in this work. The proposed stegosystem uses Spread Spectrum technique which is applied in spatial domain together with error correction coding. These are used to increase the security and robustness of the system. Random location selection within the cover image pixels is also proposed in the work. Improvement has been achieved in robustness on the expense of reducing the capacity of hiding. The imperceptibility of the stego image is assessed by using peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) measure. Attacks in the form of lossy compression and additive noise are considered. The performance of the proposed system has shown good immunity to moderate levels of channel noise and lossy compression ratios.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4688395,no
Depth correction: Methods for approximating depth information in web camera depth maps,"Stereo web cameras can be used to obtain depth information about a scene. The maps produced using this procedure are prone to missing depth values, more so than when using a commercial stereo web camera. Post-processing can be used to find approximations for unknown depth values. In this paper we describe four techniques for approximating missing depth values and compare their effectiveness. A large median filter which considered only known pixel values has achieved promising results showing an increase in the proportion of valued pixels and decrease in the number of connected regions. A large median filter and use of a close operator have also both decreased the number of connected regions although they both increased the proportion of unknown pixels.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6148879,no
Effective data sharing system for fault tolerant Structural Health Monitoring system,"Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system is a promising technology to determine the health condition of a structure and localize its damage. SHM system is widely used, especially in gigantic structures for its strong requirements of safety. Many researches about SHM system have been conducting. However, conventional SHM system did not take account of an accidental collapse caused by earthquake. As a result, there is a possibility that sensor nodes, network links, and a center server cause failures in processing or storing of data gathered in the building. These failures may lose important data that contains useful information for post-analyzing the collapse. The data includes when, where and why the structure is damaged and collapsed. Theses information have a great deal of potential for preventing similar damage or collapse and it will make great contribution to accelerate future structural researches. To solve the problem of data losses in a damage, data sharing system for SHM system is proposed. This system shares data within sensor nodes. The proposed system achieves the following three processes; node search, backup node selection and backup data transfer process. It is important to conduct these processes under the condition of limited resources due to small and not powerful sensor nodes. Backup node selection is an important process of this system. This paper mainly focused on this selection. Round-trip time, a size of free memory space of backup nodes and value of displacement caused by vibration are used for the selection. In this paper, the selection method based on displacement was checked. An experiment was conducted by using practical sensor nodes and acceleration data. From the result of this experiment, proposed system could share data by using selection method based on displacement.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5464022,no
Detection of structural defects in pipes using time reversal of guided waves,"Structural health monitoring of buried pipelines is of vital importance as infrastructures age. Ultrasonic guided waves are a popular method for inspecting buried pipes, due to their potential for long propagation. Unfortunately, the large number of wave modes present, and the effects of dispersion, in a pipeline make analysis of the received signals difficult. We plan to use Time Reversal Acoustics to compensate for these complex signals, and improve performance for the detection of faults in a pipeline. We will present theoretical performance results for conventional and Time Reversal detectors, verified with simulations conducted in PZFlex. Time Reversal shows a potential for a reduction in the power requirements of a fault detection system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5469779,no
A study of applying the bounded Generalized Pareto distribution to the analysis of software fault distribution,"Software is currently a key part of many safety-critical applications. But the main problem facing the computer industry is how to develop a software with (ultra) high reliability on time, and assure the quality of software. In the past, some researchers reported that the Pareto distribution (PD) and the Weibull distribution (WD) models can be used for software reliability estimation and fault distribution modeling. In this paper we propose a modified PD model to predict and assess the software fault distribution. That is, we suggest using a special form of the Generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) model, named the bounded Generalized Pareto distribution (BGPD) model. We will show that the BGPD model eliminates several modeling issues that arise in the PD model, and perform detailed comparisons based on real software fault data. Experimental result shows that the proposed BGPD model presents very high fitness to the actual fault data. In the end, we conclude that the distribution of faults in a large software system can be well described by the Pareto principle.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5674517,no
Error-Resilient H.264/AVC Video Transmission Using Two-Way Decodable Variable Length Data Block,"Standard video coders utilize variable length coding (VLC) to obtain more data compression in addition to what lossy coding has achieved at the expense of making the compressed bitstream very vulnerable to channel errors. Even a 1-bit error incurred in the bitstream may cause the follow-up bitstream to be either erroneously decoded or completely undecodable, and this could further result in error propagation. To mitigate this phenomenon, a new VLC coding scheme is proposed in this paper, called the two-way decodable variable length data block (TDVLDB), which allows the compressed bitstream to be <i>bidirectionally</i> decodable without exploiting data partitioning. The proposed TDVLDB scheme is able to effectively recover more uncorrupted data from the corrupted packets. Furthermore, it is able to correct some, if not all, channel errors of a finite-length burst error. To effectively identify the location of the first actual error incurred within the current slice, a <i>bitstream similarity measurement</i> (BSM) algorithm is proposed. Note that the proposed TDVLDB scheme is generic in the sense that it can be exploited in any image or video coding framework as long as it involves the use of VLC and requires error-resilience capability. In this paper, the proposed TDVLDB is incorporated into the H.264/advanced video coding (AVC) coder to evaluate its error-resilience performance in terms of rate-distortion coding efficiency. Compared with the baseline H.264/AVC coding, the TDVLDB-incorporated H.264/AVC-based coding scheme has demonstrated significant objective and subjective video quality improvements when the bitstream is transmitted over error-prone channels.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5308386,no
A New Integrated Spatio-Temporal Framework for Video Error Concealment,"Temporal error concealment (TEC) algorithms do not produce good results in the presence of cut scenes, camera panning or object occlusion in videos due to the lack of a suitable reference frame. Under such circumstances, spatial EC (SEC) may perform better. Thus, EC algorithms should decide adaptively between TEC or SEC. In this paper, we propose an integrated spatio-temporal EC framework which extends our previous work in TEC and SEC. The proposed algorithm decides adaptively on the best EC mode and produces average PSNR improvements of up to 4.59 dB over a coding-mode based EC algorithm. Most importantly, our algorithm produces results of much better perceptual quality.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4674315,no
Test coverage and post-verification defects: A multiple case study,"Test coverage is a promising measure of test effectiveness and development organizations are interested in cost-effective levels of coverage that provide sufficient fault removal with contained testing effort. We have conducted a multiple-case study on two dissimilar industrial software projects to investigate if test coverage reflects test effectiveness and to find the relationship between test effort and the level of test coverage. We find that in both projects the increase in test coverage is associated with decrease in field reported problems when adjusted for the number of prerelease changes. A qualitative investigation revealed several potential explanations, including code complexity, developer experience, the type of functionality, and remote development teams. All these factors were related to the level of coverage and quality, with coverage having an effect even after these adjustments. We also find that the test effort increases exponentially with test coverage, but the reduction in field problems increases linearly with test coverage. This suggests that for most projects the optimal levels of coverage are likely to be well short of 100%.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5315981,no
Using Formal Verification to Reduce Test Space of Fault-Tolerant Programs,"Testing object-oriented programs is still a hard task, despite many studies on criteria to better cover the test space. Test criteria establish requirements one want to achieve in testing programs to help in finding software defects. On the other hand, program verification guarantees that a program preserves its specification but its application is not very straightforward in many cases. Both program testing and verification are expensive tasks and could be used to complement each other.This paper presents a new approach to automate and integrate testing and program verification for fault-tolerant systems. In this approach we show how to assess information from programs verification in order to reduce the test space regarding exceptions definition/use testing criteria. As properties on exception-handling mechanisms are checked using a model checker(Java PathFinder), programs are traced. Information from these traces can be used to realize how much testing criteria have been covered, reducing the further program test space.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4685805,no
Fault Detection Likelihood of Test Sequence Length,"Testing of graphical user interfaces is important due to its potential to reveal faults in operation and performance of the system under consideration. Most existing test approaches generate test cases as sequences of events of different length. The cost of the test process depends on the number and total length of those test sequences. One of the problems to be encountered is the determination of the test sequence length. Widely accepted hypothesis is that the longer the test sequences, the higher the chances to detect faults. However, there is no evidence that an increase of the test sequence length really affect the fault detection. This paper introduces a reliability theoretical approach to analyze the problem in the light of real-life case studies. Based on a reliability growth model the expected number of additional faults is predicted that will be detected when increasing the length of test sequences.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5477061,no
Lightweight Fault-Tolerance Mechanism for Distributed Mobile Agent-Based Monitoring,"Thanks to asynchronous and dynamic natures of mobile agents, a certain number of mobile agent-based monitoring mechanisms have actively been developed to monitor large scale and dynamic distributed networked systems adaptively and efficiently. Among them, some mechanisms attempt to adapt to dynamic changes in various aspects such as network traffic patterns, resource addition and deletion, network topology and so on. However, failures of some domain managers are very critical to providing correct, real-time and efficient monitoring functionality in a large-scale mobile agent-based distributed monitoring system. In this paper, we present a novel fault- tolerance mechanism to have the following advantageous features appropriate for large-scale and dynamic hierarchical mobile agent-based monitoring organizations. It supports fast failure detection functionality with low failure-free overhead by each domain manager transmitting heart-beat messages to its immediate higher-level manager. Also, it minimizes the number of non-faulty monitoring managers affected by failures of domain managers. Moreover, it allows consistent failure detection actions to be performed continuously in case of agent creation, migration and termination, and is able to execute consistent takeover actions even in concurrent failures of domain managers.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4784958,no
"Comparative study of two modelling implementation methods of a wound-rotor induction machine: Simulation, fault diagnosis and validation","The aim of this paper is to compare two modeling methods for a wound-rotor induction machine in order to simulate it in both healthy and faulty modes. The circuit-oriented approach which represents the machine model as a rotating transformer will be compared to the discrete event method. First, the wound-rotor induction machine model will be described using the classical equations in the abc reference frame. In fact, the circuit oriented method is based on a representation with only resistances, inductances and controlled voltage sources. It has been implemented by using the MATLAB/Simulinkcopy software. With the discrete event method, the classical abc reference frame model is based on ordinary differential equations which are translated in block-scheme to be interpreted as a coupling of basic models based on a discrete event system specification. Finally, the performances of the two methods have been verified by comparison between simulation and experiments on a 5.5 kW- 220 V /380 V - 50 Hz-8 poles wound-rotor induction machine working in both healthy and faulty modes at different load conditions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5292749,no
Inter-turn short circuit fault detection of wound rotor induction machines using Bispectral analysis,"The aim of this paper is to develop a technique for detecting an inter-turn short-circuit in a wound rotor induction machine working as generator by using the bispectral analysis. Bispectral analysis is able to provide more information than power spectrum analysis. In the present investigation, the rotor and stator currents of the machine operating in both healthy and faulty modes are thoroughly analyzed. In the first stage, the bispectral analysis is applied to signals generated by a wound-rotor induction machine model developed by using MATLAB/Simulink<sup></sup> environment. This model allows the simulation of the inter-turn short circuit in the stator of the machine in any system with control circuits and/or connections to the grid by means of power electronics converters. Then, the same analysis has been performed using experiments on a 5.5kW--220V/380V - 50Hz - 8 poles wound-rotor induction machine working in both healthy and faulty modes at different load conditions. Finally, a comparison between simulation and experimental results is given. Very promising results are obtained and presented. The results and the analysis indicate that bispectrum can be successfully applied to machine asymmetric faults, and stator winding fault analysis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5618128,no
Adaptive Lossy Error Protection architecture in H.264 video transmission,"Systematic Lossy Error Protection (SLEP) is a robust error resilient mechanism which uses Wyner-Ziv coding to protect the video bitstream. In this paper, we propose a low overhead adaptive lossy error protection (ALEP) mechanism that provides a good trade-off between the error resilience and decoded video quality. The proposed method can generate appropriate redundant slices to provide proper error correction capability for varying channel conditions. The proposed method maintains good video quality at low packet loss rate compared to original SLEP and still provides sufficient error correction capability at high packet loss rate in our simulation results. It achieves 2-3 dB PSNR improvement at 5% packet loss rate for various video sequences in our simulations.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5341138,no
Fault Propagation in Tabular Expression-Based Specifications,"Tabular expressions have been used in industry for many years to precisely document software in a readable notation. In this paper, we propose a fault-based testing technique that traces the propagation of faults from the expression in each cell of a tabular expression to the output of the program under test. The technique has been formalized in the form of abstract test case constraints also represented by tabular expressions, so that it can be easily applied and automated.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4591554,no
Influence of Nonconsecutive Bar Breakages in Motor Current Signature Analysis for the Diagnosis of Rotor Faults in Induction Motors,"Studies of rotor asymmetries in squirrel-cage induction motors have traditionally focused on analyses of the effects of the breakage of adjacent bars on the magnetic field and current spectrum. However, major motor manufacturers have reported cases where damaged bars are randomly distributed around the rotor perimeter of large HV machines. In some of these cases, the motors were being monitored under maintenance programs based on motor current signature analysis (MCSA), and the degree of degradation found in the rotor was much greater than that predicted by analysis of their current spectra. For this reason, a complete study was carried out, comprising a theoretical analysis, as well as simulation and tests, to investigate the influence that the number and location of faulty bars has on the traditional MCSA diagnosis procedure. From the theoretical analysis, based on the application of the fault-current approach and space-vector theory, a very simple method is deduced, which enables the left sideband amplitude to be calculated for any double bar breakage, per unit of the sideband amplitude corresponding to a single breakage. The proposed methodology is generalized for the estimation of the sideband amplitude in the case of multiple bar breakages and validated by simulation using a finite-element-based model, as well as by laboratory tests.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5350691,no
Substation fault analysis requirements,"Substation automation has critical role in power systems. Substations are responsible for many protection, control and monitoring functions that allow robust routing of power from generators to loads through a complex network of transmission lines. With the latest technology development many intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) available in substations today are capable of performing enhanced functionalities beyond what their basic function is. This brings an opportunity for adding new functionalities that go well beyond what the traditional substation automation solutions have provided. This presentation summarizes requirements for automated fault analysis functions that may be performed in substations in the future. Particular focus is on requirements for implementing a new concept of merging operational and non-operational data with a goal of improving fault analysis. The requirements are aimed at expanding the substation automation role in automated fault analysis towards better serving many utility groups: operations, protection and asset management.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275399,no
Substation fault analysis requirements,"Substation automation has critical role in power systems. Substations are responsible for protection, control and monitoring functions that allow robust routing of power from generators to loads through a complex network of transmission lines. With the latest technology development, many intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) available in substations today are capable of performing enhanced functionalities beyond what their basic function is. This brings an opportunity for adding new functionalities that go well beyond what the traditional substation automation solutions have provided.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5434762,no
Study for Amplitude Error and Space/Time Orthogonal Error of Two-Phase Time-Grating Sensor,"The amplitude error, space orthogonal error and time orthogonal error of time grating sensor are the main factors affecting the accuracy, which need to be eliminated. First of all, its discussed in detail that the influence of the three kinds of errors on the sensor measurement errors. and the influence is simulated with Matlab. Second, error detection methods is study. Its proposed that orthogonal location test method, which can realize detection of three errors. Third, its study that the new error compensation method of the time orthogonal and space orthogonal, which can eliminate two kinds of orthogonal error by constructing a new signal. The method, simulated with Matlab, can completely eliminate two kinds of orthogonal error. Finally, experiment show that the method of detection and correction error, such as the amplitude error, space orthogonal error and time orthogonal error, can effectively reduce errors, and greatly improve the sensor accuracy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5532551,no
Starting Synchrophasor measurements in Egypt: A pilot project using fault recorders,"The analysis of the large systems blackouts during the last years have pointed out the need for the function of real-time wide area monitoring, protection and control (RT WAM PAC). Phaser measurements (PM) has proved to be the vital source of data necessary for many applications in power system RT WAM PAC. The paper explains this new technology, the reasons behind its use and points out the role it plays in the overall view of RT WAM PAC. The recent applications of the synchrophasors projects allover the world is highlighted. Generic and specific technical requirements for synchrophasors measurements are explained. The paper also illustrates, using actual recorded case from the fault recording system in the Egyptian Power Network, how the synchronized voltage phasors at different locations within the system, could be presented to the system operator during different operating states, using a software program designed specially for this purpose. A pilot project for PM in Egypt using the existing disturbance recorders is presented showing the benefits which could be gained from such a project.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4562410,no
Characterization of printed solder paste excess and bridge related defects,"Surface mount technology (SMT) involves the printing of solder paste on to printed circuit board (PCB) interconnection pads prior to component placement and reflow soldering. This paper focuses on the solder paste deposition process. With an approximated cause ratio of 50 - 70% of post assembly defects, solder paste deposition represents the most significant cause initiator of the three sub-processes. Paradigmatic cause models, and associated design rules and effects data are extrapolated from academic and industrial literature and formulated into physical models that identify and integrate the process into three discrete solder paste deposition events - i.e. (i) stencil / PCB alignment, (ii) print stroke / aperture filling and (iii) stencil separation / paste transfer. The projectpsilas industrial partners are producers of safety-critical products and have recognised the in-service reliability benefits of electro-mechanical interface elimination when multiple smaller circuit designs are assimilated into one larger printed circuit assembly (PCA). However, increased solder paste deposition related defect rates have been reported with larger PCAs and therefore, print process physical models need to account for size related phenomena.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4684543,no
Enforcing integrability by error correction using l<inf>1</inf>-minimization,"Surface reconstruction from gradient fields is an important final step in several applications involving gradient manipulations and estimation. Typically, the resulting gradient field is non-integrable due to linear/non-linear gradient manipulations, or due to presence of noise/outliers in gradient estimation. In this paper, we analyze integrability as error correction, inspired from recent work in compressed sensing, particulary lscr<sub>0</sub> - lscr<sub>1</sub> equivalence. We propose to obtain the surface by finding the gradient field which best fits the corrupted gradient field in lscr<sub>1</sub> sense. We present an exhaustive analysis of the properties of lscr<sub>1</sub> solution for gradient field integration using linear algebra and graph analogy. We consider three cases: (a) noise, but no outliers (b) no-noise but outliers and (c) presence of both noise and outliers in the given gradient field. We show that lscr<sub>1</sub> solution performs as well as least squares in the absence of outliers. While previous lscr<sub>0</sub> - lscr<sub>1</sub> equivalence work has focused on the number of errors (outliers), we show that the location of errors is equally important for gradient field integration. We characterize the lscr<sub>1</sub> solution both in terms of location and number of outliers, and outline scenarios where lscr<sub>1</sub> solution is equivalent to lscr<sub>0</sub> solution. We also show that when lscr<sub>1</sub> solution is not able to remove outliers, the property of local error confinement holds: i.e., the errors do not propagate to the entire surface as in least squares. We compare with previous techniques and show that lscr<sub>1</sub> solution performs well across all scenarios without the need for any tunable parameter adjustments.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5206603,no
Design and implementation of equipments fault management system based on telecom enterprise data center,"Telecom enterprise data center is in charge of local data switching equipment which in the network interconnection, switching, and routing selection plays an important role. Therefore, these equipments can run in a good way is closely related to the local telecom internet running, but these equipments require frequent updating software versions, maintenance, hardware failures, which requires fast query to the device, the information system can solve this problem. Design system function modules; include basic information management, software version management, operation records management, fault records management, as well as Excel file data processing systems. A well-designed database software can help achieve the establishment of such a system. At the end of the paper, the system deficiencies are pointed out.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5485632,no
Modeling and Measuring Error Contributions in Stepwise Synthesized Josephson Sine Waves,"Synthesizing Josephson stepwise approximated sine waves to produce an AC quantum standard is limited by errors in the waveform transitions between quantized voltages. Many parameters have an impact on the shape of the transients. A simple model with a single equivalent time constant can be used to evaluate the influence of these parameters. Measurements of the transients allow establishment of the value of the equivalent time constant and prediction of the response to variations of the parameters. We have experimentally confirmed the influence of changes in the bias current used for the quantized voltages and in the microwave power applied. Under usual operating conditions, the model predicts that increasing the number of samples per period nonlinearly reduces the difference between measured and ideal root-mean-square (rms) values. This behavior was confirmed through measurements with thermal converters.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4760246,no
A Service-Oriented Fault-Tolerant Environment for Telecom Operation Support Systems,"The complexity that telecommunications companies are faced with in their Operations Support Systems (OSSs) is especially apparent in their billing systems. These systems are required to handle large volumes of data located on different legacy systems operating on heterogeneous platforms. These systems are often integrated using service oriented architecture (SOA). The successful completion of billing processes is essential to the operation of a telecommunications company, as it ensure the smooth inflow of income from services rendered. When a billing process fails it is the generally the result of one of two types of faults - availability faults or reliability faults. Unless the system has been designed with fault-tolerance in mind, failures constitute an extremely costly and time consuming occurrence. This paper proposes a Service Oriented Fault Tolerant Environment (SOFTEN) that seeks to address this problem directly. The SOFTEN described here is composed of three key modules: a Fault Tolerant Proxy (FT Proxy), Fault Tolerant Services (FT Services), and an Adaptable Service Bus (ASB). The FT Proxy allows developers to define strategies and responses for dealing with the occurrence of both availability and reliability faults. FT Services are fault handling mechanisms that enact the procedures established in the FT Proxy. The ASB provides intelligent routing and data transform between the billing process and the billing services. Further, the paper presents results that demonstrate the effectiveness of the solution, both in increasing reliability and in reducing calculation time for completion of the billing process. An implementation of this system has been operational at the ChungHwa Telecom Company, in Taiwan since May 2008 and provides complete support for its billing application. As a result, the billing process cycle time has been reduced from 10-16 days to 3-4 days, which cleared the way for further growth of the business.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4730488,no
Intercircuit and cross-country fault detection and classification using artificial neural network,"The conductor geometry in double circuit lines makes them prone to multi-circuit faults like earthed and unearthed intercircuit faults and cross country faults. The probability of inter-circuit faults is increased when the multiple lines are mounted on the same tower. Mutual coupling is also present during un-earthed intercircuit faults. The phase-to-phase inter-circuit fault (without earth connection) provokes the presence of zero-sequence current, which is detected by ground distance relays. The consequences of intercircuit faults are often not considered in conventional relay design philosophies. In this paper both earthed and un-earthed intercircuit faults are investigated. Artificial neural network based technique has been employed for detection and faulty phase identification (classification) of intercircuit and cross-country faults. The study is carried out on a MATLAB platform and results of ANN based fault detector/classifier are presented and discussed. The simulated test results shows that this technique detects and identifies the faulted phase correctly and quickly over wide range of power system operating conditions; which is a striking benefit of ANN based technique.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5712601,no
Progressive PCA modeling for enhanced fault diagnosis in a batch process,"The conventional process monitoring procedure using principal component analysis (PCA) can show which variable is highly related with the fault by looking at the contribution plots for the monitoring statistics, SPE (squared prediction errors) and T<sup>2</sup>. However, this procedure is not able to determine if the variable is just affected by the fault or the variable is the cause of the fault. In addition, it is not able to show fault propagation through the process variables during the process time. The proposed progressive PCA modeling procedure can identify all variables related to the fault through progressively removing the identified variables and PCA modeling with the remaining variables. It can also provide timing information of when abnormal behaviors are observed for the identified variables by using time series SPE plots with control limits estimated by weighted chi-squared distribution. Based on the timing information, it is able to build a flow chart showing the fault propagation paths. The proposed method is demonstrated on a benchmark fed-batch penicillin process simulator.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5670261,no
Selection of currents patterns using SVMs for locating faults in radial power systems,"The current regulatory framework demands better quality service to electric utilities, using as a measure of non scheduled power outages the SAIDI and SAIFI indexes. In this paper, a selection of characteristics from protective relays using a set of support vector machines (SVM) is proposed in order to solve the fault location problem in power distribution systems. To show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, a large scale power distribution system was used. Results show lower validation errors which are associated to the high performance. Opportune fault location in power distribution systems plays an important role in the service improvement.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641826,no
Fault diagnosis and debugging of SOPC based on Rough Sets Theory,"The embedded system develops, it becomes more and more complex system. Thus, it is more difficult for designers and developers to diagnose and debug the embedded system. As one of the most advanced technologies, SOPC is a hardware and software integrated embedded system. In the paper, the fault diagnosis and debugging system based on Rough Sets Theory is presented to help to identify error causes. It can quickly diagnose system errors. In the last, a case is also presented to verify the efficiency and effectivity of the method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5563767,no
Weighted motion vectors of double candidate blocks based temporal error concealment method for video transmission over wireless network,"The error concealment(EC) method for video transmission over wireless network recommended by H.264 cannot reconstruct the corrupted image effectively, which was caused partly by the inaccurate predicted motion vector(MV). Thus a temporal error concealment(TEC) method based on weighted motion vectors of double candidate blocks in the previous frame is proposed in this paper. The proposed method conceals a corrupted block by the MV given by weighting motion vectors of double candidate blocks according to their different accuracy. Moreover, to improve the accuracy of a candidate block and it's MV when searching a matched block in the reference frame, the reliability of the neighboring blocks of the current corrupted block was assigned by different reliability coefficients in terms of their different contribution to recover the corrupted block. The performances, on several standard video sequences, of the proposed TEC method have been compared with those obtained by the EC method in H.264. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the method in H.264 both on PSNR and visual quality obviously.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5532259,no
Soft-error resilience of the IBM POWER6 processor,"The error detection and correction capability of the IBM POWER6TM processor enables high tolerance to single-event upsets. The soft-error resilience was tested with proton beam- and neutron beam-induced fault injection. Additionally, statistical fault injection was performed on a hardware-emulated POWER6 processor simulation model. The error resiliency is described in terms of the proportion of latch upset events that result in vanished errors, corrected errors, checkstops, and incorrect architected states.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5388600,no
Error Detection Reliability of LTE CRC Coding,"The error detection performance of CRC coding in LTE with general two-level early stopping algorithms for turbo decoding is investigated. Analytical models for the probability of block error and undetected block error at the code block and transport block levels were developed. Simulations were used to verify the model for shorter CRC lengths and block sizes. The analytical models show the setting of 24-bit CRCs in LTE allows low-complexity, robust and reliable early stopping algorithms to reduce turbo decoding complexity.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4656995,no
Research on generating detector algorithm in fault detection,"The essence of fault diagnosis is pattern recognition to characters of fault. The non-dimensional parameter immune detector as the recognition fault detector is constructed with some non-dimensional parameter being more hypersensitive to fault combined with negative selection mechanism of artificial immune system. And two parts of immune vaccine and immune learning produce the excellence detector to diagnose fault directly. The part of immune response show fault identification and the result of the k-nearest neighbor classify method to diagnose fault. The algorithm of the design frame graph and the concrete implementing approach is given in detail. In the end, the simulation examples show that the detector by the algorithm is valid to fault detection.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5542957,no
A Global Simulation of Microwave Emission: Error Structures Based on Output From ECMWF's Operational Integrated Forecast System,"The European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) brightness will use temperatures from the soil moisture and ocean salinity mission to analyze root zone soil moisture through a variational data assimilation system. The first guess is obtained from numerical weather prediction (NWP) model fields, an auxiliary database, and a land surface microwave emission model. In this paper, we present the community microwave emission model and research the first-guess errors in L-band brightness temperatures. An error propagation study is performed on errors introduced through: (1) uncertainties in the parameterizations of the radiative transfer model; (2) auxiliary geophysical quantities for the radiative transfer computations; and (3) an imperfect NWP model. It is found that the vegetation and dielectric models introduce uncertainties with a difference of up to 25 K between models. However, the biggest error in brightness temperature is likely related to the use of an auxiliary vegetation database, which results in differences of -20 to +20 K in our simulations. These potential errors are in many regions higher than the variance in brightness temperatures related to an imperfect NWP model.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4447248,no
A binary Particle Swarm Optimization approach to fault diagnosis in parallel and distributed systems,"The efficient diagnosis of hardware and software faults in parallel and distributed systems remains a challenge in today's most prolific decentralized environments. System-level fault diagnosis is concerned with the identification of all faulty components among a set of hundreds (or even thousands) of interconnected units, usually by thoroughly examining a collection of test outcomes carried out by the nodes under a specific test model. This task has non-polynomial complexity and can be posed as a combinatorial optimization problem. Here, we apply a binary version of the Particle Swarm Optimization meta-heuristic approach to solve the system-level fault diagnosis problem (BPSO-FD) under the invalidation and comparison diagnosis models. Our method is computationally simpler than those already published in literature and, according to our empirical results, BPSO-FD quickly and reliably identifies the true ensemble of faulty units and scales well for large parallel and distributed systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5586002,no
Application of multi-agents for fault detection and reconfiguration of power distribution systems,"The electric power system has become a very complicated network at present because of re-structuring and the penetration of distributed generation and storage. A single fault can lead to massive cascading effects affecting power supply and power quality. An overall systematic solution for these issues could be obtained by an artificial intelligent mechanism called the multi-agent system. This paper presents a multi-agent system model for fault detection and reconfiguration based on graph theory and mathematical programming. The multi-agent models are simulated in Java Agent Development Framework and Matlab<sup>reg</sup> and are applied to a power system model designed in the commercial software, the Distributed Engineering Workstation<sup>copy</sup>. The circuit that is used to model the power distribution system is a simplified model of the Circuit of the Future, developed by Southern California Edison. Possible fault cases were tested and a few critical test scenarios are presented in this paper. The results obtained were promising and were as expected.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5276005,no
Fault Ride Through operation of a DFIG wind farm connected through VSC HVDC,The electromechanical transients during a deloading of a DFIG turbine and the Fault Ride Through (FRT) capability of a DFIG wind farm connected through HVDC transmission lines are discussed. The electromechanical oscillations during a deloading operation of a DFIG wind turbine generator are simulated using BLADED software. Then power reduction control during a fault was achieved by reducing the power from the wind farm as a whole and by deloading the individual wind generator. A new power blocking technique applied at the offshore converter station was used to reduce the wind farm power output. Simultaneous control of the wind farm and wind turbine power outputs enabled a smooth power reduction during the fault.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5578650,no
Model-based fault detection for the DELFI-N3XT Attitude Determination System,"The Delfi-n3Xt nanosatellite is the second Dutch university satellite currently being developed at the Delft University of Technology. In its design, the Attitude Determination System (ADS) will be pivotal for optimal power point tracking to adequately provide the energy needed for normal operation and charging of the batteries. In this paper we explore a fault detection mechanism for the ADS based on the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) state estimator which has been successfully integrated into the simulation and modelling environment. The UKF provides a more computationally efficient estimator than traditional Kalman filter variants. Faults introduced in the system include changes in the noise model and stuck-at-0 faults, resulting in disturbances in the output of the filter. Parameters of the filter are varied and the behaviour of the outcoming residuals is analyzed to evaluate its effectiveness in the detection of these errors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5446801,no
Invisible barcode with optimized error correction,"The demands to connect between paper media and digital worlds are increasing, and an ""electronic clipping system"", which overprints an invisible barcode into analog media, is an example of connecting these worlds. However, depending on the combination of the target paper media, the ink used in the media, and the invisible ink, we cannot always correctly decode the information. In this paper, we introduce a new 2D barcode encoding and decoding method which overcomes such problems. In our method, we divide the 2D code data area into several blocks, and do not use for encoding the blocks where many of the bits in the block have high probabilities of bit errors. The decoder determines the skipped blocks from the image itself. The experimental results proved that our method greatly improved the probability of correct information decoding for the invisible barcode.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4712185,no
Issues on the Design of Efficient Fail-Safe Fault Tolerance,"The design of a fault-tolerant program is known to be an inherently difficult task. Decisions taken during the design process will invariably have an impact on the efficiency of the resulting fault-tolerant program. In this paper, we focus on two such decisions, namely (i) the class of faults the program is to tolerate, and (ii) the variables that can be read and written. The impact these design issues have on the overall fault tolerance of the system needs to be well-understood, failure of which can lead to costly redesigns. For the case of understanding the impact of fault classes on the efficiency of fail-safe fault tolerance, we show that, under the assumption of a general fault model, it is impossible to preserve the original behavior of the fault-intolerant program. For the second problem of read and write constraints of variables, we again show that it is impossible to preserve the original behavior of the fault-intolerant program. We analyze the reasons that lead to these impossibility results, and suggest possible ways of circumventing them.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5362098,no
Outboard flaps control system based on the avionics deterministic fault-tolerant data bus LTTP,"The avionics data bus systems of the last four decades were dominated by federated systems. In the European Integrated Project DECOS (Dependable Embedded Components and Systems, partially funded by EC-IST-FP6-511764), in Subproject 6 (SP6) - application demonstrator domain aerospace, the attempt was to develop a new technology approach for an integrated system based on the time-triggered communication architectures. The new technologies in flight control electronics systems selected for the DECOS SP6 test-bench consist of the following: layered time-triggered data bus architectures (LTTP), digital actuator control electronics (ACE), signal processor based motor control electronics (NICE) and a centralized system control unit (SCU) embedded in an integrated modular avionics (IMA) cabinet. These electronics were used to drive two mechanically synchronized rotary actuators with DC brushless motors. The purpose of the present paper is to describe the new technologies implemented in DECOS SP6 with an emphasis on the experiences made and efforts deployed at Liebherr-Aerospace Lindenberg in developing, manufacturing and integrating all components into a high-lift actuation system test-rig.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4618106,no
Burst-Error Analysis of Dual-Hop Fading Channels Based on the Second-Order Channel Statistics,"The burst-error (BE) rate of dual-hop fading channels under a fixed fade threshold is estimated based on the level crossing rate (LCR) and average fade duration (AFD). The LCR and AFD of the equivalent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are first derived for dual-hop Nakagami-m and Weibull fading channels with a fixed-gain amplify-and-forward (AF) relay, where closed-form lower and upper bounds are derived for the LCR and AFD of the Nakagami-m fading channels. Numerical results from theoretical evaluations and Monte Carlo simulations are illustrated to validate the analysis and to compare the performance of the two fading channels.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5443643,no
An Investigation of Non-Uniform Error Cost Function Design in Automatic Speech Recognition,"The classical Bayes decision theory [3] is the foundation of statistical pattern recognition. In [4], we have addressed the issue of non-uniform error criteria in statistical pattern recognition, and generalized the Bayes decision theory for pattern recognition tasks where errors over different classes have varying degrees of significance. We further introduced the weighted minimum classification error (MCE) method for a practical design of a statistical pattern recognition system to achieve empirical optimality when non-uniform error criteria are prescribed. However, one key issue in the weighted MCE method, the methodology of building a suitable non-uniform error cost function given the userpsilas requirements, has not been addressed yet. In this paper, we propose some viable techniques for the design of the non-uniform error cost function in the context of automatic speech recognition (ASR) according to different training scenarios. The experimental results on the TIDIGITS database [8] are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our methodologies.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4724971,no
Research on fault diagnosis and forecast system of forest harvester based on CAN-bus information,"The fault diagnosis of forest harvester is updating with the application of CAN bus technology. Aiming at the CAN technology which was utilized on forest harvester currently, the complexity of the fault information and the difficulty of diagnosis, an USB-CAN intelligent interface card was designed in this paper. Based on the interface card, the software of Microsoft Visual C++6.0 is utilized to build the fault diagnosis system with BP neural network and Kalman filter. The fault diagnosis and forecast to the main systems of forest harvester were released online after incepting, filtering and removing the noise of the signal from the CAN bus. As the experiments show that Kalman filtering plays good on removal of noise from the complex fault signal, and the BP neural network trainings of the systems are effective to implement non-linear mapping from the fault phenomenon to the fault position of forest harvester.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5543181,no
On small current grounding system in single-phase grounding fault line selection based on DSP,"The fault mechanism of small current grounding system in single-phase grounding is discussed, and the principle of fault line selection of transient component on faulty phase current is indicated. By the design of hardware and software, it is proved the amplitudes summation of zero sequence transition current between fault line and healthy lines makes a big difference in the feature band. The analysis of the system simulation shows the area of zero sequence transition current on fault line in the spectrum is the largest. Therefore, the application of small current grounding system in single-phase grounding fault line selection based on DSP is an advanced novel method which can distinguish between fault line and healthy lines effectively and accurately.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5573064,no
The application of digital filter in the analysis of fault signal of forest harvester,"The fault signals, received by the host computer of forecast system of forest harvester through CAN-bus, usually have various kinds of noises and interference signals which come form the signal sources, sensors and external interferences. For measuring and controlling precisely, the noises and interferences of the being measured signals must be eliminated. So, commonly used digital filters have been used according to characteristics of fault signals which were updated in all sub nodes. Furthermore, aiming at the complex features of fault information of forest harvester, a filter based on Kalman filtering theory has been established for filtering processing and noise reduction to fault signals with programming implementation of visual c++. Then, the simulation results show that the effect on restrain white noise with Kalman filter is obvious. For raising the effect of the filter further, one composite digital filter has been composed with several different kinds of filters, thus with which the effect on complicated digital signals is more obvious.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544225,no
Adaline for fault detection in Electrical High Voltage transmission line,"The application of neural networks to power systems has been extensively reported. Neural networks based protection techniques have been proposed by a number of authors. However, almost all the studies have so far employed the back-propagation neural network structure with supervised learning. This paper presents an on line method for fault identification in Electrical High Voltage (EHV) transmission line. This approach utilizes linear adaptive neuron, which is called Adaline. The Adaline neural network is generally used for prediction and identification problems and is rarely used for power system protection. Using current signals, the Adaline process has a strong tracking capability and is fast due to its simple construction, which makes it more suitable for the implementation. Our Adaline approach is compared with a multilayer perceptron in order to see the influence of the fault resistance over the fault time detection.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675309,no
FTOS: Model-driven development of fault-tolerant automation systems,"The design of fault-tolerant automation systems is a complex task. These systems must not only satisfy real-time requirements but they must also deliver the specified functionality in the presence of both software and hardware faults. To achieve fault-tolerance, systems have to use redundancy. This redundancy is usually achieved by replicating hardware units and executing the application within a distributed system. Model-based design tools promise to reduce the complexity of the design process by raising the abstraction level. However, most of the existing tools focus only on functional aspects. Code realizing extra-functional requirements such as fault-tolerance mechanisms, communication, and scheduling is not targeted. However, this type of code makes up the majority of the code of a fault-tolerant real-time system. This paper presents FTOS, a model-based development tool for the design of fault-tolerant automation systems that focuses on code generation of extra-functional requirements and therefore complements existing tools.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5641211,no
Tamper detection with self-correction hybrid spatial-DCT domains image authentication technique,"The development of effective image authentication techniques is of remarkably growing interest. Some recently developed fragile, semi-fragile/robust or hybrid-watermarking algorithms not only verify the authenticity of the watermarked image but also provide self-reconstruction capabilities. However, several algorithms have been reported as vulnerable to various attacks, especially blind pattern matching attacks with insufficient security. In this paper, we propose a new blind dual-domain self-embedding watermarking scheme with more secure embedding processes of the imagepsilas blocks fragile signatures and robust approximations and more reliable local alterations detection with auto-correction capabilities while surviving normal image content preserving operations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4554483,no
Practical sensor fault torelant control system,"The fundamental purpose of an FTCS scheme is to ensure that faults do not result in system failure and ensure the achievement of best performance at a lower degree of system performance. In this paper we propose a fault tolerant control design consisting of two parts: a nominal performance controller and a fault detection element to provide fault compensating signals to the feedback loop. The nominal controller can have any given structure that satisfies the performance specification. When a sensor failure is detected, the controller structure is augmented by signals from plant model to compensate for the fault. A temperature control system is used as a case study. Results of simulation and real time implementation for temperature control system concur and demonstrate the applicability of the proposed FTCS scheme.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4655161,no
Fault ride-through of fully enclosed squirrel-cage induction generators for wind farms in Thailand,"The increasing amount of wind power generation in Thailand power systems requires stability analysis considering interaction between wind-farms and transmission systems. Dynamics introduced by dispersed wind generators at the distribution level can usually be neglected. However, large wind farms have a considerable influence to power system dynamics and must definitely be considered for analyzing power system dynamics. For this purpose, a detailed dynamic model of fully enclosed squirrel cage induction generator with gearbox (full-scale power electronics converters) of a 2.3 MW wind turbine with has been implemented using the modeling environment of the simulation software DIgSILENT PowerFactory. For investigating grid compatibility aspects of this wind generator concept, a model of a 96.6 MW wind farm, with typical layout, based on 42 wind turbines of the 2.3 MW-class has been analyzed. This paper is focusing on transient stability and fault ride through capability when the grid voltage has dropped to a very low value.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5625459,no
Impact of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) generation on the fault current level in urban distribution networks (UDN),"The increasing demand on the urban distribution network (UDN) imposed by distributed generation (DG), such as renewable sources and Combined Heat and Power (CHP), will impact on the operation of the UDN in a number of areas including fault current level and voltage stability. In general most DG connections are small CHP plants employing reciprocating engine or gas turbine as a prime mover directly coupled to synchronous generator with electrical output up to 1MVA and 0.415kV generating voltage are mainly connected to low voltage busbars of 0.415 kV and in some cases to 10.5kV busbars through a transformer. In general, all new connected CHP plants causes some increase in fault level. For significant volumes, connection of CHP that would most likely occur in the UDN, which would lead to increase in fault level issues as the UDN tent to have the lowest fault level headroom. The aim of this paper is to present the consequences and operating limitations of connecting CHP to the UDN. In order to calculate the fault current at a network bus, a simple Thevenin model is used for the UDN.. The application of the methodology is demonstrated and result obtained by using ERAC power system analyzing software on 13 busbars network resembling part of typical UDN where continuity of power supply is very important. A discussion is also included on potential measures available to handle increase in fault current, cost and responsibility of upgrading equipment in the network. The analysis estimates the fault current on each busbar and the Average Current Fault (ACF) due to the addition of the CHP generation plants.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5649475,no
Model-based fault Diagnosis for IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs,"The increasingly deployed IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (WLANs) challenge traditional network management systems because of the shared open medium and the varying channel conditions. There needs to be an automated tool that can help diagnosing both malicious security faults and benign performance faults. It is often difficult, however, to identify the root causes since the manifesting anomalies from network measurements are highly interrelated. In this paper we present a novel approach, called <i>MOdel-based self-Diagnosis</i> (MODI), for fault detection and localization. Our solution consists of Structural and Behavioral Model (SBM) that is constructed using both <i>structural</i> causality from wireless protocol specifications and <i>behavioral</i> statistics from network measurements. We use logic-based backward reasoning to automate fault detection and localization based on SBM, by comparing observed network measurements with expected network behaviors and by tracing back causality structures. The reasoning algorithm and the model description are decoupled so a SBM model can be easily updated for varying WLAN configurations and changing network conditions. Compared to previous work, the contribution of this paper is the architecture and the algorithm of the diagnosis core, rather than the WLAN measurement techniques. We built and deployed MODI-embedded wireless APs that can detect both security attacks and troubleshoot performance problems. These MODI-enabled APs can also cooperate to diagnose cross-AP problems, such as those caused by device mobility. The evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed model-based diagnosis is fast and effective with little overhead.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5326395,no
Effects of Defects on the In-plane Dynamic Energy Absorption of Metal Honeycombs,"The in-plane dynamic energy absorption of metal honeycombs with defects consisting of missing cells are analyzed using explicit dynamic finite element method. Two types of structural defects (a single defect located in the center of the model and a double defect) are firstly introduced. Then the influence of the defects and the impact velocities on the energy absorption abilities of metal honeycombs is investigated. Researches show that single and isolated defects reduce the absorbed energy of cellular materials. The separation distance between two defects has little effect on the dynamic energy absorption, while the size of the single defect has great influence on it. These results will provide some useful guides for the safety evaluation and the dynamic energy absorption design of metal honeycombs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5701236,no
High-level vulnerability over space and time to insidious soft errors,"The integrity of computational results is being increasingly threatened by soft errors, especially for computations that are large-scale or performed under harsh conditions. Existing methods for soft error estimation do not clearly characterize the vulnerability associated with a particular result. 1) We propose a metric which captures the intrinsic vulnerability over space and time (VST) to soft errors that corrupt computational results. The method of VST estimation bridges the gap between the inherently low-level faults and the high-level computational failures that they eventually cause. 2) We define a model of an insidious soft error and try to clear up confusion around the concept of silent data corruption. 3) We present experimental results from three vulnerability studies involving floating-point addition, CORDIC, and FFT computations. The results show that traditional vulnerability metrics can be confounded by seemingly reliable but inefficient implementations which actually incur high vulnerability per computation. The VST method characterizes vulnerability accurately, provides a figure-of-merit for comparing alternative implementations of an algorithm, and in some cases uncovers pronounced and unexpected fluctuations in vulnerability.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4695897,no
DSP-Based Sensorless Electric Motor Fault Diagnosis Tools for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain Applications,"The integrity of electric motors in work and passenger vehicles can best be maintained by frequently monitoring its condition. In this paper, a signal processing-based motor fault diagnosis scheme is presented in detail. The practicability and reliability of the proposed algorithm are tested on rotor asymmetry detection at zero speed, i.e., at startup and idle modes in the case of a vehicle. Regular rotor asymmetry tests are done when the motor is running at a certain speed under load with stationary current signal assumption. It is quite challenging to obtain these regular test conditions for long-enough periods of time during daily vehicle operations. In addition, automobile vibrations cause nonuniform air-gap motor operation, which directly affects the inductances of electric motors and results in a noisy current spectrum. Therefore, it is challenging to apply conventional rotor fault-detection methods while examining the condition of electric motors as part of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrain. The proposed method overcomes the aforementioned problems by simply testing the rotor asymmetry at zero speed. This test can be achieved at startup or repeated during idle modes where the speed of the vehicle is zero. The proposed method can be implemented at no cost using the readily available electric motor inverter sensors and microprocessing unit. Induction motor fault signatures are experimentally tested online by employing the drive-embedded master processor (TMS320F2812 DSP) to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4663881,no
Research on key techniques for intelligent prediction of fault in safe running of complex electromechanical equipment,"The intelligent prediction of fault is an important and difficult modern technique in our world, and the Technique can assure the safe running of key equipment and improve the working condition of it. The Technique is mainly based on large and complex electromechanical equipment, research and disclosure the new methods and technique on intelligent prediction of fault based on data mining. Through the characteristic of fault data of electromechanical system, the acquisition methods of fault prediction based on data mining will be found out; the flow of fault prediction based on data mining will be set up; the fault prediction system and relative engineering application software will be made based on data mining. The test shows: the key technique for intelligent prediction of fault in safe running of complex electromechanical equipment can improve the efficiency of fault prediction for large electromechanical equipment.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5691510,no
Influence of the AC system faults on HVDC system and recommendations for improvement,"The interaction between AC and DC systems in a long distance bulk power transmission system is very complicated. In this paper, taking some cases in China Southern Power Grid as examples, the main functions of the DC control system operating during the AC faults is discussed. During the AC faults, the protection and monitoring system for DC converter and the protection system for converter transformers and auxiliary transformers may work incorrectly, reasons for these cases are analyzed and recommendations are given to solve the defects. Experience from these cases will help us to improve the ability of operation and maintenance to insure the safety and provide useful references for the design of HVDC and the coordination of AC/DC system in China.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275638,no
Watermarking Scheme Based on Discrete Wavelet Transform and Error-Correction Codes,"The interest in the digital image watermarking rises rapidly each year. This paper describes the influence of error correction codes on digital watermarking systems which work in the frequency domain. A new watermarking scheme is introduced. The scheme is based on the well-known watermarking scheme, which uses the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The proposed method has been tested with Bose Chaudhuri and Hocquenheim code (BCH) with different parameters. All the results obtained and a comparison of the proposed and the basic well-known watermarking method are given inside this paper.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5367754,no
Upgrade of the ICRF fault and control systems on alcator C-Mod,"The Ion Cyclotron RF Transmitter System (ICRF) at Alcator C-Mod comprises four separate transmitters each capable of driving 2 MW of power into plasma loads. Four separate transmission lines guide RF power into three antennas, each mounted in a separate horizontal port, in the C-Mod Tokamak. Protection for the antennas, matching elements and transmission line is accomplished by two unique but interdependent subsystems encompassed by the ICRF Fault System. The Antenna Protection System evaluates antenna phasing and voltage, sets fault thresholds, generates fault signals, and passes fault information to the Master Fault Processor. During operation, the Master Fault Processor is responsible for detecting hazards along the transmission line, generating faults, processing faults from the Antenna Protection System, terminating RF drive and extinguishing faults within 10 mus. In addition, the system controls various delays and sets the boundaries for RF retries. The ICRF Control System provides amplitude regulation for all antennas and phase control for a four-strap antenna. We are modifying some of the fault processing components and control elements of these systems in an effort to improve reliability and serviceability, and increase flexibility. This upgrade will reduce wired interconnections, add remote features to improve access to key operating parameters, improve RF isolation with new switching components, simplify phase control, and expand the RF regulation system to an active control regime whereby plasma parameters may become direct feedback elements for RF regulation. Details of the proposed upgrade to the system will be presented, and implementation of any new technological tools will be discussed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5226411,no
An Improved Spatial Error Concealment Algorithm Based on H.264,"The losses of packets are inevitable when the video is transported over error-prone networks. Error concealment methods can reduce the quality degradation of the received video by masking the effects of such errors. This paper presents a novel spatial error concealment algorithm based on the directional entropy in the available neighboring Macro Blocks (MBs), which can adaptively switch between weighted pixel average (WPA) adopted in H.264 and an improved directional interpolation algorithm to recover the lost MBs. In this work, the proposed algorithm was evaluated on H.264 reference software JM8.6. The illustrative examples demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve better Peak to Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) performance and visual quality, compared with WPA and the conventional directional interpolation algorithm respectively.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5370364,no
A highly selective super-wide bandpass filter by cascading HMSIW with asymmetric defected ground structure,"The half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) possesses the highpass characteristic of SIW but the size is nearly half reduced. A recently proposed asymmetric defected ground structure (ADGS), composed of two square headed slots connected with a rectangular slot transversely under a microstrip line, exhibits quasi-elliptic-function band-reject characteristics around 3 GHz with high selectivity. Based on the circuit model, the structure of the ADGS is modified to perform well at about 16 GHz. By combining the HMSIW and the modified ADGS, a super-wide bandpass filter operating at about 8-16 GHz with high selectivity at both upper and lower band is proposed. Both simulated and measured results have been presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed wideband filter.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5525285,no
Fault diagnosis based on granular matrix-SDG and its application,"The hierarchical fault diagnosis based on granular matrix and Signed Directed Graph (SDG) is presented in the paper. Granular Computing (GrC) theory can be introduced into SDG-based fault diagnosis to optimize the decision table. The rules of fault diagnosis are reasoned out through searching the associated path of the SDG model. The redundant nodes of the failure diagnosis rules are reduced by the attribute reduction algorithm based on granular matrix, which can simplify the solution of failure diagnosis, avoid the setting of the redundant sensor, and decrease the complexity of collocating sensor network. Compared with the traditional failure diagnosis based on SDG, the designed scheme and an experimental example of a hot nitric acid cooling failure diagnosis system show that the hierarchical fault diagnosis based on granular matrix and SDG in the paper is not only feasibly and effectively, but also valuable in practice.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5255021,no
A study on dynamic error of the measurement machine with low stiffness,"The higher measuring accuracy and velocity of the coordinate measuring machine are required for shorter cycle time for modern manufacturing industry. However, the increments in measuring accuracy and velocity of CMM applications are limited by the low stiffness components which cause the complicated deformation and dynamic errors. According to the structural characteristics of a special structure coordinate measuring machine, a non-rigid body model is established and the error compensation formula is derived. Further more the dynamic model of this CMM is established by Lagrange energy theory. Based on the models of this CMM, the systematic analysis method of the measurement error is proposed. In this paper, the measurement errors of CMM are studied in an integrated theoretical and an experimental approach. We use a laser interferometer to measure the measurement errors of this CMM under static deformation, and the dynamic errors are measured by different motion parameters of CMM. The experiment results show that the measuring errors caused by the limited stiffness of the components of the measuring machine can not be neglected. By software compensation, the measurement error can be reduced from 8.9mum to 2mum. The outcome of the dynamic errors experiment reflects the influence of dynamic errors under different motion parameters. Hence, the result is useful to study the measurement for decreasing and restraining the dynamic errors and to present a clearer and deeper knowledge of compensation for dynamic errors.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5274491,no
Study and Realizing of Method of AC Locating Fault in Distribution System,"The idea of AC locating fault method in distribution system is that inject an AC signal into the fault phase after a single line to ground fault happened and then diagnose the fault along the transmission line with the handled AC signal detector utilizing dichotomy method until the fault is determined. The frequency of the injected AC signal used in this study is 60 Hz. Compared with the injected S signal technique, this method is called low frequency AC signal injection method. In this paper, the hardware of the signal source and the software design are introduced. The SCM managing pulse is used in the control section of the hardware, and the application of PWM control technique in this hardware is discussed in this reference; as the software design, the PWM signal is generated by coding based on the relation between the injected signal and PWM waveforms. The high frequency PWM signal excited a couple of breakers in the inversion source and then the output terminal will get high stable injected signals by filtering and generate AC signal with invariable frequency and adjustable voltage, based on which the signal detector could detect the required signal easily. The proposed signal source device reduces the difficulty of high impedance to ground detecting and improves the accuracy and reliability of locating fault. This technique, which allows the ground detecting and is convenient for engineers' operation, reduces the locating fault time, improves its efficiency and is proved by simulation and analysis on its validity.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5449036,no
Space-Time Correlation Based Fault Correction of Wireless Sensor Networks,"The nodes within wireless sensor network (WSN) have low reliability, and are easy to act abnormally and produce erroneous data. To address the problem, we propose a distributed fault correction algorithm, which makes use of correlation among data of adjacent nodes and the correlation between current data and historical data on a single node. The algorithm could correct measurement errors every time nodes take measures. Simulation results show that the algorithm could help correct lots of errors, and only introduce very few errors, while still keep effective for nodes near event region border where many existed algorithms failed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722366,no
Dependency-aware fault diagnosis with metric-correlation models in enterprise software systems,"The normal operation of enterprise software systems can be modeled by stable correlations between various system metrics; errors are detected when some of these correlations fail to hold. The typical approach to diagnosis (i.e., pinpoint the faulty component) based on the correlation models is to use the Jaccard coefficient or some variant thereof, without reference to system structure, dependency data, or prior fault data. In this paper we demonstrate the intrinsic limitations of this approach, and propose a solution that mitigates these limitations. We assume knowledge of dependencies between components in the system, and take this information into account when analyzing the correlation models. We also propose the use of the Tanimoto coefficient instead of the Jaccard coefficient to assign anomaly scores to components. We evaluate our new algorithm with a Trade6-based test-bed. We show that we can find the faulty components within top-3 components with the highest anomaly score in four out of nine cases, while the prior method can only find one.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5691319,no
Resource Allocation for Error Resilient Video Coding Over AWGN Using Optimization Approach,"The number of slices for error resilient video coding is jointly optimized with 802.11a-like media access control and the physical layers with automatic repeat request and rate compatible punctured convolutional code over additive white gaussian noise channel as well as channel times allocation for time division multiple access. For error resilient video coding, the relation between the number of slices and coding efficiency is analyzed and formulated as a mathematical model. It is applied for the joint optimization problem, and the problem is solved by a convex optimization method such as the primal-dual decomposition method. We compare the performance of a video communication system which uses the optimal number of slices with one that codes a picture as one slice. From numerical examples, end-to-end distortion of utility functions can be significantly reduced with the optimal slices of a picture especially at low signal-to-noise ratio.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4665333,no
FuSE - a hardware accelerated HDL fault injection tool,"The ongoing miniaturization of digital circuits makes them more and more susceptible to faults which also complicates the design of fault tolerant systems. In this context fault injection plays an important role in the process of fault tolerance validation. As a result many fault injection tools have emerged during the last decade. However these tools only operate on specific domains and can therefore be referred to as hardware- or software-, simulation- or emulation based techniques. In this paper we present FuSE, a single fault injection tool which covers multiple domains as well as different fault injection purposes. FuSE has been designed for usage with the SEmulator<sup>reg</sup>-an FPGA-based hardware accelerator. The created tool set has been fully automated for the fault injection process and only requires a VHDL description and a test bench of the circuit under test. FuSE can then perform fault injection experiments with a diagnostic resolution that is known from simulation-based approaches, but at a speed that even handles long running experiments with ease.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4914906,no
Research on Analyse and Compensation Approach Aimed at CNC Machine Geometrical and Kinematic Errors,"The geometrical error and kinematic error are regarded as the prime reasons to bring about CNC machine contour error, which confine the improvement of machining precision further. In the paper, the main error sources that produce geometrical error and kinematic error in CNC machine are researched in detail, and an analyse approach aimed at the main error sources is put forward which adopts the ""arc interpolation motion - arc image method"". Furthermore, the compensation approach aimed at error resources such as the mismatch of position loop servo gains and orthogonal axes out of the vertical is developed in CNC software. Finally, the analyse and compensation approach is tested on a CNC experiment table. The experimentation result reveals that the developed analyse and compensation approach aimed at the main error sources can enhance machine contour precision greatly. Consequently, the research is helpful to improve and keep CNC machine high precision long-time.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5287839,no
RFOH: A New Fault Tolerant Job Scheduler in Grid Computing,"The goal of grid computing is to aggregate the power of widely distributed resources. Considering that the probability of failure is great in such systems, fault tolerance has become a crucial area in computational grid. In this paper, we propose a new strategy named RFOH for fault tolerant job scheduling in computational grid. This strategy maintains the history of fault occurrence of resources in Grid Information Server (GIS). Whenever a resource broker has jobs to schedule, it uses this information in Genetic Algorithm and finds a near optimal solution for the problem. Further, it increases the percentage of jobs executed within specified deadline. The experimental result shows that we can have a combination of user satisfaction and reliability. Using checkpoint techniques, the proposed strategy can make grid scheduling more reliable and efficient.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5445793,no
Error-related potential recorded by EEG in the context of a p300 mind speller brain-computer interface,The Mind Speller<sup></sup> is a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) which enables subjects to spell text on a computer screen by detecting P300 Event-Related Potentials in their electroencephalograms (EEG). This BCI application is of particular interest for disabled patients who have lost all means of verbal and motor communication. Error-related Potentials (ErrP) in the EEG are generated by the subject's perception of an error. We report on the possibility of using this ErrP for improving the performance of our Mind Speller<sup></sup>. We tested 6 subjects and recorded several typing sessions for each of them. Responses to correct and incorrect performances of the BCI are recorded and compared. The shape of the received ErrP is compared to other studies. The detection of this ErrP and its integration in the Mind Speller<sup></sup> are discussed.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5589217,no
Modeling by groups for faults tolerance based on multi agent systems,"The mobile Ad hoc networks are distributed environments characterized by a high mobility and limited battery resources. In these networks, mobiles nodes are subject to many errors. In this paper, we present our approach of modeling by groups for faults tolerance based in MAS, which predicts a problem and provide decisions in relation to critical nodes. Our work contributes to the resolution of two points. First, we propose an algorithm for modeling by groups in wireless network Ad hoc. Secondly, we study the fault tolerance by prediction of disconnection and partition in network; therefore we provide an approach which distributes efficiently the information in the network by selecting some objects of the network to be duplicates of information.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5647976,no
Heating of cables due to fault currents,"The metal screen of new type of medium and high voltage single-core underground cables is comprised of helically applied copper wires embedded in a semiconductive layer. The distribution of current and power among the thin wires is non-uniform in a three-phase system, what can lead to their non-uniform heating, especially during fault conditions. The paper investigates this problem with 2D finite element models. The simulations are based on the coupling of the electromagnetic and thermal fields.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5549812,no
Defect recognition of optical fiber fusion based on wavelet packet technique,"The important meaning of the optical fiber fusion defect recognition was introduced based on wavelet packet technique. Detecting the optical fiber fusion point by using the UltraPAC system, aiming at the defect feature, the method of analyzing and extracting the defect eigenvalue by using wavelet packet analysis and pattern recognition by making use of the wavelet neural network is discussed. This method can realize to extract the interrelated information which can reflect defect feature from the ultrasonic information being detected and analysis it by the information. Constructing the network model for realizing the qualitative recognition of defects. The results of experiment show that the wavelet packet analysis adequately make use of the information in time-domain and in frequency-domain of the defected echo signal, multi-level partition the frequency bands and analyze the high-frequency part further which don't been subdivided by multi-resolution analysis, and choose the interrelated frequency bands to make it suited with signal spectrum. Thus, the time-frequency resolution is risen, the good local amplificatory property of the wavelet neural network and the study characteristic of multi-resolution analysis can achieve the higher accuracy rate of the qualitative classification of fusion defects.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5565644,no
Automatic installation of software-based fault tolerance algorithms in programs generated by GCC compiler,"The problem of designing radiation-tolerant devices working in application critical systems becomes very important especially if human life depends on the reliability of control mechanisms. One of the possible solution of this problem are pure software protection methods. They constitute different category of techniques to detect transient faults and correct corresponding errors. Software fault tolerance schemes are cheaper to implement since they can be used with standard, commercial of-the-shelf (COTS) components. Additionally, they do not require any hardware modification. In this paper, author propose a new implementation mechanism for software based fault protection algorithms performed automatically during application compilation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5551287,no
Respiratory Motion Correction in 3-D PET Data With Advanced Optical Flow Algorithms,"The problem of motion is well known in positron emission tomography (PET) studies. The PET images are formed over an elongated period of time. As the patients cannot hold breath during the PET acquisition, spatial blurring and motion artifacts are the natural result. These may lead to wrong quantification of the radioactive uptake. We present a solution to this problem by respiratory-gating the PET data and correcting the PET images for motion with optical flow algorithms. The algorithm is based on the combined local and global optical flow algorithm with modifications to allow for discontinuity preservation across organ boundaries and for application to 3-D volume sets. The superiority of the algorithm over previous work is demonstrated on software phantom and real patient data.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4448997,no
Design and Implementation of Inference Engine in Safety Risk Assessment Expert System in Petrochemical Industry Based on Fault Tree,"The project in petrochemical industry is complex and risky. For this feature, we established a safety risk assessment (SRA) expert system based on fault tree in petrochemical industry. In this paper, we studied the design and implementation of infer engine in SRA expert system. we adopted the method of fault tree analysis (FTA) to acquire expert knowledge and the fault tree established is to be the basis of inference. The knowledge in petrochemical industry was divided into shallow knowledge and deep knowledge and the method of KR(knowledge representation) adopted in this paper is production rule combined with the framework. On the basis of good representation and organization of knowledge, we adopted infer control strategy of forward reason combined with depth-first search which improve the validity and accuracy of the SRA expert system to a certain extent.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5452617,no
Development of a Testbench for Validation of DMT and DT2 Fault-Tolerant Architectures on SOI PowerPC7448,The purpose of TAFT fault tolerance studies conducted at CNES is to prepare the space community for the significant evolution linked to the usage of COTS components for developing spacecraft supercomputers. CNES has patented the DMT and DT2 fault-tolerant architectures with 'light' features. The development of a DMT/DT2 testbench based on a PowerPC7448 microprocessor from e2v is presented in this paper.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4567088,no
Human Factors in Large-Scale Biometric Systems: A Study of the Human Factors Related to Errors in Semiautomatic Fingerprint Biometrics,"The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of considering human factors in large-scale, complex biometric systems. A team of 19 board-certified latent print examiners conducted 1620 latent fingerprint image formatting tasks, 1797 encoding tasks, and 146 388 side-by-side comparison tasks of latent prints with potential matching tenprint candidates. Examiner feedback from ten encoding mistakes and 13 comparison mistakes provided significant data to demonstrate the deserved consideration of relating the Department of Defense (DoD) Human Factors Classification System (HFACS) to semiautomatic fingerprint biometrics. The increase in match rate of 10% and 7%, respectively, for encoding and comparison when verifications are conducted on these tasks provides striking evidence of the risks involved if large-scale biometric system integrators or owners design and operate biometric systems based solely on single human examiner conclusions without ample consideration of the error recovery mechanism of second-examiner involvement for low-quality data.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5467207,no
A system for incipient fault detection and fault diagnosis based on MCSA,"The paper describes a system for automated detection of incipient faults in induction machines. The system has been based on the Motor Current Signature Analysis method (MCSA) and aimed to be applied in a thermal electric power plant in south Brazil. First, the mechanism of fault evolution is introduced and clarified regarding the most common induction motor faults: stator winding short-circuits, broken and cracked rotor bars and eccentricity faults. The influence of the load condition on the fault indicator is discussed based on practical cases, obtained through fault simulations using a prototype. The main theoretical and conceptual aspects of the developed system are presented, including the signal acquisition and conditioning as well the database which stores the motor signals acquired over a time period. Some results from the practical use of the system are shown to illustrate the system capabilities.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484287,no
An automated system for incipient fault detection and diagnosis in induction motors based on MCSA,"The paper describes a system for automated detection of incipient faults in induction machines. The system is based on the Motor Current Signature Analysis method (MCSA) and aimed to be applied in a thermal electric power plant in south Brazil. First, the mechanism of fault evolution is introduced and clarified regarding the most common induction motor faults: stator winding short-circuits, broken and cracked rotor bars and eccentricity faults. The influence of the load condition on the fault indicator is discussed based on practical cases, obtained through fault simulations using a prototype. The main theoretical and conceptual aspects of the developed system are presented, including the signal acquisition and conditioning as well the database which stores the motor signals acquired over a time period. Some results from the practical use of the system are shown to illustrate the system capabilities.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5472613,no
Information system of Relay protection for fault record analysis using WEB technology,"The paper describes the information system of the Relay protection department of the transmission system operator HEP, Area of Rijeka used for the remote access to relay protection equipment and the archival of data fault records captured in the power system. The system described facilitates analysis of power system event and relay protection operation using WEB technology.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4618514,no
Experimental Validation of Fault Injection Analyses by the FLIPPER Tool,The paper discusses the experimental validation of fault injection analyses performed with the FLIPPER tool. Failure probabilities obtained by fault injection were compared against failure probabilities obtained at accelerated proton testing of a benchmark design provided by the European Space Agency.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5550298,no
An evolutionary RBF networks based on RPCL and its application in fault diagnosis,"The performance of a RBF neural network strongly depends on the network structure and parameters. Therefore, an algorithm that can automatically select the network configuration will be very beneficial. This paper presents a novel method where configuration of an RBF network can be learned by a hybrid training schema. Appropriate number of neural nets in the hidden layer and their coarse centers is obtained by a modified version of Rival Penalized Competitive Learning (RPCL). Then, Genetic Algorithm is applied to determine the optimal parameters including refined cluster centers, variance of Radial-Basis Function and weights. The application of proposed evolutionary RPCL-RBF networks is discussed and the result of simulation illustrate that proposed method is effective.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5212432,no
A novel mathematical morphology filter for the accurate fault location in power transmission lines,"The performance of Multi-resolution Morphology Gradient (MMG)-based fault location scheme in power transmission lines will deteriorate when the noise is imposed on the transient signals. In this paper, a novel mathematical morphology filter Dierion is proposed to effectively reduce the noise in the transient signals and improve the performance of the accurate fault location using MMG. This proposed filter with parameters (m, k) extracts the kth element in the sorted input signal according to the structure element, whose length is m. Dilation and Erosion filter, the two basic operators in Mathematical Morphology (MM), are formulated in a unified mathematical framework defined by Dierion filter based on the assumption that the structure element is symmetric with respect to its origin. The general statistical characteristics of this proposed morphological filter are discussed in details. The results show that Dierion filter with parameters (m, (m + 1)/2), which namely is Median filter, performs better in noise reduction compared with Dilation and Erosion filters. The efficiency of Dierion filter's noise reduction is verified by a variety of simulations. Therefore, the MMG protection scheme is improved significantly to be noisy tolerant.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5396127,no
Unequal Error Protection (UEP) for Wavelet-Based Wireless 3D Mesh Transmission,"The recent popularity of networked graphics applications such as distributed military simulators and online games, has increased the need to transmit large 3D meshes and textures over wireless networks. To speed up large mesh transmission over low-bandwidth wireless links, we use a wavelet-based technique that aggressively compresses large meshes and enables progressive (piece-wise) transmission. Using wavelets, a server only needs to send the full connectivity information of a small base mesh along with wavelet coefficients that refine it, saving memory and bandwidth. To mitigate packet losses caused by high wireless error rates, we propose a novel forward error correction (FEC) scheme based on unequal error protection (UEP). UEP adds more error correction bits to regions of the mesh that have more details. Our work uses UEP to make wavelet-encoded meshes more resilient to wireless errors. Experimental results shows that our proposed UEP scheme is more error-resilient than no error protection (NEP) and equal error protection (EEP) as the packet loss rate increases by achieving 50% less relative errors and maintaining the decoded mesh structure. Our scheme can be integrated into future mobile devices and shall be useful in application areas such as military simulators on mobile devices.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5190378,no
Disjoint-Paths and Fault-Tolerant Routing on Recursive Dual-Net,"The recursive dual-net is a newly proposed interconnection network for of massive parallel computers. The recursive dual-net is based on a recursive dual-construction of a base network. A k-level dual-construction for k > 0 creates a network containing (2n<sub>0</sub>)<sup>2</sup> <sup>k</sup> nodes with node-degree d<sub>0</sub> + k, where no and do are the number of nodes and the node-degree of the base network, respectively. The recursive dual-net is node and edge symmetric and can contain huge number of nodes with small node-degree and short diameter. Disjoint-paths routing and fault-tolerant routing are fundamental and critical issues for the performance of an interconnection network. In this paper, we propose efficient algorithms for disjoint-paths and fault-tolerant routings on the recursive dual-net.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5372822,no
Design of Fault Diagnosis Instrument for Speed Control System Based on Virtual Instrument,"The operating status of the Electronic Speed Controller and the engine of the cannon needed to be evaluated and checked in ordinary maintenance, examination and repair. A useful fault diagnosis system for Electronic Speed Controller was designed by LabVIEW. The system was composed by magneto electric spin speed sensor, junction box, PWM driven module, PCI1802 multi-function card and Apolo530 industry control portable computer. It could be used to measure and simulate the signal of the magneto electric spin speed sensor or the executor and also could be used to diagnose the faults of the sensor, adjust board and executor of the Electronic Speed Controller. Reliability and convenience of the system was showed in the simulation running experiment.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5759352,no
Optimal placement of sensor in gearbox fault diagnosis based on VPSO,"The optimization layout of the acceleration sensor and application of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve the fitness problems of such optimization are discussed in this paper. Based on the gearbox finite element modeling and the result of modal analysis, use the particle swarm optimization with adaptive velocity (VPSO) algorithm, and take the two kinds of fitness function as evaluation goal, has realized the optimization and positioning of gearbox sensor layout, analyzed optimization result.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5583680,no
The Orion GN&C data-driven flight software architecture for automated sequencing and fault recovery,"The Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) is being designed to include capabilities that allow significantly more automation than either the Space Shuttle or the International Space Station (ISS). In particular, the vehicle flight software has requirements to accommodate increasingly automated missions throughout all phases of flight. This paper presents the Guidance, Navigation & Control (GN&C) flight software architecture designed to provide evolvable automation capability that sequences through software modes and configurations. This software architecture is required to maintain flexibility to address the maturation of operational concepts over time, permit ground and crew operators to gain trust in the system, and provide capabilities for human override of the automation in `off-nominal' situations. To allow for mission flexibility, reconfigurability and reduce the recertification expense over the life of the program, a data-driven approach is used to load the mission event plan as well as the flight software artifacts associated with the GN&C subsystem. The flight software schema for automated mission sequencing is presented with a concept of operations for interactions with ground and crew members. This data is managed through a prototype database of GN&C level sequencing data, which tracks mission specific parameters to aid in the scheduling of GN&C activities. A prototype architecture for fault detection, isolation and recovery interactions with the automation software is presented as part of the upcoming design maturation to respond with appropriate GN&C and vehicle-level actions in `off-nominal' scenarios.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5446722,no
Requirements and concepts for an inter-organizational fault management architecture,"The outsourcing of IT services to dedicated providers has been a successful  and sometimes painful  step for many enterprises in the past decade. More recently also IT services providers themselves started to either outsource service parts or to deliver those services in a non-hierarchical cooperation with other providers. However, splitting a service into several service parts, which have to be implemented, operated, and maintained by different providers, is a non-trivial task. One key aspect of such inter-organizational cooperation is fault management, because it is crucial to locate and solve problems, which reduce the quality of service, quickly and reliably. In this paper we present the results of a thorough use case based requirements analysis, which is part of our ongoing work to specify an architecture for inter-organizational fault management.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5541550,no
Developing Fault Injection Environment for Complex Experiments,"The paper addresses the problem of creating a comprehensive fault injection environment, which integrates and improves various simulation and supplementary functions. This is illustrated with experimental results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4567087,no
The properties of the method of frequency errors correction of input circuits within the range of nonlinear operation,"The paper concerns the method of the correction of frequency errors of input circuits, elaborated for correction of module errors and phase errors of linear input circuits. The method is implemented in the spectral domain in a programmed manner. The author presents the findings of experimental research which show the efficiency of the method in measurements of rms value of nonsinusoidal current within the range of linear and nonlinear processing characteristics of a current transformer.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5524513,no
Communication strategy and fault-tolerance abilities development in bio-inspired hardware systems with FPGA-based artificial cell network,"The paper deals through computer-aided modeling, numerical simulation and experimental research with the bio-inspired digital systems, in order to implement VLSI hardware which exhibits the abilities of living organisms, such as: evolution capabilities, self-healing and fault-tolerance. The theoretical backgrounds of the work are founded in cellular embryology's basic concepts. In the first stage of the researches a new model for an FPGA-based artificial cell is proposed and developed. Also a new communication strategy inside the cell networks is presented, in order to reproduce with high fidelity the complex phenomena and interaction rules in bio-inspired hardware systems. In the next steps the fault-tolerance and self-healing phenomena between these cells in a bi- dimensional structure is careful analyzed and simulated. The final purpose is to design a bio-inspired hardware system (embryonic machine) with programmable FPGA arrays, for study and experiment basic properties of living organisms.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4602490,no
Faults diagnosis for power transformer based on support vector machine,"The power transformer is very important equipment in a power system, and it is necessary to carry through faults diagnosis for it. Support vector machine is a machine learning algorithm based on statistical learning theory, which can get good classification effects with a few learning samples. A new power transformer fault diagnosis method based on support vector machine is presented in this paper. The method has many advantages for transformer faults diagnosis, such as simple algorithm, good classification and high efficiency. This faults diagnosis method finally has been proved by many practical faults data of power transformer. Compared experiment results with the traditional three-ratio method, this method has higher diagnosis right ratio. So it shows that such method is very feasible and is very suitable for power transformer faults diagnosis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5639755,no
Numerical Simulation of Multi-path Ultrasonic Flowmeter: Ultrasonic Path Error Analysis,"The precision of ultrasonic flowmeter is mainly depending on ultrasonic path adaptability for velocity profile of pipe, especially for the special cases, such as ultrasonic flowmeter located near the elbow of pipe. In this paper, the flow fields of some typical pipes were numerically calculated with commercial CFD software, and the velocity profiles in different section of pipe were investigated. Based on the simulated velocity profile, flow rate in special section of the double bend pipe was measured using different ultrasonic path configuration methods, such as Gaussian-path, Jacobianpath and diametral-path. According to the error of the measured flow rate, it is easy to get the optimal layout of ultrasonic path for the particular velocity profile. It is proved that the numerical simulation of flow field is useful for the optimization of the ultrasonic paths of flowmeter.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5632109,no
An approach to ultrasonic fault machinery monitoring by using the wigner-ville and choi-williams distributions,The present work shows that the Wigner-Ville and Choi-Williams distributions are useful to determine the proper operation of rotating axes driven by motors and speed controllers. The bearing diagnosis obtained by analyzing real sound samples using phase-array ultrasonic technology will be discussed to highlight the importance of the proposed tools for industrial machinery monitoring.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4800101,no
Patient motion tracking in the presence of measurement errors,"The primary aim of computer-integrated surgical systems is to provide physicians with superior surgical tools for better patient outcome. Robotic technology is capable of both minimally invasive surgery and microsurgery, offering remarkable advantages for the surgeon and the patient. Current systems allow for sub-millimeter intraoperative spatial positioning, however certain limitations still remain. Measurement noise and unintended changes in the operating room environment can result in major errors. Positioning errors are a significant danger to patients in procedures involving robots and other automated devices. We have developed a new robotic system at the Johns Hopkins University to support cranial drilling in neurosurgery procedures. The robot provides advanced visualization and safety features. The generic algorithm described in this paper allows for automated compensation of patient motion through optical tracking and Kalman filtering. When applied to the neurosurgery setup, preliminary results show that it is possible to identify patient motion within 700 ms, and apply the appropriate compensation with an average of 1.24 mm positioning error after 2 s of setup time.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5333737,no
Nonlinear equivalent circuit model of a traction transformer for winding internal fault diagnostic purposes,The paper presents the development of an equivalent circuit model of a traction transformer intended for studies into the diagnostics of interturn faults. The model accounts for the nonlinear B-H characteristic of the transformer core. The derivation of the model is based on the Lagrange's energy method. The values of model parameters were evaluated by means of 3D finite element model computations. The simulation studies based on the proposed equivalent circuit suggest that interturn faults can be detected by evaluating transformer losses.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4799852,no
Re-configuration of task in flight critical system  Error detection and control,"The paper presents the error detection and control for control metrics of the re-configuration algorithm in an embedded avionics application with extensive checks and validation. This is being carried out in real-time for decision-making. The success of the re-configurable algorithm is based on the integrity of the data from multiple sources. Hence, the integrity checks of these sources need to be controlled and maintained. Integrity checks as part of error detection and control mechanism is implemented using the Hamming code with error detection and error handling capabilities. The paper presents the experimental simulation studies in both Xilinx platform and VxWorks with target. The control parameters used in the re-configuration algorithm is treated with phase conditions of flight, data sampling and averaging before it is being applied for decision-making process. The integrity and error control/detection is quite critical particularly for the validation of control parameters used for re-configuration in the algorithm and hence the error detection and control scheme is designed and simulated using the Xilinx FPGA platform. The paper presents the algorithm in brief, data sampling techniques based on multiple threshold, identification of phases in flight, error detection/control mechanisms for data integrity and validity. The experimental and simulation studies related to the above areas are detailed with results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5347580,no
Data Mining Using Rough Sets and Orthogonal Signal Correction-Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Analysis,"The paper put forward Data mining using rough sets and orthogonal signal correction-orthogonal partial least squares analysis (RS-OSC-OPLS/O2PLS). first, dimensionality reduction and de-noising with rough sets and orthogonal signal correction;second, Data mining using orthogonal partial least squares analysis. The method was proved to be feasible and effective after tested with 13 kinds of nationalities crowds data.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635055,no
Application of EJB Component in Grid Faults Diagnosis System,"The paper, combining the basic principle and architecture of grid technology as well the combined application in grid fault diagnosis expert system, puts forward the application scheme of EJB component in grid fault diagnosis system. The paper designs the grid service layer based on OGSA, and discusses the application methods of grid for fault diagnosis expert system. The fault diagnosis grid framework on expert system and key technology of DGESA are researched in this paper.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5364042,no
Research on the quantification of defects in injection molded parts based on digital image processing,"The parameters of plastic injection molding process for warpage which can be gotten the value from CAE system can be optimized based on intelligent algorithms such as artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM). However, the quantification methods such as weld lines still rely on the subjective judgments law traditionally. This paper proposes a method to quantify the defect of weld lines based on digital image processing, and then the parameters of molding are optimized by support vector machine to minimize the weld lines.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5212397,no
On the Distribution of Software Faults,"The Pareto principle is often used to describe how faults in large software systems are distributed over modules. A recent paper by Andersson and Runeson again confirmed the Pareto principle of fault distribution. In this paper, we show that the distribution of software faults can be more precisely described as the Weibull distribution.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4407730,no
A Practical Coder of Fully Scalable Video over Error-Prone Network,"The paper is mainly devoted to explore practical scalable video coding technologies over error-prone wireless and mobile network with fluctuant bandwidth and various terminals. The new coder supports full scalability of spatial resolution, SNR quality and temporal in a flexible and simple method. Instead of common-used but complex MCTF-based scheme the new coder integrates smartly several optimized and improved technologies, i.e. so-called Hierarchical-B-Picture-Like, DWT, successive multi-level quantization, and SPIHT. The proposed coder can produce embedded bitstream satisfying various requirements of bandwidth, resolution and SNR of terminals over error-prone network. The experiments show that the proposed coder is practical and flexible and works well over error-prone network.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5194497,no
A service based approach to decentralized diagnosis and fault tolerant control,"The paper presents a hierarchical architecture for fault tolerant control of mechatronic systems. In the architecture, both the diagnosis and the reconfiguration are completely decentralized according to the structure of the control system. This is achieved by using a purely service oriented view of the system including both hardware and software. The service view with no cyclic dependencies is further used to obtain Bayesian networks for modeling the system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676019,no
Parameter Estimations in Linear Regression Models with AR(2) Errors in Which the Parameters Have a Special Relationship,"The purpose of this paper is to study parameters estimations in linear regression model with AR(2) errors A<sub>t</sub> = A<sub>1</sub>A<sub>t-1</sub> + A<sub>2</sub>A<sub>t-2</sub> - A<sub>t</sub>, t = 1, 2,A, n in which the parameters have a special relationship A<sub>2</sub> = A<sub>1</sub> <sup>2</sup>. For the properties of variance-covariance matrix A , This kind of models are transformed into the standard linear regression models without autocorrelation errors and apply the method of cycle generalized least squares (CGLS) to estimate parameters. Simulation results show that efficiency of CGLS method is superior over the method of generalized least squares (GLS) under mean square error criterion.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5364199,no
Optimization of Rb-82 PET acquisition and reconstruction protocols for myocardial perfusion defect detection,"The purpose of this study is to optimize the dynamic Rb-82 myocardial perfusion (MP) PET acquisition/reconstruction protocols for maximum perfusion defect detection using realistic simulation data and task-based evaluation. Time activity curves (TACs) of different organs at both rest and stress conditions were extracted from dynamic Rb-82 PET images of 5 normal patients. Combined SimSET-GATE Monte Carlo simulation was used to generate nearly noise-free (NNF) MP PET data from a time series of 3D NCAT phantoms with organ activities modeling different pre-scan delay times (PDTs) and total acquisition times (TATs). Poisson noise was added to the NNF projections and the OS-EM algorithm was applied to generate noisy reconstructed images. The channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) with 3232 spatial templates corresponding to 4 octave-wide frequency channels was used to evaluate the images. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated from the CHO rating data as an index for image quality in terms of MP defect detection. The 0.5 cycle/cm Butterworth post-filtering on OS-EM (with 21 subsets) reconstructed images generates the highest AUC values while those from iteration number 1 to 4 do not show different AUC values. The optimized PDTs for both rest and stress conditions are found to be close to the cross points of the left ventricular chamber and myocardium TACs, which may promote individualized PDT for patient data processing and image reconstruction. Shortening the TATs for 3 minutes from the clinically employed acquisition time does not affect the MP defect detection significantly for both rest and stress studies.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4774430,no
Wavelet packet analysis applied in detection of low-voltage DC arc fault,The randomness and instantaneity of low-voltage DC arc fault make it difficult to be detected by methods in time or frequency domain. This paper proposed a method based on wavelet packet analysis which has the localization characteristics to detect low-voltage DC arc fault. And the effectiveness of this method has been proved by the simulation analysis with the MATALAB software and the arc simulation experiments.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5138962,no
Fault Diagnosis Expert System Based on Integration of Fault-Tree and Neural Network,"The traditional fault diagnosis expert system is dependent on knowledge acquisition of the experts. Knowledge acquisition is recognized as the ""bottleneck"" problem of expert system. In addition, there are also some limitations of adaptive capacity, learning ability and real-time. And artificial neural network with good fault-tolerance and associative memory function, as well as very strong self-adaptive, self-learning ability, just can make up for the limitations of traditional expert system. This paper will construct a new expert system with the artificial neural network into and fault tree. Besides fault tree and neural network, this article mainly introduces the system model of fault diagnosis of the fire control computer and sensor subsystem, the method and process of fault diagnosis. In this expert system, we use the object-oriented production rule to represent the knowledge, which solves the bottleneck problem of the diagnostic knowledge acquisition effectively. The inferential process begins with the abnormal event and finally finds all of the possible faults and the faulty component. For some possible faulty components, which have large number of fault samples, the neural network model can be used to diagnose. The training network of fault samples employs the BP neural network. Finally, simulation training results show that the fault diagnosis expert system based on the combination of fault tree and neural network is rational and effective in fault diagnosis of the fire control system, realizes perfectly the combination of new knowledge and old one, and can grasp the state of systems dynamically.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5365615,no
Vibration fault diagnosis of hydro-turbine generating unit based on rough 1-v-1 multiclass support vector machine,"The traditional vibrant fault diagnosis classifier of hydro-turbine generating unit (HGU) can't reflect the uncertain information in fault pattern recognition. To overcome the above problem a novel classifier based on rough set (RS) and 1-v-1 multiclass support vector machine (SVM) is introduced. In this method, the basic ideas of RS: upper approximation, lower approximation and boundary region are used to describe the positive region, negative region and margin of SVM. By using 1-v-1 method, the multiclass classification of SVM is realized. Then the description of upper approximation, lower approximation and boundary region of multiclass are determined. At last, the rules of classifier are acquired. The results show that the proposed classifier has high classification reliability, more concise rule, and lower requirement of memory space in operation stage, and can reflect the uncertain information of fault diagnosis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5583181,no
A fault-tolerant modular control approach to multi-robot perimeter patrol,"The use of large scale multi-robot systems is motivated by a number of desirable features, such as scalability, fault tolerance, robustness and lower cost with respect to more complex and specialized agents. This work is focused on a a behavior-based approach to the problem of the multi-robot border patrolling, in the framework of the Null-Space-based Behavioral control (NSB); it is based on two previous works of the same authors, where the feasibility of the approach is demonstrated. Namely, a few aspects of the approach, not yet tackled in previous works, are investigated: its robustness to faults of individual agents, its capability of managing large numbers of robots, the possibility of adding new tasks in the framework of the multi-robot patrolling problem. Along these directions, our approach has been validated in simulation with a large number of robots and sudden faults as well as experimentally on a team composed by three Pioneers 2-DX robots.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5420581,no
Minimising Loss-Induced Errors in Real Time Wireless Sensing by Avoiding Data Dependency,"The use of local processing to reduce data transmission rates, and thereby power and bandwidth requirements, is common in wireless sensor networks. Achieving the minimum possible data rate, however, is not always the optimal choice when the effects of packet loss on overall measurement error are considered. This paper presents a case study from the area of wireless inertial motion capture, in which the best distributed processing strategy is shown to be that which minimises inter-packet data dependency, rather than overall data rate. Drawing on this result and further analysis, we identify questions that should be raised during the design process in order to understand the effects of packet loss on distributed signal processing tasks, decide whether the errors are acceptable for an application, and choose appropriate techniques to mitigate them if necessary.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5226868,no
"Gate-Sizing-Based Single <formula formulatype=""inline""> <img src=""/images/tex/19447.gif"" alt=""V_{\rm dd}""> </formula> Test for Bridge Defects in Multivoltage Designs","The use of multiple voltage settings for dynamic power management is an effective design technique. Recent research has shown that testing for resistive bridging faults in such designs requires more than one voltage setting for 100% fault coverage; however, switching between several supply voltage settings has a detrimental impact on the overall cost of test. This paper proposes an effective gate sizing technique for reducing test cost of multi-<i>V</i><sub>dd</sub> designs with bridge defects. Using synthesized ISCAS and ITC benchmarks and a parametric fault model, experimental results show that for all the circuits, the proposed technique achieves single <i>V</i><sub>dd</sub> test, without affecting the fault coverage of the original test. In addition, the proposed technique performs better in terms of timing, area, and power than the recently proposed test point insertion technique. This is the first reported work that achieves single <i>V</i><sub>dd</sub> test for resistive bridge defects, without compromising fault coverage in multi-<i>V</i><sub>dd</sub> designs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5552193,no
Application of Aircraft Fuel Fault Diagnostic Expert System Based on Fuzzy Neural Network,Theories of expert system and fuzzy artificial neural network (ANN) are applied to solve the problem of fault diagnosis in the aircraft fuel system. A multilayer neural network model of the aircraft fuel system is put forward and the integrated aircraft fuel fault diagnostic expert system which solves the problems of knowledge representation and knowledge acquisition of traditional expert system is realized. The hardware-in-loop simulation results show that the expert system diagnoses the fault in accessories rapidly and accurately and it is proved that the expert system is significative and helpful for further development in the aircraft fuel fault diagnosis.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5211443,no
A low-tech solution to avoid the severe impact of transient errors on the IP interconnect,"There are many sources of failure within a system-on-chip (SoC), so it is important to look beyond the processor core at other components that affect the reliable operation of the SoC, such as the fabric included in every one that connects the IP together. We use ARM's AMBA 3 AXI bus matrix to demonstrate that the impact of errors on the IP interconnect can be severe: possibly causing deadlock or memory corruption. We consider the detection of 1-bit transient faults without changing the IP that connects to the bus matrix or the AMBA 3 standard and without adding extra latency while keeping the performance and area overhead low. We explore what can be done under these constraints and propose a combination of techniques for a low-tech solution to detect these rare events.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270301,no
Prediction by Samples From the Past With Error Estimates Covering Discontinuous Signals,"There are several reasons why the classical sampling theorem is rather impractical for real life signal processing. First, the sinc-kernel is not very suitable for fast and efficient computation; it decays much too slowly. Second, in practice only a finite number N of sampled values are available, so that the representation of a signal <i>f</i> by the finite sum would entail a truncation error which decreases rather slowly for NA A, due to the first drawback. Third, band-limitation is a definite restriction, due to the nonconformity of band and time-limited signals. Further, the samples needed extend from the entire past to the full future, relative to some time t = t<sub>0</sub>. This paper presents an approach to overcome these difficulties. The <i>sinc</i>-function is replaced by certain simple linear combinations of shifted B-splines, only a finite number of samples from the past need be available. This deterministic approach can be used to process arbitrary, not necessarily bandlimited nor differentiable signals, and even not necessarily continuous signals. Best possible error estimates in terms of an L<sup>p</sup>-average modulus of smoothness are presented. Several typical examples exhibiting the various problems involved are worked out in detail.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5361466,no
A Leader Management Scheme for Fault-Tolerant Multiple Subnets,"There have been a number of Ethernet-based fault-tolerant schemes which provide fast fault detection and recovery in a subnet environment. However, they are not scalable since Ethernet frame cannot be transmitted to the outside of a subnet. Our SAFE (scalable autonomous fault-tolerant Ethernet) scheme divides whole network into several subnets and manages leader nodes in each subnet. Leader nodes communicate each other for inter-subnet fault recovery. In this paper, we study a fault-tolerant leader management scheme for multiple subnet network. When one of leader nodes fails, the other node will be charged with task of previous leader quickly. Proposed scheme is performing in an autonomous way and network can operate continuously without interruption.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5331780,no
A SCADA system for on-line battery early faults precaution,There have been many papers written about methods used to determine the health of batteries in critical standby applications. In this paper intends to produce a critical on-line analysis of trace resistance method and trace voltage method through the SCADA system application. Yet this management system can be proposed to find the early faults of the batteries. Results indicated that the SCADA system with online battery monitoring systems has been highly willing to manufacture industry in the UPS power management quality.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5213129,no
A fault tolerance procedure for P2P online games,"There is a need to analyze the stability problem of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) online games in depth considering the frequency and scope of player departure and the variation of players usual behavior, e.g. actions, at runtime. An overlay multicast network also known as Application Layer Multicast (ALM) tree, used for intra-zone communication in P2P MMOGs, with a low impact on node departure is preferred which is an open research area to explore. This paper extends cluster concept that brings stability in overlays and devises a fault tolerance solution to handle the problem of routing game states. The presented approach can not only provide fault tolerance to the overlay network but also preserve required end-to-end distance in terms of hops which is an important factor for interactive applications like online game.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5605426,no
The research of printing's image defect inspection based on machine vision,"There may be printing's image defect in printing during the course of print. It is absolutely necessary for Print Corporation to inspect printing with defect. Traditionary printing defect inspection is usually completed by manpower, whose inspect quality is instability, and inspect efficiency is low. The paper proposed a method of printing's image defect inspection based on machine vision, sot up an experiment system. Familiar printing defects such as filar defects, zonal defects, punctuate defects and block defects are inspected in the experiment, which proves practicability of the method and has value of extend application.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246130,no
Research and Development of the Thermal Error Compensation Embedded in CNC System,"Thermally-induced errors are the major contributor to the inaccuracy of the high-precision machine tools. Limited by CNC system's close-loop structure, the present thermal error compensations are difficult to be embedded in CNC system and only can be as an additional unit out of the CNC system. This paper designed and developed an embedded error compensation module based on the opening CNC system with field bus. The presented embedded error compensation module can exchange data with the CNC system main control module in real time, share the system resources and provide on-line temperature measurement and thermal model calculation. Then the position-dependent thermal error can be compensated by correct the coordinates command during CNC system interpolation progress. An experiment was carried out to verify the performance of the compensation system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5640279,no
Novel bandstop filter using dual-U shape defected microstrip structure,"This article proposes a new defected microstrip structure (DMS) which is used to design filter is introduced. Its resonant characteristics can be adjusted by changing the dimension of the structure unit. Finally, a novel bandstop filter based on this structure is designed, fabricated and tested. Both simulated and measured results show that the proposed filter has a good performance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5607095,no
DTS - A Software Defects Testing System,"This demo presents DTS (software defects testing system), a tool to catch defects in source code using static testing techniques. In DTS, various defect patterns are defined using defect patterns state machine and tested by a unified testing framework. Since DTS externalizes all the defect patterns it checks, defect patterns can be added, subtracted, or altered without having to modify the tool itself. Moreover, typical interval computation is expanded and applied in DTS to reduce the false positive and compute the state of defect state machine. In order to validate its usefulness, we perform some experiments on a suite of open source software whose results are briefly presented in the last part of the demo.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4637562,no
Novel Dual-Band Filter Incorporating Defected SIR and Microstrip SIR,"This letter presents a novel approach to design dual-band bandpass filter by using defected stepped impedance resonator (DSIR) and microstrip stepped impedance resonator (MSIR). A pair of MSIRs on the upper plane forms a cross coupled filtering passage, and a pair of DSIRs at the lower plane constructs a linear phase filtering passage. Both of them are fed by a common T-shaped microstrip feed line with source-load coupling. Then they are directly combined to construct a compact dual-band filter with two passbands centering at 2.35 GHz and 3.15 GHz, respectively. The measurement results agree well with the full-wave electromagnetic designed responses.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4530749,no
An Improved Decoding Algorithm for DVC Over Multipath Error Prone Wireless Channels,This letter presents an improved decoding algorithm for distributed video coding (DVC) for enhanced performance over error prone wireless channels with multipath fading. The effects of the channel errors on both Wyner-Ziv and key frame bit streams are considered and novel noise models are proposed together with the associated modifications to the decoding algorithm. Simulations are performed using a W-CDMA wireless channel and the results are analyzed to determine the effect of each individual modification. State-of-the-art H.264/AVC is also considered under similar conditions for the comparison. The simulation results show that the proposed modifications provide a significant improvement in the DVC codec performance under unfavorable channel conditions.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5159392,no
Evaluating the word error rate of channel codes via the squared radius distribution of decision regions,"This letter proposes an efficient approach to evaluate the word error rate (WER) of channel codes with the distribution of squared radius of decision regions. The squared radius can be measured via simulations and then the WER for any signal to noise ratio (SNR) can be evaluated. In addition, by approximating the distribution of squared radius as Gamma distribution, only the mean and variance of squared radius need to be measured. For long codes, the WER can be further simplified to a single term of incomplete gamma function or Gaussian Q function. Moreover, for the code family which has a threshold SNR, the squared radius can be used to estimate the threshold SNR.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4720242,no
Providing Security in Intelligent Agent-Based Grids by Means of Error Correction,"The security of the existing ambient intelligence model presents a particular challenge because this architecture combines different networks, being prone to vulnerabilities and attacks. Specific techniques are required to be studied in order to provide a fault-tolerant system. One way to address this goal is to apply different techniques in order to correct the errors introduced in the systems by a spectrum of sources. This paper is a rational continuity of the previous work by offering a method of detecting and correcting errors.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5189934,no
Error Analysis of Scheduling Sleeping Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks,"The sleeping technique is one of the most popular ways to save energy of battery powered sensor nodes. Many existing researches on sleeping technique are based on the pre-knowledge of sensor nodes deployment, e.g., a known probability distribution of sensor nodes in the target sensing field. Thus, whether or not a scheduling sleeping scheme has a good performance mostly depend upon the pre-knowledge of sensor nodes deployment. In this paper, we show the discrepancy of scheme performances including energy consumption and network lifetime based on inaccurate pre-knowledge of sensor deployment. Through the analytical studies, we conclude that the discrepancy is very large and can not be neglected. We hence propose a distribution-free approach to study energy consumption. In our approach, no assumption of probability distribution of sensor node deployment is needed. The proposed approach has yielded good estimation of network energy consumption.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5066669,no
Research of Software Defect Prediction Model Based on Gray Theory,"The software testing process is an important stage in the software life cycle to improve software quality. An amount of software data and information can be obtained. Based on analyzing the source and the type of software, this paper describes several use of the defects data and explains how to estimate the density of the software by using the software defects data collected in the practical work, and to use GM model to predict and assess the software reliability.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5301677,no
Behavioral Fault Model for Neural Networks,"The term neural network (NN) originally referred to a network of interconnected neurons which are basic building blocks of the nervous system. Fault tolerance is known as an inherent feature of artificial neural networks (ANNs). Wide attention has been given to the problem of fault-tolerance in VLSI implementation domain and not enough attention has been paid to intrinsic capacity of survival to faults. In this work we focus on the impact of faults on the neural computation in order to show neural paradigms cannot be considered intrinsically fault-tolerant. A high abstraction level (corresponding to the neural graph) error model is introduced in this paper. We propose fault model and present an analysis of the usability of our method for fault masking. Simulation results show with this new fault model, the fault with less significant contribution is masked in output.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4769561,no
Study on Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis for Ignition System of Engines,"The test technology for ignition system of automobile engine has been introduced, and the model of distributed monitoring and diagnosis system has been proposed in this paper. The whole structure of this monitoring and diagnosis system has been introduced. Moreover, method for pertinent knowledge acquisition, analysis and organization has been discussed. Finally, typical applications for distributor centrifugal organization model and ignition coil model by using the monitoring and fault diagnosis system are provided.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4958907,no
Nonlinear Discrete-time feedback error learning with PI Controller for AC servo motor,The theme of this paper is to show the efficiency of nonlinear discrete time error learning(NDTFEL) in real application and how to improve it. PI Controller is chosen to improve the stability and reliability of the system by increasing robustness of the system. The simulations show how NDTFEL work on error rejecting. The results also show how PI controller improve the stability of NDTFEL.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4654874,no
Application of the Elman Network and Synthetically Relational Analysis to Fault Diagnosis for Suction Fan,The theory of Elman network and gray relational analysis was introduced; a method based on the synthetically relational analysis was presented and applied to fault diagnosis of Suction Fan. The same testing fault mode was diagnosed by both the method of Elman network and the synthetically relational analysis respectively. The result shows that the fault diagnosis based on the synthetically relational analysis is feasible and simple.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4721905,no
RMS bounds and sample size considerations for error estimation in linear discriminant analysis,"The validity of a classifier depends on the precision of the error estimator used to estimate its true error. This paper considers the necessary sample size to achieve a given validity measure, namely RMS, for resubstitution and leave-one-out error estimators in the context of LDA. It provides bounds for the RMS between the true error and both the resubstitution and leave-one-out error estimators in terms of sample size and dimensionality. These bounds can be used to determine the minimum sample size in order to obtain a desired estimation accuracy, relative to RMS. To show how these results can be used in practice, a microarray classification problem is presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5719691,no
Evaluation of a single accelerometer based biofeedback system for real-time correction of neck posture in computer users,"The worldwide adoption of computers is closely linked to increased prevalence in neck and shoulder pain. Many ergonomic interventions are available; however, the lifetime prevalence of neck pain is still estimated as high as 80%. This paper introduces a biofeedback system using a novel single accelerometer placement. This system allows the user to react and correct for movement into a position of bad posture. The addition of visual information provides artificial proprioceptive information on the cranial-vertebral angle. Six subjects were tested for 5 hours with and without biofeedback. All subjects had a significant decrease in the percentage of time spent in bad posture when using biofeedback.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5334726,no
Monitoring Crustal Deformation along the Xianshuihe Fault in the Eastern Tibetan Margin Area with Envisat ScanSAR Interferometry,"The Xianshuihe fault of Sichuan province, southwest China, is a highly active strike-slip fault approximately 350 km long. Previous studies have described up to 10-17 mm/yr of left-lateral slip on the Xianshuihe fault during the last decades, as indicated from geological criteria and GPS observations. The satellite InSAR observation is an alternative technique effectively used to measure the crustal deformation on the active fault. However, the conventional strip mode SAR imagery (i.e. ENVISAT/ASAR IM image) covers usually a 100 km wide stripe and will therefore not be sufficient for such large-scale deformation study. In this paper, we presented ScanSAR interferometry applied to ENVISAT/ASAR WSM data to produce about 400times400 km<sup>2</sup> deformation map over the Xianshuihe fault zone and the Garze-Yushu fault zone. The preliminary stacked deformation results of six WS-WS interferograms indicated a northeast-southwest deformation trend nearly perpendicular to the two fault zones and demonstrated the potential to monitor such wide-stretched deformation using ENVISAT WSS data.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4779643,no
The Analysis and Comparison of Tracking Error between SSE-50 ETF and SSE-180 ETF,"The SSE-50 ETF and SSE-180 ETF are extremely familiar no matter in the index-establishing or the characteristics of index, so this thesis selects the SSE-50 ETF and SSE-180 ETF as the research objects, then analysis the tracking errors of SSE-50 ETF and SSE-180 ETF empirically in three ways, finally, the thesis discusses the reasons which make the different tracking errors between SSE-50 ETF and SSE-180 ETF.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5631599,no
Fault-tree based evaluation of tiered autonomic systems,The success of self configuration in autonomic distributed systems depends on the availability of the management components and their interconnections. This paper describes a fault tree model to evaluate the availability of a tiered autonomic system that considers the failures of management components. The model predictions will guide the selection and placement of the management components to meet the service-level availability requirements at substantially lower cost and time.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4564787,no
Operating characteristics of the Permanent-Magnet-Biased Saturation Based Fault Current Limiter,"This paper describes a topological configuration of a fault current limiter consisting of a permanent and saturable core. The operating characteristics of this permanent-magnet-biased saturation based fault current limiter (PMFCL) are simulated in details by means of finite element method (FEM) with ANSOFT. Firstly, the relationship between the total harmonic distortion of transient limiting current and its peak value is analyzed. Secondly, the paper presents the flux density variation with different source voltages as well as magnetic flux density distribution under different operation conditions. Finally, the fault current limiting characteristics influenced by the source voltages and the number of turns of the coil are investigated. The research results present analytical basis and calculation reference for the parameter optimization of this type of PMFCL.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4773983,no
Tunable Transient Filters for Soft Error Rate Reduction in Combinational Circuits,"This paper describes a tunable transient filter (TTF) design for soft error rate reduction in combinational logic circuits. TTFs can be inserted into combinational circuits to suppress propagated single- event upsets (SEUs) before they can be captured in latches/flip- flops. TTFs are tuned by adjusting the maximum width of the propagated SEU that can be suppressed. TTFs require 6-14 transistors, making them an attractive cost-effective option to reduce the soft error rate in combinational circuits. A global optimization approach based on geometric programming that integrates TTF insertion with dual-VoD and gate sizing is described. Simulation results for the 70 nm process technology indicate that a 17-48X reduction in the soft error rate can be achieved with this approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4556045,no
Detecting errors in the ATLAS TDAQ system: A neural networks and support vector machines approach,"This paper describes how neural networks and support vector machines can be used to detect errors in a large scale distributed system, specifically the ATLAS Trigger and Data AcQuisition (TDAQ) system. By collecting, analysing and preprocessing some of the data available in the system it is possible to recognize and/or predict error situations arising in the system. This can be done without detailed knowledge of the system, nor of the data available. Hence the presented methods could be used in similar system without significant changes. The TDAQ system, and in particular the main components related to this work, is described together with the test setup used. We simulate a number of error situations in the system and simultaneously gather both performance measures and error messages from the system. The data are then preprocessed and neural networks and support vector machines are applied to try to detect the error situations, achieving classification accuracy ranging from 88% to 100% for the neural networks and 90.8% to a 100% for the support vector machines approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5069960,no
Development of fault detection and reporting for non-central maintenance aircraft,"This paper describes how real-time faults can be automatically detected in Boeing 737 airplanes without significant hardware or software modifications, or potentially expensive system re-certification by employing a novel approach to Airplane Conditioning and Monitoring System (ACMS) usage. The ACMS is a function of the Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit (DFDAU), which also collects aircraft parameters and transmits them to the Flight Data Recorder (FDR). The DFDAU receives digital and analog data from various airplane subsystems, which is also available to the ACMS. Exploiting customized ACMS software allows airline operators to specify collection and processing of various aircraft parameters for flight data monitoring, maintenance, and operational efficiency trending. Employing a rigorous systems engineering approach with detailed signal analysis, fault detection algorithms are created for software implementation within the ACMS to support ground-based reporting systems. To date, over 160 algorithms are in development based upon the existing Fault Reporting and Fault Isolation Manual (FRM/FIM) structure and availability of system signals for individual faults. Following successful field-testing and implementation, 737 airplane customers have access to a state of fault detection automation not previously available on aircraft without central maintenance monitoring.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5446830,no
A Fault-Tolerant Design of a Microcontroller-Based Monitoring System for a Mine Drainage Pump,"This paper describes hybrid-redundant design of monitoring systems with proprietary industrial-control computer boards. Input channels use three-mode redundancy, host controllers two-mode redundancy and output channels use warm redundancy. Experiments and analysis of system reliability by the Markov model indicate that the reliability of normal operation for 5 years is above 0.9.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4627137,no
The Application of Time Series Seasonal Multiplicative Model and GARCH Error Amending Model on Forecasting the Monthly Peak Load,"This paper describes the basic principle of seasonal multiplicative model in time series and the GARCH model, applies the former to forecast the monthly peak load, and then uses the latter to amend the forecasting error. Calculating the real data of a regional power grid, results show the forecasting precision and effect of the error modifying model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5384767,no
Minosthe design and implementation of an embedded real-time operating system with a perspective of fault tolerance,"This paper describes the design and implementation of a small real time operating system (OS) called Minos and its application in an onboard active safety project for general aviation. The focus of the operating system is predictability, stability, safety and simplicity. We introduce fault tolerance aspects in software by the concept of a very fast reboot procedure and by an error correcting flight data memory (FDM). In addition, fault tolerance is supported by custom designed hardware.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4747312,no
Technical loss calculation by distribution system segment with corrections from measurements,"This paper aims to present a methodology for the calculation of technical losses per segment of a power distribution system. One of the most important data is the billed energy of each customer. After this calculation, it is achieved the energy supplied by each feeder. This calculated energy is, then, compared with the measured energy. As a result of this comparison, it is possible to correct the technical losses calculated previously, considering the flow of the non-billed energy (theft and fraud) through the network. Consequently, it is achieved a new value for the technical losses and for the non-technical losses. On this paper it is presented the methodology for the calculation of technical losses with the correction through the measurements and the results obtained.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5255756,no
Control of a full-converter Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Generator with Neutral Point Clamped converters during a network fault,"This paper analyses the behaviour of a full-converter wind generation system with a back-to-back conversion structure using Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) converters during network faults. A Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) is used as the generator. The main problems of this structure during voltage sags are firstly, the accumulation of power in the DC-link due to the reduction of power delivered to grid, and secondly, the control of the neutral point voltage. Three control strategies are proposed with the purpose of optimizing operation under network fault conditions. The characteristics of those strategies with regard to DC-link voltage control, torque variations required of PMSG and neutral point voltage control are also discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675049,no
Fault-tolerance for PastryGrid middleware,"This paper analyses the performance of a decentralized and fault-tolerant software layer for Desktop Grid resources management. The grid middleware under concern is named PastryGrid. Its main design principle is to eliminate the need for a centralized server, therefore to remove the single point of failure and bottleneck of existing Desktop Grids. PastryGrid (based on Pastry) supports the execution of distributed application with precedence between tasks in a decentralized way. Indeed, each node can play alternatively the role of client or server. Our main contribution is to propose a fault tolerant mechanism for Pastry-Grid middleware. Since the management of PastryGrid is distributed over the participants without central manager, its control becomes a challenging problem, especially when dealing with faults. The experimental results on the Grid'5000 testbed demonstrate that our decentralized fault-tolerant system is robust because it supports high fault rates.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5470919,no
Distortion analysis and error concealment for multi-view video transmission,"This paper analyzes the distortion in decoded multi-view video caused by random packet losses in the underlying transmission network and proposes an error concealment method for for multi-view video. Taking into account the interdependent coding among views, which is an important component of multi-view video coding, a distortion estimation formula is developed by mathematical discursion. Additionally, an error concealment scheme for multi-view stereo video is proposed to enhance the quality of the multi-view video over packet-switching networks.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463160,no
A Genetic Algorithm Based Method of Fault Maintenance in Software-Intensive System,"This paper analyzes the problem of fault maintenance in software-Intensive system. The problem is described and modeled by a genetic algorithm (GA) based method. After a complete investigation on elements involved in the problem, the controls parameters in GA are confirmed. The feasibility and the degree of accuracy of the GA based method are tested by an example in the end.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4959489,no
Improving Multilabel Analysis of Music Titles: A Large-Scale Validation of the Correction Approach,"This paper addresses the problem of automatically extracting perceptive information from acoustic signals, in a supervised classification context. Global labels, i.e., atomic information describing a music title in its entirety, such as its genre, mood, main instruments, or type of vocals, are entered by humans. Classifiers are trained to map audio features to these labels. However, the performances of these classifiers on individual labels are rarely satisfactory. In the case we have to predict several labels simultaneously, we introduce a correction scheme to improve these performances. In this scheme-an instance of the classifier fusion paradigm-an extra layer of classifiers is built to exploit redundancies between labels and correct some of the errors coming from the individual acoustic classifiers. We describe a series of experiments aiming at validating this approach on a large-scale database of music and metadata (about 30 000 titles and 600 labels per title). The experiments show that the approach brings statistically significant improvements.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4749454,no
Fault-tolerant output tracking control for a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle,"This paper addresses the problem of guaranteed cost fault-tolerant output tracking control against actuator faults for a flexible air-breathing hypersonic vehicle. Firstly, using the parameters of the trim condition, a linearized model is established around the trim point for a nonlinear, dynamically coupled simulation model. Secondly, the control objective and models of actuator faults are presented. Thirdly, the performance analysis condition is proposed in the frame of convex optimization problems via Lyapunov functional approach. Then, the stand controller and fault-tolerant controller are designed such that the resulting closed-loop system is asymptotically stable and satisfies a prescribed performance cost respectively. Finally, the simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed control method, which is verified by excellent reference altitude and velocity tracking performance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634035,no
The application of synthetic focusing for imaging crack-like defects in pipelines using guided waves,"This paper deals with quantifying the performance of a technique for detection, location, and sizing of circumferential crack-like defects in pipelines using synthetically focused guided waves. The system employs a circumferential array of piezoelectric transducer elements. A torsional probing guided wave is excited using the array, which subsequently interacts with the reflecting features of the pipe, such as defects or weld caps. The recorded backscattered signals are synthetically focused to every point of interest in the pipe wall, to form an image of the reflecting features of the pipe. The defect image amplitude is used to estimate the defect depth, and the full width at half maximum of the defect image circumferential profile is used to estimate the circumferential extent of the defect. The imaging system is tested with data from finite element simulations and from laboratory experiments. It is found that reliable sizing of circumferential cracks in finite element simulations and experiments can be achieved if the circumferential extent of the defect is greater than 1.5 lambda<sub>S</sub>, where lambda<sub>S</sub> is the shear wavelength at the frequency of inspection. This result is theoretically valid for any pipe size, any axial defect location, and any inspection frequency. Amplitude gains of around 18 dB over an unfocused system have been observed experimentally in an 8-inch pipe with a 9 dB SNR improvement.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4815305,no
A New Iterative Approach to the Corrective Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow Problem,"This paper deals with techniques to solve the corrective security-constrained optimal power flow (CSCOPF) problem. To this end, we propose a new iterative approach that comprises four modules: a CSCOPF which considers only a subset of potentially binding contingencies among the postulated contingencies, a (steady-state) security analysis (SSSA), a contingency filtering (CF) technique, and an OPF variant to check post-contingency state feasibility when taking into account post-contingency corrective actions. We compare performances of our approach and its possible variants with classical CSCOPF approaches such as the direct approach and Benders decomposition (BD), on three systems of 60, 118, and 1203 buses.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4620169,no
Testing of embedded system using fault modeling,"This paper deals with the problem of testing methods for testing embedded systems The problem addressed in this paper is about methods for testing whether impletation of system are correct . The problem of testing a system for its correctness deals with the designing of test cases .Test cases for correctness of the system with respect to specifications ,are large in number which makes the testing of embedded system infeasible. Robust testing of embedded system will help in solving this problem .Robust testing can be done by considering specifications as finite state machine.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5441142,no
Building a reliable internet core using soft error prone electronics,"This paper describes a methodology for building a reliable internet core router that considers the vulnerability of its electronic components to single event upset (SEU). It begins with a set of meaningful system level metrics that can be related to product reliability requirements. A specification is then defined that can be effectively used during the system architecture, silicon and software design process. The system can then be modeled at an early stage to support design decisions and trade-offs related to potentially costly mitigation strategies. The design loop is closed with an accelerated measurement technique using neutron beam irradiation to confirm that the final product meets the specification.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4567283,no
Frisch scheme identification for Errors-in-Variables systems,"This paper considers the problem of identification of dynamic Errors-in-Variables (EIV) systems. Some fatal errors of the well-known Frisch Scheme for EIV identification have been presented, and on the basis of it an improved recursive algorithm is proposed. The new algorithm can estimate both the system parameters and the noise variance with higher accuracy and computational efficiency. Simulations illustrate the theoretical results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5599803,no
Dynamic code deployment enables fault diagnosis in the connected home,This paper discusses the role of the OSGi service platform in support of dynamic code deployment within home networks and its use to enable the operation of an extensible fault diagnosis capability. This capability takes the form of a prototype agent based system that can identify faults in software and hardware components by operating on a largely autonomous basis.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4559533,no
Some observations on prediction error minimization,This paper does not introduce any new methodology. Its primary aim is to present both real data analysis and associated simulation results that question an over-reliance on the prediction error minimisation approach to the identification and estimation of linear transfer function models from time series data.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6490916,no
A method for the measurement and analysis of SAR signal random phase error,This Paper explains the importance of phase error measurement and analysis through the research on the impact of SAR phase error on linear frequency-modulated imaging and introduces a method for the measurement and analysis of SAR phase error. The intrapulse phase error can be analyzed and measured correctly via the application of Tektronix Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer RSA6114A together with radar analysis software or SignalVu software matching with Tektronix Oscilloscope.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5374317,no
Performance analysis of BPSK and QPSK using error correcting code through AWGN,"This paper highlight the performance analysis of BPSK and QPSK using error correcting code. To calculate the bit error rate, different types of error correcting code were used through an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel. Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH), Cyclic code and hamming code were used as the encoder/decoder technique. Basically, the performance was determined in term of bit rate error (BER) and signal energy to noise power density ratio (Eb/No). Both BPSK and QPSK were also being compared in the symbol error capability known as t in which expected that the performance is graded in response to the increasing of value of t. All simulations were done using MATLAB R2007b software. In general BCH codes demonstrate better performance than Hamming code and Cyclic code for both BPSK and QPSK.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5508536,no
Performance Analysis of Digital Flight Control Systems With Rollback Error Recovery Subject to Simulated Neutron-Induced Upsets,"This paper introduces a class of stochastic hybrid models for the analysis of closed-loop control systems implemented with NASA's Recoverable Computer System (RCS). Such systems have been proposed to ensure reliable control performance in harsh environments. The stochastic hybrid model consists of a stochastic finite-state automaton driven by a Markov input process, which in turn drives a switched linear discrete-time dynamical system. Stability and output tracking performance are analyzed using an extension of the existing theory for Markov jump-linear systems. The theory is then applied to predict the tracking error performance of a Boeing 737 at cruising altitude and in closed-loop with an RCS subject to neutron-induced single-event upsets. The results are validated using experimental data obtained from a simulated neutron environment in NASA's SAFETI Laboratory.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4389046,no
A content adaptive fast PDE algorithm for motion estimation based on matching error prediction,"This paper introduces a new fast motion estimation based on estimating a block matching error (i.e., sum of absolute difference (SAD)) between blocks which can eliminate an impossible candidate block much earlier than a conventional partial distortion elimination (PDE) scheme. The basic idea of the proposed scheme is based on predicting the total SAD of a candidate block using its partial SAD. In particular, in order to improve prediction accuracy and computational efficiency, a sub-sample based block matching and a selective pixel-based approaches are employed. In order to evaluate the proposed scheme, several baseline approaches are described and compared. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the computations by about 44% for motion estimation at the cost of 0.0005 dB quality degradation versus the general PDE algorithm.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6388429,no
A Systematic Robot Fault-Tolerance Approach,"This paper introduces a systematic approach to suggesting proper fault-tolerance techniques for robots. We classified general robot faults into six types, and developed a UML profile to organize and model a dependancy structure of existing fault-tolerance techniques. In future, we will organize fault-tolerance techniques into the form of the UML profile and determine the relationships between each fault and techniques.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5254202,no
The Design of Long-Distance Steam Turbine Generator Rotor Windings Inter-Turn Short Circuit Fault Diagnose System Based on VB.Net,"This paper had built inter turn short-circuit fault diagnose system of steam generator rotor windings based on the fault criterion of rotor inter turn short circuit on-line identification. The frame of diagnose system is introduced, and then the long-distance rotor inter turn short-circuit diagnose system which based on B/S module is built by combining advanced VB.net technique's Web service and SQL server.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4603201,no
Statements versus Predicates in Spectral Bug Localization,"This paper investigates the relationship between the use of predicate-based and statement-based program spectra for bug localization. Branch and path spectra are also considered. Although statement and predicate spectra can be based on the same raw data, the way the data is aggregated results in different information being lost. We propose a simple and cheap modification to the statement-based approach which retains strictly more information. This allows us to compare statement and predicate ''metrics'' (functions used to rank the statements, predicates or paths). We show that improved bug localization performance is possible using single-bug models and benchmarks.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5693214,no
Analysis of Software Reliability Modeling Considering Testing Compression Factor and Failure-to-Fault Relationship,"This paper is an attempt to relax and improve the assumptions regarding software reliability modeling. To approximate reality much more closely, we take into account the concepts of testing compression factor and the quantified ratio of faults to failures in the modeling. Numerical examples based on real failure data show that the proposed framework has a fairly good prediction capability. Further, we also address the optimal software release time problem and conduct a detailed sensitivity analysis through the proposed model.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5372166,no
A low-cost motion tracker and its error analysis,"This paper develops a physical model of an inertial/magnetic measurement unit by effectively integrating an accelerometer, a magnetometer, and two gyroscopes for low-g motion tracking applications. The proposed model breaks down the errors contributed by individual components, then determines error elimination methods based on sensor behavior and characteristics, and finally constructs a feedback loop for continuous self-calibration. Measurement errors are reduced by adopting a systematic design methodology: 1) tilt errors are minimized through a careful selection of A/D convertor resolution and by making compensation on sensor bias and scale factor; 2) heading errors are reduced by cancelling out nearby ferrous distortions and making tilt-compensation on the magnetometer; 3) errors from gyroscope measurements are eliminated via the least squares algorithm and continuous corrections using orientation data at the steady-state position. Preliminary tests for low-g motion sensing show that the motion tracker can achieve less than plusmn0.5deg accuracy in tilt and less than plusmn1deg accuracy in yaw angle measurement with above-mentioned methods.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4543226,no
"Fault detection, isolation, and recovery using spline tools and differential flatness with application to a magnetic levitation system","This paper discusses fault detection and isolation for continuous-time systems using B-Splines and the notion of differential flatness. The idea is, from the system's flat outputs (which are obtained directly from measurement or from an observer), we algebraically produce every other measured signal, including the inputs. The corresponding signals are then compared. In nominal condition, a measured signal and its counterpart derived from the flat outputs are similar up to noise and the filter's bandwidth. In the occurrence of faults, they are different. We then use this information to signify a fault and to compensate for it. The techniques used to produce signals from the flat outputs, and filter out the noise, are based on a B-Splines parametrisation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675959,no
Automated fault analysis: From requirements to implementation,"This paper discusses implementation of systems for automated processing and analysis of data recorded in substations during faults. Substation fault data is captured by various intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) such as digital fault recorders, digital protective relays, circuit breaker recorders, etc. Equipment in today's substations is provided by various vendors and comes in different vintages. System protection engineers, for example, have to deal with different IED product versions, diverse data collection and viewing software, and variety of proprietary and non-proprietary data formats. This paper illustrates how to bring together internal needs and requirements defined by a given utility, available standards and recommendations developed by professional organizations, as well as the requirements imposed externally, for example, standards defined by North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275446,no
Design and implementation of one-terminal fault location system based on impedance-traveling wave assembled algorithm,"This paper introduces the design and implementation of one-terminal fault location system for transmission lines based on impedance-traveling wave assembled algorithm. It combines the measurements of impedance method and traveling wave method in one-terminal fault location system for transmission lines. The algorithm named impedance-traveling wave assembled algorithm is described at first. The assembled algorithm has complementarities of both methods, because measurement impedance method guarantees reliability and traveling wave method improves accuracy. Then it is how to implement the algorithm in power system, including hardware and software of fault location system, introducing main structure, fault location device, programming flows in industrial computer and high-speed card, data process, and so on.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5348293,no
The simulation of single-phase earthed fault in neutral ineffective grounding system based on MATLAB,"This paper is mainly used of MATLAB software to simulate neutral ineffective earthed power system. It focus on how to establish the simulink model and get the result from different conditions of earthed fault which affect the zero-sequence current and three-phase voltage. By comparing the zero-sequence current, the fault line could be selected.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609964,no
The analysis for roundness error of revolution body based on hypothesized instrument,"This paper picks up a analysis system for roundness error of revolution body based on hypothesized instrument. Aiming at the signal can be interrupted from outside, this paper uses wavelet denoising algorithm and 53H algorithm which made by LabVIEW and MATLAB to finish error segregation. According to the smallest region method of roundness error, this paper adopts the real number code to evaluate the roundness error based on the improved genetic algorithm. It carry on directed mutation and change mutation step size adaptively as the trend of search points' adaptive value. It can achieve the high precision, and has good robustness.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5688614,no
Poisonedwater: an adaptive approach to reducing the reputation ranking error in P2P networks,"This paper preliminarily proposes a reputation ranking algorithm called ldquoPoisonedwaterrdquo to resist front peer attack - peers that gain high reputation values by always cooperating with other peers and then promote their malicious friends through passing most of their reputation values to those malicious peers. Specifically, we introduce a notion of Poisoned Water (PW) that iteratively floods from identified malicious peers in the reverse direction of the incoming trust links towards other peers. Furthermore, we propose the concept of spreading factor (SF) that is logistically correlated to each peer's PW level. Then, we design the new reputation ranking algorithm seamlessly integrated with peers' recommendation ability (represented as SF), to infer the more accurate reputation ranking for each peer. Simulation results show that, in comparison with Eigentrust, Poisonedwater can significantly reduce the ranking error ratio up to 20%, when P2P systems exist many malicious peers and front peers.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5339607,no
Application of SANTAD in network monitoring and fault detection of FTTH-PON,"This paper presented a new approach to monitor the network performance and detect any occurrence of fault in fiber-to-the-home passive optical network (FTTH-PON) using an efficient monitoring system named Smart Access Network Testing, Analyzing and Database (SANTAD). An optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) with 1625 nm laser source is located at central office (CO) and connected to a remote personnel computer (PC) via Ethernet TCP/IP connection. A tapper circuit is designed to allow the OTDR testing signal to bypass the optical splitter in a conventional FTTH-PON when emitted in downstream direction. The key idea is to accumulate all OTDR measurement to be displayed on a PC computer screen for centralized monitoring and advanced data analyzing. The main advantages of this work is to improve the survivability and efficiency of FTTH-PON, while reduce the hands on workload as well as maintenance cost and time. The proposed system was implemented in a FTTH-PON network testbed and the experimental results showed that the proposed system achieves high accuracy in addressing the exact failure location.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5254695,no
Fault ride-through capability improvement of wind farms using doubly fed induction generator,This paper presents a doubly fed induction generator in a sample distribution network. Grid consist of two distributed generation (DG) units. DG1 is a 5MVA synchronous generator with its excited and governor systems. DG2 is a doubly fed induction generator wind turbine which encompasses a wound rotor induction generator and a partial scale power electronic converter as grid side and rotor side converter. Simulation is performed in PSCAD/EMTDC software. The objective is to keep DFIG connected to the grid in abnormal conditions which is called fault ride-through capability. An active diode bridge crowbar switch is proposed and effects of its parameters in dynamic response of DFIG are investigated. Simulation results show well defined parameters of crowbar maintain stability of DFIG and improve its fault ride-through capability.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4651578,no
FPGA based real time fuzzy fault detection algorithm,"This paper presents a fast fuzzy algorithm, implemented using field-programmable gate array (FPGA) to detect the stator related faults in induction motors. Altera Cyclone III FPGA was employed for developing the proposed method. All coding of fuzzy algorithm was written using hardware description language (HDL) called very high speed integrated circuit description language (VHDL). Fuzzy system has three inputs and one output. The magnitudes of three phase current signals were given to the fuzzy system and stator related faults were detected. The validity of the proposed method was tested by experimental data set and was also compared to the results of MATLAB fuzzy logic toolbox. The experimental results show that the proposed method gives very efficient and reliable results for fault detection of induction motors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5686535,no
Errors on Space Software Requirements: A Field Study and Application Scenarios,"This paper presents a field study on real errors found in space software requirements documents. The goal is to understand and characterize the most frequent types of requirement problems in this critical application domain. To classify the software requirement errors analyzed we initially used a well-known existing taxonomy that was later extended in order to allow a more thorough analysis. The results of the study show a high rate of requirement errors (9.5 errors per each 100 requirements), which is surprising if we consider that the focus of the work is critical embedded software. Besides the characterization of the most frequent types of errors, the paper also proposes a set of operators that define how to inject realistic errors in requirement documents. This may be used in several scenarios, including: evaluating and training reviewers, estimating the number of requirement errors in real specifications, defining checklists for quick requirement verification, and defining benchmarks for requirements specifications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635117,no
A Fault-Tolerant Communication Algorithm of ARINC429 Based on Hybrid Redundancy,"This paper presents a hybrid redundancy algorithm to improve the fault-tolerance of ARINC429, which synthesize hardware redundancy with dual channels in physical layer and information redundancy with Cycle Redundancy Check (CRC) in data link layer. The concept of failover delay is introduced to analyze the capability of error detection in this algorithm. Validations of this algorithm is obtained through the method called fault injection, which is proved that the algorithm presented here can reduce failover delay to 18 ms in the practical system, and prevent any undetected error with even number of error bits caused by parity check thoroughly.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5454835,no
Approach to Fault Identification for Electronic Products Using Mahalanobis Distance,"This paper presents a Mahalanobis distance (MD) based diagnostic approach that employs a probabilistic approach to establish thresholds to classify a product as being healthy or unhealthy. A technique for detecting trends and biasness in system health is presented by constructing a control chart for the MD value. The performance parameters' residuals, which are the differences between the estimated values (from an empirical model) and the observed values (from health monitoring), are used to isolate parameters that exhibit faults. To aid in the qualification of a product against a specific known fault, we suggest that a fault-specific threshold MD value be defined by minimizing an error function. A case study on notebook computers is presented to demonstrate the applicability of this proposed diagnostic approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5299092,no
Application of non-parametric statistics of the parametric response for defect diagnosis,"This paper presents a method using only the rank of the measurements to separate a part's elevated response to parametric tests from its non-elevated response. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on the 130nm ASIC. Good die responses are correlated for same parametric tests at different conditions such as temperature, voltage and or other stress. Nonparametric correlation methods are used to calculate the intra-die correlation. When intra-die correlation is found to be low the elevated vectors that lower correlation are extracted and input to IDDQ-based diagnostic tools. Monte-Carlo simulations are described to obtain confidence bounds of the correlation for good die test response.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5355728,no
Automatic Diagnosis of Defects of Rolling Element Bearings Based on Computational Intelligence Techniques,"This paper presents a method, based on classification techniques, for automatic detection and diagnosis of defects of rolling element bearings. We used vibration signals recorded by four accelerometers on a mechanical device including rolling element bearings: the signals were collected both with all faultless bearings and after substituting one faultless bearing with an artificially damaged one. We considered four defects and, for one of them, three severity levels. In all the experiments performed on the vibration signals represented in the frequency domain we achieved a classification accuracy higher than 99%, thus proving the high sensitivity of our method to different types of defects and to different degrees of fault severity. We also assessed the degree of robustness of our method to noise by analyzing how the classification performance varies on variation of the signal-to-noise ratio and using statistical classifiers and neural networks. We achieved very good levels of robustness.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5364408,no
A Multi-agent System for Complex Vehicle Fault Diagnostics and Health Monitoring,"This paper presents a multi-agent system(MAS_VFD&HM) developed for complex vehicle fault diagnosis and health monitoring. The MAS_VFD&HM consists of signal diagnostic agents, special case agents, and a vehicle diagnostic/monitoring agent. A signal agent is responsible for the fault diagnosis or monitoring of one particular signal using either a single signal or multiple signals depending on the complexity of signal faults. Special case agents are those trained to detect specific component faults. All these agents are autonomous and report their results to the Vehicle System Agent. A computational framework is presented for agent learning and agent operation. The proposed MAS_VFD&HM is scalable, versatile, and has the capability of dealing complex problems such as multiple faults in a vehicle system. Although our focus was on the automotive diagnostics, the proposed MAS_VFD&HM is applicable to complex engineering diagnostic problems beyond vehicles.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5628605,no
New method for current and voltage measuring offset correction in an induction motor sensorless drive,This paper presents a new algorithm for electromagnetic torque and flux estimation in a sensorless drive when uncompensated dc offset of current and/or voltage sensors are present. The novel feature of the offset error correction algorithm is an attempt not to eliminate the consequence of problem but to identify its source. The algorithm uses the first harmonic of estimated torque and dc value of estimated stator flux to identify the source and value of the current and/or voltage offset error. Identified values can be used for offset cancelation which improves estimation process.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5618152,no
New Method for Discrimination of Transformers Internal Faults from Magnetizing Inrush Currents Using Wavelet Transform,"This paper presents a new algorithm for transformer differential protection, based on pattern recognition of the instantaneous differential currents. A decision logic by wavelet Transform has been devised using extracted feature from differential currents due to internal fault and inrush currents. In this logic, diagnosis criterion is based on time difference of amplitudes of wavelet coefficients over a specified frequency band. The proposed algorithm is evaluated using various simulated inrush and internal fault current cases on a power transformer that has been modeled using Electromagnetic Transients Program software. Results of evaluation study show that, proposed wavelet based differential protection scheme can discriminate internal faults from inrush currents in less than 5 ms.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4745190,no
Fault location of HV teed feeder based on synchronized voltage measurement and smooth support vector machines,"This paper presents a new technique for accurate fault locator based on synchronized voltage measurement and smooth support vector machines (SSVM) HV teed feeder transmission line. The approach consists of detection of faulted branch, classification of fault type and determination of exact fault location. Post-fault measured voltages waveforms are collected from only two ends of the three branches teed feeder system. The application of SSVM (Classification and Regression) is practiced for training, testing and validating of the faulted waveforms data set leading to the exact fault location on the system. Several fault conditions are analyzed, trained, tested and validated. The proposed technique is tested and found insensitive to variation of different parameters such as fault type, fault resistance and fault inception angle. ATP-EMTP program is used for simulation of faulted data for a 275KV teed feeder transmission system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5697721,no
Combined Wavelet-SVM Technique for Fault Zone Detection in a Series Compensated Transmission Line,"This paper presents a combined wavelet-support vector machine (SVM) technique for fault zone identification in a series compensated transmission line. The proposed method uses the samples of three line currents for one cycle duration to accomplish this task. Initially, the features of the line currents are extracted by first level decomposition of the current samples using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Subsequently, the extracted features are applied as inputs to a SVM for determining the fault zone (whether the fault is before or after the series capacitor, as observed from the relay point). The feasibility of the proposed algorithm has been tested on a 300-km, 400-kV series compensated transmission line for all the ten types of faults through detailed digital simulation using PSCAD/EMTDC. Upon testing on more than 25000 fault cases with varying fault resistance, fault inception angle, prefault power transfer level, percentage compensation level, and source impedances, the performance of the developed method has been found to be quite promising.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4483701,no
A compensation method of the errors in palletizing work cell on the conversion from an off-line generated program to a real job program,"This paper presents a compensation method for considerable pose errors when a simulated program is used for a real palletizing work cell. Since most robot poses are generated by off-line programming (OLP) software recently it is very important to compensate the errors. To show the severity of the errors, the errors are examined when there is no compensation first. To compensate the errors, a palletizing application-oriented method is presented here. It extracts the errors between simulation and real one and makes a transformation matrix for the compensation. The errors are minimized by the proposed geometric method. Also, each position after the compensation is checked for collision-free condition using an algorithm in the controller. Finally, this method is applied to the real palletizing application and the validation is shown.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5670156,no
Robust Register Caching: An Energy-Efficient Circuit-Level Technique to Combat Soft Errors in Embedded Processors,"This paper presents a cost-efficient technique to jointly use circuit- and architecture-level techniques to protect an embedded processor's register file against soft errors. The basic idea behind the proposed technique is robust register caching (RRC), which creates a cache of the most vulnerable registers within the register file in a small and highly robust cache memory built from circuit-level single-event-upset-protected memory cells. To guarantee that the most vulnerable registers are always stored in the robust register cache, the average number of read operations during a register's lifetime is used as a metric to guide the cache replacement policy. A register is vulnerable to soft errors when it holds a value that will be used in subsequent cycles. Consequently, while a register value is stored in the register cache, it is robust against single- and multiple-bit upsets. To minimize the power overhead of the RRC, the clock-gating technique is efficiently exploited by the main register file, resulting in significantly reduced power consumption. The RRC was experimentally evaluated using the LEON processor for two benchmarks, namely, the MiBench embedded benchmark suite and the SPEC CPU2006 general-purpose benchmark. Our experimental results show that if the cache size is selected appropriately, the architectural vulnerability factor (AVF) of the register file is significantly reduced while also offering the benefits of low power, area, and performance overheads.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5406158,no
"A Systematic (48, 32) Code for Correcting Double Errors and Detecting Random Triple Errors","This paper presents a systematic (48, 32) code constructional method and gives a illustration of the method. The systematic (48, 32) code is for a specified number of data bits, k is 32 and the number of check bits r is 16, which can correct double errors and detect all triple-random errors, and is suitable for applications to computer memories or digital communication.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4724796,no
Improved Algorithm for Detection of Self-clearing Transient Cable Faults,This paper presents a transient cable fault detection technique for typical medium voltage cable. The subject of transient cable failures is firstly introduced together with an illustration of the typical fault characteristic. A power system test model was developed to replicate the physical phenomena and this is illustrated to show a good correlation with physical recordings. This model is shown to be very useful for validating the detection technique as it allows easy variation of the fault duration. Studies show that the technique is able to offer a number of significant advantages for distribution systems especially as an early warning system.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4496984,no
Adaptive error protection for Scalable Video Coding extension of H.264/AVC,"This paper presents an adaptive error protection method which provides different packet correction capacities by using only one Reed-Solomon code. The proposed method can be applied separately for each data part in a bit stream. The adaption of the error correction capacity works on-the-fly and only based on the way of data interleaving. In this work, the error protection is applied unequally to data units in the Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) of the Scalable Video Coding (SVC) extension of H.264/AVC. Simulation results show that the video quality increases 6 dB in average with the total overhead of ca. 9%. The advantage of our method is the simpleness and flexibility to apply. Therefore, it is suitable for real-time streaming applications.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4607460,no
System-level analysis of soft error rates and mitigation trade-off explorations,"This paper presents a novel system-level analysis of soft error rates (SER) based on the Transaction Level Model (TLM) of a targeted System-On-a-Chip (SoC). This analysis runs 1000x faster than the conventional SoC analysis using a gate-level model. Moreover, it allows accurate prediction in the early design phase of a SoC, when only limited application details are available. Preliminary validation results from accelerated SER tests on the physical system have shown that the analysis can predict the SER with a reasonable accuracy (within 5x of the results from tests on physical systems). This system-level analysis is particularly suitable to handle the black-box models for industrial semiconductor IP libraries. Based on this system-level analysis, we also propose a SE mitigation solution using selective protection of SRAM of a SoC. This solution provides a series of trade-offs between the system dependability and cost (in terms of silicon area).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5488685,no
Transient stability prediction algorithm based on post-fault recovery voltage measurements,This paper presents a novel technique for predicting transient stability status of a power system following a large disturbance. The prediction is based on the synchronously measured samples of the fundamental frequency voltage magnitudes at each generation station. The voltage samples taken immediately after clearing the faults are input to a support vector machine classifier to identify the transient stability condition. The classifier is trained using examples of the post-fault recovery voltage measurements (inputs) and the corresponding stability status (output) determined using a power angle-based stability index. Studies with the New England 39-bus system indicate that the proposed algorithm can correctly recognize when the power system is approaching to the transient instability.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5420941,no
System unbalance effect on faulted distribution systems: A numerical study,"This paper presents a numerical study of the system unbalance effect on system voltage and current calculation during asymmetrical faults. Two different system operational conditions are tested considering a voltage imbalance at the substation bus: balanced system loads and voltage imbalance equal to 3.65% due to system loads. Five fault impedances are simulated. Two fault analysis methods, the symmetrical components and phase component algorithms are implemented and analyzed based on numerical simulations of asymmetrical faults on the IEEE 13 bus test feeder. The results show the accuracy of each fault analysis method and how the errors may vary according to the system pre-fault unbalance operation condition and the fault impedance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5590132,no
Fault Diagnosis of Parts of Electronic Embedded System Based on Fuzzy Fusion Approach,"This paper presents a novel approach to employing the fuzzy fusion to fault detection and localization for parts of electronic embedded systems. Elaborated method considers the characteristic of diagnostic object to establish system structure of fuzzy fusion diagnosis, realize the feature level data fusion algorithm based on fuzzy integral, establish the fuzzy phenomenon subset and subjection degree function corresponding with different fault type, and then utilize fuzzy reasoning to accomplish fuzzy synthesized judge of fault type and achieve fused fuzzy reasoning diagnosis result. The method is proved to be effective for fault location by instance. It makes diagnosed information more definite and improves the accuracy of diagnosis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4958903,no
Microprocessor fault-tolerance via on-the-fly partial reconfiguration,"This paper presents a novel approach to exploit FPGA dynamic partial reconfiguration to improve the fault tolerance of complex microprocessor-based systems, with no need to statically reserve area to host redundant components. The proposed method not only improves the survivability of the system by allowing the online replacement of defective key parts of the processor, but also provides performance graceful degradation by executing in software the tasks that were executed in hardware before a fault and the subsequent reconfiguration happened. The advantage of the proposed approach is that thanks to a hardware hypervisor, the CPU is totally unaware of the reconfiguration happening in real-time, and there's no dependency on the CPU to perform it. As proof of concept a design using this idea has been developed, using the LEON3 open-source processor, synthesized on a Virtex 4 FPGA.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5512759,no
A Low Power JPEG2000 Encoder With Iterative and Fault Tolerant Error Concealment,"This paper presents a novel approach to reduce power in multimedia devices. Specifically, we focus on JPEG2000 as a case study. This paper indicates that by utilizing the in-built error resiliency of multimedia content, and the disjoint nature of the encoding and decoding processes, ultra low power architectures that are hardware fault tolerant can be conceived. These architectures utilize aggressive voltage scaling to conserve power at the encoder side while incurring extra processing requirements at the decoder to blindly detect and correct for encoder hardware induced errors. Simulations indicate a reduction of up to 35% in encoder power depending on the choice of technology for a 65-nm CMOS process.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4815385,no
Full bridge  Flyback isolated current rectifier with power factor correction,"This paper presents a single-stage isolated current rectifier with power factor correction, based on full bridge and flyback topologies. The proposed converter can operate as a step-down or a step-up converter, according to the input and output voltage levels. This paper presents the theoretical analysis of the converter as well as experimental results based on a 3.5 kW prototype.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5347731,no
An observer-based mechanical sensor failure fault tolerant controller structure in PMSM drive,This paper presents a specific controller architecture devoted to obtain a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor drive robust to mechanical sensor failure. In order to increase the reliability which is a key issue in industrial and transportation applications (Electric or Hybrid ground vehicle or aerospace actuators) two virtual sensors (a two stage Extended Kalman Filter and a back-emf adaptive observer) and a voting algorithm are combined with the actual sensor to build a fault tolerant controller. The observers are evaluated off line with experimental data and the robustness against parameter variation is tested through simulation results. The Fault Tolerant Controller feasibility is proved through simulation of the PMSM drive.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5075277,no
Multiobjective Optimization for HTS Fault-Current Limiters Based on Normalized Simulated Annealing,"This paper presents an improved simulated annealing (SA) algorithm for multiobjective optimization, which is a positive approach in the design of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) fault-current limiters (SFCLs).The main goal of this paper is to achieve an effective and feasible approach in the structural design of HTS FCLs by means of multiobjective decision-making techniques, based on normalized SA. The combination of electrical and thermal models of a purpose-designed resistive-type HTS FCL is defined as a component in PSCAD/EMTDC simulations from which the proposed method will be used to optimize the selective parameters of the SFCL. The above requires the need of advanced numerical techniques for simulation studies by PSCAD on a sample distribution system for determining a global optimum HTS FCL, by considering individual parameters and accounting for the constraints, which is the main motivation for initiating this paper.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5136196,no
Electromagnetic analyses and an equivalent circuit model of microstrip patch antenna with rectangular defected ground plane,"This paper presents an investigation of both electromagnetic wave model and equivalent circuit model for microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with rectangular defected ground plane structure (RDGS). The objective of the proposed design is to reduce antenna size from Wi-Fi wireless band to the Bluetooth band. The first part of the paper describes the electromagnetic wave modeling using the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSSreg) software to study the effect of RDGS on antenna resonant frequency. An optimization tool together with curve fitting were then used to formulate an approximate equation that describes the identified trends from the simulations. Second part is focused on estimating, using the Advanced Designing System (ADS) software the parameters of an equivalent circuit model for MPA with RDGS. The developed equivalent circuit consists of lumped elements for both MPA and RDGS structure and also include representation of the electrical and the magnetic coupling between rectangular grounded slot and MPA. Optimum values of the equivalent circuit elements were determined, and the overall simulation results were confirmed experimentally.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5171954,no
Research of UAV fault and state forecast technology based on particle filter,"This paper presents an UAV fault and state prediction approach which is based on particle filter. In the UAV system, on account of its dynamic environment, mechanical complexity and other factors, it is difficult to avoid all potential faults. So, in order to early detect the potential fault, fault forecast is necessary so as to avoid enormous losses. As the input and output response model of UAV system is nonlinear and multi-parameters, it is need to find an appropriate way to of fault prediction for system maintenance and real-time command. Particle filters are sequential Monte Carlo methods based on point mass (or `particle') representations of probability densities, which can be applied to any state-space model. Their ability to deal with nonlinear and non-Gaussian statistics makes them suitable for application to the UAV fault prediction. UAV is an extremely complex system, two important aspects of monitoring are focused on this paper: 1) Engine condition monitoring and fault prediction; 2) UAV flight track forecast. The experimental result indicates the effectiveness of this approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5314050,no
A Template Model for Defect Simulation for Evaluating Nondestructive Testing in X-Radiography,"This paper proposes a new template model for the simulation of casting defects which are classified, according to shape, into three main types: the single defect with circular or elliptical shape, shrinkage defects with stochastic discontinuities, and the cavity or sponge shrinkage defects. For effective simulation, different nesting stencil plates are designed to reflect the characteristics of different casting defects. These include intensity, orientation, size, and shape. The proposed approach also uses geometric diffusion to demonstrate the production of simulated defects with effective shading and contrast when compared to their background. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the simulated casting defects are superposed on real radioscopic images of casting pieces and compared with real defects by extensive visual inspection. On the other hand, in order to verify the similarity of the simulated defects and the real defects, we have used our defect inspection algorithm to recognize both real and simulated defects in the same image. The experimental results show that the proposed defect simulation approach can produce a large range of simulated casting defects, which can be utilized as sample images to tune the parameters of casting inspection algorithms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4757247,no
A novel UIO-based approach for fault detection and isolation in finite frequency domain,"This paper proposes a novel unknown input observer (UIO) design approach to detect and isolate the actuator faults in finite frequency domain. Instead of completely rejecting the disturbance or noise of traditional UIOs, we exclude certain controlled inputs from the residuals. Meanwhile, knowledge on the disturbance/noise, such as frequency and statistical characteristics, is embedded into the design to enhance the performance of fault detection and isolation. One significant advantage of our approach lies in the number of UIOs which is dramatically reduced when considering multiple faults. All the design conditions are formulated in terms of LMI or BMI problems, which enable to consider other design specifications in addition to the robustness and sensitivity requirements.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5410522,no
Optimized erasure-resilient streaming of SVC using unequal error protection,"This paper proposes a real-time optimized error resilient rate allocation methodology for streaming video encoded using the recently developed scalable extension of H.264/AVC. The proposed methodology takes into account the channel requirements and the end-device specifications, and jointly extracts and protects parts of the scalable video stream in order to achieve an optimized end-to-end quality. Moreover, the level of applied erasure protection is dynamically adapted to the importance of the transmitted information. A novel signaling mechanism for forwarding these different protection levels to the decoder is presented. This mechanism introduces a low bit rate overhead compared to previously proposed RTP formats. The experimental results show that unequal error protection slightly outperforms equal error protection in terms of achieved quality when the channel conditions are exactly known. Additionally, the experiments demonstrate that the proposed protection methodology yields graceful degradation in the presence of channel mismatches.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4604454,no
Reversible Data Hiding for Audio Based on Prediction Error Expansion,"This paper proposes a reversible data hiding method for digital audio using prediction error expansion technique. Firstly, the prediction error of the original audio is obtained by applying an integer coefficient predictor. Secondly, a location map is set up to record the expandability of all audio samples, and then it is compressed by lossless compression coding and taken as a part of secret information. Finally, the reconstructed secret information is embedded into the audio using prediction error expansion technique. After extracting the embedded information, the original audio can be perfectly restored. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve high embedding capacity while keeping good quality of the stego-audio.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4604050,no
LMI-based aircraft engine sensor fault diagnosis using a bank of robust H<inf></inf> filters,"This paper proposes a sensor diagnostic approach based on a bank of H<sub></sub> filters for aircraft gas turbine engines, taking into account real-time and anti-disturbance requirements to run on an aircraft on-board computer. First of all, by defining an H<sub></sub> performance index to describe the disturbance attenuation performance of a dynamic system, the robust H<sub></sub> filter design problem has been formulated in the linear matrix inequality (LMI) framework and been efficiently solved using off-the-shelf software. Then we make use of a bank of H<sub></sub> filters for the sensor fault detection and isolation based on the logic status of a group of residuals. Finally, an illustrative simulation has been given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed design method. The benefit of this paper is to bridge the gap between the H<sub></sub> filter theory and engineering applications for reliable diagnostics of aircraft engines.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5622577,no
Sensor fault detection and isolation for mobile robots in a multi-robot team,"This paper presents fault detection and isolation (FDI) of dead reckoning and an external sensor (laser range sensor, LRS) on mobile robots in a multi-robot team. Each robot in the team monitors states (fault or fault-free) of the in-vehicle sensors by comparing velocity estimates obtained using its own two velocity providers: dead reckoning and laser-based scan matching. When the robot detects a fault, it compares two position estimates and identifies the faulty component (dead reckoning or LRS). The position estimates by each robot are obtained based on laser scan images captured by its own LRS and a leader robot's LRS. Each robot in a multi-robot team is equipped with a small number of sensors; however, there exist a large number of sensors in the entire team. Our FDI is thus designed based on hardware redundancy approach. It requires neither fault models nor dynamic models. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of our FDI method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5415410,no
Model-Implemented Fault Injection for Hardware Fault Simulation,"This paper presents how model-implemented fault injection can be utilized to simulate the effect of hardware-related faults in embedded systems. A fault injection environment has been developed to enable comparison of experiments at model level and hardware level using Simulink and an Infineon microcontroller, respectively. Experiments at model level, leading to safety requirement violations, are automatically repeated at hardware level to compare the fault effects. Artifacts in a Simulink model (e.g. block output ports) are automatically mapped to memory addresses obtained from a linker generated map file. Thus, the same variable can be manipulated by the fault injection environment at both model and hardware level. For the automotive application evaluated, experiments show that the effects of data errors at model level and hardware level are similar excluding the experiments leading to exceptions.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5772248,no
LIFTING: A Flexible Open-Source Fault Simulator,"This paper presents LIFTING (LIRMM fault simulator), an open-source simulator able to perform both logic and fault simulations for single/multiple stuck-at faults and single event upset (SEU) on digital circuits described in Verilog. Compared to existing tools, LIFTING provides several features for the analysis of the fault simulation results, meaningful for research purposes. Moreover, as an open-source tool, it can be customized to meet any user requirements. Experimental results show how LIFTING has been exploited on research fields. Eventually, execution time for large circuit simulations is comparable to the one of commercial tools.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4711556,no
Multibit Error-Correction Methods for Latency-Constrained Flash Memory Systems,"This paper presents multibit error-correction schemes for nor Flash used specifically for execute-in-place applications. As architectures advance to accommodate more bits/cell and geometries decrease to structures that are smaller than 32 nm, single-bit error-correction codes (ECCs) are unable to compensate for the increasing array bit error rates, making it imperative to use 2-b ECC. However, 2-b ECC algorithms are complex and add a timing overhead on the memory read access time. This paper proposes low-latency multibit ECC schemes. Starting with the binary Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, an optimized scheme is introduced which combines a multibit error-correcting BCH code with Hamming codes in a hierarchical manner to give an average latency as low as that of the single-bit correcting Hamming decoder. A Hamming algorithm with 2-b error-correcting capacity for very small block sizes (< 1 B) is another low-latency multibit ECC algorithm that is discussed. The viability of these methods and algorithms with respect to latency and die area is proved vis-a??-vis software and hardware implementations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5272510,no
An On-Line UPS System With Power Factor Correction and Electric Isolation Using BIFRED Converter,"This paper presents the design consideration and performance analysis of an on-line, low-cost, high performance, and single-phase uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system based on a boost integrated flyback rectifier/energy storage dc/dc (BIFRED) converter. The system consists of an isolated ac/dc BIFRED converter, a bidirectional dc/dc converter, and a dc/ac inverter. It provides input power factor correction, electric isolation of the input from the output, low battery voltage, and control simplicity. Unlike conventional UPS topologies, the electrical isolation is provided using a high frequency transformer that results in a smaller size and lower cost. Detailed circuit operation, analysis, as well as simulation and experiment results are presented. A novel digital control technique is also presented for UPS inverter control. This controller follows the reference current and voltage of the inverter with a delay of two and four sampling periods, respectively.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4444606,no
Tracking control for piecewise linear systems using an error space approach: A case-study in sheet control,"This paper presents the design of tracking controllers for piecewise linear systems, with application to sheet control in a printer paper path. The approach that we will take is based upon an error space approach, which is derived from linear systems theory. We will show that due to the discontinuity in the piecewise linear system, the resulting model in error space consists of both flow conditions, describing the dynamics in each regime, and jump conditions, describing the error dynamics at the switching boundaries. Two types of controllers are proposed that result in either full or partial linearization of the closed-loop error dynamics. To show the effectiveness of the control design approach in practice, the sheet controllers are implemented on an experimental paper path setup.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4587008,no
Fault localization in medium voltage networks with compensated and isolated star-point grounding,"This paper presents the experimental investigation of a fault localization algorithm in a network with compensated or isolated star-point grounding. The paper first discusses the theoretical background of the method and then the conclusions drawn from the discussion were tested using a complex network structure (NETOMAC) with the support of models developed in MATLAB. Finally, the complete method is proposed and its usability confirmed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6007180,no
Fault monitoring and control of PEM fuel cell as backup power for UPS applications,"This paper presents the expert fault monitoring and intelligent comprehensive control of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (PEMFC) as backup power source for an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system. The failure status can be shown on the screen of a micro-computer (or a PC) linked with the UPS through an RS-232 and on the control panel of the UPS through LED indicator lights. The proposed intelligent comprehensive monitors and controllers of PEMFC and UPS can supply high quality power with flexible conversion functions, leading to the establishment of reliable power management for UPS applications. Finally, a suitable strategy and technique of fault monitoring and control for a UPS hybrid system with backup PEMFC and battery is implemented. The performances of the monitors and controllers are evaluated by experimental results, showing that the developed UPS system with backup PEMFC and battery power sources is suitable for industry applications.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5316548,no
A fault diagnosis mechanism for a proactive maintenance scheme for wireless systems,"This paper presents the fault diagnosis mechanism for a proactive maintenance scheme for wireless systems. Its objective is to reduce the high operational costs encountered in the wireless industry by decreasing maintenance costs and system downtime. The fault diagnosis mechanism is based on the symbol frequency. An analytical method to calculate the symbol frequency is presented. The on-line monitoring system, based on the aforementioned fault diagnosis mechanism, is used to identify performance degradation, as well as its possible sources, so as to ensure that maintenance occurs only when necessary.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4675074,no
Automatic detection and correction of purple fringing using the gradient information and desaturation,"This paper proposes a method to automatically detect and correct purple fringing that is one of the color artifacts due to characteristics of charge coupled device sensors in a digital camera. The proposed method consists of two steps. In the first step, we detect purple fringed regions that satisfy specific properties: hue characteristics around highlight regions with large gradient magnitudes. In the second step, color correction of the purple fringed regions is made by desaturating the pixels in the detected regions. The proposed method is able to detect purple fringe artifacts more precisely than Kang's method. It can be used as a post processing in a digital camera.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7080291,no
A new approach to design cascade fault diagnosis observers for flexible spacecraft,"This paper proposes a new gyro and star sensor fault diagnosis architecture that designs two groups of cascade H<sub></sub> optimal fault observers for a spacecraft with flexible appendages and schemes a Compensation PD controller to achieve fault tolerant control. The basic idea of the approach is to identify the gyro fault to good effect first and then makes a further diagnosis for the star sensor based on the former. The H<sub></sub> optimal fault observer in design has the robustness with respect to flexible uncertainties and diagnosis uncertainties. The Compensation PD controller ensures attitude errors maintained to a small set around the equilibrium point for a long time even though gyro and star sensor faults occur simultaneously. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control algorithm.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5633212,no
A New Model-Based Technique for the Diagnosis of Rotor Faults in RFOC Induction Motor Drives,"This paper proposes a new model-based diagnostic technique, which is the so-called virtual current technique (VCT), for the diagnosis of rotor faults in direct rotor field oriented controlled (DRFOC) induction motor drives. By measuring the oscillations at twice the slip frequency found in the rotor flux of the machine, and by conjugating this information with the knowledge of some motor parameters, as well as the parameters of the flux and current controllers, it is possible to generate a virtual magnetizing current which, after normalization, allows the detection and quantification of the extension of the fault. The proposed method allows one to overcome the major difficulties usually found in the diagnosis of rotor faults in closed-loop drives by providing information about the condition of the machine in a way that is independent of the working conditions of the drive such as the load level, reference speed, and bandwidth of the control loops. Although the VCT was primarily developed for traction drives used in railway applications, it can be incorporated in any DRFOC drive at almost no additional cost. Several simulation results, obtained with different types of DRFOC drives, as well as experimental results obtained in the laboratory, demonstrate the effectiveness of this new diagnostic approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4602722,no
Simulation and Fault Detection of Short Circuit Winding in a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) by means of Fourier and Wavelet Transform,This paper presents permanent magnet synchronous machines with short circuit of turns. Two-dimensional (2-D) finite element analysis (FEA) is used to simulation of PMSM under fault. PMSM is working at nominal condition and speed change of 5000 rpm. Relationships between stator-current-induced harmonics were investigated by means of Fourier (FFT) and discrete wavelet transforms (DWT). The simulation is also compared with experimental results.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4547070,no
Atomic clock error modeling for GNSS software platform,"This paper presents satellite atomic clock error model for generating the satellite clock error in GNSS software platform for the GPS Ll C/A code signal, L2 civil signal, L5 signal, and Galileo El, E5a signals. Scheme to simulate the clock error through phase error characteristics of the atomic clock are given. Rubidium, cesium and hydrogen maser clock are considered for GPS or Galileo satellites and Quartz oscillator is considered for user receiver. The clock error consists of five typical noises such as white noise on phase, flicker noise on phase, white noise on frequency, flicker noise on frequency, random walk on frequency. The analysis software for the Allan variance, the Hadamard variance and the PSD (power spectral density) of the clock error is also included. The clock error model is implemented and its validity is analyzed by comparing with theoretical ones.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4570008,no
Experiments with ABIST test methodology applied to path delay fault testing,This paper presents SIC based test stimuli with Arithmetic Built in Self-Test (ABIST) concept in order to detect the path delay faults. The presented generator with ABIST stimuli is quite useful for detecting the K-longest path-delay faults of the microprocessor. This paper extends the work of . Gjermundnes and presents its application and validation to the Intel 8051 microprocessor. The experimental results of this work with the given test case microprocessor allows us to validate the proposed test method is effective by the obtained fault coverage.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5742129,no
Design of the Autonomous Fault Manager for learning and estimating home network faults,"This paper proposes a design of software autonomous fault manager (AFM) for learning and estimating faults generated in home network. Most of the existing researches employ rule-based fault processing mechanism, but those works depend on the static characteristics of rules for a specific home environment. Therefore, we focus on a fault estimating and learning mechanism that autonomously produces a fault diagnosis rule and predicts an expected fault pattern in the mutually different home environment. For this, the proposed AFM extracts the home network information with a set of training data using the 5W1H (Who, What, When, Where, Why, How) based contexts to autonomously produce a new fault diagnosis rule. The fault pattern with high correlations can then be predicted for the current home network operation pattern.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5012296,no
A New Mesh Simplification Algorithm Based on Quadric Error Metrics,"This paper proposes a mesh simplification algorithm base on quadric error metric. Most of the simplification algorithms use the geometric distance as their simplification criteria, the distance metric is very efficient to measure geometric error, but it is difficult to distinguish important shape features such as a high-curvature region even though it has a small distance metric. The curvature is one of the good criteria of simplification to preserve the shape of an original model, if the curvature of the vertex is larger, it can present the geometric features of model well. Besides curvature, the size of the incident edges around the vertex can also reflect the geometric feature, if the edge lengths that adjoin the vertex are larger, it infects larger area on the surface of the model. We considered both the local curvature and the size of the incident edges around the vertex on the basis of the quadric error metrics, it can reflect changes on the model surface and still maintain many important geometric features after large scale simplified.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4737014,no
Fault location in power networks using graph theory,This paper proposes a method for analyzing the vulnerability of a power system using network theory. It locates fault by combining the travelling waves methodology with the network topology to isolate the faulty link first and then locate the fault distance. The algorithm is verified on a test power network using Alternate Transients Program/Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP/EMTP) and Matlab. The time stamps recorded are combined with the network topology to isolate the faulty link and calculate the fault distance.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675030,no
Effective Software Bug Localization Using Spectral Frequency Weighting Function,"This paper presents an approach of bug localization using a frequency weighting function. In an existing approach, only binary information of execution count from test executions is used. Information of each program statement being executed and not executed by a particular test is used; indicated by 1 and 0 respectively. In our proposed approach, frequency execution count of each program statement executed by a respective test is used. We evaluate several well-known spectra metrics using our proposed approach and the existing approach (using binary information of execution count) on two test suites; Siemens Test Suite and Unix datasets. We show that the bug localization performance is improved by using our proposed approach. We conduct statistical test and show that the improved bug localization performance using our approach (using frequency execution count) is statistically significant than using the existing approach (using binary information of execution count).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676260,no
Automatic red-eye detection and correction system for mobile sevices,"This paper presents an automatic red-eye detection and correction system. In order to detect red eye, we propose to use two information sources: color around the eyes and eye's round shape. The color information is from the red, highlight, and skin masks. Eye-shape is from our proposed real-time 2-dimensional grouping algorithm called ARTS. Our correction method promises to a natural-looking result. We designed the hardware using Verilog HDL, and successfully built and tested it using an FPGA device, a USB interface board, and a two-megapixel CMOS sensor. With a TSMC 0.25-mum ASIC library, the gate count was 325,167 gates, and the maximum data arrival time was 41.8 [MHz].",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4815722,no
Trajectory zero phase error tracking control using comparing coefficients method,This paper presents the studies on trajectory zero phase error tracking control without factorisation of zeros polynomial where the controller parameters are determined using comparing coefficients methods. The controller was applied to two types of third-order non-minimum phase plant. The first plant was having a zero outside and far from the unity circle. Another plant was having a zero outside and near to the unity circle. Simulation and experimental results will be presented to discuss its tracking performance.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5069256,no
Application of Uni-Directional Microphone Array for Identifying English Pronunciation Errors,"To identify the English pronunciation errors made by Chinese learners, this paper utilizes uni-directional microphones to construct a superdirective beamformer for capturing high quality input speech, and integrates the techniques of anti-model and confidence measure into the speech recognizer for accurate identification of the speaker's pronunciation errors. As to the beamformer, although designing a superdirective beamformer using omni-directional microphones is widely reported, little work details the designing using uni-directional microphones. We integrate the transfer function of the uni-directional microphones into the signal model of the beamformer, and derive the expression of the superdirective beamformer under the diffuse noise assumption. As to the speech recognizer, an anti-model for each phone is trained from the training data excluding the tokens of that phone. By integrating these anti-models into the recognition network, the recognizer can align the user's speech with the prompted text more accurately. Confidence measure is utilized to judge whether a segment of utterance is mis-pronounced. To justify the proposed techniques, simulated noises are injected into utterances provided by some Chinese undergraduates in Nankai University. Recognition results are compared with the judgment made by several English linguistic experts. Experiment result shows the effectiveness of the proposed beamforming algorithm and the recognition techniques.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5303819,no
An effective video temporal error concealment method,"To overcome inaccurate boundary matching algorithm bringing on the miss of the best motion vector and resulting in the bad error concealment effect, the paper proposed a novel effective temporal error concealment algorithm. Using effective temporal-spatial correlation of the motion vectors, it will adaptive construct a limited candidate motion vectors set among the motion vectors of neighboring macroblocks and extrapolated motion vectors, on the basis of it, selected the best motion vector from candidate motion vector set by using the boundary matching algorithm to conceal corrupted or lost block. The simulation results show that the proposed method reduced the miss of the best motion vector and obtained the satisfactory error concealment effective.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5228340,no
Software-Based Hardware Fault Tolerance for Many-Core Architectures,"This presentation will point out the new opportunities and challenges for applying software-based hardware fault tolerance to emerging many-core architectures. The paper will discuss the tradeoff between the application of these techniques and the classical hardware-based fault tolerance in terms of fault coverage, overhead, and performance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5372255,no
Assessment and elimination of errors due to electrode displacements in elliptical and square models in EIT,"This study modifies a Tikhonov regularized ""maximum a posteriori"" algorithm proposed for reconstructing both the conductivity changes and electrode positioning variations in EIT and uses this algorithm for reconstructing images of 2d elliptical and square models, instead of simple circular model used in previous works. This algorithm had been proposed By C. Gomez for compensating the errors due to electrode movements in image reconstruction. The jacobian matrix has been constructed via perturbation both conductivity and electrode positioning. The prior image matrix should incorporate some kind of augmented inter-electrode positioning correlations to impose a smoothness constraint on both the conductivity change distribution and electrode movement. For each model, conductivity change image is reconstructed in 3 cases: a) With no electrode displacement using standard algorithm b) With electrode displacement using standard algorithm c) With electrode displacement using proposed algorithm. In all models, a comparison between 3 cases has been implemented. Also, the results obtained from each model have been compared with the other models in similar cases. The results obtained in this study will be useful to investigate the ellipticity effects of organs being imaged in clinical applications. Moreover, the effects of model deviation from circular form on reconstructed images can be used in special industrial applications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5941160,no
Ground distance relaying algorithm for high resistance fault,"This study proposes a new fault impedance estimation algorithm of phase-ground fault for ground distance relaying based on the negative-, zero- and comprehensive negative-zero-sequence current component. The principle is based on the assumption that fault path is purely resistive, and the phase angle of fault point voltage and fault path current is equal to construct the fault impedance estimating equations for ground distance relay, which can eliminate the effect of fault path resistance, load current and power swing. PSCAD software simulations show the accuracy of proposed algorithm.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5357358,no
Fault-tolerant decision fusion via collaborative sensor fault detection in wireless sensor networks,"This work addresses fault-tolerant distributed decision fusion in the presence of sensor faults when local sensors sequentially send their local decisions to a fusion center. This work also proposes a collaborative sensor fault detection (CSFD) scheme for eliminating unreliable local decisions when performing distributed decision fusion. In particular, the concept of pseudo-sensor faults is presented. Due to the difficulty in determining pseudo-sensor faults in real time based on the minimization of the error probability, an upper bound is established on the fusion error probability, where distributions of local decisions are not necessarily identical. Given a pre-designed fusion rule under the assumption of identical local decision rules in fault-free environments, this bound can then characterize the fusion error probability when local decisions are no longer identical due to sensor faults. Hence, a criterion is proposed based on this error bound to determine a set of pseudo-faulty nodes at each time. Once the fusion center identifies the pseudo-faulty nodes, all corresponding local decisions are removed from the computation of likelihood ratios adopted to make the final decision. To enhance the efficiency of the proposed search criterion, another, less complex criterion is developed by integrating the Kullback-Leibler distance. Simulation results indicate that this less complex criterion provides even better fault-tolerance capability in some situations when sensor faults significantly deviate from normally operating sensors. Performance evaluation results also indicate that the fault-tolerance capability of the proposed approach employing a CSFD scheme is superior to conventional decision fusion.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4450844,no
Automatic detection of surface defects on rolled steel using Computer Vision and Artificial Neural Networks,"This work addresses the problem of automated visual inspection of surface defects on rolled steel, by using Computer Vision and Artificial Neural Networks. In recent years, the increasing throughput in the steel industry has become the visual inspection a critical production bottleneck. In this scenario, to assure a high rolled steel quality, novel sensor-based technologies have been developed. Unlike most common techniques, which are frequently based on manual estimations that lead to significant time and financial constraints, we present an automatic system based on (i) image analysis techniques, such as, Hough Transform to classify three defects with well-defined geometric shapes: welding, clamp and identification hole and (ii) two well-known feature extraction techniques: Principal Component Analysis and Self-Organizing Maps to classify three defects with complex shapes, specifically, oxidation, exfoliation and waveform defect. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our system, we tested it on challenging real-world datasets, acquired in a rolling mill of the steel company ArcelorMittal. The system was successfully validated, achieving overall accuracy of 87% and demonstrating its high potential to be applied in real scenarios.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675519,no
Software Faults Diagnosis in Complex OTS Based Safety Critical Systems,"This work addresses the problem of software fault diagnosis in complex safety critical software systems. The transient manifestations of software faults represent a challenging issue since they hamper a complete knowledge of the system fault model at design/development time. By taking into account existing diagnosis techniques, the paper proposes a novel diagnosis approach, which combines the detection and location processes. More specifically, detection and location modules have been designed to deal with partial knowledge about the system fault model. To this aim, they are tuned during system execution in order to improve diagnosis during system lifetime. A diagnosis engine has been realized to diagnose software faults in a real world middleware platform for safety critical applications. Preliminary experimental campaigns have been conducted to evaluate the proposed approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4555987,no
Distributed Hierarchical Fault Management Paradigms of Satellite Network,"This work aims at fault management of satellite network. According to the intrinsic characteristics of satellite network, as well as the long delay features and the satellite automatic operative requirements possessed by the satellite-ground communication, this paper gives a distributed hierarchical fault management paradigms based on the clusters management, combining with the concept of clusters in satellite network management. By an analysis on performance indexes for several network management paradigms, this paper represents the theoretical basis for the paradigm adopted by fault management of network, and gives a performance analysis on the fault management mechanism of distributed hierarchical fault paradigms through simulation experiment.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5232311,no
Fault isolation for device drivers,"This work explores the principles and practice of isolating low-level device drivers in order to improve OS dependability. In particular, we explore the operations drivers can perform and how fault propagation in the event a bug is triggered can be prevented. We have prototyped our ideas in an open-source multiserver OS (MINIX 3) that isolates drivers by strictly enforcing least authority and iteratively refined our isolation techniques using a pragmatic approach based on extensive software-implemented fault-injection (SWIFI) testing. In the end, out of 3,400,000 common faults injected randomly into 4 different Ethernet drivers using both programmed I/O and DMA, no fault was able to break our protection mechanisms and crash the OS. In total, we experienced only one hang, but this appears to be caused by buggy hardware.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270357,no
GA-Based Job Scheduling Strategies for Fault Tolerant Grid Systems,"This work mainly aims at the designs of the genetic algorithm based scheduling strategies by considering four different fault tolerance techniques in the grid environment, including retry, migration, checkpoint, replication. We also take into account the risk relationship between jobs and nodes to improve the system reliability in the scheduling algorithm. According to the simulation results, we can find out that the performance of fault tolerant algorithms is better than risky algorithm whether in makespan, average turnaround time, or the job failure rate. Checkpoint algorithm has the best performance in all algorithms. On the other hand, retry algorithm is recommended for the system where the job sizes are usually smaller because of its simplicity. Finally, replicated algorithm is not suitable for the grid since it imposes too much overhead.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4780647,no
A General Framework to Analyze the Fault-Tolerance of Unstructured P2P Systems,"This work presents a study on the fault-tolerance of unstructured P2P overlays, modeled as complex networks. A framework is proposed to derive the peers' degree distribution, once the P2P system is described through the evolution laws characterizing the distributed protocol, the attachment and failure rates. From the degree distribution, estimations may be derived on the mean number of m-neighbors, as well as the diameter of the net. We analyze three different P2P distributed protocols. The analytical tool is compared with results coming from simulation. Outcomes confirm that the approach can be employed to dynamically tune the peers' attachment rate and maintain the desired topology of the P2P network.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5703707,no
Exploiting advanced fault localization methods for yield & reliability learning on SoCs,This paper proposes advances on fault localization methods suiting the learning of yield and reliability in VLSI CMOS technologies. Industrial methodologies and tools will be discussed and the experimental results obtained through their implementation will be presented.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5158124,no
Application of Entropy-Based Markov Chains Data Fusion Technique in Fault Diagnosis,"This paper proposes an entropy-based Markov (EMC) chain fusion technique to solve the problem that the sample set is incompletion in fault diagnostic field. Firstly, the concept about probability Petri net is defined. It can calculate the fault occurred probability from incidence matrix based on the complemental information. Secondly, probability Petri net diagnostic model is designed from diagnostic rules that obtained by Skowron default rule generation method after the sample set is reduced by rough set theory. And in order to simplify the framework of the diagnostic model, Petri net model is designed as distributed form. Finally, depending on the diagnosis of distributed diagnostic model, EMC technique will be used to obtain consensus output if the places that represent fault in the model have several tokens. The diagnostic result is the consensus output that with the maximum of posterior probability after normalized treatment. The design is described by an example about rotating machinery fault diagnosis, and is proved availability by test sample set.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4721813,no
Error tolerant DNA self-assembly by link-fracturing,"This paper proposes and evaluates link fracturing as an approach for error tolerance in self-assembly by utilizing a DNA chain as a link between two blocks of molecules. Through the use of restriction enzymes, link fracturing breaks the connecting DNA chain between two blocks if an incorrect assembly has occurred due to the erroneous growth of tiles. Two error tolerant techniques are proposed by fracturing of the DNA chain links, namely 1-link and 2-link. Using the tool Xgrow, simulations under the Kinetic Tile Assembly Model (KTAM) are performed. Results show that 2-link fracturing achieves an improvement in error rate as compared to a normal assembly; moreover this is accomplished with little overhead in assembly size and execution complexity. The 1-link method shows 100% error free growth with moderate overhead as compared to normal growth and other existing error tolerant methods.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5423879,no
SVMs Interpolation Based Edge Correction Scheme for Color Filter Array,"To settle the problem of blurring and visible artifacts around the edge regions of color filter array (CFA) interpolation images, a support vector machines (SVMs) interpolation based edge correction scheme is proposed. In this scheme, a simple CFA interpolation method is used, and the support vector regression (SVR) is trained to rectify the color values at the edge of the result image. This scheme can produce visually pleasing full-color images and obtain better PSNR results than other conventional CFA interpolation algorithms. The correction is concentrated on the edge region, because the human perception is mainly focusing on edge region. The scheme can reduce the training time effectively, and can combine with other CFA interpolation algorithms freely. Simulation studies indicate that the proposed algorithm is effective.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381111,no
A Fault Grading Methodology for Software-Based Self-Test Programs in Systems-on-Chip,"Today, electronic devices are increasingly employed in different fields, including safety- and mission-critical applications, where the quality of the product is an essential requirement. In the automotive field, the Software-Based Self-Test is a dependability technique currently demanded by industrial standards. This paper presents an approach employed by STMicro electronics for evaluating, or grading, the effectiveness of Software-Based Self-Test procedure used for on-line testing automotive microcontrollers to be included in safety-critical vehicle parts, such as in airbags and steering systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5976242,no
Error Control Mechanisms using CODEC,"Todaypsilas communication system is susceptible to many types of errors and interferences. There are different types of error detection and correction mechanisms proposed by many authors. One of the important methods of error control is by means of encoding/decoding techniques at source/destination. In this context, we propose an evaluation process of convolutional encoder and decoder (CODEC), for the various constraint lengths and for different generator polynomials, for the given messages considering burst errors and distributed errors in the received messages. The frac12 rate and hard decision coding is considered in this paper. Performance evaluation in terms of error correction capability of CODEC is shown through simulation using two burst error recovery techniques.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5076912,no
Memory Address Scrambling Revealed Using Fault Attacks,"Today's trend in the smart card industry is to move from ROM+EEPROM chips to Flash-only products. Recent publications have illustrated the vulnerability of Floating Gate memories to UV and heat radiation. In this paper, we explain how, by using low cost means, such a vulnerability can be used to modify specific data within an EEPROM memory even in the presence of a given type of counter-measure. Using simple means, we devise a fault injection tool that consistently causes predictable modifications of the targeted memories' contents by flipping `1's to `0's. By mastering the location of those modifications, we illustrate how we can reverse-engineer a simple address scrambling mechanism in a white box analysis of a given EEPROM. Such an approach can be used to test the security of Floating Gate memories used in security devices like smart cards. We also explain how to prevent such attacks and we propose some counter-measures that can be either implemented on the hardware level by chip designers or on the software level in the Operating System interacting with those memories.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5577365,no
Stator Windings Fault Diagnostics of Induction Machines Operated From Inverters and Soft-Starters Using High-Frequency Negative-Sequence Currents,"This paper studies the application of high-frequency voltage excitation-based stator winding diagnostic methods to three-phase ac machines operated from power converters that create the necessary high-frequency excitation as part of their normal operation. This paper focuses on two specific operating modes: 1) machines operated from inverters in the overmodulation region and 2) machines operated from soft-starters during startup. In both cases, high-frequency (in the range of the hundred hertz) voltage components at well-defined frequencies are created. The negative-sequence currents induced from these high-frequency voltages are shown to contain accurate information on the level of asymmetry (fault) in the machine. This information is significantly richer than exists in other modes of operation, i.e., inverters working in the linear modulation region or soft-starters in the steady state, and provides interesting opportunities to complement other diagnostic methods.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5166462,no
Fault tolerant H<inf></inf> control for a class of nonlinear discrete-time systems: Using sum of squares optimization,"This paper studies the fault tolerant control (FTC) problem for a class of nonlinear discrete-time systems with guaranteed H<sub>infin</sub> performance objective in the presence of actuator faults. The mode of faults under consideration is typical aberration of actuator effectiveness. The novelty of this paper is that the effect of the nonlinear terms is described as an index in order to transform the FTC design problem into a semi-definite programming (SDP). The proposed optimization approach is to find zero optimum for this index. Combined with H<sub>infin</sub> performance index, the conceived multi-objective optimization problem is solved by using sum of squares method (SOS) in a reliable and efficient way. A numerical example is included to verify the applicability of this new approach for the nonlinear FTC synthesis.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4586718,no
An analysis on the effect of transmission errors in real-time H.264-MVC Bit-streams,"This paper studies the quality of transmitted multi-view video when the corrupted packets are not discarded by the underlying protocols of the decoder. It assumes a wireless channel where the errors can be significant and implements solutions within the current H.264-MVC to reduce their impact on the video quality perceived by the user. The results show that transmission errors drastically reduce the quality of the reconstructed 3D video and confirm that a new type of error propagation between views exists. Furthermore, employing the Context Adaptive Variable Length Coding (CAVLC) entropy encoder, coding and transmitting the video streams in smaller packets, and having a small cyclic-Intra coded period, all improve the error resilience of the system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5475912,no
Distance correction system for localization based on linear regression and smoothing in ambient intelligence display,"This paper suggests the method of correcting distance between an ambient intelligence display and a user based on linear regression and smoothing method, by which distance information of a user who approaches to the display can he accurately output even in an unanticipated condition using a passive infrared VIR) sensor and an ultrasonic device. The developed system consists of an ambient intelligence display and an ultrasonic transmitter, and a sensor gateway. Each module communicates with each other through RF (Radio frequency) communication. The ambient intelligence display includes an ultrasonic receiver and a PIR sensor for motion detection. In particular, this system selects and processes algorithms such as smoothing or linear regression for current input data processing dynamically through judgment process that is determined using the previous reliable data stored in a queue. In addition, we implemented GUI software with JAVA for real time location tracking and an ambient intelligence display.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4649438,no
Fault tolerant amplifier system using evolvable hardware,"This paper proposes the use evolvable hardware (EHW) for providing fault tolerance to an amplifier system in a signal-conditioning environment. The system has to maintain a given gain despite the presence of faults, without direct human intervention. The hardware setup includes a reconfigurable system on chip device and an external computer where a genetic algorithm is running. For detecting a gain fault, we propose a software-based built-in self-test strategy that establishes the actual values of gain achievable by the system. The performance evaluation of the fault tolerance strategy proposed is made by adopting two different types of fault-models. The fault simulation results show that the technique is robust and that the genetic algorithm finds the target gain with low error.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5606375,no
Checkpointing virtual machines against transient errors,"This paper proposes VM-Checkpoint, a lightweight software mechanism for high-frequency checkpointing and rapid recovery of virtual machines. VM-Checkpoint minimizes checkpoint overhead and speeds up recovery by saving incremental checkpoints in volatile memory and by employing copy-on-write, dirty-page prediction, and in-place recovery. In our approach, knowledge of fault/error latency is used to explicitly address checkpoint corruption, a critical problem, especially when checkpoint frequency is high. We designed and implemented VM-Checkpoint in the Xen VMM. The evaluation results demonstrate that VM-Checkpoint incurs an average of 6.3% execution-time overhead for 50ms checkpoint intervals when executing the SPEC CINT 2006 benchmark.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5560226,no
Characterization of Physical Defects and Fault Analysis of Molecular and Nanoscaled Integrated Circuits,"This paper reports a concept to design the defect-tolerant molecular integrated circuits (<sup>M</sup>ICs). The results are applicable to conventional ICs which utilize solid-state devices. By enhancing photolithography and other CMOS processes, advancing materials and optimizing devices, some device and circuit performance were improved. Unfortunately, some key performance characteristics and capabilities were significantly degraded. The performance tradeoffs and effects of the equivalent cell size reduction are well known. The defects and faults at the device and circuit levels must be accommodated. It is illustrated that in general, the defects and faults can be accommodated.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4617136,no
Application of the Sensitivity Analysis to the Optimal Design of the Microstrip Low-Pass Filter With Defected Ground Structure,"This paper shows applied sensitivity analysis for easier design and practical application of a planar half-wavelength low-pass filter (LPF) using defected ground structure (DGS). Typically, it is difficult to deploy planar half-wavelength low-pass filters when high power durability is required because of the very narrow line-widths of high impedance transmission line. Here, we propose a new configuration for the high impedance microstrip line using DGS structure to allow broader line width and high power handling capability. The sensitivity of the scattering parameters was calculated using the self-adjoint sensitivity formula in order to determine the proposed filter's dimension. The paper also highlights the validity of the proposed LPF optimization with its measured performance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4787353,no
3D OCT eye movement correction based on particle filtering,"Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new ophthalmic imaging technique offering more detailed quantitative analysis of the retinal structure. Eye movement during 3D OCT scanning, however, creates significant spatial distortions that may adversely affect image interpretation and analysis. Current software solutions must use additional reference images or B-scans to correct eye movement in a certain direction. The proposed particle filtering algorithm is an independent 3D alignment approach, which does not rely on any reference image. 3D OCT data is considered as a dynamic system, while location of A-scan is represented by the state space. A particle set is generated to approximate the probability density of the state. The state of the system is updated frame by frame to detect A-scan movement. Seventy-four 3D OCT images with eye movement were tested and subjectively evaluated by comparing them with the original images. All the images were improved after z-alignment, while 81.1% images were improved after x-alignment. The proposed algorithm is an efficient way to align 3D OCT volume data and correct the eye movement without using references.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5626302,no
Optimization of triangulations based on serial fault data,"Three-dimensional reconstructions based on serial fault data can be divided into boundary contour splicing and end contour closure. In boundary contour splicing, the Delaunay triangulation algorithm can generate long, narrow triangles or radial shapes and with end contour closure, the Delaunay triangulation based on the determination of the convex-concave vertices tends to generate long, narrow triangles and triangles whose sizes differ greatly, and in some cases failure. This paper presents a Delaunay triangulation algorithm based on the shortest distance first principle for boundary contour splicing and an improved algorithm which combines Delaunay triangulation based on the determination of convex-concave vertices with interpolation for end contour closure. The results show that the algorithms retain the original advantages of the algorithms while increasing the triangulation effectiveness and enhancing the universality of the algorithms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6075764,no
3D shape from multi-camera views by error projection minimization,"Traditional shape from silhouette methods compute the 3D shape as the intersection of the back-projected silhouettes in the 3D space, the so called visual hull. However, silhouettes that have been obtained with background subtraction techniques often present miss-detection errors (produced by false negatives or occlusions) which produce incomplete 3D shapes. Our approach deals with miss-detections and noise in the silhouettes. We recover the voxel occupancy which describes the 3D shape by minimizing an energy based on an approximation of the error between the shape 2D projections and the silhouettes. The energy also includes regularization and takes into account the visibility of the voxels in each view in order to handle self-occlusions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5031480,no
Infrared imaging trajectory correction fuze based GPS and accurate exploding-point control technology,"Trajectory correction is a crucial method which can improve shooting precision of ammunition, and it is developing energetically new technology for fuze to implement modification of trajectory by fuze technology abroad. Based on the research of smart ammunition, a new trajectory correction fuze of infrared imaging with the help of GPS and precision exploding point control technology is proposed in this paper. In the ammunition flight process, the data of target location detected by infrared imaging detector are transmitted to fire control system and command center by wireless communication network, then the fuze working style and setting parameter decided by fire control computer according to target characteristic and surroundings parameter is transmitted by the remote control information setting. At the same time the real-time space data of ammunition received by GPS receiver is given to precision exploding point control system, the flying attitude of the ammunition of all the time calculated by the control system is compared with theoretical attitude data at some special point of the theoretic trajectory, thus correcting trajectory by a gas generator of firing power at certain time. The control order and exploding order for aimed warhead is conducted to strike target accurately at destiny point. Besides, circuit of fuze information remote control setting, GPS receiver, precision exploding point control system and systematic software design are detailed. The results indicate that the infrared imaging fuze which can be used to correct trajectory can improve shooting precision and damage efficiency.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4582798,no
Scalable Program Comprehension for Analyzing Complex Defects,"We describe the query-model-refine (QMR) approach for retrieving and modeling information for program comprehension. The QMR approach allows the flexibility to design and execute application-specific problem-solving strategies to suit particular program comprehension goals. The QMR approach has been used for building a number of program comprehension tools for different applications: interactive automatic parallelization, business rule analysis, auditing safety-critical control software, and defect analysis. This presentation will be about a program comprehension tool called Atlas and we will show its use for analyzing complex defects.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4556111,no
A Minimax Chebyshev Estimator for Bounded Error Estimation,"We develop a nonlinear minimax estimator for the classical linear regression model assuming that the true parameter vector lies in an intersection of ellipsoids. We seek an estimate that minimizes the worst-case estimation error over the given parameter set. Since this problem is intractable, we approximate it using semidefinite relaxation, and refer to the resulting estimate as the relaxed Chebyshev center (RCC). We show that the RCC is unique and feasible, meaning it is consistent with the prior information. We then prove that the constrained least-squares (CLS) estimate for this problem can also be obtained as a relaxation of the Chebyshev center, that is looser than the RCC. Finally, we demonstrate through simulations that the RCC can significantly improve the estimation error over the CLS method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4471880,no
Error Control for IPTV over xDSL Networks,"We discuss the necessity of error control for supporting IPTV over imperfect access networks. In particular, we consider typical DSL environments, and examine the physical-layer impairments and error-mitigation techniques. For these networks, we evaluate the performance of two different application-layer Forward Error Correction (FEC) methods. An overview of hybrid error-control methods and recent developments in standardization is also presented.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4446444,no
Instruction-Level Impact Comparison of RT- vs. Gate-Level Faults in a Modern Microprocessor Controller,"We discuss the results of an extensive fault simulation study involving the control logic of a modern alpha-like microprocessor. In this comparative study, faults are injected in both the RT- and the Gate-Level description of the design and are simulated under actual workload of the microprocessor, which is executing SPEC2000 benchmarks. The objective of this study is to analyze and contrast the impact of RT- and gate-level faults on the instruction execution flow of the microprocessor. The key observation is a pronounced consistency in the type and frequency of instruction level errors (ILEs) arising due to RT- vs. gate-level faults. The motivation for this work stems from the need to understand the relative importance of low-level faults based on their instruction-level impact, in order to appropriately allocate error detection and/or correction resources. Hence, the consistency revealed through this study implies that such decisions can be made equally effective based on RT-level fault simulation results, as with their far more computationally-expensive gate-level equivalents.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5116602,no
Constraint Based Automated Synthesis of Nonmasking and Stabilizing Fault-Tolerance,"We focus on constraint based automated addition of nonmasking and stabilizing fault-tolerance to hierarchical programs. We specify legitimate states of the program in terms of constraints that should be satisfied in those states. To deal with faults that may violate these constraints, we add recovery actions while ensuring interference freedom among the recovery actions added for satisfying different constraints. Since the constraint based manual design of fault tolerance is well known to be applicable in the manual design of nonmasking fault tolerance, we expect our approach to have a significant benefit in automation of fault tolerant programs. We illustrate our algorithms with three case studies: stabilizing mutual exclusion, stabilizing diffusing computation, and a data dissemination problem in sensor networks. With experimental results,we show that the complexity of synthesis is reasonable and that it can be reduced using the structure of the hierarchical systems. To our knowledge, this is the first instance where automated synthesis has been successfully used in synthesizing programs that are correct under fairness assumptions. Moreover, in two of the case studies considered in this paper, the structure of the recovery paths is too complex to permit existing heuristic based approaches for adding recovery.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5283395,no
Correctness of a Fault-Tolerant Real-Time Scheduler and its Hardware Implementation,"We formalize the correctness of a fault-tolerant scheduler in a time-triggered architecture. Where previous research elaborated on real-time protocol correctness, we extend this work to gate-level hardware. This requires a sophisticated analysis of analog bit-level synchronization and transmission. Our case-study is a concrete automotive bus controller (ABC), inspired by the FlexRay standard. For a set of interconnected ABCs, vulnerable to sudden failure, we prove at gate-level, that all operating ABCs are synchronized tightly enough such that messages are broadcast correctly. This includes formal arguments for startup, failures, and reintegration of nodes at arbitrary times. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort tackling fault-tolerant scheduling correctness at gate-level.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4547708,no
"Particle Swarm Optimization Based GM(1,2) Method on Day-Ahead Electricity Price Forecasting with Predicted Error Improvement","Under deregulated environment, accurate electricity price forecasting is a crucial issue concerned by all participants. Experience shows that single forecasting model is very difficult to improve the forecasting accuracy due to the complicated factors affecting electricity prices. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) based GM(1,2) method on day-ahead electricity price forecasting with predicted error improvement is proposed, in which the moving average method is used to process the raw series, the PSO based GM(1,2) model to the processed series and the time series analysis to further improve the predicted errors. The numerical example based on the historical data of the PJM market shows that the method can reflect the characteristics of electricity price better and the forecasting accuracy can be improved virtually compared with the conventional GM(1,2) model. The forecasted prices accurate enough to be used by market participants to prepare their bidding strategies.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5659039,no
A real-time fault diagnosis system for UPS based on FFT frequency analysis,"UPS provides emergency power when utility power is not available, so the reliability of UPS is more important than inverter drive systems. In this paper, a fault diagnosis system for UPS is proposed using FFT frequency analysis of output current of inverter side of UPS under linear and nonlinear load conditions. Software PLL for precise synchronization of one period sampling and double buffer memory for real time processing are proposed. Experimental results show the increase of even harmonics including dc offset in case of fault conditions such as increase of resistance and delay or misfiring of IGBT turn-on, and prove the possibility of UPS fault diagnosis system if the criteria for fault decision are well defined.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5433457,no
The computer-aided rolling bearing faults diagnosis system,"Using the method of decomposition and reconstruction of wavelet analysis, the impact ingredients caused by the ball bearing surface fault were extracted. We developed a computer based fault diagnostic system to determine the characteristic frequencies of ball bearing by dynamic test. The system has been successfully applied in the fault diagnosis of ball bearing fault. Results show that the system increases the efficiency and accuracy compared with traditional method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609540,no
A Novel Visual Programming Method Designed for Error Rate Reduction,"Utilize the programming environment at present, itAs effortless for us to design intuitionistic visual program. It only implements the visualization of programming ending. The process of programming is not fully visualization and itAs not visual programming language in its true sense. According to the related research on visual programming languages in the past, the language is designed for special area or education, which is of pertinence and ordinary. If the programming language is made up of a series of graphic expressions itAs under the name of visual programming language. So the goal of our research is to construct a kind of visual programming language which is propitious to program in graphic components, is convenient for comprehension to programmers and nonprogrammer and the most important is it can reduce error rate which is caused by former textual input and recede the workload in the course of lexical analysis and semantic parsing.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4731426,no
A Compression Error and Optimize Compression Algorithm for Vector Data,"Vector data compression plays an important role in the research areas such as terrain environment simulation, cartography generalization, GIS and digital entertainment, etc.... It can increase the storage capacity of mobile devices and improve the transmission efficiency of vector data on network. In this study, a new compression error is proposed by analyzing the existing compression error of vector data. For single-entity and multi-entity vector data, a compression method based on dynamic programming is given. Especially to multi-entity vector data compression, a method is used which combines compression ratio and compression error to weighted average distribute the compression nodes. Experimental results show that this compression method can better reflect the behavior of a vector data and has higher compression efficiency.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5199945,no
A process to reduce reproducibility error in VNA measurements,"Vector Network Analyzers have proven to be useful for characterizing the electrical properties of passive interconnects and determining their ability to transmit high speed signals. It is highly desirable to have a measurement process that is both accurate and precise. Because of the complexity of the measurement, there are many potential factors that could affect the precision of the measurement. For example, when taking probed measurements, operators typically use different methods to align the probes, which often introduce subtle variations in measurements. Additionally calibration algorithms (or procedures) may have slight differences that introduce errors as well. This paper will present a method to identify the largest sources of variation that impact the precision of the measurement. The method is based on an extension of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) so that it can be applied to complex variables.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5700052,no
Fault Detection Framework for Video Surveillance Systems,"We consider cameras whose outputs do not reflect true scenes as faulty cameras. To build a fault detection video surveillance system without using additional hardware devices, we use the video outputs from cameras to do self-checking. We study two categories of faults: spatial faults and temporal faults, and reduce the two sub-problems into graph theoretical problems on two graphs (surveillance sharing graph (SSG) and surveillance partitioning graph (SPG)). We prove a theoretical upper bound for the spatial fault detection, and develop two algorithms for detecting the two types of faults respectively.Then, we integrate both in a framework, which is capable of the following: given the outputs from a video surveillance system, it isolates cameras which are faulty or suspected to be faulty. It gives warnings with types of faults, locations, detection confidence. Our experiments confirm the effectiveness of the framework's methodologies.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4730415,no
A random sets framework for error analysis in estimating geometric transformations  a first order analysis,"We consider the problem of estimating the geometric deformation of an object, with respect to some reference observation on it. Existing solutions, set in the standard coordinate system imposed by the measurement system, lead to high-dimensional, non-convex optimization problems. In we proposed a novel framework that employs a set of non-linear functionals to replace this originally high dimensional problem by an equivalent problem that is linear in the unknown transformation parameters. The non-linearity of the employed functionals implies that using standard methods for analyzing the estimation errors is complicated, and is tractable only under a high SNR assumption. In this paper we present an entirely different approach for deriving the statistics of the estimator. The basic principle of this novel approach is based on the understanding that since our goal is to estimate the geometric transformation, the appropriate noise model for the problem is a model that explicitly relates the presence of noise and the measures of the geometric entities in the observed image. This approach naturally leads to very efficient estimation procedures and alleviates the need for restrictive assumptions made in previous work.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4895442,no
Active Data Selection for Sensor Networks with Faults and Changepoints,"We describe a Bayesian formalism for the intelligent selection of observations from sensor networks that may intermittently undergo faults or changepoints. Such active data selection is performed with the goal of taking as few observations as necessary in order to maintain a reasonable level of uncertainty about the variables of interest. The presence of faults/changepoints is not always obvious and therefore our algorithm must first detect their occurrence. Having done so, our selection of observations must be appropriately altered. Faults corrupt our observations, reducing their impact; changepoints (abrupt changes in the characteristics of data) may require the transition to an entirely different sampling schedule. Our solution is to employ a Gaussian process formalism that allows for sequential time-series prediction about variables of interest along with a decision theoretic approach to the problem of selecting observations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5474748,no
Ride-through alternatives of Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD's) during fault conditions,Voltage unbalance or sag conditions generated by the power system faults can have a significant negative impact on the ASD's (Adjustable Speed Drives). A practical ride- through scheme based on supercapacitor/ battery as an energy storage device for ASD's is presented in this paper. Energy storage module is connected to support the DC-link voltage during power system faults. The performance of ASD's under normal and power system faults is first simulated in MATLab Simulink and then experimentally verified. The Data AcQuisition boards (DAQ) of National Instruments along with LabVIEW software have been used to record the observed waveforms.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5712416,no
Research on Fault-tolerant Mechanism of Integrating Water-Domain Oriented Computing Resources,"Water domain grid platform, a grid platform based on cycle stealing technology is used to harness idle computing resources in one or several labs of one or several sites for its low costs and high performance. Volatility is the key challenge of this kind of platform and one fault will generate when a computing node leaves the platform. So how to make these volatile nodes work together without being influenced by generated faults is a key issue. So this paper presents a fault tolerance architecture aiming at minimizing generating faults. Once faults generated, other idle computation nodes in this platform can go on executing the unfinished task immediately. Finally some experiments based on this platform show that the framework has good performance in dealing with fault tolerance in water domain oriented computing resources integrated platform.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5222893,no
Lightweight Fault-Tolerance for Peer-to-Peer Middleware,"We address the problem of providing transparent, lightweight, fault-tolerance mechanisms for generic peer-to-peer middleware systems. The main idea is to use the peer-to-peer overlay to provide for fault-tolerance rather than support it higher up in the middleware architecture, e.g. in the form of services. To evaluate our approach we have implemented a fault-tolerant middleware prototype that uses a hierarchical peer-to-peer overlay in which the leaf peers connect to sensors that provide data streams. Clients connect to the root of the overlay and request streams that are routed upwards through intermediate peers in the overlay up to the client. We report encouraging preliminary results for latency, jitter and resource consumption for both the non-faulty and faulty cases.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5623407,no
MV distribution and neighborhood availability based error concealment order for video stream,"Transmission of compressed video over error prone channels may result in packet losses or errors, which can significantly degrade the image quality. Aimed this problem, this paper proposes an adaptive concealment order based on well know boundary matching algorithm. The concealment order is carefully chosen according to a lost MB's priority, which is formulated considering 2 factors, MV (motion vector) distribution in the lost MB's area, and its available neighborhood information. Compared with Chen's work, the experiments show our proposal always achieves better performance of video recovery under different packet lost rate channel.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5069225,no
An spatial error propagation reduction based temporal error concealment for 1Seg Video broadcasting,"Transmission of compressed video over error prone channels may result in packet losses or errors, which can significantly degrade the image quality. The error concealment (EC) is used to recover the lost data by the redundancy in videos. 1Seg is a recently widely used mobile TV service, which is one of services of ISDB-T (Integrated Services of Digital Broadcasting-terrestrial) in Japan and Brazil. In 1Seg, errors are drastically increased and lost areas are contiguous. Therefore the errors in earlier concealed MBs (macro blocks) may propagate to the MBs later to be concealed inside the same frame (spatial domain), so called spatial error propagation (SEP). Aiming at SEP reduction, this paper proposes a SEP reduction based EC (SEP-EC). In SEP-EC, besides the mismatch distortion in current MB, the potential propagated mismatch distortion in the following to be concealed MBs is also minimized. Compared with previous work, SEP-EC achieves better image recovery in both subjective and objective observation. The experiments under 1Seg broad-casting simulation confirmed this.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5383891,no
Video Error Concealment Using Spatio-Temporal Boundary Matching,"Transmission of videos in error prone environments may lead to video corruption or loss. Therefore error concealment at the decoder side has to be applied. Commonly error concealment techniques make use of the surrounding correctly received image data or motion information for concealment. In this paper, a novel spatio-temporal boundary matching algorithm (STBMA) by exploiting both spatial and temporal information to reconstruct the lost motion vectors (MV) is proposed, and also introduce a new side smoothness measurement. By using the motion vector that is found by the proposed algorithm, the lost macro block (MB) can be recovered. Compared with the well known boundary matching algorithm (BMA), the proposed algorithm is able to achieve higher PSNR as well as better visual quality.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5304283,no
Design and realization of fault diagnostic system for trunking base station based on LabVIEW and Visual Basic,"Trunking communication system is a sort of specialized command and control system. It is widely used in rescue work and public safety emergency. The peculiar occasion of its application requires more efficient fault diagnostic system. The rapid development of virtual instrument provides a new approach to the fault diagnosis of communication equipment. In this paper, the construction and the realization of fault diagnostic system for trunking base station are discussed and described in detail. The VI which contains signal acquiring unit and signal processing unit is developed by LabVIEW. And the fault diagnosing unit is developed by Visual Basic. The fault diagnosing unit analyzes the physical parameters and the waveform provided by VI. Finally, the fault diagnostic result is given, and the scheme of resolving faults is provided. By analyzing, it can be shown that this kind of fault diagnotic means can be used in other communication equipments.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5620734,no
Analyzing and Modeling Open Source Software Bug Report Data,"We analyzed the major differences between closed and open source software development from a software reliability perspective. We examined real world bug report data from six open source software projects, as well as the relationship between the release cycles and the stability characteristics of the bug report data of open source software projects. We then modeled the bug report data using nonparametric techniques. The experimental results suggest that generalized additive models and exponential smoothing approaches are suitable for the estimation of software reliability at least for some of the open source projects.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4483235,no
Detecting Software Faults in Distrubted Systems,"We are concerned with the problem of detecting faults in distributed software, rapidly and accurately. We assume that the software is characterized by events or attributes, which determine operational modes; some of these modes may be identified as failures. We assume that these events are known and that their probabilistic structure, in their chronological evolution, is also known, for a finite set of different operational modes. We propose and analyze a sequential algorithm that detects changes in operational modes rapidly and reliably. Further more, a threshold operational parameter of the algorithm controls effectively the induced speed versus correct detection versus false detection tradeoff.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5170330,no
Understanding earthquake fault systems using QuakeSim analysis and data assimilation tools,"We are using the QuakeSim environment to model interacting fault systems. One goal of QuakeSim is to prepare for the large volumes of data that spaceborne missions such as DESDynI will produce. QuakeSim has the ability to ingest distributed heterogenous data in the form of InSAR, GPS, seismicity, and fault data into various earthquake modeling applications, automating the analysis when possible. Virtual California simulates interacting faults in California. We can compare output from long time-history Virtual California runs with the current state of strain and the strain history in California. In addition to spaceborne data we will begin assimilating data from UAVSAR airborne flights over the San Francisco Bay Area, the Transverse Ranges, and the Salton Trough. Results of the models are important for understanding future earthquake risk and for providing decision support following earthquakes. Improved models require this sensor web of different data sources, and a modeling environment for understanding the combined data.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4839497,no
The effect of registration error on tracking distant augmented objects,"We conducted a user study of the effect of registration error on performance of tracking distant objects in augmented reality. Categorizing error by types that are often used as specifications, we hoped to derive some insight into the ability of users to tolerate noise, latency, and orientation error. We used measurements from actual systems to derive the parameter settings. We expected all three errors to influence userspsila ability to perform the task correctly and the precision with which they performed the task. We found that high latency had a negative impact on both performance and response time. While noise consistently interacted with the other variables, and orientation error increased user error, the differences between ldquohighrdquo and ldquolowrdquo amounts were smaller than we expected. Results of userspsila subjective rankings of these three categories of error were surprisingly mixed. Users believed noise was the most detrimental, though statistical analysis of performance refuted this belief. We interpret the results and draw insights for system design.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4637329,no
Fault tolerance for arithmetic and logic unit,"Very large scale integration (VLSI) technology has evolved to a level where large systems, previously implemented as printed circuit boards with discrete components, are integrated into a single integrated circuit (IC). But aggressive new chip design technologies frequently adversely affect chip reliability during functional operation. Reliability is of critical importance in situations where a computer malfunction could have catastrophic results. Reliability is used to describe systems in which it is not feasible to repair (as in computers on board satellites) or in which the computer is serving a critical function and cannot be lost even for the duration of a replacement (as insight control computers on an aircraft) or in which the repair is prohibitively expensive. The use of concurrent error detection scheme with order to achieve the high reliability requirement of modern computer systems is becoming an important design technique. The present paper describes implementation of error-detection mechanisms for detecting faults within the arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The Boolean unit of the ALU uses duplication of hardware with comparison as the error detection mechanism. The arithmetic unit of the ALU uses residue codes as the error detection mechanisms. If a fault is detected in the ALU we have to replace it with the spare ALU which will make error correction possible. We will compare this fault tolerance mechanism with the current fault-tolerance mechanisms (triple redundancy with single voting scheme and triple modular redundancy with triplicated voting mechanism).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5174100,no
Analysis of Packet Loss for Compressed Video: Effect of Burst Losses and Correlation Between Error Frames,"Video communication is often afflicted by various forms of losses, such as packet loss over the Internet. This paper examines the question of whether the packet loss pattern, and in particular, the burst length, is important for accurately estimating the expected mean-squared error distortion resulting from packet loss of compressed video. We focus on the challenging case of low-bit-rate video where each P-frame typically fits within a single packet. Specifically, we: 1) verify that the loss pattern does have a significant effect on the resulting distortion; 2) explain why a loss pattern, for example a burst loss, generally produces a larger distortion than an equal number of isolated losses; and 3) propose a model that accurately estimates the expected distortion by explicitly accounting for the loss pattern, inter-frame error propagation, and the correlation between error frames. The accuracy of the proposed model is validated with H.264/AVC coded video and previous frame concealment, where for most sequences the total distortion is predicted to within plusmn0.3 dB for burst loss of length two packets, as compared to prior models which underestimate the distortion by about 1.5 dB. Furthermore, as the burst length increases, our prediction is within plusmn0.7 dB, while prior models degrade and underestimate the distortion by over 3 dB. The proposed model works well for video-telephony-type of sequences with low to medium motion. We also present a simple illustrative example, of how knowledge of the effect of burst loss can be used to adapt the schedule of video streaming to provide improved performance for a burst loss channel, without requiring an increase in bit rate.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4490280,no
Error concealment scheme implemented in H.264/AVC,"Video transmission over noisy channels, like wireless channels, leads to errors on video. Effect of information loss is worse in case of transmission of compressed video. With growing interest in compressed video transmission over such environments, error concealment is becoming more important. In this paper we describe error concealment scheme which uses weighted pixel averaging to obtain each pixel value of lost macroblock in intra coded pictures and also method used for error concealment in inter coded pictures. This method uses boundary matching approach. We focus on performance evaluation of the error concealment technique implemented in JM reference software whereby we used extended profile in encoder.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4747428,no
DEM Error Retrieval by Analyzing Time Series of Differential Interferograms,"Two-pass differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry processing have been successfully used by the scientific community to derive velocity fields. Nevertheless, a precise digital elevation model (DEM) is necessary to remove the topographic component from the interferograms. This letter presents a novel method to detect and retrieve DEM errors by analyzing time series of differential interferograms. The principle of the method is based on the comparison of fringe patterns with the perpendicular baseline. First, a mathematical description of the algorithm is exposed. Then, the algorithm is applied on a series of four one-day European Remote Sensing 1 and 2 satellite (ERS-1/2) interferograms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5226568,no
Use of Code Error and Beat Frequency Test Method to Identify Single Event Upset Sensitive Circuits in a 1 GHz Analog to Digital Converter,"Typical test methods for characterizing the single event upset performance of an analog to digital converter (ADC) have involved holding the input at static values. As a result, output error signatures are seen for only a few input voltage and output codes. A test method using an input beat frequency and output code error detection allows an ADC to be characterized with a dynamic input at a high frequency. With this method, the impact of an ion strike can be seen over the full code range of the output. The error signatures from this testing can provide clues to which area of the ADC is sensitive to an ion strike.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4636933,no
Defect characterization using an ultrasonic array to measure the scattering coefficient matrix,"Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation is used for detection, characterization, and sizing of defects. The accurate sizing of defects that are of similar or less size than the ultrasonic wavelength is of particular importance in assessing structural integrity. In this paper, we demonstrate how measurement of the scattering coefficient matrix of a cracklike defect can be used to obtain its size, shape, and orientation. The scattering coefficient matrix describes the far field amplitude of scattered signals from a scatterer as a function of incident and scattering angles. A finite element (FE) modeling procedure is described that predicts the scattering coefficient matrix of various cracklike defects. Experimental results are presented using a commercial 64-element, 5 MHz array on 2 aluminum test samples that contain several machined slots and through thickness circular holes. To minimize the interference from the reflections of neighboring defects, a subarray approach is used to focus ultrasound on each target defect in turn and extract its scattering coefficient matrices. A circular hole and a fine slot can be clearly distinguished by their different scattering coefficient matrices over a specific range of incident angles and scattering angles. The orientation angles of slots directly below the array are deduced from the measured scattering coefficient matrix to an accuracy of a few degrees, and their lengths are determined with an error of 10%.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4638911,no
Transient fault models and AVF estimation revisited,"Transient faults (also known as soft-errors) resulting from high-energy particle strikes on silicon are typically modeled as single bit-flips in memory arrays. Most Architectural Vulnerability Factor (AVF) analyses assume this model. However, accelerated radiation tests on static random access memory (SRAM) arrays built using modern technologies show evidence of clustered upsets resulting from single particle strikes. In this paper, these observations are used to define a scalable fault model capable of representing fault multiplicities. Applying this model, a probabilistic framework for incorporating vulnerability of SRAM arrays to different fault multiplicities into AVF is proposed. An experimental fault injection setup using a detailed microarchitecture simulation running generic benchmarks was used to demonstrate vulnerability characterization in light of the new fault model. Further, rigorous fault injection is used to demonstrate that conventional methods of AVF estimation overestimate vulnerability up to 7 for some structures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544276,no
Automatic selection of recognition errors by respeaking the intended text,"We investigate how to automatically align spoken corrections with an initial speech recognition result. Such automatic alignment would enable one-step voice-only correction in which users simply respeak their intended text. We present three new models for automatically aligning corrections: a 1-best model, a word confusion network model, and a revision model. The revision model allows users to alter what they intended to write even when the initial recognition was completely correct. We evaluate our models with data gathered from two user studies. We show that providing just a single correct word of context dramatically improves alignment success from 65% to 84%. We find that a majority of users provide such context without being explicitly instructed to do so. We find that the revision model is superior when users modify words in their initial recognition, improving alignment success from 73% to 83%. We show how our models can easily incorporate prior information about correction location and we show that such information aids alignment success. Last, we observe that users speak their intended text faster and with fewer re-recordings than if they are forced to speak misrecognized text.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5373347,no
An Evolving Model of Software Bug Reports,"We model software bug reports as a topological network called reporter network. By statistical analysis we And that the reporter network displays a number of features (scale-free, small-world, and etc.) shared by other complex networks. In order to understand the origins of these features, an evolving complex network model is proposed for the first time. The experimental results show that the model is able to reproduce many of statistical properties of the reporter network. Moreover, the scaling exponents of power-law distribution are calculated analytically. The calculation results agree well with simulation results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5362546,no
Fault Analysis and Parameter Identification of Permanent-Magnet Motors by the Finite-Element Method,"We performed a time-stepping finite-element-method (FEM) analysis to study a rotor surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous machine with insulation failure inter-turn fault. We used FEM for magnetic field study and determining the machine parameters under various fault conditions. We studied the effect of machine pole number and number of faulted turns on machine parameters. Finally, we used the FEM machine model for studying permanent-magnet machine behavior under different fault conditions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5208493,no
Characterizing and predicting which bugs get fixed: an empirical study of Microsoft Windows,"We performed an empirical study to characterize factors that affect which bugs get fixed in Windows Vista and Windows 7, focusing on factors related to bug report edits and relationships between people involved in handling the bug. We found that bugs reported by people with better reputations were more likely to get fixed, as were bugs handled by people on the same team and working in geographical proximity. We reinforce these quantitative results with survey feedback from 358 Microsoft employees who were involved in Windows bugs. Survey respondents also mentioned additional qualitative influences on bug fixing, such as the importance of seniority and interpersonal skills of the bug reporter. Informed by these findings, we built a statistical model to predict the probability that a new bug will be fixed (the first known one, to the best of our knowledge). We trained it on Windows Vista bugs and got a precision of 68% and recall of 64% when predicting Windows 7 bug fixes. Engineers could use such a model to prioritize bugs during triage, to estimate developer workloads, and to decide which bugs should be closed or migrated to future product versions.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062117,no
How a cyber-physical system can efficiently obtain a snapshot of physical information even in the presence of sensor faults,We present a distributed algorithm for cyber-physical systems to obtain a snapshot of sensor data. The snapshot is an approximate representation of sensor data; it is an interpolation as a function of space coordinates. The new algorithm exploits a prioritized medium access control (MAC) protocol to efficiently transmit information of the sensor data. It scales to a very large number of sensors and it is able to operate in the presence of sensor faults.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4623298,no
Low Cost Correction of OCR Errors Using Learning in a Multi-Engine Environment,We propose a low cost method for the correction of the output of OCR engines through the use of human labor. The method employs an error estimator neural network that learns to assess the error probability of every word from ground truth data. The error estimator uses features computed from the outputs of multiple OCR engines. The output probability error estimate is used to decide which words are inspected by humans. The error estimator is trained to optimize the area under the word error ROC leading to an improved efficiency of the human correction process. A significant reduction in cost is achieved by clustering similar words together during the correction process. We also show how active learning techniques are used to further improve the efficiency of the error estimator.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5277588,no
A Fast QC Method for Testing Contact Hole Roughness by Defect Review SEM Image Analysis,"We propose a new and fast method for monitoring contact hole roughness (CHR), which can be a major yield-loss factor for advanced SRAMs. The method, defect-review scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image processing, can monitor CHR 100 times faster than the conventional method by critical dimension (CD)-SEM. The speed can facilitate faster identification of process countermeasures by, for example, making detailed monitoring of CHR variation within a wafer practicable. Results for CHR obtained by both new and conventional methods show similar trends for differences in process conditions. Also, we experimentally confirmed the new method's measuring variation of the rate of deformed contact holes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4657427,no
Static ownership inference for reasoning against concurrency errors,We propose a new approach for reasoning about concurrency in object-oriented programs. Central to our approach is static ownership inference analysis - we conjecture that this analysis has important application in reasoning against concurrency errors.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5071001,no
Model-based fault localization in large-scale computing systems,"We propose a new fault localization technique for software bugs in large-scale computing systems. Our technique always collects per-process function call traces of a target system, and derives a concise execution model that reflects its normal function calling behaviors using the traces. To find the cause of a failure, we compare the derived model with the traces collected when the system failed, and compute a suspect score that quantifies how likely a particular part of call traces explains the failure. The execution model consists of a call probability of each function in the system that we estimate using the normal traces. Functions with low probabilities in the model give high anomaly scores when called upon a failure. Frequently-called functions in the model also give high scores when not called. Finally, we report the function call sequences ranked with the suspect scores to the human analyst, narrowing further manual localization down to a small part of the overall system. We have applied our proposed method to fault localization of a known non-deterministic bug in a distributed parallel job manager. Experimental results on a three-site, 78-node distributed environment demonstrate that our method quickly locates an anomalous event that is highly correlated with the bug, indicating the effectiveness of our approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536310,no
A serial unequal error protection code system using trellis coded modulation and an adaptive equalizer for fading channels,"We propose a serial unequal error protection (UEP) scheme using trellis coded modulation and an adaptive equalizer for use in mobile fading channel communication environments. We propose two types of signal constellations, TRAP and RING, to realize unequal error protection and show their performance in fading channels using computer simulations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4773664,no
Atomic-scale surface structures and structural defects of hydrothermal batio3 nanoparticles revealed by HRTEM,"We report on the effects of reactive conditions on the formation of BT nanoparticles via hydrothermal process with a focus on their atomic-scale surface microstructures and structural defects characterized by HRTEM. The results showed that large Ba/Ti molar ratios in the precursors could lead to large particles with a cubic morphology. Smaller particles with a weaker agglomeration behavior were observed in the products synthesized via solvothermal process using ethylene glycol (EG) as reaction medium, in comparison to using either pure water or water-EG mixed solution as reactive medium. A terrace-ledge-kink surface structure and structural defects such as anti-phase boundaries (APBs) and edge dislocations with Burger's vector of or were observed at the edges of the 1/2<sub>d100</sub> or 1/2<sub>d111</sub> were observed at the edges of the nanoparticles. The {110} surfaces were found to be reconstructed and composed of the corners bound by the {100} mini-faces. APBs near the edges of BT nanoparticles were formed by the intersection of two crystalline parts with displacement deviation from each other by 1/2<sub>d110</sub>.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5307611,no
Application of CL/EBIC-SEM techniques for characterization of irradiation induced defects in triple junction solar cells,"We report the results of the characterization of irradiated InGaP<sub>2</sub>/GaAs/Ge multijunction (MJ) solar cells using the cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging/spectroscopy and electron beam induced current (EBIC) modes of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These techniques were applied to verify the influence of irradiation damage on the optoelectronic properties of each subcell triple junction structure and correlate illuminated (AM0, 1 sun, 25C) current-voltage (IV) and quantum efficiency (QE) characteristics.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5615869,no
Sensitivity Analysis on Bio-op Errors in DNA Computing,"We simulate the biological operations of a DNA computational algorithm for a combinatorial problem. We then perform sensitivity analysis in which we vary bio-op error rates to see which bio-ops affect the end result. Finally, we review three approaches to tune the algorithm in order to minimize significant error.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5286685,no
Study on the detection and correction of software based on UML,"We have proposed an approach to the correction of anti-patterns; we believe that before attempting such corrections it is important to have confirmation from the developer. Assumptions are made when identifying or correcting certain anti-patterns; however, these assumptions that we recognize as the causes of the anti-pattern may be the behavior the developer actually intended with the design, or may not be the most optimal correction for the anti pattern. We propose these transformations as a guide for the improvement of the design; nevertheless the decision of applying the changes should be left to the user.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5496587,no
Nano-scale fault tolerant machine learning for cognitive radio,"We introduce a machine learning based channel state classifier for cognitive radio, designed for nano-scale implementation. The system uses analog computation, and consists of cyclostationary feature extraction and a radial basis function network for classification. The description of the system is partially abstract, but our design choices are motivated by domain knowledge and we believe the system will be feasible for future nanotechnology implementation. We describe an error model for the system, and simulate experimental performance and fault tolerance of the system in recognizing WLAN signals, under different levels of input noise and computational errors. The system performs well under the expected non-ideal manufacturing and operating conditions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4685473,no
Evaluation of the accuracy and robustness of a motion correction algorithm for PET using a novel phantom approach,"We introduce the use of a novel physical phantom to quantify the performance of a motion-correction algorithm. The goal of the study was to assess a PET-PET image registration, the final output of which is a motion-corrected high-statistics PET image volume, a procedure called Reconstruct, Register and Average (RRA). Methods: A phantom was constructed using 5~2mL Ge-68 filled spheres suspended in a water-filled tank via lightweight fishing line and driven by a periodic motion. Comparison of maximum and mean concentration and sphere volume was performed. Ground truth data were measured using no-motion. With motion, five replicate datasets of 3-minute phase-gated data for each of 3 different periods of motion were acquired. Gated PET images were registered using a multi-resolution level-sets-based non-rigid registration (NRR). The NRR images were then averaged to form a motion-corrected, high-statistics image volume. Spheres from all images were segmented and compared across the imaging conditions. Results: The average center-of-mass range of motion was 7.35, 5.83 and 2.66 mm for the spheres over the three periods of 8, 6 and 4 seconds. The center-of-mass for all spheres in all conditions was corrected to within 1mm on average using NRR as compared to the gated data. For the RRA data, the sphere maximum activity concentration (MAC) was on average 40.2% higher (-4.0% to 116.7%) and sphere volume was on average 12.0% smaller (-8.2% to 28.1%) as compared to the un-gated data with motion. The RRA results for MAC were on average 70% more accurate and for sphere volume 80% more accurate as compared to the un-gated data. Conclusions: The results show that the novel phantom setup and analysis methods are a promising evaluation technique for the assessment of motion correction algorithms. Benefits include the ability to compare against ground truth data without motion but with control of the statistical data quality and background variability. Use of a nonmoving object adjacen- - t to spheres in motion, the spatial extent of the motion correction algorithm was confirmed to be local to the induced motion and to not affect the stationary object. A further benefit of the assessment technique is the use of ground truth data.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5874232,no
Design and implementation of color correction system for images captured by digital camera,"We present the design and implementation of a color correction system for images captured by digital camera. In general, photographing is affected by various factors such as objective camera settings and many environmental contents as well as individual user's skill. So it is not unusual for common users to take unnatural photographs which have inaccurate colors. Although there have been considerable research efforts for the color correction/reproduction, accurate handling of the color characteristics is still not a trivial task for the common users because it often requires specialized device, data format, and professional knowledge on the color science. Our goal in this paper is to develop an easy-to-use color correction system which is friendly to the average digital camera users. The experimental results show that the color correction problem can be greatly simplified by using the proposed system. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed system are also verified on the experimental results of several indoor and outdoor images.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4560085,no
Effective and efficient localization of multiple faults using value replacement,"We previously presented a fault localization technique called value replacement that repeatedly alters the state of an executing program to locate a faulty statement [9]. The technique searches for program statements involving values that can be altered during runtime to cause the incorrect output of a failing run to become correct. We showed that highly effective fault localization results could be achieved by the technique on programs containing single faults. In the current work, we generalize value replacement so that it can also perform effectively in the presence of multiple faults. We improve scalability by describing two techniques that significantly improve the efficiency of value replacement. In our experimental study, our generalized technique effectively isolates multiple simultaneous faults in time on the order of minutes in each case, whereas in , the technique had sometimes required time on the order of hours to isolate only single faults.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5306303,no
A Safe Fault Tolerant Multi-view Approach for Vision-Based Protective Devices,"We present a new approach that realizes an image-based fault tolerant distance computation for a multi-view camera system which conservatively approximates the shortest distance between unknown objects and 3D volumes. Our method addresses the industrial application of vision-based protective devices which are used to detect intrusions of humans into areas of dangerous machinery, in order to prevent injuries. This requires hardware redundancy for compensation of hardware failures without loss of functionality and safety. By taking sensor failures during the fusion process of distances from different cameras into account, this is realized implicitly, with the benefit of no additional hardware cost. In particular we employ multiple camera perspectives for safe and non-conservative occlusion handling of obstacles and formulate general system assumptions which are also appropriate for other applications like multi-view reconstruction methods.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5597342,no
A New Class of Highly Fault Tolerant Erasure Code for the Disk Array,"We present a new class of erasure codes of size ntimesn (n is a prime number) called T-code, a new family of simple, highly fault tolerant XOR-based erasure codes for storage systems (with fault tolerance up to 15). T-code is not maximum distance separable (MDS), but has many other advantages, such as high fault tolerance, simple computability, and high efficiency of coding and decoding. Because of its superior quantity over many other erasure codes for the storage system, this new coding technology is more suited in RAID or dRAID systems.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4634921,no
"TRAILS, a Toolkit for Efficient, Realistic and Evolving Models of Mobility, Faults and Obstacles in Wireless Networks","We present a new simulation toolkit called TRAILS (Toolkit for Realism and Adaptivity In Large-scale Simulations), which extends the ns-2 simulator by adding important functionality and optimizing certain critical simulator operations. The added features provide the tools to study wireless networks of high dynamics. TRAILS facilitates the implementation of advanced mobility patterns, obstacle presence and disaster scenarios, and failures injection that can dynamically change throughout the execution of the simulation. Moreover, we define a set of utilities that enhance the use of ns-2. This functionality is implemented in a simple and flexible architecture, that follows design patterns, object oriented and generic programming principles, maintaining a proper balance between reusability, extendability and ease of use. We evaluate the performance of TRAILS and show that it offers significant speed-ups regarding the execution time of ns-2 in certain important, common wireless settings. Our results also show that this is achieved with minimum overhead in terms of memory usage.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4494402,no
Security games with decision and observation errors,"We study two-player security games which can be viewed as sequences of nonzero-sum matrix games played by an Attacker and a Defender. The evolution of the game is based on a stochastic fictitious play process. Players do not have access to each other's payoff matrix. Each has to observe the other's actions up to present and plays the action generated based on the best response to these observations. However, when the game is played over a communication network, there are several practical issues that need to be taken into account: First, the players may make random decision errors from time to time. Second, the players' observations of each other's previous actions may be incorrect. The players will try to compensate for these errors based on the information they have. We examine convergence property of the game in such scenarios, and establish convergence to the equilibrium point under some mild assumptions when both players are restricted to two actions.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5530868,no
Mapping software faults with web security vulnerabilities,"Web applications are typically developed with hard time constraints and are often deployed with critical software bugs, making them vulnerable to attacks. The classification and knowledge of the typical software bugs that lead to security vulnerabilities is of utmost importance. This paper presents a field study analyzing 655 security patches of six widely used web applications. Results are compared against other field studies on general software faults (i.e., faults not specifically related to security), showing that only a small subset of software fault types is related to security. Furthermore, the detailed analysis of the code of the patches has shown that web application vulnerabilities result from software bugs affecting a restricted collection of statements. A detailed analysis of the conditions/locations where each fault was observed in our field study is presented allowing future definition of realistic fault models that cause security vulnerabilities in web applications, which is the key element to design a realistic attack injector.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630094,no
Simulator for fault tolerance in large scale distributed systems,"We present a simulation model designed for the evaluation of fault tolerance solutions working in large scale distributed systems. This model extends the MONARC simulation model with new capabilities for fault tolerance simulation. The model includes failure behavior and capabilities to detect and react to faults. We also present an implementation of this model in MONARC, together with specific evaluation results. The model's implementation considers permanent and transient failures occurring within processing units, network components, as well as databases. The model is easily extendable, allowing the additions of new failure models, as required by different experiments. The model can be used in conjunction with key performance metrics, being able to easily pinpoint areas of failures within the simulated environments.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5606401,no
BugFix: A learning-based tool to assist developers in fixing bugs,"We present a tool called BugFix that can assist developers in fixing program bugs. Our tool automatically analyzes the debugging situation at a statement and reports a prioritized list of relevant bug-fix suggestions that are likely to guide the developer to an appropriate fix at that statement. BugFix incorporates ideas from machine learning to automatically learn from new debugging situations and bug fixes over time. This enables more effective prediction of the most relevant bug-fix suggestions for newly-encountered debugging situations. The tool takes into account the static structure of a statement, the dynamic values used at that statement by both passing and failing runs, and the interesting value mapping pairs associated with that statement. We present a case study illustrating the efficacy of BugFix in helping developers to fix bugs.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5090029,no
Predicting Defect-Prone Software Modules at Different Logical Levels,"Effective software defect estimation can bring cost reduction and efficient resources allocation in software development and testing. Usually, estimation of defect-prone modules is based on the supervised learning of the modules at the same logical level. Various practical issues may limit the availability or quality of the attribute-value vectors extracting from the high-level modules by software metrics. In this paper, the problem of estimating the defect in high-level software modules is investigated with a multi-instance learning (MIL) perspective. In detail, each high-level module is regarded as a bag of its low-level components, and the learning task is to estimate the defect-proneness of the bags. Several typical supervised learning and MIL algorithms are evaluated on a mission critical project from NASA. Compared to the selected supervised schemas, the MIL methods improve the performance of the software defect estimation models.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5401286,yes
A Comparative Study of Ensemble Feature Selection Techniques for Software Defect Prediction,"Feature selection has become the essential step in many data mining applications. Using a single feature subset selection method may generate local optima. Ensembles of feature selection methods attempt to combine multiple feature selection methods instead of using a single one. We present a comprehensive empirical study examining 17 different ensembles of feature ranking techniques (rankers) including six commonly-used feature ranking techniques, the signal-to-noise filter technique, and 11 threshold-based feature ranking techniques. This study utilized 16 real-world software measurement data sets of different sizes and built 13,600 classification models. Experimental results indicate that ensembles of very few rankers are very effective and even better than ensembles of many or all rankers.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5708824,yes
Cost Curve Evaluation of Fault Prediction Models,"Prediction of fault prone software components is one of the most researched problems in software engineering. Many statistical techniques have been proposed but there is no consensus on the methodology to select the ""best model"" for the specific project. In this paper, we introduce and discuss the merits of cost curve analysis of fault prediction models. Cost curves allow software quality engineers to introduce project-specific cost of module misclassification into model evaluation. Classifying a software module as fault-prone implies the application of some verification activities, thus adding to the development cost. Misclassifying a module as fault free carries the risk of system failure, also associated with cost implications. Through the analysis of sixteen projects from public repositories, we observe that software quality does not necessarily benefit from the prediction of fault prone components. The inclusion of misclassification cost in model evaluation may indicate that even the ""best"" models achieve performance no better than trivial classification. Our results support a recommendation to adopt cost curves as one of the standard methods for software quality model performance evaluation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700324,yes
Attribute Selection and Imbalanced Data: Problems in Software Defect Prediction,"The data mining and machine learning community is often faced with two key problems: working with imbalanced data and selecting the best features for machine learning. This paper presents a process involving a feature selection technique for selecting the important attributes and a data sampling technique for addressing class imbalance. The application domain of this study is software engineering, more specifically, software quality prediction using classification models. When using feature selection and data sampling together, different scenarios should be considered. The four possible scenarios are: (1) feature selection based on original data, and modeling (defect prediction) based on original data; (2) feature selection based on original data, and modeling based on sampled data; (3) feature selection based on sampled data, and modeling based on original data; and (4) feature selection based on sampled data, and modeling based on sampled data. The research objective is to compare the software defect prediction performances of models based on the four scenarios. The case study consists of nine software measurement data sets obtained from the PROMISE software project repository. Empirical results suggest that feature selection based on sampled data performs significantly better than feature selection based on original data, and that defect prediction models perform similarly regardless of whether the training data was formed using sampled or original data.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5670030,yes
Transparent combination of expert and measurement data for defect prediction: an industrial case study,"Defining strategies on how to perform quality assurance (QA) and how to control such activities is a challenging task for organizations developing or maintaining software and software-intensive systems. Planning and adjusting QA activities could benefit from accurate estimations of the expected defect content of relevant artifacts and the effectiveness of important quality assurance activities. Combining expert opinion with commonly available measurement data in a hybrid way promises to overcome the weaknesses of purely data-driven or purely expert-based estimation methods. This article presents a case study of the hybrid estimation method HyDEEP for estimating defect content and QA effectiveness in the telecommunication domain. The specific focus of this case study is the use of the method for gaining quantitative predictions. This aspect has not been empirically analyzed in previous work. Among other things, the results show that for defect content estimation, the method performs significantly better statistically than purely data-based methods, with a relative error of 0.3 on average (MMRE).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062145,yes
Ineffectiveness of Use of Software Science Metrics as Predictors of Defects in Object Oriented Software,"Software science metrics (SSM) have been widely used as predictors of software defects. The usage of SSM is an effect of correlation of size and complexity metrics with number of defects. The SSM have been proposed keeping in view the procedural paradigm and structural nature of the programs. There has been a shift in software development paradigm from procedural to object oriented (OO) and SSM have been used as defect predictors of OO software as well. However, the effectiveness of SSM in OO software needs to be established. This paper investigates the effectiveness of use of SSM for: (a)classification of defect prone modules in OO software (b) prediction of number of defects. Various binary and numeric classification models have been applied on dataset kc1 with class level data to study the role of SSM. The results show that the removal of SSM from the set of independent variables does not significantly affect the classification of modules as defect prone and the prediction of number of defects. In most of the cases the accuracy and mean absolute error has improved when SSM were removed from the set of independent variables. The results thus highlight the ineffectiveness of use of SSM in defect prediction in OO software.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5319488,yes
A Density Based Clustering approach for early detection of fault prone modules,"Quality of a software component can be measured in terms of fault proneness of data. Quality estimations are made using fault proneness data available from previously developed similar type of projects and the training data consisting of software measurements. To predict fault-proneness of modules different techniques have been proposed which includes statistical methods, machine learning techniques, neural network techniques and clustering techniques. The aim of proposed approach is to investigate that whether metrics available in the early lifecycle (i.e. requirement metrics), metrics available in the late lifecycle (i.e. code metrics) and metrics available in the early lifecycle (i.e. requirement metrics) combined with metrics available in the late lifecycle (i.e. code metrics) can be used to identify fault prone modules by using Density Based Clustering technique. This approach has been tested with real time defect datasets of NASA software projects named as PC1. Predicting faults early in the software life cycle can be used to achieve high software quality. The results show that the fusion of requirement and code metric is the best prediction model for detecting the faults as compared with mostly used code based model.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5559753,yes
Reducing Features to Improve Bug Prediction,"Recently, machine learning classifiers have emerged as a way to predict the existence of a bug in a change made to a source code file. The classifier is first trained on software history data, and then used to predict bugs. Two drawbacks of existing classifier-based bug prediction are potentially insufficient accuracy for practical use, and use of a large number of features. These large numbers of features adversely impact scalability and accuracy of the approach. This paper proposes a feature selection technique applicable to classification-based bug prediction. This technique is applied to predict bugs in software changes, and performance of Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers is characterized.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5431727,yes
An Investigation of the Effect of Discretization on Defect Prediction Using Static Measures,"Software repositories with defect logs are main resource for defect prediction. In recent years, researchers have used the vast amount of data that is contained by software repositories to predict the location of defect in the code that caused problems. In this paper we evaluate the effectiveness of software fault prediction with Naive-Bayes classifiers and J48 classifier by integrating with supervised discretization algorithm developed by Fayyad and Irani. Public datasets from the promise repository have been explored for this purpose. The repository contains software metric data and error data at the function/method level. Our experiment shows that integration of discretization method improves the software fault prediction accuracy when integrated with Naive-Bayes and J48 classifiers.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5375760,yes
A data mining based method: Detecting software defects in source code,"With the expansion of software size and complexity, how to detect defects becomes a challenging problem. This paper proposes a defect detection method which applies data mining techniques in source code to detect two types of defects in one process. The two types of defects are rule-violating defects and copy-paste related defects which may include semantic defects. During the process, this method can also extract implicit programming rules without prior knowledge of the software and detect copy-paste segments with different granularities. The method is evaluated with the Linux kernel that contains more than 4 million lines of C code. The result shows that the resulting system can quickly detect many programming rules and violations to the rules. After using the novel pruning techniques, it will greatly reduce the effort of manually checking violations so as a large number of false positives are effectively eliminated. As an illustrative example of its effectiveness, a case study shows that among the top 50 violations reported by the proposed model, 11 defects can be confirmed after examining the source code.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5542852,no
Numerical analysis and defects of forging technology for synchronizing steel ring of automobile,"With the high development of the motor industry, there is a great demand for precise and complex auto parts. New forging processes, material and energy saving processes are very important to the production of new type of auto parts. But forging mechanism is very complicated,and numerical simulation is the most effective method for analyzing the plastic deformation process. In this paper, several key techniques of synchronizer ring is simulated by Deform-3D, the effect of workpiece diameter, die structure and friction factor on forging quality and the flowing and strain stress distributing disciplinarian of metal material are particular analyzed. The defects occurred in the forging process is forecasted, eliminated forming disciplinarian and optimized process parameters and die structure through numerical simulation. The theory of precision forging, technology of FEM simulation and die CAD are integrated through this research, which helps to shorten developing period, prolong life-span of die, and cut down the cost, etc. The progeny of the research can provide accordance for other synchronizing ring production and die design and it also can be used for the leading production directly.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5709945,no
FPGA based design of a novel enhanced error detection and correction technique,"With the increase of data transmission and hence sources of noise and interference, engineers have been struggling with the demand for more efficient and reliable techniques for detecting and correcting errors in received data. Although several techniques and approaches have been proposed and applied in the last decade, data reliability in transmission is still a problem. In this paper we propose a high efficient combined error detection and correction technique based on the Orthogonal Codes Convolution, Closest Match, and vertical parity. This method has been experimentally implemented and simulated using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Simulation results show that the proposed technique detects 99.99% of the errors and corrects as predicted up to (n/2-1) bits of errors in the received impaired n-bit code.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4554262,no
Study on Integration Diagnosis System for Automobile Faults and Its Key Technologies,"With the rapid development of automobile electronics level, the mechatronics of automobile product becomes more and more obviously. When we try our best to improve function of automobile by electronic controlled system, the difficulty of failure diagnosis is increasing too. In order to improve the maintenance quality and efficiency, automobile manufacturer and maintenance server have established the integration diagnosis system on the basis of on-board diagnosis and off-board diagnosis. There are two types of automobile fault diagnosis integration system, primary integration system which composed of detection technology and expert system; higher integration which composed of detection technology, expert system and network communication. These two systems may be composed of the parameters measuring module, data fusion module, and fault diagnosis module, information obtaining module and network communication module. Based on the analysis of module functions, the reason and basis to some key technologies such as measuring apparatus or equipment communication standards, the available of fault diagnosis expert system, the multifunction inferring methods and fault diagnosis knowledge obtaining by network are presented in this paper.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4756544,no
Clinic: A Service Oriented Approach for Fault Tolerance in Wireless Sensor Networks,"With the size and complexity of modern Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) systems, a system's ability to recover from faults is becoming more important. A self-healing system is one that has the capability to recover from faults without human intervention during execution. Since WSNs are inherently fault-prone and since their on-site maintenance is infeasible, scalable self-healing is crucial for enabling the deployment of large-scale sensor network applications. Previous work has typically dealt with single faults in isolation, has imposed constraints on systems, or required new protocol elements. In this paper, we attempt to solve some of these problems through the use of service-oriented architecture. We propose a service-oriented self-healing approach, called Clinic, that works with existing network components, e.g. routing protocols, and resources without adding extra overhead on the network. In Clinic, different network capabilities are viewed as services of the network instead of being isolated capabilities of individual nodes. This view of the network promotes collaboration among nodes and information reuse by sharing information collected by one service with other network services. Preliminary evaluation showed that Clinic achieved fault tolerance while keeping low communication overhead by reusing only the information collected by other network services to heal from faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5558099,no
A method of inverter circuit fault diagnosis based on BP neural network and D-S evidence theory,"With the study and analysis on intelligent fault diagnosis for inverting circuit, an improved diagnosis method combined BP neuron network and D-S evidence theory was proposed. Each measuring point was extracted by BP neural network to obtain the local diagnosis, which is adopted to design the belief function of D-S evidence theory. Multiple monitoring points' information is fused to receive the comprehensive global diagnosis result. The experimental results show that this method has the better feasibility and effectiveness on fault diagnosis in inverter's key components-inverting circuit.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5554302,no
"Prediction, Detection, and Correction of Faraday Rotation in Full-Polarimetric L-Band SAR Data","With the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor PALSAR onboard the Advanced Land Observing Satellite, a new full-polarimetric spaceborne L-band SAR instrument has been launched into orbit. At L-band, Faraday rotation (FR) can reach significant values, degrading the quality of the received SAR data. One-way rotations exceeding 25 <sup>deg</sup> are likely to happen during the lifetime of PALSAR, which will significantly reduce the accuracy of geophysical parameter recovery if uncorrected. Therefore, the estimation and correction of FR effects is a prerequisite for data quality and continuity. In this paper, methods for estimating FR are presented and analyzed. The first unambiguous detection of FR in SAR data is presented. A set of real data examples indicates the quality and sensitivity of FR estimation from PALSAR data, allowing the measurement of FR with high precision in areas where such measurements were previously inaccessible. In examples, we present the detection of kilometer-scale ionospheric disturbances, a spatial scale that is not detectable by ground-based GPS measurements. An FR prediction method is presented and validated. Approaches to correct for the estimated FR effects are applied, and their effectiveness is tested on real data.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4637957,no
Adaptive Motion Vector Retrieval Schemes for H.264 Error Concealment,"With the ubiquitous application of Internet and wireless networks, H.264 video communication becomes more and more popular. However, due to the high-efficiently predictive coding and the variable length entropy coding, it is more sensitive to transmission errors. Error concealment (EC) is just an approach to utilize the spatial and temporal correlations to conceal the corrupted region. In this paper, first we propose variable block size error concealment (VBSEC) scheme inspired by variable block size motion estimation (VBSME) in H.264. This scheme provides four EC modes and four sub-block partitions. The whole corrupted macro-block (MB) will be divided into variable block size adoptively according to the actual motion. More precise motion vectors (MV) will be predicted for each sub-block Then MV refinement (MVR) scheme is proposed to refine the MV of the heterogeneous sub-block by utilizing three step search (TSS) algorithm adaptively. Both VBSEC and MVR are based on our improved spatio-temporal boundary matching algorithm (STBMA). By utilizing these schemes, we can reconstruct the corrupted MB in the inter frame more accurately. The experimental results show that our proposed scheme can obtain maximum PSNR gain up to 1.82dB and 1.52dB, respectively compared with the boundary matching algorithm (BMA) adopted in the JM11.0 reference software and STBMA.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4566184,no
Distributed event processing for fault management of Web Services,"Within service orientation (SO) web services (WS) are the defacto standard for implementing service-oriented systems. While consumers of WS want to get uninterrupted and reliable service from the service providers WS providers can not always provide services in the expected level due to faults and failures in the system. As a result the fault management of these systems is becoming crucial. This work presents a distributed event-driven architecture for fault management of Web Services. According to the architecture managed WS report different events to the event databases. From event databases these events are sent to event processors. The event processors are distributed over the network. They process the events, detect fault scenarios in the event stream and manage faults in the WS.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5394101,no
Polish N-Grams and Their Correction Process,"Word n-gram statistics collected from over 1 300 000 000 words are presented. Eventhough they were collected from various good sources, they contain several types of errors. The paper focuses on the process of partly supervised correction of the n- grams. Types of errors are described as well as our software allowing efficient and fast corrections.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5575068,no
A Comparative Evaluation of Using Genetic Programming for Predicting Fault Count Data,"There have been a number of software reliability growth models (SRGMs) proposed in literature. Due to several reasons, such as violation of models' assumptions and complexity of models, the practitioners face difficulties in knowing which models to apply in practice. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of traditional models and use of genetic programming (GP) for modeling software reliability growth based on weekly fault count data of three different industrial projects. The motivation of using a GP approach is its ability to evolve a model based entirely on prior data without the need of making underlying assumptions. The results show the strengths of using GP for predicting fault count data.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4668139,yes
Based on CAN bus wind generating set online monitoring and fault diagnosis system,"Wind generating set online monitoring and fault diagnosis system, using CAN bus, combines by sensor system, scene gathering and processing, monitoring system, analysis and diagnosis system, network system, etc.. This system combines signal processing, artificial intelligence, communications, DSP, databases, computer networks and so on, decomposes a complete online monitor and diagnosis duty to each computer on different level, coordinates mutually, completes the monitor task together; and the online way integrated experts wisdom of diagnostics, has realized the long-distance monitor and the diagnosis, therefore enterprises may register the correlation the long-distance diagnostic center Website to carry on the analysis diagnosis directly. Practice has proved that this system integrated data collection, performance analysis, fault diagnosis, artificial intelligence technologies in one integrated information system, realized running status monitor and the breakdown diagnosis to the wind generating set. The system has a certain practicality and effectiveness.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4747000,no
Simultaneous optimization for wind derivatives based on prediction errors,"Wind power energy has been paid much attention recently for various reasons, and the production of electricity with wind energy has been increasing rapidly for a few decades. In this work, we will propose a new type of weather derivatives based on the prediction errors for wind speeds, and estimate their hedge effect on wind power energy businesses. At first, we will investigate the correlation of prediction errors between the power output and the wind speed in a Japanese wind farm. Then we will develop a methodology that will optimally construct a wind derivative based on the prediction errors using nonparametric regressions. A simultaneous optimization technique of the loss and payoff functions for wind derivatives is demonstrated based on the empirical data.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4586515,no
Robust and extreme unequal error protection scheme for the transmission of scalable data over OFDM systems,Wireless applications are subject to the end-to-end quality of service (QoS) requirements. This paper presents a new resources allocation algorithm that allows to transmit scalable multimedia data over a frequency selective channel with partial channel knowledge. The available resources are subject to payload and QoS constraints and the algorithm aims at maximizing the transmission robustness to channel estimation errors. The impact of this technique is evaluated for a MPEG-4 audio application.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4518274,no
The Application of Wireless Sensor Networks in Machinery Fault Diagnosis,"Wireless sensor network is a thriving information collecting and processing technology, which is widely used in military field, industry and environmental monitoring, etc. In a wireless sensor network which is made up of tens of thousands battery-powered sensor nodes, data fusion technology can be used to reduce communication traffic in order to save energy. With respect to large mechanical equipment, traditional wired sensors are commonly used for fault detection and diagnosis. There will be no wiring problem if wireless sensor networks are used, which is favorable to detect potential problems in mechanical equipment without affecting normal production of enterprises. In this paper, the application of wireless sensor networks in machinery fault diagnosis is studied, a data fusion model for machinery fault diagnosis in wireless sensor networks and PCA neural data fusion algorithm are proposed, and the effectiveness of the method is demonstrated in an experiment.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5532717,no
Fuzzy data fusion for fault detection in Wireless Sensor Networks,"Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) can produce decisions that are unreliable due to the large inherent uncertainties in the areas which they are deployed. It is vital for the applications where WSN's are deployed that accurate decisions can be made from the data produced. Fault detection is a vital pursuit, however it is a challenging task. In this paper we present a fuzzy logic data fusion approach to fault detection within a Wireless Sensor Network using a Statistical Process Control and a clustered covariance method. Through the use of a fuzzy logic data fusion approach we have introduced a novel technique into this area to reduce uncertainty and false-positives within the fault detection process.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5625598,no
A Mobile Agent-Based Architecture for Fault Tolerance in Wireless Sensor Networks,"Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are prone to failures as they are usually deployed in remote and unattended environments. To mitigate the effect of these failures, fault tolerance becomes imperative. Nonetheless, it remains to be a second tier activityit should not undermine the execution of the mission oriented tasks of WSNs through overly taxing their resources. We define architecture for fault tolerance in WSNs that is based on a federation of mobile agents that is used both for diagnostic intelligence and repair regimen, focusing on being lightweight in energy, communication and resources. Mobile agents are classified here as local, metropolitan, and global, providing fault tolerance at node, network and functional levels. Interactions between mobile agents are inspired by honey bee dance language that builds on semantics of errors classification and their demographic distribution. Our quantitative modeling substantiates that the proposed fault tolerance framework mandates minimalist communication through contextualized bee-inspired interactions, achieving adaptive sensitivity, and hysteresis-based stability",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5489384,no
A High Energy Efficiency Link Layer Adaptive Error Control Mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks,"Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) require simple and facile error control schemes because of the low complexity and high energy efficiency request of sensor nodes. In this paper, we discuss ARQ, FEC, and Chase combing hybrid ARQ (HARQ) schemes using energy efficiency analysis on different communication distances and link layer frame lengths. We proposed a high energy efficiency adaptive error control mechanism (AEC-RSSI). Our mathematical analysis shows that the AEC-RSSI mechanism achieves better performance of data transmission comparing with FEC, ARQ and HARQ, in terms of the overall energy efficiency of the communications in a WSN.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676934,no
Online drift correction in wireless sensor networks using spatio-temporal modeling,"Wireless sensor networks are deployed for the purpose of sensing and monitoring an area of interest. Sensors in the sensor network can suffer from both random and systematic bias problems. Even when the sensors are properly calibrated at the time of their deployment, they develop drift in their readings leading to erroneous inferences being made by the network. The drift in this context is defined as a slow, unidirectional, long-term change in the sensor measurements. In this paper we present a novel algorithm for detecting and correcting sensors drifts by utilising the spatio-temporal correlation between neigbouring sensors. Based on the assumption that neighbouring sensors have correlated measurements and that the instantiation of drift in a sensor is uncorrelated with other sensors, each sensor runs a support vector regression algorithm on its neigbourspsila corrected readings to obtain a predicted value for its measurements. It then uses this predicted data to self-assess its measurement and detect and correct its drift using a Kalman filter. The algorithm is run recursively and is totally decentralized. We demonstrate using real data obtained from the Intel Berkeley Laboratory that our algorithm successfully suppresses drifts developed in sensors and thereby prolongs the effective lifetime of the network.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4632206,no
ECC-Cache: A Novel Low Power Scheme to Protect Large-Capacity L2 Caches from Transiant Faults,"With dramatic scaling in feature size of VLSI technology, the capacity of on-chip L2 cache increases rapidly, how to guarantee the reliability of large capacity L2 cache has become an important issue. However, increasing the reliability of L2 cache tends to reduce its performance and brings more power consumption. This paper presents ECC-Cache, a novel low power fault-tolerant architecture which divided the traditional method of detecting and correcting errors using some uniform coding scheme into two steps, and uses a hybrid method which protects clean data and dirty data in different way to enhance the reliability of L2 cache. This paper also compares the performance and power consumption of ECC-Cache with that of some other proposed schemes, experimental results show that ECC-Cache is effective to guarantee the reliability of large-capacity L2 cache, while bringing little impact to system performance and power consumption. We find that ECC-Cache performs better than the uniform-ECC scheme adopted in some widespread used commercial processors and some proposed schemes in other papers. Compared with the cache which has no protection, ECC-Cache only consumes 3% to 6% additional power and degrades performance no more than 2%.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5283191,no
Mitigating Soft Errors in System-on-Chip Design,"With the continuous downscaling of CMOS technologies, the reliability has become a major bottleneck in the evolution of the next generation scaling. Technology trends such as transistor downsizing, use of new materials and high performance computer architecture continue to increase the sensitivity of systems to soft errors. Today the technologies are moving into the period of nanotechnologies and system-on-chip (SoC) designs are widely used in most of the applications, the issues of soft errors and reliability in complex SoC designs are set to become and increasingly challenging. This paper gives a review to the soft error in SoC designs and then presents the fault tolerant solution.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4709154,no
A fault location scheme based on spectrum characteristic of fault-generated high-frequency transient signals,"When a fault occurs on a transmission line, fault-generated high-frequency signals contains a lot of information about fault. This paper proposes a fault location scheme for transmission lines based on spectrum characteristic of high-frequency components, the difference of adjacent two natural frequencies in one ends of transmission line is used to compute fault distance. This method need not identify arriving time of first traveling wave and traveling wave from fault point, it is insensitive to swings, fault type, fault resistance and system source parameters. The scheme performance was proven using power system computer aided design (PSCAD) simulations in 500-kV power system considering critical fault cases.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275918,no
Design and implementation of the real-time color image correction system,"When the color linear array CCD camera works, the output color image has the dislocation phenomenon which has seriously affected the human visual effect. At the same time the dislocation phenomenon has also brought great trouble to the image processing. In order to resolve this problem, a real-time collection system with the PCI interface has been developed. The system not only has the image collection function but also has the communication function. The system is so convenient that it can be easy to achieve control and data transfer. In the system, hardware circuit module is designed with the block-style thinking. The FPGA is the core of the whole hardware circuit module, responsible for data transmission, timing logic control and serial communication. Double buffer structure ensures the data transmission reliably. The PCI driver development and the PC software application are described seriously in the software module. The DMA mode and the event notification method are adopted in the driver. The RGB color correction algorithm is introduced seriously in the software application. The experiment results show that the system has met the requirement targets. It can achieve the maximum transfer rate of 40MBps when running in the DMA mode. The system is stable and real-time when it works outdoors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5529625,no
Error-controlled computation for termination of programs,"Whether a program can terminate or not has direct impact on software safety. As false results can occur due to calculation errors on floating point numbers, the terminability can be false given a loop program and any initial value on R<sup>n</sup>. In this paper, a recursive algorithm is suggested for calculating the values of arithmetic expressions to arbitrary precision. Using the error-controlled computation method (ECC), we can determine the initial value is a terminating point or not.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5639817,no
All digital ADC with linearity correction and temperature compensation,"While digital circuits benefit from high-density digital CMOS technology, the design of analog and mixed signal blocks in the same technology is a higher challenge at each new technology node. AD converters are an example of such blocks. A possible solution is the implementation of ADCs in digital technology using logic gates as a voltage controlled oscillator. However, the limited linearity and temperature sensitivity are known issues. In this paper, a linearity correction technique that is also able to compensate for temperature effects is used. Results indicate the feasibility of the approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5488059,no
A Study on the Non-Inductive Coils for Hybrid Fault Current Limiter Using Experiment and Numerical Analysis,"A Hybrid fault current limiter (FCL) proposed by our group previously is composed of a superconducting coil, a fast switch and a bypass reactor. The superconducting coil wound with two kinds of HTS wire has zero impedance when normal current flows in the coil. However, different quench characteristics of the HTS wire generate magnetic flux in the coil when fault current flows in the coil. As a result, the fast switch was opened by the repulsive force applied to the aluminum plate above the coil. In previous studies, our group verified operating characteristics and feasibility of the fast switch. In this paper, comparison of pancake type and solenoid type non-inductive coil wound with two kinds of the HTS wire was performed by using short-circuit test and finite element method. From these results, short-circuit characteristic of a coil can be acquired and magnitude of the repulsive force and magnetic field can be analysed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5433287,no
Study of hybrid intelligent fault diagnosis,"A hybrid intelligent fault diagnosis method is presented for the diversity, uncertainty and complexity of device faults. This method integrates respective advantages of fault tree, fuzzy theory, neural networks and genetic algorithms to form a hybrid approach and is applied to fault diagnosis of fan. Experiments show that this method is simple and effective. It can also be applied to other fault diagnosis of complex systems and has certain portability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5456876,no
A Three-Phases Byzantine Fault Tolerance Mechanism for HLA-Based Simulation,"A large scale HLA-based simulation (federation) is composed of a large number of simulation components (federates), which may be developed by different participants and executed at different locations. Byzantine failures, caused by malicious attacks and software/hardware bugs, might happen to federates and propagate in the federation execution. In this paper, a three-phases (i.e., failure detection, failure location, and failure recovery) Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) mechanism is proposed based on the decoupled federate architecture. By combining the replication, check pointing and message logging techniques, some redundant executions of federate replicas are avoided. The BFT mechanism is implemented using both Barrier and No-Barrier federate replication structures. Protocols are also developed to remove the epidemic effect caused by Byzantine failures. As the experiment results show, the BFT mechanism using No-Barrier replication outperforms that using Barrier replication significantly in the case that federate replicas have different runtime performance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5636701,no
A low complexity hierarchical QAM symbol bits allocation algorithm for unequal error protection of wireless video transmission,"A low complexity hierarchical quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbol bits allocation algorithm for unequal error protection of video transmission over wireless channels is proposed in this paper. An unequal error protection (UEP) scheme using hierarchical QAM, which takes into consideration the non-uniformly distributed importance of intracoded frame (I-frame) and predictive coded frame (P-frame) in a group of pictures (GOP), is first proposed. In order to optimally allocate the hierarchical QAM's high priority (HP), medium priority (MP) and low priority (LP) symbol bits to the H.264/AVC video, a generic solution for optimal allocation of hierarchical QAM's high priority (HP), medium priority (MP) and low priority (LP) symbol bits to the H.264/AVC video is then proposed. Finally, a low complexity symbol bits allocation algorithm, namely ranking search algorithm, which reduces the computational complexity of the proposed optimal symbol bits allocation algorithm, is proposed. Simulation results show that our proposed UEP scheme outperforms the classical equal error protection (EEP) scheme and also the previous UEP scheme.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5277961,no
Adaptive Checkpoint Replication for Supporting the Fault Tolerance of Applications in the Grid,"A major challenge in a dynamic Grid with thousands of machines connected to each other is fault tolerance. The more resources and components involved, themore complicated and error-prone becomes the system. Migol is an adaptive Grid middleware, which addresses the fault tolerance of Grid applications and services by providing the capability to recover applications from checkpoint files automatically. A critical aspect for an automatic recovery is the availability of checkpoint files: If a resource becomes unavailable, it is very likely that the associated storage is also unreachable, e. g. due to a network partition. A strategy to increase the availability of checkpoints isreplication.In this paper, we present the Checkpoint Replication Service. A key feature of this service is the ability to automatically replicate and monitor checkpoints in the Grid.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4579677,no
Regularized B-spline deformable registration for respiratory motion correction in PET images,"A major challenge in respiratory motion correction of gated PET images is their low signal to noise ratios (SNR). This particularly affects the accuracy of image registration. This paper presents an approach to overcoming this problem using a deformable registration algorithm which is regularized using a Markov random field (MRF). The deformation field is represented using B-splines and is assumed to form a MRF. A regularizer is then derived and introduced to the registration, which penalizes noisy deformation fields. Gated PET images are aligned using this registration algorithm and summed. Experiments with simulated data show that the regularizer effectively suppresses the noise in PET images, yielding satisfactory deformation fields. After motion correction, the PET images have significantly better image quality.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4774124,no
A robust technique for motion correction in fMRI,"A major source of error in the analysis of functional Magnetic Resonance images is the presence of spurious activation arising on account of patient head movement at the time of image acquisition. This makes it imperative for the images to be subjected to motion correction through registration. A number of solutions to the problem currently do exist though there is always the need for faster approaches which produce better estimates of the motion parameters. In this paper, we propose a signal model for fMRI images with possible relative movement between scans and show how the least trimmed squares estimator, which is well-known in the statistical literature for its robustness, can be used. Since data obtained from actual fMRI studies do not provide the ldquocorrectrdquo values of the motion parameters with which the performances of various estimators may be compared, computer simulations are set up where these parameters may be controlled. Our simulations indicate that the proposed method produces smaller error in the estimated motion parameters, when compared to the existing estimators, including another robust estimator.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5201069,no
A Research on I.C. Engine Misfire Fault Diagnosis Based on Rough Sets Theory and Neural Network,"A method for diagnosis of misfire fault in internal combustion engine based on exhaust density of HC, CO2, O2 and the engines work parameters are presented in this paper. Rough sets theory is used to simplify attribute parameter reflecting exhaust emission and conditions of internal combustion engine and in which unnecessary properties are eliminated. The engines work parameters, exhaust emission with misfire fault and without fault are tested by the experimentation of CA6100 engine. A diagnosis model which describing the relationship between the misfire degree and the internal combustion engines exhaust emission and work parameters is established based on rough sets theory and RBF neural network. The model reduces the sample size, optimizes the neural network, increase the diagnosis correctness. The model is also trained by test data and MATLAB software. The model has been used to diagnosis internal combustion engine misfire fault, the result illustrates that this diagnosis model is suitable. This system can reduce input node number and overcome some shortcomings, such as neural network scale is too large and the rate of classification is slow.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5523314,no
Evaluation of the profile error of complex surface through particle swarm optimization (PSO),"A method for evaluating the profile error of complex surfaces, particularly the profile error of worm, with Minimum Zone Method (MZM) by way of particle swarm optimization (PSO) is presented. According to the minimum zone condition, the mathematical model of complex surface together with the optimal objective function is derived. The principle and implementation of PSO are explained and PSO algorithm is introduced to search the optimal solution. Experiments show that PSO method is capable of evaluating nonlinear optimization problems such as the profile error of complex surface and can obtain optimal solutions. The solutions agree well with the result given by Least Square Method (LSM). Moreover, the PSO-based approach features simple and easy to implement in computer. It can be applied to deal with the measured data of the profile error of complex surface obtained by three coordinate measurement machines (CMM).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6138997,no
To Send or Not to Send: An Empirical Assessment of Error Reporting Behavior,"<para> This study examines user perceptions that play a critical role in driving error reporting system (ERS) usage intentions. Building on the technology acceptance model (TAM) and literature on donation behavior, we theorize that value compatibility, role transparency, process transparency, and work interruption influence ERS usefulness and ERS usage intentions. Results show that congruence with user's value system, role transparency, and process transparency are important determinants of ERS usefulness. A direct effect of value compatibility, process transparency, and work interruption on intention to use the ERS is also observed. More importantly, our study elaborates on the applicability of TAM and its variables beyond their originally defined constraint. Prescriptive guidelines on effective promotion and design of the ERS are offered. </para>",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536057,no
Identifying security bug reports via text mining: An industrial case study,"A bug-tracking system such as Bugzilla contains bug reports (BRs) collected from various sources such as development teams, testing teams, and end users. When bug reporters submit bug reports to a bug-tracking system, the bug reporters need to label the bug reports as security bug reports (SBRs) or not, to indicate whether the involved bugs are security problems. These SBRs generally deserve higher priority in bug fixing than not-security bug reports (NSBRs). However, in the bug-reporting process, bug reporters often mislabel SBRs as NSBRs partly due to lack of security domain knowledge. This mislabeling could cause serious damage to software-system stakeholders due to the induced delay of identifying and fixing the involved security bugs. To address this important issue, we developed a new approach that applies text mining on natural-language descriptions of BRs to train a statistical model on already manually-labeled BRs to identify SBRs that are manually-mislabeled as NSBRs. Security engineers can use the model to automate the classification of BRs from large bug databases to reduce the time that they spend on searching for SBRs. We evaluated the model's predictions on a large Cisco software system with over ten million source lines of code. Among a sample of BRs that Cisco bug reporters manually labeled as NSBRs in bug reporting, our model successfully classified a high percentage (78%) of the SBRs as verified by Cisco security engineers, and predicted their classification as SBRs with a probability of at least 0.98.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463340,no
A compact 3.5/5.5 GHz dual band-notched monopole antenna for application in UWB communication systems with defected ground structure,"A compact ultrawideband monopole antenna having dual band-notched characteristics with a defected ground structure (DGS) proposed. Two symmetrical L-shaped slots are created on the ground plane to generate the UWB characteristics in the proposed antenna. To generate the notch at 5.2/5.8 GHz band, a U-shaped slot is cut in the rectangular radiating element, which mitigate the potential interference with WLAN. To have another notch band simultaneously around 3.0/4.0 GHz, which is the operating band of WiMAX (3.33.6 GHz) and C-band (3.74.2 GHz), an inverted U-shaped element is printed on the opposite side of the substrate. By properly varying the dimensions of the U-shaped slot and the radiating element, not only two controllable notch resonances, but also a very wide bandwidth from 1.91 GHz to 3.91 GHz (152%) with two sharp notched bands covering all the 3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX, 4 GHz C-band and 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN, are achieved. The proposed antenna properly optimized and simulated providing broadband impedance matching, appropriate gain and stable radiation pattern characteristics.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5545945,no
Improving Model-Based Gas Turbine Fault Diagnosis Using Multi-Operating Point Method,"A comprehensive gas turbine fault diagnosis system has been designed using a full nonlinear simulator developed in Turbotec company for the V94.2 industrial gas turbine manufactured by Siemens AG. The methods used for detection and isolation of faulty components are gas path analysis (GPA) and extended Kalman filter (EKF). In this paper, the main health parameter degradations namely efficiency and flow capacity of the compressor and turbine sections are estimated and the responsible physical faults such as fouling and erosion are found. Two approaches are tested: The single-operating point and the multi-operating point. Simulation results show good estimations for diagnosis of most of the important degradations in the compressor and turbine sections for the single-point and improved estimations for the multi-point approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5703690,no
Research on active power factor correction based on PDC control,"A new digital control strategy of parallel duty cycle control (PDC) for power factor correction (PFC) is presented and analyzed in this paper. Based on this new control strategy, the duty cycle determination algorithm includes the current term and the voltage term, which can be calculated in parallel and requires only one multiplication and three additions or subtractions operations in digital implementation. So, as compared conventional digital PFC control methods, the PDC control can achieve higher switching frequency, lower cost, lower calculation requirement and better performance. The simulation and experimental results are provided to verify these virtues as well.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5138435,no
Just-in-time statistical process control for flexible fault management,"A new fault detection and identification method is proposed to solve the problems that obstruct industrial applications of multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) techniques. The proposed method, referred to as just-in-time statistical process control (JIT-SPC), can realize flexible, adaptive, high-performance process monitoring. In addition, fault identification can be done through contribution plot in the framework of JIT-SPC. The usefulness of JIT-SPC is demonstrated through a numerical example, which conventional methods cannot cope with, and a case study of the vinyl acetate monomer production plant.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5602246,no
Rolling element bearings fault classification based on SVM and feature evaluation,"A new method of fault diagnosis based on support vector machine (SVM) and feature evaluation is presented. Feature evaluation based on class separability criterion is discussed in this paper. A multi-fault SVM classifier based on binary classifier is constructed for bearing faults. Compared with the artificial neural network based method, the SVM based method has desirable advantages. Experiment shows that the algorithm is able to reliably recognize different fault categories. Therefore, it is a promising approach to fault diagnosis of rotating machinery.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5212574,no
Roller bearings fault diagnosis based on LS-SVM,"A new method of roller bearings fault diagnosis based on least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) was presented. Feature selection method based on simulated annealing (SA) algorithm was discussed in this paper. LS-SVM classifier was constructed for bearing faults. Compared with the Artificial Neural Network based method, the LS-SVM based method possessed desirable advantages. Experiment shows that the presented method is able to reliably recognize different fault categories.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5262645,no
Signal decomposition and fault diagnosis of a SCARA robot based only on tip acceleration measurement,"A new online fault diagnosis method for a SCARA robot is presented in this paper. This approach is based on separating of the tip acceleration signal into program related acceleration (PRA) and transmission related acceleration (TRA). Unlike existing methods mounting varies sensors at every joints, the proposed technique applies only one accelerometer mounted at the tip of the robot. An advanced detrending algorithm has been developed to extract PRA and TRA signals from the measured acceleration signals. Based on dynamic analysis of the robot, the theoretical acceleration profile of the programmed motion is obtained, which is compared with the PRA signals measured during working. Typical FFT-based spectrum analysis is applied for analyzing the detrended TRA signal for fault diagnosis. The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been verified with experiments conducted on a 4DOFs SCARA manipulator.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246418,no
Research and Implementation of Fault-Tolerant Computer Interlocking System,"A new signal control system for railway stations, fault-tolerant all- electronic computer interlocking control system, is proposed,in which the computer-based interlocking system layer is constituted through the implementation of electronic security unit replacing the Relay, and the all-electronic fault-tolerant controlling for whole system is fulfilled through two of three fault-tolerant computer system. Furthermore, the overall structure, function and fault-tolerant security designing of the system are discussed in detail. The system can meet the requirements of high reliability, availability and real-time controlling, it also can monitor the external equipments and their own equipments real-timely. The system has been put into operation and run stably and reliabl.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676767,no
The Method of Error Controlling on the Vectorization of Dot Matrix Image,"A new vectorization method of dot matrix image based on error controlling is studied in this paper. The least-square algorithm is a main method of vectorization of dot matrix image. In the calculation of the fitting error by using the least-square algorithm, if the fitting error is in the range of threshold value, the result of vectorization will be considered to be right. So how to determine the threshold value is the key. In this paper, it has analyzed the vectorization errors of ideal bitmap by least-square algorithm and put forward the judgment formulas to evaluate recognition result. In order to complete vectorization automatically, it has presented a new method of the vectorization of dot matrix image-the least-square rolling recognition algorithm for double direction. It has solved the problem of selecting suitable dot group. The judgment formulas in this paper are scientific and accurate; the method of the vectorization is rapid and high efficient.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722172,no
A New Weak Fault Component Reactance Distance Relay Based on Voltage Amplitude Comparison,"A new weak fault component reactance distance relay is proposed in this paper. By adaptive setting of the compensated voltage, the scheme synthesizes the performance of the impedance distance relay and the reactance distance relay. The distance protection relay on the receiving end will misoperate when the fault resistance is larger than the critical resistance. So a new switching criterion is applied to eliminate this disadvantage. Based on that, the proposed scheme can detect the fault with the high fault resistance in the setting coverage, regardless of whether the relay is located at the receiving end or the sending end. Test results from the simulation and experimental conditions show that the new scheme is successful in detecting the internal fault. It has higher sensitivity and selectivity during different conditions than the traditional fault component protection schemes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4389748,no
Research on Errors Compensation of Novel Parallel Coordinate Measuring Machine,"A novel 5-UPS-PRPU PCMM (parallel coordinate measuring machine) mechanism that can perform three-dimensional translations and two rotations is proposed. In order to enhance the measuring precision of the PCMM, a method for its position and posture errors compensation is then put forward. According to the error model of the PCMM, its position and posture errors compensation model is derived. Then, through the control of the actuating limbs errors of the PCMM, a real-time compensation for its position and posture errors could be realized. The correctness of the errors compensation model is verified by numerical calculation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5460280,no
Fault-tolerant algorithm based on multi-resolution of haar wavelets in opportunistic networks,"A fault-tolerant algorithm based on multi-resolution haar wavelets was proposed to deal with the problem of concentrated data packets lost in opportunistic networks. The basic idea of algorithm can be described as follows. First, the signals are decomposed by wavelet transformation to get the low-frequency coefficients and high-frequency coefficients before it is sent. The ARQ mechanism is used to transfer the low-frequency coefficients. The high-frequency is transferred directly. Then, the signals are restored based on conversation of energy in the receiver. Theoretic analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can efficiently recover the original signal and maintain good fault-tolerant performance even continuous packets lost because of the bad disturbance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5554468,no
The Application of CI-Based Virtual Instrument in Gear Fault Diagnosis,"A gear fault detection system, Virtual Instrument Diagnostic System, is developed by combining both advantages of VC++ and MATLAB and using the two hybrid programming method. The interface is designed by VC++ and the calculation of test data, signal processing and graphical display are completed by MATLAB. After conversion program converted in VC++ from *. m file is completed by interface software, a various multi-functional gear fault diagnosis software system is successfully designed. The software system, one possesses various functions including the introduction of gear vibration signals, signal processing, graphics display, fault detection and diagnosis, detecting and monitoring, which has the ability of diagnosing gear faults primely, has a considerable application foreground in the field of fault diagnosis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5369479,no
Mobile TV using scalable video coding and layer-aware forward error correction,"A new approach to error protection for scalable media is presented for mobile TV applications. Mobile TV is typically characterized by a number of receiver capabilities and connection qualities. A broadcast service should preferably work for multiple receiver capabilities without the need for downscaling or transcoding at the battery-powered mobile devices. Moreover, a media quality that gracefully degrades with reception quality instead of a complete signal loss is also a desirable feature. The scalable video coding (SVC) extension of H.264/AVC offers an efficient way to support the aforementioned features. In mobile broadcast channels forward error correction (FEC) is used to overcome packet losses. This work proposes a layer-aware forward error correction (L-FEC) approach in combination with SVC. L-FEC increases robustness of the more important layers by generating protection across layers. L-FEC is integrated as an extension of an Raptor FEC implementation. It is shown by experimental results that L-FEC outperforms traditional FEC and UEP protection schemes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4607650,no
Unknown input-proportional integral observer for singular systems: Application to fault detection,"a new approach to the observer design for descriptor continuous time systems is proposed and its application in the fault diagnosis problem is illustrated. In this observer, two features of disturbance decoupling and fault estimation are combined. Also a more general frame for fault estimation is used. Some numerical examples and simulation results are shown to justify the effectiveness of the algorithm.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5506988,no
Utilization of matched pulses to improve fault detection in wire networks,"A new concept to fault detection in wire networks, based on the properties of time reversal, is presented. The method, called the matched pulse approach (MP), propose to adapt the testing signal to the analyzed network, instead of using a predefined signal, as opposed to existing reflectometry methods. Through mathematical study and numerical simulations, we show the benefits of this technique. A physical interpretation is also presented to better understand the proposed approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5399294,no
Mode Identification of Hybrid Systems in the Presence of Fault,"A mode identification method for hybrid system diagnosis is proposed. The method is presented as a module of a quantitative health monitoring framework for hybrid systems. After fault occurrence, the fault is detected and isolated. The next step is fault parameters estimation, where the size of the fault is identified. Fault parameter estimation is based on data collected from the hybrid system while the system is faulty, and its dynamical model is partially unknown. A hybrid system's dynamics consists of continuous behavior and discrete states represented by modes. Fault parameter estimation requires knowledge of the monitored system's operating mode. The new method utilizes the partially known dynamical model to identify hybrid system modes in the presence of a single parametric fault.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5229189,no
Evanescent Field Absorption Sensor in Aqueous Solutions using a Defected-core Photonic Crystal Fiber,A new absorption sensor is developed using a defected-core photonic crystal fiber with enhanced evanescent field. Excellent linearity is obtained between absorbance and concentration and length. The sensitivity is increased by more than sixty times compared with perpendicular direction measurement.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4528048,no
An Online Automatic Method for Correction of Piezoelectric Scanner,"A novel online auto-correction method is proposed in this paper, according to the nonlinearity and hysteresis of atomic force microscope (AFM) piezoelectric ceramics scanner. In this method, an automatic positioning algorithm is invoked to get the same characteristic points from the forward and backward scanning line; these points are used to calculate the distortion factors to realized image correction. Mathematical derivation of the correction principle is given, and automatic positioning algorithm based on successive template comparison is introduced. Finally situations may cause invalidation of the method are discussed and solutions are given. Practice proves that the method is effective and can be applied in AFM automation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5366729,no
Enhanced fault ride-through scheme and coordinated reactive power control for DFIG,"A novel scheme for enhancing the fault ride-through (FRT) capability of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is proposed in this paper. In addition, a coordinated reactive power control strategy for grid side and rotor side converters of DFIG is also proposed. This coordinated control aids rapid recovery of terminal voltage at the clearance of severe grid fault. Extensive simulation study is carried out employing PSCAD/EMTDC software and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FRT scheme and reactive power control strategy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5684405,no
A Novel Self-Correction Differential Active Pixel Sensor,"A novel self-correction differential active pixel with redundancy is proposed to produce high-quality image in harsh environment. In order to avoid common-mode noise from environment and interference between digital signal and analog signal, a couple of differential outputs are generated and transferred by splitting the photodiode and readout transistors into two half-size parts. The performance of differential active pixel in low power supply environment is also estimated. Simulation results indicate that the proposed pixel owns higher conversion gain than conventional active pixel and works more stably in harsh environment and low-voltage environment.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5230211,no
A Novel Scheme to Identify Symmetrical Faults Occurring During Power Swings,"A novel, fast unblocking scheme for distance protection to identify symmetrical faults occurring during power swings has been proposed in this paper. First of all, the change rate of three-phase active power and reactive power being the cosine function and the sine function with respect to the phase difference between the two power systems during power swings has been demonstrated. In this case, they cannot be lower than the threshold of 0.7 after they are normalized. However, they will level off to 0 when a three-phase fault occurs during power swings. Thereafter, the cross-blocking scheme is conceived on the basis of this analysis. By virtue of the algorithm based on instantaneous electrical quantities, the calculation of the active and reactive power is immune to the variation of the system power frequency. As the integration-based criterion, it has high stability. Finally, simulation results show that this scheme is of high reliability and fast time response. The longest time delay is up to 30 ms.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4403224,no
An efficient postprocessor architecture for channel mismatch correction of time interleaved ADCs,A pipelined post-processor architecture is proposed in this paper for digital background calibration of time interleaved ADCs. An adaptive filter technique is used for correction of offset and gain mismatches between ADC channels. Only one calibration unit is used for calibrating all ADC channels and increasing in the number of parallel channels in the time interleaved ADC does not considerably affect the required hardware for proposed postprocessor. FPGA synthesis of 10-bit 4-channel processor shows %55 reduction in hardware usage and %25 in power consumption over conventional architecture.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5507040,no
Design and Analysis of Three-Phase Reversible High-Power-Factor Correction Based on Predictive Current Controller,"A predictive current control for three-phase PWM rectifiers is proposed to simplify the design of the current loop with less memory and interrupt resource occupation in a digital signal processor. Together with the decomposition-matrix method, the total algorithm can be completed with only one timer and its underflow interrupt subroutine. The predictive current controller helps to design the voltage regulator and make the input currents track the input voltages so well that high power factor is achieved. Finally, the experimental results are given to verify the proposed predictive current control.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4663818,no
Electromagnetic bandgap filter with single-cell monolithic microwave integrated circuit-tuneable defect,"A prototype tuneable planar electromagnetic bandgap filter has been developed for implementing a voltage-controlled bandwidth, intended for adaptive spectral control. A tuneable single-cell defect that allows tuning of the bandwidth is introduced into the structure using monolithic microwave integrated circuit technology. A combination of three-dimensional electromagnetic modelling of the planar structure and equivalent circuit modelling techniques is presented to validate this work. The simulation and measured results are in very close agreement.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5542788,no
Research on the Abrasive Water-Jet Cutting Machine Information Fusion Fault Diagnosis System Based on Fuzzy Neural Network,"A system structure for water jet cutting machine fault diagnosis based on multi-information fusion is presented, which takes the time-varying, redundancy and uncertainty of the multi-fault characteristic information into consideration. We make use of the neural network's ability of better fault tolerance, strong generalization capability, characteristics of self-organization, self-learning, and self-adaptation, and take advantage of multi-source information fusion technology to realize comprehensive processing for uncertainty information. The characteristic layer fusing model of the water jet cutting machine fault diagnosis, which makes use of fuzzy neural network to realize feature layer fusion and D-S evidence theory to complete decision layer fusion, has been established. The simulation results of water jet cutting machine fault diagnosis show that the method can effectively improve the diagnostic credibility and reduce diagnostic uncertainty.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5462416,no
Simulation Study on the Effect of Multiple Node Charge Collection on Error Cross-Section in CMOS Sequential Logic,"A technique for estimating error cross-section for combinational circuits based on charge collection at multiple nodes is presented. Ordinarily, charge collection from an ion strike is assumed to occur only on a single node, but with decreasing feature sizes in nanometer technologies, charge sharing among devices is worsening, leading to charge collection on multiple nodes. When multiple SETs are considered, simulation results show a 380times increase in cross-section with a four-bit carry look-ahead generator, and a 27times increase with a four-bit arithmetic logic unit. Additionally, both circuits show a linear increase in cross-section as frequency increases.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4723779,no
Develop on feed-forward real time compensation control system for movement error in CNC machining,"A theory model of feed-forward compensation controlling system is constructed by the method of precision compensation. A feed-forward compensation hardware control system is designed to MCS51CPU as the core and structure of compensation data processing program. Established components of linear contour error mathematical model, thus determine the amount of feed-forward compensation algorithm. CNC x-y experiment platform simulation results indicate that this design can effectively eliminate the phase lag and amplitude errors of the computer numerical control (CNC) system, and improve the general CNC machining accuracy on the part contour.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5619386,no
Tropospheric correction for InSAR using interpolated ECMWF data and GPS Zenith Total Delay from the Southern California Integrated GPS Network,"A tropospheric correction method for Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) was developed using profiles from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) from the Global Positioning System (GPS). The ECMWF data were interpolated into a finer grid with the Stretched Boundary Layer Model (SBLM) using a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a horizontal resolution of 1 arcsecond. The output were converted into ZTD and combined with the GPS ZTD in order to achieve tropospheric correction maps utilizing both the high spatial resolution of the SBLM and the high accuracy of the GPS. These maps were evaluated for three InSAR images, with short temporal baselines (implying no surface deformation), from Envisat during 2006 on an area stretching northeast from the Los Angeles basin towards Death Valley. The RMS in the InSAR images was greatly reduced, up to 32%, when using the tropospheric corrections. Two of the residuals showed a constant gradient over the area, suggesting a remaining orbit error. This error was reduced by reprocessing the troposphere corrected InSAR images with the result of an overall RMS reduction of 15-68%.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5649888,no
An approach towards smart fault-tolerant sensors,"Acquisition and processing of sensor data has to cope with measurement uncertainties and complex failure modes. Additionally, multiple sensor types and modalities may be used to improve reliability of environment perception. Our work aims at providing an architecture for fault-tolerant sensors and offering a uniform interface to the application. In the paper, we present our fault-tolerant virtual sensor concept that is based on combining model-based estimation and redundant sensor data. To illustrate and evaluate our concept we simulate a mobile robot in an instrumented environment which integrates several smart position sensors. By using a mathematical model to evaluate sensor data we achieve a more reliable position estimation. The paper presents results of the fusion process and discusses methods for generalization.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5355977,no
An initial position correction and model instance selection method for AAM based face alignment,"Active appearance models (AAM) is very useful for extracting attention objects from objects, e.g. faces from images. Traditional improved methods of AAM based face alignment always concentrate on fitting efficiency without any concrete analysis of characteristics of the initial position and model instance, thus the accuracy and speed are both not ideal when the face has a certain degree of deflection. An initial position correction and model instance selection method based on facial features detection and simple 3D pose estimation is proposed in this paper. Adaboost algorithm was applied to pre-detection of facial features in the images firstly, then features of images that could not be detected or had been incompletely detected were extracted by facial skin properties in YCbCr color space. Finally, we calculated the coordinate of the nose tip and deflecting angle of the face according to feature region, next properly adjusted the AAM fitting center position and model instance and introduced linear algebra software ATLAS into fitting process for matrixes optimization. Simulation experiments on IMM face database show that our method increased the fitting accuracy rate by about 43% and the time consumption was decreased by about 76% comparing with standard AAM algorithm.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4675585,no
Impact of channel estimation error on performance of adaptive MIMO systems,"Adaptive modulation scheme has been widely used in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems to enhance the spectral efficiency while maintaining the bit-error-rate (BER) under a target level. In this work, we investigate the performance of adaptive modulation in the presence of imperfect channel estimation and the impact of estimation noise on the spectral efficiency. The closed-form expressions for the average spectral efficiency are derived. Two MIMO schemes are considered, i.e., orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBC) and spatial multiplexing with zero-forcing receiver (SM-ZF), and a low complexity method to enable the transmitter to switch between OSTBC and SM-ZF is utilized to achieve higher spectral efficiency than adaptive OSTBC and adaptive SM-ZF.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4518247,no
Fast mode decision for adaptive prediction error coding,"Adaptive prediction error coding (APEC) in spatial and frequency domain is proposed and significantly improves the coding efficiency of video coders. However, this approach comes with the expense of increased encoding complexity because of the need to perform rate distortion optimization (RDO) for each block, to decide whether the block is coded in spatial or frequency domain. In this work, we propose novel fast mode decision algorithm operating on macroblock and block level to reduce the encoding complexity of APEC. The proposed algorithm estimates the edge orientation of the residual block using spatial domain filtering, and based on the estimated edge orientation, reduces the number of candidates to be checked in RDO. Furthermore, proposed method includes an early termination step that stops searching the best candidate based on the difference between spatial and frequency domain coding. Experimental results show that the proposed fast mode decision algorithm can achieve averagely 90.7% encoding time reduction of APEC with only about 0.06 dB loss in coding efficiency.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4607502,no
The PCB defect inspection system design based on lab windows/CVI,"A novel approach used for Printed Circuit Board (PCB) defect inspection is presented in this paper. This image processing approach that developed in Lab Windows/CVI can be used to determine whether PCB components are put in the correct location, and matches areas of inspection to a template of valid components. The experimental result shows that the proposed approach can search the correct components in PCB image with a given template, therefore it can be used in an automatic optical inspection for online inspection.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5156669,no
Neural network approach to diagnose faults in linear antenna array,"A novel approach using artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed to identify the faulty elements present in a non uniform linear array. The input to the neural network is amplitude of radiation pattern and output of neural network is the location of faulty elements. In this work, ANN is implemented with two algorithms; radial basis function neural network (RBF) and probabilistic neural network and their performance is compared. The network is trained with some of the possible faulty radiation patterns and tested with various measurement errors. It is proved that the method gives a high success rate.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5154293,no
A Clock Fault Detection Circuit for Reliable High Speed System by Time-to-Voltage Conversion,"A novel architecture for clock fault detection circuit for high speed nanoelectronics system is delivered. Time-to-voltage converter is employed for transforming error of time to the error of voltage which is more convenient for error detection. The rapid discharging circuit is also used for system resetting. To illustrate the detection capability by the diction circuit, a prototype CMOS design of this proposed circuit is presented. Simulation result shows that the proposed architecture is very suit for integration to nanoelectronic circuit design to detect the fault of the clock.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5209818,no
A novel high frequency pseudo noise correlator hardware design for cable fault diagnoses,A novel modification of a cross-correlation algorithm has been designed and implemented as digital hardware process. The algorithm was written in Verilog and tested running on FPGA hardware at 100 MHz. The algorithm presented has a modular architecture that is fully scalable and can be used to correlate a large number of different length pseudo random binary sequences (PRBS). A real-world interface (digital to analog and analog to digital converter) is added to the FPGA implementation to validate the algorithm in the field of cable testing and fault finding. The algorithm was functionality validated through coaxial cable testing and benchmarked for accuracy against known test results.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5587107,no
"Variable-Structure Multiple-Model Approach to Fault Detection, Identification, and Estimation","A scheme is proposed to detect, identify, and estimate failures, including abrupt total, partial, and multiple failures, in a dynamic system. The new approach, named IM<sup>3</sup>L, is developed based on variable-structure multiple-model estimation, which allows to improve performance by online adaptation. It uses an interacting multiple model estimator for fault detection and identification but the maximum likelihood estimator for estimating the extent of failure. It provides an effective and integrated framework for fault detection, identification, and state estimation. For two aircraft examples, the proposed approach is evaluated and compared with hierarchical multiple-model approaches and a widely used single-model residual-based generalized likelihood ratio approach in terms of detection and estimation performance. The results show that the IM<sup>3</sup>L provides not only fast detection and proper identification, but also good estimation of the failure extent as well as robust state estimation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4476350,no
Intermittent faults and effects on reliability of integrated circuits,"A significant amount of research has been aimed at analyzing the effects of high energy particles on semiconductor devices. However, less attention has been given to the intermittent faults. Field collected data and failure analysis results presented in this paper clearly show intermittent faults are a major source of errors in modern integrated circuits. The root cause for these faults ranges from manufacturing residuals to oxide breakdown. Burstiness and high error rates are specific manifestations of the intermittent faults. They may be activated and deactivated by voltage, frequency, and operating temperature variations. The aggressive scaling of semiconductor devices and the higher circuit complexity are expected to increase the likelihood of occurrence of the intermittent faults, despite the extensive use of fault avoidance techniques. Herein we discuss the effectiveness of several fault tolerant approaches, taking into consideration the specifics of the errors generated by intermittent faults. Several solutions, previously proposed for handling particle induced soft errors, are exclusively based on software and too slow for handling large bursts of errors. As a result, hardware implemented fault tolerant techniques, such as error detecting and correcting codes, self checking, and hardware implemented instruction retry, are necessary for mitigating the impact of the intermittent faults, both in the case of microprocessors, and other complex integrated circuits.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4925824,no
Unknown Fault Diagnosis for Nonlinear Hybrid Systems Using Strong State Tracking Particle Filter,"A strong state tracking particle filter (SST-PF) is put forward for unknown fault diagnosis of hybrid system. SST-PF overcomes the problem of sample impoverishment for tracking the state of nonlinear hybrid system by setting permanent transition probabilities from one mode to another. Meanwhile threshold logic of normalization factor based on the statistics is built to detect unknown-faults, which is more accurate and reasonable for tiny mode differences of hybrid system. Simulation experiments are carried out to analyze the effects of SST-PF, and it is shown that our algorithm has strong tracking ability for states and pretty detection ability for both known and unknown faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5743540,no
Evolutionary algorithm EPSO helping doubly-fed induction generators in ride-through-fault,"A tuning process of the PI (proportional-integral) controller gains of a doubly-fed induction generator's (DFIG) rotor side converter is described in this work. The purpose is to tune PI controllers to help the DFIG to survive to network faults, avoiding being tripped-off by under-voltage relays. The ride-through-fault capability of DFIGs improves system reliability and allows them to participate in the control and stabilization of a power system following system disturbances. The robust tuning of the DFIG rotor side converter's PI controllers may avoid undesired disconnections from the grid by, for instance, preventing over-currents in its variable frequency AC/DC/AC converter. This work presents an evolutionary particle swarm optimization-based (EPSO) approach to this tuning, with the aim of helping to limit the line-to-line voltage dip at the DFIG's terminals after a short-circuit, in order to avoid its tripping-off. The EPSO-based algorithm developed is validated at a typical Portuguese 15 kV distribution network with the integration of a DFIG, using the transient electromagnetic software package PSCAD/EMTDCtrade.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5282240,no
Receiver driven layered multicast with layer-aware forward error correction,A wide range of different capabilities and connection qualities typically characterizes receivers of mobile television services. Receiver driven layered multicast (RDLM) offers an efficient way for providing different capabilities over such a broadcast channel. Scalable video coding (SVC) allows for the transmission of multiple video qualities within one media stream. Using SVC generates a video bit stream with various inter layer dependencies due to references between the layers. This work proposes a layer-aware forward error correction (L-FEC) approach in combination with SVC. L-FEC increases robustness of the more important layers by generating protection across layers following existing dependencies of the media stream. The L-FEC is integrated as an extension of a Raptor FEC implementation in a DVB-H broadcast system. It is shown by experimental results that L-FEC outperforms traditional UEP protection schemes.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4712252,no
Behavioral modular description of fault tolerant distributed systems with AADL Behavioral Annex,"AADL is an architecture description language intended for model-based engineering of high-integrity distributed systems. The AADL Behavior Annex (AADL-BA) is an extension allowing the refinement of behavioral aspects described through an AADL architectural description. When implementing Distributed Real-time Embedded system (DRE), fault tolerance concerns are integrated by applying replication patterns. We considered a simplified design of the primary backup replication pattern as a running example to analyze the modeling capabilities of AADL and its annex. Our contribution lies in the identification of the drawbacks and benefits of this modeling language for accurate description of the synchronization mechanisms integrated in this example.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5536853,no
On methods of multi-beam data error correction,"According to analysis to the error sources of the multibeam sonar system, corresponding methods are applied in different error correction processes. The method of filtering is adopted to reduce sounding noises. To the calibration error, recalculation is amended to correction. As to the sound speed profile error, marginal beams are deleted and Equivalent Sound Velocity Profile method is brought to diminish the effect of the error. In this paper the method using the single beam data as a reference to correct the integrated errors of the multibeam data are detailed. All the methods that have been applied in the 908 projects of State Oceanic Administration achieved good results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5603632,no
Soft error optimization of standard cell circuits based on gate sizing and multi-objective genetic algorithm,"A radiation harden technique based on gate sizing and multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is developed to optimize the soft error tolerance of standard cell circuits. Soft error rate (SER), chip area and longest path delay are selected as the optimization goals and fast fitness evaluation algorithms for the three goals are developed and embedded into the MOGA. All the three goals are optimized simultaneously by optimally sizing the gates in the circuit, which is a complex NP-Complete problem and resolved by MOGA through exploring the global design space of the circuit. Syntax analysis technique is also employed to make the proposed framework can optimize not only pure combinational logic circuit but also the combinational parts of sequential logic circuit. Optimizing experiments carried out on ISCAS'85 and ISCAS'89 standard benchmark circuits show that the proposed optimization algorithm can decrease the SER 74.25% with very limited delay overhead (0.28%). Furthermore, the algorithm can also reduce the area for most of the circuit under test by average 5.23%. The proposed technique is proved to be better than other works in delay and area overhead and suitable to direct the design of soft error tolerance integrated circuits in high reliability realms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5227048,no
Refined Spatial Error Concealment with Directional Entropy,"A refined error concealment method for intra frame in H.264 is proposed in this work. Directional entropy of neighboring edges is used to classify the content of the lost block. Some techniques aimed to shorten the computation time without degrading quality of reconstructed video are presented to enforce multi-directional interpolation. As for block with high texture, either bilinear or multi-directional interpolation alone is not so well to recover, we integrate the two methods to get the final result. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and better performance of proposed method as compared to other interpolation based methods.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5302608,no
Managing urban network fault levels- A role for a resistive superconducting fault current limiter?,"A resistive superconducting fault current limiter (SCFCL) based on MnB<inf>2</inf> has been investigated as a means of reducing network fault level. The deployment strategy of this device has been discussed and its performance as a fault current limiter has been analysed with the aid of network simulation results. It has been demonstrated that a resistive SCFCL can reduce all three components of fault currents: peak make, peak break and rms break. In turn reduced peak make leads to reduced electromagnetic forces on conductor carrying fault current, reduced torques on generator and prime mover and less damage at the point of fault.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5255641,no
Development and research on fault diagnosis system of solar power tower plants,"According to the system configuration and operating characteristic of a constructing solar power tower (SPT) plant in China in this paper, the fault diagnosis system (FDS) was researched and developed. Furthermore, evaluation system of fault grade was established by the method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. In this FDS, the fault diagnosis structure was designed to adopt the expert system for priority and the radial basis function (RBF) neural network for assistant. The monitoring index of diagnosis object was built in expert system to set the fault symptom threshold and represent the fault symptom in quantification with the comprehensive methods of expert knowledge, fuzzy mathematics, and low probability identification and so on. The model of neural networks is established based on the structure of RBF multi-neural subnets. According to the analysis and verification results of a fault case, the structure design is reasonable and diagnosis methods are feasible in this FDS. Moreover, the fault could be accurately diagnosed and the evaluation of the fault grade could be made reliably with the great practical value.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5348111,no
Fault Classification and Faulted-Phase Selection Based on the Initial Current Traveling Wave,"Accurate fault classification and swift faulted-phase selection are the bases of protection for transmission systems. This paper presents the algorithm of fault classification and faulted-phase selection based on the initial current traveling wave. The characteristics of various faults are investigated on the basis of the Karenbauer transform. The criteria of fault classification and faulted-phase selection are put forward. In order to extract the traveling wave from postfault signals and to construct the algorithm, wavelet transform technology is adopted. The simulations based on the electromagnetic transients program have been done to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4483525,no
Extraction of Tectonic Faults of Longmen Mountain Based on DEM,"According to the analysis of the tectonic characteristics of thrust belt in the Longmen Mountain, the present study aims to build a methodology to extract liner fault structures in the study area. The methodology is an approach which includes automatic extraction of major faults based on combined calculation of landform factors from the SRTM-DEM and revision of the automatic extraction result according to remote sensing images and geologic data. Therein, these landform factors including elevation, slope, aspect and variation of aspect, slope of slope (SOS) and slope of aspect (SOA). The compound method, including the spatial analysis techniques based on SRTM-DEM, interpretation of remote sensing images, and some geosciences' researches, provides strong technical support to achieve the quantization of the morphotectonics research.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5304704,no
Analysis on Interruption and Plane Layout of Shear Wall for Frame-Shear Wall Structure with Top Fault Shear Wall,"According to the force-deformation characteristics of frame-shear wall structure, the calculation and analysis model of the ""Style Box"" type layout of frame-shear wall structure is advanced with the basic and simple arrangement of frame-shear wall structure. The different plane and vertical layout with interrupting shear walls of the frame-shear wall structure with top fault shear walls is discussed primarily by using the method of plane layout and vertical interruptable position being considered at the same time. Based on the main parameters of the frame-shear wall structure with top fault shear walls in different ways, it puts forward the importance of the shear wall location of the plane layout to the overall performance of the frame-shear wall structure with top fault shear walls except the lateral stiffness of the shear wall corresponding to the shear wall interrupted ratio.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5369855,no
Wavelet-based fault diagnosis scheme for power system relay protection,"According to the real time feature of relay protection and the wave characteristics of fault phase current, a new fault diagnosis scheme is introduced in this paper. It is based on wavelet transform, particularly the multiresolution analysis technique. This work focuses on how to use the wavelet transform to locate fault abrupt points, so that detect whether fault had happened, meanwhile microprocessor circuit based relay protection is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme was verified in the experiment. The simulation result shows that this method has the ability of simple algorithm, high location accurance and anti-interference, can effectively improve the sensitivity and selectivity of relay protection. Furthermore the prospect of wavelet analysis in power system, especially in relay protection is estimated.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4620768,no
Fault Location System for Safety Monitoring Based on CAN Bus,Aiming at existing problems of the traditional long distance transmission. The fault location system for safety monitoring based on CAN bus was studied for long distance transmission. The research and indicate that adopting CAN bus as information carrier can extend the communication distance and reduce the wiring of fault location system. The fault location system based on CAN bus is suitable for the application in the long distance safety monitoring.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5365531,no
The robot remote monitoring and fault diagnosis system base on wireless network,"Aiming at the characteristic of the 6-DOF serial robot, a remote monitoring and fault diagnosis system was designed and realized. The principle of the system and its architecture were introduced first, then a server/client mode is designed to achieve remote control and intelligent fault diagnosis, the work cycle and the main functions of server and client system were given also, finally, through client operations, the remote motion control, real-time transmission and display were accomplished.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5622338,no
A Fast Fault Location Algorithm Based on Pre-computed for Optical Burst Switching Network,"Aiming at the disadvantages of existing location algorithms, this paper proposed and experienced an effective method of fault location algorithm based on pre-computed for optical burst switching network. In order to minimize the monitoring cost, we introduced monitoring-cycle by which the network is divided into a number of monitoring domain. Each monitoring domain has a monitor, when faults occurred, fault codes are generated. According to the fault codes, we can search the binary tree algorithm to achieve the pre-computed of faults in the OBS network. Examples prove that the algorithm can not only realize single fault location but also multi-fault location.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5076914,no
Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the prosthetic rehabilitation for unilateral maxillary defect after free flap reconstruction,"Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress on the prostheses and abutment teeth in a unilateral maxillary defect with free flap reconstruction. Methods and Materials: A three-dimensional finite element model of the human unilateral maxillary defect was constructed. Prostheses after free flap reconstruction were established. The modelling and analytical processes were performed using the ANSYS technologies. Results: The stress concentration was located at the junction of the palatal and the free flap. The highest stress value of was 49.656 Mpa. Stress distribution was uniform in the remaining posterior teeth. As for the free flap, the stress concentration were also found at the area adjacent to the palatal and the posterior area of the free flap, with a maximum stress value of 13.03 Mpa. Conclusions: Although the immediate surgical reconstruction for unilateral maxillary defect has some advantages, it might cause instability of the prostheses which may affect the overall prosthetic outcome to the point of view of biomechanics. Further research should be done to perfect this kind of treatment, leading to a successful surgical and prosthodontic rehabilitation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5639545,no
An Autofocus Approach for Residual Motion Errors With Application to Airborne Repeat-Pass SAR Interferometry,"Airborne repeat-pass SAR systems are very sensible to subwavelength deviations from the reference track. To enable repeat-pass interferometry, a high-precision navigation system is needed. Due to the limit of accuracy of such systems, deviations in the order of centimeters remain between the real track and the processed one, causing mainly undesirable phase undulations and misregistration in the interferograms, referred to as residual motion errors. Up to now, only interferometric approaches, as multisquint, are used to compensate for such residual errors. In this paper, we present for the first time the use of the autofocus technique for residual motion errors in the repeat-pass interferometric context. A very robust autofocus technique has to be used to cope with the demands of the repeat-pass applications. We propose a new robust autofocus algorithm based on the weighted least squares phase estimation and the phase curvature autofocus (PCA) extended to the range-dependent case. We call this new algorithm weighted PCA. Different from multisquint, the autofocus approach has the advantage of being able to estimate motion deviations independently, leading to better focused data and correct impulse-response positioning. As a consequence, better coherence and interferometric-phase accuracy are achieved. Repeat-pass interferometry based only on image processing gains in robustness and reliability, since its performance does not deteriorate with time decorrelation and no assumptions need to be made on the interferometric phase. Repeat-pass data of the E-SAR system of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) are used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4637939,no
Fault classification and fault distance location of double circuit transmission lines for phase to phase faults using only one terminal data,"An accurate fault classification algorithm for double end fed parallel transmission lines based on application of artificial neural networks is presented in this paper. The proposed method uses the voltage and current available at only the local end of line. This method is virtually independent of the effects of remote end infeed and is insensitive to the variation of fault inception angle and fault location. The Simulation results show that phase-to-phase faults can be correctly detected, classified and located within one cycle after the inception of fault. Large number of faults simulations using MATLAB<sup>A</sup>7.01 have demonstrated the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The proposed scheme allows the protection engineers to increase the reach setting i.e. greater portion of line length can be protected as compared to conventional techniques. The technique neither requires a communication link to retrieve the remote end data nor zero sequence current compensation for healthy phases.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5442673,no
Estimation of Defects Based on Defect Decay Model: ED^{3}M,"An accurate prediction of the number of defects in a software product during system testing contributes not only to the management of the system testing process but also to the estimation of the product's required maintenance. Here, a new approach called ED<sup>3</sup>M is presented that computes an estimate of the total number of defects in an ongoing testing process. ED<sup>3</sup>M is based on estimation theory. Unlike many existing approaches the technique presented here does not depend on historical data from previous projects or any assumptions about the requirements and/or testers' productivity. It is a completely automated approach that relies only on the data collected during an ongoing testing process. This is a key advantage of the ED<sup>3</sup>M approach, as it makes it widely applicable in different testing environments. Here, the ED<sup>3</sup>M approach has been evaluated using five data sets from large industrial projects and two data sets from the literature. In addition, a performance analysis has been conducted using simulated data sets to explore its behavior using different models for the input data. The results are very promising; they indicate the ED<sup>3</sup>M approach provides accurate estimates with as fast or better convergence time in comparison to well-known alternative techniques, while only using defect data as the input.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4492790,no
On-load tap changer diagnosis - an off-line method for detecting degradation and defects: Part 1,"An advanced procedure for off-line power transformer diagnosis has been presented in this paper. Several different diagnostic measurements can be made using only one device. Examples and case studies were discussed to show the variety of defects and degradation mechanisms that can be detected using the procedure. In particular, it was found that the most common OLTC defects can be detected. The measurements are very sensitive to degradation due to long-term aging and to OLTC maintenance errors. A large population of OLTCs was tested, and a substantial number showed contact degradation. Finally, several areas that require careful attention were discussed, i.e., test current amplitude, circuit resistance, secondary short circuiting, and winding configuration.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5585008,no
Enhanced Approaches in Defect Detection and Prevention Strategies in Small and Medium Scale Industries,"Advancement in fundamental engineering aspects of software development enables IT enterprises to develop a more cost effective and better quality product through aptly organized defect detection and prevention strategies. Software inspection has proved to be the most thriving and proficient technique for defect detection and prevention.The work analyzes data obtained for five different projects from progressive software company of varying software production capabilities. The defect prevention technique involves proactive, reactive and retrospective moves to uncover 70% of defects during inspections and developer unit testing. The validation testing uncovers 29% of defects. Inspection becomes imperative in creating much more ideal software in factories through enhanced methodologies of aided and unaided inspection schemes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4668136,no
Control Focused Soft Error Detection for Embedded Applications,"Advances in integrated circuits present several key challenges in system reliability as soft errors are expected to increase with successive technology generations. Computing systems must be able to continue functioning in spite of these soft errors, necessitating the development of new methods for self-healing circuits that can detect and recover from these errors. We present an area-efficient control focused soft error detector (CNFSED) capable of nonintrusively detecting soft errors within the execution of a software application without modifications to the software application or the target processor. This soft error detector achieves an error detection rate greater than 90% for control errors and 85% of unmasked errors while incurring minimal area overhead.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5629436,no
Analysis of single-event effects in embedded processors for non-uniform fault tolerant design,"Advances in silicon technology and shrinking the feature size to nanometer scale make unreliability of nano devices the most important concern of fault-tolerant designs. Design of reliable and fault-tolerant embedded processors is mostly based on developing techniques that compensate adding hardware or software redundancy. The recently-proposed redundancy techniques are generally applied uniformly to a system and lead to inefficiencies in terms of performance, power, and area. Non-uniform redundancy requires a quantitative analysis of the system behavior encountering transient faults. In this paper, we introduce a custom fault injection framework that helps to locate the most vulnerable nodes and components of embedded processors. Our framework is based on an exhaustive transient fault injection to candidate nodes which are selected from a user-defined list. Furthermore, the list of nodes containing the microarchitectural state is also defined by user to validate execution of instructions. Based on the reported results, the most vulnerable nodes, components, and instructions are found and could be used for an effective non-uniform fault-tolerant redundancy technique.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5413372,no
Dual-Slices Algorithm for Software Fault Localization,"After software fault is detected by runtime monitor, fault localization is always very difficult. A new method to fault localization based on dual-slices algorithm is proposed. The algorithm reduces software fault area by slicing faulty trace into segments firstly and then slicing the trace segments based on trace slice. It mainly includes two steps: Firstly, the faulty run trace is divided into segments by analyzing the differences between correct run and faulty run, and only the segments that inducing the differences between dual-traces will be regarded as suspicious fault-area; Secondly, the suspicious fault-area will be further sliced by trace slice to reduce the fault-area, and the more accuracy fault-area will be gained finally. This method could overcome some drawbacks of manual debugging, and increase the efficiency of fault localization.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5366664,no
Adaptive routing strategies for fault-tolerant on-chip networks in dynamically reconfigurable systems,"An investigation into an effective and low-complexity adaptive routing strategy based on stochastic principles for an asynchronous network-on-chip platform that includes dynamically reconfigurable computing nodes is presented. The approach is compared with classic deterministic routing and it is shown to have good properties in terms of throughput and excellent fault-tolerance capabilities. The challenge of how to deliver reliability is one of the problems that multiprocessor system architects and manufactures will face as feature sizes and voltage supplies shrink and deep-submicron effects reduce the ability to carry out deterministic computing. It is likely that a new type of deep-submicron complex multicore systems will emerge which will be required to deliver high performance within strict energy and area budgets and operate over unreliable silicon. Within this context, the paper studies an on-chip communication infrastructure suitable for these systems.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4492951,no
Seeded Fault Testing and In-situ Analysis of Critical Electronic Components in EMA Power Circuitry,"An investigation into the development of feasible detection strategies capturing and trending incipient signs of failure in electronic power and control circuitry of electromechanical actuator (EMA) systems was jointly funded and conducted by Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company, Parker Aerospace, and Impact Technologies, LLC. The objective of this study was to experimentally evaluate feature-based and efficiency-based prognostic approaches for power drive and control electronics through application of component-level Highly Accelerated Life Testing (HALT) and circuit board-level seeded fault testing. The authors of this paper discuss collaborative work identifying system-critical components through an enhanced failure mode effect and criticality assessment (FMECA++) followed by accelerated aging of these components leading to insertion into the EMA system and analysis of test results. Component accelerated aging and EMA system testing was performed at Impact's facility with test system- specific knowledge provided by Lockheed and Parker.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526606,no
Boron emitters: Defects at the silicon - silicon dioxide interface,"An investigation of defects caused by boron diffusion into silicon is presented, using two techniques to directly compare the defects at an undiffused and lightly boron diffused Si-SiO<inf>2</inf> interface. The first technique uses field effect passivation induced by a MOS structure; the second uses Electron Paramagnetic Resonance measurements to determine the concentration of unpassivated P<inf>b</inf> centers on <111> oriented surfaces. It is found that additional defects introduced by the boron diffusion account for a relatively small proportion of total recombination at a well passivated <100> interface, while for more at <111> interfaces, as both the defect density and recombination increase by a factor of more than 2. The effect of the addition of LPCVD nitride on top of oxide layers is also explored. We show that exposure of samples to hot phosphoric acid (used to selectively remove silicon nitride) leads to significant changes to the Si-SiO2 interface, so that this treatment cannot be considered noninvasive.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4922847,no
Research on Cylindricity Error Calculation Based on Improved GA,"An objective function is proposed in this paper to evaluate the minimum zone cylindricity error. The error model is optimized by Genetic Algorithm (GA). The mathematical model may work out the minimum zone solution of cylindricity error with arbitrary position in space, and there are no special requirements in choosing measurement points. A test has been given to prove that optimal approximation solution to cylinder axis's vectors and minimum zone cylindricity can be worked out by the objective function. The approach can also be extended for solving other form and position errors when cylinder axis is used as datum.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5574035,no
On-line fast motor fault diagnostics based on fuzzy neural networks,"An on-line method was developed to improve diagnostic accuracy and speed for analyzing running motors on site. On-line pre-measured data was used as the basis for constructing the membership functions used in a fuzzy neural network (FNN) as well as for network training to reduce the effects of various static factors, such as unbalanced input power and asymmetrical motor alignment, to increase accuracy. The preprocessed data and fuzzy logic were used to find the nonlinear mapping relationships between the data and the conclusions. The FNN was then constructed to carry motor fault diagnostics, which gives fast accurate diagnostics. The on-line fast motor fault diagnostics clearly indicate the fault type, location, and severity in running motors. This approach can also be extended to other applications.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6074897,no
Combining Results of Accelerated Radiation Tests and Fault Injections to Predict the Error Rate of an Application Implemented in SRAM-Based FPGAs,An approach combining the SRAM-based field-programmable gate array static cross-section with the results of fault injection campaigns allows predicting the error rate of any implemented application. Experimental results issued from heavy ion tests are compared with predictions to validate the proposed methodology.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5658002,no
A self-organized approach for unsupervised fault detection in multiple systems,"An approach is proposed for automatic fault detection in a population of mechatronic systems. The idea is to employ self-organizing algorithms that produce low-dimensional representations of sensor and actuator values on the vehicles, and compare these low-dimensional representations among the systems. If a representation in one vehicle is found to deviate from, or to be not so similar to, the representations for the majority of the vehicles, then the vehicle is labeled for diagnostics. The presented approach makes use of principal component coding and a measure of distance between linear sub-spaces. The method is successfully demonstrated using simulated data for a commercial vehiclepsilas engine coolant system, and using real data for computer hard drives.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4761283,no
The Rule Extraction of Fault Classification Based on Formal Concept Analysis,"An approach to extract the fault classification rules based on formal concept analysis is presented. According to the features of the real time database of the surveillance system, designed a method to transfer the records of the real database to formal context as well as to construct concept lattice, then extracted the association rules and fault classification rules. The association rule reflects the relationship among fault phenomena, and the fault classification rule indicates the fault type. A good result is gotten when the approach is used to the intelligent surveillance system of broadcasting transmitters.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5319689,no
DelaunayVoronoi Modeling of Power-Ground Planes With Source Port Correction,"An efficient Delaunay-Voronoi modeling of the power-ground planes suitable directly for SPICE compatibity is proposed to deal with the ground bounce noise and decoupling capacitors placement problems for the high-speed digital system designs. The model consists of virtual ports and triangular meshes with the lumped circuit elements, in which all the element values can be related to the mesh geometry shape by the analogy between the circuit equations and Maxwell's equations. Since the analogy fails to apply due to the singular fields near the input/output pins, the via effect of driving and sensing ports is not negligible and an analytical expression from the Hankel function is thus presented for the correction term. A simple rule has been investigated for the model with minimum lumped circuit elements to accurately represent the power-ground planes over the frequency range of interests. The full-wave simulation and measurement results verify the good correlations with the proposed models for the impedance responses of regular and defective plane shapes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4476035,no
Error Compensation and Implementation of Embedded High-Precision Magnetometer,"An embedded tri-axial magnetometer of high precision based on AMR (Anisotropy Magnetic Resistance) sensor was designed and achieved in this paper. For purpose of avoiding ferromagnetic disturbances to magnetic sensor, this device applied the manner of separating the sensor and signal processing terminal. By theoretically analyzing main errors of the magnetometer, compensation model was established, and characteristic parameters of the model were calculated using Newton iteration method. Experimental test was carried out in different locations. The results showed that, measurement error was reduced effectively after compensation, which could significantly improve real-time measurement accuracy of embedded magnetometer.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5630531,no
Design and Implementation of a Fault Tolerant Single IP Address Cluster,"An F-FTCS mechanism that develops a fault tolerant single IP address cluster for TCP applications is proposed. The FTCS mechanism performs fine grain load balancing by handling all incoming TCP connection requests with a master node. Three fail-over algorithms are designed and implemented to carry out the fault tolerant FTCS mechanism. Discarding and Gathering Algorithms discard and gather TCP connections whose state is SYN-RECEIVED, respectively, at failure. A Scattering Algorithm synchronizes the information between nodes in the failure-free phase. These three algorithms are evaluated on Core 2 Duo machines. The Discarding Algorithm recovers from a failure from 440 to 950 msec earlier than the Gathering Algorithm, but it requires reprocessing the discarded TCP connection requests. The Scattering Algorithm requires from 120 to 160 usec more overhead during processing of a TCP connection request than that of the original FTCS mechanism.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5703242,no
Fault Injection Results of Linux Operating on an FPGA Embedded Platform,"An FPGA-based Linux test-bed was constructed for the purpose of measuring its sensitivity to single-event upsets. The test-bed consists of two ML410 Xilinx development boards connected using a 124-pin custom connector board. The Design Under Test (DUT) consists of the hard core PowerPC, running the Linux OS and several peripherals implemented in soft (programmable) logic. Faults were injected via the Internal Configuration Access Port (ICAP). The experiments performed here demonstrate that the Linux-based system was sensitive to 92,542 upsets-less than 0.7 percent of all tested bits. Each sensitive bit in the bit-stream is mapped to the resource and user-module to which it configures. A density metric for comparing the reliability of modules within the system is presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5695278,no
Analog circuits can be regarded as grey system to diagnose fault,"Analog circuits are regarded as grey system in this paper. The theory of grey system is used to diagnose the fault of analog circuits. Grey relational analysis is used to quantify the relevance between circuit and fault. Analog circuits can be diagnosed by grey relational degree. An example of fault diagnosis is provided in this paper. The result shows that fault diagnosis of analog circuits based on the theory of grey system has the advantages of simple algorithm, less consumption of samples, objective quantitative data. This method improves the accuracy and efficiency of fault diagnosis of analog circuits.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5705274,no
New technique for fault location in interconnected networks using phasor measurement unit,"Application of PMU for fault location is conducted through a driven algorithm and is applied to different study systems through computer numerical simulation.The algorithm estimates the fault location based on synchronized phasors from both ends of the transmission line whether phase measurement units are installed to both ends or to only one end and the other end is calculated from synchronized phasors from another side. This algorithm allows for accurate estimation of fault location irrespective of fault resistance, load currents, and source impedance. A computer simulation using PSCAD program of the transmission line under study with various fault types and different locations is carried out. A transformation modal is used in the algorithm. Different fault types are simulated with different fault locations to more than one line in the Egyptian network, which has phase measurement units installed according to a selected allocating technique. The results obtained from applying the considered technique shows high levels of accuracy in locating the fault of different faults types. Hence, it is strongly recommended to use the PMU in the Egyptian Network.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4562381,no
An on-line fault detection technique based on embedded debug features,"An increasing number of applications require being able to detect possible faults arising during the normal activity of the electronic system: for this reason, on-line fault detection is a hot topic today. This paper proposes a new technique which is suitable for microprocessor-based systems (no matter whether they are implemented in a single device or with discrete COTS) that exploit hardware duplication and combines it with the On-Chip Debug features existing in many processors. The new technique increases the observability of faults (thus increasing detection probability and reducing latency) and is characterized by a very reduced intrusiveness in terms of changes required in the application code.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5560215,no
Apply bit-level interleaver to improve the error rate performance of the double binary turbo code with less decoder complexity,"An innovative interleaver design concept is proposed to enhance double binary turbo code which is adopted in IEEE 802.16e and DVB-RCS/RCT. Our concept features bit-level interleaving instead of conventional symbol-level interleaving. In order to prove this concept, we construct a bit-level interblock permutation interleaver. Comparing with IEEE 802.16e CTC, new design outperforms IEEE 802.16e CTC by 0.02-0.3 dB at frame error rate=10<sup>-4</sup> while the associated decoder saves 33% storage extrinsic information. Our concept improves error rate performance and reduces double binary turbo decoder complexity at the same time.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4658683,no
An optimised fault classification technique based on Support-Vector-Machines,"As a new general machine-learning tool based on structural risk minimization principle, support vector machines (SVMs) have the advantageous characteristic of good generalization. For this reason, the application of SVMs in fault classification and diagnosis field has becomes one growing reach focus. In this paper a new approach to real-time fault detection and classification is presented for high speed protective relaying in power transmission systems using SVMs. The integration with an online wavelet-based pre-processing stage enhances the SVM learning capability and classification power. The classification criterion is based on using only the phase angles between the three line currents in the transmission line. The paper begins with the exploration of classifying different fault types (LG, LL, and LLG) using the SVMs. It proceeds with the classification concepts of the nine types of faults. Extensive theoretical studies and simulations using ATP and MATLAB-SVM Toolbox on an EHV transmission line model have proved that the veracity of the SVM classifier is very significant for fault classification.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4839949,no
Modeling of InGaN PIN solar cells with defect traps and polarization interface charges,"Based on Crosslight APSYS, we have studied InGaN PIN solar cells with the effects of defect traps and piezoelectric polarization interface charges. The defect traps and the piezoelectric polarization interface charges both show adverse influences to the cell performance and high interface charge density deteriorates the fill factor dramatically. The results indicate that piezoelectric polarization interface charges also need to be taken into consideration for analyzing and understanding the experimental results for the InGaN solar cells.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5614115,no
Compensation Algorithm of Device Error for Rate Strapdown Inertial Navigation System,"Based on the character of Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SINS) on certain ballistic missile, using established mathematical model of inertial measuring system, the compensation method of SINS between samplings is deduced, which supply reference in the design of software compensation algorithm. The experiment result shows that, after using the software designed by the Algorithm, the error of IMU is reduced and the SINS accuracy is improved effectively.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4683314,no
A Robot Fault-Tolerance Approach Based on Fault Type,"As the field of robot service expands, reliability has become one of the highest priorities in robot development. Fault-tolerance is an important characteristic for robots to increase their reliability levels. However, the literature on fault-tolerance in robotics has focused mainly on developing a single fault-tolerance technique that is focused on improving reliability for a limited set of context and situations. To meet the demands for reliable robots, a set of appropriate fault-tolerance techniques should be used in the given context and situation. In this paper, we present a systematic approach to facilitate the selection of appropriate robot fault-tolerance techniques on the basis of the context in the robot domain. We have applied the approach to build a fault-tolerance architecture for a robot platform.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381429,no
AVR-INJECT: A tool for injecting faults in Wireless Sensor Nodes,"As the incidence of faults in real Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) increases, fault injection is starting to be adopted to verify and validate their design choices. Following this recent trend, this paper presents a tool, named AVR-INJECT, designed to automate the fault injection, and analysis of results, on WSN nodes. The tool emulates the injection of hardware faults, such as bit flips, acting via software at the assembly level. This allows to attain simplicity, while preserving the low level of abstraction needed to inject such faults. The potential of the tool is shown by using it to perform a large number of fault injection experiments, which allow to study the reaction to faults of real WSN software.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5160907,no
Stereoscopic video error concealment for missing frame recovery using disparity-based frame difference projection,"At low bit-rate video communications, packet loss may easily cause whole-frame loss that, in return, leads to annoying frame drop phenomenon. In this paper, a novel error concealment algorithm is specifically developed for stereoscopic video, called the disparity-based frame difference projection (DFDP), to recover the lost frames at the decoder. The proposed DFDP contains three key components: 1) change detection; 2) disparity estimation; and 3) frame difference projection, which exploits both the intra-view frame difference from one view and interview correlation to estimate the lost frame in another view. The change region computed on the correctly received frame will be used to predict the change region between current missing frame and its previous frame through the estimated disparity, which is the summation of the estimated global disparity and the estimated local disparity. Experimental results have shown that the proposed stereoscopic video error concealment method can effectively restore the lost frames at the decoder and deliver attractive performance, in terms of objective measurement (in peak signal-to-noise ratio) and subjective visual quality.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5413695,no
Research of Secure Multicast Key Management Protocol Based on Fault-Tolerant Mechanism,"As multicasting is increasingly used as an efficient communication mechanism for group-oriented applications in the Internet, the research of the multicast key management is becoming a hot issue. Firstly, we analyze the <i>n</i>-party GDH.2 multicast key management protocol and point out that it has the following flaws: lack of certification, vulnerability to man-in-the-middle attacks, and a single-point failure. In order to settle the issues mentioned above, a fault-tolerant and secure multicast key management protocol (FTS, for short) with using the fault-tolerant algorithm and the password authentication mechanism is proposed in this paper. In our protocol, legal members are able to agree on a key despite failures of other members. The protocol can also prevent man-in-the-middle attacks. Finally, we evaluate the security of FTS, and compare our protocol with the FTKM through performance analysis. The analytic results show that the protocol not only avoids the single-point failure but also improves the comprehensive performance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4908530,no
Bridging Security and Fault Management within Distributed Workflow Management Systems,"As opposed to centralized workflow management systems, the distributed execution of workflows can not rely on a trusted centralized point of coordination. As a result, basic security features including compliance of the overall sequence of workflow operations with the pre-defined workflow execution plan or traceability become critical issues that are yet to be addressed. Besides, the detection of security inconsistencies during the execution of a workflow usually implies the complete failure of the workflow although it may be possible in some situations to recover from the latter. In this paper, we present security solutions supporting the secure execution of distributed workflows. These mechanisms capitalize on onion encryption techniques and security policy models to assure the integrity of the distributed execution of workflows, to prevent business partners from being involved in a workflow instance forged by a malicious peer and to provide business partners identity traceability for sensitive workflow instances. Moreover, we specify how these security mechanisms can be combined with a transactional coordination framework to recover from faults that may be caught during their execution. The defined solutions can easily be integrated into distributed workflow management systems as our design is strongly coupled with the runtime specification of decentralized workflows.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4663051,no
A PH complex control system built-in correction factor,"Besides the pH deployment process's non-linear, large hysteretic nature, the system's requirement of real-time and accuracy, the traditional control methods can not get to the high quality control results. The fuzzy control does not rely on a mathematical model of the object. It is very difficult to eliminate the steady-state deviation from the root. Because PI control has a very good scavenging effect of the steady-state, therefore the system uses a built-correction factor of the Fuzzy-PI composite control strategy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5583159,no
A Framework for Analyzing Correlative Software and Hardware Faults,"Both software and hardware of computer systems are subject to faults, however, traditional approaches, ignoring the relationship between software faults and hardware faults, are unavailable for analyzing complex software and hardware faults. This paper proposes a systematic framework to analyze correlative software and hardware fault. It includes two associated processes, module level analysis and code level location, and can be used to achieve fault modules and locate fault reasons. The framework has been integrated into the maintenance system for software-intensive system, and provides an effective and feasible method to deal with complex faults between software and hardware.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4731370,no
Knowledge representation of software faults based on open bug repository,"Bug repository of open source software contains a mass of historical data about behaviors of software failure and life-cycle of bug process. By surveying and analyzing three kinds of open source software as Apache, Eclipse, and Firefox, a practical knowledge representation of software faults is properly depicted in this paper. An algorithm is further given to transfer a software bug report to a software fault case, greatly reducing cost and time for constructing case base of software fault from scratch. All of these results have significant advantages for developing an intelligent fault diagnosis system based on case-reasoning.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5541110,no
Analyzing the defects of C-130 aircraft through maintenance history,"C-130 aircraft is considered as one of the most reliable military cargo aircraft around the world. Its popularity mainly rests with military users especially with the air forces around the world. Its airframe, engines, electric and instrumentation systems are considered as of critical importance due to its ability to operate from and to a variety of terrain and environmental conditions. During the same mission it might get exposed to takeoffs or landings at sub zero temperature at high altitude airbases as well as at elevated temperatures on airfields below sea level. This flexibility lays high demand on its systems to continuously give outstanding performance under all such conditions with least or limited maintenance requirements. Behavior of these systems has been analyzed on the basis of data collected over two years in this research; and findings have been established from comparative analysis of each system. The results are considered reasonably important for such aircraft operators as well as maintenance crew. It may also be used for prediction of maintenance costs and system spares requirements forecasting.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5446836,no
Analog circuit fault diagnosis based on fuzzy support vector machine and kernel density estimation,"Because analog circuits such as abnormal noise contained in the information, to the support vector machine to build up the optimal classification brings difficulties, this paper proposes a new method for analog circuit fault diagnosis. First of all, time-domain signal extraction circuit statistical parameters, a set of fault characteristics and then use kernel density estimation method, proposed a form of fuzzy membership function construction, to eliminate the impact of noise characteristics. The establishment of such a membership functions with fuzzy support vector machines on the circuit fault diagnosis. Through the training of support vector machine fault diagnosis model was to achieve single-fault and multi-circuit fault diagnostic classification. The method is applied on CSTV filter circuit, the simulation experiment results show that the method can highlight the different characteristics of fault can be diagnosed correctly and effectively multi-fault types, comprehensive diagnostic accuracy of 95%, and the method for analog circuit fault diagnosis a new way. This technology has good prospects for engineering applications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5579303,no
A mixed expert system for fault diagnosis,"Because of the high structure complexity and variety of working condition, it is greatly difficult to fault diagnosis for heavy machines. This paper puts forward a method of fault diagnosis based on mixed expert system, which uses the rules and cases. The architecture and diagnosis flow of the system are both proposed. The knowledge database of fault diagnosis of heavy machine are mainly set up, including the rule database and case database which are respectively based on the Structure Fault Tree and breakdown maintenance record. Finally, the prototype system is designed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5646475,no
"A Framework to Evaluate the Trade-Off among AVF, Performance and Area of Soft Error Tolerant Microprocessors","Because of the increasing susceptibility of the integrated circuits to soft errors, many techniques have been proposed in all the design levels to reduce the AVF (architecturally vulnerable factor) of microprocessors with extra performance and area overheads. These overheads have a negative impact on the reliability. Conventional reliability evaluation frameworks do not take both performance and area overheads into account. A new metric, mMWTF (modified mean work to failure), is proposed in this paper to capture the trade-off among AVF, performance and area. A quantitative approach to evaluate mMWTF is also presented, in which fault injection is used to estimate the AVF. To modify the conventional fault injection methods which inject only SEU (single event upset), a new method is proposed to injects both SEU and MBU (multi bits upset), the latter of which happens more frequently with the shrinking feature size. Because of the new metric and the new fault injection method, the framework presented in this paper is more accurate than conventional ones. As a case study, two control flow checking techniques are proposed and evaluated in this paper. The evaluation results demonstrate that the techniques with better balance among AVF, performance and area can better improve the reliability of microprocessors.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641172,no
Software design for the fault diagnosis system of ATC based on neural networks,"Because of the limitation of the expert system which is based on the rule, this text proposes introducing the neural network technology into the fault diagnosis system. Then we recommend the frame and the principle of the expert system. And at last, we complete the simulation experiment which indicates the rationality of this design.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5195037,no
Master Defect Record Retrieval Using Network-Based Feature Association,"As electronic records (e.g., medical records and technical defect records) accumulate, the retrieval of a record from a past instance with the same or similar circumstances, has become extremely valuable. This is because a past record may contain the correct diagnosis or correct solution to the current circumstance. We refer to the two records of the same or similar circumstances as <i>master</i> and <i>duplicate</i> records. Current record retrieval techniques are lacking when applied to this special master defect record retrieval problem. In this study, we propose a new paradigm for master defect record retrieval using network-based feature association (NBFA). We train the master record retrieval process by constructing feature associations to limit the search space. The retrieval paradigm was employed and tested on a real-world large-scale defect record database from a telecommunications company. The empirical results suggest that the NBFA was able to significantly improve the performance of master record retrieval, and should be implemented in practice. This paper presents an overview of technical aspects of the master defect record retrieval problem, describes general methodologies for retrieval of master defect records, proposes a new feature association paradigm, provides performance assessments on real data from a telecommunications company, and highlights difficulties and challenges in this line of research that should be addressed in the future.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5406165,no
Case Studies on Transition Fault Test Generation for At-speed Scan Testing,"At-speed scan testing for intra-clock and inter-clock transition delay faults in a SOC design with multiple clock domains is an important and challenging issue. Current practice in industry usually applies a test scheme targeted on intra-clock transition fault delay testing (i.e., intra testing). In this paper a test scheme targeting both intra-clock and inter-clock domains for transition delay fault testing (i.e., intra-inter testing) is applied. This paper presents an empirical study by comparing between intra testing and intra-inter testing in terms of fault classification, test detection, test coverage, test volume, and test power by using industrial circuits. The information provided by this paper is beneficial to both practitioners and researchers in their pursuit of improving the quality of transition delay testing, which is critical to the quality of deep-sub micron VLSI chips.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634891,no
A microdriver architecture for error correcting codes inside the Linux kernel,"Coding tasks, such as encryption of data or the generation of failure-tolerant codes, belong to the most computationaly expensive tasks inside the Linux kernel. Their integration into the kernel enables the user to transparently access these functionalities, encrypted hard disks can be used in the same way as unencrypted ones. Nevertheless, Linux as a monolithic kernel is not prepared to support these expensive tasks by accessing modern hardware accelerators, like graphics processing units (GPUs), as the corresponding accelerator libraries, like the CUDA-API for NVIDIA GPUs, only offer user-space APIs. Linux is often used in conjunction with parallel file systems in high performance cluster environments and the tremendous storage growth in these environments leads to the requirement of multi-error correcting codes. Parallel file systems, which often run on a storage cluster, are required to store the calculated results without huge waiting times. Whereas the frontend of such a storage cluster can be build with standard PCs, it is in contrast nearly impossible to build a capable RAID backend with end user hardware up to now. This work investigated the potential of graphic cards for such coding applications like RAID in the Linux kernel. For this purpose, a special microdriver concept (Barracuda) has been designed that can be integrated into Linux without changing kernel APIs. For the investigation of the performance of this concept, the Linux RAID 6-system and the applied Reed-Solomon code have been exemplary extended and studied. The resulting measurements outline opportunities and limitations of our microdriver concept. On the one hand, the concept achieves a speed-up of 72 for complex, 8-failure correcting codes, while no additional speed-up can be generated for simpler, 2-error correcting codes. An example application for Barracuda could therefore be replacement of expensive RAID systems in cluster storage environments.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6375535,no
Evaluation of Error Resilience Mechanisms for 3G Conversational Video,"Communication in 3G networks may experience packet losses due to transmission errors on the wireless link(s) which may severely impact the quality of video services, with conversational video being most challenging to repair due to tighter delay constraints. Many error resilience mechanisms have been developed that can be applied at the source (codec) level and transport/application layer to address these challenges. Their respective performance varies depending on the network conditions. This paper analyzes and compares the performance of four error resilience mechanisms under different realistic wireless link conditions: selective retransmissions, slice size adaptation, reference picture selection, and unequal error protection using packet-based forward error correction. We derive suggestions for the applicability of the individual mechanisms.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4741195,no
Fault Tolerance and Recovery in Grid Workflow Management Systems,"Complex scientific workflows are now commonly executed on global grids. With the increasing scale complexity, heterogeneity and dynamism of grid environments the challenges of managing and scheduling these workflows are augmented by dependability issues due to the inherent unreliable nature of large-scale grid infrastructure. In addition to the traditional fault tolerance techniques, specific checkpoint-recovery schemes are needed in current grid workflow management systems to address these reliability challenges. Our research aims to design and develop mechanisms for building an autonomic workflow management system that will exhibit the ability to detect, diagnose, notify, react and recover automatically from failures of workflow execution. In this paper we present the development of a Fault Tolerance and Recovery component that extends the ActiveBPEL workflow engine. The detection mechanism relies on inspecting the messages exchanged between the workflow and the orchestrated Web Services in search of faults. The recovery of a process from a faulted state has been achieved by modifying the default behavior of ActiveBPEL and it basically represents a non-intrusive checkpointing mechanism. We present the results of several scenarios that demonstrate the functionality of the Fault Tolerance and Recovery component, outlining an increase in performance of about 50% in comparison to the traditional method of resubmitting the workflow.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5447462,no
Error Reduction in Contingency Ranking of Power Systems Using Combined Indexes,"Complexity of calculations prevents utilities from doing online security studies, and that makes ranking and selection of events an essential part in the field of dynamic security assessment. In this paper, after a short review on security assessment, some indexes such as generators rotor angle, generators speed, rotor acceleration, the difference between kinetic and potential energy etc. have been introduced for ranking of probable contingencies. These indexes have been calculated and compared for different events. In addition to description and investigation of presented indexes, some probable events have been ranked in a case study network. Calculated indexes were finally compared with transient energy margin in order to determine their accuracy. Evaluation of results showed that some errors are inevitable and an individual index is not capable of describing the severity of an event completely. In order to reduce the error of ranking, it is suggested to use a combination of indexes. Several simulations were done in a case study system to find proper combinations of individual indexes, which leaded to finding new combined indexes which are able to rank the contingencies with minimum errors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5448302,no
Error detection and concealment for video conferencing service,"Compressed video bitstream is intended for real-time transmission over communication networks. However, it is very sensitive to transmission errors. Even a single bit error can lead to disastrous video quality degradation in both time and spatial domain. This quality deterioration is exacerbated when no error control mechanism is employed to protect coded video data against the error prone environments. In this paper, we present a new error detection and concealment algorithm to reduce the effects of transmission error in the video decoder.We verified that the proposed algorithm generates good performances in PSNR and objective visual quality through the computer simulation by H.324M mobile simulation set.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5133839,no
Automatic detection of pronunciation errors in CAPT systems based on confidence measure,"Computer aided pronunciation training (CAPT) systems aim at listening to a learner's utterance, judging the overall pronunciation quality and pointing out any pronunciation errors in the utterance. However, the performance of the current error detection techniques can not satisfy the users' expectation. In this paper, we introduce confidence measures and anti-models into the error detection algorithm. The basic theory and the roles of confidence measures and anti-models are discussed. We then propose a new algorithm, and evaluate it on an English learning system. Experiments are conducted based on the TIMIT database and an adaptive database, which involves 40 Chinese undergraduates. The results show that confidence measures can be utilized to effectively improve the performance of the CAPT system.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4608055,no
Research of fault current limiter for 500kV power grid,"Configuring large power supply in high load density networks and interconnections between power grids will cause enormous short-circuit current. If the short-circuit current rating of equipment in power system is exceeded, the equipment must be replaced, which is a very cost- and/or time-intensive procedure. A fault current limiter offers a choice in such case. First, this paper attempts to give an overview of fault current limiting measures for medium and high voltage applications. Then several representative fault current limiters including developing and developed measures are examined with an emphasis upon the thyristor protected series capacitor (TPSC) based short-circuit current limiter (SCCL). The SCCL would be the only technical proposal which can be used in high voltage system for its proven technology, low cost, high reliability, powerful performance and easy realization in high voltage system. The technology is used in the fault current limiter demonstration project in East China power grid. First, the main circuit topology of the fault current limiter demonstration project in East China power grid was introduced, together with the parameter specification of main-circuit equipments such as capacitor, reactor, damping circuit, thyristor, spark gap, MOV, and bypass circuit breaker. Then the measures and strategies of the current limiting reactor fast insertion and the over-voltage control and protection upon the series capacitors were introduced. After that the equivalent system of the fault current limiter demonstration project in East China SOOkV power grid was established using PSCAD/EMTDC, with which, an approach to identify fault signal fast based on the line current slope, and the coordination between the slope value and the instantaneous value of line current were studied in details by the aid of PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results. The optimal coordination and corresponding time setting value were given. FCL is series connected to the transmission line a- - nd should have influence upon protective relays to some extent. The effect of automatic circuit re-closer on FCL and the co-ordination between FCL control and protection system and protective relays must be researched. The influence of automatic reclosing on FCL and the coordination between FCL protection and line protection were performed by PSCAD/EMTDC simulation, and a simulative analysis-based rational solution was given. To demonstrate the validity of PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results, the real time digital simulation (RTDS) experiment of the control and protection system for FCL demonstration project in East China SOOkV power grid was done. The paper presents the RTDS results which consist of experimental scheme, experimental models, simulation results, and analysis of fault signal identification method and influence of fault current limiter on protective relaying above. Results of RTDS experiment can partially justify the operation of the FCL control and protection system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666745,no
Dynamic response of distributed synchronous generators on faults in HV and MV networks,"Connection of distributed generators (DG) on existing power distribution networks requires solution of technical, economical and regulatory issues. A brief description of current status of DG in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with special attention to the technical impact of integration of small hydro power plants with synchronous generators, is given in this paper. Dynamic response of DG (namely small hydro power plants with synchronous generators) on disturbances in HV and MV networks is analyzed in detail. Simulations of DG dynamic response are performed using free, open-source MATLAB/PSAT software package on a simple test model of distribution network with DG. Several scenarios are studied. Finally, areas for further research are identified and presented.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5255461,no
Minimizing the impact of distributed generation on distribution protection system by solid state fault current limiter,Connection of new distributed generation (DG) to the existing distribution network increases the fault current and disturbs the existing distribution protection system. In this paper a solid state fault current limiter (SSFCL) application is proposed to minimize the effect of the DG on the distribution protection system in a radial system during a fault. The protection problems at distributed generation presence are studied in detail to determine the effectiveness of the SSFCL for the proposed application. The effectiveness of propose SSFCL in protection problems mitigation is determined and examined in the test system. Simulation is accomplished in PSCAD/EMTDC. The proposed method is fully validated on test system,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484241,no
Fault Localization in Constraint Programs,"Constraint programs such as those written in high level modeling languages (e.g., OPL, ZINC, or COMET) must be thoroughly verified before being used in applications. Detecting and localizing faults is therefore of great importance to lower the cost of the development of these constraint programs. In a previous work, we introduced a testing framework called CPTEST enabling automated test case generation for detecting non-conformities. In this paper, we enhance this framework to introduce automatic fault localization in constraint programs. Our approach is based on constraint relaxation to identify the constraint that is responsible of a given fault. CPTEST is henceforth able to automatically localize faults in optimized OPL programs. We provide empirical evidence of the effectiveness of this approach on classical benchmark problems, namely Golomb rulers, n-queens, social golfer and car sequencing.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5670017,no
Job Migration and Fault Tolerance in SLA-Aware Resource Management Systems,"Contractually fixed service quality levels are mandatory prerequisites for attracting the commercial user to Grid environments. Service level agreements (SLAs) are powerful instruments for describing obligations and expectations in such a business relationship. At the level of local resource management systems, checkpointing and restart is an important instrument for realizing fault tolerance and SLA- awareness. This paper highlights the concepts of migrating such checkpoint datasets to achieve the goal of SLA- compliant job execution.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4539323,no
Live demonstration: Neuro-inspired system for realtime vision tilt correction,"Correcting digital images tilt needs huge quantities of memory, high computational resources, and use to take a considerable amount of time. This demonstration shows how a spikes-based silicon retina dynamic vision sensor (DVS) tilt can corrected in real time using a commercial accelerometer. DVS output is a stream of spikes codified using the address-event representation (AER). Event-based processing is focused on change in real time DVS output addresses. Taking into account this DVS feature, we present an AER based layer able to correct in real time the DVS tilt, using a high speed algorithmic mapping layer and introducing a minimum latency in the system. A co-design platform (the AER-Robot platform), based into a Xilinx Spartan 3 FPGA and an 8051 USB microcontroller, has been used to implement the system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5537268,no
The Impact of Coupling on the Fault-Proneness of Aspect-Oriented Programs: An Empirical Study,"Coupling in software applications is often used as an indicator of external quality attributes such as fault-proneness. In fact, the correlation of coupling metrics and faults in object oriented programs has been widely studied. However, there is very limited knowledge about which coupling properties in aspect-oriented programming (AOP) are effective indicators of faults in modules. Existing coupling metrics do not take into account the specificities of AOP mechanisms. As a result, these metrics are unlikely to provide optimal predictions of pivotal quality attributes such as fault-proneness. This impacts further by restraining the assessments of AOP empirical studies. To address these issues, this paper presents an empirical study to evaluate the impact of coupling sourced from AOP-specific mechanisms. We utilise a novel set of coupling metrics to predict fault occurrences in aspect-oriented programs. We also compare these new metrics against previously proposed metrics for AOP. More specifically, we analyse faults from several releases of three AspectJ applications and perform statistical analyses to reveal the effectiveness of these metrics when predicting faults. Our study shows that a particular set of fine-grained directed coupling metrics have the potential to help create better fault prediction models for AO programs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635061,no
Accurate Conjunction of Yield Models for Fault-Tolerant Memory Integrated Circuits,"Critical defects, i.e., faults, inevitably occur during semiconductor fabrication, and they significantly reduce both manufacturing yield and product reliability. To decrease the effects of the defects, several fault-tolerance methods, such as the redundancy technique and the error correcting code (ECC), have been successfully applied to memory integrated circuits. In the semiconductor business, accurate estimation of yield and reliability is very important for determining the chip architecture as well as the production plan. However, a simple conjunction of previous fault-tolerant yield models tends to underestimate the manufacturing yield if several fault-tolerance techniques are employed simultaneously. This paper concentrates on developing and verifying an accurate yield model which can be applied successfully in such situations. The proposed conjunction model has been derived from the probability of remaining redundancies and the average number of defects after repairing the defects with the remaining redundancies. The validity of the conjunction yield model is verified by a Monte Carlo simulation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5159401,no
Simple converter structure for fault tolerant motors,"Critical electrical machines and drives systems used in diverse fields like aerospace, defense, medical, nuclear power plants, etc. require both special motor and converter topologies. In our days due to the recent technological advances and developments in the area of power electronics and motor control the fault tolerant electrical machine and drive concept reached a level where it begun to be feasible to be used widely in practice [1], [2]. Hence any new results obtained are of real interest for all the specialists working in these highly developed fields of electrical engineering. The paper presents an analysis of a nine phase fault tolerant permanent magnet synchronous machine fed by a simple power converter under different realistic stator winding fault conditions. By advanced Flux 2D and Simulink transient cosimulations the behavior of the drive system under the considered four different winding fault conditions was studied. It was proved that using the simplified converter topology near the same torque development capability of the machine in faulty states can be assured.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4588743,no
Architectural Design of CA-Based Double Byte Error Correcting Codec,"Cellular Automata (CA) is a novel approach for designing byte error-correcting codes. The regular, modular and cascaded structure of CA can be economically built with VLSI technology. In this correspondence, a modular architecture of CA based (32, 28) byte error correcting encoder and decoder has been proposed. The design is capable of locating and correcting all double byte errors. CA-based implementation of the proposed decoding scheme provides a simple cost effective solution compared to the existing decoding scheme for the Reed-Solomon (RS) decoder, having double error correcting capability.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4798442,no
"A Fast-Start, Fault-Tolerant MPI Launcher on Dawning Supercomputers","Daemon-based MPI launchers are the mainstream in nowadays, because they can startup processes rapidly. However, effective task management and fault tolerance become more important as the scale of supercomputers enlarges. A new fast-start and fault tolerant launcher, called SFLauncher, has been used to startup MPICH task on Dawning supercomputers. This paper details its features and implementation, with emphasis on scalability, self-organization algorithm and garbage reclamation. The results of performance evaluation on SFLauncher are also given.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4710990,no
Application-level fault tolerance in real-time embedded systems,"Critical real-time embedded systems need to make use of fault tolerance techniques to cope with operation time errors, either in hardware or software. Fault tolerance is usually applied by means of redundancy and diversity. Redundant hardware implies the establishment of a distributed system executing a set of fault tolerance strategies by software, and may also employ some form of diversity, by using different variants or versions for the same processing. This work proposes and evaluates a fault tolerance framework for supporting the development of dependable applications. This framework is build upon basic operating system services and middleware communications and brings flexible and transparent support for application threads. A case study involving radar filtering is described and the framework advantages and drawbacks are discussed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4577690,no
ECC design for fault-tolerant crossbar memories: A case study,"Crossbar memories are promising memory technologies for future data storage. Although the memories offer trillion-capacity of data storage at low cost, they are expected to suffer from high defect densities and fault rates impacting their reliability. Error correction codes (ECCs), e.g., Redundant Residue Number System (RRNS) and Reed Solomon (RS) have been proposed to improve the reliability of memory systems. Yet, the implementation of the ECCs was usually done at software level, which incurs high cost. This paper analyzes ECC design for fault-tolerant crossbar memories. Both RS and RRNS codes are implemented and experimentally compared in terms of their area overhead, speed and error correction capability. The results show that the encoder and decoder of RS requires 7.5 smaller area overhead and operates 8.4 faster as compared to RRNS. Both ECCs has fairly similar error correction capability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5724409,no
Evaluating the Use of Requirement Error Abstraction and Classification Method for Preventing Errors during Artifact Creation: A Feasibility Study,"Defect prevention techniques can be used during the creation of software artifacts to help developers create high-quality artifacts. These artifacts should have fewer faults that must be removed during inspection and testing. The Requirement Error Taxonomy that we have developed helps focus developers' attention on common errors that can occur during requirements engineering. Our claim is that, by focusing on those errors, the developers will be less likely to commit them. This paper investigates the usefulness of the Requirement Error Taxonomy as a defect prevention technique. The goal was to determine if making requirements engineers' familiar with the Requirement Error Taxonomy would reduce the likelihood that they commit errors while developing a requirements document. We conducted an empirical study in which the participants were given the opportunity to learn how to use the Requirement Error Taxonomy by employing it during the inspection of a requirements document. Then, in teams of four, they developed their own requirements document. This requirements document was then evaluated by other students to identify any errors made. The hypothesis was that participants who find more errors during the inspection of a requirements document would make fewer errors when creating their own requirements document. The overall result supports this hypothesis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635121,no
A Multi-Perspective Taxonomy for Systematic Classification of Grid Faults,Classification turns chaotic knowledge into regularity by systematizing a domain and providing a common vocabulary. Currently there is a lack of systematic and comprehensive studies in organization and classification of Grid faults. We address this gap with a multi-perspective Grid fault taxonomy describing an incident using eight different characteristics. It is hard to define a taxonomy of broad validity and acceptance that satisfies the vast number of requirements of the many Grid user communities. Nevertheless we proof that our taxonomy can serve as a solid basis for defining project-specific custom classification schemes by giving a concrete example created for a state-of-the-art Grid middleware environment.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4457115,no
Fault-tolerant and reliable computation in cloud computing,"Cloud computing, with its great potentials in low cost and on-demand services, is a promising computing platform for both commercial and non-commercial computation clients. In this work, we investigate the security perspective of scientific computation in cloud computing. We investigate a cloud selection strategy to decompose the matrix multiplication problem into several tasks which will be submitted to different clouds. In particular, we propose techniques to improve the fault-tolerance and reliability of a rather general scientific computation: matrix multiplication. Through our techniques, we demonstrate that fault-tolerance and reliability against faulty and even malicious clouds in cloud computing can be achieved.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5700210,no
Web-Interface on Grid System for Atmospheric Corrections of Modis Data in Coastal Area,"Coastal areas ecosystem, representing one of the most delicate and complex relationship between natural environment and human activities, is one of the main subject of governments programs for environmental monitoring and eco-sustainable environmental management. This paper describes a quantitatively evaluation of MODIS water leaving reflectance products on coastal areas, where the occurrence of land contaminated pixels (mixed sea-land) and a different atmospheric absorption, make often unreliable or ambiguous the values measured from satellite and the quality flag related to values of these areas, often marks them as unreliable. The evaluation is performed by comparison to in situ measurements acquired in the framework of IMCA project (Integrated Monitoring of Coastal Areas) from June 2006 to May 2008. The user can perform his own atmospheric corrections setting the best models and parameters for the area of interest.In order to allow an easy access and management of different data set, pre-processing and processing parameters selection, a prototype of Web Gis for environmental monitoring has been realized.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5171343,no
Dissociating Early and Late Error Signals in Perceptual Recognition,"Decisions about object identity follow a period in which evidence is gathered and analyzed. Evidence can consist of both task-relevant external stimuli and internally generated goals and expectations. How the various pieces of information are gathered and filtered into meaningful evidence by the nervous system is largely unknown. Although object recognition is often highly efficient and accurate, errors are common. Errors may be related to faulty evidence gathering arising from early misinterpretations of incoming stimulus information. In addition, errors in task performance are known to elicit late corrective performance monitoring mechanisms that can optimize or otherwise adjust future behavior. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in an extended trial paradigm of object recognition to study whether we could identify performance-based signal modulations prior to and following the moment of recognition. The rationale driving the current report is that early modulations in fMRI activity may reflect faulty evidence gathering, whereas late modulations may reflect the presence of performance monitoring mechanisms. We tested this possibility by comparing fMRI activity on correct and error trials in regions of interest (ROIs) that were selected a priori. We found pre- and postrecognition accuracy-dependent modulation in different sets of a priori ROIs, suggesting the presence of dissociable error signals.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6793774,no
The application of a CBR MAS hierarchical model in fault diagnosis system,"Due to complexity and diversity of large rotating machinery and working conditions, timely and accurate fault diagnosis can not be guaranteed. The method and process of distributed intelligent fault diagnosis based on MAS(Multi-Agent System) are analyzed, and a hierarchical model which uses case based reasoning (CBR) method to carry out fault diagnosis in fault diagnosis expert system is proposed. Using the model, the system can quickly and accurately analyzes the cause of machinery fault, and provide reasonable and constructive decision-making advice.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5620772,no
Fault diagnosis in optical access network using Bayesian network,"Due to ever rising need for higher bandwidth dictated by the increasing amounts and quality of services (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), Internet Protocol television (IPTV) and Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP)), and the global development of technology, Fiber To The Home (FTTH) is becoming an affordable answer for the service provider. Before fully launching the service for the mass market the most important prerequisite is being able to provide customers with a high quality experience. To be able to achieve that, one of the main factors that service providers have to ensure is accurate and precise diagnosis of customer reported faults. Low quality of diagnostics prolongs the period of service degradation and increases the likelihood of repeated faults which results in dissatisfaction amongst customers. That is why our objective is to improve the accuracy of diagnostics performed by network technicians to at least 80%. In this paper we are introducing a solution based on Bayesian network and presenting the results of the applied method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5623691,no
Research on Extension Method and Detection of Fault-Line Selection in Resonant Grounded Systems,"Due to small grounding current and unstable electric arc at fault position, the faulty circuit selection in resonant grounded systems has always been a complex and difficult problem. This paper proposes a new diagnostic method based on the matter-element and correlation analysis of Extension Theory. The characteristics variables of zero-sequence current and the correlation function have been used to identify the correlation. With the results, we may select the faulty lines. In the new method, the weighting coefficient of fault characteristics is endowed with variance of correlation function. Which not only widening the gap between correlations but also erasing the influences of little current and the unstable electric arc. When the fault is in the short circuit, the method may erase the influence of capacitive current in normal long one too. Lots of digital simulation results show that the proposed method is effective and reliable.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4745244,no
An Approach of Fault Diagnosis for System Based on Fuzzy Fault Tree,"Due to the complicacy of the communication control system (CCS) structure and the variations in operating conditions, the occurrence of a fault inside CCS is uncertain and random. Aiming at limitations of the current fault diagnosis of CCS, the paper presents an approach to fault diagnosis of fuzzy fusion based on fuzzy fault tree. Elaborated method considers the characteristic of diagnostic object to establish fuzzy fault tree, convert the index of fault rate into fuzzy number of fault rate, perform the fuzzy analysis for the fault tree, determine the confidence interval of probability of top event, and achieve fuzzy reasoning diagnosis result. The details of fuzzy number design are described in the paper and an application example of the method is also provided. The results show that the proposed fuzzy fault tree analysis method is effective and available for fault diagnose of CCS.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5089218,no
A Case Study of Software Security Test Based on Defects Threat Tree Modeling,"Due to the increasing complexity of software applications, traditional function security testing ways, which only test and validate software security mechanisms, are becoming ineffective to detect latent software security defects (SSD). However, the most of vulnerabilities result from some typical SSD. According to CERT/CC, ten defects known are responsible for 75% of security breaches in today software applications. On the base of threat tree modeling, we use it in the integrated software security test model. For introducing the usefulness of the method, we use the test model in M<sup>3</sup>TR software security test.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5670961,no
Improved Configuration of the Inductive Core-Saturation Fault Current Limiter with the Magnetic Decoupling,"Due to the increasing levels of the short-circuit currents, the fault current limiters (FCLs) are expected to play an important role in the protection of the future power grids. The inductive FCLs, that have a dc winding that drives the core into saturation, are particularly interesting due to their inherent reaction on the fault. To avoid an over-voltage on the dc winding during a fault, FCL with decoupled ac and dc magnetic circuits has been proposed [5]. However, this FCL configuration reduces the value of the normal current, since its ac leg operates around saturation knee, i.e. the FCL impedance increases during the nominal operation. The size of the core and the peak value of the limited fault current have to be increased if the FCL impedance in the normal operation is to be diminished. This paper presents an improved version of the inductive FCL with magnetic decoupling of ac and dc circuits. The new FCL design reduces the device weight and size, while decreasing the FCL impedance to a low value during the normal operation. The increase of the peak value of the limited fault current is avoided. Comparison results are obtained through simulations in software SaberDesigner.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4659144,no
"Towards fault-tolerant digital microfluidic lab-on-chip: Defects, fault modeling, testing, and reconfiguration","Dependability is an important attribute for microfluidic lab-on-chip devices that are being developed for safety-critical applications such as point-of-care health assessment, air-quality monitoring, and food-safety testing. Therefore, these devices must be adequately tested after manufacture and during bioassay operations. This paper presents a survey of early work on fault tolerance in digital microfluidic lab-on-chip systems. Defects are related to logical fault models that can be viewed not only in terms of traditional shorts and opens, but which also target biochip functionality. Based on these fault models, test techniques for lab-on-chip devices and digital microfluidic modules are presented.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4696941,no
Time-Varying Network Fault Model for the Design of Dependable Networked Embedded Systems,"Dependability is becoming a key design aspect of today networked embedded systems (NES's) due to their increasing application to safety-critical tasks. Dependability evaluation must be based on modelling and simulation of faulty application behaviors, which must be related to faulty NES behaviors under actual defects. However, NES's behave differently from traditional embedded systems when testing activities are performed on them. In particular, issues arise on the definition of correct behavior, on the best point to observe it, and on the temporal properties of the faults to be injected. The paper describes these issues, discusses some possible solutions and presents a new time-varying network-based fault model to represent failures in a more abstract and efficient way. Finally, the fault model has been used to support the design of a network-based control application where packet losses, end-to-end delay and signal distortion must be carefully controlled.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5350127,no
Fault Tolerant Scheduling on Controller Area Network (CAN),"Dependable communications is becoming a critical factor due to the pervasive usage of networked embedded systems that increasingly interact with human lives in one way or the other in many real-time applications. Though many smaller systems are providing dependable services employing uniprocesssor solutions, stringent fault containment strategies etc., these practices are fast becoming inadequate due to the prominence of COTS in hardware and component based development (CBD) in software as well as the increased focus on building 'system of systems'. Hence the repertoire of design paradigms, methods and tools available to the developers of distributed real-time systems needs to be enhanced in multiple directions and dimensions. In future scenarios, potentially a network needs to cater to messages of multiple criticality levels (and hence varied redundancy requirements) and scheduling them in a fault-tolerant manner becomes an important research issue. We address this problem in the context of Controller Area Network (CAN), which is widely used in automotive and automation domains, and describe a methodology which enables the provision of appropriate scheduling guarantees. The proposed approach involves definition of fault-tolerant windows of execution for critical messages and the derivation of message priorities based on earliest deadline first (EDF).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5479504,no
Validation of 3D radiographical image distortion correction and calibration algorithms,Dynamic Roentgen Stereogrammetric Analysis (DRSA) provides a highly accurate research and clinical tool in human movement sciences. Essential for the respective DRSA measurements is proper alignment and calibration of the device. An improved method for determining the sufficiency of those preparations is introduced and discussed.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5394378,no
An Analysis of Missed Structure Field Handling Bugs,"Despite the importance and prevalence of structures (or records) in programming, no study till now has deeply analyzed the bugs made in their usage. This paper makes a first step to fill that gap by systematically and deeply analyzing a subset of structure usage bugs. The subset, referred to as MSFH bugs, are errors of omission associated with structure fields when they are handled in a grouped context. We analyze the nature of these bugs by providing a taxonomy, root cause analysis, and barrier analysis. The analysis provided many new insights, which suggested new solutions for preventing and detecting the MSFH bugs.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4609409,no
How Good is Static Analysis at Finding Concurrency Bugs?,"Detecting bugs in concurrent software is challenging due to the many different thread interleavings. Dynamic analysis and testing solutions to bug detection are often costly as they need to provide coverage of the interleaving space in addition to traditional black box or white box coverage. An alternative to dynamic analysis detection of concurrency bugs is the use of static analysis. This paper examines the use of three static analysis tools (Find Bugs, J Lint and Chord) in order to assess each tool's ability to find concurrency bugs and to identify the percentage of spurious results produced. The empirical data presented is based on an experiment involving 12 concurrent Java programs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5601822,no
Diagnosing Failures in Wireless Networks Using Fault Signatures,"Detection and diagnosis of failures in wireless networks is of crucial importance. It is also a very challenging task, given the myriad of problems that plague present day wireless networks. A host of issues such as software bugs, hardware failures, and environmental factors, can cause performance degradations in wireless networks. As part of this study, we propose a new approach for diagnosing performance degradations in wireless networks, based on the concept of ``fault signatures''. Our goal is to construct signatures for known faults in wireless networks and utilize these to identify particular faults. Via preliminary experiments, we show how these signatures can be generated and how they can help us in diagnosing network faults and distinguishing them from legitimate network events. Unlike most previous approaches, our scheme allows us to identify the root cause of the fault by capturing the state of the network parameters during the occurrence of the fault.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5502483,no
A Developed Dynamic Environment Fault Injection Tool for Component Security Testing,"Developers using third party software components need to test them to satisfy quality requirements. In this paper, according to the characteristics of component security test, we present a new tool called GCDEFI (generic component dynamic environment fault injection). GCDEFI adopt environment fault injection based on API interception technology. Faults can be injected by GCDEFI without the source code of target applications under assessment, nor does the injection process involve interruption. To evaluate our tool, we conduct several environment fault injection testing experiments. The results show that our tool is stable and effective.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5325339,no
Human optic nerve DTI with EPI geometric distortion correction,Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the human optic nerve presents challenges from geometric distortion in echo planar imaging (EPI) caused by magnetic field inhomogeneity and partial volume artifacts caused by confounding signals from surrounding fat and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A protocol for human optic nerve DTI was developed with geometric distortion correction and suppression of fat and CSF signals. This protocol was modified from a conventional DTI protocol to acquire images and field maps covering the whole brain including contiguous slices of the optic nerves. The technique was applied to healthy volunteers and multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with and without history of unilateral optic neuritis (ON). DTI measures of the optic nerves before and after distortion correction were compared. Means and standard deviations of these measures from different cohorts were reported.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5193128,no
An asymptotically-exact expression for the variance of classification error for the discrete histogram rule,"Discrete classification is fundamental in GSP applications. In a previous publication, we provided analytical expressions for moments of the sampling distribution of the true error, as well as of resubstitution and leave-one-out error estimators, and their correlation with the true error, for the discrete histogram rule. When the number of samples or the total number of quantization levels is large, computation of these expression becomes difficult, and approximations must be made. In this paper, we provide an approximate expression for the variance of the classification error, which is shown to be asymptotically exact as the total number of quantization levels increases to infinity, under a mild distributional assumption.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4555686,no
Error detection in 2-D Discrete Wavelet lifting transforms,"Discrete Wavelet transform is a powerful mathematics technique which is being adopted in different applications including physics, image processing, biomedical signal processing, and communication. Due to its pipelined structure and multirate processing requirements, a single numerical error in one stage can easily affect multiple outputs in final result. In this paper, we propose a weighted checksum code based fault tolerance technique for 2-D discrete wavelet transform. The technique encodes the input array at the 2-D discrete wavelet transform algorithm level, and algorithms are designed to operate on encoded data and produce encoded output data. The proposed encoding technique can perfectly fit into the lifting structure and existing general purpose 2-D discrete wavelet lifting VLSI architectures, without significant modification and overhead. We present the mathematics proof of this coding technique and show this technique can detect the errors in 2-D wavelet transforms. The hardware overhead using this technique is significantly lower than existing methods.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5196003,no
An Initial Study of Customer-Reported GUI Defects,"End customers increasingly access the delivered functionality in software systems through a GUI. Unfortunately, limited data is currently available on how defects in these systems affect customers. This paper presents a study of customer-reported GUI defects from two different industrial software systems developed at ABB. This study includes data on defect impact, location, and resolution times. The results show that (1) 65% of the defects resulted in a loss of some functionality to the end customer, (2) the majority of the defects found (60%) were in the GUI, as opposed to the application itself, and (3) defects in the GUI took longer to fix, on average, than defects in the underlying application. The results are now being used to improve testing activities at ABB.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4976396,no
PED: Proof-Guided Error Diagnosis by Triangulation of Program Error Causes,"Error diagnosis, which is the process of identifying the root causes of bugs in software, is a time-consuming process. In general, it is hard to automate error diagnosis due to the unavailability of a full ldquogoldenrdquo specification of the system behavior in realistic software development. We propose a repair-based proof-guided error diagnosis (PED) framework, that provides a first-line attack to find the root causes of the errors in programs by pin-pointing the possible error-sites (buggy statements), and suggesting possible repair fixes. Our framework does not need a complete system specification. Instead, it automatically ldquominesrdquo partial specifications of the intended program behavior from the proofs obtained by static program analysis for standard safety checkers. It uses these partial specifications along with the multiple error traces provided by a model checker to narrow down the possible error sites. It also exploits inherent correlations among the program statements. To capture common programming mistakes, it directs the search to those statements that could be buggy due to simple copy-paste operations or syntactic mistakes such as using les instead of <. To further improve debugging, it prioritizes the repair solutions. We implemented and integrated the PED tool as a plug-in module to a software verification framework. We show the efficacy of such a framework on public benchmarks.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4685814,no
Slice Your Bug: Debugging Error Detection Mechanisms Using Error Injection Slicing,"Error injection is a well accepted method to evaluate hardware error detection mechanisms. An error detection mechanism is effective if it considerably reduces the amount of silently corrupted output of protected applications compared to unprotected applications. For a good representativeness of the error injection, the error model used has to mirror real world errors as accurately as possible. We introduce Error Injection Slicing (EIS) which emulates the symptoms of hardware errors. Furthermore, EIS provides means to debug single injection runs using slicing. With EIS we make the following novel contributions: (1) easy usage through hardware independence, (2) a symptom-based, flexible and comprehensive error model (e.g., not only bit-flips), and (3) debugging support to improve the detection coverage of the evaluated error detection mechanism. We evaluated the usefulness of the injector by analyzing the AN-encoding compiler that applies an AN-code to applications to facilitate hardware error detection.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5474199,no
C-ERROR simulator for development for sensor and location aware sensing applications,"Distributed wireless sensor applications are useful for visualizing spatially and geographically related data such as location, neighborhood, weather, and measuring specific changes in the environment. Desires to augment these interfaces with additional specifications needed for distributed applications such as Power-Aware, Fault-tolerance and Processor agnostic deployment requirements have led to create a custom distributed Network Embedded Test-Bed that locally aggregate the measured signal from individual sensors and send it to a central coordinator for combined processing. We envision publishing and querying real-time (e.g. from sensors) over such distributed sensor farm applications which are deployed wirelessly and form a large sensor network. Existing solutions, although useful for writing the simple applications mentioned above, have several drawbacks in achieving this vision. First, publishing even a single stream of data as a useful service is a non-trivial task. Much useful data is not being stored yet because the need for managing a sensor farm has lots of complexities which make them unreliable in terms of polling time and communications costs. Second, existing applications are mutually incompatible and are processor centric and needs many ports which may introduce un-reliability. Third communication costs are not scalable to handle a sensor farm application and it does not provide an easy way to extend such a Network Embedded Test-Bed. The Network Embedded Test-Bed project aims to address these challenges, we like to model existing applications needs into a cross layer sensor network simulator called C-ERROR(Cross Layer Reusable Resource Optimized Routing) which allows different clustering algorithms to be integrated and measure its performance at each layer of the stack. To have a platform independent sensor OS and a scheduler which allows creating sensing tasks that have real-time constraints.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4757098,no
On Scan Chain Diagnosis for Intermittent Faults,"Diagnosis is increasingly important, not only for individual analysis of failing ICs, but also for high-volume test response analysis which enables yield and test improvement. Scan chain defects constitute a significant fraction of the overall digital defect universe, and hence it is well justified that scan chain diagnosis has received increasing research attention in recent years. In this paper, we address the problem of scan chain diagnosis for intermittent faults. We show that the conventional scan chain test pattern is likely to miss an intermittent fault, or inaccurately diagnose it. We propose an improved scan chain test pattern which we show to be effective. Subsequently, we demonstrate that the conventional bound calculation algorithm is likely to produce wrong results in the case of an intermittent fault. We propose a new lower bound calculation method which does generate correct and tight bounds, even for an intermittence probability as low as 10%.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5359415,no
Automatic generator health assessment system that embedded with advanced fault diagnosis and expert system,"Diesel engine type of generators that uses fuel to produce electricity are common in many countries which suffer from inconsistency in electricity supply. To lower the cost, manufacturers tend to purchase secondhand generators to ensure constant supply of electricity during production. However, manufacturers do not have the proper skill to assess the health of second-hand generators. This, coupled with poor maintenance due to insufficient technical staff, the efficiency of generators is intolerably low and facing frequent breakdown. Such deficiencies not only waste expensive fuel, but also reduce the productivity due to sudden loss of electricity supply. Hence, there is an urgent need to have an automatic generator health assessment system so that the efficiency of generators can be increased and the chance of fatal breakdown can be minimized. This paper presents a sophisticated generator health assessment system that can automatically diagnose the current health status of an inspected generator even without a baseline for comparison purpose. Initially, we focused on diagnosing the faults generated from the combustion process. Our system uses low-cost encoders to assess the health of engines. Compared to conventional methods, such capability could only be achieved using expensive pressure sensors. Moreover, an expert system was built to diagnose engine faults automatically. With the help of this automatic and low-cost system, the operators will be alerted if any anomaly is occurring in the engine. Hence, our system makes the monitored generator more reliable in operation and saves expensive fuel wasted by improper combustion process.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5413425,no
An Adaptive-Rate Error Correction Scheme for NAND Flash Memory,"ECC has been widely used to enhance flash memory endurance and reliability. In this work, we propose an adaptive-rate ECC scheme with BCH codes that is implemented on the flash memory controller. With this scheme, flash memory can trade storage space for higher error correction capability to keep it usable even when there is a high noise level.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5116609,no
Elimination of DWDM transponders over a deployed IP over DWDM network using novel DWDM XFP transceivers with integrated G.709 and Forward Error Correction,"Elimination of DWDM transponders in an IP over DWDM network is demonstrated, for the first time, using DWDM XFP MSA transceivers with integrated G.709 framing for OAM management and Forward Error Correction for performance capabilities.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5032485,no
A New Approach for the Construction of Fault Trees from System Simulink,"Fault tree analysis is a common method for reliability, safety, and availability assessment of digital systems. Since 70s, a number of construction and analysis methods have been introduced in the literature. The main difference between these methods is the starting model from which the tree is constructed. This paper presents a novel methodology for the construction of fault tree from a system Simulink model, and introduces a fault tree analysis approach in the Simulink environment. The analysis method evaluates static fault tree of a system. The method is introduced and explained in details and its correctness and completeness is validated by using a number of examples. The limitations of the proposed methodology are related to the limitations of the MATLAB-Simulink toolbox. Important advantages of the method are also stated.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5066552,no
The research of information security risk assessment method based on fault tree,"Fault tree technology has been broadly used in the industry system but seldom used in the field of risk assessment for information system. In this study, by consulting the standard of BS7799, the fault tree technology is introduced to evaluate the risks of information system. Based on integrity, usability and confidentiality of information system, fault tree model for the information system is established. This model can quantitatively calculate the risk faced by the system; tree framework structure was adopted to analyze faults, which can be easily understood and programmed; Importance of every bottom faults was carefully analyzed, which offers the new model and effective implementation for the risk analysis and the searching of fault sources. In this research, an idiographic example was used to demonstrate the method and to validate the algorithms.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5572055,no
An empirical study of the effects of test-suite reduction on fault localization,"Fault-localization techniques that utilize information about all test cases in a test suite have been presented. These techniques use various approaches to identify the likely faulty part(s) of a program, based on information about the execution of the program with the test suite. Researchers have begun to investigate the impact that the composition of the test suite has on the effectiveness of these fault-localization techniques. In this paper, we present the first experiment on one aspect of test-suite composition--test-suite reduction. Our experiment studies the impact of the test-suite reduction on the effectiveness of fault-localization techniques. In our experiment, we apply 10 test-suite reduction strategies to test suites for eight subject programs. We then measure the differences between the effectiveness of four existing fault-localization techniques on the unreduced and reduced test suites. We also measure the reduction in test-suite size of the 10 test-suite reduction strategies. Our experiment shows that fault-localization effectiveness varies depending on the test-suite reduction strategy used, and it demonstrates the trade-offs between test-suite reduction and fault-localization effectiveness.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4814131,no
On the Longest Fault-Free Paths in Hypercubes with More Faulty Nodes,"Faults in a network may take various forms such as hardware/software errors, node/link faults, etc. In this paper, node-faults are addressed. Let F be a faulty set of f les 2n - 6 conditional node-faults in an injured n-cube Q<sub>n</sub> such that every node of Q<sub>n</sub> still has at least two fault - free neighbors. Then we show that Q<sub>n</sub> - F contains a path of length at least 2<sup>n</sup> - 2f - 1 (respectively, 2<sup>n</sup> - 2f - 2) between any two nodes of odd (respectively, even) distance. Since an n-cube is a bipartite graph, such kind of the fault- free path turns out to be the longest one in the case when all faulty nodes belong to the same partite set.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4520197,no
Research of Environment-Oriented Fault Representation for Software-Intensive Equipment,"Faults triggered by variability and inconsistency of running environment emerge in the highest frequency, and are difficult to recognize and diagnose in the software-intensive equipment. By systematically analyzing and summarizing environmental factors which can disable the equipment for work, a kind of fresh fault classification is put forward in this paper. Further, the formal representation based on frame is clearly given to each type of environmental fault in detail. Diagnosis system based on this classification is successful and effective to resolve most of faults in practice.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5533222,no
Comparative performance evaluation of software-based fault-tolerant routing algorithms in adaptively-routed tori,"Fault-tolerance and network routing have been among the most widely studied topics in the research of parallel processing and computer networking. A fault- tolerant routing algorithm should guarantee the delivery of messages in the presence of faulty components. In this paper, we present a comparative performance study of nine prominent fault-tolerant routings in 2D wormhole-switched tori. These networks carry the software-based routing scheme which has been suggested as an instance of a fault-tolerant method widely used in the literature to achieve high adaptivity and support inter-processor communications in parallel computer networks due to its ability to preserve both communication performance and fault-tolerant demands in such systems. The performance measures studied are the throughput, average message latency, power, and average usage of virtual channels per node. Results obtained through simulation suggest two classes of presented routing schemes as high performance candidates in most faulty networks.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4493572,no
Fault-tolerance and noise modelling in nanoscale circuit design,"Fault-tolerance in integrated circuit design has become an alarming issue for circuit designers and semiconductor industries wishing to downscale transistor dimensions to their utmost. The motivation to conduct research on fault-tolerant design is backed by the observation that the noise which was ineffective in the large-dimension circuits is expected to cause a significant downgraded performance in low-scaled transistor operation of future CMOS technology models. This paper is destined to give an overview of all the major fault-tolerance techniques and noise models proposed so far. Summing and analysing all this work, we have divided the literature into three categories and discussed their applicability in terms of proposing circuit design modifications, finding output error probability or methods proposed to achieve highly accurate simulation results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5606936,no
Three types of fault coverage in multi-state systems,"Fault-tolerance is an essential architectural attribute for achieving high reliability in many critical applications of digital systems. Automatic fault and error handling mechanisms play a crucial role in implementing fault tolerance because an uncovered (undetected) fault may lead to a system or a subsystem failure even when adequate redundancy exists. Examples of this effect can be found in computing systems, electrical power distribution networks, pipelines carrying dangerous materials etc. Because an uncovered fault may lead to overall system failure, an excessive level of redundancy may even reduce the system reliability. We consider three types of coverage models: 1. element level coverage where the fault coverage probability of an element does not depend on the states of other elements; 2. the multi-fault coverage where the effectiveness of recovery mechanisms depends on the coexistence of multiple faults in a group of elements that collectively participate in detecting and recovering the faults in that group; 3. the performance dependent coverage where the effectiveness of recovery mechanisms in a group depends on the entire performance level of this group. The paper presents a modification of the generalized reliability block diagram (RBD) method for evaluating reliability and performance indices of complex multi-state series-parallel systems with all these types of fault coverage. The suggested method based on a universal generating function technique allows the system performance distribution to be obtained using a straightforward recursive procedure.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270224,no
Petri-nets Based Availability Model of Fault-Tolerant Server System,"Fault-Tolerant capacity of the key server will effect integrality and restorability of the data in network system, so in order to increase system's availability, cluster technique has been adopted widely. In despite of achieving high system availability with cluster technique, it makes system very complexly and availability analysis very difficult. By analyzing redundant server system's structure and work process, stochastic Petri net method is adopted to model processing cell availability, data memory disc availability and server availability. Integrating above models, cluster system availability model can be obtained.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4681434,no
Protecting RSA against Fault Attacks: The Embedding Method,"Fault attacks constitute a major threat toward cryptographic products supporting RSA-based technologies. Most often, the public exponent is unknown, turning resistance to fault attacks into an intricate problem. Over the past few years, several techniques for secure implementations have been published, but none of them is fully satisfactory. We propose a completely different approach by embedding the public exponent into [the description of] the private key. As a result, we obtain a very efficient countermeasure with a 100% fault detection.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5412858,no
Guidelines for 2D/3D FE transient modeling of inductive saturable-core Fault Current Limiters,"Fault Current Limiters (FCLs) are expected to play an important role in protection of future power systems. FCLs can be classified in three groups: passive, solid-state and hybrid FCLs. Passive FCLs have merit to inherently react on a fault, requiring no fault detection and triggering circuit. Inductive FCLs based on core saturation belong to this group. Analytical models, used for design of inductive FCLs, are not accurate enough; BH curve cannot be expressed as an explicit function. Numerical models offer better approximations, but they often do not include effects such as leakage and fringing fluxes, which can have considerable influence on the result. Verification of such models is of utmost importance. Finite element modeling (FEM) tools offer possibility to model any inductive FCL topology, while all the effects, e.g. non-linear BH curve, fringing effects etc., are taken into account. However, the modeling of these devices in FEM softwares is difficult. This paper introduces the guidelines for development of 2D/3D transient FE models of inductive FCLs in Ansys. The guidelines are developed with respect to the single-core inductive FCL topology. The model can be applied to any inductive FCL and presents a valuable tool for design, verification and optimization of these devices. Signals' waveforms, obtained through the transient analysis, provide precise depiction of FCL operation during both normal and fault regimes. The model is validate by means of lab experiment. Simulation and experimental results show very good matching. In addition, modeling results are used to prove that single-core FCL topology operates properly during both nominal and fault regimes.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5415715,no
Fault Data Synchronization Using Wavelet for Improving Two-terminal Fault Location Algorithm,"Fault data synchronization for improving Two-terminal fault location algorithm is proposed. Conceptually, employing Wavelet technique, the instantaneous currents of both ends, sampled by Digital Fault Recorders (DFR), will be used to determine a transient reference point for synchronizing the DFR data before applying the Two-terminal algorithm. In the study, both symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults have been simulated for a simplified 230 kV transmission system. The case studies of applying Two-terminal fault location algorithm to the simulated unsynchronized sampled data with assumed phase-shift error varying from -180 to 180 degree, and to the corresponding synchronized data using the proposed Wavelet technique with fixed threshold are conducted for performance verification. Additionally, the effect of fault resistance in the range of 0.01 50 ohm has been investigated. In all test cases, the proposed synchronization method yields satisfactory results such that the error of fault location is independent of the phase-shift error.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5448421,no
Fault location for a series compensated transmission line based on wavelet transform and an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system,"Fault diagnosis is a major area of investigation for power system and intelligent system applications. This paper proposes an efficient and practical algorithm based on using wavelet MRA coefficients for fault detection and classification, as well as accurate fault location. A three-phase transmission line with series compensation is simulated using MATLAB software. The line currents at both ends are processed using an online wavelet transform algorithm to obtain wavelet MRA for fault recognition. Directions and magnitudes of spikes in the wavelet coefficients are used for fault detection and classification. After identifying the fault section, the summation of the sixth level MRA coefficients of the currents are fed to adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to obtain accurate fault location. The proposed scheme is able to detect all types of internal faults at different locations either before or after the series capacitor, at different inception angles, and at different fault resistances. It can also detect the faulty phase(s) and can differentiate between internal and external faults. The simulation results show that the proposed method has the characteristic of a simple and clear recognition process. We conclude that the algorithm is ready for series compensated transmission lines.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5549994,no
An Enhanced Fault-Tolerant Routing Algorithm for Mesh Network-on-Chip,"Fault-tolerant routing is the ability to survive failure of individual components and usually uses several virtual channels (VCs) to overcome faulty nodes or links. A well-known wormhole-switched routing algorithm for 2-D mesh interconnection network called f-cube3 uses three virtual channels to pass faulty regions, while only one virtual channel is used when a message does not encounter any fault. One of the integral stages of designing network-on-chips (NoCs) is the development of an efficient communication system in order to provide low latency networks. We have proposed a new fault-tolerant routing algorithm based on f-cube3 as a solution to reduce the delay of network packets which uses less number of VCs in comparison with f-cube3. Moreover, in this method we have improved the use of VCs per each physical link by reducing required channels to two. Furthermore, simulations of both f-cube3 and our algorithm based on same conditions have been presented.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5066690,no
QAFT: A QoS-Aware Fault-Tolerant Scheduling Algorithm for Real-Time Tasks in Heterogeneous Systems,"Fault-tolerant scheduling, effective means of improving system reliability, plays a significant role in some mission-critical applications. Although extensive fault-tolerant scheduling algorithms have been proposed for real-time tasks in distributed systems, quality of service (QoS) requirements demanded by mission-critical tasks have not been taken into consideration. This paper proposes a QoS-aware fault-tolerant scheduling algorithm named QAFT that can tolerate one processor's permanent failure at one time instant for real-time tasks with QoS needs in heterogeneous systems. QAFT strives to advance the start time of primary copies and delay the start time of backup copies to make backup copies adopt passive execution scheme or decrease the simultaneous execution time of the primary and backup copies of a task as much as possible to improve resource utilization. Besides, overlapping technology of backup copies is employed. Compared with NOQAFT and DYFARS, QAFT shows obvious superiority to others with higher scheduling quality by simulation experiments.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5692460,no
Deterministic high-speed simulation of complex systems including fault-injection,"FAUmachine is a virtual machine for the highly detailed simulation of standard PC hardware together with an environment. FAUmachine comes with fault injection capabilities and an automatic experiment controller facility. Due to its use of just-in-time compiler techniques, it offers good performance. This tool description introduces the new feature of FAUmachine to simulate systems deterministically. This will enable developers to design and test complex systems for fault tolerance by running identically reproducible automated tests in reasonable time and thus even allow testing for real time constraints.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270335,no
Real-time recognition of feedback error-related potentials during a time-estimation task,"Feedback error-related potentials are a promising brain process in the field of rehabilitation since they are related to human learning. Due to the fact that many therapeutic strategies rely on the presentation of feedback stimuli, potentials generated by these stimuli could be used to ameliorate the patient's progress. In this paper we propose a method that can identify, in real-time, feedback evoked potentials in a time-estimation task. We have tested our system with five participants in two different days with a separation of three weeks between them, achieving a mean single-trial detection performance of 71.62% for real-time recognition, and 78.08% in offline classification. Additionally, an analysis of the stability of the signal between the two days is performed, suggesting that the feedback responses are stable enough to be used without the needing of training again the user.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5626623,no
Feedback-Based Error Tracking for AVS-M,"Feedback-based error tracking AVS-M is a video encoding standard used for mobile video in wireless environment, developed by the Audio and Video Coding Standard Working Group of China. In order to cope with the burst error in error-prone wireless networks, in this paper, we present an error tracking mechanism, which utilizing a feedback channel to judge which areas are contaminated by the prediction from its preceding frames. Through this positioning, we can terminate the error propagation effects by INTRA refreshing the affected areas. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can effectively stop the quality degradation and not cause much bit-rate increase.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5300919,no
Study on Fault Diagnosis of Gear with Spall Using Ferrography and Vibration Analysis,"Ferrographic technique and vibration analysis are the two main identification techniques for condition monitoring and fault diagnosis in machinery. Wear mechanisms and changes are investigated for gear with spall fault using ferrographic analysis technique. Furthermore, the features of time and frequency spectrums have been investigated using the time and frequency spectrums of vibration analysis technology in this study. Analysis results show that quantity and size of wear debris and four eigenvalues of the time spectrum gradually become greater in order of the gear with minor spall, the gear with moderate spall and the gear with severe spall. Frequency spectrums of spalling gear appear some sidebands that meshing frequency of output terminal as centre frequency, the rotating frequencies of output terminal as modulating frequency occur. The investigation on wear and vibration characteristics of simulating spall fault gear provides the auxiliary basis to determine fault for the fatiguing spall failure of the actual using gear.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5203075,no
Diagnosing Estimation Errors in Page Counts Using Execution Feedback,"Errors in estimating page counts can lead to poor choice of access methods and in turn to poor quality plans. Although there is past work in using execution feedback for accurate cardinality estimation, the problem of inaccurate estimation of page counts has not been addressed. In this paper, we present novel mechanisms for diagnosing errors in page count by monitoring query execution at low overhead. Detection of inaccuracy in the optimizer estimates of page count can be leveraged by database administrators to improve plan quality. We have prototyped our techniques in the Microsoft SQL Server engine, and our experiments demonstrate the ability to estimate page counts accurately using execution feedback with low overhead. For queries on several real world databases, we observe significant improvement in plan quality when page counts obtained from execution feedback are used instead of the traditional optimizer estimations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4497510,no
An Input-Aware Method of Trace-Based Fault Diagnosis,"Execution trace indicates which part of the software statements are involved in the execution, which is an important diagnosis basis of the several existed diagnosis methods. However, the features of the input of the trace have been ignored in these researches, which may lead to a wrong or oversized result and impact the efficiency of the diagnosis directly. In this paper, we introduce the trace input analysis into diagnosis, and propose an input- aware method, which can select the statements that need to be examined further of small amount. Then, the suspiciousness of each selected statement is calculated according to the number of passed traces that execute the statement. These statements with higher suspiciousness should be checked earlier. An experimental study is performed for several programs, together with another two trace-based diagnosis methods. The results show that our method can improve the accuracy and efficiency of the diagnosis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676775,no
A Crosstab-based Statistical Method for Effective Fault Localization,"Fault localization is the most expensive activity in program debugging. Traditional ad-hoc methods can be time-consuming and ineffective because they rely on programmers' intuitive guesswork, which may neither be accurate nor reliable. A better solution is to utilize a systematic and statistically well-defined method to automatically identify suspicious code that should be examined for possible fault locations. We present a crosstab-based statistical method using the coverage information of each executable statement and the execution result (success or failure) with respect to each test case. A crosstab is constructed for each executable statement and a statistic is computed to determine the suspiciousness of the corresponding statement. Statements with a higher suspiciousness are more likely to contain bugs and should be examined before those with a lower suspiciousness. Three case studies using the Siemens suite, the Space program, and the Unix suite, respectively, are conducted. Our results suggest that the crosstab-based method is effective in fault localization and performs better (in terms of a smaller percentage of executable statements that have to be examined until the first statement containing the fault is reached) than other methods such as Tarantula. The difference in efficiency (computational time) between these two methods is very small.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4539531,no
A benchmark for fault monitors in distributed systems,"Fault monitoring is one of the main activities of fault tolerant distributed systems. It is required to determine the suspected/crashed component and proactively take the recovery steps to keep the system alive. The main objective of the fault monitoring activity is to quickly and correctly identify the faults. There are many techniques for fault monitoring which have general and specific parameters which influence their performance. In this paper we find the parameters that can help us classify the fault monitoring techniques. We created a benchmark ACI (adaptation, convergence, intelligence) and applied it on current techniques.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5353193,no
ORTEGA: An Efficient and Flexible Software Fault Tolerance Architecture for Real-Time Control Systems,"Fault tolerance is an important aspect in real-time computing. In real-time control systems, tasks could be faulty due to various reasons. Faulty tasks may compromise the performance and safety of the whole system and even cause disastrous consequences. In this paper, we describe ORTEGA (On-demand Real-TimE GuArd), a new software fault tolerance architecture for real-time control systems. ORTEGA has high fault coverage and reliability. Compared with existing real-time fault tolerance architectures, such as Simplex, ORTEGA allows more efficient resource utilizations and enhances flexibility. These advantages are achieved through the on-demand detection and recovery of faulty tasks. ORTEGA is applicable to most industrial control applications where both efficient resource usage and high fault coverage are desired.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4573109,no
Derivation of Fault Tolerance Measures of Self-Stabilizing Algorithms by Simulation,"Fault tolerance measures can be used to distinguish between different self-stabilizing solutions to the same problem. However, derivation of these measures via analysis suffers from limitations with respect to scalability of and applicability to a wide class of self-stabilizing distributed algorithms. We describe a simulation framework to derive fault tolerance measures for self-stabilizing algorithms which can deal with the complete class of self-stabilizing algorithms. We show the advantages of the simulation framework in contrast to the analytical approach not only by means of accuracy of results, range of applicable scenarios and performance, but also for investigation of the influence of schedulers on a meta level and the possibility to simulate large scale systems featuring dynamic fault probabilities.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4494419,no
Secure Fault Tolerance in Wireless Sensor Networks,"Fault tolerance provides wireless sensor networks (WSN) with reliable collection and dissemination of data while preserving limited resources in sensor nodes, especially power energy. Although data redundancy achieves the goal of fault tolerance in the data-centered network infrastructure of WSNpsilas, it also incurs security concerns by making data available in multiple locations. More attention should be paid when WSNpsilas are deployed in hostile environments where sensor nodes are easy to be captured for deleterious use by an adversary. In this context, cryptographic keys are of low efficiency for protecting data not involved in communication. In this paper, we propose a secure fault tolerance scheme for WSNpsilas, which uses secret sharing to checkpoint the state of the sink over multiple nodes. Through security analysis, we show that our scheme enhances the resiliency against node capture in the presence of data redundancy.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4568550,no
Deductive Fault Simulation for Asynchronous Sequential Circuits,"Fault simulation of the asynchronous sequential circuits is more complicated than fault simulation of their synchronous counterparts. It needs to deal with hazards, oscillations and races. The complex gates in the asynchronous circuits are another challenge especially for deductive fault simulation. In this paper a deductive fault simulator for the speed-independent (SI) asynchronous sequential circuits is presented. The implemented deductive fault simulator was tested using the SI benchmark circuits. The experimental results show significant reduction of the computation time and negligible increase of memory requirements.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5350137,no
Fractal study on fault system of Carboniferous in Junggar Basin based on GIS,"Fault system is a significant evidence of tectonic movement during crust tectonic evolution and may play an more important role in oil-gas accumulation process than other tectonic types in sedimentary basin. Carboniferous surface faults in Junggar Basin developed well and varied in size and distribution. There are about 200 faults in Carboniferous, and 187 of them are thrust faults. Chaos-fractals theories have been widely investigated and great progress has been made in the past three decades. One of the important conception-fractal dimension had become a powerful tool for describing non-linearity dynamical system characteristic. The clustered objects in nature are often fractal and fault system distribution in space is inhomogeneous, always occurs in groups, so we can describe spatial distribution of faults from the point of fractal dimension. Fractal dimension of fault system is a comprehensive factor associated with fault number, size, combination modes and dynamics mechanism, so it can evaluate the complexity of fault system quantitatively. The relationship between fault system and oil-gas accumulation is a focus and difficulty problem in petroleum geology, and fractal dimension is a new tool for describing fault distribution and predicting potential areas of hydrocarbon resources. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a kind of technological system collecting, storing, managing, computing, analyzing, displaying and describing the geospatial information supported by computer software and hardware. In the last 15-20 years, GIS have been increasingly used to address a wide variety of geoscience problems. Weights-of-evidence models use the theory of conditional probability to quantify spatial association between fractal dimension and oil-gas accumulation. The weights of evidence are combined with the prior probability of occurrence of oil-gas accumulation using Bayes'rule in a loglinear form under an assumption of conditional independence of the dimension maps t- - o derive posterior probability of occurrence of oil-gas accumulation. In this paper, we first vectorize the fault system in Carboniferous of Junggar Basin in GIS software and store it as polyline layer in Geodatabase of GIS to manage and analyze, then calculate the fractal dimension of three types which are box dimension, information dimension and cumulative length dimension using spatial functions of GIS, in the last use weights-of-evidence model to calculate the correlation coefficients in GIS environment between oil-gas accumulation and three types of fractal dimension in order to quantity the importance of fault system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5567793,no
Fault tolerance with shortest paths in regular and irregular networks,"Fault tolerance has become an important part of current supercomputers. Local dynamic fault tolerance is the most expedient way of tolerating faults by preconfiguring the network with multiple paths from every node/switch to every destination. In this paper we present a local shortest path dynamic fault-tolerance mechanism inspired by a solution developed for the Internet, that can be applied to any shortest path routing algorithm such as dimension ordered routing, fat tree routing, layered shortest path, etc., and provide a solution for achieving deadlock freedom in the presence of faults. Simulation results show that 1) for fat trees this yields the to this day highest throughput and lowest requirements on virtual layers for dynamic one-fault tolerance, 2) we require in general few layers to achieve deadlock freedom, and 3) for irregular topologies it gives at most a 10 times performance increase compared to FRoots.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536280,no
Image-dependent spatial shape-error concealment,"Existing spatial shape-error concealment techniques are broadly based upon either parametric curves that exploit geometric information concerning a shapepsilas contour or object shape statistics using a combination of Markov random fields and maximum a posteriori estimation. Both categories are to some extent, able to mask errors caused by information loss, provided the shape is considered independently of the image/video. They palpably however, do not afford the best solution in applications where shape is used as metadata to describe image and video content. This paper presents a novel image-dependent spatial shape-error concealment (ISEC) algorithm that uses both image and shape information by employing the established rubber-band contour detecting function, with the novel enhancement of automatically determining the optimal width of the band to achieve superior error concealment. Experimental results qualitatively and numerically corroborate the enhanced performance of the new ISEC strategy compared with established shape-based concealment techniques.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4697239,no
On predicting the time taken to correct bug reports in open source projects,"Existing studies on the maintenance of open source projects focus primarily on the analyses of the overall maintenance of the projects and less on specific categories like the corrective maintenance. This paper presents results from an empirical study of bug reports from an open source project, identifies user participation in the corrective maintenance process through bug reports, and constructs a model to predict the corrective maintenance effort for the project in terms of the time taken to correct faults. Our study focuses on 72482 bug reports from over nine releases of Ubuntu, a popular Linux distribution. We present three main results: (1) 95% of the bug reports are corrected by people participating in groups of size ranging from 1 to 8 people, (2) there is a strong linear relationship (about 92%) between the number of people participating in a bug report and the time taken to correct it, (3) a linear model can be used to predict the time taken to correct bug reports.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5306337,no
Fault isolation using stateless server model in L4 microkernel,"Existing system architecture model cannot guarantee isolation of applications or system components from system faults that occur in system services. If an error causes the failure by operating system services, the entire system can be corrupted or components which are dependent that services are affected. Fault tolerant architecture model can be achieved by decoupling state information from the server. In this paper, we compare four kinds of architecture models. For constructing stateless server model, we use simple lightweight middleware. It can support fault tolerant architecture with low performance overhead.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5451638,no
A New Model of Mine Hoist Fault Diagnosis Based on the Rough Set Theory,"Extraction of simple and effective rules for fault diagnosis is one of the most important issues needed to be addressed in fault diagnosis, because available information is often inconsistent and redundant. This paper presents a fault diagnosis model based on rough set theory. Firstly, this model can discretize fault continued attributes using a modified genetic algorithm. Then, reduce diagnosis rule by using heuristic algorithm of rough set theory, a set of diagnosis rules are generated and a rule database for fault diagnosis is established. Simulation results for fault diagnosis of mine hoist show that this method improves the accuracy rate of fault diagnosis, predigest the number of feature parameters and diagnostic rules, and reduces the cost of diagnosis, with more applicable than the classical RS-method in practical applications.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4617446,no
China's Research Status Quo and Development Trend of Power Grid Fault Diagnosis,"Fault diagnosis is the basic condition for smart grid to achieve the self-healing function, and it is also one of the important research topics of the intelligent dispatching decision support system. On the basis of analyzing its concept and aiming at the current status of China's studies, this paper reviewed and summarized several intelligent fault diagnosis methods, including expert system, artificial neural networks, rough set theory, data mining techniques, multi-agent technology and the entropy theory, then pointed out their application characteristics and existing problems, and finally the prospects of further development in this field were presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5448934,no
Fault Injection Technology for Software Vulnerability Testing Based on Xen,"Fault injection technology devotes an efficient way for verifying fault tolerance of computer and detecting the vulnerability of software system. In this paper, we present a Xen-based fault injection technology for software vulnerability test (XFISV) in order to build an efficient and general-purpose software test model, which injects faults into interactive layer between software applications and their environments. This technology has two main contributions: First, detecting the software vulnerability according to this model needs less number of fault test cases. Second, this model enhances the flexibility and the robustness of the fault injection tools with economical resource cost.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5319536,no
An FMO based error resilience method in H.264/AVC and its UEP application in DVB-H link layer,"Flexible Macroblock Ordering (FMO) is one of the new error resilience tools introduced in H264/AVC. Several slice grouping methods have been studied for improving error robustness using FMO. In this paper, a simple and fast slice grouping method for inter frames is introduced. Fast mode decision and early Skip Mode decision are applied for the first encoding pass, and only the features that are available at the stage of early Skip Mode decision are used for the classification. The computation time cost can be reduced by about 50% on average compared to traditional methods. The proposed scheme is tested under the proposed Unequal Error Protection scheme at the DVB-H link layer. The results are compared to the standard MPE-FEC EEP scheme using traditional FMO type `interleaved' at the DVB-H link layer. It is shown that the proposed scheme can provide improved error robustness for high error rate channels in a DVB-H system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5583887,no
Development of non-energy-saving fault diagnosis software and hardware integration platform of groundwater source heat system,"For a groundwater source heat pump (GWHP) system, how to realize system high efficiency operation is very important issue. On basis of development idea of modular and open energy management, a model of non-energy-saving (NES) fault diagnosis has been presented, the model involves input of basic characteristic data and index characteristic data and output of NES fault factors, the relationship database between input and output can be established by using related special knowledge and experts experiences, the weigh values and threshold values to connect the complex non linear mapping relationship of input and output can be obtained based on artificial neural network back propagation algorithm, then a NES fault diagnosis software of GWHP system operation can be developed. According to the requirements of monitoring data of the software, various sensors and a data acquisition device etc. are selected, finally the hardware system combined with a NES fault diagnosis software can be generated and become a effective part of total energy management information platform.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5646351,no
Design of Range Correction Fuze Trajectory Calculation and Control Device,"For a range correction fuze of a rocket range-extended projectile, a DSP-based trajectory calculation and correction controller that is cooperated with MCU is designed to examine the axial acceleration during the flying of a projectile, and to perform the trajectory calculation and the start-up time calculation of a correction mechanism, and to control the action of a resistance-correction mechanism. When designing the hardware and the software, the tasks for DSP and MCU are reasonably assigned. The DSP mainly completes the collection of the acceleration data, the trajectory calculation and the start-up time calculation of the resistance-correction mechanism, while MCU mainly completes the time counting and controls the startup of the resistance-correction mechanism according to the time calculated by DSP. This device also can store the flying acceleration measurement data of the projectile, the trajectory calculation results, etc., which can be adopted as the basic data for analyzing the working correctness of the range correction fuse at the research stage. It is proved in the range test that this device can resist the high-impact overloading during the emission, and can normally complete the tasks such as the trajectory calculation and the resistance-correction mechanism startup control during the flying of the projectile.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4777363,no
Global fault diagnosis method of traction transformer based on Improved Fuzzy Cellular Neural Network,"For compensating the deficiency of dissolved gases analysis (DGA) method of traction transformer fault diagnosis, a global fault diagnosis method of traction transformer based on improved fuzzy cellular neural network (IFCNN) is introduced in model building mode. Global fault diagnosis model is comprised of input space, fault diagnosis rule and output space. Input space is fault symptom set and output space is fault type set. As to input space, fault symptom is enriched by increasing water in oil, key device resistance and electric current besides using DGA analysis content. Fault diagnosis rule is depended on fuzzy integrated judging method and the combination between DGA and IFCNN fault diagnosis model designed in this paper. Output space is diagnosed fault types through defuzzification processing of diagnosis result. And this paper uses experiment to test fault diagnosis precision. The experiment result indicates that global fault diagnosis method has better practicable performance and high precision on analyzing causal relation of different fault, ascertains valid input and fault characteristic types, avoided localization of traction transformer fault diagnosis by DGA, and collectivity precision can reach 90.91%.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5138227,no
FPGA-Based Online Detection of Multiple-Combined Faults through Information Entropy and Neural Networks,"For industry, a faulty induction motor signifies production reduction and cost increase, besides, it is a hazard for people and nearby machinery. Real-world induction motors can have one or more faults at the same time, so that one faulty condition could interfere with the detection of another one, and mislead to a wrong decision about the operational condition of the motor. The detection of multiple-combined faults is still a demanding task, difficult to accomplish even with computing intensive techniques. This work introduces a low-cost, real-time FPGA-based hardware processing unit for multiple-combined fault detection utilizing information entropy and artificial neural networks as tools for analyzing the information contents of the 3-axis vibration signals from the rotary machine during the startup transient. Results show great performance of the entropy neural system on accurately identifying in an automatic way a healthy condition, half-, one-, and two-broken rotor bars, outer-race bearing defect, unbalance, and their combinations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5695313,no
Identification of the faulted line using controlled grounding,"For neutrally ungrounded systems, it is very difficult to identify the line experiencing single-phase to ground fault. This is due to the fact that the non-effectively grounded system produces a very small fault current. This paper presents a novel method that can help to overcome this difficulty. The idea is to convert the ungrounded system into a grounded system temporarily through a judicially controlled grounding of the system neutral. A controllable ground fault current that is large enough for identifying the faulted line and yet small enough not to cause system problems is extracted by subtraction method. The criterion to distinguish the faulted and unfaulted line short-circuit impulse is established through spectral analysis and the sensitivity of the proposed method is analysed on the criterion, The effectiveness of the proposed method is proved by the lab experiment finally. The proposed method may be solve the problem of faulted line identification completely.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5276273,no
A Fault Tolerant Scheduling Algorithm for Stochastic Fault Model in Real-Time Operating System,"For real-time system, fault tolerant scheduling algorithm is an important method to guarantee the timing constraints of tasks when fault occurs. In the time before, researchers usually describe faults by assuming a constant number of faults or the minimum time of fault inter-arrivals. In practice, occurrence of faults of systems are stochastic. In this paper, we model the occurrence of faults as a stochastic process with a Poisson distribution having a mean inter-arrival rate of A. And a fault tolerant task scheduling algorithm which is a greedy algorithm with a lower complexity of computation is given according to the fault model. Through simulation we can conclude the algorithm is effective for fault tolerant. The loss ratio of tasks on this algorithm is much lower than that in no fault scheduling algorithm.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5365238,no
Tuning the defect density in chemically synthesized graphene,"Gram-scale quantities of graphene sheets can be synthesized in a bottom-up chemical approach and we have sought to address the extent of the defect density using various characterization techniques which include X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, single area electron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that the chemically synthesized graphene sheets have a tendency to stack without inter-planar coherence such as that found in graphite. The driving force behind this stacking is believed to be due to A-A interactions between overlaid carbon sheets. The overall defect density was shown to decrease by simply varying the carbon precursor used in the chemical synthesis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5394703,no
A hierarchical fault detection and recovery in a computational grid using watchdog timers,"Grid computing basically means applying the resources of individual computers in a network to focus on a single problem/task at the same time. But the disadvantage of this feature is that the computers which are actually performing the calculations might not be always trustworthy and may fail periodically. Hence larger the number of nodes in the grid, greater is the probability that a node fails. Hence in order to execute the workflows in a fault tolerant manner we go for fault tolerance and recovery strategies. This paper proposes a method in which the instantaneous snapshot of the local state of processes within each node is recorded. An efficient algorithm is introduced for the detection of the node failures using watch dog timers. For recovery we make use of divide and conquer algorithm that avoids redoing of already completed jobs, enabling faster recovery.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5738775,no
Optimized resource allocation in grid networks using genetic algorithm with error rate factor,"Grid computing is an emerging computing paradigm that will have significant impact on the next generation information infrastructure. Due to the largeness and complexity of grid system, its quality of service, performance and reliability are difficult to model, analyze and evaluate. In real time evaluation, various noises will influence the model and which in turn accounts for increase in packet loss and Bit Error Rate (BER). Therefore, a novel optimization model for maximizing the expected grid service profit is mandatory. In our work, to achieve the improvement in the end to end grid network performance, an optimizer, which is based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) with Fitness Evaluation parameters considers BER and Service Execution Time, is designed in the RMS. This paper presents the novel tree structured model, is better than other existing models for grid computing performance and reliability analysis by not only considering data dependence and failure correlations, but also takes link failure, packet loss & BER real time parameters in account. The algorithm based on the Graph theory and Probability theory.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5378196,no
Performance Optimization of Tree Structured Grid Services Considering Influence of Error Rate,"Grid computing is an emerging computing paradigm that will have significant impact on the next generation information infrastructure. Due to the largeness and complexity of grid system, its quality of service, performance and reliability are difficult to model, analyze and evaluate. In real time evaluation, various noises will influence the model and which in turn accounts for increase in packet loss and bit error rate (BER). Therefore, a novel optimization model for maximizing the expected grid service profit is mandatory. This paper presents the novel tree structured model, is better than other existing models for grid computing performance and reliability analysis by not only considering data dependence and failure correlations, but also takes link failure, packet loss & BER real time parameters in account. Based on this model, an algorithm for evaluating the grid service time distribution and the service reliability indices are suggested. The algorithm is based on the graph theory and probability theory.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5077079,no
Improving Grid Fault Tolerance by Means of Global Behavior Modeling,"Grid systems have proved to be one of the most important new alternatives to face challenging problems but, to exploit its benefits, dependability and fault tolerance are key aspects. However, the vast complexity of these systems limits the efficiency of traditional fault tolerance techniques. It seems necessary to distinguish between resource-level fault tolerance (focused on every machine) and service-level fault tolerance (focused on global behavior). Techniques based on these concepts can handle system complexity and increase dependability. We present an autonomous, self-adaptive fault tolerance framework for grid systems, based on a new approach to model distributed environments. The grid is considered as a single entity, instead of a set of independent resources. This point of view focuses on service-level fault tolerance, allowing us to see the big picture and understand the system's global behavior. The resulting model's simplicity is the key to provide system-wide fault tolerance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5532500,no
FNDAM: A Fault Tolerance network aware double auction meta-scheduler for grid,"Grid technology can integrate distributed resources in geographical latitude for a special application. Since users need increasingly to grid services with high quality, resource management and scheduling methods should try to fulfill competent order on the limited resources well. One of the suggested methods for grid resource and scheduling management is economical method, which is well noticed. Goal of economical models is providing services with higher quality for customers and creating motive for resource owners to participate in the grid. Customer consent is the result of a valid economical model and this causes they relegate more works to the grid for execution. This cause more benefit for providers, then they can provide more resources for grid. In this paper, we propose a new meta-scheduler that does scheduling by Fault Tolerance in the network. Then the proposed meta-scheduler will be compared with that which does not consider faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609406,no
Intra mode dependent quantization error estimation of each DCT coefficient in H.264/AVC,"H.264/AVC employs intra prediction to reduce spatial redundancy between neighboring blocks. Different directional prediction modes are used to cater diversified video content. Although it achieves quite high coding efficiency, it is desirable to establish a proper theoretical quantization error model under different prediction modes, since this allows us to explain the behavior of existing codecs and to design better ones. Actually, residue after different intra prediction modes exhibits different characteristics in frequency domain. In this paper, an intra mode dependent quantization error estimation is presented. For a complete analysis, we investigate not only the coding distortion in current JM reference software, but also its effect on intra mode dependent residue. Based on the mode dependent residue characteristics, a mode dependent quantization error estimation for each frequency position is proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed model can estimate the mode dependent quantization error with high accuracy. Furthermore, the estimation accuracy remains high for various sequences and QP.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5583089,no
Joint Power Control and FEC Unequal Error Protection for Scalable H.264 Video Transmission over Wireless Fading Channels,"H.264/AVC scalable video coding (SVC) is an upto-date video compression standard. This paper deals with the issue of transmitting H.264 scalable video bitstreams over wireless fading channels. The contribution is twofold: Firstly, to exploit the importance of prioritized video packets in different temporal layer, quality layer and group of pictures (GOP), a simple and accurate performance metric, namely, layer-GOP-weighted expected zone of error propagation (LGW-EZEP) model is proposed. Secondly, a joint power control and forward error correction (FEC) unequal error protection (UEP) scheme is proposed to transmit the video streams over orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems efficiently and robustly. Meanwhile, a new iterative algorithm is given to solve the joint optimization problem. Compared to other independent power control or FEC UEP schemes, the combined protecting scheme demonstrates stronger robustness and flexibility via various fading channels.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5425489,no
Error robust video communications for wireless networks,"Header compression increases the transmission throughput and improves the quality of service in error prone environments. ROHC (RObust Header Compression) [1] is an IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) standard, which is used to compress the network and transport headers to save the precious air interface of mobile communication systems. The U-mode of ROHC profile 1 is suitable for transmission of packets without a feedback channel. However, in error prone environments, ROHC U-mode may lose synchronization between the compressor and decompressor due to bursts of errors in wireless communications. This results in unnecessary packet loss, which has severe detrimental effects on video quality. In this paper, the causes of context damage are analyzed for U-mode, and its effects on H.264 video quality and packet loss are demonstrated. A scheme to minimize the occurrences of context damage is proposed. Using the proposed scheme, packet loss rate reduces significantly for ROHC U-mode.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4743478,no
Head-in-pillow defect - role of the solder ball alloy,"Head-in-pillow (HIP) defect is a growing concern in the electronics industry. This defect is usually believed to be the result of several factors, individually or in combination. Some of the major contributing factors to the HIP defect are: surface quality of the BGA spheres, activity of the paste flux, improper placement / misalignment of the components, a non-optimal re flow profile, and warpage of the components. From the electronics components packaging industry's perspective, the contribution of the solder ball composition and its surface quality are two of the most important factors. To understand the role of each of these factors in producing the head-in-pillow defect and to find ways to mitigate the same, we designed an apparatus that simulates the reflow process and has an in-situ monitoring of the solder joint formation process. This apparatus facilitates the study of the effect of the thermal history of the components, in particular the oxidation of BGA spheres. A detailed comparative study of a number of lead-free solder spheres has been undertaken. The base alloy in these spheres is a low silver SnAgCu alloy. A number of minor alloy additions, focused on reducing the surface oxidation, have been tried. A comparative study of the fresh spheres and those oxidized at high temperature in air has been undertaken. Results show a big difference in wetting speed of the spheres with and without oxidation. Highly oxidized spheres have a thick oxide layer at the surface which, in certain cases, is impossible to breach. It is this ""non-wetting"" surface that is in-part responsible for the head-in-pillow defect. In this paper, quantitative measurements of the wetting time of spheres that come in contact with the solder paste at different times in the reflow cycle will be presented. Videos showing the in-situ soldering process will be shown along with the real time temperature and time measurements. Results show the effect of micro alloy additives on spheres' surfac- - e oxidation and their wetting behavior. Non-collapsing spheres resulting in the head-in pillow defect will be shown. In addition, effect of the solder paste activity will also be presented. Further, analysis of the study done under different reflow conditions will be presented showing the best and the worst reflow conditions for the formation of the head-inpillow defect.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5702624,no
Haptic system to alert users before impending human errors,High performance cognitive environments such as surgery or driving pose extensive constraints on efficient perception of salient information. In such environments it is beneficial to track physiological signals from the operator and predict errors and their type before they occur and alert the operator to take preventive action. The challenge lies in interpreting complex neural data obtained through sensors such as EEG signals and subsequently alerting the subject to possible errors. This paper presents a EEG based analysis system coupled with a haptic glove and visual feedback based alert system to provide such functionality. The haptic glove was made from six vibratory motors placed on fingers and palm. The EEG system consisted of a Bluetooth EEG cap that monitored attention distraction and drowsiness. Results show that the hand based system for delivering visio-haptic signals to alert users to impending errors can help in avoiding human errors.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5356125,no
"Noninvasive Fault Classification, Robustness and Recovery Time Measurement in Microprocessor-Type Architectures Subjected to Radiation-Induced Errors","In critical digital designs such as aerospace or safety equipment, radiation-induced upset events (single-event effects or SEEs) can produce adverse effects, and therefore, the ability to compare the sensitivity of various proposed solutions is desirable. As custom-hardened microprocessor solutions can be very costly, the reliability of various commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors can be evaluated to see if there is a commercially available microprocessor or microprocessor-type intellectual property (IP) with adequate robustness for the specific application. Most existing approaches for the measurement of this robustness of the microprocessor involve diverting the program flow and timing to introduce the bit flips via interrupts and embedded handlers added to the application program. In this paper, a tool based on an emulation platform using Xilinx field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) is described, which provides an environment and methodology for the evaluation of the sensitivity of microprocessor architectures, using dynamic runtime fault injection. A case study is presented, where the robustness of MicroBlaze and Leon3 microprocessors executing a simple signal processing task written in C language is evaluated and compared. A hardened version of the program, where the key variables are protected, has also been tested, and its contributions to system robustness have also been evaluated. In addition, this paper presents a further improvement in the developed tool that allows not only the measurement of microprocessor robustness but, in addition, the study and classification of single-event upset (SEU) effects and the exact measurement of the recovery time (the time that the microprocessor takes to self repair and recover the fault-free state). The measurement of this recovery time is important for real-time critical applications, where criticality depends on both data correctness and timing. To demonstrate the proposed improvements, a new software program t- - hat implements two different software hardening techniques (one for Data and another for Control Flow) has been made, and a study of the recovery times in some significant fault-injection cases has been performed over the Leon3 processor.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4787115,no
Simulation on Compound Action Between Deep Fault and Karst Collapse Column Take GuQiao Coal Mine as an Example,"In deep mining area, karst and fault developed, water inrush characteristic is the result of compound action between fault and karst collapse column, Discontinuous Deformation Analysis software (DDA) was used to simulate the compound action between fault and karst collapse column, The results showed that, on the one hand, the fault slip direction and scope was controlled by the column geometry form, on the other hand, the growth of fault will speed up the formation of collapse column.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5701426,no
Autonomous Decentralized VoD System Architecture and Fault-Tolerant Technology to Assure Continuous Service,"In distributed and ubiquitous computing systems, not only the composing subsystems and their functions, but also the system structure would be changed constantly under the evolving situation. With the advances of compression, storage and network technologies, Video on Demand (VoD) service is becoming more and more popular. However, it is difficult for conventional systems to meet the continuous and heterogeneous requirements from service providers and users simultaneously. This paper introduces an autonomous decentralized VoD system sustained by mobile agents for information service provision and utilization. Under the proposed architecture, autonomous fault detection and recovery technologies are proposed to assure continuous service. The effectiveness of the proposed technology is proved by the simulation. The results show that an average of 30% improvement in recovery time and users' video service can be recovered without stopping compared with the conventional system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5158864,no
A Fault Tolerance Scheme for Hierarchical Dynamic Schedulers in Grids,"In dynamic grid environment failures (e.g. link down, resource failures) are frequent. We present a fault tolerance scheme for hierarchical dynamic scheduler (HDS) for grid workflow applications. In HDS all resources are arranged in a hierarchy tree and each resource acts as a scheduler. The fault tolerance scheme is fully distributed and is responsible for maintaining the hierarchy tree in the presence of failures. Our fault tolerance scheme handles root failures specially, which avoids root becoming single point of failure. The resources detecting failures are responsible for taking appropriate actions. Our fault tolerance scheme uses randomization to get rid of multiple simultaneous failures. Our simulation results show that the recovery process is fast and the failures affect minimally to the scheduling process.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4626780,no
The Level of Decomposition Impact on Component Fault Tolerance,"In fault tolerant software systems, the Level of Decomposition (LoD) where design diversity is applied has a major impact on software system reliability. By disregarding this impact, current fault tolerance techniques are prone to reliability decrease due to the inappropriate application level of design diversity. In this paper, we quantify the effect of the LoD on system reliability during software recomposition when the functionalities of the system are redistributed across its components. We discuss the LoD in fault tolerant software architectures according to three component failure transitions: component failure occurrence, component failure propagation, and component failure impact. We illustrate the component aspects that relate the LoD to each of these failure transitions. Finally, we quantify the effect of the LoD on system reliability according to a series of decomposition and/or merge operations that may occur during software recomposition.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5615751,no
HLBP: A Hybrid Leader Based Protocol for MAC Layer Multicast Error Control in Wireless LANs,"In IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs current standard MAC layer protocols do not provide any error correction scheme for broadcast/multicast. In our previous work, we enhanced a Leader Based Protocol (LBP) and proposed a Beacon-driven Leader Based Protocol (BLBP) for the MAC layer multicast error control. In this paper, we combine BLBP and packet level Forward Error Correction (FEC) and propose a Hybrid Leader Based Protocol (HLBP). HLBP transmits the original data packets using raw broadcast and retransmits parity packets using an improved BLBP which is based on block feedback. To guarantee the required Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) under strict delay constraints, we analyze HLBP, develop formulas to optimize its performance and evaluate its performance via simulation experiments. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results show that HLBP is much more efficient than LBP and BLBP especially for large multicast groups and is even more efficient than the best application layer multicast error correction scheme.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4698810,no
Development of a simulation model of a HTS-fault current limiter for the network computation software DIgSILENT PowerFactory,"High-temperature superconducting fault current limiters (HTS-FCL) are excellent equipment for fault current limitation. In the scope of an extensive research project regarding current limitation in power station auxiliary systems, a HTS-FCL simulation is currently developed. With help of this model the widespread implications of using a HTS-FCL at various locations and voltage levels in the auxiliaries systems will be examined.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5489958,no
Detection and correction of deformed historical arabic manuscripts,"Historical manuscripts are considered one of the most imperative human riches and a source of intellectual production. Unfortunately, due to aging effects, multiple noises and deviations are found in the document image. Moreover, challenges for several images of ancient documents show defects of inclinations and curvatures of text lines. These defects arise due to bad storage conditions, or during the digitization process. In order to improve the readability and the automatic recognition of historical Arabic manuscripts, preprocessing steps are imperative. This paper presents a novel method that consists of two major phases. The first refer to binarization and enhancement of the scanned document image. In the second phase, correction of skew angle in the text line passes by the detection of curvature/inclination of the baseline. Then, calculating the skewed angle of this line, and finally, correcting the line with a rotation relative to its centre. The proposed method was implemented on different scanned Arabic documents. The proposed methodology overcomes the defects of global binarization method, also, save the high computation effort of adaptive binarization techniques. Moreover, it works well with both Arabic handwritten words and printed text.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5556860,no
On Topology Reconfiguration for Defect-Tolerant NoC-Based Homogeneous Manycore Systems,"Homogeneous manycore systems are emerging for tera-scale computation and typically utilize Network-on-Chip (NoC) as the communication scheme between embedded cores. Effective defect tolerance techniques are essential to improve the yield of such complex integrated circuits. We propose to achieve fault tolerance by employing redundancy at the core-level instead of at the microarchitecture level. When faulty cores exist on-chip in this architecture, however, the physical topologies of various manufactured chips can be significantly different. How to reconfigure the system with the most effective NoC topology is a relevant research problem. In this paper, we first show that this problem is an instance of a well known NP-complete problem. We then present novel solutions for the above problem, which not only maximize the performance of the on-chip communication scheme, but also provide a unified topology to Operating System and application software running on the processor. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5075519,no
A Human Factors fault tree analysis method for software engineering,"Human Factors Analysis has realistic and profound significance to improve the quality and reliability of software. However, there is little research on the methods applied in software engineering to analyze human error. This paper proposes a human factors analysis method, which applies the fault tree analysis method to seek the human factors causing software accidents. Fault tree analysis method brings great flexibility and it is a graph deduction, which makes it easier to find the critical links of human errors.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4738216,no
User-Centered Interface Reconfiguration for Error Reduction in Human-Computer Interaction,"Human-computer interaction (HCI) is greatly influenced by findings in psychological research concerning interaction with complex technical processes. Psychological concepts like perception and comprehension of information, as well as projection of future system states can be summarized as situation awareness. Poor situation awareness can increase the probability of human error during interaction, caused by erroneous recall and interpretation of percept information through an interface that does not match the user's understanding and mental capabilities. Therefore, a new approach to human-centric reconfiguration of user interfaces will be presented to support situation awareness and, in this way, reduce human errors that occur during interaction.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5600352,no
Reliability-based structural integrity assessment of Liquefied Natural Gas tank with hydrogen blistering defects by MCS method,"Hydrogen blistering is one of the serious threats to safe operation of a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) tank, therefore safety analysis of hydrogen blistering defects is very important. In order to assess the reliability-based structural integrity of the LNG tank with defects of hydrogen blistering, the following steps were carried out. Firstly, Abaqus code, one of the Finite Element Method (FEM) software, was utilized to calculate 100 J-integral values of crack tip by defining directly. Secondly, the 100 J-integral values of crack tip were used as training data and testing data by Optimized Least Squares Support Vector Machine (OLS-SVM), Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to get other 20000 J-integral values of crack tip. Finally, Monte-Carlo Simulation (MCS) was used to assess the reliability-based structural integrity analysis. The results showed that the hydrogen blistering defect with crack will propagate with about 14 percent chance in such a case. It also proved that MCS combined with FEM and SVM was an effective and prospective method for research and application of integrity assessment, which could overcome the data source problem.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5583691,no
Compact ASIC implementation of the ICEBERG block cipher with concurrent error detection,"ICEBERG is a block cipher that has been recently proposed for security applications requiring efficient FPGA implementations. In this paper, we investigate a compact ASIC implementation of ICEBERG and consider the novel application of concurrent error detection to protect the implementation from fault-based attacks. The compact architecture of ICEBERG requires about 5800 gates with a throughput of 552 Mbps in an ASIC implementation based on 0.18 mum CMOS technology. The addition of an effective multiple parity concurrent error detection scheme to protect the hardware from fault attacks results in a 62% area overhead.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4542069,no
Novel method for fault section identification,"From stability point of view fault section identification is an important task for a transmission systems. In this paper, a novel method for section identification using extended Kalman filter (EKF) has been proposed. Subsynchronous frequency as indicator of fault section identification is estimated by EKF algorithm. Several tests as different fault locations have been performed to show performance of the method. Simulation results reveal high performance of the method. In all tests, the proposed algorithm detects accurately presence of subsynchronous frequency.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5407040,no
Using Field-Repairable Control Logic to Correct Design Errors in Microprocessors,"Functional correctness is a vital attribute of any hardware design. Unfortunately, due to extremely complex architectures, widespread components, such as microprocessors, are often released with latent bugs. The inability of modern verification tools to handle the fast growth of design complexity exacerbates the problem even further. In this paper, we propose a novel hardware-patching mechanism, called the field-repairable control logic (FRCL), that is designed for in-the-field correction of errors in the design's control logic-the most common type of defects, as our analysis demonstrates. Our solution introduces an additional component in the processor's hardware, a state matcher, that can be programmed to identify erroneous configurations using signals in the critical control state of the processor. Once a flawed configuration is ldquomatched,rdquo the processor switches into a degraded mode, a mode of operation which excludes most features of the system and is simple enough to be formally verified, yet still capable to execute the full instruction-set architecture at one instruction at a time. Once the program segment exposing the design flaw has been executed in a degraded mode, we can switch the processor back to its full-performance mode. In this paper, we analyze a range of approaches to selecting signals comprising the processor's critical control state and evaluate their effectiveness in representing a variety of design errors. We also introduce a new metric (average specificity per signal) that encodes the bug-detection capability and amount of control state of a particular critical signal set. We demonstrate that the FRCL can support the detection and correction of multiple design errors with a performance impact of less than 5% as long as the incidence of the flawed configurations is below 1% of dynamic instructions. In addition, the area impact of our solution is less than 2% for the two microprocessor designs that we investigated in our experiments.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4358502,no
FSimGP^2: An Efficient Fault Simulator with GPGPU,"General Purpose computing on Graphical Processing Units (GPGPU) is a paradigm shift in computing that promises a dramatic increase in performance. But GPGPU also brings an unprecedented level of complexity in algorithmic design and software development. In this paper, we present an efficient parallel fault simulator, FSimGP<sup>2</sup>, that exploits the high degree of parallelism supported by a state-of-the-art graphic processing unit (GPU) with the NVIDIA Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). A novel three-dimensional parallel fault simulation technique is proposed to achieve extremely high computation efficiency on the GPU. The experimental results demonstrate a speedup of up to 42 compared to another GPU-based fault simulator and up to 53 over a state-of-the-art algorithm on conventional processor architectures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5692213,no
Fault-Tolerance for Component-Based Systems - An Automated Middleware Specialization Approach,"General-purpose middleware, by definition, cannot readily support domain-specific semantics without significant manual efforts in specializing the middleware. This paper presents GRAFT (GeneRative Aspects for Fault Tolerance), which is a model-driven, automated, and aspects-based approach for specializing general-purpose middleware with failure handling and recovery semantics imposed by a domain.Model-driven techniques are used to specify the special fault tolerance requirements, which are then transformed into middleware-level code artifacts using generative programming. Since the resulting fault tolerance semantics often crosscut the middleware architecture, GRAFT uses aspect-oriented programming to weave them into the original fabric of the general-purpose middleware. We evaluate the capabilities of GRAFT using a representative case study.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5231976,no
An adaptive inverse time-delay characteristic of the zero-sequence overvoltage protection for identification of the single-phase earth fault in the neutral non-effectively grounded power systems,"In a neutral non-effectively grounded power system, the correct identification and isolation of the faulty feeder on the occurrence of a single-phase earth fault is always a difficult task. To improve the level of distribution automation, a novel method of negative-sequence current compensation based adaptive zero-sequence over-voltage protection is put forward in this paper. On the basis of the analysis of the transient negative-sequence current, it can be proved that the negative sequence current through the faulty feeder is far higher than those through the sound feeder in any configuration of distribution network and neutral compensation modes. Therefore, an adaptive inverse time delay characteristic is adopted by the basic zero-sequence over-voltage protection. A compensated voltage is generated by means of multiplying the modal maximum of the negative-sequence current of the feeder by a settable compensated reactance, and then it is combined with the magnitude of the zero-sequence voltage to consist of the compounded compensated voltage. This compensated voltage is utilized to revise the characteristic of the inverse time-delay. By this means, the zero-sequence over-voltage protection will possess the selectivity adaptively. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified with the results of the theoretical analysis and simulations.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275766,no
Error Estimation Models Integrating Previous Models and Using Artificial Neural Networks for Embedded Software Development Projects,"In an earlier paper, we established 9 models for estimating errors in a new project. In this paper, we integrate the 9 models into 5 by investigating similarities among the models. In addition, we establish a new model using an artificial neural network (ANN). It is becoming increasingly important for software-development corporations to ascertain how to develop software efficiently, whilst guaranteeing delivery time and quality, and keeping development costs low. Estimating the manpower required by new projects and guaranteeing the quality of software are particularly important, because the estimation relates directly to costs while the quality reflects on the reliability of the corporations. In the field of embedded software, development techniques, management techniques, tools, testing techniques, reuse techniques, real-time operating systems and so on, have already been studied. However, there is little research on the relationship between the scale of the development and the number of errors using data accumulated from past projects. Hence, we integrate the previous models and establish a new model using an artificial neural network (ANN). We also compare the accuracy of the ANN model and the regression analysis models. The results of these comparisons indicate that the ANN model is more accurate than any of the 5 integrated models.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4669798,no
An Extension of Differential Fault Analysis on AES,"In CHES 2006, M. Amir et al. introduced a generalized method of differential fault attack (DFA) against AES-128. Their fault models cover all locations before the 9th round in AES-128. However, their method cannot be applied to AES with other key sizes, such as AES-192 and AES-256. On the differential analysis, we propose a new method to extend DFA on AES with all key sizes. Our results in this study will also be beneficial to the analysis of the same type of other iterated block ciphers.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5319335,no
Chip Error Pattern Analysis in IEEE 802.15.4,"IEEE 802.15.4 standard specifies physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC)sublayer protocols for low-rate and low-power communication applications. In this protocol, every 4-bit symbol is encoded into a sequence of 32 chips that are actually transmitted over the air. The 32 chips as a whole is also called a pseudo-noise code (PN-Code). Due to complex channel conditions such as attenuation and interference, the transmitted PN-Code will often be received with some PN-Code chips corrupted. In this paper, we conduct a systematic analysis on these errors occurring at chip-level. We find that there are notable error patterns corresponding to different cases. Recognizing these patterns will enable us to identify the channel condition in great details. We believe that understanding what happened to the transmission in our setup can potentially bring benefit to channel coding, routing and error correction protocol design.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5462189,no
IFRA: Post-silicon bug localization in processors,"IFRA overcomes challenges associated with an expensive step in post-silicon validation of processors - pinpointing the bug location and the instruction sequence that exposes the bug from a system failure. On-chip recorders collect instruction footprints (information about flows of instructions, and what the instructions did as they passed through various design blocks) during the normal operation of the processor in a post-silicon system validation setup. Upon system failure, the recorded information is scanned out and analyzed off-line for bug localization. Special self-consistency-based program analysis techniques, together with the test program binary of the application executed during post-silicon validation, are used. Major benefits of using IFRA over traditional techniques for post-silicon bug localization are: 1. It does not require full system-level reproduction of bugs, and, 2. It does not require full system-level simulation. Simulation results on a complex super-scalar processor demonstrate that IFRA is effective in accurately localizing electrical bugs with very little impact on overall chip area.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5340160,no
Development of a Petri net-based fault diagnostic system for industrial processes,"For the improvement of the reliability and safety of industrial processes, a fault detection and tracing approach has been proposed. In this paper, the P-invariant of Petri nets (PN) is applied to discover sequence faults, while both sensor faults and actuator faults are detected using exclusive logic functions. For industrial applications, the proposed fault detector has been implemented within a programmable logic controller (PLC) by converting the fault detection logic functions into ladder logic diagrams (LLD). Moreover, a fault tracer has been modeled by an AND/OR tree and a tracing procedure is provided to locate the faults. A mark stamping process is demonstrated as an example to illustrate the proposed diagnostic approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5414911,no
Comparative study of single-phase earth fault responses of FCC-HVDC and LCC-HVDC,"In order to study the transient response characteristics of Filter Commutated Converter (FCC) under the condition of single-phase earth fault, in the paper, referring to the CIGRE HVDC benchmark testing model (LCC-HVDC), on the basic of non-changing the short circuit ration (SCR) and some parameters, combining the connecting features of FCC, the new testing model based on FCC (FCC-HVDC) is established in the PSCAD/EMTDC; based the two models of LCC-HVDC and FCC-HVDC, the magnetizing and harmonic characteristics are analyzed comparatively under the single-phase earth fault, the results indicated: (1) the magnetizing current of the converter transformer are both a sudden increase and unidirectional magnetization, but the magnetizing characteristics of FCC-HVDC is better than LCC-HVDC; (2) FCC-HVDC still maintains its good harmonic suppression characteristics.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5489971,no
New EMTP-RV Equivalent Circuit Model of Core-Shielding Superconducting Fault Current Limiter Taking Into Account the Flux Diffusion Phenomenon,"In order to successfully integrate superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) into electric power system networks, accurate and fast simulation models are needed. This led us to develop a generic electric circuit model of an inductive SFCL, which we implemented in the EMTP-RV software. The selected SFCL is of shielded-core type, i.e. a HTS hollow cylinder surrounds the central leg of a magnetic core, and is located inside a primary copper winding, generating an AC magnetic field proportional to the line current. The model accounts for the highly nonlinear flux diffusion phenomenon across the superconducting cylinder, governed by the Maxwell equations and the non-linear E-J relationship of HTS materials. The computational efficiency and simplicity of this model resides in a judicious 1-D approximation of the geometry, together with the use of an equivalent electric circuit that reproduces accurately the actual magnetic behavior for the flux density (B) inside the walls of the HTS cylinder. The HTS properties are not restricted to the simple power law model, but instead, any resistivity function depending on J, B and T can be used and inserted directly in the model through a non-linear resistance appearing in the equivalent circuit.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5067098,no
Evaluation of distribution fault diagnosis algorithms using ROC curves,"In power distribution fault data, the percentage of faults with different causes could be very different and varies from region to region. This data imbalance issue seriously affects the performance evaluation of fault diagnosis algorithms. Due to the limitations of conventional accuracy (ACC) and geometric mean (G-mean) measures, this paper discusses the application of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves in evaluating distribution fault diagnosis performance. After introducing how to obtain ROC curves, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Artificial Immune Recognition Systems (AIRS), and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm are compared using ROC curves and Area Under the Curve (AUC) on real-world fault datasets from Progress Energy Carolinas. Experimental results show that AIRS performs best most of the time and ANN is potentially a good algorithm with a proper decision threshold.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5588154,no
An approach of automatically performing Fault Tree Analysis and failure mode and effect techniques to software processes,"In practice, engineers find that software quality depends heavily on the maturity and reliability of the software process. Therefore, organizations are placing increased attentions on finding an efficient way of integrating elements of software process in order to produce high quality software with lower cost and risk. Various kinds of techniques are used to manage, monitor and analyze software process. We proposed an idea of modeling software process in Little-JIL language, and then introduce automatic Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) technique and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) technique, two fully-fledged and widely used safety analysis techniques, to analyze software process. Results of these two techniques can be combined to improve software process, which may lead to software products with higher quality and reliability, also lower cost and risk.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5542927,no
Study of the relationship of bug consistency with respect to performance of spectra metrics,"In practice, manual debugging to locate bugs is a daunting and time-consuming task. By using software fault localization, we can reduce this time substantially. The technique of software fault localization can be performed using execution profiles of the software under several test inputs. Such profiles, known as program spectra, consist of the coverage of correct and incorrect executions statement from a given test suite. We have performed a systematic evaluation of several metrics that make use of measurement obtained from program spectra on Siemens test suite. In this paper, we discuss how the effectiveness of various metrics degrade in determining buggy statements as the bug consistency (error detection accuracy, q<sub>e</sub>) of a statement approaches zero. Bug consistency of a statement refers to the ratio of the number of failed tests executing the statement over the total number of tests executing the statement. We proposed effect(M) as to measure the effectiveness of these metrics as q<sub>e</sub> value varies. We also demonstrate that the q<sub>e</sub> (previously not considered as a metric), is just as effective as some of the metrics proposed. We also formally prove that q<sub>e</sub> is identical to the metric that Tarantula system uses for bug localization.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5234512,no
Influences of different excitation parameters upon PEC testing for deep-layered defect detection with rectangular sensor,"In pulsed eddy current testing, repetitive excitation signals with different parameters: duty-cycle, frequency and amplitude have different response representations. This work studies the influences of different excitation parameters on pulsed eddy current testing for deep-layered defects detection of stratified samples with rectangular sensor. The sensor had been proved to be superior in quantification and classification of defects in multi-layered structures compared with traditional circular ones. Experimental results show necessities to optimize the parameters of pulsed excitation signal, and advantages of obtaining better performances to enhance the POD of PEC testing.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5610253,no
Performance Modeling of Fault Tolerant Fully Adaptive Wormhole Switching 2-D Meshes in Presence of Virtual Channels,"In recent decades, researchers try to construct high performance interconnection networks with emphasis on fault tolerance. Their studies are based on this fact that, a network can be a major performance bottleneck in parallel processors. This paper proposes an analytical model to predict message latency in wormhole-switched mesh as an instance of a fault tolerant routing. The mesh topology has desirable properties such as modularity, regularity in structure, partitioning to smaller one, simplicity in implementation. To achieve our purpose we modeled an algorithm suggested by Linder-Harden, then performance of this model was evaluated by using XMulator.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4693655,no
Efficient Simulation of Structural Faults for the Reliability Evaluation at System-Level,"In recent technology nodes, reliability is considered a part of the standard design ow at all levels of embedded system design. While techniques that use only low-level models at gate- and register transfer-level offer high accuracy, they are too inefficient to consider the overall application of the embedded system. Multi-level models with high abstraction are essential to efficiently evaluate the impact of physical defects on the system. This paper provides a methodology that leverages state-of-the-art techniques for efficient fault simulation of structural faults together with transaction-level modeling. This way it is possible to accurately evaluate the impact of the faults on the entire hardware/software system. A case study of a system consisting of hardware and software for image compression and data encryption is presented and the method is compared to a standard gate/RT mixed-level approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5692211,no
An Algorithm for Vehicle License Plate Tilt Correction Based on Line Fitting Method,"In the automatic recognition process of vehicle license plate (VLP), tilt correction is a very crucial link. According to the feature of K-Means Clustering (KMC), the image character coordinates are divided into two clusters (classes) to fit a straight line and then the line slope k is obtained. The rotation angle a is calculated using k and the whole image is rotated by  In the vertical tilt correction process, two correction methods, such as line fitting method based on KMC (LFMKMC) and line fitting method based on the least square (LFMLS), are proposed to compute the vertical tilt angle . After  is obtained, Shear Transform (ST) is done to the rotated image and the final correction image is created. The experimental results show that, this paper algorithm (TPA), Compared with Hough transform, shortens the processing time and is more effective. Under the same condition, the processing time of TPA is 36 times faster than that of Hough Transform. It also provides a new effective way for VLP image tilt correction.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5570898,no
"Symbol Error Probability of Rectangular QAM in MRC Systems With Correlated <formula formulatype=""inline""> <img src=""/images/tex/606.gif"" alt=""\eta""> </formula><formula formulatype=""inline""> <img src=""/images/tex/241.gif"" alt=""\mu""> </formula> Fading Channels","In the context of -  generalized fading scenarios, this paper provides a general closed-form expression for the average symbol error probability (SEP) of arbitrary <i>M</i>-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations in maximal-ratio combining (MRC) schemes over non-identical correlated channels. For such a scenario, the moment-generating function (MGF) of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the combiner output is obtained by rearranging the Gaussian components used to model the correlation between the diversity branches. The average SEP is then derived in terms of Lauricella multivariate hypergeometric functions, which can be implemented in most popular numerical softwares, such as Mathematica. The proposed analytical expressions are validated through Monte Carlo simulations, and insightful discussions are provided from the numerical results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5345735,no
Identification Research on Coordinate Control Influencing Factors among Enterprises of B2B EC Based on Fault Diagnosis,"In the era of network, B2B electronic commerce (EC) has become new bright spot and trend of future business development gradually. B2B EC has huge development potential in China. But there is lack of research on coordinate control among enterprises of B2B EC. That is disadvantage to the running of B2B EC smoothly in china. Therefore, the paper analyses B2B EC types and coordinate control influencing factors among enterprises of B2B EC. Then the paper constructs research model about identification on coordinate control influencing factors among enterprises of B2B EC, and shows how to use this research model by a calculative example. That provides gist for the coordinate control among enterprises of B2B EC.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4609675,no
Fault-tolerant scheduling with dynamic number of replicas in heterogeneous systems,"In the existing studies on fault-tolerant scheduling, the active replication schema makes use of  + 1 replicas for each task to tolerate E failures. However, in this paper, we show that it does not always lead to a higher reliability with more replicas. Besides, the more replicas implies more resource consumption and higher economic cost. To address this problem, with the target to satisfy the user's reliability requirement with minimum resources, this paper proposes a new fault tolerant scheduling algorithm: MaxRe. In the algorithm, we incorporate the reliability analysis into the active replication schema, and exploit a dynamic number of replicas for different tasks. Both the theoretical analysis and experiments prove that the MaxRe algorithm's schedule can certainly satisfy user's reliability requirements. And the MaxRe scheduling algorithm can achieve the corresponding reliability with at most 70% fewer resources than the FTSA algorithm.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5738914,no
Research on Fault Diagnosis Based on SVM and Monkey-King Genetic Algorithm,"In the fault diagnosis based on support vector machine (SVM), SVM parameters are mostly selected artificially or obtained through experiment time after time, a certain and effective method has not been found. Aiming at this problem, a method optimizing the SVM parameters with Monkey-King genetic algorithm (MKSVM) is presented. In the built model the optimized parameters are used, and the superiority of SVM in processing finite samples is fully brought into play. The experimental result shows that the method can obtain higher diagnosis accuracy with fewer feature and the proposed method can find out the optimum accurately in a wide range and the value can be used to diagnose the fault effectively.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5364308,no
Kalman filter estimation of the contention dynamics in error-prone IEEE 802.11 networks,"In the last years, several strategies for maximizing the throughput performance of IEEE 802.11 networks have been proposed in literature. Specifically, it has been shown that optimizations are possible both at the medium access control (MAC) layer, and at the physical (PHY) layer. In fact, at the MAC layer, it is possible to minimize the channel wastes due to collisions and backoff expiration times, by tuning the minimum contention window as a function of the number n of competing stations. At the PHY layer, it is possible to improve the transmission robustness, by selecting a suitable modulation/coding scheme as a function of the channel quality perceived by the stations. However, the feasibility of these optimizations rely on the availability of MAC/PHY measurements, which are often impracticable or very rough. In this paper, we propose a joint MAC/PHY estimator based on a bi-dimensional extended Kalman filter, devised to track the number of competing stations and the frame error probability suffered in the network. To this purpose, we derive a relationship between the unobservable system state and measurements which are distributely performed by all the competing stations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4537309,no
Phenomenon rotor fault  Multiple electrical rotor asymmetries in induction machines,"In the literature the effects caused by a single or several adjacently broken rotor bars, or a broken end ring are thoroughly investigated. The phenomenon of various non-adjacently broken rotor bars has not been studied, so far. Since non-adjacently broken rotor bars may give rise to fault signatures which are not directly related with the fault extent, it is important to understand the nature of multiple electrical rotor asymmetries in induction machines. The purpose of this paper is thus to investigate several combinations of electrical rotor asymmetries to systematically elaborate the phenomena related with broken bars and end rings. In this paper a sophisticated simulation model and measurement results are used to analyze the phenomenon rotor fault.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5292769,no
Phenomenon Rotor Fault-Multiple Electrical Rotor Asymmetries in Induction Machines,"In the literature, the effects caused by a single or several adjacently broken rotor bars, or a broken end ring are thoroughly investigated. The phenomenon of various nonadjacently broken rotor bars has not been studied so far in detail. Since nonadjacently broken rotor bars may give rise to fault signatures, which are not directly related with the fault extent, it is important to understand the nature of multiple electrical rotor asymmetries in induction machines. The purpose of this paper is thus to investigate several combinations of electrical rotor asymmetries, to systematically elaborate the phenomena related to the broken bars and end rings. In this paper, a sophisticated simulation model and measurement results are used to analyze the phenomenon rotor fault.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5342484,no
"PSoC design in GM(1,1) error analysis and its application in temperature prediction","In the study of prediction filed, no matter what methods we used, the main purpose is to minimize the prediction error; however, the goals cannot be fulfilled completely. Even we choose GM(1,1) model, which in the newest soft computing method, we also need to minimize the prediction error. Hence, in this paper, we focus on the influence parameter alpha in GM(1,1) model in the first, then, analyze the characteristics of alpha step by step, and use numerical method to find the prediction error corresponding with alpha value. Second, after the mathematics model is presented, we use PSoC to design a GM(1,1) error analysis model, which based on the characteristic of GM(1,1) model. Also an example, which is temperature prediction case is given to assist us to implement our approach in the final section.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4811729,no
Design of intelligent fault diagnosis system for energy remote terminal unit based on agent technology,"In recent years, Guangdong Power Grid Corporation has built the largest scale electric energy telemetering system in China. More than 400,000 field units had been put into use in Guangdong province. With the scale of system becoming larger, the municipal power supply bureau faces more impression of maintenance work load. In order to decrease the maintenance work load, we have designed and implemented the intelligent fault diagnosis system for field terminal unit based on multi-agent. By using multi-agent technology, the flexible intelligent communication protocol interface and optimal load balancing policy are designed to tackle the problems of various communication protocols and heavy network loads. The production rule knowledge representation is used to build diagnosis knowledge database. The system realized the function of communication monitor and on-line fault-diagnosis, which decreased maintenance work load a lot.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5736119,no
Generic partial dynamic reconfiguration controller for fault tolerant designs based on FPGA,"In recent years, many techniques for self repairing of the systems implemented in FPGA were developed and presented. The basic problem of these approaches is bigger overhead of unit for controlling of the partial reconfiguration process. Moreover, these solutions generally are not implemented as fault tolerant system. In this paper, a small and flexible generic partial dynamic reconfiguration controller implemented inside FPGA is presented. The basic architecture and usage of the controller in the FPGA-based fault tolerant structure are described. The implementation of controller as fault tolerant component is described as well. The basic features and synthesis results of controller for Xilinx FPGA and comparison with MicroBlaze solution are presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5669477,no
Availability and Cost Analysis of a Fault-Tolerant Software System with Rejuvenation,"In recent years, remarkable attention has been paid to software aging phenomena, in which the performance of software systems degrades with time. Software aging may eventually leads to transient crash/hang failures. The well-known technique of software rejuvenation can be regarded as the most effective procedure to counteract the aging phenomena. In this paper, the concept of common software-aging-related faults in fault-tolerant systems is proposed. Then the common faults defined are integrated into a behavior model of a double-version fault-tolerant software system. The dependability measures, such as availability, cost, and the availability to cost ratio, are evaluated as bivariate functions using continuous time Markov chain (CTMC). Finally, the effects of common software-aging-related faults are investigated based on several numerical examples.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4736962,no
GNSS pseudorange error density tracking using Dirichlet Process Mixture,"In satellite navigation system, classical localization algorithms assume that the observation noise is white-Gaussian. This assumption is not correct when the signal is reflected on the surrounding obstacles. That leads to a decrease of accuracy and of continuity of service. To enhance the localization performances, a better observation noise density can be use in an adapted filtering process. This article aims to show how the Dirich-let Process Mixture can be employed to track the observation density on-line. This sequential estimation solution is adapted when the noise is non-stationary. The approach will be tested under a simulation scenario with multiple propagation conditions. Then, this density modeling will be used in Rao-Blackwellised Particle Filter.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5711829,no
Estimate of wavefront error introduced by encoding of computer generated holograms,"In testing aspheric optics with CGHs, errors introduced by the CGH must be budgeted. This paper presents a method for estimating the wavefront error introduced in the encoding process. Some results are shown.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5292137,no
Auto defect repair algorithm for LCD panel review & repair machine,"In TFT-LCD manufacturing process, various defects are generated by manufacturing machine trouble or particle. These defects can be repaired through the TFT-laser repair process that only canpsilat be automated in TFT-LCD manufacturing process. In this paper, we propose auto defect algorithm for TFT-LCD laser repair machine using image processing algorithm in order to automate process. Proposed algorithm can detect very small defects (under 2 um) in 98% success ratio, and generated laser repair path guarantee highly precise position accuracy. Through proposed system, much of the work still done the old-fashioned way, by hand, can be automated and manufacturing company can be strengthen the competitiveness of cost.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4655029,no
"Corrections to Design and Performance Analysis of a Unified, Reconfigurable HMAC-Hash Unit [Dec 07 2683-2695]","In the above titled paper (ibid., vol 54, no. 12, pp. 2683-2695), the first paragraph of Section I (p. 2683), was incomplete. The correct paragraph is presented here.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4471865,no
Delay-fault tolerance to power supply Voltage disturbances analysis in nanometer technologies,"In nanometer technologies, as variability is becoming one of the leading causes for chip failures, signal integrity is a key issue for high-performance digital System-on-Chip (SoC) products. In this paper, analysis is focused on the occurrence of Delay-faults due to Power-supply disturbances in nanometer technologies. Using a previously proposed VT (power supply Voltage and Temperature)-aware time management methodology, it is shown that nanometer technologies impose the need of fault-tolerance methodologies, although the margins of tolerance or fault-free operations are being reduced as technology scales down. SPICE simulation results with 350 nm, 130 nm, 90 nm, 65 nm, 45 nm and 32 nm CMOS technologies show an increasing dependence of propagation delays on power supply variations, as technology is being scaled down. Monte Carlo simulations show that, even in the presence of process variations, a dynamic delay-fault tolerance methodology can be rewarding even at nanometer scale, although the margins for Power-supply variations are becoming smaller.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5196020,no
Converters fault-diagnosis in PMSG drives for wind turbine applications,"In order to compensate the worldwide energy consumption that is still rising, the wind energy is becoming more and more important. For this reason, the analysis of wind energy conversion systems, in which the occurrence of faults has a high negative impact, becomes a very important issue. Considering this, the aim of this paper is to present some diagnostic methods for open-circuit faults in the two power converters of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) drive for wind turbine applications. To achieve this goal, fault analysis is the first step, in order to know which parameters can be used for the diagnosis. The following step is the development of reliable diagnostic methods. Various simulation results, considering multiple faults in the grid-side converter and a single fault in the PMSG-side converter, are presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5674992,no
Risk analysis of the city gas pipeline network based on the fault tree,"In order to control and reduce city gas accidents, it's very important to identify and analyze the relative risk factors existed in the city gas pipeline network comprehensively. Through the fault tree analysis, Agas leakageA was taken as the top event and four main reasons that led to gas leakage were found. According to above four reasons, the comprehensive fault trees were drew, which reflected the whole reasons to the top event Agas leakageA. Finally, taking the third-party interference fault tree as the target to have a further analysis, and then a risk check list about third-party interference of city gas pipeline network was obtained, according to which, the prevention to gas pipeline network could be more effective.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5373526,no
Study on Intelligent Fault Diagnosis Expert System for Radio Compass,"In order to diagnose and obviate faults of the radio compass, an intelligent fault diagnosis expert system based on the PC/104 computer is presented in this paper. By using the technology of the blurring nerve network, the fault converse illation, knowledge database and so on, the system reliability and flexibility is greatly enhanced. The testing results illustrate the readings relative errors of the system data acquisition and parameter simulation are lower than 0.5%, the veracity of fault isolation is 96%, the direct current power <; 300 W, the alternating current power <;250W, the cost of this system is cheaper 80% than ever.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634716,no
Software Defect Prediction Using Dissimilarity Measures,"In order to improve the accuracy of software defect prediction, a novel method based on dissimilarity measures is proposed. Different from traditional predicting methods based on feature space, we solve the problem in dissimilarity space. First the new unit features in dissimilarity space are obtained by measuring the dissimilarity between the initial units and prototypes. Then proper classifier is chosen to complete prediction. By prototype selecting, we can reduce the dimension of units' features and the computational complexity of prediction. The empirical results in the NASA database KC2 and CM1 show that the prediction accuracies of KNN, Bayes, and SVM classifier in dissimilarity space are higher than that of feature space from 1.86% to 9.39%. Also the computational complexities reduce from 18% to 67%.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5659217,no
Microstrip Monopole Antenna With Enhanced Bandwidth Using Defected Ground Structure,"In this letter, a double U-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) is proposed to broaden impedance bandwidth of a microstrip-fed monopole antenna. The antenna structure consists of a simple trapezoid monopole with a DGS microstrip feedline for excitation and impedance bandwidth broadening. Measurement shows that the antenna has 10-dB return loss from 790 to 2060 MHz, yielding 112.4% impedance bandwidth improvement over that of traditional design.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4623151,no
BER Performance of FSO Links over Strong Atmospheric Turbulence Channels with Pointing Errors,"In this letter, we investigate the error rate performance of free-space optical (FSO) links over strong turbulence fading channels together with misalignment (pointing error) effects. First, we present a novel closed-form expression for the distribution of a stochastic FSO channel model which takes into account both atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and misalignment-induced fading. Then, we evaluate the average bit-error rate in closed form of a FSO system operating in this channel environment, assuming intensity modulation/direct detection with on-off keying. Numerical examples are further provided to collaborate on the derived analytical expressions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4432329,no
Sensor fault diagnosis for manipulators performing interaction tasks,"In this paper a fault diagnosis approach for sensor faults in cooperative robotic manipulators involved in interaction tasks is presented. The approach is developed for a two-arm cooperative workcell, although it can be easily applied to single-manipulator systems. A bank of discrete-time model-based diagnostic observers is adopted to detect, isolate and identify failures of both sensors at the joints of the manipulators and force/torque sensors mounted at the wrists. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme has been experimentally tested on a cooperative industrial setup composed by two six-dof COMAU Smart-3 S robots.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5637775,no
Certified and Fast Computation of Supremum Norms of Approximation Errors,"In many numerical programs there is a need for a high-quality floating-point approximation of useful functions f, such as such as exp, sin, erf. In the actual implementation, the function is replaced by a polynomial p, which leads to an approximation error (absolute or relative) epsiv = p - s or epsiv = p/f -1. The tight yet certain bounding of this error is an important step towards safe implementations.The problem is difficult mainly because that approximation error is very small and the difference p-f is subject to high cancellation. Previous approaches for computing the supremum norm in this degenerate case, have proven to be unsafe, not sufficiently tight or too tedious in manual work.We present a safe and fast algorithm that computes a tight lower and upper bound for the supremum norms of approximation errors. The algorithm is based on a combination of several techniques, including enhanced interval arithmetic, automatic differentiation and isolation of the roots of a polynomial. We have implemented our algorithm and give timings on several examples.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5223336,no
Histogram-offset-based color correction for multi-view video coding,"In multi-view video system, variations of different camera setups (for example, camera positions, lighting conditions and camera characteristics) might cause discrepancies on the luminance and chrominance components of different views. From the viewpoint of source compression, this will lead to inaccurate inter-view prediction and lower coding efficiency. In this paper, a histogram-offset-based color correction method is developed for benefitting multi-view video coding. First, disparity estimation is conducted on the rank-transformed domain to identify the maximum matching regions between the reference view and the target view. Within the identified matching regions, the histograms of the reference view and the target view are then calculated, respectively. By using an iterative thresholding approach, a histogram offset is generated and exploited to correct the target view. Experimental results have shown that the proposed color correction method outperforms the histogram matching method on the improvement of coding efficiency.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5650032,no
The Fault-Tolerant Design in Space Information Processing System Based on COTS,"In order to make Space Information Processing System (SIPS) based on Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) have a much stronger ability of radiation resistance in space, this paper presents multilevel fault-tolerant technique based on FPGA and Single Event Latch-up (SEL) resistance protection circuit. The multilevel fault-tolerant technique includes the dual fault-tolerant design on system level, the redundancy design of memory on module level and the fault-tolerant design of FPGA on chip level. By reliability analysis and experimentation, it can be concluded that the reliability of SIPS has been greatly increased by making use of fault-tolerant design. Moreover, this fault-tolerant design has been implemented successfully and run well.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5403203,no
A Novel Sequential Pattern Mining Algorithm for the Feature Discovery of Software Fault,"In order to obtain the useful sequential pattern knowledge from the historical sequence database, which reflects the characteristic behavior of software fault, a novel sequential pattern mining algorithm oriented feature discovery of software fault based on location matrix named SPM-LM is proposed. The pattern growth theory and the concept of location matrix are introduced into the new proposed algorithm. Firstly, the fault feature database is scanned and a location matrix for each event is constructed to record the frequent sequence information, which produces the frequent 1-sequence. Secondly, the sequence is extended through the dual pointer operation for the location matrix. And the frequent k-sequence for the prefix to frequent 1-sequence is generated. Finally, all of the generated frequent sequential patterns are saved into the corresponding layer of the tree structure. Therefore, the software fault sequences are matched in the tree structure to find the software failures and improve the software performance. The experimental results indicate that the algorithm improves the efficiency of pattern discovery significantly.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5367106,no
The dual-core fault-tolerant control for Electronic Control Unit of Steer-By- Wire system,"In order to solve the reliability and security problems which are caused by the structural alteration to the traditional steering system, the fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control method for the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) of Steer-By-Wire (SBW) system is studied. The architecture of the dual-core fault-tolerant control system based on the mechanisms of distributed processing and exception decision is proposed. And hardware-in-the-loop simulation is done using the existing SBW system test rig. The simulation results show that the dual-core fault-tolerant control structure and coordination mechanisms are feasible. And, can be applied to the ECU fault-tolerant control of the SBW system, to effectively improve the reliability and security of the ECU in the SBW system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5610097,no
Bad data analysis using the composed measurements errors for power system state estimation,"In this paper, a topological/geometrical based approach is used to define the undetectability index (UI), which provides the position of a measurement related to the range space of the Jacobean matrix of the power system. The higher the value of this index, for a measurement, the closer it will be to the range space of that matrix, that is, the error in measurements with high UI is not reflected in their residuals, thus masking a possible gross error those measurements might have. Using the UI of a measurement, the possible gross error the state estimation process might mask is recovered; then the total gross error of that measurement is composed and used to the gross error detection and identification test. The gross error processing turns out to be very simple to implement, requiring only a few adaptations to the existing state estimation software. The IEEE-14 bus system is used to validate the proposed gross error detection and identification test.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5563279,no
"An automated industrial fish cutting machine: Control, fault diagnosis and remote monitoring","In this paper, an automated industrial fish cutting machine, which was developed and tested in the Industrial Automation Laboratory (IAL) of the University of British Columbia, is presented including its hardware structure, control sub-system, fault diagnosis sub-system and the remote monitoring sub-system. First, the hardware of the machine including the mechanical conveyer system, pneumatic system and the hydraulic system, and the associated sensors are introduced. Next, a fuzzy position control system is designed for the control of the cutting table moving along the horizontal (x) direction and its performance is compared with that with traditional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. A multi-sensor neuro-fuzzy fault diagnosis system is developed as well for the purpose of providing accurate and reliable diagnosis of the machine states in an automated factory environment. Finally, a web-based remote monitoring system is discussed, which allows engineers and researches to remotely monitor the health of the machine from any remote geographic location through the Internet.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4636254,no
A Decentralized Fault-Tolerant Control System for Accommodation of Failures in Higher-Order Flight Control Actuators,"In this paper, an effective integrated failure detection and identification (FDI) and fault-tolerant control (FTC) technique is developed for a class of nonlinear systems actuated by actuators that may undergo several different types of failures. Assuming that the actuator dynamics are fast, a baseline controller is designed and, using the singular perturbation arguments, shown to achieve the control objective. Typical failures in flight control actuators are considered next, and online FDI algorithms are derived for second-order actuator dynamics with non-measurable actuator rates, and third-order actuator dynamics when only output of the actuator is measurable. The FDI subsystem is decentralized in that an observer is run at each of the actuators, and the parameter estimates are adjusted using only the local information. The major issue of how to use this information to reconfigure the control law and assure the stability of the resulting closed-loop control system is addressed. An adaptive fault-tolerant controller that uses the parameter estimates from the FDI subsystem at every instant is designed next. It is demonstrated that all the signals in the system are bounded and that the tracking error converges to zero asymptotically despite multiple simultaneous actuator failures even in the case of second or third order actuator dynamics. The properties of the proposed FDI-FTC algorithms are evaluated through piloted simulations of the F/A-18 aircraft.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5313825,no
Active fault detection and isolation strategy for an unmanned aerial vehicle with redundant flight control surfaces,"In this paper, a diagnosis system using unknown input observers in order to detect, isolate and estimate faulty control surface positions for a small UAV, is presented. As this aircraft is equipped with redundant actuators, flap and aileron positions are not input observable and an active diagnosis process has to be implemented.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4602147,no
Rotor position sensor fault detection Isolation and Reconfiguration of a Doubly Fed Induction Machine control,"In this paper, a Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) operating in motor mode and supplied by two Voltage Source Inverters (VSI), in stator and rotor sides, is presented. The aim is to analyze the position sensor fault effects on a Direct Torque Control (DTC) of the DFIM. This justifies the necessity of a reconfiguration control when a position sensor fault appears in order to avoid an interruption in system operations. In the other hand, this study emphasizes the close dependency between system performance and the output accuracy of the rotor position sensor. Moreover, simulation results point out the operation system deterioration in case of position sensor fault, which leads in most cases to its shut down in contrast to industrial expectations. This work presents a control reconfiguration for a DFIM speed drive when a position sensor fault occurs, in order to ensure system service continuity. For this purpose, SABER simulation results illustrate the system behavior before and after a position sensor fault. System performance preservation is carried out after control reconfiguration. The proposed solution is relevant especially due to its simplicity.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5278870,no
Minimizing Euclidian state estimation error for uncertain dynamic systems based on multisensor and multi-algorithm Fusion,"In this paper, a dynamic system with model uncertainty and bounded noises is considered. We propose several efficient methods of centralized fusion, distributed fusion and fusion of multiple parallel algorithms for minimizing Euclidian estimation error of the state vector. To make Euclidian estimation error as small as possible, the classic measure of size of an ellipsoid-trace of the shape matrix of the ellipsoid is extended to a class of weighted measure which can emphasize the importance of the interested entry of the state vector and make its confidence interval smaller. Moreover, it can be proved that both the centralized fusion and the distributed fusion are better than the estimation of single sensor in the class of the weighted measures. These results are illustrated by a numerical example. Most importantly, sufficiently taking advantages of the two facts that minimizing a scalar objective cannot guarantee to derive an optimal multi-dimensional confidence ellipsoid solution, as well as, multiple sensors and multiple algorithms have the feature of advantage complementary, we will construct various estimation fusion methods at both the fusion center and local sensors to yield as significantly as possible interlaced estimate intervals of every entry of the state vector for minimizing Euclidian estimation error.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5572918,no
A General Approach for the Transient Detection of Slip-Dependent Fault Components Based on the Discrete Wavelet Transform,"In this paper, a general methodology based on the application of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to the diagnosis of the cage motor condition using transient stator currents is exposed. The approach is based on the identification of characteristic patterns introduced by fault components in the wavelet signals obtained from the DWT of transient stator currents. These patterns enable a reliable detection of the corresponding fault as well as a clear interpretation of the physical phenomenon taking place in the machine. The proposed approach is applied to the detection of rotor asymmetries in two alternative ways, i.e., by using the startup current and by using the current during plugging stopping. Mixed eccentricities are also detected by means of the transient-based methodology. This paper shows how the evolution of other non-fault-related components such as the principal slot harmonic (PSH) can be extracted with the proposed technique. A compilation of experimental cases regarding the application of the methodology to the previous cases is presented. Guidelines for the easy application of the methodology by any user are also provided under a didactic perspective.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4608742,no
Geometrical approach on masked gross errors for power systems state estimation,"In this paper, a geometrical based-index, called undetectability index (UI), that quantifies the inability of the traditional normalized residue test to detect single gross errors is proposed. It is shown that the error in measurements with high UI is not reflected in their residues. This masking effect is due to the ldquoproximityrdquo of a measurement to the range of the Jacobian matrix associated with the power system measurement set. A critical measurement is the limit case of measurement with high UI, that is, it belongs to the range of the Jacobian matrix, has an infinite UI index, its error is totally masked and cannot be detected in the normalized residue test at all. The set of measurements with high UI contains the critical measurements and, in general, the leverage points, however there exist measurements with high UI that are neither critical nor leverage points and whose errors are masked by the normalized residue test. In other words, the proposed index presents a more comprehensive picture of the problem of single gross error detection in power system state estimation than critical measurements and leverage points. The index calculation is very simple and is performed using routines already available in the existing state estimation software. Two small examples are presented to show the way the index works to assess the quality of measurement sets in terms of single gross error detection. The IEEE-14 bus system is used to show the efficiency of the proposed index to identify measurements whose errors are masked by the estimation processing.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275941,no
Hierarchical Calculation of Malicious Faults for Evaluating the Fault-Tolerance,"In this paper, a new hierarchical multi-level technique for malicious fault list generation for evaluating the fault tolerance is presented. For the description of the system three levels are exploited: behavioral, functional signal path and structural gate-network levels, whereas at each level the model of decision diagrams and uniform fault analysis procedures are used. Malicious faults are found by top-down technique, keeping the complexity of candidate fault sets at each level as low as possible.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4459544,no
Induction motor fault diagnosis using voltage Park components of an auxiliary winding - voltage unbalance,"In this paper, a new method for induction motor fault diagnosis is presented. It is based on the so-called voltage Park components of an auxiliary winding which is a small coil inserted between two of the stator phases. Expressions of the inserted winding voltage and its Park components are presented. After that, discrete Fourier transform analyzer is required for converting the signals from the time domain to the frequency domain. A Lissajoux curve formed of the two components is associated to the spectrum. Simulation results curried out for non defected and voltage unbalance motor show the effectiveness of the proposed method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5382715,no
Test metric assessment of microfluidic systems through heterogeneous fault simulation,"In this paper we introduce a microfluidic system workflow, incorporating system design, simulation and test. We introduce our microfluidic fault library and novel method of fault injection, the Fault Block. We cross-validate our simulation to experimental work with reference to two test methods; impedance spectroscopy and Levich sensors. The workflow is described with reference to a Y channel hydrodynamic system, the results from which show greater test capability using our approach than conventional sensors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5502992,no
Extended Hypercube with Cross-Connection - A New Interconnection Fault Tolerant Network for Parallel Computers,"In this paper we introduce a new interconnection network, the extended hypercube with cross connection denoted by EHC(n,k). This network has hierarchical structure and it overcomes the poor fault tolerant properties of extended hypercube (EH). This network has low diameter, constant degree connectivity and low message traffic density.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4809064,no
Model-based respiratory motion correction using 3-D echocardiography,"In this paper we investigate the use of 3-D echocardiography (echo) data for respiratory motion correction of MRI-derived roadmaps in image-guided interventions. By a combination of system calibration and tracking the MRI and echo coordinate systems are aligned. 3-D echo images at different respiratory positions are registered to an end-exhale 3-D echo image using a registration algorithm that uses a similarity measure based on local orientation and phase differences. We first assess the use of the echo-echo registration alone to perform motion-correction in the MRI coordinate system. Next, we investigate combining the echo-echo similarity measure with a MRI-derived motion model. Using experiments with cardiac MRI and 3-D echo data acquired from 2 volunteers, we demonstrate that significantly faster and more robust performance can be obtained using the motion model.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4541284,no
A comparative analysis of the efficiency of change metrics and static code attributes for defect prediction,"In this paper we present a comparative analysis of the predictive power of two different sets of metrics for defect prediction. We choose one set of product related and one set of process related software metrics and use them for classifying Java files of the Eclipse project as defective respective defect-free. Classification models are built using three common machine learners: logistic regression, naive Bayes, and decision trees. To allow different costs for prediction errors we perform cost-sensitive classification, which proves to be very successful: >75% percentage of correctly classified files, a recall of >80%, and a false positive rate <30%. Results indicate that for the Eclipse data, process metrics are more efficient defect predictors than code metrics.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4814129,no
Fault Tolerance Using a Front-End Service for Large Scale Distributed Systems,"In this paper we present a solution to ensuring a high degree of availability and reliability in service-based large scale distributed systems. The proposed architecture is based on a set of replicated services running in a fault-tolerant container and a proxy service able to mask possible faults, completely transparent for a client. The solution not only masks possible faults but also optimizes the access to the distributed services and their replicas using a load-balancing strategy, whilst ensuring a high degree of scalability. The advantages of the proposed architecture were evaluated using a pilot implementation. The obtained results prove that the solution ensures a high degree of availability and reliability for a wide range of service-based distributed systems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5460843,no
Computational system to detect defects in mounted and bare PCB Based on connectivity and image correlation,"In this paper we present an image analysis system for printed circuit board (PCB) automated inspection. In the last years PCB manufacturing industry has been advanced in inspection automation systems, especially to solve smaller tolerance requirements. A PCB consists in a circuit and electronic components assembled in a surface. There are three main process involved in its manufacture, where the inspection is necessary. The main process consists in the printing itself. Another important procedure is the components placement over the PCB surface. And the third is the components soldering. In the proposed inspection system we consider the board printing and components placements defects. We first compare a PCB standard image with a PCB image, using a simple subtraction algorithm that can highlight the main problem-regions. Then we used connection analysis in the printed circuit to find fatal and potential errors, like breaks, circuit shorts, missing components. Besides, using digital image correlation techniques, the system detects component errors, like absence, change, and wrong position. In other to develop this methodology in real PCB, we propose to magnify the problem-regions and start to find the errors in a set of PCB sections, which are smaller than the main PCB image.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4604434,no
The Sliced Gaussian Mixture Filter with adaptive state decomposition depending on linearization error,"In this paper, a novel nonlinear/nonlinear model decomposition for the Sliced Gaussian Mixture Filter is presented. Based on the level of nonlin-earity of the model, the overall estimation problem is decomposed into a ""severely"" nonlinear and a ""slightly"" nonlinear part, which are processed by different estimation techniques. To further improve the efficiency of the estimator, an adaptive state decomposition algorithm is introduced that allows decomposition according to the linearization error for nonlinear system and measurement models. Simulations show that this approach has orders of magnitude less complexity compared to other state of the art estimators, while maintaining comparable estimation errors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5711864,no
Research of air-drive AMT fault diagnostic system based on models,"In this paper, a research about air-drive AMT (automatic mechanical transmission) fault diagnostic system is made. The redundancy analysis method and action analysis method are used to detect the failures in the AMT system and a fault diagnostic system of air-drive AMT in heavy commercial vehicle is developed by model based design which is very adapt to the development of automotive control system. The fault diagnostic models of sensors and execute components in AMT system are successfully built in Matlab/Simulink. The fault diagnostic models are implemented through a RCP (rapid control prototyping) experiment based on dSPACE.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4677593,no
A selection sort method of test cases based on severity of defects,"In this paper, a selection sort method of test cases is presented that is according to historical datum from the test cases pools, statistical analysis of test cases based on defect severities and choose the order of test cases and then measure the efficiency by the formula to find the choice of test cases in testing process in order. Finally, the test case is given overall selection method in regression testing. Examples of this method for analysis, experimental results show that the proposed method effectively reduce the number of test cases and improve the efficiency of discovery the defects in regression testing.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5610487,no
Reducing of soft error effects on a MIPS-based dual-core processor,"In this paper, a simulation-based fault injection analysis of a MIPS-based dual-core processor is presented, an approach is proposed to improve the reliability of most vulnerable parts of the processor components and then the improvement is evaluated. In the first series of experiments, a total of 9100 transient faults were injected in 114 different fault sites of the processor. These experiments demonstrate that the Message Passing Interface, the Arbiter and the Program Counters are the most vulnerable parts of the processor. Thus, these parts were selected as targets for the improvement. The fault tolerance method used for improving the Arbiter is based on using the Triple Modular Redundancy. As for the Message Passing Interface and the Program Counters the single bit error correction Hamming code is used. The experimental results show 11.8% improvement in error recovery and 15.1% reduction of failure rate at the cost of 1.01% area overhead.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5623597,no
Fault-Tolerant Cognitive Diversity Scheme for Topology Information-Based Hybrid Ubiquitous Sensor Networks,"In this paper, a special scenario of the topology in the hybrid ubiquitous sensor networks is studied and a new cross layer fault-tolerant cognitive scheme based on topology information is proposed to exploit both the channel diversity and the spatial reusability. The proposed Cross Layer Fault-tolerant Topology Information-based Cognitive Diversity Scheme (CL-FTICDS) integrated the attributes both of the new performance evaluation of the cooperative diversity and the attributes of the topology space. It resides between MAC and network layer and aims to improve the network throughput by coordinating the transmission power, channel assignment and route selection among multiple nodes in a distributed way. The CL-FTICDS jointly coordinates the transmission power at each node, the channel selection on each wireless interface, and route selection among interfaces based on the traffic information measured and exchanged among the multi-hop neighbor nodes. The Cognitive Diversity Time Topology Metric (CDTTM) is presented to quantify the difference of various adjustment candidates. It achieves efficient utilization of available channels by selecting feasible adjustment candidate with the smallest CDTTM value and coordinating affected nodes to realize the adjustment. The average achievable sum rates and the outage probability of the networks are all examined with the cross layer constraints.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4682009,no
Recovering of masked errors in power systems state estimation and measurement gross error detection and identification proposition,"In this paper, a topological/geometrical based approach is used to define an index, undetectability index (UI), which provides the distance of a measurement from the range space of the Jacobean matrix of the power system. The higher the value of this index, for a measurement, the closer it will be to the range space of that matrix, that is, the error in measurements with high UI is not reflected in their residuals, thus masking a possible gross error those measurements might have. Using the UI of a measurement, the possible gross error the state estimation process might mask is recovered; then the total gross error of that measurement is composed and used to the gross error detection and identification test. The gross error processing turns out to be very simple to implement, requiring only a few adaptations to the existing state estimation software. The IEEE-14 bus system is used to validate the proposed gross error detection and identification test.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5589577,no
Detection of steel defect using the image processing algorithms,"In this paper, detection and classification of steel surface defects is investigated. Image processing algorithms are applied for detecting four popular kind of steel defects, i.e., hole, scratch, Coil break and rust. The results show that the applied algorithms have a good performance on steel defect detection. Numerical results indicate that the implemented image processing algorithms have 88.4%, 78%, 90.4%, 90.3 % accuracy respectively on the hole, scratch, Coil break and rust defect.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4777721,no
Application of Non-superconducting Fault Current Limiter to improve transient stability,"In this paper, enhancement of transient stability of Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system with a double circuit transmission line using a Non-superconducting Fault Current Limiter (NSFCL) is proposed. Stability analysis for such system is discussed in detail. It is shown that, the stability depends on the resistance of NSFCL in fault condition. To effective improvement of stability, the optimum value of NSFCL resistance is calculated. Simulation results by PSCAD/EMTDC software are presented to confirm the analytic analysis accuracy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5697660,no
Research on fault mechanism of icing of wind turbine blades,"In this paper, fault mechanism of icing of wind turbine blades is studied theoretically and experimentally. First, the aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine's primary airfoil under normal and icing conditions are simulated using Fluent software separately to analyze the geometry effect of icing on wind turbine. Then the formation and characteristics of vibration signal on main shaft caused by mass unbalance of wind turbine's rotor are analyzed using rotor dynamics theory to evaluate mass effect of icing on wind turbine. Finally, corresponding experiments are carried out on a self-made small wind turbine under laboratory conditions to testify the former theoretical analysis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5335772,no
"A new life system approach to the Prognostic and Health Management (PHM) with survival analysis, dynamic hybrid fault models, evolutionary game theory, and three-layer survivability analysis","In this paper, I propose a new architecture for PHM, which is characterized by life-system approach- treating PHM as a hierarchical system with fundamental properties similar to those of life systems. Conceptually, besides drawing on the important concepts from existing PHM theory and practice such as life cycle, condition-based maintenance (CBM), remaining useful lifetime (RUL), I draw on the dynamic hybrid fault models (DHF) from fault tolerance theory and agreement algorithms, three-layer survivability analysis from survivable network systems (SNS), population dynamics from population ecology, and survival analysis from biostatistics and biomedicine. Methodologically, three main mathematical tools: survival analysis (including competing risks analysis and multivariate survival analysis), dynamic hybrid fault models and evolutionary game theory (EGT) are applied for PHM modeling and analysis. Operationally, the three-layer survivability analysis is applied to deal with the so-called UUUR(Unpredictable, latent, unobserved or unobservable risks) events and to achieve sound decision-making. Overall, the advantages of the new architecture include: (1) Offer a flexible architecture that is not only compatible with existing components/approaches of PHM, such as lifetime, reliability, maintainability, safety, data-driven prognostics, and model-based prognostics, but also readily extendable to incorporate fault tolerance, survivability, and security. (2) Utilize survival analysis, competing risks analysis, and multivariate survival analysis for better modeling of lifetime and reliability at both individual and population (group of components) levels. (3) Approach the fault tolerance and reliability of the monitoring sensor network in PHM and those of the underlying physical system with the DHF models. (4) Analyze the system survivability (sustainability) with the three-layer survivability analysis approaches. (5) Capture security events with UUUR events and incorporate se- curity policies into PHM.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4839672,no
Efficient residual prediction with error concealment in extended spatial scalability,"In this paper, inter-layer residual prediction's trade-off between concealing lost macroblock (MB) and removing visual artifact in extended spatial scalability (ESS) is investigated. In order to improve visual artifacts, various schemes are proposed in the literature, including higher distortion to the residual prediction used in ESS enhancement layer for non matching residuals. Whereas, residual prediction is also used to conceal lost MBs in inter-layer error concealment methods. We propose an efficient use of residual prediction to prevent those artifacts as well as to conceal lost MBs, exploiting features in homogenous characteristics in video objects for error resilient coding. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves up to 0.29 dB PSNR gain, with overall average of 0.1 dB PSNR gain at the decoder for various tested sequences compared to JVT-W123 under testing conditions specified in JVT-V302.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5479647,no
Five-phase induction motor behaviour under faulted conditions,"In this paper, simple phase variable model of a five-phase induction motor drive is presented. The model is implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. A number of electrical faults which are common in inverter fed drives are created. The faults considered are open circuit faults in one phase and two phases. As these motor drives are intended for disturbance free operation, the analysis of these is an important aspect to investigate under different faults. Simulation results for each fault have been provided and their detailed analysis has been carried out. Experimental proof is also provided to support the findings.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4768776,no
Using clone detection to identify bugs in concurrent software,"In this paper we propose an active testing approach that uses clone detection and rule evaluation as the foundation for detecting bug patterns in concurrent software. If we can identify a bug pattern as being present then we can localize our testing effort to the exploration of interleavings relevant to the potential bug. Furthermore, if the potential bug is indeed a real bug, then targeting specific thread interleavings instead of examining all possible executions can increase the probability of the bug being detected sooner.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609529,no
Decentralized fault diagnosis for sensor networks,In this paper we study the problem of fault diagnosis for sensor networks.We examine faults that involve an anomalous behavior of the sensor and investigate their diagnosis only through the local interaction between faulty nodes and healthy ones. We provide heuristics to actively diagnose faults and recover the nominal behavior.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5234147,no
Scalable multiple description video coding for error-resilient transmission over hybrid networks,In this paper a scalable multiple description video coding approach based on embedded multiple description scalar quantization (EMDSQ) is presented. The proposed approach enables the progressive transmission of video over unreliable channels with variable bandwidth. Experimental results show that in lossy transmission conditions the proposed embedded multiple description coding system yields better rate-distortion performance compared to single description video coding and can efficiently sustain 20% of losses.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4559545,no
Analytical circuit-based model of PMSM under stator inter-turn short-circuit fault validated by time-stepping finite element analysis,In this paper a simple dynamic circuit-based model for a rotor surface mounted PMSM with inter-turn winding short-circuit fault is presented. Finite element analysis is used for parameter determination and study the PMSM under fault conditions. The Analytical expressions are proposed for determining the fault model parameters. The proposed circuit model and parameter expressions are validated by time stepping FEA. The circuit-based model results exhibit the same trend as predicted by FEM analysis for different fault insulation resistances.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5607955,no
Analysis of Transient Stability Enhancement of LV-Connected Induction Microgenerators by Using Resistive-Type Fault Current Limiters,"In this paper an analytical method by which the transient stability of an induction machine is maintained regardless of the fault clearance times is introduced. The method can be applied in order to improve the transient stability of a large penetration of low-voltage (LV) connected microgeneration that can be directly interfaced by single-phase induction generators within domestic premises. The analysis investigates the effectiveness of using resistive-type superconducting fault current limiters (RSFCLs) as remedial measures to prevent the microgenerators from reaching their speed limits during remote faults, and hence improving their transient stability. This will prevent unnecessary disconnection of a large penetration of LV-connected microgeneration and thus avoiding the sudden appearance of hidden loads, and unbalanced voltage conditions. The minimum required value of a resistive element of RSFCL for mitigating the transient instability phenomena of LV-connected microgeneration based on the system and connected machine parameters is determined. The analytical method has been validated by conducting informative transient studies by using detailed models of a small microwind turbine with constant mechanical output interfaced directly within residential dwellings by a single-phase induction generator, a transient model of resistive superconducting fault current limiter (RSFCL), and a typical suburban distribution network with residential loads. All the models are developed in the time-domain PSCAD/EMTDC dynamic simulation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5350438,no
Fault diagnosis in a plant using Fisher discriminant analysis,"In this paper Fisher's discriminant analysis (FDA) is used for detecting and diagnosing faults in a real plant. FDA provides an optimal lower dimensional representation in terms of discriminating between classes of data, where, in this context of fault diagnosis, each class corresponds to data collected during a specific, known fault. A discriminant function is applied to detect and diagnose faults using both simulated and real data collected from a plant: a two-tank system, showing good results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4602082,no
Algorithm of MTIE point estimate computing for non-uniform sampling of time error,In this paper the algorithm enabling assessment of maximum time interval error (MTIE) for non-uniform sampling of time error is proposed. The reasons of non-uniform sampling are presented. Then the idea of MTIE computing for non-uniform sampled data is described. Next the details of the algorithm are presented and described.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4623088,no
Task Mapping and Bandwidth Reservation for Mixed Hard/Soft Fault-Tolerant Embedded Systems,"In this paper we are interested in mixed hard/soft real-time fault-tolerant applications mapped on distributed heterogeneous architectures. We use the Earliest Deadline First (EDF) scheduling for the hard real-time tasks and the Constant Bandwidth Server (CBS) for the soft tasks. The bandwidth reserved for the servers determines the quality of service (QoS) for soft tasks. CBS enforces temporal isolation, such that soft task overruns do not affect the timing guarantees of hard tasks. Transient faults in hard tasks are tolerated using checkpointing with rollback recovery. We have proposed a Tabu Search-based approach for task mapping and CBS bandwidth reservation, such that the deadlines for the hard tasks are satisfied, even in the case of transient faults, and the QoS for the soft tasks is maximized. Researchers have used fixed execution time models, such as the worst-case execution times for hard tasks and average execution times for soft tasks. However, we show that by using stochastic execution times for soft tasks, significant improvements can be obtained. The proposed strategy has been evaluated using an extensive set of benchmarks.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5465969,no
Engineering knowledge-based condition analyzers for on-board intelligent fault classification: A case study,"In this paper we describe the design of a knowledge-based condition analyzer that performs on-board intelligent fault classification. The system is designed to be deployed as a prototype on E414 locomotives, a series of downgraded highspeed vehicles that are currently employed in standard passenger service. Our goal is to satisfy the requirements of a development scenario in the Integrail project for a condition analyzer that leverages an ontology-based description of some critical E414 subsystems in order to classify faults considering mission and safety related aspects.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4580850,no
Defect recognition algorithm based on curvelet moment and support vector machine,"In this paper, a new recognition algorithm based on curvelet moment and support vector machine(SVM) is proposed for chip defect recognition. The proposed recognition method is implemented through a reference comparison method. First the defect regions of chips are extracted through preprocessing, and then the curvelet moment feature of the defect region is computed as the input of SVM classifier, the output of the trained SVM classifier is the result of defect recognition. The algorithm combines the good properties of curvelet moment and SVM classifier, the former can provide multi-scale, local details and orientation information of the defect region, and the latter is suitable to solve the small samples, nonlinear and high dimensions pattern recognition problem. Experimental results show that the algorithm has higher recognition rate compared with PCA based method and can solve the complex defects recognition problem effectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5496623,no
Improving the design of parallel-pipeline cyclic decoders towards fault-secure versions,"In this paper, we consider the problem of designing fault-secure decoders for various cyclic linear codes. The principle relies on a slight modification of the high speed parallel-pipeline decoder architecture in [6], to control the correct operation of the cyclic decoder as well. The complexity evaluation has been obtained by synthesizing parallel-pipeline decoder for various code on a Stratix II FPGA using the Alterapsilas Quartus II software. It shows that their FS versions compare favorably against the unprotected ones, with respect to the area and the maximal operation frequency.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4746025,no
Symbol Error Probability Analysis for Multihop Relaying over Nakagami Fading Channels,"In this paper, we derive closed-form expressions for the average symbol error probability (SEP) of arbitrary rectangular I X J-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in cooperative amplify-and-forward (A&F) relaying systems, when no direct line-of-sight exists between the source and the destination nodes and when the links between the K successive nodes forming the multihop cooperation chain (including the source and the destination nodes) follow independent but not-necessarily identical Nakagami-m fading distributions with arbitrary real indexes fmkgK k =1 not less than 1/2 and arbitrary average power levels f1kgK k=1. The average SEP of rectangular QAM for this set-up is provided in closed-form as a linear combination of the first Lauricella's multivariate hypergeometric function, F(K+1)A , K being the number of multihop links, which can be efficiently evaluated using standard numerical softwares. Simulation results sustaining our analysis are provided, and the impacts of various parameters on the overall multihop system performance are investigated.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5506230,no
Correcting Sampling Oscilloscope Timebase Errors With a Passively Mode-Locked Laser Phase Locked to a Microwave Oscillator,"In this paper, we describe an apparatus for correcting the timebase errors when calibrating the response of an equivalent-time sampling oscilloscope using a passively mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser that is phase locked to a microwave signal generator. This enables us to simultaneously correct both the random jitter and the systematic timebase distortion in the oscilloscope. As a demonstration of the technique, we measure the electrical pulse generated by a fast photodiode that is excited by our laser. We show that the pulse that is reconstructed using our technique has significantly lower uncertainty than the pulse that is reconstructed using a separate correction for timebase distortion followed by jitter deconvolution.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5282581,no
Fault Tolerance and Recovery of Scientific Workflows on Computational Grids,"In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of two mechanisms for fault-tolerance and recovery for complex scientific workflows on computational grids. We present our algorithms for over-provisioning and migration, which are our primary strategies for fault-tolerance. We consider application performance models, resource reliability models, network latency and bandwidth and queue wait times for batch-queues on compute resources for determining the correct fault-tolerance strategy. Our goal is to balance reliability and performance in the presence of soft real-time constraints like deadlines and expected success probabilities, and to do it in a way that is transparent to scientists. We have evaluated our strategies by developing a Fault-Tolerance and Recovery (FTR) service and deploying it as a part of the Linked Environments for Atmospheric Discovery (LEAD) production infrastructure. Results from real usage scenarios in LEAD show that the failure rate of individual steps in workflows decreases from about 30% to 5% by using our fault-tolerance strategies.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4534303,no
The overview of fiber fault localization technology in TDM-PON network,"In this paper, we discussed the mechanism of optical fiber break in time division multiplexing passive optical network (TDM-PON) and the upwardly or downwardly monitoring issues with conventional fiber fault localization technique by using optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR). We also studied the previous fault localization technology that had been recommended. Finally, we proposed a centralized inline monitoring and network testing system named as centralized failure detection system (CFDS). CFDS will be installed with optical line terminal (OLT) at the central office (CO) or network operation center to centrally monitoring each optical fiber line's status and detecting the failure location that occurs in the multi-line drop region of fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) access network downwardly from CO towards the customer premises to improve the service reliability and reduce the restoration time and maintenance cost.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4786674,no
Application of an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization for Fault Diagnosis,"In this paper, the feasibility of using probabilistic causal-effect model is studied and we apply it in particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) to classify the faults of mine hoist. In order to enhance the PSO performance, we propose the probability function to nonlinearly map the data into a feature space in probabilistic causal-effect model, and with it, fault diagnosis is simplified into optimization problem from the original complex feature set. The proposed approach is applied to fault diagnosis, and our implementation has the advantages of being general, robust, and scalable. The raw datasets obtained from mine hoist system are preprocessed and used to generate networks fault diagnosis for the system. We studied the performance of the improved PSO algorithm and generated a Probabilistic Causal-effect network that can detect faults in the test data successfully. It can get >90% minimal diagnosis with cardinal number of fault symptom sets greater than 25.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4771990,no
Improving the performance of speech recognition systems using fault-tolerant techniques,"In this paper, using of fault tolerant techniques are studied and experimented in speech recognition systems to make these systems robust to noise. Recognizer redundancy is implemented to utilize the strengths of several recognition methods that each one has acceptable performance in a specific condition. Duplication-with-comparison and NMR methods are experimented with majority and plurality voting on a telephony Persian speech-enabled IVR system. Results of evaluations present two promising outcomes, first, it improves the performance considerably; second, it enables us to detect the outputs with low confidence.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4697199,no
A Fast Analytical Approach to Multi-cycle Soft Error Rate Estimation of Sequential Circuits,"In this paper, we propose a very fast analytical approach to measure the overall circuit Soft Error Rate (SER) and to identify the most vulnerable gates and flip-flops. In the proposed approach, we first compute the error propagation probability from an error site to primary outputs as well as system bistables. Then, we perform a multi-cycle error propagation analysis in the sequential circuit. The results show that the proposed approach is four to five orders of magnitude faster than the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation-based fault injection approach with 92% accuracy. This makes the proposed approach applicable to industrial-scale circuits.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5615450,no
A novel fault diagnosis algorithm for K-connected distributed clusters,"In this paper, we propose an on-line two phase (TPD) fault diagnosis algorithm for distributed clusters that follows an arbitrary network topology with connectivity k. Intermediate nodes communicate heartbeat messages between different source destination pairs. The algorithm addresses a realistic fault model considering crash and value faults in the cluster nodes. The algorithm is shown to produce a time complexity of O(l) and message complexity of O(n. e) respectively. The algorithm has been simulated using discrete event simulation techniques and the results show that the algorithm is feasible for large distributed clusters.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5720170,no
Real-time model based sensor fault tolerant control system on a chip,"In this paper, we proposed a model based sensor fault tolerant control system embedded in a generic PIC microcontroller for use in a temperature control system. The model based fault tolerant control algorithm is embedded in the microcontroller for stand-alone real-time implementation. The algorithm consists of a PID controller element (for nominal control) and a fault compensating element. Results from simulations and real time implementation are shown to demonstrate the ease of real time implementation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5335351,no
Error-robust Scalable Extension of H.264/AVC Ubiquitous Streaming Using the Adaptive Packet Interleaving Mechanism,"In this paper, we realize error-robust scalable extension of H.264/AVC ubiquitous video streaming using an adaptive packet interleaving mechanism among heterogeneous networks and devices. The state-of-the-art SVC is used to provide combined scalability to adjust spatiotemporal resolutions and SNR quality. In an error-prone channel, a method of bandwidth estimation and a three-state network transition chain are proposed to adjust the transmission bit-rate and the interleaving window size, respectively. Unlike past packet interleaving methods, the interleaving window size can be adjusted dynamically to compromise pre-processing delay, e.g., packet re-arrangement time for interleaving, and quality improvement. Additionally, with the understanding of the global SVC bitstream structure, a SVC coder is designed to increase the decoding efficiency and real-timely extract the proper SVC-quality bitstream based on the network condition. In our experiments, performances of the adaptive packet interleaving mechanism w.r.t. distinct interleaving window sizes and network conditions are demonstrated for distinct kinds of videos.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5405757,no
Using Extended Letter-to-Sound Rules to Detect Pronunciation Errors Made by Chinese Learner of English,"In this paper, we use extended letter-to-sound rules for automatic mispronunciation detection, aiming at checking pronunciation errors made by Chinese learners of English. The knowledge-based approach is used to generate extended pronunciation lexicon and incorporated into the HMM-based mispronunciation detection system. The pronunciation errors lead to misunderstanding of a word are expected to be identified. The TIMIT text prompts are used to collect data from Chinese university students, and the test set includes a total of 1900 sentences. Experiments show that the F-measure is about 0.86 at word level and about 0.91 at phone level. The system shows a high degree of accuracy in classifying correct and erroneous pronunciation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5677249,no
Towards acceleration of fault simulation using Graphics Processing Units,"In this paper, we explore the implementation of fault simulation on a graphics processing unit (GPU). In particular, we implement a fault simulator that exploits thread level parallelism. Fault simulation is inherently parallelizable, and the large number of threads that can be computed in parallel on a GPU results in a natural fit for the problem of fault simulation. Our implementation fault- simulates all the gates in a particular level of a circuit, including good and faulty circuit simulations, for all patterns, in parallel. Since GPUs have an extremely large memory bandwidth, we implement each of our fault simulation threads (which execute in parallel with no data dependencies) using memory lookup. Fault injection is also done along with gate evaluation, with each thread using a different fault injection mask. All threads compute identical instructions, but on different data, as required by the Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) programming semantics of the GPU. Our results, implemented on a NVIDIA GeForce GTX 8800 GPU card, indicate that our approach is on average 35 x faster when compared to a commercial fault simulation engine. With the recently announced Tesla GPU servers housing up to eight GPUs, our approach would be potentially 238 times faster. The correctness of the GPU based fault simulator has been verified by comparing its result with a CPU based fault simulator.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4555933,no
Managing Post-Development Fault Removal,"In this paper, we manage fault removal by classifying and prioritizing fault warnings reported by a static analysis tool. We present our findings from analyzing three cross-platform industrial code bases at Yahoo! totaling approximately 3.6+ MLOC. The tool found 1.2K potential fault warnings as follows: 52.29% true faults and 47.71% false/noise. The 52.29% correctly reported faults were prioritized based on severity. Additionally, we connected the tool classification to a standard software weakness schema, Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) to standardized discourse. The results from creating a management system for post-development fault removal are intended to be shifted back into earlier stages of software development.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5070618,no
Sample-separation-margin based minimum classification error training of pattern classifiers with quadratic discriminant functions,"In this paper, we present a new approach to minimum classification error (MCE) training of pattern classifiers with quadratic discriminant functions. First, a so-called sample separation margin (SSM) is defined for each training sample and then used to define the misclassification measure in MCE formulation. The computation of SSM can be cast as a nonlinear constrained optimization problem and solved efficiently. Experimental results on a large-scale isolated online handwritten Chinese character recognition task demonstrate that SSM-based MCE training not only decreases the empirical classification error, but also pushes the training samples away from the decision boundaries, therefore a good generalization is achieved. Compared with conventional MCE training, an additional 7% to 18% relative error rate reduction is observed in our experiments.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5495362,no
On Line Testing of Single Feedback Bridging Fault in Cluster Based FPGA by Using Asynchronous Element,"In this paper, we present a novel technique for online testing of feedback bridging faults in the interconnects of the cluster based FPGA. The detection circuit will be implemented using BISTER configuration. We have configured the Block Under Test (BUT) with a pseudo-delay independent asynchronous element. Since we have exploited the concept of asynchronous element known as Muller-C element in order to detect the fault, the fault has high ingredient of delay dependent properties due to variation of the feedback path delay. Xilinx Jbits 3.0 API (Application Program Interface) is used to implement the BISTER structure in the FPGA. By using Jbits, we can reconfigure dynamically the device, in which the partial bit stream only affects part of the device. In the comparison to the traditional FPGA development tool (ISE), Jbits is faster to map the specific portion of the circuit to a specific tile. We also have more controllability over the utilization of internal resources of FPGA, so that we can perform this partial reconfiguration.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4567091,no
A genetically trained neural network application for fault finding in antenna arrays,"In this work, an extension of the previous approach on the Genetic Algorithm based Backpropagation Network (GA/BPN) is presented for finding the positions of defective elements in antenna arrays. The backpropagation network (BPN) takes samples of radiation pattern of the array with fault elements and maps it to the location of the faulty element in that array. The weights were extracted and optimized using GA. The result of the conventional ANN procedure is compared with genetically trained neural network approach. The developed methodology is tested for a linear array. The developed network can be used at the base stations to find out the number and location of the fault elements in the array in space platforms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5430646,no
A characterization of instruction-level error derating and its implications for error detection,"In this work, we characterize a significant source of software derating that we call instruction-level derating. Instruction-level derating encompasses the mechanisms by which computation on incorrect values can result in correct computation. We characterize the instruction-level derating that occurs in the SPEC CPU2000 INT benchmarks, classifying it (by source) into six categories: value comparison, sub-word operations, logical operations, overflow/precision, lucky loads, and dynamically-dead values. We also characterize the temporal nature of this derating, demonstrating that the effects of a fault persist in architectural state long after the last time they are referenced. Finally, we demonstrate how this characterization can be used to avoid unnecessary error recoveries (when a fault will be masked by software anyway) in the context of a dual modular redundant (DMR) architecture.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630119,no
Synchronization and fault detection in autonomous robots,"In this study, we show a group of robots can synchronize based on firefly-inspired flashing behavior and how dead robots can be detected by other robots. The algorithm is completely distributed. Each robot flashes by lighting up its on-board LEDs and neighboring robots are driven to flash in synchrony. Since robots that are suffering catastrophic failures do not flash periodically, they can be detected by operational robots. On a real multi-robot system of 10 autonomous robots, we show how the group can correctly detect multiple faults, and that when given (simulated) repair capabilities, the group can survive a relatively high rate of failure.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4650909,no
Prediction correction tractography through statistical tracking,"In this work we describe a novel approach to diffusion tractography that is a notion common to a class of techniques based on diffusion MRI data aiming on tracking axonal pathways in the brain. Our approach, named Prediction-correction Diffusion-based Tractography (PDT), is based on Extended Kalman Filtering: at each step the local fibers orientation is estimated from their orientation in the previous step. This estimate is then corrected from an estimate of the local diffusivity through a principled model of fibers orientation. PDT has been implemented using a diffusion tensor (DTI) as local diffusion model, but higher order models can be used as well. Results on both synthetic and in-vivo data are reported and discussed. PDT produces tractograms comparable to those obtained with the widely distributed tractography method provided in the FSL package [18], also in the case where crossing fibers are of relevance. From preliminary data, PDT proved superior when one fiber of low fractional anisotropy crosses a fiber with a higher fractional anisotropy, that is a critical condition for other tractography methods.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4774192,no
Mesh Denoising Using Quadric Error Metric,"In this work we present a new method for mesh denoising that uses an operator based on the Quadric Error Metric. This operator is able to estimate the local shape of the surface for each vertex, despite severe noise condition, distinguishing corners, edges and smooth regions in order to best adjust the vertex geometry to recover piecewise smoothing while preserving sharp features. Our method results in a simple algorithm for mesh denoising that can also be used to enhance sharp features present in the surface corrupted by noise. A frequency response analysis is also presented in order to evaluate the characteristics of this operator in the frequency spectrum of the mesh.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5720332,no
Fault-Tolerant Bit-Parallel Multiplier for Polynomial Basis of GF(2m),"In this paper, we present novel fault-tolerant architecture for bit-parallel polynomial basis multiplier over GF(2m) which can correct the erroneous outputs using linear code. We have designed a parity prediction circuit based on the code generator polynomial that leads lower space overhead. For bit-parallel architectures, the space overhead is about 11%. Moreover, there is only marginal time overhead due to incorporation of error-correction capability that amounts to 3.5% in case of the bit-parallel multiplier. Unlike the existing concurrent error correction (CEC) multipliers or triple modular redundancy (TMR) techniques for single error correction, the proposed architectures have multiple error-correcting capabilities.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4960824,no
Low complexity error concealment scheme for intra-frames in H.264/AVC,"In this paper, we propose a low complexity spatial error concealment method for H.264/AVC coded video sequences. The proposed prediction modes error concealment (PMEC) scheme exploits the Intra prediction mode information from the coded bit-stream to provide an improved concealment performance by taking into account the edge considerations. The proposed scheme gives an improved performance in terms of both the PSNR and structural similarity quality index while having a reduced computational complexity relative to the existing schemes.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5414034,no
Using Duplication with Compare for On-line Error Detection in FPGA-based Designs,"It is well known that SRAM-based FPGAs are susceptible to single-event upsets (SEUs) in radiation environments. A variety of mitigation strategies have been demonstrated to provide appropriate mitigation and correction of SEUs in these environments. While full mitigation of SEUs is appropriate for some situations, some systems may tolerate SEUs as long as these upsets are detected quickly and correctly. These systems require effective error detection techniques rather than costly error correction methods. This work leverages a well-known error detection technique for FPGAs called duplication with compare (DWC). This technique has been shown to be very effective at quickly and accurately detecting SEUs using fault injection and radiation testing.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526470,no
Self-organizing and fault-tolerant behaviors approach in bio-inspired hardware redundant network structures,"It's well-known, biological organisms offer the ability to grow with fault-tolerance and self-organization behaviors. By adapting basic properties and capabilities from nature, scientific approaches have helped researches understand related phenomena and associated with principles to engine complex novel digital systems and improve their capability. Founded by these observations, the paper is focused on modeling and simulation artificial embryonic structures, with the purpose to develop VLSI hardware architectures able to imitate cells or organism operation mode, with similar robustness like their biological equivalents from nature. Self-healing algorithms and artificial immune properties implementation is investigated and experimented on the developed models. The presented theoretical and simulation approaches were tested on a FPGA-based embryonic network architecture (embryonic machine), built with the purpose to implement on silicon fault-tolerant and surviving properties of living organisms.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5483818,no
Statistical modeling of the geometric error in cardiac electrical imaging,"Kalman filter approach provides a natural way to include the spatio-temporal prior information in cardiac electrical imaging. This study focuses on the performance of Kalman filter approach with geometric errors present in inverse Electrocardiography (ECG) problem. The geometric errors considered here are the wrong determination of the heart's size and location. In addition to Kalman filtering, we also compare the performances of Tikhonov regularization and Bayesian MAP estimation when geometric errors are present. After presenting the effects of geometric errors on the solutions, a possible model to reduce the effects of the geometric errors in the inverse ECG problem for Bayes-MAP and Kalman solution is studied. To this purpose, a method that is suggested to overcome modeling errors in inverse problem solutions by Heino et. al. is modified and its effectiveness for inverse ECG problem is shown. Here the main idea is to assume geometric errors as additive noise and adding them to the covariance matrices used in the algorithms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which it has been applied to the inverse problem of ECG.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5193079,no
Exploring the Relationship of a File's History and Its Fault-Proneness: An Empirical Study,"Knowing which particular characteristics of software are indicators for defects is very valuable for testers in order to allocate testing resources appropriately. In this paper, we present the results of an empirical study exploring the relationship between history characteristics of files and their defect count. We analyzed nine open source Java projects across different versions in order to answer the following questions: 1)Do past defects correlate with a filepsilas current defect count? 2) Do late changes correlate with a filepsilas defect count? 3) Is the file's age a good indicator for its defect count? The results are partly surprising. Only 4 of 9 programs show moderate correlation between a file's defects in previous and in current releases in more than the half of analysed releases. In contrast to our expectations, the oldest files represent the most fault-prone files. Additionally, late changes influence filepsilas defect count only partly.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4670296,no
A fast and fault-tolerant convex combination fusion algorithm under unknown cross-correlation,"Knowledge of the cross-correlation of errors of local estimates is needed for many distributed fusion algorithms. However, in a fully distributed system or decentralized network, the calculation of cross-correlation between local estimates is quite involved and may be impractical. The covariance intersection (CI) algorithm has been proposed under unknown correlation. But the CI algorithm has high computational complexity because it requires optimization of a nonlinear cost function. This paper presents a fast CI algorithm, and an alternative optimization criterion with a closed form solution. Based on this criterion, a fast and fault-tolerant convex combination fusion algorithm is presented by introducing an adaptive parameter, which can obtain robust estimate when estimates to be fused are inconsistent with each other, and the degree of robustness of fusion result varies with that of inconsistency between estimates to be fused.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5203744,no
Improving fault-tolerance of distributed multi-agent systems with mobile network-management agents,"Large-scale agent-based software solutions need to be able to assure constant delivery of services to end-users, regardless of the underlying software or hardware failures. Fault-tolerance of multi-agent systems is, therefore, an important issue. We present an easy and flexible way of introducing fault-tolerance to existing agent frameworks. The approach is based on two new types of mobile agents that manage efficient construction and maintenance of fault-tolerant multi-agent system networks, and implement a robust agent tracking technique.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5679942,no
Enhanced detection of electrode placement/connection errors,Lead connection and electrode positional errors are a common problem in ECG recording. This study set out to review the sensitivity and specificity of existing criteria in the Glasgow program using an older (1997) version of the software and to produce enhancements where required for incorporation into the current version of the program still in development. 50 volunteers were recruited to the study. Arm and leg lead connection errors were introduced as were V1/V2 and V2/V3 connection reversals. It was shown that detection of arm lead connection errors could be enhanced from 64% to 88% at 100% specificity. Chest lead misconnections were detected with improved sensitivity. V1 and V2 reversal was much more easily detected than V2 and V3 reversal while maintaining high specificity.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4748984,no
Study of a novel fault current limiter on the basis of high speed switch and triggered vacuum switch,Limiting the short-circuit current is of great significance to keep the safe and steady running of the power system. A novel fault current limiter (FCL) is presented. A high speed switch is used to rapidly break the short-circuit current. A triggered vacuum switch (TVS) is used to discharge a precharged pulse capacitor so as to quench the arc in the high speed switch quickly and to realize the active transfer of the short-circuit current. A resistor is used as the current limiting component. The parameters of a FCL of 10 kV voltage level are designed. Simulations of the FCL in an oscillating circuit are performed by means of the ATP software. Experiments of a FCL sample device are also carried out in the oscillating circuit. The experimental results are in agreement with the simulation results. The current transfer characteristics and the current limiting effect are testified.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5617487,no
"The $100,000 Keying Error","Losing $100K hurts, but other input mistakes can cost much more.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4488265,no
LA-RDO based error resilient coding using multi-layer Lagrange multiplier selection in SVC,"Loss-aware rate distortion optimized (LA-RDO) MB mode decision has been introduced in scalable video coding (SVC) to minimize the quality degradation impact of transmission errors. It aims to optimize rate-distortion performance considering transmission error and resulted error propagation. However, Lagrange multiplier (A) used in LARDO based mode decision does not consider the correlations between layers. Consequently, A is not optimal for multi-layer scenario in error resilient coding. In this paper, modified A selection method in multi-layer scenario, for mode decision of LA-RDO based error resilient coding is proposed. Simulation results show that significant PSNR gain is reportedly achieved for various tested sequences compared to JSVM 9.8 with quality and spatial scalabilities for IPPP coding, as well as for hierarchical B picture coding.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5440336,no
Efficient method for correction and interpolation signal of magnetic encoders,"Magnetic encoders are widely used for speed or position measurement. This research presents a suitable method to correct the quadratic signal from a magnetic sensor. A new quadrature all digital phased-locked loop (QADPLL) method is presented. The method minimizes the effect of amplitude imbalance, noise, phase shift, and signal offsets. It also can solve waveform distortion and time-lag problems. Moreover, this paper proposes an interpolation technique to improve the accuracy of position information. By deriving the high-order signal from a sinusoidal signal, a high-resolution position can be obtained from a low-resolution encoder. Simulation and experiment on a linear motor were conducted. The results verify the performance of the proposed methods.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4618320,no
Real-time fault tolerant control of a Reverse Osmosis desalination plant based on a hybrid system approach,"Many applications of reverse osmosis desalination plants (RO plants) require a fault tolerant system, in particular when human life depends on the availability of the plant for producing fresh water. However, RO plants are little studied from the control engineering point of view: modeling, design of control algorithms and real-time experiments are scarcely reported in the literature. The present work is a study on a real RO plant in order to discover possible faults, to analyze potential methods for fault-tolerant control (FTC) and the real-time experimentation. In order to implement model based control, the plant is identified in several operating points. Model predictive control (MPC) is used as control law and a hybrid supervisor is proposed to combine different methods, which perform better for different kind of faults. Satisfactory results are obtained for the real-time operation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5160684,no
High Performance Computational Grids Fault Tolerance at System Level,"Many complex scientific, mathematical applications require large time for completion. To deal with this issue, parallelization is popularly used. Distributing an application onto several machines is one of the key aspects of grid-computing. This paper focuses on a check point/restart mechanism used to overcome the problem of job suspension at a failed node in a computational Grid. The ability to checkpoint a running application and restart it later can provide many useful benefits including fault recovery by rolling back an application to a previous checkpoint, advanced resources sharing, better application response time by restarting applications from checkpoints instead of from scratch, and improved system utilization, efficient high performance computing and improved service availability.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4579928,no
R-BATCH: Task Partitioning for Fault-tolerant Multiprocessor Real-Time Systems,"Many emerging embedded real-time applications such as SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), autonomous vehicles and advanced avionics, require a high degree of dependability. Dealing with tasks having both hard real-time requirements and high reliability constraints is a key challenge faced in such systems. This paper addresses the problem of guaranteeing reliability requirements with bounded recovery times on fail-stop processors in fault-tolerant multiprocessor real-time systems. We classify tasks based on their recovery-time requirements into (i) Hard Recovery, (ii) Soft Recovery, and (iii) Best-Effort Recovery tasks. Then, the notion of a Hot Standby for Hard Recovery tasks along with a Cold Standby for Soft Recovery and Best-Effort Recovery tasks is introduced. In order to maximize the benefits of using a Hot Standby, replicas should not be co-located on the same processor. For this purpose, we propose a task allocation algorithm for Hot Standby replicas called R-BFD (Reliable Best-Fit Decreasing) that uses 37% fewer number of processors than BFD-P (Best-Fit Decreasing augmented with placement constraints). For tasks with more relaxed recovery-time constraints, however, additional optimization can be applied by using a Cold Standby that gets activated only when failures occur. Given a system reliability requirement and hence a maximum number of processor failures to tolerate, the required resource overprovisioning for Cold Standby replicas from multiple processors can be consolidated. An algorithm called R-BATCH (Reliable Bin-packing Algorithm for Tasks with Cold standby and Hot standby) reduces the required number of processors by up to 45% compared to R-BFD-based pure Hot Standby replication technique.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5578006,no
"Self-routing, reconfigurable and fault-tolerant cell array","Many examples of reconfigurable fault-tolerant hardware consist of cells that have the same hardware structure. The arithmetic or logical functions of the cells can be configured. The interconnection of the configured cells can perform a complex task. The interconnection of these cells can be configured too. When some cells are faulty, the function and routing of some cells have to be reconfigured to restore the system's normal function. Most published fault-tolerant schemes cannot automatically achieve fault tolerance without the aid of external software and hardware, or they will require a long routing time to restore normal system function. Some published fault-tolerant schemes require a massive amount of spare cells. A self-routing, reconfigurable and fault-tolerant cell array is presented. When some cells are faulty, spare cells can automatically replace the faulty cells and rerouting can be automatically achieved. The cell array automatically achieves fault tolerance without the aid of external software or hardware, using a small amount of spare cells. In addition, the proposed cell array achieves short routing time to quickly restore normal system function.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4492950,no
Fault Tolerance and Scaling in e-Science Cloud Applications: Observations from the Continuing Development of MODISAzure,"It can be natural to believe that many of the traditional issues of scale have been eliminated or at least greatly reduced via cloud computing. That is, if one can create a seemingly well functioning cloud application that operates correctly on small or moderate-sized problems, then the very nature of cloud programming abstractions means that the same application will run as well on potentially significantly larger problems. In this paper, we present our experiences taking MODISAzure, our satellite data processing system built on the Windows Azure cloud computing platform, from the proof-of-concept stage to a point of being able to run on significantly larger problem sizes (e.g., from national-scale data sizes to global-scale data sizes). To our knowledge, this is the longest-running eScience application on the nascent Windows Azure platform. We found that while many infrastructure-level issues were thankfully masked from us by the cloud infrastructure, it was valuable to design additional redundancy and fault-tolerance capabilities such as transparent idempotent task retry and logging to support debugging of user code encountering unanticipated data issues. Further, we found that using a commercial cloud means anticipating inconsistent performance and black-box behavior of virtualized compute instances, as well as leveraging changing platform capabilities over time. We believe that the experiences presented in this paper can help future eScience cloud application developers on Windows Azure and other commercial cloud providers.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5693924,no
"Correction Technique for Cascade Gammas in I-124 Imaging on a Fully-3D, Time-of-Flight PET Scanner","It has been shown that I-124 PET imaging can be used for accurate dose estimation in radio-immunotherapy techniques. However, I-124 is not a pure positron emitter, leading to two types of coincidence events not typically encountered: increased random coincidences due to non-annihilation cascade photons, and true coincidences between an annihilation photon and primarily a coincident 602 keV cascade gamma (true coincidence gamma-ray background). The increased random coincidences are accurately estimated by the delayed window technique. Here we evaluate the radial and time distributions of the true coincidence gamma-ray background in order to correct and accurately estimate lesion uptake for I-124 imaging in a time-of-flight (TOF) PET scanner. We performed measurements using a line source of activity placed in air and a water-filled cylinder, using F-18 and I-124 radio-isotopes. Our results show that the true coincidence gamma-ray backgrounds in I-124 have a uniform radial distribution, while the time distribution is similar to the scattered annihilation coincidences. As a result, we implemented a TOF-extended single scatter simulation algorithm with a uniform radial offset in the tail-fitting procedure for accurate correction of TOF data in I-124 imaging. Imaging results show that the contrast recovery for large spheres in a uniform activity background is similar in F-18 and I-124 imaging. There is some degradation in contrast recovery for small spheres in I-124, which is explained by the increased positron range, and reduced spatial resolution, of I-124 compared to F-18. Our results show that it is possible to perform accurate TOF based corrections for I-124 imaging.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5076097,no
Analysis on fault voltage and secondary arc current of single phase refusing-shut of the 500kV extra high voltage transmission line,"It is common knowledge that 500 kV extra high voltage and long distant transmission line join a shunt reactor and a neutral grounding via small reactor; This paper analysis systematically an possible condition of the frequency-regulating resonance over-voltage on single phase cut fault to refusing-shut of the 500 kV extra high voltage transmission line which join a shunt reactor, the system compose an complex series resonance circuits, and present a rational mode of reactive compensation. This paper also build rational mathematic mode on systemic parameter of 500 kV ci-yong transmission line, and resolute detailedly its power frequency component, low frequency component and its DC component of single phase cut fault voltage and secondary arc current by the mean of Laplacian transformation ruling formula. All the this is to offer an farther analysis on switching over-voltage and secondary arc current interrupter of long distant transmission line. In the end, this system also implemented using MATLAB software, compute the transient process on single phase cut fault voltage and secondary arc current.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5406902,no
Design of fault simulation training system for a certain tank,"It is necessary to carry out simulation driving training before forces trainees conduct real vehicle driving training for tanks, which can save training funds and raise the level of military modernization. A fault simulation training system for a certain tank is designed and its hardware and software platform is introduced. The dynamics model of tank in linear motion is derived. The simulation shows that the system has good interaction between the trainees on the tank driving platform and the instructors on the ground master platform. The functions of driving simulation and fault exclusion have been realized initially.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5572189,no
Aliasing Error Reduction Based Fast VBSME Algorithm,"Mathematical analysis reveals that high frequency signal components are the main issues that make MRF algorithm essential. Moreover, the aliasing problem of subsampling algorithm also comes from high frequency signal components. So based on these mathematical investigations, two fast VBSME algorithms are proposed in this paper, namely roberts cross edge detector based subsampling method and motion vector based MRF early termination algorithm. Experiments show that strong correlation exists among the motion vectors of those blocks belonging to the same macroblock. Through exploiting this feature, a dynamically adjustment of the search ranges of integer motion estimation is proposed in this paper. Combing our proposed algorithms with UMHS almost saves 96%-98% Integer Motion Estimation (IME) time compared to the exhaustive search algorithm the induced coding quality loss is less than 0.8% bitrate increase or 0.04 db PSNR decline on average.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4566450,no
Utilizing MATLAB on Multicore Processors for WiMAX Error Rate Simulation,"MATLAB is a very useful tool when it comes to simulating the bit error rate (BER) of a WiMAX 802.16e system. However, despite its flexibility, the time taken for a simulation to be completed is rather significant. This is due to the time cumulated to simulate a sufficient number of frames to get an accurate result. Multiple simulations with varying parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are also required to reflect the dynamic real world channel conditions which consequently contribute into a lengthy computation time. To overcome this, we present a solution utilizing the parallel computing capability of MATLAB in which the simulation is divided into multiple parallel instances running in multiple processing cores. This results into a noticeable decrease in simulation time proportionate to the number of processing cores used while maintaining a decent accuracy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5701886,no
"Megaphone: Fault Tolerant, Scalable, and Trustworthy P2P Microblogging","Micro-blogging, or the posting of weblogs entries that have a small number of characters (160 characters or less), has recently become more mainstream. Services that implement micro-blogging such as Twitter are usually based on the client- server model. This limits their scalability and fault tolerance. In this paper, we present a new secure microblogging system that is based on a peer-to-peer network. The network is arranged based on user certificates and is scalable, does not have a single point of failure, and does not depend on a single vendor's proprietary service. The paper outlines the protocol specifics and provides implementation details for a secure, scaleable microblogging system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5476495,no
Analysis of multi-wavelength photonic crystal single-defect laser arrays,"Microcavities based upon 2-D photonic crystals (PhCs) can provide very high quality factors (Q) and strong confinement of light in small regions. This brings a significant enhancement in the spontaneous emission rate of the cavity mode, which then increases the spontaneous coupling factor and consequently allows the fabrication of low threshold lasers. However one of the main limitations is that single-defect cavities only produce very low output power, generally in the range of a few nWs and generally emit light at a single wavelength. One way to overcome this problem is to employ photonic crystal nanocavity laser arrays. A uniform array of single-defect cavities can produce multiple resonant peaks but with non-uniform spacing in wavelength spectrum and different peaks have significantly different Q factors. This paper demonstrates that square lattice single-defect cavity arrays based on pseudonoise (PN) sequences can provide multiwavelength spectrum with nearly uniform channel spacing and similar Q factors for different modes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5698980,no
Towards noise and error reduction on foundry data gathering processes,"Microshrinkages are known as probably the most difficult defects to avoid in high-precision foundry. The presence of this failure renders the casting invalid, with the subsequent cost increment. Modelling the foundry process as an expert knowledge cloud allows properly-trained machine learning algorithms to foresee the value of a certain variable, in this case, the probability that a microshrinkage appears within a casting. Our previous research presented outstanding results with a machine-learning-based approach. Still, the data gathering phase for the training of these algorithms is performed in a manual way. Thereby, this learning process is subject to an accuracy reduction due to the noise introduced in such archaic data collection method. In this paper, we address the use of Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) in order to reduce the number of ambiguities and noise in the dataset. Further, we have tested this approach comparing the results without this preprocessing step in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5637901,no
Does Hardware Configuration and Processor Load Impact Software Fault Observability?,"Intermittent failures and nondeterministic behavior complicate and compromise the effectiveness of software testing and debugging. To increase the observability of software faults, we explore the effect hardware configurations and processor load have on intermittent failures and the nondeterministic behavior of software systems. We conducted a case study on Mozilla Firefox with a selected set of reported field failures. We replicated the conditions that caused the reported failures ten times on each of nine hardware configurations by varying processor speed, memory, hard drive capacity, and processor load. Using several observability tools, we found that hardware configurations that had less processor speed and memory observed more failures than others. Our results also show that by manipulating processor load, we can influence the observability of some faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5477074,no
Fault Modeling and Detection Capabilities for EFSM Models,"Inherent timing variables and constraints in communication protocols require new extended finite-state machine (EFSM) models to formally represent their behavior, particularly for test generation purposes. However, infeasible paths due to the conflicts among the timing condition and action variables in the timed EFSM models with the activation and expiration of concurrent timers complicate the test generation process. In a test measurement laboratory, such timers, if not properly taken into account by formal methods at the test generation step, can generate false results by failing correct implementations or, worse, passing faulty implementations. This paper analyzes the fault detection capability of the timed EFSM models introduced in our earlier work in the presence of multiple timing faults. It is proven that, for a class of timing faults, test sequences generated from our models can detect multiple occurrences of pairwise combinations of such faults. A simplified version of the session initiation protocol (SIP) registration process, which is widely used by voice over IP (VoIP) telephones, has been used as a working example throughout this paper.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4447689,no
Segment based X-Filling for low power and high defect coverage,"Many X-Filling strategies are proposed to reduce test power during scan based testing. Because their main motivation is to reduce the switching activities of test patterns in the test process, some of them are prone to reduce the test ability of test patterns, which may lead to low defect coverage. In this paper, we propose a segment based X-filling(SBF) technique to reduce test power using multiple scan chains, with minimal impact on defect coverage. Different from the previous filling methods, our X-filling technique is segment based and defect coverage aware. The method can be easily incorporated into traditional ATPG flow to keep capture power below a certain limit and keep the defect coverage at a high level.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5158159,no
Neuro-inspired system for real-time vision sensor tilt correction,"Neuromorphic engineering tries to mimic biological information processing. Address-Event-Representation (AER) is an asynchronous protocol for transferring the information of spiking neuro-inspired systems. Currently AER systems are able sense visual and auditory stimulus, to process information, to learn, to control robots, etc. In this paper we present an AER based layer able to correct in real time the tilt of an AER vision sensor, using a high speed algorithmic mapping layer. A co-design platform (the AER-Robot platform), with a Xilinx Spartan 3 FPGA and an 8051 USB microcontroller, has been used to implement the system. Testing it with the help of the USBAERmini2 board and the jAER software.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5537271,no
A General Framework for Symbol Error Probability Analysis of Wireless Systems and Its Application in Amplify-and-Forward Multihop Relaying,"New exact single-integral expressions for the evaluation of the average error probability of a wireless communication system are derived for a variety of modulation schemes in terms of the moment-generating function (MGF) of the reciprocal of the instantaneous received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The expressions obtained form a framework for performance evaluation of wireless communication systems for which the well-known MGF-based performance analysis method cannot be used, that is, systems for which the MGF of the instantaneous received SNR is not known or cannot be derived in closed-form. Using the framework obtained, the error probability performance in general fading of an amplify-and-forward (AF) multihop relaying system with both variable-gain and fixed-gain relays is then evaluated. In particular, a new expression for the MGF of the reciprocal of the instantaneous received SNR of an AF multihop system with fixed-gain relays is derived. Numerical examples show precise agreement between simulation results and theoretical results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5345745,no
"New methodologies for eliminating No Trouble Found, No Fault Found and other non repeatable failures in depot settings","New methodologies for eliminating No Trouble Found (NTF), No Fault Found (NFF) and other non repeatable failures in depot (or other) repair settings. Trying to find NTFs or NFFs has been as elusive as catching a leprechaun (and with the price of gold these days, who wouldn't want to catch a leprechaun and capture his pot of gold!). In fact, in some instances getting to the root cause has become the largest area of investment for a test strategy. In this paper we explore the fundamentals of NTFs and NFFs and show developments in several areas that will allow depots to dramatically reduce these types of errors (results) with innovative solutions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4662636,no
No fault found events during the operational life of military aircraft items,"No fault found (NFF) events are critical and well-known problems for certain aircraft items. This paper presents a study of these events for repairable items with on-condition maintenance, based on operational data from a military aircraft. Some findings are that: the number of NFF events is influenced by item type and number of repairs; most NFF events are initiated by faults recognized during operation; and different inspections contribute to NFF events. Hence, item design and tests at different operational modes and maintenance echelons should be better aligned to reduce the number of NFF events.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5269968,no
An Evaluation of the Use of Atmospheric and BRDF Correction to Standardize Landsat Data,"Normalizing for atmospheric and land surface bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effects is essential in satellite data processing. It is important both for a single scene when the combination of land covers, sun, and view angles create anisotropy and for multiple scenes in which the sun angle changes. As a consequence, it is important for inter-sensor calibration and comparison. Procedures based on physics-based models have been applied successfully with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. For Landsat and other higher resolution data, similar options exist. However, the estimation of BRDF models using internal fitting is not available due to the smaller variation of view and solar angles and infrequent revisits. In this paper, we explore the potential for developing operational procedures to correct Landsat data using coupled physics-based atmospheric and BRDF models. The process was realized using BRDF shape functions derived from MODIS with the MODTRAN 4 radiative transfer model. The atmospheric and BRDF correction algorithm was tested for reflectance factor estimation using Landsat data for two sites with different land covers in Australia. The Landsat reflectance values had a good agreement with ground based spectroradiometer measurements. In addition, overlapping images from adjacent paths in Queensland, Australia, were also used to validate the BRDF correction. The results clearly show that the algorithm can remove most of the BRDF effect without empirical adjustment. The comparison between normalized Landsat and MODIS reflectance factor also shows a good relationship, indicating that cross calibration between the two sensors is achievable.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5422912,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>Comprehensive Evaluation of Certain Power Vehicle Fault Based on Rough Sets,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>With the advent of intelligence, people put forward higher request to the fault diagnosis of weapon. As the base of certain weapon system, the power vehicle can work well or not is directly relate to the tasks of the battle and training can complete smoothly or not. Firstly, the paper introduces the fundamental conception of Rough Sets and gives the method of ascertaining the evaluation value and the weights. Secondly, based on the operation characteristics of certain power vehicle, the paper analyses and creates an index system of the power vehicle, then RS is used to impersonally distribute weights. Finally, the comprehensive evaluation model based RS is given out, and the fault sequence and evaluating grade are educed. The computing results show this practical model is very significant to the weapon maintenance and offers a reference for the evaluation of civil equipment fault.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5231374,no
A novel diagnostic method for single power switch open-circuit faults in voltage-fed PWM motor drives,"Nowadays, variable speed AC drives have become a standard in many industrial applications. Hence, due to the widespread adoption of advanced power control devices, fault diagnosis of power converters, in particular the voltage source inverter in variable speed AC drives, is becoming more and more important. Although there are different fault types that may occur in these converters, in this paper, only single power switch open-circuit failures are considered in a vector controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor drive. A new real-time algorithm that allows the detection and localization of the faulty device using just the motor phase currents is proposed. Several results under different operating conditions are presented, proving the method effectiveness, low detection time and robustness against false alarms.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5545024,no
Scan-based ATPG diagnostic and optical techniques combination: A new approach to improve accuracy of defect isolation in functional logic failure,"Nowadays, with the increasing complexity of new VLSI circuits, laser stimulation or emission techniques and scan-based ATPG diagnostic reach their limits in functional logic failure. To overcome these limitations, a new methodology has been established. This methodology, presented in this paper, combines the advantages of both approaches in order to improve accuracy of fault isolation and defect localization.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4588145,no
Defect association and complexity prediction by mining association and clustering rules,"Number of defects remaining in a system provides an insight into the quality of the system. Software defect prediction focuses on classifying the modules of a system into fault prone and non-fault prone modules. This paper focuses on predicting the fault prone modules as well as identifying the types of defects that occur in the fault prone modules. Software defect prediction is combined with association rule mining to determine the associations that occur among the detected defects and the effort required for isolating and correcting these defects. Clustering rules are used to classify the defects into groups indicating their complexity: SIMPLE, MODERATE and COMPLEX. Moreover the defects are used to predict the effect on the project schedules and the nature of risk concerning the completion of such projects.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5485608,no
NURBS interpolator with confined chord error and tangential and centripetal acceleration control,"NURBS interpolation is highly requested in CNC systems because it allows high speed and high accuracy machining. In this work, an algorithm for NURBS interpolation capable of limiting chord error, centripetal acceleration and tangential acceleration is proposed. The algorithm is composed of two stages that may be executed simultaneously. In the first stage, the algorithm breaks down the curve into segments and, for each segment, calculates the feedrate limit that allows to respect both chord error tolerance and maximum centripetal acceleration limit. The second stage is a speed-controlled interpolator with a tangential acceleration limited feedrate profile generated using information provided by first stage. Software simulations are performed to verify the fulfillment of constraints and performance is compared to those of speed-controlled interpolator and variable feedrate interpolator.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676592,no
Study of Unequal Error Protection Method Based on JPEG2000 for Surveying&Mapping Image,"On aviation mapping, compression image maybe not decode because of wireless transmission interference. UEP (unequal error protection) scheme is put forward about layer and block structure of JPEG2000 image compression method, and realizes three degrees UEP of data block, data header, image data via various degrees correction-coding under the condition of obstruct, naked and shade. BCH, RS and Hamming coding are simulated, and image decoding success rate and imagepsilas quality are analyzed according to different coding and ROI (region of interest) in the Gaussian white noise model and Rayleigh fading model. Results shows that the method we putted forward roughly improves decoding success rate, at the same time, almost not increasing bandwidth; flexibly enhances local reconfigurable imagepsilas quality which is in favor of identifier in the region of interest.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722207,no
Research for digital circuit fault testing and diagnosis techniques,"On basis of scientific research projects recently fulfilled by the author, and through detailed analysis for more than 30 LASAR circuit simulation result documentations, this paper makes a detailed description of fault diagnosis software development process, which provides design basis for relevant development of circuit fault simulation software. The assay stipulates data domain testing technology and its approaches; on basis of testing system comprehensive description, realizing process of fault diagnosis software is states accordingly. In the research, LASAR (logic automatic stimulate and response) circuit simulation results fault dictionary and VXI bus technology are adopted, and Lab Windows/CVI for dummy instrument software development environment are used as the platform for fault diagnosis software development.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5412926,no
Fault evaluation of certain power vehicle based on fuzzy comprehensive assessment,"On the basis of analyzing and creating the index system of the fault evaluation of certain new weapon system power vehicles, Delphi was used to distribute weight vectors, and fuzzy comprehensive assessment model was given out. A sample shows that the model is practical, as well as the model can be used in various weapon systems and the relevant software can be developed by the professionals. It offers a referrence for the evaluation of other weapon fault and it is strategic for the army to win the advantage of the opportunity.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4597376,no
Simulation techniques for fault diagnosis of digital circuits based on LASAR,"On the basis of scientific research projects recently completed by the author, and through analysis for contents of fault test, this paper makes a detailed description of methods for fault test, which provides fault dictionary method, coding method and comparison method. The assay mainly stipulates fault simulation analysis based on LASAR (Logic Automatic Stimulate and Response), and gives four major steps of the development for fault simulation software including modeling of tested unit, simulation of a normal board, fault simulation and post-treatment, and realizes 96.59% of fault coverage rate of excitations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5545152,no
Dynamic on-body channel and its ARQ error control,"On-body communication channels are of increasing interest as more and more wireless devices are wearable in medical, military and personal communication applications. Based on our previous study, this paper investigates reasons for time-varying fading of on-body channel and its ARQ error control. We used commercial software POSER7 to generate distance and direction mismatch between on-body antennas during actions and analyzed dynamic path loss based on a measured on-body antenna radiation pattern. The middle and long term fading are attributed to intended movements which can be controlled, and the dominant short term fading is attributed to the mismatch of antenna direction resulting from unintentional movements which cannot be controlled. Backoff strategy for ARQ retransmission to over the dynamic on-body fading is then analyzed on considering QoS criteria and power consumption criteria.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5285233,no
McC++/Java: Enabling Multi-core Based Monitoring and Fault Tolerance in C++/Java,"Monitoring and fault tolerance are important approaches to give high confidence that long-running online software systems run correctly. But these approaches will certainly cause high overhead cost, i.e. the loss of efficiency. Multi-core platforms can make such cost acceptable because of the advantage of the parallel performance. For allowing ordinary software developers without any knowledge of multi-core platforms to handle such programming tasks more efficiently, we propose an approach to enable multi-core based monitoring and fault tolerance in C++/Java.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5628604,no
Addressing the Corrections Crisis with Software Technology,"More than 2.3 million people currently live in US prisons or jails, 25 percent of the world's total inmate population, a comparatively much higher rate than in other Western countries. Denmark only incarcerates 66 of every 100,000 citizens, compared to 760 in the US (www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/rel/icps/worldbrief/world_brief.html). This situation results from tough sentencing policies that focus on drug use and habitual offenders. Over three decades, these policies contributed to high incarceration rates. While most states have stopped enforcing these policies, the legacy remains, with high recidivism rates perpetuating the cycle. This situation has resulted in rampant overcrowding, with facilities operating at levels above design capacity and inmates frequently housed on bunks in recreational areas. Faced with rising costs and rampant overcrowding, correctional facilities are turning to software technologies for help.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5410718,no
Rapid: Identifying Bug Signatures to Support Debugging Activities,"Most existing fault-localization techniques focus on identifying and reporting single statements that may contain a fault. Even in cases where a fault involves a single statement, it is generally hard to understand the fault by looking at that statement in isolation. Faults typically manifest themselves in a specific context, and knowing that context is necessary to diagnose and correct the fault. In this paper, we present a novel fault-localization technique that identifies sequences of statements that lead to a failure. The technique works by analyzing partial execution traces corresponding to failing executions and identifying common segments in these traces, incrementally. Our approach provides developers a context that is likely to result in a more directed approach to fault understanding and a lower overall cost for debugging.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4639361,no
Low cost error tolerant motion estimation for H.264/AVC standard,Motion estimation is the most important module in any video encoder from quality point of view. Although in the presence of faults the final generated bit-stream is compatible with the standard but the quality degradation and decreasing of compression ratio is considerable. In this paper a low cost error tolerant structure for motion estimation is proposed. Simulation results show that our proposed method imposes smaller area and power overhead with small effect on quality.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5742102,no
Increasing power efficiency in transmitter diversity systems under error performance constraints,"Motivated by combinatorial optimization theory, we propose an algorithmic power allocation method that minimizes the total transmitting power in transmitter diversity systems, provided that the instantaneous Bit-Error-Rate (BER) is not greater than a predetermined value. This method applies to many practical applications where the power transmitted by each antenna is constrained. We also provide closed-form expressions for the average total transmitted power for the case of two transmitting antennas operating in Rayleigh fading, and the average number of active antennas at the transmitter assuming Nakagami-m fading channels. Simulations and numerical results show that, compared to the conventional equi-power scheme, the proposed model offers a considerable reduction in the total transmitting power and the average number of active antennas, without loss in error performance.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4711166,no
MRI inter-packet movement correction for images acquired with non-complementary data,"Movement during the acquisition of magnetic resonance images can cause artifacts that interfere with subsequent image analysis. In this paper we address the problem of inter-packet motion and provide a method to minimize errors associated with this artifact. The procedure is based on an iterative packet-to-volume registration process and does not require complementary information such as multimodal acquisitions or protocols that provide redundant volume data. A Kaiser-Bessel function is used to interpolate missing data. Experiments with simulated data demonstrate that the packet-to-volume registration improves greatly after a single iteration and maintains improvement for the following iterations, while experiments with real data demonstrate a substantial reduction in associated artifacts and improvement in quality. In both cases anatomical integrity is preserved after reconstruction.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4541021,no
Enhancing Mobile Agent Applications with Security and Fault Tolerant Capabilities,"Mobile agent technology promises to be a powerful mechanism to improve the flexibility and customizability of applications with its ability to dynamically deploy application components across the network. But none of the present mobile agent prototype systems satisfy all the requirements to provide a secure and reliable architecture, suitable for any mobile agent based distributed application. This paper presents architecture for a mobile agent system to provide a reliable agent tracking mechanism from the perspective of the owner of the agent, protection for the host from a malicious agent and the agent from the malicious host when an agent migrates to different nodes with an assigned task. This framework uses various encryption mechanisms to provide the required host security and agent security.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4809150,no
Language and Tool Support for Model Checking of Fault-Tolerant Distributed Algorithms,"Model checking is a successful formal verification technique; however, its application to fault-tolerant distributed algorithms is still not common practice. One major reason for this is that model checking requires non-negligible usersA efforts in representing the algorithm to be verified in the input language of a model checker. To alleviate this problem we propose an approach which encompasses (i) a language for concisely describing fault-tolerant distributed algorithms and (ii) a translator from the proposed language to PROMELA, the input language of the SPIN model checker. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we show the results of an experiment where we described and verified several algorithms for consensus, a well-known distributed agreement problem.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725277,no
Finding liveness errors with ACO,"Model checking is a well-known and fully automatic technique for checking software properties, usually given as temporal logic formulae on the program variables. Most of model checkers found in the literature use exact deterministic algorithms to check the properties. These algorithms usually require huge amounts of memory if the checked model is large. We propose here the use of an algorithm based on ACOhg, a new kind of ant colony optimization model, to search for liveness property violations in concurrent systems. This algorithm has been previously applied to the search for safety errors with very good results and we apply it here for the first time to liveness errors. The results state that our algorithmic proposal, called ACOhg-live, is able to obtain very short error trails in faulty concurrent systems using a low amount of resources, outperforming by far the results of nested-DFS, the traditional algorithm used for this task in the model checking community and implemented in most of the explicit state model checkers. This fact makes ACOhg-live a very suitable algorithm for finding liveness errors in large faulty concurrent systems, in which traditional techniques fail because of the model size.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4631202,no
Insights on Fault Interference for Programs with Multiple Bugs,"Multiple faults in a program may interact with each other in a variety of ways. A test case that fails due to a fault may not fail when another fault is added, because the second fault may mask the failure-causing effect of the first fault. Multiple faults may also collectively cause failure on a test case that does not fail due to any single fault alone. Many studies try to perform fault localization on multi-fault programs and several of them seek to match a failed test to its causative fault. It is therefore, important to better understand the interference between faults in a multi-fault program, as an improper assumption about test case failure may lead to an incorrect matching of failed test to fault, which may in turn result in poor fault localization. This paper investigates such interference and examines if one form of interference holds more often than another, and uniformly across all conditions. Empirical studies on the Siemens suite suggest that no one form of interference holds unconditionally and that observation of failure masking is a more frequent event than observation of a new test case failure.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5362110,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>Mining Top-k Fault Tolerant Association Rules by Redundant Pattern Disambiguation in Data Streams,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>The real-world data may be usually polluted by uncontrolled factors or contained with noisy. Fault-tolerant frequent pattern can overcome this problem. It may express more generalized information than frequent pattern which is absolutely matched. The present research is integrated with previous research into an integrity new method, called Top-NFTDS, to discover fault-tolerant association rules over stream. It can discover top-k true fault-tolerant rules without minimum support threshold and minimum confidence threshold specified by user. We extend the negative itemsets to fault-tolerant space and disambiguate redundant patterns by this algorithm. Experiment results show that the developed algorithm is an efficient method for mining top-k fault-tolerant association rules in data streams.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5566052,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>The numerical experiment study of relationships between mining subsidence and fall of fault,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>Tectonic stress and fault are main geological factors that influence the coal mining subsidence characteristics. In order to understand the control effect of different scale fault on mining subsidence characteristics, and improving prediction accuracy, in this paper, using FLAC<sup>3D</sup>, coupling model of compressive tectonic stress and small scale concealed adverse fault is established, the relation of fault fall and surface subsidence is studied by simulative mining. The experimental results show that, after coal-seam being mined, the scope of compressive stress would increase with the development of the fault fall in the coal wall of open-off cut, when the area of extensive stress increase near the strata of fault pinch-out place. The subsidence gap of upper and lower wall would increase with the development of fault fall, when in the strata near fault pinch-out place, the gap decreases. There is a positive correlation between the maximum subsidence and the fault fall bearing in coal and overlying strata.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5622347,no
Comparison of MV-grid structures on fault ride through behavior of MV-connected DG-units,Nowadays the amount of distributed generation units is increasing rapidly. At this moment in the Netherland small combined heat and power (CHP) plants are most dominant. All CHP-plants are equipped with under-voltage protections which switch-off the CHP-plants at a dip of 0.8 p.u. with a duration of 100200 ms. In this paper the voltage dip propagation of two existing distribution grid structures are compared. With the aid of simulations per grid structure it is determined what amount of CHP-plants disconnects during a voltage dip because of these settings.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5255528,no
Effects of STATCOM on wind turbines equipped with DFIGs during grid faults,"Nowadays, the power system is facing new challenges in increasing renewable energy sources' penetration. One of these problems is voltage stability in wind farms equipped with doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) during grid faults. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices can be used for this problem. This paper, investigates the Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) application to achieve uninterrupted operation of wind turbine equipped with DFIG during grid faults. The simulation has been done in PSCAD/EMTDC framework.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5673205,no
Region-of-Interest intra prediction for H.264/AVC error resilience,"Packets in a video bitstream contain data with different levels of importance that yield unequal amounts of quality distortion when lost. In order to avoid sharp quality degradation due to packet loss, we propose in this paper an error resilience method that is applied to the region of interest (RoI) of the picture. This method protects the RoI while not yielding significant overhead. We perform an eye tracking test to determine the RoIs of a video sequence and we assess the performance of the proposed model in error-prone environments by means of a subjective quality test. Loss simulation results show that stopping the temporal error propagation in the RoIs of the pictures helps preserving an acceptable visual quality in the presence of packet loss.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5414458,no
PageChaser: A Tool for the Automatic Correction of Broken Web Links,"PageChaser is a system that monitors links between Web pages and searches for the new locations of moved Web pages when it finds broken links. The problem of searching for moved pages is different from typical information retrieval problems. First, it is impossible to identify the final destination until the page is actually moved, so the index-server approach is not necessarily effective. Secondly, there is a large bias about where the new address is likely to be and crawler-based solutions can be effectively implemented, avoiding the need to search the entire Web. PageChaser incorporates a comprehensive set of heuristics, some of which are novel, in a single unified framework. This paper explains the underlying ideas behind the design and development of PageChaser.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4497598,no
Parfait - A Scalable Bug Checker for C Code,"Parfait is a bug checker of C code that has been designed to address developers' requirements of scalability (support millions of lines of code in a reasonable amount of time), precision (report few false positives) and reporting of bugs that may be exploitable from a security vulnerability point of view. For large code bases, performance is at stake if the bug checking tool is to be integrated into the software development process, and so is precision, as each false alarm (i.e., false positive) costs developer time to track down. Further, false negatives give a false sense of security to developers and testers, as it is not obvious or clear what other bugs were not reported by the tool. A common criticism of existing bug checking tools is the lack of reported metrics on the use of the tool. To a developer it is unclear how accurate the tool is, how many bugs it does not find, how many bugs get reported that are not actual bugs, whether the tool understands when a bug has been fixed, and what the performance is for the reported bugs. In this tool demonstration we show how Parfait fairs in the area of buffer overflow checking against the various requirements of scalability and precision.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4637559,no
Correction of motion-induced artifacts in clinical cardiac SPECT studies using a stereo-motion-tracking system,"Patient body motion is inevitable in cardiac SPECT due to the lengthy interval of time patients are imaged (23 min with transmission scan) and even respiratory patterns can change over that period. The use of external tracking devices provides additional information which is expected to result in a more robust correction than using just the emission data. We have been investigating the use of stereo-motion-tracking of retro-reflective markers on stretchy bands wrapped about the chest and abdomen of patients to provide 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) tracking of the patient during cardiac SPECT. Recently we have introduced a visual-tracking-system (VTS) which utilizes 5 near-infrared (NIR) cameras to track markers from both ends of the clinic. This system is robust enough to compensate for multiple cameras being blocked from viewing all the markers due to the patient anatomy or viewing geometry restrictions imposed by the SPECT system. Initial studies have shown that the temporal and spatial accuracy of this motion-tracking system are well within the precision needed to correct for motion artifacts that can occur during cardiac SPECT. Clinical trials have been initiated for list-mode cardiac SPECT studies using bands of markers on the chest and abdomen, and so far we have been able to consistently track the markers. We have begun volunteer studies with IRB approval and informed consent where patients were asked to stay for a second cardiac-rest study with no additional radioactivity. Patients were asked to perform specific movements and we were able to correct for the rigid-body motion during SPECT reconstruction with our software as well as the standard clinical tool for comparison.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4774239,no
On power and fault-tolerance optimization in FPGA physical synthesis,"Power and fault tolerance are deemed to be two orthogonal optimization objectives in FPGA synthesis, with independent attempts to develop algorithms and CAD tools to optimize each objective. In this paper, we study the relationship between these two optimizations and show empirically that there are strong ties between them. Specifically, we analyze the power and reliability optimization problems in FPGA physical synthesis (i.e., packing, placement, and routing), and show that the intrinsic structures of these two problems are very similar. Supported by the post routing results with detailed power and reliability analysis for a wide selection of benchmark circuits, we show that with minimal changes - fewer than one hundred lines of C code - an existing power-aware physical synthesis tool can be used to minimize the fault rate of a circuit under SEU faults. As a by-product of this study, we also show that one can improve the mean-time-to-failure by 100% with negligible area and delay overhead by performing fault-tolerant physical synthesis for FPGAs. The results from this study show a great potential to develop CAD systems co-optimized for power and fault-tolerance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5654149,no
Faults and defects in power transformers - a case study,"Power transformers play a fundamental role in electrical power systems, in addition to representing significant investments involved in the implementation of these systems. To reduce the costs associated with a transformer's life cycle and to guarantee its reliability and durability, it is essential to monitor its operating conditions, its insulation system, and the working conditions of its accessories and other components. Therefore, the aim of this work is to study the faults and defects that occurred in 34.5 kV, 69 kV, 138 kV, and 230 kV oil-immersed power transformers of the electrical system and the insulation system of CELG, a major electric energy concessionaire in the state of Goias, Brazil. The results of this study, i.e., the efficacy of the predictive technique for maintenance over the last 28 years (from 1979 to 2007), the characterization of faults and defects during this period, and the presentation of proposals for improvements in the predictive technique, aimed at reducing the number of stoppages in the electric power supply system, are expected to contribute to the body of knowledge in this field.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5166333,no
Practical Criteria for the Separability of Eddy-Current Testing Signals on Multiple Defects,"Practical quantities have been introduced by the authors to characterize the interaction among multiple defects located in a specimen under eddy-current testing (ECT). If these quantities indicate that the interaction between the pairs of defects is negligible, the signal of an ECT probe for multiple defects can be calculated as the superposition of those signals, which are obtained for each defect as if it would be a single one. Conversely, if the criteria holds, the measured ECT signal can be decomposed into signals associated with the individual defects, which essentially simplifies the solution of the inverse problem of defect reconstruction. As an application of the criteria, the design of a novel barcoding system is presented, which is developed for marking metallic parts by laser treating, and where the applicability of linear signal processing methods for the reading out of the barcode is a requirement.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526878,no
Toward the detection of interpretation effects and playing defects,"Precise automatic music transcription requires accurate modeling and identification of the spectral content of the audio signal. But music can not be reduced to a succession of notes, and an accurate transcriptor should be able to detect other performance characteristics, such as slow tempo variations or, depending on the instrument detecting some interpretation effects. In a pedagogic way a student could want to improve his level and a good challenge will be to estimate the quality of play of musician. In this paper we present some of the most common playing defects and interpretation effects and we propose a way for detecting them.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5201195,no
Towards Identifying the Best Variables for Failure Prediction Using Injection of Realistic Software Faults,"Predicting failures at runtime is one of the most promising techniques to increase the availability of computer systems. However, failure prediction algorithms are still far from providing satisfactory results. In particular, the identification of the variables that show symptoms of incoming failures is a difficult problem. In this paper we propose an approach for identifying the most adequate variables for failure prediction. Realistic software faults are injected to accelerate the occurrence of system failures and thus generate a large amount of failure related data that is used to select, among hundreds of system variables, a small set that exhibits a clear correlation with failures. The proposed approach was experimentally evaluated using two configurations based on Windows XP. Results show that the proposed approach is quite effective and easy to use and that the injection of software faults is a powerful tool for improving the state of the art on failure prediction.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5703221,no
The Back Propagation Neural Network Model of Non-Periodic Defected Ground Structure,"Presently, electromagnetic field numerical value analysis methods such as finite difference time-domain (FDTD) method are generally used to calculate the DGS, although these methods are accurate, they are also computationally expensive. In this paper, a neural network model of a novel defected ground structure is established. Since the neural network model has the advantages of great precision and effectiveness, the developed design model can be used to take the place of the FDTD method of the DGS, being a kind of aid tool of circuit design. The neural network models of two different non-periodic DGS have been developed, at the same time the circuit of the according DGS is designed and manufactured. The result of computer simulation and product measurements are obtained to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4534548,no
HVAC Fault Diagnosis System Using Rough Set Theory and Support Vector Machine,"Preventive maintenance plays a very important role in the modern Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems for guaranteeing the thermal comfort, energy saving and reliability. The fault diagnosis on HVAC system is a difficult problem due to the complex structure of the HVAC and the presence of multi-excite sources. As the HVAC system fault information has inaccurate and uncertainty characteristic, A new kind of fault diagnosis system based on Rough Set Theory (RST) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) is presented in this paper. The hybrid model is integrated the advantages of RST effectively dealing with the uncertainty information and SVMpsilas greater generalization performance. The HVAC diagnosis experiment demonstrated that the solution can reduce the cost and raise the efficiency of diagnosis, and verified the feasibility of engineering application. As a result, the presented hybrid fault diagnosis method can help to maintain the health of the HVAC systems, reduce energy consumption and maintenance cost.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4772078,no
Improving the Precision of Dependence-Based Defect Mining by Supervised Learning of Rule and Violation Graphs,"Previous work has shown that application of graph mining techniques to system dependence graphs improves the precision of automatic defect discovery by revealing subgraphs corresponding to implicit programming rules and to rule violations. However, developers must still confirm, edit, or discard reported rules and violations, which is both costly and error-prone. In order to reduce developer effort and further improve precision, we investigate the use of supervised learning models for classifying and ranking rule and violation subgraphs. In particular, we present and evaluate logistic regression models for rules and violations, respectively, which are based on general dependence-graph features. Our empirical results indicate that (i) use of these models can significantly improve the precision and recall of defect discovery, and (ii) our approach is superior to existing heuristic approaches to rule and violation ranking and to an existing static-warning classifier, and (iii) accurate models can be learned using only a few labeled examples.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635105,no
Proactive Fault Tolerance Using Preemptive Migration,"Proactive fault tolerance (FT) in high-performance computing is a concept that prevents compute node failures from impacting running parallel applications by preemptively migrating application parts away from nodes that are about to fail. This paper provides a foundation for proactive FT by defining its architecture and classifying implementation options. This paper further relates prior work to the presented architecture and classification, and discusses the challenges ahead for needed supporting technologies.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4912941,no
Sensor placement and fault detection using an efficient fuzzy feature selection approach,"Process monitoring and fault diagnosis are of great importance for operation safety and efficiency of complex industrial plants. The present article proposes a novel methodology to address the sensor location problem for fault detection. Firstly, all the process situations are identified based on a fuzzy learning algorithm using measurements generated from the whole available set of sensors. Then, a fuzzy feature selection approach is used to select the optimal number of sensors that characterize accurately the set of process situations (abnormal and normal). This method optimizes the performance of the learning algorithm within a membership margin framework, and thereby, it is capable to address correlation and redundancy issues. A behavioral pattern of the process is constructed with the selected sensors and is used to associate new online observations to previously characterized process situations. The proposed strategy has been applied for fault diagnosis to a pharmaceutical synthesis carried out in a new intensified heat-exchanger reactor.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5717254,no
Process system fault source tracing based on Bayesian networks,"Process systems are different from discrete manufacturing systems in that they are composed of many interlocking subsystems that consist of various tightly coupled units. Hence, whenever a small unit of a subsystem functions badly, it could influence or cause the whole system to function abnormally. Under this circumstance, how to locate abnormal or failed units will be a very formidable task. By introducing Bayesian networks into the tracking of fault sources in process systems, a new method of fault source tracing is proposed, and a model is set up accordingly. To guarantee the accuracy of the modeling process, a series of rules which must be abided by are defined. And, a mapping between the Bayesian network and the units of a process system is developed. Furthermore, to make full use of this new Bayesian network model, its probability characteristics and the problem-solving method exploiting it are expanded and investigated in depth. Additionally, a complete reasoning for the fault source tracing based on the Bayesian network is described. Finally, an example is provided to demonstrate the modeling and reasoning processes, and thereby verifies the practicality and validity of this model in tracing abnormalities in process systems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4914672,no
A compact error model for reliable system design,Permanent and transient errors are inherently different in property and effect. This paper shows how to utilize this fact to develop a System Error Decision Diagram for reliable embedded systems. Based on this model an efficient approach for reliability evaluation is developed. The model and the reliability evaluation approach are assumed to be employed in a system-level design process to accelerate design space exploration. The proposed approach is demonstrated for a control system taken from the automotive domain.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5191574,no
Quantification of PET and CT Data Misalignment Errors in Cardiac PET/CT:Clinical and Phantom Studies,"PET/CT units with high temporal resolution (particularly with 64-slice CT capability) are increasingly used as in clinical diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular disease. Since the CT sub-system in the combined PET/CT unit is used to perform attenuation correction of acquired PET data, misalignments between patient positioning for both scans can cause artifacts in the myocardial PET images potentially resulting in false positive artifacts. The aim of this study is to evaluate the misalignment effect (induced by spurious or physiological patient motion in-between the two modalities) on regional and global uptake values in the myocardial region. In this study, we used both phantom (RSD thorax phantom) and clinical studies (two FDG and one NH<sub>3</sub> rest/stress). Manual shifts between the CT and PET images ranging from 0 to 20 mm in six different directions were applied. Thereafter, attenuation correction was applied to the emission data using the manually shifted CT images in order to model patient motion between PET and CT. The reconstructed PET images using shifted CT images for attenuation correction were compared with the PET images corrected with the hypothetically misalignment free original CT image. The criteria and figures of merit used included VOI and linear regression analysis. The analysis was performed using 500 VOIs located within the myocardial wall in each PET dataset. The VOIs were uniformly distributed across all myocardial wall regions to assess the overall influence of PET and CT misalignment. The absolute percentage relative difference increased in all simulated movements with increasing misalignments for both phantom and clinical studies (up to 30% in some regions for the 20 mm shift). In conclusion, increasing the misalignment between PET and CT studies resulted in increased changes in the tracer uptake value within the myocardium both on a regional and global basis with respect to the reference as revealed by the various figures of meri- t used. The variation was more significant for right and down movements versus left and up directions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5163269,no
Analysis of Inter-Module Error Propagation Paths in Monolithic Operating System Kernels,"Operating Systems interact directly with the hardware, so they are prone to hardware errors. This is particularly true with monolithic kernels, where all subsystems and device drivers share the same execution domain. Even in systems that support kernel modules, components still run under the same privilege level as the main kernel. Module partitioning techniques to address error propagation do exist, but they impose a performance overhead from frequent domain switches when control flows from one module to another. This paper presents a technique to extract the relationship between kernel modules and to identify potential error propagation paths between them. We also suggest a technique to group modules with respect to the function they provide, so that the number of execution domains can be minimized while still maintaining error isolation between subsystems. Additionally, we provide an evaluation of the module grouping technique in respect to performance overhead and dependability for a simple isolation environment.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5474184,no
Nonlinear weighted multiple centrality corrections interior point method for optimal power flow,"Optimal power flow (OPF) is a large scale nonlinear non-convex optimization problem. In the last decades many algorithms are developed to solve these problems and the interior point method (IPM) is a popular one. The primal-dual IPMs and their later developments have attracted much research interest. Impressed by the improvements in convergent performance of the further developed multiple centrality corrections IPM in linear programming (LP), this paper extended it to nonlinear programming and made certain modifications to make it adaptable to the nonlinear OPF. Test results on several cases ranging from 9-bus to 2746-bus system indicate the efficiency and high convergence of the proposed algorithm, which outperforms the original multiple centrality corrections IPM. Comparisons between the proposed method and other forms of interior point methods are also given to show its advantage in convergent performance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5347892,no
Performance of TC-QPSK-OFDM System with Phase Error and Perfect Compensation in Rayleigh Fading Channel,Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) combines the advantage of high achievable rates and relatively easy implementation. In this paper we present an evaluation of the combined use of the turbo codes (TC) and the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with pilot-aided data in Rayleigh fading channel with compensation the phase error and perfect compensation. The system is called TC-QPSK-OFDM. The simulation results of TC-QPSK-OFDM at three iterations are sufficient to provide good BER performance with phase error and perfect compensation. The gain factor is 7 dB compared with un-coded QPSK-OFDM with perfect compensation at BER 2*10<sup>-4</sup> and 8 dB at 3*10<sup>-4</sup> with phase error compensation. The proposed system can be used in several wireless standard such as 802-11a.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4493831,no
Design and implementation of a simulator for the analysis of bit error rates by using orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,"Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has become very popular for its advantages. The researches are till going on for the development of OFDM. In this paper we have described a new simulator that can perform the BER analysis using OFDM technology and generate respective plots for bit errors vs signal energy (Eb/No) for several modulation schemes & different noise effects in three types of channels (namely AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5441128,no
From Fireflies to Fault-Tolerant Swarms of Robots,"One of the essential benefits of swarm robotic systems is redundancy. In case one robot breaks down, another robot can take steps to repair the failed robot or take over the failed robot's task. Although fault tolerance and robustness to individual failures have often been central arguments in favor of swarm robotic systems, few studies have been dedicated to the subject. In this paper, we take inspiration from the synchronized flashing behavior observed in some species of fireflies. We derive a completely decentralized algorithm to detect non-operational robots in a swarm robotic system. Each robot flashes by lighting up its on-board light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and neighboring robots are driven to flash in synchrony. Since robots that are suffering catastrophic failures do not flash periodically, they can be detected by operational robots. We explore the performance of the proposed algorithm both on a real-world swarm robotic system and in simulation. We show that failed robots are detected correctly and in a timely manner, and we show that a system composed of robots with simulated self-repair capabilities can survive relatively high failure rates.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5166479,no
Speeding-up fault injection experiments with dynamic code injection,"One of the main advantages of the software implemented fault injection methodology is a very high level of controllability of an injected fault and high observability of its propagation. However, in practice, the time cost of controllability of the application under tests and injected faults might be very high. This relates mainly to the problem of the proper fault injection time instant identification. The paper presents a new technique based on the dynamic code injection at the test runtime called Code Cave. The injected code, executed in the context of application under tests, traps the application at the precisely defined time instant. The comparative experiments with old-fashioned implementation show the gained speed-up reducing the experiment duration up to 50%.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5553361,no
Detection and real-time correction of faulty visual feedback in atomic force microscopy based nanorobotic manipulation,"One of the main roadblocks to Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) based nanomanipulation is lack of real time visual feedback. Although the model based visual feedback can partly solve this problem, its unguaranteed reliability due to the inaccurate models in nano-environment still limits the efficiency of AFM based nanomanipulation. This paper introduce a Realtime Fault Detection and Correction (RFDC) method to improve the reliability of the visual feedback. By utilizing Kalman filter and local scan technologies, the RFDC method not only can realtime detect the fault display caused by the modeling error, but also can on-line correct it without interrupting manipulation. In this way, the visual feedback keeps consistent with the true environment changes during manipulation, which makes several operations being finished without a image scanning in between. The theoretical study and the implementation of the RFDC method are elaborated in this paper. Experiments of manipulating nano-particles have been carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4543245,no
Fault-tolerant wearable computing system architecture for self-health management,"One of the most important applications of wearable computing or smart textiles is biomedical monitoring for self-health management. In this paper Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) for smart textiles is defined. The goal is an optimized fault tolerant on-body sensor network. A novel event-driven architecture for smart textiles is proposed. A correlation between the architecture and the design features is established for optimized signal collection, fault tolerance and simplified interconnects. As part of the reliability analysis, this work proceeds to present the description of faults. Then a suitable fault model is defined supporting the defect distribution. Finally, the simulator based on Mealy machines was designed to correlate all the features defined during the course of work. In the end, the proposed architecture has shown significant improvement in terms of highest path reliability over a simplistic system with a single data collecting point.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4554327,no
Online Defects Inspection Method for Velcro Based on Image Processing,"Quality control is a crucial issue in producing velcro, and defects existing in velcro can dramatically downgrade velcro level. Manual inspection can not meet the requirements of production efficiency, so an online feasible inspection method is referred to control the surface quality of the velcro. The original algorithm for the edge detection has been improved, and the flaws are extracted according to the first-order characteristic value. And these defects are classified according to the spectrum. Finally, the experiments have indicated that the various defects can be detected by proposed algorithm accurately, and the defects inspection method has been efficient and of great significance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5473681,no
Distributed Fault Detection with Correlated Decision Fusion,"Quick and accurate fault detection is critical to the operation of modern dynamic systems. In this paper, the fault detection problem when using multiple sensors is investigated. At each time step, local sensors transmit binary data to the fusion center, where decision fusion is performed to detect the potential occurrence of a fault. Since the sensors observe a common dynamic process, their measurements, and thus the local decisions, are correlated. Under a likelihood-ratio-based local decision rule constraint, we propose efficient suboptimal system designs involving local sensor rules and fusion rule that include the correlation consideration. Two correlation models are proposed to approximate the complicated correlation between sensor measurements for general systems. Experimental results show that the designs with correlation consideration outperform the design under the independence assumption significantly when the correlation between sensor measurements is strong.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5310310,no
Evaluating the Effect of the Number of Naturally Occurring Faults on the Estimates Produced by Capture-Recapture Models,"Project managers can use the capture-recapture models to estimate the number of faults in a software artifact. The capture-recapture estimates are calculated using the number of unique faults and the number of times each fault is found. The accuracy of the estimates is affected by the number of inspectors and the number of faults. Our earlier research investigated the effect that the number of inspectors had on the accuracy of the estimates. In this paper, we investigate the effect of the number of faults on the performance of the estimates using real requirement artifacts. These artifacts have an unknown amount of naturally occurring faults. The results show that while the estimators generally underestimate, they improve as the number of faults increases. The results also show that the capture-recapture estimators can be used to make correct re-inspection decisions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4815353,no
Empirical scatter correction (esc): A new CT scatter correction method and its application to metal artifact reduction,"Scatter artifacts impair the CT image quality and the accuracy of CT values. Especially in cases with metal implants and in wide cone-angle flat detector CT scans, scatter artifact removal can be of great value. Typical scatter correction methods try to estimate scattered radiation and subtract the estimated scatter from the uncorrected data. Scatter is found either by time-consuming Monte Carlo-based simulations of the photon trajectories, or by rawdata-based modelling of the scatter content using scatter kernels, whose open parameters have to be determined very accurately and for each scanner and type of object individually, and that sometimes even require a data base of typical objects. The procedures are time-consuming and require intimate knowledge about the scanner, in particular about the spectral properties, for which a correction is designed. We propose an empirical scatter correction (ESC) algorithm which does not need lots of prior knowledge for calibration. ESC assumes that a linear combination of the uncorrected image with various ESC basis images is scatter-free. The coefficients for the linear combination are determined in image domain by maximizing a flatness criterion of the combined volume. Here, we minimized the total variation in soft tissue regions using the gradient descent method with a line search. Simulated data and several patient data sets acquired with a clinical cone-beam spiral CT scanner, where scatter was added using a Monte Carlo scatter calculation algorithm, were used to evaluate ESC. Metal implants were simulated into those data sets, too. Our preliminary results indicate that ESC has the potential to efficiently reduce scatter artifacts in general, and metal artifacts in particular. ESC is computationally inexpensive, highly flexible, and does not require know-how of the scanner properties.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5874134,no
A Taxonomy for the Analysis of Scientific Workflow Faults,"Scientific workflows generally involve the distribution of tasks to distributed resources, which may exist in different administrative domains. The use of distributed resources in this way may lead to faults, and detecting them, identifying them and subsequently correcting them remains an important research challenge. We introduce a fault taxonomy for scientific workflows that may help in conducting a systematic analysis of faults, so that the potential faults that may arise at execution time can be corrected (recovered from). The presented taxonomy is motivated by previous work [4], but has a particular focus on workflow environments (compared to previous work which focused on Grid-based resource management) and demonstrated through its use in Weka4WS.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5692507,no
Statistical Feature Selection From Massive Data in Distribution Fault Diagnosis,"Selecting proper features to identify the root cause is a critical step in distribution fault diagnosis. Power engineers usually select features based on experience. However, engineers cannot be familiar with every local system, especially in fast growing regions. With the advancing information technologies and more powerful sensors, utilities can collect much more data on their systems than before. The phenomenon will be even more substantial for the anticipating Smart Grid environments. To help power engineers select features based on the massive data collected, this paper reviews two popular feature selection methods: 1) hypothesis test, 2) stepwise regression, and introduces another two: 3) stepwise selection by Akaike's Information Criterion, and 4) LASSO/ALASSO. These four methods are compared in terms of their model requirements, data assumptions, and computational cost. With real-world datasets from Progress Energy Carolinas, this paper also evaluates these methods and compares fault diagnosis performance by accuracy, probability of detection and false alarm ratio. This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of each method for distribution fault diagnosis as well.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5405081,no
Invariant checkers: An efficient low cost technique for run-time transient errors detection,"Semiconductor technology evolution brings along higher soft error rates and long duration transients, which require new low cost system level approaches for error detection and mitigation. Known software based error detection techniques imply a high overhead in terms of memory usage and execution times. In this work, the use of software invariants as a means to detect transient errors affecting a system at run-time is proposed. The technique is based on the use of a publicly available tool to automate the invariant detection process, and the decomposition of complex algorithms into simpler ones, which are checked through the verification of their invariants during the execution of the program. A sample program is used as a case study, and fault injection campaigns are performed to verify the error detection capability of the proposed technique. The experimental results show that the proposed technique provides high error detection capability, with low execution time overhead.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5195980,no
Adaptive Sensor Fault Detection and Identification Using Particle Filter Algorithms,"Sensor fault detection and identification (FDI) is a process of detecting and validating sensor's fault status. Because FDI guarantees system reliable performance, it has received much attention recently. In this paper, we address the problem of online sensor fault identification and validation. For a physical sensor validation system, it contains transitions between sensor normal and faulty states, change of system parameters, and a fusion of noisy readings. A common dynamic state-space model with continuous state variables and observations cannot handle this problem. To circumvent this limitation, we adopt a Markov switch dynamic state-space model to simulate the system: we use discrete-state variables to model sensor states and continuous variables to track the change of the system parameters. Problems in Markov switch dynamic state-space model can be well solved by particle filters, which are popularly used in solving problems in digital communications. Among them, mixture Kalman filter (MKF) and stochastic <i>M</i>-algorithm (SMA) have very good performance, both in accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, we plan to incorporate these two algorithms into the sensor validation problem, and compare the effectiveness and complexity of MKF and SMA methods under different situations in the simulation with an existing algorithm - interactive multiple models.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4787243,no
An Aspect Oriented Approach to Analyzing Fault of Service Composition,"Service composition is an effective way to achieve value-added service, which has found wide application in software system. Fault handling is critical to achieve high reliability for these applications. However, the existing service composition methods seldom consider services' fault handling, which results in high risk of runtime failure. This paper proposes a formal aspect-oriented approach to designing and analyzing fault of service composition. The underlying formalism is Petri net and its corresponding modeling method. The fault handling process is encapsulated into aspect net and base net, and Petri net is used to model the core concerns and crosscutting concerns, the weaving mechanism systematically integrates these schemas into a complete service composition model. Based on the model, the related theories of Petri net help prove the correctness of fault handling. Finally, an Export Service and simulation results show that our method can ensure the high reliability and design quantity of service composition.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5708565,no
SOAR: An Extended Model-Based Reasoning for Diagnosing Faults in Service-Oriented Architecture,"Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a cost effective approach to building enterprise applications. SOA reveals non-conventional characteristics of heterogeneity, grid-like distribution, evolvability, and limited visibility. Hence, services management presents non-conventional challenges. Especially, fault diagnosis at runtime is challenging due to the SOA features. Model-based reasoning (MBR) is a formal approach to diagnosing faults, which is based on predicate calculus and term resolution. In this paper, we present SOAR (service-oriented abductive reasoning) which extends the basic MBR to diagnose faults in various SOA components. SOAR provides an enhanced inference capability with state-based and QoS-based reasoning in addition to the basic setting/observation-based reasoning. We propose concrete schemes to formally represent system description, normal behavior, fault model and observations, and reasoning methods to diagnose faults and to determine their causes. In addition, we present a case study of applying SOAR to show how it is applied in practice and how the diagnosis can be conducted in autonomous way.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5190756,no
An empirical study of reported bugs in server software with implications for automated bug diagnosis,"Reproducing bug symptoms is a prerequisite for performing automatic bug diagnosis. Do bugs have characteristics that ease or hinder automatic bug diagnosis? In this paper, we conduct a thorough empirical study of several key characteristics of bugs that affect reproducibility at the production site. We examine randomly selected bug reports of six server applications and consider their implications on automatic bug diagnosis tools. Our results are promising. From the study, we find that nearly 82% of bug symptoms can be reproduced deterministically by re-running with the same set of inputs at the production site. We further find that very few input requests are needed to reproduce most failures; in fact, just one input request after session establishment suffices to reproduce the failure in nearly 77% of the cases. We describe the implications of the results on reproducing software failures and designing automated diagnosis tools for production runs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062116,no
Improving Fault Injection of Soft Errors Using Program Dependencies,"Research has shown that modern micro-architectures are vulnerable to soft errors, i.e., temporary errors caused by voltage spikes produced by cosmic radiation. Soft-error impact is usually evaluated using fault injection, a black-box testing approach similar to mutation testing. In this paper, we complement an existing evaluation of a prototype brake-by-wire controller, developed by Volvo Technology, with static-analysis techniques to improve test effectiveness. The fault-injection tests are both time- and data-intensive, which renders their qualitative and quantitative assessment difficult. We devise a prototype visualization tool, which groups experiments by injection point and provides an overview of both instruction and fault coverage, and the ability to detect patterns and anomalies. We use the program-dependence graph to identify experiments with a priori known outcome, and implement a static analysis to reduce the test volume. The existing pre-injection heuristic is extended with liveness analysis to enable an unbiased fault-to-failure probability.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4670305,no
What Types of Defects Are Really Discovered in Code Reviews?,"Research on code reviews has often focused on defect counts instead of defect types, which offers an imperfect view of code review benefits. In this paper, we classified the defects of nine industrial (C/C++) and 23 student (Java) code reviews, detecting 388 and 371 defects, respectively. First, we discovered that 75 percent of defects found during the review do not affect the visible functionality of the software. Instead, these defects improved software evolvability by making it easier to understand and modify. Second, we created a defect classification consisting of functional and evolvability defects. The evolvability defect classification is based on the defect types found in this study, but, for the functional defects, we studied and compared existing functional defect classifications. The classification can be useful for assigning code review roles, creating checklists, assessing software evolvability, and building software engineering tools. We conclude that, in addition to functional defects, code reviews find many evolvability defects and, thus, offer additional benefits over execution-based quality assurance methods that cannot detect evolvability defects. We suggest that code reviews may be most valuable for software products with long life cycles as the value of discovering evolvability defects in them is greater than for short life cycle systems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4604671,no
Adaptive temporal error concealment scheme for H.264/AVC video decoder,"Resilience to channel noise is indispensable for video communication based consumer applications. Temporal error concealment is a kind of decoder-based technique to compensate for transmission errors and is popular in most consumer electronics. In this paper, an adaptive temporal error concealment scheme is proposed based on H.264 video standard to improve error resilience ability for video consumer applications. Mode switching mechanism is devised to flexibly choose appropriate temporal concealment mode. The search range for candidate motion vectors could be adaptively determined by the range of spatially and temporally neighboring motion vectors. Weighted outer boundary distortion function could dynamically select the optimal replacing motion vector for local area. Experiment and comparison with recent error concealment schemes shows that our proposed algorithm could effectively improve received video quality with reduced requirement for decoding time.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4711244,no
Read-Error-Rate evaluation for RFID system on-line testing,"RFID systems are complex hybrid systems, consisting of analog and digital hardware and software components. RFID technologies are often used into critical domains or into harsh environments. But RFID system is only based on low cost equipments which then do not allow achieving robust communications. All these points make the on-line testing of RFID systems a very complex task. Thus, this article proposes the on-line characterization of a statistical system parameter, the Read-Error-Rate, to perform the on-line detection of faulty RFID components. As an introduction to the on-line testing of RFID systems, a FMEA first describes the effects on these systems of potential defects impacting the communication part. Second, a SystemC model of the RFID system is discussed as a way to evaluate the proposed test solutions. Finally, the way the maximal Read-Error-Rate can be determined using system-level simulation is explained.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5503016,no
High-Intensity Radiated Field fault-injection experiment for a fault-tolerant distributed communication system,"Safety-critical distributed flight control systems require robustness in the presence of faults. In general, these systems consist of a number of input/output (I/O) and computation nodes interacting through a fault-tolerant data communication system. The communication system transfers sensor data and control commands and can handle most faults under typical operating conditions. However, the performance of the closed-loop system can be adversely affected as a result of operating in harsh environments. In particular, High-Intensity Radiated Field (HIRF) environments have the potential to cause random fault manifestations in individual avionic components and to generate simultaneous system-wide communication faults that overwhelm existing fault management mechanisms. This paper presents the design of an experiment conducted at the NASA Langley Research Center's HIRF Laboratory to statistically characterize the faults that a HIRF environment can trigger on a single node of a distributed flight control system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5655331,no
Enhancing pipelined processor architectures with fast autonomous recovery of transient faults,"Recent technology trends have made radiation-induced soft errors a growing threat to the reliability of microprocessors, a problem previously only known to the aerospace industry. Therefore, the ability to handle higher soft error rates in modern processor architectures is essential in order to allow further technology scaling. This paper presents an efficient fault-tolerance method for pipeline-based processors using temporal redundancy. Instructions are executed twice at each pipeline stage, which allows the detection of transient faults. Once a fault is detected the execution is stopped immediately and recovery is implicitly performed within the pipeline stages. Due to this fast reaction the fault is contained at its origin and no expensive rollback operation is required later on.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5491776,no
Low Latency Recovery from Transient Faults for Pipelined Processor Architectures,"Recent technology trends have made radiation-induced soft errors a growing threat to the reliability of microprocessors, a problem previously only known to the aerospace industry. Therefore, the ability to handle higher soft error rates in modern processor architectures is essential in order to allow further technology scaling. This paper presents an efficient fault-tolerance method for pipeline-based processors using temporal redundancy. Instructions are executed twice at each pipeline stage, which allows the detection of transient faults. Once a fault is detected the execution is stopped immediately and recovery is implicitly performed within the pipeline stages. Due to this fast reaction the fault is contained at its origin and no expensive rollback operation is required later on.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5615655,no
A temporal error concealment method for H.264/AVC using motion vector recovery,"Recently H.264/AVC is rapidly deployed in the mobile multimedia market, such as terrestrial and satellite DMB (digital multimedia broadcasting), and Internet multimedia streaming systems. To provide the better quality under the unreliable communication environments, we propose a motion vector (MV) recovery method for the temporal error concealment. The H.264/AVC adopts the various block sizes for the motion estimation and compensation, ranging from 16times16 to 4times4 block sizes. To increase the accuracy in the temporal error concealment, the 4times4 block size is used as the MV recovery unit. Flexible MB ordering (FMO) option, by which the neighboring MBs can be transmitted in the different packets, is used. The MVs of the lost MBs are recovered based on the MV tendency which is derived from the neighboring MVs. The simulation results show that the proposed method improves video quality up to 2.95dB and 2.45dB, compared with the H.264/AVC test model and Lagrange interpolation method, respectively.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4711249,no
An improved error localization on DV-Hop scheme for wireless sensors networks,"Recently years research on wireless sensor networks (WSN) paid more attention to solve the localization of the wireless sensors, different algorithms had been applied, one of them is DV-Hop, which still need to be improved to obtained better position accuracy. In this paper, we propose a strategy to get accurate location from the unknown sensor using the average hopsize and average error reducing the final localization error. No extra hardware device is required. Simulation shows a better accuracy than the classical DV-Hop.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5579143,no
MR fluid motion tracking of blood flow in right atrium of patient with atrial septal defect,"Recently, a newly developed technique for motion estimation of magnetic resonance (MR) signals that are represented on image has been applied. This enabled MR fluid motion tracking of blood in cardiac chambers. The motion field derived from this tracking operation can be used as the blood flow information to be presented using a two dimensional velocity vector field plot. In addition to velocity reconstruction maps, we also devised vorticity flow maps on which the velocity field is superimposed onto. Based on such a framework, the degree of vortical flow is assessed for the right atrium of a patient with atrial septal defect (ASD). We are able to examine a difference in the magnitude of vortex strength pre- and post-atrial septal occlusion.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4570665,no
Zero phase error tracking control system with multi harmonics disturbance suppression loop,"Recently, on the view point of capacity of memory, the media of optical disk recording system is increasing. Moreover, its disk rotation speed will be increasing according to its large memory capacity, such as more than 10000[rpm]. The optical disk system has a radial run-out originate from the disk eccentricity. For this reason, the optical disk system has the periodic disturbance which is synchronized to its disk rotation speed. In order to suppress this periodic disturbance, we have proposed the robust feedforword tracking controller based on Zero Phase Error Tracking (ZPET) control. The optical disk system has the periodic harmonics disturbance. However, it is difficult for the conventional robust feedforword tracking controller to suppress the periodic high order harmonics disturbance. In order to overcome this problem, this paper proposes a new ZPET control system with multi harmonics disturbance suppression loop. The experimental results point out that the proposed tracking control system has a precise tracking response against both periodic primary harmonics disturbance and periodic high order harmonics disturbance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5464102,no
3 Faults Tolerant Orthogonal RAID for Large Storage,"Recently, the demand of low cost large scale storage increases. We developed VLSD (Virtual Large Scale Disks) toolkit for constructing virtual disk based distributed storages, which aggregate free spaces of individual disks. However, in order to construct large-scale storage, more than or equal to 3 fault tolerant RAID is important. In this paper, we propose MeshRAID that is 3 fault tolerant orthogonal RAID. And, we implement MeshRAID using VLSD. It is easy to implement MeshRAID using various classes in VLSD. From the viewpoint of its features, MeshRAID is addressed between RAID55 and NaryRAID.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635572,no
A Distributed Replication Strategy Evaluation and Selection Framework for Fault Tolerant Web Services,"Redundancy-based fault tolerance strategies are proposed for building reliable Service-Oriented Architectures/Applications (SOA), which are usually developed on the unpredictable remote Web services. This paper proposes and implements a distributed replication strategy evaluation and selection framework for fault tolerant Web services. Based on this framework, we provide a systematic comparison of various replication strategies by theoretical formula and real-world experiments. Moreover, a user participated strategy selection algorithm is designed and verified. Experiments are conducted to illustrate the advantage of this framework. In these experiments, users from six different locations all over the world perform evaluation of Web services distributed in six countries. Over 1,000,000 test cases are executed in a collaborative manner and detailed results are also provided.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4670170,no
Fault-tolerant PM brushless DC drive for aerospace application,"Reliability is a fundamental requirement in airborne equipments, it involves a particular approach of study on mission failure probabilities. Architectures robust to failure of single components like multi-phase fault-tolerant motors drives introduce in these systems an intrinsic improvement. By providing compensation for potential hardware failures, a fault-tolerant design approach may achieve reliability objectives without recourse to non-optimized redundancy or over-sizing. A fault-tolerant design approach differs from a pure design redundancy approach in that provisions are made for planned degraded modes of operation where acceptable. This study shows how a 5-phase motor is able to run at rated torque also with one or two phase open, by using suitable current commands defined as degraded modes. An experimental prototype has been arranged and tested.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5608295,no
Therapist-mediated post-stroke rehabilitation using haptic/graphic error augmentation,"Recent research has suggested that enhanced retraining for stroke patients using haptics (robotic forces) and graphics (visual display) to generate a practice environment that can artificially enhance error rather than reducing it, can stimulate new learning and foster accelerated recovery. We present an evaluation of early results of this novel post-stroke robotic-aided therapy trial that incorporates these ideas in a large VR system and simultaneously employs the patient, the therapist, and the technology to accomplish effective therapy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5333875,no
Learning from defect removals,"Recent research has tried to identify changes in source code repositories that fix bugs by linking these changes to reports in issue tracking systems. These changes have been traced back to the point in time when they were previously modified as a way of identifying bug introducing changes. But we observe that not all changes linked to bug tracking systems are fixing bugs; some are enhancing the code. Furthermore, not all fixes are applied at the point in the code where the bug was originally introduced. We flesh out these observations with a manual review of several software projects, and use this opportunity to see how many defects are in the scope of static analysis tools.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5069500,no
Short-term load forecasting: Multi-level wavelet neural networks with holiday corrections,"Short-term load forecasting plays a central role in reliable system operation by Independent System Operators and in making prudent bid decisions by market participants. Accurate forecasting is difficult in view of the complicated effects on load by various factors. In addition, it is difficult to forecast holidays as well as the days before and the days after in view of their particular load patterns and very limited data. In this paper, a multi-level wavelet neural network method is developed to forecast tomorrow's load. To effectively forecast the load for holidays as well as the days before and the days after, a correction coefficient scheme with holiday grouping is developed. Numerical results for a simple example and for Midwest-ISO's load demonstrate the effectiveness of multi-level wavelet neural networks, correction coefficients, and holiday grouping.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275304,no
Application of Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis System Based on Improved WNN,"Significance of equipment fault diagnosis is mainly reflected in lower failure rate; lower maintenance costs reduce maintenance time, increase operating time. Wavelet network is the perfect combination of the theory of wavelet analysis and the theory artificial neural network; it is compatible with the superiority of the wavelet and neural networks. In this paper, the wavelet neural network based on the BP algorithm was studied. And also provides the initial parameter settings of wavelet neural network of combination of types of wavelet and study sample. It introduces the improved wavelet neural network based on the BP algorithm and applies it to the examples of rotating machinery fault diagnosis in order to avoid the low efficiency of traditional algorithm of network structure, and improve the performance of network learning.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5677011,no
Implementation of an Overblowing Correction Controller and the proposal of a quantitative assessment of the sound's pitch for the anthropomorphic saxophonist robot WAS-2,"Since 2007, our research is related to the development of an anthropomorphic saxophonist robot, which it has been designed to imitate the saxophonist playing by mechanically reproducing the organs involved for playing a saxophone. Our research aims in understanding the motor control from an engineering point of view and enabling the communication. In a previous paper, the Waseda Saxophone Robot No. 2 (WAS-2) which is composed by 22-DOFs has been presented. Moreover, a feedback error learning with dead time compensation has been implemented to control the air pressure of the robot. However, such a controller couldn't deal with the overblowing effects (unsteady tones) that are found during a musical performance. Therefore; in this paper, the implementation of an Overblowing Correction Controller (OCC) has been proposed and implemented in order to assure the steady tone during the performance by using the pitch feedback signal to detect the overblowing condition and by defining a recovery position (off-line) to correct it. Moreover, a saxophone sound evaluation function (sustain phase) has been proposed to compare the sound produced by human players and the robot. A set of experiments were carried out to verify the improvements on the musical performance of the robot and its sound has been quantitatively compared with human saxophonists. From the experimental results, we could observe improvements on the pitch (correctness) and tone stability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5649257,no
Fault Localization Based on Multi-level Similarity of Execution Traces,"Since automated fault localization can improve the efficiency of both the testing and debugging process, it is an important technique for the development of reliable software. This paper proposes a novel fault localization approach based on multi-level similarity of execution traces, which is suitable for object-oriented software. It selects useful test cases at class level and computes code suspiciousness at block level. We develop a tool that implements the approach, and conduct empirical studies to evaluate its effectiveness. The experimental results show that our approach has the potential to be effective in localizing faults for object-oriented software.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5358777,no
Design of monitoring and Fault Diagnosis System on-line for certain gas turbo-generator set,"Since its parameters can not been test about the certain gas turbo-generator set in local rapidly after repairing, a monitoring and fault diagnosis system based on IPC is designed in this paper. The system adopts advanced measuring technology based on PCI bus, intelligent appearance and VI technology and can check voltage, electric current, power and temperature of key parts on-line about the set etc. Simultaneously it can give an alarm when the parameter is abnormal and diagnose basic fault by FDES (Fault Diagnosis Expert System). Its results has characteristics of high reliability, high speed and intuitive. So it can improve efficiency of test system maximum and save repair expenditure. The system can helps to improve reliability of gas turbo-generator set and power quality.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4580268,no
Fine-grained incremental learning and multi-feature tossing graphs to improve bug triaging,"Software bugs are inevitable and bug fixing is a difficult, expensive, and lengthy process. One of the primary reasons why bug fixing takes so long is the difficulty of accurately assigning a bug to the most competent developer for that bug kind or bug class. Assigning a bug to a potential developer, also known as bug triaging, is a labor-intensive, time-consuming and fault-prone process if done manually. Moreover, bugs frequently get reassigned to multiple developers before they are resolved, a process known as bug tossing. Researchers have proposed automated techniques to facilitate bug triaging and reduce bug tossing using machine learning-based prediction and tossing graphs. While these techniques achieve good prediction accuracy for triaging and reduce tossing paths, they are vulnerable to several issues: outdated training sets, inactive developers, and imprecise, single-attribute tossing graphs. In this paper we improve triaging accuracy and reduce tossing path lengths by employing several techniques such as refined classification using additional attributes and intra-fold updates during training, a precise ranking function for recommending potential tossees in tossing graphs, and multi-feature tossing graphs. We validate our approach on two large software projects, Mozilla and Eclipse, covering 856,259 bug reports and 21 cumulative years of development. We demonstrate that our techniques can achieve up to 83.62% prediction accuracy in bug triaging. Moreover, we reduce tossing path lengths to 1.5-2 tosses for most bugs, which represents a reduction of up to 86.31% compared to original tossing paths. Our improvements have the potential to significantly reduce the bug fixing effort, especially in the context of sizable projects with large numbers of testers and developers.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609736,no
Application Research on Positive and Negative Association Rules Oriented Software Defects,"Software defects are the key factors to evaluate the dependable software. This paper analyzes the attributes of software defects, and applies positive and negative association rules method to the research of software defects. This method can not only overcome the weak point of the traditional association rules method that can only mine the explicit rules, but also output some more meaningful rules of relationship of attributes. We extract the exterior relationship among the attributes of software defects, and fully mine the rules of inter-attributes. Through the application of the ""Design and Implementation of Mining Linkage Management System of Coal Mine"", the experimental results demonstrate that our mined rules have the advantages of less quantity, higher quality, fewer errors and conflicts.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5363438,no
The Application of the Most Similar Path Set Based on the Specified Invalid Path in Software Fault Location,"Software fault location is a very complex problem. Many researchers at home and abroad have already started studying how to use the candidate path which is similar to the invalid path to find the fault location, and they have achieved some results. In this paper, based on existing researches, a method of using the path set which is the most similar to the specified invalid path to locate fault, and it has been proved through a concrete example that this approach can help to find fault where the error occurred.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676844,no
Multi Fault Laser Attacks on Protected CRT-RSA,"Since the first publication of a successful practical two-fault attack on protected CRT-RSA surprisingly little attention was given by the research community to an ensuing new challenge. The reason for it seems to be two-fold. One is that generic higher order fault attacks are very difficult to model and thus finding robust countermeasures is also difficult. Another reason may be that the published experiment was carried out on an outdated 8 bit microcontroller and thus was not perceived as a serious threat to create a sense of urgency in addressing this new menace. In this paper we describe two-fault attacks on protected CRT-RSA implementations running on an advanced 32 bit ARM Cortex M3 core. To our knowledge, this is the first practical result of two fault laser attacks on a protected cryptographic application. Considering that laser attacks are much more accurate in targeting a particular variable, the significance of our result cannot be overlooked.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5577278,no
Fault-tolerant control of PMSM drive unit,"Since the Fuel-Cell Vehicle's demonstration in the public transport, its fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control strategy become more and more important. This paper studies on the PMSM drive of FCV and presents a sensorless control algorithm in the fault mode based analytical redundancy. Simulation analysis and experiment verification are presented to compare the control algorithm using Expanded Kalman Filter (EKF) and Phase Locked Loop.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5289670,no
An Improved Fault-Tolerant Model for Channel Assignment in Cellular Networks,"Since the natural resources of electromagnetic spectrum are strictly administrated, the channel assignment problem (CAP) has been an important issue for mobile computing. Another important concept in mobile computing is handoff, which is also called handover. It occurs when a mobile host moves from the coverage area of one base station to the adjacent one while still involved in communication. A new channel is immediately to be assigned to continue the call. Sometimes, there aren't more channels in this cell, it is irritating for a mobile user to break the connection. Therefore, it is desirable that the channel assignment algorithm be an improved fault tolerant. Thus, even if in the presence there are insufficient channels available in the cell, it can still continue communicating with its mobile hosts. In this paper, we design an improved fault-tolerant model for channel assignment in mobile computing. Besides considering co-channel interfence, our model considers handoff by using the reserved channel technique, borrowing/lending and locking technique. We also provide results of the performance evaluation of our algorithm.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5600824,no
"SpeedHap: An Accurate Heuristic for the Single Individual SNP Haplotyping Problem with Many Gaps, High Reading Error Rate and Low Coverage","Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is the most frequent form of DNA variation. The set of SNP's present in a chromosome (called the haplotype) is of interest in a wide area of applications in molecular biology and biomedicine, including diagnostic and medical therapy. In this paper we propose a new heuristic method for the problem of haplotype reconstruction for (portions of) a pair of homologous human chromosomes from a single individual (SIH). The problem is well known in literature and exact algorithms have been proposed for the case when no (or few) gaps are allowed in the input fragments. These algorithms, though exact and of polynomial complexity, are slow in practice. When gaps are considered no exact method of polynomial complexity is known. The problem is also hard to approximate with guarantees. Therefore fast heuristics have been proposed. In this paper we describe SpeedHap, a new heuristic method that is able to tackle the case of many gapped fragments and retains its effectiveness even when the input fragments have high rate of reading errors (up to 20%) and low coverage (as low as 3). We test SpeedHap on real data from the HapMap Project.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4564438,no
Optimal Frequency Value to Detect Low Current Faults Superposing Voltage Tones,"Single phase to ground low current faults (LCF) are difficult to be detected with common fault detection techniques. Therefore, several specific methodologies have been developed to identify LCF in an easier way. Among these methodologies, a method based on superposing voltage tones has been proposed. This method requires defining the frequency of the tones that have to be superimposed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4484952,no
Implementation of LCD driver using asymmetric truncation error compensation for mobile DMB phone display,"Small color LCDs have been widely used in the mobile display market for the past couple of decades due to their cost effectiveness. In particular, 64K color LCDs have gained in popularity over true color LCDs due to their low power consumption and effective transmission. However, the 24-bit to 16-bit image data conversion (referred to as asymmetric data truncation) results in a colorization of the gray scale and lack of smoothness, such as pseudo edge artifacts. Thus, to solve these problems, this paper proposes and implements a simple truncation error compensation algorithm using a 1-bit lower data expansion with neighbor pixel information. In experiments, the implemented LCD driver IC is shown to correct these artifacts .",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4560084,no
Bit-Error-Rate (BER) for modulation technique using Software defined Radio,"Software-defined radio technologies are attractive for future mobile communication systems because of reconfigurable and multimode operation capabilities. The reconfigurable feature is useful for enhancing functions of equipment with out replacing hardware. Multimode operation is essential for future wireless terminals because a number of wireless communication standards will still coexist. The transceiver is modeled in Matlab and consists of a BPSK transmitter, an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, and a BPSK receiver. In this paper, we have considered basics modulation techniques used in mobile and wireless systems. Based on this analysis a PSK modulation scheme for SDR is proposed to pick the constellation size that offers the best reconstructed signal quality for each average SNR. Simulation results of signal transmissions confirm the effectiveness of our proposed PSK modulation scheme. The performance of the modulation technique is evaluated when the system is subjected to noise and interference in the channel. Computer simulation tool, MATLAB, is used to evaluate Bit-Error-Rate (BER) for Software defined Radio.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5254697,no
Monitoring and fault diagnosis of photovoltaic panels,"Solar irradiance and temperature affect the performance of systems using photovoltaic generator. In the same way, it is essential to insure good performances of the installation so that its profitability won't be reduced. The objective of this work consists in diagnosing the panels faults and in certain cases in locating the faults using a model, the temperatures, the luminous flow, the speed of the wind, as well as the currents and the tensions. The development of software fault detection on a real installation is performed under the Matlab/Simulink environment.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5771711,no
Development of knowledge base of fault diagnosis system in solar power tower plants,"Solar Power Tower (SPT) plant is a hugeous and complicated system, thus there have not been relative research productions on the record in the aspect of developing the knowledge base of its Fault Diagnosis System (FDS) in the whole world yet. In this paper, a modular and hierarchical knowledge base of FDS is designed and developed to use in SPT plants according to the characteristics of structure and operation of SPT plants. This knowledge base consists of main control module, concentrator subsystem, receiver subsystem, heat storage subsystem, generating subsystem and assistant subsystem. Each subsystem module contains a sub-control module and some secondary subsystem modules. In the knowledge base, knowledge is divided into metaknowledge, facts and rules. Moreover, rules are separated into meta rules, goal rules and diagnosis rules. Production rule representation is adopted to express the knowledge. Uncertainty of knowledge is described in this paper additionally. According to the application of the knowledge base in SPT plant, it is validated that the knowledge base developed in this paper has the characteristics of simple structure and high inference efficiency, which are favorable to simplify the design and development of inference engine.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5348086,no
Study of solid state fault interruption device for medium voltage distribution systems with distributed generators,"Solid state fault interruption devices (FID) can interrupt fault currents much faster than the presently available circuit breakers. Due to their current inability to block system level voltages, presently available semiconductor devices are connected in series to increase blocking capability of the fault interrupting device. To verify the ability of the interruption device for use in a medium voltage distribution system, a FID model is subjected to simulated tests for continuous current carrying capability, rated fault current interruption, and lightning impulse withstand tests. A simulation to demonstrate the ability of the FID to interrupt fault currents in a 7.2kV distribution system and to study the effect on system voltages is shown.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5589452,no
Error significance map for bit-plane FIR filtering array,"Some applications require correct computation, while many others do not. Large domain where perfect functional performance is not always required is in multimedia and DSP systems. Relaxing the requirement of 100% correctness for devices and interconnections may dramatically reduce costs of manufacturing, verification, and testing. The goal of this paper is development of error significance map for bit-plane FIR filtering array. The map marks the part of the array that must be error-free in order to enable computing on the bit-plane array with acceptable results. In other words the array cells, out of the marked area, could produce errors, but without significant influence on the marked high order bits of the resulting word. The bit-plane array operates on a bit level and assumes accumulation throughout the array with sum and carry propagation. It means that derivation of the error significance map is not a trivial for design automation. In this paper we propose a rigorous mathematical path based on transitive closure that generates error significance map for the bit-plane array.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4559313,no
An improved method of differential fault analysis on SMS4 key schedule,"SMS4 is a 128-bit block cipher published as the symmetric-key encryption standard of Wireless Local Area Network(WLAN) by China in 2006. By inducing faults into the key schedule, we propose an improved method of differential fault attack on the key schedule of the SMS4 cipher. The result shows that our attack can recover its secret key by introducing 4 faulty ciphertexts.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5497698,no
A new automated instrumentation for emulation-based fault injection,"Soft errors are an increasing threat in up-to-date technologies, so robustness evaluation has become an important part of digital circuit design. Emulation-based fault injection techniques have proved to be an efficient approach to perform such evaluations. In this paper, we propose new optimizations further improving the experimental duration and the instrumentation cost while maintaining the maximum flexibility for the dependability evaluation process.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7410245,no
PRASE: An Approach for Program Reliability Analysis with Soft Errors,"Soft errors are emerging as a new challenge in computer applications. Current studies about soft errors mainly focus on the circuit and architecture level. Few works discuss the impact of soft errors on programs. This paper presents a novel approach named PRASE, which can analyze the reliability of a program with the effect of soft errors. Based on the simple probability theory and the corresponding assembly code of a program, we propose two models for analyzing the probabilities about error generation and error propagation. The analytical performance is increased significantly with the help of basic block analysis. The programAs reliability is determined according to its actual execution paths. We propose a factor named PVF (program vulnerability factor), which represents the characteristic of programAs vulnerability in the presence of soft errors. The experimental results show that the reliability of a program has a connection with its structure. Comparing with the traditional fault injection techniques, PRASE has the advantage of faster speed and lower price with more general results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725302,no
An Improved Soft-Error Rate Measurement Technique,"Soft errors caused by ionizing radiation have emerged as a major concern for current generation of CMOS technologies, and the trend is expected to get worse. The measurement unit for failures due to soft errors is failure in time (FIT) that represents the number of failures encountered per billion hours of device operation. FIT rate measurement is time consuming and calls for accelerated testing. To improve effectiveness of soft-error rate (SER) testing, the patterns must be targeted toward detecting node failures that are most likely. In this paper, we present a technique for identifying soft-error-susceptible sites based on efficient electrical analysis that treats soft errors as Boolean errors but uses analog strengths to decide whether such errors can propagate to the next stage. Next, we present pattern generation techniques for manifestable soft errors such that each pattern targets a maximal set of soft errors. These patterns maximize the likelihood of detecting a soft error when it occurs. The pattern generators target scan architecture. It is well known that scan test time is dominated by scan shifts, when no useful testing is being done. To improve efficiency of scan-based testing, we extend the functionality of the existing built-in logic block observation (BILBO) architecture to support test-per-clock operation. Such targeted pattern generation and test application improve SER characterization time by an order of magnitude.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4802228,no
A case study of evaluation technique for soft error tolerance on SRAM-based FPGAs,"SRAM-based field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are vulnerable to a single event upset (SEU), which is induced by radiation effect. Therefore, the dependable design techniques become important, and the accurate dependability analysis method is required to demonstrate their robustness. Most of present analysis techniques are performed by using full reconfiguration to emulate the soft error. However, it takes long time to analyze the dependability because it requires many times of reconfiguration to complete the soft error injection. In the present paper, we construct the soft error estimation system to analyze the reliability and to reduce the estimation time. Moreover, we apply Monte Carlo simulation to our approach, and identify trade-off between accuracy of error rate and estimation time. As a result of our experimentation for 8-bit full-adder and multiplier, we can show the dependability of the implemented system. Also, the constructed system can reduce the estimation time. According to the result, when performing about 50% circuit Monte Carlo simulation, the error rate is within 20%.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5686023,no
Impedance-based fault location formulation for unbalanced primary distribution systems with distributed generation,"State-of-the-art impedance-based fault location formulations for power distribution systems suppose that the system is radial. However, the introduction of new generation technologies in distribution systems, such as distributed generation, changes the direction of the system load flow from unidirectional to multi-directional. Therefore, it is necessary to extended current impedance-based fault location formulations to take into account the presence of generation units in the distribution system. Moreover, the distribution feeders are inherently unbalanced. This characteristic decreases accuracy of current fault location estimates that are based on sequence or modal phasor quantities. In this paper it is presented an extended impedance-based fault location formulation using phase coordinates. Computational simulations test on a typical unbalanced deregulated distribution system are presented and compared with state-of-the art techniques. The extended formulation is implemented numerically and a case study is presented to demonstrate the methods accuracy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666589,no
A clustering algorithm for software fault prediction,"Software metrics are used for predicting whether modules of software project are faulty or fault free. Timely prediction of faults especially accuracy or computation faults improve software quality and hence its reliability. As we can apply various distance measures on traditional K-means clustering algorithm to predict faulty or fault free modules. Here, in this paper we have proposed K-Sorensen-means clustering that uses Sorensen distance for calculating cluster distance to predict faults in software projects. Proposed algorithm is then trained and tested using three datasets namely, JM1, PCI and CM1 collected from NASA MDP. From these three datasets requirement metrics, static code metrics and alliance metrics (combining both requirement metrics and static code metrics) have been built and then K-Sorensen-means applied on all datasets to predict results. Alliance metric model is found to be the best prediction model among three models. Results of K-Sorensen-means clustering shown and corresponding ROC curve has been drawn. Results of K-Sorensen-means are then compared with K-Canberra-means clustering that uses other distance measure for evaluating cluster distance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5640474,no
Research on formal description of data flow software faults,"Software plays an important part in our society. The occurrence of software fault may lead to serious disaster. Data flow software fault is a kind of important software fault. In this paper, the properties of data dependency relationship are studied, the formal definitions of some data flow software faults, such as using undefined variable, nonused variable since definition, and redefining nonused variable since definition are given, the corresponding detecting methods are proposed, and some sample data flow software faults are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5622594,no
Shannon Capacity and Symbol Error Rate of Space-Time Block Codes in MIMO Rayleigh Channels With Channel estimation Error,"Space-time block coding (STBC) is an attractive solution for improving quality in wireless links. In this paper, we analyze the impact of channel estimation error on the ergodic capacity and symbol error rate (SER) for space-time block coded multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. We derive a closed-form capacity expression over MIMO Rayleigh channels with channel estimation error. Moreover, we derive an exact closed-form SER for general PAM/PSK/QAM with channel estimation error. We show that, as expected, channel estimation error introduces the capacity loss and diversity gain loss. Furthermore, as the number of transmit and receive antennas increases, the sensitivity of the STBC system to channel estimation error increases. Simulation results demonstrate the accuracy of our analysis.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4432275,no
Using Bayesian statistical methods to determine the level of error in large spreadsheets.,"Spreadsheets are ubiquitous with evidence that Microsoft Excel, the leading application in the area, has an install base of 90% on end-user desktops. Nowhere is the usage of spreadsheets more extensive or more critical than in the financial sector, where regulations such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has placed added pressure on organisations to ensure spreadsheets are error-free. This paper outlines the research that has been carried out into the use of Bayesian statistical methods to estimate the level of error in large spreadsheets based on expert knowledge and spreadsheet test data. The estimate can aid in the decision to accept or re-examine a large time consuming spreadsheet.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5071019,no
Software defect detection and process improvement using personal software process data,"Statistical evidence has shown that programmers perform better when following a defined, repeatable process such as the Personal Software Process (PSP).Anecdotal and qualitative evidence from industry indicates that two programmers working side-by-side at one computer, collaborating on the same design, algorithm, code, or test, perform substantially better than the two working alone i.e. pair programming. Bringing these two ideas together, a new Software Process has been formulated. The Hybrid Personal Software Process (HPSP) is a defined, repeatable process for two programmers working collaboratively. The development time and cost of the product are reduced in HPSP when compared with PSP programming.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5670734,no
Magnetic Sensor for the Defect Detection of Steam<newline/> Generator Tube With Outside Ferrite Sludge,"Steam generator tube in nuclear power plant is a boundary between primary side and secondary side. Nondestructive test for the steam generator tube, eddy current testing (ECT) method has been carried out. In case of bobbin-type ECT probe, transverse defect, defect with ferro-phase, outside of tube having ferrite sludge were very difficult to detect. To overcome these problems, a motorized rotating probe coil (MRPC) probe was developed but scan speed is slow and not effective method in time. In this work we have developed a new sensor having U-shape of yoke to measure permeability variation of test specimen, which can detect ferro-phase generated as well as normal defects in the tube material of Inconel 6oo. Electronics for signal processing, 2-phase lock-in amplifier per sensor, ADC, and embedded controller were employed in one probe and measured digital data were transmitted to the PC data acquisition software using RS232C interface. Using the developed sensors we have applied to detect defects in the tube outside with ferrite sludge which is very difficult to detect conventional bobbin-type ECT probe. Developed sensor could measure defect size of 0.2 mm times 10 mm times 0.44 mm (width times length times depth) for the normal defect and defect outside of tube having ferrite sludge. We expect the developed sensor could detect defects like as MRPC probe and scan sensor speed like as bobbin-type ECT probe.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4957704,no
"On the Integration of Test Adequacy, Test Case Prioritization, and Statistical Fault Localization","Testing and debugging account for at least 30% of the project effort. Scientific advancements in individual activities or their integration may bring significant impacts to the practice of software development. Fault localization is the foremost debugging sub-activity. Any effective integration between testing and debugging should address how well testing and fault localization can be worked together productively. How likely does a testing technique provide test suites for effective fault localization? To what extent may such a test suite be prioritized so that the test cases having higher priority can be effectively used in a standalone manner to support fault localization? In this paper, we empirically study these two research questions in the context of test data adequacy, test case prioritization and statistical fault localization. Our preliminary postmortem analysis results on 16 test case prioritization techniques and four statistical fault localizations show that branch-adequate test suites on the Siemens suite are unlikely to support effective fault localization. On the other hand, if such a test suite is effective, around 60% of the test cases can be further prioritized to support effective fault localization, which indicates that the potential savings in terms of effort can be significant.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562990,no
An Efficient Fault Simulator for QDI Asynchronous Circuits,"Testing asynchronous circuits is a difficult task because of two main reasons; first, the absence of a global clock does not allow the use of traditional test generation techniques used for synchronous circuits. Second, correct (i.e., hazard- free) operations of asynchronous circuits are usually obtained by introducing redundancies, that is, sacrificing the testability. So test frameworks such as fault simulator for synchronous circuits are not applicable for asynchronous circuits. In this paper we present an efficient fault simulator for template-based asynchronous circuits which is based on checking sequence of signals in templates. Our proposed fault simulator provides higher fault coverage by taking into consideration the detection of a special class of faults called premature firing faults without introducing any hardware redundancy in the designed circuit. Experimental results on a set of circuits have shown the effectiveness of the fault simulator.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4547739,no
"On campus beta site: architecture designs, operational experience, and top product defects","Testing network products in a beta site to reduce the possibility of customer found defects is a critical phase before marketing. We design and deploy an innovative beta site on the campus of National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. It can be used for developers to test and debug products, while maintaining network quality for network users. To satisfy the needs of developers, we set up environments and mechanisms, such as a variety of test zones for multiple types of products or systems under test (SUTs), remote control, degrees of traffic volume, and traffic profiling. For network users, we set up mechanisms of failure detection, notification, and recovery. The beta site network users are all volunteers. Test results show that beta site testing is good for finding stability and compatibility defects. The period starting from the beginning of a test until the next defect is found is called the time to fail (TTF). We call it converged if the TTF exceeds four weeks, and the convergence ratio is the percentage of SUTs that reach convergence. We find that the TTF increases with longer test duration, meaning that product quality improves through beta site testing. However, the convergence ratios are only 7 and 20 percent for test durations of one month and one year, respectively, meaning that few products operate faultlessly for a long duration. The convergence ratios also indicate that it takes much more time to enhance product quality to be converged. Therefore, if considering both marketing timing and product quality, one month is our suggested minimum TD for low-end and shortlife- cycle products. However, we recommend one year as the minimum TD for high-end and long-life-cycle products.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5673077,no
Testing Flash Memories for Tunnel Oxide Defects,"Testing non volatile memories for tunnel oxide defects is one of the most important aspects to guarantee cell reliability. Defective tunnel oxide layer in core memory cells can result in various disturb faults. In this paper, we study various defects in the insulating layers of a IT flash cell and analyze their impact on cell performance. Further, we present a test methodology and test algorithms that enable the detection of tunnel oxide defects in an efficient manner.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4450496,no
Cognitive aspects of error finding on a simulation conceptual modeling notation,"The aim of the study is to investigate and compare experimentally the error finding strategies of a notation-familiar group with degrees in computer science related fields and a domain-familiar group on a simulation conceptual modeling representation based on UML. The use of eye movement and verbal protocols together with performance data underline the differences such as error finding and reasoning between two groups. The experiment with 20 participants also reveals that the diagrammatic complexity and the degree of causal chaining are the properties of diagrams that affect understanding, reasoning and problem solving with conceptual modeling representations. In a follow-up study with 24 university students, it is seen that these properties are independent of gender. The study also emphasizes the combination of different data collection modalities, namely eye movements, verbal protocol and performance data to be effective in uncovering individual differences in human-computer interaction studies in the domain of software engineering.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4717930,no
Rotor inter-turn short circuit fault detection in wound rotor induction machines,"The aim of this paper is to develop a technique for detecting a real rotor inter-turn short-circuit fault in a wound rotor induction machine working as generator by using the spectral and the bispectral analysis. The stator currents provide interesting signatures since the rotor inter-turn short-circuit fault introduces new harmonics in the stator windings. Hence, in this paper, it is proved that sensing one stator current by using a current sensor is possible techniques for detecting this kind of electrical fault. This technique is based on mmf, flux and emf computation for both healthy and faulty machines during any operating condition. Then, by using the spectral and the bispectral analysis, the computed harmonics of stator currents are experimentally verified on a 5.5kW-220V/380V-50Hz-8 poles wound-rotor induction machine working in both healthy and faulty modes at different load conditions.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5607929,no
Adaptive sensor fault detection and identification and life extending in health monitoring systems,"Summary form only given. Usually, solutions to sensor validation fall into two major categories: the data-based approaches and the model-based approaches. Model-based methods include nonparametric and parametric approaches. Belonging to the first category are neural-network-bank based approaches. The non-parametric methods are more robust, but a large number of training data are needed nevertheless. On the other hand, parametric approaches, including dynamic state space models (DSSM), provide better accuracy and tracking performance without the need of training. The price paid here is the need for high fidelity real-time system models. Particle filter (PF) is an alternative name for sequential importance sampling for DSSM. PF has been commonly employed to online processing of dynamic systems described by DSSM. We will also discuss a Markov jump DSSM (MJDSSM) for system modeling and mixture Kalman filter (MKF) solution-a unique and efficient particle filtering detector being developed. We have modeled and calculated the probability of failure due to component damage. Using this model, a Monte Carlo simulation is also performed to evaluate the likelihood of damage accumulation under various operating conditions. Using thermal mechanical fatigue (TMF) of a critical component as an example, it has been shown that that an intelligent acceleration algorithm can drastically reduce life usage with minimum sacrifice in performance. By means of genetic search algorithms, optimal acceleration schedules can be obtained with multiple constraints. The simulation results show that an optimized acceleration schedule can provide a significant life saving in selected engine components. The ultimate goal of engine health monitoring is to maximize the amount of meaningful information to perform diagnostics and prognostics on engine health. To achieve highest level of intelligence in different levels and aspects, in the future work, we propose to implement the concept of data fusion tha- - t integrates data from multiple sources to obtain improved accuracy and more specific results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5551768,no
Systematic defect identification through layout snippet clustering,"Systematic defects due to design-process interactions are a dominant component of integrated circuit (IC) yield loss in nano-scaled technologies. Test structures do not adequately represent the product in terms of feature diversity and feature volume, and therefore are unable to identify all the systematic defects that affect the product. This paper describes a method that uses diagnosis to identify layout features that do not yield as expected. Specifically, clustering techniques are applied to layout snippets of diagnosis-implicated regions from (ideally) a statistically-significant number of IC failures for identifying feature commonalties. Experiments involving an industrial chip demonstrate the identification of possible systematic yield loss due to lithographic hotspots.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5699239,no
Micronmesh for fault-tolerant GALS Multiprocessors on FPGA,"System-on-Chip (SoC) circuits have evolved to single chip Multiprocessor systems. Due to increasing variance of process parameters, which produces synchronization problems on large SoCs, a globally-asynchronous locally-synchronous (GALS) design style must have been mobilized. In addition, the large VLSI circuits are also becoming more susceptible to transient and intermittent faults which can corrupt their operation. This paper presents a new micronmesh network-on-chip (NoC) which is targeted to fault-tolerant communication of GALS Multiprocessor SoCs (MPSoC). It is fully synthesizable with current design tools and it can be used for prototyping MPSoCs on FPGA circuits. The Micronmesh incorporates a new improved fault-diagnosis-and-repair (FDAR) system which is able to diagnose and repair also buffer memories in addition to wire connections while fault-tolerant DOR (FTDOR) routing is used for routing packets to their destinations around defected parts. Owing to the FDAR system and the FTDOR Micronmesh degrades gracefully as permanent faults appear and it is able to recover from transient and intermittent faults. The fault-tolerance of the Micronmesh is also improved by switch-to-switch (S2S) level retransmissions which reduce the number of end-to-end (E2E) level retransmissions that produce considerably higher latencies. These methods targeted at improving the fault-tolerance are also becoming necessary for improving the manufacturability of the circuits in the future.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4694870,no
Automated synthesis of EDACs for FLASH memories with user-selectable correction capability,"Tackling the design of a mission-critical system is a rather complex task: different and quite often contrasting dimensions need to be explored and the related trade-offs need to be evaluated. Designing a mass-memory device is one of the typical issues of mission-critical applications: the whole system is expected to accomplish a high level of dependability which highly relies on the dependability provided by the mass-memory device itself. NAND flash-memories could be used for this goal: in fact on the one hand they are nonvolatile, shock-resistant and powereconomic but on the other hand they have several drawbacks (e.g., higher cost and number of erasure cycles bounded). Error Detection And Correction (EDAC) techniques could be exploited to improve dependability of flash-memory devices: in particular binary Bose and Ray-Chaudhuri (BCH) codes are a well known correcting code technique for NAND flash-memories. In spite of the importance of error correction capability several other equally critical dimensions need to be explored during the design of binary BCH codes for a flash-memory based mass-memory device. No systematic approach has so far been proposed to consider them all as a whole: as a consequence a novel design environment with a user-selectable error correction capability is aimed at supporting the design of binary BCH codes for a flash-memory based mass-memory device.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5496653,no
Research on Optimal Placement of Travelling Wave Fault Locators in Power Grid,"Taking the full network observability of power system operation state, maximum state measurement redundancy and minimum number of travelling wave fault location device (TFD) as objectives, an TFD optimal placement scheme for power grid fault location with travelling wave is presented in the paper. The scheme contains two steps: static processing and dynamic configuration. Terminal substations should install TFD. Then taking the terminal substations as starting point, the whole network is separated into several unattached branches. The branch which includes the most number of substations, via the longest line, and has not any loop, can install TFD at its both terminals. And then combining with the practical length of each line and coverage range of substations, the optimal disposition of TFD can successfully accomplish. A novel network-based fault location algorithm is also designed with travelling wave velocity on-line measuring and every TFD recorded travelling arrival times fusing. EMTP simulation results show that the TFD optimal placement scheme can use less TFDs to locate all faults in the whole power grid with economy and high reliability. The location error is no more than 100 m.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4497049,no
Target Registration Correction Using the Neural Extended Kalman Filter,"Target registration can be considered a problem in aligning the reports of two sensor platforms. It is often a result of sensor misalignment and navigation errors. One technique to alleviate these errors is to continually recompute a correction with each report. In this paper, a different approach using a modification of an adaptive neural network technique is proposed and developed. The technique, which is referred to as a neural extended Kalman filter, learns the differences between the <i>a priori</i> model of the off-board reports and the actual model. This correction can then be added to the model to provide an improved estimate of the sensor report. The approach is applied to the problem of static-registration-applied track-level position reports.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5280378,no
Simulative study of target tracking accuracy based on time synchronization error in wireless sensor networks,"Target tracking is one of the popular applications of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Randomly distributed sensor nodes(motes) in environment gather spatio-temporal information about target(s) and send them to a sink node for further processing. Motes like personal computers use low cost crystal based clocks. In order to maintain synchronization accuracy to acceptable levels, we shall need to synchronize them quite often. Time synchronization tries to control the time accuracy in WSN but it still has a specific limited accuracy. Motes partly process their sensed data using local fusion before sending them to the sink. Target tracking has two major error sources, first of all is that the equation system most of times gives two different answers which target can be placed in one of them. Second factor is that low time accuracy causes the great amounts of errors in results. Choosing proper fusion methods and sensing coverage degree helps us to increase the accuracy of target tracking results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4592755,no
Automatic error recovery in targetless logic emulation,"Targetless logic emulation refers to a verification system in which there are no external hardware targets interfacing with the emulator. In such systems input stimuli to the DUT come either from a user provided vector file or a HDL testbench running on a software simulator and the DUT runs on hardware based logic emulator. Many users use such targetless environment for automated long running verification tests consisting of huge sets of input stimuli, consequently an automatic recovery method is of significant interest in such systems. The automatic error recovery method shall be able to complete the emulation session gracefully skipping error points and subsequently report various errors and mismatch conditions for user debug. The paper presents a novel methodology and verification infrastructure based on periodic checkpointing, which provides a robust way of error condition detection, subsequent restoration of last saved system state and resume emulation run by skipping offending operations. It does not require any special hardware extension and provides a fully customizable checkpoint frequency selection scheme. It is seen to add only a minimal overhead on overall hardware emulation speed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5206235,no
Are Fault Failure Rates Good Estimators of Adequate Test Set Size?,"Test set size in terms of the number of test cases is an important consideration when testing software systems. Using too few test cases might result in poor fault detection and using too many might be very expensive and suffer from redundancy. For a given fault, the ratio of the number of failure causing inputs to the number of possible inputs is referred to as the failure rate. Assuming a test set represents the input domain uniformly, the failure rate can be re-defined as the fraction of failed test cases in the test set. This paper investigates the relationship between fault failure rates and the number of test cases required to detect the faults. Our experiments suggest that an accurate estimation of failure rates of potential fault(s) in a program can provide a reliable estimate of an adequate test set size with respect to fault detection (a test set of size sufficient to detect all of the faults) and therefore should be one of the factors kept in mind during test set generation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381453,no
Impact of inverter faults in the overall performance of permanent magnet synchronous motor drives,"The aim of this paper is to present an overall analysis of a typical permanent magnet synchronous motor drive under different operating conditions. Single power switch open-circuit faults as well as single phase open-circuit faults are introduced in the inverter and their effects are investigated trough a drive global performance evaluation. This includes the study of phase currents and voltages harmonic distortion and power factor on the mains supply side, the DC bus current, power losses and efficiency of the rectifier as well as of the system comprising the inverter and the motor. In addition, total drive efficiency values are also reported. Experimental and simulation results under these faulty operating conditions are presented, as well as results under healthy operating conditions, with the objective to establish a reference for comparison.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5075374,no
Fault Tolerant Hardware for High Performance Signal Processing,"The approach described in this paper uses an array of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices to implement a fault tolerant hardware system that can be compared to the running of fault tolerant software on a traditional processor. Fault tolerance is achieved is achieved by using FPGA with on the fly partial programmability feature. Major considerations while mapping to the FPGA includes the size of the area to be mapped and communication issues related to their communication. Area size selection is compared to the page size selection in Operating System Design. Communication issues between modules are compared to the software engineering paradigms dealing with module coupling, fan-in, fan-out and cohesiveness. Finally, the overhead associated with the downloading of the reconfiguration files is discussed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4545565,no
Error analysis of Non-contact Weighted-Stretched-Wire System for measuring big structure deflections,"Structure deflections are key parameters to reflect its state, Non-contact Weighted-Stretched-Wire System (NCWSWS) is a novel system for measuring on-line deflections of big structures. This paper presents the configuration of the system and its measurement principle, researches errors due to the stretched-wire component and photography system, and corresponding strategies are given to reduce the errors. The practicality of the system is improved by study the error, and its performance satisfies the requirements of on-line measurement of big structure deflections.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4798911,no
A business-oriented hierarchical configuration management model and its applications for fault localization and impact analysis,"The ever-increasing complexities of IT systems is bringing great challenges to IT management. Meanwhile, IT management is expanding beyond the traditional IT network management and IT service management, and spreading to business service management. Existing configuration management models for IT management solutions lack holistically presenting, managing, and leveraging the IT logical entities related to business services (such as computing services, application system, business system), relationships among these entities and traditional IT physical entities (such as networks, computers, and processes). This research studies how these entities interrelate to support business operations. We propose a business-oriented hierarchical configuration management model for describing their relationships and this model's application for fault location and impact analysis. The model and algorithms form the basis of an advanced IT management platform being built within China Mobile Communication Corporation (CMCC).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5487197,no
The digital and high-precision error detection of complex freeform surface,"The exploitation and modification of automobile die attach great importance to the automobile exploitation. It should be realized in the process of modifying mould-obtaining 3D model by reverse engineering-testing errors-confirming model. This thesis applies the method of ATOS Optical Scanner and CMM (Three-Coordinate Measuring Machine) to obtain the complete high-precision point cloud data because of the complicated free form surface of automobile model. It is difficult to have error evaluation because the CAD model and the point cloud data are impossible to make automatic alignment. Therefore, on the basis of the surface reconstruction of reverse engineering software Imageware and the comparative functions between surface and point cloud data, we propose a new perspective of detecting digital error, i.e. the contour adjustment of surface automatically by the way of golden section method. Under the condition of satisfying the least square method, this method, which can make anastomosis for the actual and theoretical surface, reduces and even eliminates the position error caused by the inconsistency between the actual reference and CAD model reference, laying a foundation to measure shape error by the way of direct alignment method and reducing time as well as improving the error detection precision. Being simplistic, effective and practical, this method has been successfully utilized in the female die design of interior plastic trimming for a certain type of Shanghai Volkswagen car, having great reference value in terms of the automatization, flexibility and digitalization of products on-line detection.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4730649,no
An integrated framework of the modeling of failure-detection and fault-correction processes in software reliability analysis,"The failure-detection and fault-correction are critical processes in attaining good performance of software quality. In this paper, we propose several improvements on the conventional software reliability growth models (SRGMs) to describe actual software development process by eliminating some unrealistic assumptions. Most of these models have focused on the failure detection process and not given equal priority to modeling the fault correction process. But, most latent software errors may remain uncorrected for a long time even after they are detected, which increases their impact. The remaining software faults are often one of the most unreliable reasons for software quality. Therefore, we develop a general framework of the modeling of the failure detection and fault correction processes. Furthermore, we also analyze the effect of applying the delay-time non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) models. Finally, numerical examples are shown to illustrate the results of the integration of the detection and correction process.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4618163,no
An Approach for Analyzing Infrequent Software Faults Based on Outlier Detection,"The fault analysis is critical process in software security system. However, identifying outliers in software faults has not been well addressed. In this paper, we define WCFPOF (weighted closed frequent pattern outlier factor) to measure the complete transactions, and propose a novel approach for detecting closed frequent pattern based outliers. Through discovering and maintaining closed frequent patterns, the outlier measure of each transaction is computed to generate outliers. The outliers are the data that contain relatively less closed frequent itemsets. To describe the reasons why detected outlier transactions are infrequent, the contradictive closed frequent patterns for each outlier are figured out. Experimental results show that our algorithm has shorter time consumption and better scalability.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5376341,no
Study of adaptive fault current algorithm for microgrid dominated by inverter based distributed generators,"The fault characteristic of inverter interfaced DG is very different from that of synchronous rotating generators. Traditional protection methods based on large fault current are no longer applicable to inverter-only supplied microgrid. This paper analyzes the fault behaviour of inverter based microgrid, and proposes an adaptive fault current protection algorithm for this type of microgrid. According to the fault characteristic of inverter interfaced DG, it uses fault component current which only presents in fault condition. The result is simulated and proved by DigSilent.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5545889,no
Fault Detection of Satellite Network Based on MNMP,"The fault detection of satellite network is required to collect data of managed objects via network management protocol. Therefore, it is a premise of fault management of satellite network to choose a network management protocol designed according to the feature of satellite network. Due to the uniqueness of satellite network, the current network management protocol and standard, such as simple network management protocol (SNMP) and CMIP, are both directly unsuitable for the applying of fault detection of satellite network. By analysis of multiplex network management protocol (MNMP), this paper focuses on the discussion of the MNMP application in the fault detection of satellite network. Besides, in order to investigate the performance of fault detection based on MNMP, this paper also gives a performance test on several means of data acquisition of MNMP, and compares as well as analyze it with SNMP.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5211461,no
The Design of Fault Diagnosis Expert System about Temperature Adjustment System Based on CLIPS,"The fault diagnosis of a certain launching unit's temperature controller is researched with the object-oriented programming method based on expert system theory, the fault-diagnosis expert-system software is designed and developed with VC++ 2008 and CLIPS. The structure of the system is firstly analyzed; The representation of knowledge, the design of database and the production rule are discussed then; lastly the diagnosis flow is studied up and a demonstration of the fault diagnosis is given.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5287746,no
Fault Diagnosis of Vehicle Continuously Variable Transmission Based on Mutual Information Entropy and Support Vector Machine,"The fault inspection and diagnosis of vehicle transmission plays a special role of safely steering and knocking the traffic accidents down. For the fault character of vehicle continuously variable transmission(CVT), the multi-resolution singular-spectrum entropy method, based on the mutual information entropy, to effectively extract the signal character of fault, and the multiclass classification support vector machine(SVM) algorithm to be easily implemented to deal with the problems of classification for fault state are proposed. Experiment results have shown the feasibility and efficiency of the combination mutual information entropy with multiclass classification SVM in fault diagnosis of vehicle CVT, additionally, the algorithms are very reliable to be implemented with fault inspection.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5460052,no
Fault diagnosis expert system of artillery radar based on neural network,"The fault of new type artillery radar is highly complex and correlative. The neural network technology was incorporated into the radar fault diagnosis after the fault features of new type artillery radar and the shortage of the expert diagnosis system were analyzed. There are many difficulties in the process of the servicing for the artillery radar, such as technology level is low, fault diagnosis is difficult. To resolve the problem, a fault diagnosis expert system was realized based on RBF(Radial Basis Function) neural network. The collectivity structure of expert system, structure and function of software were discussed. Accordingly, several key techniques such as the fault diagnosis principle of RBF neural network, knowledge database, reasoning engine were also given in detail. The application results showed that the expert system proved its feasibility and practical, the servicing efficiency and fault diagnosis ability are improved.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5541382,no
Electronic barometric altimeter in real time correction,"The barometric altitude measurement using modern electronic sensors has significant error due to atmospheric pressure variations with respective to weather and time. Based on the altimeter setting concept, the barometric altimeter should be corrected according to hourly QNH data to maintain accuracy. This paper presents an airborne altitude measurement technology using barometric measurement and real time calibration through GPRS uplink. The proposed method is practical in correcting the time variant error of the electronic barometric altimeter automatically. After these corrections, the static and dynamic accuracy of the electronic barometric altimeter can be much improved into less than 2% errors in real time. The proposed system is suitable for ultra light aircrafts (ULA) or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4702864,no
A Reconfigurable Motor for Experimental Emulation of Stator Winding Interturn and Broken Bar Faults in Polyphase Induction Machines,"The benefits and drawbacks of a 5-hp reconfigurable induction motor, which was designed for experimental emulation of stator winding interturn and broken rotor bar faults, are presented in this paper. It was perceived that this motor had the potential of quick and easy reconfiguration to produce the desired stator and rotor faults in a variety of different fault combinations. Hence, this motor was anticipated to make a useful test bed for evaluation of the efficacy of existing and new motor fault diagnostics techniques and not the study of insulation failure mechanisms. Accordingly, it was anticipated that this reconfigurable motor would eliminate the need to permanently destroy machine components such as stator windings or rotor bars when acquiring data from a faulty machine for fault diagnostic purposes. Experimental results under healthy and various faulty conditions are presented in this paper, including issues associated with rotor bar-end ring contact resistances that showed the drawbacks of this motor in so far as emulation of rotor bar breakages. However, emulation of stator-turn fault scenarios was successfully accomplished.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4675794,no
Common Trends in Software Fault and Failure Data,"The benefits of the analysis of software faults and failures have been widely recognized. However, detailed studies based on empirical data are rare. In this paper, we analyze the fault and failure data from two large, real-world case studies. Specifically, we explore: 1) the localization of faults that lead to individual software failures and 2) the distribution of different types of software faults. Our results show that individual failures are often caused by multiple faults spread throughout the system. This observation is important since it does not support several heuristics and assumptions used in the past. In addition, it clearly indicates that finding and fixing faults that lead to such software failures in large, complex systems are often difficult and challenging tasks despite the advances in software development. Our results also show that requirement faults, coding faults, and data problems are the three most common types of software faults. Furthermore, these results show that contrary to the popular belief, a significant percentage of failures are linked to late life cycle activities. Another important aspect of our work is that we conduct intra- and interproject comparisons, as well as comparisons with the findings from related studies. The consistency of several main trends across software systems in this paper and several related research efforts suggests that these trends are likely to be intrinsic characteristics of software faults and failures rather than project specific.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4760152,no
Timing for the Loran-C signal by Beidou satellite and error correction for the transmission time,"The capability of positioning of Beidou/Loran-C integrated navigation system is restricted by the transmitting precision of Loran-C signal. In this paper, the wavelet shrinkage de-noising method of correction for the transmission time error of Loran-C signal, which is timed by the Beidou satellite, is discussed. Getting the random offset from the time difference, and then, adopting the soft-threshold function and the SUREShrink estimation in the de-noising. The results demonstrated that the transmission time error was decreased about 30 ns, and the performance of three dimension positioning was improved evidently through the method in the experiment.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4623044,no
Integrated algorithm for solving H<inf>2</inf>-optimal fault detection and isolation problems,"The design problem of fault detection and isolation filters can be formulated as a model matching problem and solved using an H<sub>2</sub>-norm minimization approach. A systematic procedure is proposed to choose appropriate filter specifications which guarantee the existence of proper and stable solutions of the model matching problem. This selection is integral part of a numerically reliable computational method to design of H<sub>2</sub>-optimal fault detection filters. The proposed design approach is completely general, being applicable to both continuous- and discrete-time systems, and can easily handle even unstable and/or improper systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676084,no
On fault diagnosis tree and its control flow,"The coarse-grained organization of the existing fault diagnosis scheme can not realize the automatic and intelligent diagnosis. This paper provides a tree structure of fault diagnosis scheme named T04FDS, which integrates the fault classification relations and nesting relation of part and whole. By building the state transform system to represent the diagnosis process, and describing the control flow with operations of stack. Furthermore the thesis presents the physical realization of T04FDS fault diagnosis, and finally proves the feasibility of this method by giving an example of fault diagnosis scheme for computer wireless network card.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5268057,no
Fault-Based Test Case Generation for Component Connectors,"The complex interactions appearing in service-oriented computing make coordination a key concern in service-oriented systems. In this paper, we present a fault-based method to generate test cases for component connectors from specifications. For connectors, faults are caused by possible errors during the development process, such as wrongly used channels, missing or redundant subcircuits, or circuits with wrongly constructed topology. We give test cases and connectors a unifying formal semantics by using the notion of design, and generate test cases by solving constraints obtained from the specification and faulty connectors. A prototype symbolic test case generator serves to demonstrate the automatizing of the approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5198497,no
Challenges in scalable fault tolerance,"The continued scaling of device dimensions is leading toward devices where only a handful of dopant atoms or charges can make the difference between a one and a zero in the of state of represented bit, by enhancing or depleting channel conduction. Thus very minor static imperfections in dopant distribution, dielectric properties, or device geometry, and dynamic conditions associated with heat, radiation, or aging can perturb a device out of specification and cause electrical errors. Thus we might expect to soon see devices with millions of static defects and thousands of soft errors in very short time periods. Both static defects and dynamic faults at these scales present huge challenges. Classical methods for fault or defect tolerance at a higher level of architecture (eg. N-modular-redundancy) can be impractically expensive, and some approaches to diagnosis and reconfiguration require immense reliable memories or impractical test and reconfiguration times. Efficient and effective means are needed that exploit structure inherent in one layer of architecture to provide key properties to enable reliable execution at other levels.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5226360,no
Design of fault tolerant system based on runtime behavior tracing,"The current researches to improve the reliability of operating systems have been focusing on the evolution of kernel architecture or protecting against device driver errors. In particularly, the device driver errors are critical to the most of the complementary operating systems that have a kernel level device driver. Especially on special purpose embedded system, because of its limited resources and variety of devices, more serious problems are induced. Preventing data corruption or blocking the arrogation of operational level is not enough to cover the entire problems. For examples, when using device drivers, the violation of function's call sequence can cause a malfunction. Also a violation of behavior rules on system level involves the same problem. This type of errors is difficult to be detected by the previous methods. Accordingly, we designed a system that traces system behavior at runtime and recovers optimally when errors are detected. We experimented in Linux 2.6.24 kernel operating on GP2X-WIZ mobile game player.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5440261,no
Accurate Bit-Error-Rate Analysis of Bandlimited Cooperative OSTBC Networks Under Timing Synchronization Errors,"The distributed multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system (e.g., intercluster communication via cooperating nodes in a wireless sensor network) is a topic of emerging interest. Many previous studies have assumed perfect synchronization among cooperating nodes and identically distributed communication links. Such assumptions are rarely valid in practical operating scenarios. This paper develops an analytical framework for computing the average bit error rate (ABER) of a distributed multiple-input-single-output (MISO) space-time-coded system with binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation affected by timing synchronization errors. The cooperating nodes use data pulse-shaping filters for transmission over generalized frequency-nonselective fading channels. As an illustrative example, the performance evaluation of a 2 times 1 MISO system that uses distributed orthogonal space-time block coding (OSTBC) is presented, although this approach can be readily extended to analyze distributed transmit diversity with a larger number of cooperating nodes. We show that under certain conditions, a distributed MISO system with time synchronization errors can still outperform a perfectly synchronized single-input-single-output (SISO) system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4689378,no
The Application of Fault Tree Analysis in Software Project Risk Management,"The fault tree model has great significance on software project risk management. According to the standard fault-tree model, this paper establishes the corresponding mathematical model and sets up the software fault tree model of software project, analyzes project risk probability and influence coefficient combined with the actual software project risk management; sequentially lays a theoretical foundation for better controlling software project risk management.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5303906,no
Discrete game abstraction for fault tolerant control synthesis,"The focus of this paper is on the generation of controllers for fault tolerant control. Active off-line fault tolerant control design relies on a pool of controllers designed to handle different failure modes. Designing this pool of controllers remains a challenge and this paper hence investigates automatic control synthesis for a specific class of systems by abstracting the control problem to a set of combinatorial objects or a state machine. Next, a discrete game is formulated, in which the objective is to reach a goal set representing a desired (reference) state, and faults are treated as moves by a malignant opponent. Assuming that a winning strategy exists for this game, it forms a rule base that determines which control law to use under a given fault condition.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4627364,no
Application of the Pronys method for induction machine stator fault diagnosis,"The fundamental positive and negative sequence components of the voltage and current are always characters in induction machine stator fault diagnosis. This paper presents the application of the Pronypsilas method for deriving these components from the measured data. It is known that the Pronypsilas method is sensitive to noise and takes a long computation time by increasing of the length of the data. In order to enhance its performance, pretreatments, including frame transformation, frequency shifting and decimation, are employed before using the Pronypsilas method. Finally, the fundamental sequence components, figured out by using the Pronypsilas method, are put into a neural network to calculate the indicator for diagnosis. The proposed technique is verified by applying to diagnose the stator fault in a three-phase induction motor.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4770823,no
Research on the Fault Diagnosis for Boiler System Based on Fuzzy Neural Network,"The fuzzy logic was applied into the neural network and the application of fault diagnosis for boiler system with the integrated fuzzy neural network is investigated on the basis of the introductions of the basic principle of artificial neural network (ANN) and the principle of fault diagnosis for boiler system based on neural network. A example of training process and testing results about the sample of boiler was given. At last, it is proved that this integrated method can acquire a better result on fault diagnosis for boiler through error analysis compared with the traditional standard BP network.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5319695,no
Effects of time synchronization errors in GNSS-aided INS,"The effects of time synchronization errors in a GNSS-aided inertial navigation system (INS) are studied in terms of the increased error covariance of the state vector. Expressions for evaluating the error covariance of the navigation state vector-given the vehicle trajectory and the model of the INS error dynamics-are derived. Two different cases are studied in some detail. The first case considers a navigation system in which the timing error is not included in the integration filter. This leads to a system with an increased error covariance and a bias in the estimated forward acceleration. In the second case, a parameterization of the timing error is included as a part of the estimation problem in the data integration. Simulation results show that by including the timing error in the estimation problem, almost perfect time synchronization is obtained and the bias in the forward acceleration is removed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4570010,no
Fault diagnosis of rotor winding inter-turn short circuit in turbine-generator based on BP neural network,"The electromagnetic characteristic and rotor vibration characteristic of turbine-generator are analyzed when rotor winding inter-turn short circuit fault has happened. This paper reveals that exciting magnetic force F<sub>f</sub> is constant in a fixed condition whereas the exciting current I<sub>f</sub> increases in case of rotor inter-turn fault. This paper also finds relevant characteristic parameters. Based on the theory, we can get training patterns without doing destructive tests. Then BP (back propagation) neural network can be adequately trained and diagnosis rotor winding inter-turn short circuit. BP neural network is independent on mathematic models and parameters of turbine-generator. Finally practically acquired dynamic experiment data of the MJF-30-6 generator, the results of verification show that the theory analysis is right and the method is efficient and accurate.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4770814,no
Improving Accuracy in the Montgomery County Corrections Program Using Case-Based Reasoning,"The Montgomery county corrections program is a program designed to address the problem of overcrowded jails by providing an out-of-jail rehabilitative program as an alternative. The candidate offenders chosen for this program are offenders convicted on nonviolent charges and are currently chosen subjectively with little statistical basis. In addition, historical data has been recorded on offenders who have passed through the program, making the program a good candidate for case-based reasoning. Using such reasoning, county officials would like an objective measurement which will predict the success or failure of a candidate offender based on past offender history. The four case-based reasoning algorithms chosen for this prediction are discrete, continuous and distance weighted k-nearest neighbors and a general regression neural network (GRNN). Although all four algorithms prove to be an improvement on the current system, the GRNN performs the best, with an average accuracy rate of 68%.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4724992,no
Accelerated functional modeling of aircraft electrical power systems including fault scenarios,"The more-electric aircraft concept is a fast-developing trend in modern aircraft power systems and will result in an increase in electrical loads fed by power electronic converters. Finalizing the architectural bus paradigm for the next generation of more-electric aircraft involves extensive simulations ensuring power system integrity. Since the possible number of loads in an on-board power system can be very large, the development of accurate, effective and computational time-saving models is of great importance. This paper focuses on development of a modeling approach based-on functional representation of individual power system units. This provides for possibility of fast simulation of a full generator-load power system under both normal and fault conditions. The paper describes the modeling principle, illustrates the acceleration attainable and shows how the functional representation can handle fault scenarios.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5415246,no
Assessing Asymmetric Fault-Tolerant Software,"The most popular forms of fault tolerance against design faults use ""asymmetric"" architectures in which a ""primary"" part performs the computation and a ""secondary"" part is in charge of detecting errors and performing some kind of error processing and recovery. In contrast, the most studied forms of software fault tolerance are ""symmetric"" ones, e.g. N-version programming. The latter are often controversial, the former are not. We discuss how to assess the dependability gains achieved by these methods. Substantial difficulties have been shown to exist for symmetric schemes, but we show that the same difficulties affect asymmetric schemes. Indeed, the latter present somewhat subtler problems. In both cases, to predict the dependability of the fault-tolerant system it is not enough to know the dependability of the individual components. We extend to asymmetric architectures the style of probabilistic modeling that has been useful for describing the dependability of ""symmetric"" architectures, to highlight factors that complicate the assessment. In the light of these models, we finally discuss fault injection approaches to estimating coverage factors. We highlight the limits of what can be predicted and some useful research directions towards clarifying and extending the range of situations in which estimates of coverage of fault tolerance mechanisms can be trusted.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635113,no
A Case Study for Fault Tolerance Oriented Programming in Multi-core Architecture,"The multi-core architecture brings more and more challenges and means to common software developers. Reliable software system design approaches can give a high confidence that long-running online software systems run correctly. But anyway these approaches will certainly cause the loss of the efficiency. We found that the multi-core architecture is a quite suitable platform to support reliable software system design and can make the cost acceptable because of its advantages of the parallel performance and prevalence. In this paper we make use of the multi-core architecture to support software fault tolerance. This approach will make the integration of software fault tolerance and the multi-core architecture as a common design choice. According to the idea of software fault tolerance, for some key software units in a system we can develop N separate versions of them with equivalent functionalities. Each version is developed independently by an isolated group to prevent identical faults among versions. All implemented versions run separately from same initial conditions and inputs. Outputs of all redundant versions are submitted to a decision module that determines a single result from multiple results as the correct output. In this paper, we give a case study to show that with the multi-core architecture, the redundant versions of a key software unit can run in parallel on different cores to improve the efficiency.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5167055,no
A formal specification of fault-tolerance in prospecting asteroid mission with Reactive Autonomie Systems Framework,"The NASA's Autonomous Nano Technology Swarm (ANTS) is a generic mission architecture consisting of miniaturized, autonomous, self-similar, reconfigurable, and addressable components forming structures. The Prospecting Asteroid Mission (PAM) is one of ANTS applications for survey of large dynamic populations. In this paper, we propose a formal approach based on Category Theory to specify the fault-tolerance property in PAM by Reactive Autonomie Systems Framework.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5540769,no
Techniques for BRDF Correction of Hyperspectral Mosaics,"The need to correct view- and sun-angle-dependent intensity gradients in aerial and satellite images is well established, with bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) kernel-based techniques receiving much of the recent attention in the literature. In these methods, a plausible (physical or empirical) model of the BRDF is fitted to the data and then used to normalize the image to standard solar and view angles. As yet, very little attention has been paid to the case where the images are hyperspectral (i.e., there are many contiguous bands captured simultaneously), beyond using known techniques on each band. This can lead to loss of spectral integrity and poor agreement on overlapping regions unless careful attention is paid to these factors. In this paper, a range of techniques that can be employed for the purpose of hyperspectral mosaicking is presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5483085,no
Study of fault tolerance control for power management system,"The new generation of vessels, especially on electrical power propulsion installations, have a complex power system configuration. On the basis of electric propulsion power management system, the fault-tolerance control technology of the power management fault-tolerance control system is explored and it also constructs the function structure of this fault-tolerance control system. Synchronously, some main functions of this system such as information checkout, parallel operation method and control instruction validation and decision are expatiated.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5274697,no
Backward-compatible robust error protection of JPEG XR compressed video,"The new JPEG XR image encoding standard offers a great compression rate while maintaining a good visual quality. Nonetheless, it has low error robustness, making it unusable in case of unreliable transmission over error prone channels, e.g., wireless channels. An improvement to the standard was developed, which can correct transmission errors, both bit or packet losses, and which is fully compatible with legacy decoders. Data interleaving and channel coding can offer a good protection against transmission errors; different levels of protection can be adopted, in order to trade-off between error protection capabilities and decompressed image quality.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5469735,no
Mixed test structure for soft and hard defect detection,"The objective of this paper is to present a mixed test structure designed to characterize yield losses due to hard defect and back-end process variation (PV) at die and wafer level. A brief overview of the structure, designed in a ST-Microelectronics' 130 nm technology, is given. This structure is based on a SRAM memory array for detecting hard defects. Moreover each memory cell can be configured in the ring oscillator (RO) mode for back-end PV's characterization. The structure is tested in both modes (SRAM, RO) using a single test flow. Experimental results are given and confirm the ability of the structure to monitor PV and defect density.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4509313,no
Analysis of arcing fault models,"The objective of this paper is to present, discuss and compare, in some detail, the arc models used to represent an arcing fault, in order to determine which of them is the most precise for this purpose. At the beginning of the paper a brief explanation of arcing faults is given, bringing out the importance of a realistic simulation of them. A theoretical description of the black box equations to model arc is explained. The paper concludes with a comparison of the most representative arc models. Results will be useful not only in arcing fault detection but also in the design of autoreclosure schemes on transmission lines. Implementation and simulation method are based on ATP/EMTP.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641860,no
Fault tolerant generator systems for wind turbines,"The objective of this paper is to review the possibilities of applying fault tolerance in generator systems for wind turbines based on what has been presented in the literature. In order to make generator systems fault tolerant in a suitable way, it is necessary to gain insight into the probability of different failures, so that suitable measures can be taken. Therefore, a literature survey of reliability of wind turbines, electrical machines and power electronic converters is given. Five different ways of achieving fault tolerance identified in the literature are discussed together with their applicability for wind turbines: (1) converters with redundant semiconductors, (2) fault tolerant converter topologies, (3) fault tolerance by increasing the number of phases, (4) fault tolerance of switched reluctance machines, and (5) design for fault tolerance of PM machines and converters. Because converters fail more often than machines, it makes sense to use of fault tolerant converter topologies. Increasing the number of phases is a useful form of fault tolerance because it can be achieved without increasing the cost significantly.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5075278,no
Evaluation of Respiratory Motion Effect on Defect Detection in Myocardial Perfusion SPECT: A Simulation Study,"The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of respiratory motion (RM) on defect detection in Tc-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) using a phantom population that includes patient variability. Three RM patterns are included, namely breath-hold, slightly enhanced normal breathing, and deep breathing. For each RM pattern, six 4-D NCAT phantoms were generated, each with anatomical variations. Anterior, lateral and inferior myocardial defects with different sizes and contrasts were inserted. Noise-free SPECT projections were simulated using an analytical projector. Poisson noise was then added to generate noisy realizations. The projection data were reconstructed using the OS-EM algorithm with 1 and 4 subsets/iteration and at 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 iterations. Short-axis images centered at the centroid of the myocardial defect were extracted, and the channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) was applied for the detection of the defect. The CHO results show that the value of the area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) is affected by the RM amplitude. For all the defect sizes and contrasts studied, the highest or optimal AUC values indicate maximum detectability decrease with the increase of the RM amplitude. With no respiration, the ranking of the optimal AUC value in decreasing order is anterior then lateral, and finally inferior defects. The AUC value of the lateral defect drops more severely as the RM amplitude increases compared to other defect locations. Furthermore, as the RM amplitude increases, the AUC values of the smaller defects drop more quickly than the larger ones. We demonstrated that RM affects defect detectability of MPS imaging. The results indicate that developments of optimal data acquisition methods and RM correction methods are needed to improve the defect detectability in MPS.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5076124,no
The neural network technology applied on fault detection of locomotive converter,"The paper analyzes the fault principle of the SS7E locomotive converter, and classifies the fault sorts of it. The paper describes a method of adopting wavelet analysis to extract energy eigenvector from the output voltage wave of the converter, and proposes a fault diagnosis method of the converter by using energy eigenvector and neural-network technology. The hardware frame and software design of the fault diagnosis system are discussed and the application scheme to diagnose the specific fault position of converter online by increasing a few monitoring points is proposed. The validity of the method is proved by computer simulation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5498737,no
Fault diagnosis on analog circuits based on Integrated Learning Method,"The Integrated Learning Method (ILM) uses multiple learners to solve the same problem, which can greatly improve the generalization ability of learning systems. To address the fault diagnosis on analog circuits, aiming at the shortcomings of diagnosis and model stability with single RBF neural network to diagnose faults of analog circuit system, the paper discussed method to improve model diagnosis accuracy with Bagging algorithm of ILM to integrated multiple neural networks. The experiment results show the adoption of this scheme can significantly improve the performance of neural network diagnostic model.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5565891,no
DSP-Based Sensorless Electric Motor Fault-Diagnosis Tools for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain Applications,"The integrity of electric motors in work and passenger vehicles can best be maintained by frequently monitoring their condition. In this paper, a signal processing-based motor fault-diagnosis scheme in detail is presented. The practicability and reliability of the proposed algorithm are tested on rotor asymmetry detection at zero speed, i.e., at startup and idle modes in the case of a vehicle. Regular rotor asymmetry tests are done when the motor is running at a certain speed under load with stationary current signal assumption. It is quite challenging to obtain these regular test conditions for long-enough periods of time during daily vehicle operations. In addition, automobile vibrations cause nonuniform air-gap motor operation that directly affects the inductances of electric motors and results in a noisy current spectrum. Therefore, it is challenging to apply conventional rotor fault-detection methods while examining the condition of electric motors as part of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrain. The proposed method overcomes the aforementioned problems by simply testing the rotor asymmetry at zero speed. This test can be achieved at startup or repeated during idle modes, where the speed of the vehicle is zero. The proposed method can be implemented at no cost using the readily available electric motor inverter sensor and microprocessing unit. Induction motor fault signatures are experimentally tested online by employing the drive-embedded master processor [TMS320F2812 digital signal processor (DSP)] to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4745784,no
An Ontology Modeling Method of Mechanical Fault Diagnosis System Based on RSM,"The intelligent level and diagnostic accuracy of mechanical fault diagnosis system depend on the knowledge quantity and quality in its library. While fusing existing knowledge is an important method to increase the knowledge quantity and quality in library. Accordingly, this paper using resource space model (RSM) of knowledge grid (KG) to classify and manage the fault diagnosis knowledge, then proposed an ontology modeling method of mechanical fault diagnosis system. Based on the method, we using protege 4 to construct an ontology of AC motor faults diagnosis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5370501,no
Codesign and Simulated Fault Injection of Safety-Critical Embedded Systems Using SystemC,"The international safety standard IEC-61508 highly recommends fault injection techniques in all steps of the development process of safety-critical embedded systems, in order to analyze the reaction of the system in a faulty environment and to validate the correct implementation of fault tolerance mechanisms. Simulated fault injection enables an early dependability assessment that reduces the risk of late discovery of safety related design pitfalls and enables the analysis of fault tolerance mechanisms at each design refinement step using techniques such as failure mode and effect analysis. This paper presents a SystemC based executable modeling approach for the codesign and early dependability assessment by means of simulated fault injection of safety-critical embedded systems, which reduces the gap between the abstractions at which the system is designed and assessed. The effectiveness of this approach is examined in a train on-board safety-critical odometry example, which combines fault tolerance and sensor-fusion.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5474177,no
Evaluation of the H.264 Scalable Video Coding in Error Prone IP Networks,"The Joint Video Team, composed by the ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG), has standardized a scalable extension of the H.264/AVC video coding standard called scalable video coding (SVC). H.264/SVC provides scalable video streams which are composed by a base layer and one or more enhancement layers. Enhancement layers may improve the temporal, the spatial or the signal-to-noise ratio resolutions of the content represented by the lower layers. One of the applications of this standard is related to video transmission in both wired and wireless communication systems, and it is therefore important to analyze in which way packet losses contribute to the degradation of quality, and which mechanisms could be used to improve that quality. This paper provides an analysis and evaluation of H.264/SVC in error prone environments, quantifying the degradation caused by packet losses in the decoded video. It also proposes and analyzes the consequences of QoS-based discarding of packets through different marking solutions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4595644,no
Journey error analysis and compensation for automatic overhead travelling crane,"The journey accuracy of overhead travelling crane was improved based on error compensation. To begin with analysis of error sources, the holographic error model had been established. As for each error source, the effect had been analyzed to acquire the main error sources which needed to be considered. The error compensation methods corresponding to relevant main error sources had been discussed by different means. The error compensation algorithm that had been designed according to the research results had been applied to compensating journey error of overhead travelling crane. The simulation experiment validated that the algorithm was effective. Through a large number of on-site tests, the maximal error of actual position and ideal position was +2.5(cm), which well satisfied the need of production.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246403,no
Focus Error Analysis and Simulation in Multi-Layer Data Storage System,"The key problem in multi-layer data storage readout system is how to separate the signal among different layers and avoid the crosstalk between the different layers. The adjusted Fuke prism method and dip incidence is used in focusing control of readout system. Since the practical requirements of fixing prism is higher, the variation of defocus signal with the prism fixing bias is analyzed and simulated in this paper. It is proved by theory and simulation that the focus error signal can be separated from each layer and be received by the detector with the consideration of fixing error and bias.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5366568,no
Spike-Timing Error Backpropagation in Theta Neuron Networks,"The main contribution of this letter is the derivation of a steepest gradient descent learning rule for a multilayer network of theta neurons, a one-dimensional nonlinear neuron model. Central to our model is the assumption that the intrinsic neuron dynamics are sufficient to achieve consistent time coding, with no need to involve the precise shape of postsynaptic currents; this assumption departs from other related models such as SpikeProp and Tempotron learning. Our results clearly show that it is possible to perform complex computations by applying supervised learning techniques to the spike times and time response properties of nonlinear integrate and fire neurons. Networks trained with our multilayer training rule are shown to have similar generalization abilities for spike latency pattern classification as Tempotron learning. The rule is also able to train networks to perform complex regression tasks that neither SpikeProp or Tempotron learning appears to be capable of.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6796434,no
Applying evolving fuzzy models with adaptive local error bars to on-line fault detection,"The main contribution of this paper is a novel fault detection strategy, which is able to cope with changing system states at on-line measurement systems fully automatically. For doing so, an improved fault detection logic is introduced which is based on data-driven evolving fuzzy models. These are sample-wise trained from online measurement data, i.e. the structure and rules of the models evolve over time in order to cope 1.) with high-frequented measurement recordings and 2.) online changing operating conditions. The evolving fuzzy models represent (changing) non-linear dependencies between certain system variables and are used for calculating the deviation between expected model outputs and real measured values on new incoming data samples (rarr residuals). The residuals are compared with local confidence regions surrounding the evolving fuzzy models, so-called local error bars, incrementally calculated synchronously to the models. The behavior of the residuals is analyzed over time by an adaptive univariate statistical approach. Evaluation results based on high-dimensional measurement data from engine test benches are demonstrated at the end of the paper, where the novel fault detection approach is compared against static analytical (fault) models.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4484564,no
Hybrid intelligent architecture for fault identification in power distribution systems,"The main objective involved with this paper consists of presenting the results obtained from the application of artificial neural networks and statistical tools in the automatic identification and classification process of faults in electric power distribution systems. The developed techniques to treat the proposed problem have used, in an integrated way, several approaches that can contribute to the successful detection process of faults, aiming that it is carried out in a reliable and safe way. The compilations of the results obtained from practical experiments accomplished in a pilot radial distribution feeder have demonstrated that the developed techniques provide accurate results, identifying and classifying efficiently the several occurrences of faults observed in the feeder.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275203,no
Application of Wavelet Packet in Defect Recognition of Optical Fiber Fusion Based on ISO14000,"The important meaning of the optical fiber fusion defect recognition was introduced based on ISO14000. Detecting the optical fiber fusion point by using the UltraPAC system, aiming at the defect feature, the method of analyzing and extracting the defect eigenvalue by using wavelet packet analysis and pattern recognition by making use of the wavelet neural network is discussed. This method can realize to extract the interrelated information which can reflect defect feature from the ultrasonic information being detected and analysis it by the information. Constructing the network model for realizing the qualitative recognition of defects. The results of experiment show that the wavelet packet analysis adequately make use of the information in time-domain and in frequency-domain of the defected echo signal, multi-level partition the frequency bands and analyze the high-frequency part further which donpsilat been subdivided by multi-resolution analysis, and choose the interrelated frequency bands to make it suited with signal spectrum. Thus, the time-frequency resolution is risen, the good local amplificatory property of the wavelet neural network and the study characteristic of multi-resolution analysis can achieve the higher accuracy rate of the qualitative classification of fusion defects.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4908539,no
Correction of the Method of Images for Partial Inductance Calculations of QFP,"The inapplicability of the method of images to partial inductance calculation within the magneto-quasi-static approximation has been shown by the authors in previous works. This concept is restated in this paper, and some correction terms for the application of the method of images are proposed. A partial inductance calculation technique based on potential theory is also proposed, which does not require the calculation of the current distribution, and is limited at present to infinite perfectly conducting planes. The proposed correction terms are verified with simple structures at first, and later with the calculation of the partial inductance matrix of a quad flat package.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5298949,no
Assessment of fault location algorithms in transmission grids,"The increased accuracy into the fault's detection and location make an easier task for maintenance, this being the reason to develop new possibilities to a precise estimation of the fault location. The paper presents the results of the implementation of two fault location algorithms in ATP-EMTP program. Some ATP-MODELS modules were associated to the ATP model of different transmission grids, these modules being developed on basis of Takagi algorithm applied in two-machine systems and on basis of one algorithm processing synchronized positive-sequence phasor quantities on both transmission lines' terminals. DFT and A3 type filters were used to calculate the fundamental frequency phasors of the transient voltages and currents. There are presented some simulations', the considered parameters of the presented analysis being: line's load, fault's type and resistance and fault position along the overseen line.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5281818,no
Three-Dimensional Pareto-Optimal Design of Inductive Superconducting Fault Current Limiters,"The inductive-type superconducting fault current limiters (LSFCLs) mainly consist of a primary copper coil, a secondary complete or partial superconductor cylinder, and a closed or open magnetic iron core. Satisfactory performance of such device significantly depends on optimal selection of its employed materials and construction dimensions, as well as its electrical, thermal, and magnetic parameters. Therefore, it is very important to identify a comprehensive model describing the LSFCL behavior in a power system prior to its fabrication. When a fault occurs, the dynamic model should essentially characterize the overall phenomena to compare the simulation results by varying LSFCL parameters to maximize the merits of a fault current limiter while minimizing its drawbacks during the normal state. The principle object of this paper is to achieve a feasible and full penetrative approach in 3-D alignments, i.e., a Pareto-optimal design of LSFCLs by means of multicriteria decision-making techniques after defining the LSFCL model in a power system CAD/electromagnetic transients including dc environment.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5504815,no
Fault tolerance in sensor networks: Performance comparison of some gossip algorithms,"The goal of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of three versions of the well known gossip algorithm, namely: basic gossip, push-sum and broadcast, for the distributed solution of averaging problems. The main focus is on the impact of link failures that, reducing the network connectivity, decrease the convergence speed. As a similar effect occurs in non fully-meshed networks, because of a limited coverage radius of the nodes, a comparison is made between these two scenarios. The considered algorithms can require optimization of some share factors; to this purpose, we resort to simulations, but the conclusions achieved are confirmed through analytical arguments, exploiting the concept of potential function.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5186378,no
Synthesizing Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Grid Application Wrapper Services,"The grid is inherently unreliable due to its geographical dispersion, heterogeneity and the involvement of multiple administrative domains. The most general case of failures are so-called Byzantine failures where no assumptions about the behavior of faulty components can be made. In this paper a novel system is described that allows to diagnose and tolerate byzantine faults based on service replication. We suggest, briefly describe and compare two fail-stop and two byzantine fault tolerance algorithms. Given that many scientific larger-scale grid applications have complex outputs the comparison of replica results as needed to implement byzantine fault tolerance becomes a non-trivial task. Therefore we include an automation mechanism based on a generic description language and code generation for this particualar problem. Our approach has been implemented as extension to the Otho Toolkit, a system that synthesizes tailor-made wrapper services for a given application, grid environment and resource. An analysis of performance and overheads for three real-world applications completes our work.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4534251,no
Application of BCC Algorithm and RBFNN in Identification of Defect Parameters,"The identification of defect parameters in thermal non-destructive test and evaluation (NDT/E) was considered as a kind of inverse heat transfer problem (IHTP). However, it can be farther considered as a shape optimization problem then a structure design optimization problem, and the design results should meet the surface temperature profile of the apparatus with defects. A bacterial colony chemotaxis (BCC) optimization algorithm and a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) are applied to the thermal NDT/E for the identification of defects parameters. The RBFNN is a precise and convenient surrogate model for the time costly finite element computation, which obtains the surface temperature with different defect parameters. The BCC optimization algorithm is derivatively-free, and the convergence speed is fast. This method is applied to a simple verification case and the result is acceptable. The algorithm is also compared with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, and the BCC algorithm can access the optimum with faster speed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5662897,no
Experimental study on the impact of endoscope distortion correction on computer-assisted celiac disease diagnosis,"The impact of applying barrel distortion correction to endoscopic imagery in the context of automated celiac disease diagnosis is experimentally investigated. For a large set of feature extraction techniques, it is found that contrasting to intuition, no improvement but even significant result degradation of classification accuracy can be observed. For techniques relying on geometrical properties of the image material (shape), moderate improvements of classification accuracy can be achieved. Reasons for this somewhat unexpected results are discussed and ways how to exploit potential distortion correction benefits are sketched.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5687708,no
"Bit error rate measurements of diffraction by non-true-time-delay, holographic optical element","The impact on digital communications performance from non-true-time-delay beam steering by a holographic optical element (HOE) is investigated. Free-space data transmission experiments were performed using an HOE with a 5 mm diameter and 33 diffraction angle at the data rate of 10 Gbit/s with return-to-zero and non-return-to-zero formats. For this diffraction case, a small penalty of 0.7 dB at 10<sup>-9</sup> bit error rate is observed for both formats. This penalty is smaller than the optical loss but would be expected to increase for larger diameters and data rates.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4976881,no
Exploiting Parametric Power Supply and/or Temperature Variations to Improve Fault Tolerance in Digital Circuits,"The implementation of complex functionality in low-power nano-CMOS technologies leads to enhance susceptibility to parametric disturbances (environmental, and operation-dependent). The purpose of this paper is to present recent improvements on a methodology to exploit power-supply voltage and temperature variations in order to produce fault-tolerant structural solutions. First, the proposed methodology is reviewed, highlighting its characteristics and limitations. The underlying principle is to introduce on-line additional tolerance, by dynamically controlling the time of the clock edge trigger driving specific memory cells. Second, it is shown that the proposed methodology is still useful in the presence of process variations. Third, discussion and preliminary results on the automatic selection (at gate level) of critical FF for which DDB insertion should take place are presented. Finally, it is shown that parametric delay tolerance insertion does not necessarily reduce delay fault detection, as multi-vdd or multi-frequency self-test can be used to recover detection capability.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4567099,no
A fault line selection algorithm in non-solidly earthed network based on holospectrum,"The methods of line selection today focus on one target of the signal such as amplitude, frequency or phase. A novel method based on holospectrum algorithm to detect single-phase faults in distribution systems is proposed in this paper. After structuring analytic signals of zero sequence current and voltage, the holospectrum algorithm is applied. Thus the analysis of combined signal of amplitude, frequency and phase is realized. Compared with the use of single amplitude, frequency or phase, combined signal carries more details and information of transient signal. Theoretical analysis and simulation based on Simulink of MATLAB show that the presented method can exactly and effectively choose the faulty line in single-phase-to-ground fault.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666442,no
Fault Tolerance Mechanism in Secure Mobile Agent Platform System,"The mobile agent paradigm has attracted many attentions recently but it is still not widely used. One of the barriers is the difficulty in protecting an agent from failure because an agent is able to migrate over the network autonomously. Design and implementation of mechanisms to relocate computations requires a careful consideration of fault tolerance, especially on open networks like the Internet. . In the context of mobile agents, fault-tolerance prevents a partial or complete loss of the agent, i.e., ensures that the agent arrives at its destination. In this paper, we propose fault tolerant mechanism based on replication and voting for mobile agent platform system. The proposed mechanism has been implemented and evaluated the effects of varying of degree, different replication methods and voting frequencies on Secure Mobile Agent Platform System (SMAPS). We also report on the result of reliability and performance issue involved in mobile agent for Internet application.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4809010,no
Actuator faults estimation using sliding mode state estimator,The modified method of the actuator faults estimator design for the continuous-time linear MIMO systems is treated in this paper. Based on the sliding mode state estimator the problem addressed is indicated as the approach giving necessary and sufficient condition for design. Lyapunov inequality implying two linear matrix inequalities from are outlined to posses a stabile solution for the optimal parameters in the prescribed estimator structure. A system model based example is presented to illustrate the properties of the proposed design method.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5423699,no
Identifying symptoms of recurrent faults in log files of distributed information systems,"The manual process to identifying causes of failure in distributed information systems is difficult and time-consuming. The underlying reason is the large size and complexity of these systems, and the vast amount of monitoring data they generate. Despite its high cost, this manual process is necessary in order to avoid the detrimental consequences of system downtime. Several studies and operator practice suggest that a large fraction of the failures in these systems are caused by recurrent faults. Therefore, significant efficiency gains can be achieved by automating the identification of these faults. In this work we present methods, which draw from the areas of information retrieval as well as machine learning, to automate the task of infering symptoms pertinent to failures caused by specific faults. In particular, we present a method to infer message types from plain-text log messages, and we leverage these types to train classifiers and extract rules to identify symptoms of recurrent faults automatically.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5488459,no
Formal Analysis of Fault Recovery in Self-Organizing Systems,"The members of a self-organizing distributed system have ability to automatically organize themselves into a specific structure. The functionality of the system is achieved by collaboration of the members in this structure. Through automatic (re)organization, such a system is able to recover from various temporary faults which may disturb the established structure. In this paper, we propose a technique to identify all recoverable faults as well as to analyze fault tolerance and recovery from temporary faults by reorganization in self-organizing systems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5380429,no
Fault Analysis of Multiphase Distribution Systems Using Symmetrical Components,"The paper presents a new approach for performing the fault analysis of multiphase distribution networks based on the symmetrical components. The multiphase distribution system is represented by an equivalent three-phase system; hence, the single-phase and two-phase line segments are represented in terms of their sequence values. The proposed technique allows the state of the art short-circuit analysis solvers to analyze unbalanced distribution networks. The fault currents calculated using the proposed technique is compared with the phase components short-circuit analysis solver. The obtained results for the IEEE radial test feeders show that the proposed technique is accurate. Based on the proposed method, the existing commercial grade short-circuit analysis solvers based on sequence networks can be utilized for performing unbalanced distribution systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5464391,no
Soft errors in Flash-based FPGAs: Analysis methodologies and first results,"The paper presents the development of three different analysis methodologies in order to evaluate soft errors effects in flash-based FPGAs. They are complementary and can be used in different design stages, from the device characterization up to the design sensitiveness estimation. First results are very promising, proving that such methodologies are valid and open new ways of investigation. In particular, we are going to upgrade the experimental setup in order to support higher frequencies (up to 250 MHz) for further characterizing SEE effects. Moreover, a benchmark circuit should be defined in order to correctly predict the expected number of SETs for real circuits, taking into account other side effects, like broadening and logical masking. We expect that from the analysis results we will able to delight suitable hardening techniques that will undergo to both radiation test and prediction analysis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5272321,no
"Software-based, low-cost fault detection for microprocessors","The PSW-NOP is a low-cost solution to the error detection problem because multiple versions of code or hardware redundancy are not needed. The approach is useful in creating dependable software, especially in deep-submicron ICs. It also supplements to existing approaches of control-flow error detection.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4430774,no
"Pulsed <formula formulatype=""inline""> <img src=""/images/tex/566.gif"" alt=""I_{d}""> </formula> <formula formulatype=""inline""> <img src=""/images/tex/567.gif"" alt=""V_{g}""> </formula> Methodology and Its Application to Electron-Trapping Characterization and Defect Density Profiling","The pulsed current-voltage (<i>I</i>-<i>V</i>) measurement technique with pulse times ranging from ~17 ns to ~6 ms was employed to study the effect of fast transient charging on the threshold voltage shift Delta<i>V</i> <sub>t</sub> of MOSFETs. The extracted Delta<i>V</i> <sub>t</sub> values are found to be strongly dependent on the band bending of the dielectric stack defined by the high-kappa and interfacial layer dielectric constants and thicknesses, as well as applied voltages. Various hafnium-based gate stacks were found to exhibit a similar trap density profile.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4909057,no
Personalized cranium defects restoration technique based on reverse engineering,"The purpose of this paper is to overcome the limitations of the traditional cranial defects restoration technique and better satisfy the aesthetic and comfort demands of different patients. An arithmetic profile curve blending technique was used based on a well-proportioned points cloud data obtained by analyzing computer tomography (CT) images of the patients. This technique uses reverse engineering technique to reconstruct a model of the defective cranium, taking all the characteristics of the protruding cranium into consideration to check the form and appropriateness of the restoration and to adjust the surface in real time to obtain the ideal shape. Then, the model is transferred to a multiple-point forming (MPF) pressure machine to produce a titanium alloy restoration model. The system has greater flexibility, shorter production cycles, and lower cost through the use of digital production technology, guarantees the quality of the cranial defects restoration model, reduces the surgical risks, and alleviates the patients' pain. In addition, an improved contour curved bridge algorithm technique is used to repair any cranium defects on the contour curve to make the contour more complete and closed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6075772,no
Quantitative analysis of first-pass contrast-enhanced myocardial perfusion multidetector CT using a Patlak plot method and extraction fraction correction during adenosine stress,"The purpose of this study was to develop a quantitative method for myocardial blood flow (MBF) measurement that can be used to derive accurate myocardial perfusion measurements from dynamic multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images by using a compartment model for calculating the first-order transfer constant (K1) with correction for the capillary transit extraction fraction (E). Six canine models of left anterior descending (LAD) artery stenosis were prepared and underwent first-pass contrast-enhanced MDCT perfusion imaging during adenosine infusion (0.14-0.21 mg/kg/min). K<sub>1</sub>, which is the first-order transfer constant from left ventricular (LV) blood to myocardium, was measured using the Patlak plot method applied to time-density curve data of the LV blood pool and myocardium. The results were compared against microsphere MBF measurements, and the extraction fraction of contrast agent was calculated. K<sub>1</sub> is related to the regional MBF as K<sub>1</sub> = EF, E = (1-exp(-PS/F)), where PS is the permeability-surface area product and F is myocardial flow. Based on the above relationship, a look-up table from K<sub>1</sub> to MBF can be generated and Patlak plot-derived K<sub>1</sub> values can be converted to the calculated MBF. The calculated MBF and microsphere MBF showed a strong linear association. The extraction fraction in dogs as a function of flow (F) was E = (1- exp(-(0.253 F + 0.7871)/F)). Regional MBF can be measured accurately using the Patlak plot method based on a compartment model and look-up table with extraction fraction correction from K<sub>1</sub> to MBF.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5401913,no
Ultrasonic fault machinery monitoring by using the Wigner-Ville and Choi-Williams distributions,"The present work shows that the Wigner-Ville and Choi-Williams distributions are useful to determine the proper operation of rotating equipment. As an example, the bearing diagnosis obtained by analyzing real sound samples using ultrasonic technology will be presented to highlight the flexibility of the proposed approaches for industrial machinery monitoring.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4770805,no
Active incipient fault detection with more than two simultaneous faults,"The problem of detecting small parameter variations in linear uncertain systems due to incipient faults, with the possibility of injecting an input signal to enhance detection, is considered. Most studies assume that there is only one fault developing. Recently an active approach for two simultaneous faults has been introduced. In this paper we extend this approach to allow for more than two simultaneous faults. Having more than two simultaneous incipient faults is sometimes a natural assumption. A computational method for the construction of an input signal for achieving guaranteed detection with specified precision is presented for discrete time systems. The method is an extension of a multi-model approach used for the construction of auxiliary signals for failure detection, however, new technical issues must be addressed. A case study is examined.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5346202,no
Error exponents in multiple hypothesis testing for arbitrarily varying sources,"The problem of multiple hypothesis testing (HT) for arbitrarily varying sources (AVS) is considered. The achievable error probability exponents (reliabilities) region is derived, optimal decision schemes are described. The result extends the known ones by Fu and Shen and by Tuncel. The Chernoff bounds for AVS binary and M-ary HT are specified via indication of a Sanov theorem for those sources.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5592740,no
Robust H<inf></inf> guaranteed cost satisfactory fault-tolerant control for discrete-time systems with quadratic D stabilizability,"The problem of robust H 00 guaranteed cost satisfactory fault-tolerant control with quadratic D stabilizability against actuator failures is investigated for a class of discrete-time systems with value-bounded uncertainties existing in both the state and control input matrices. Based on a more practical and general model of actuator continuous gain failures, taking the transient property, robust behaviour on H<inf></inf> performance and quadratic cost performance requirements into consideration, sufficient conditions for the existence of satisfactory fault-tolerant controller are given and the effective design steps with constraints of multiple performance indices are provided. Meanwhile, the consistency of the regional pole index, H<inf></inf> norm-bound constraint and cost performance indices is set up for fault-tolerant control. A simulation example shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6073143,no
Mining Bug Repositories--A Quality Assessment,"The process of evaluating, classifying, and assigning bugs to programmers is a difficult and time consuming task which greatly depends on the quality of the bug report itself. It has been shown that the quality of reports originating from bug trackers or ticketing systems can vary significantly. In this research, we apply information retrieval (IR) and natural language processing (NLP) techniques for mining bug repositories. We focus particularly on measuring the quality of the free form descriptions submitted as part of bug reports used by open source bug trackers. Properties of natural language influencing the report quality are automatically identified and applied as part of a classification task. The results from the automated quality assessment are used to populate and enrich our existing software engineering ontology to support a further analysis of the quality and maturity of bug trackers.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5172780,no
Development of diagnostic systems for the fault tolerant operation of Micro-Grids.,"The progressive penetration level of Distributed Generation (DG) is destined to cause deep changes in the existing distribution networks no longer considered as passive terminations of the whole electrical system. A possible solution is the realization of small networks, namely the Micro-Grids, reproducing in themselves the structure of the main production and distribution of the electrical energy system. In order to gain an adequate reliability level of the micro-grids the individuation and the management of the faults with the goal of maintaining the micro-grid operation (fault tolerant operation) is quite important. In the present paper after the introduction of the aims of several diagnostic systems, the main available diagnostic techniques are examined with particular references to those applied to the fault diagnosis of the electrical machines and finally the Authors also present an approach for the fault tolerant exercise of the micro-grid.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5542262,no
The automatic implementation of Software Implemented Hardware Fault Tolerance algorithms as a radiation-induced soft errors mitigation technique,"The radiation-induced soft errors significantly increase the failure rate for advanced electronic components and systems. Rad-sensitive microprocessor-based devices working in the radiation environment are one of the most sensitive parts of the machine. This paper is focusing mainly on the strict software mitigation technique, called Software Implemented Hardware Fault Tolerance (SIHFT). SIHFT methods are based on the redundancy of variables or procedures implemented in compiled project. Sophisticated algorithms are used to check the correctness of control flow in the application. Several articles describe in details theoretical information about software protection algorithms but problem of efficient and error-proof implementation of these methods has always been omitted. Unfortunately, manual implementation of presented algorithms is difficult and can introduce additional problems with program functionality caused by human errors. Presented solution is based on the automatic implementation of SIHFT algorithms during the compilation process. Several modifications of software methods were proposed to make theoretical algorithms possible to the automatic installation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4774657,no
Pattern Recognition of Wood Defects Types Based on Hu Invariant Moments,"The recognition of wood defects is very significant for reasonable selection and scientific utilization of wood. X-ray was adopted as a measure method for wood nondestructive testing. The difference of X-ray intensity after exposure is tested in order to judge whether the wood defects exist or not. Then the defects images were processed effectively. A group of describing shape features parameters can be defined by extending Hu invariant moments theory. Those parameters not only have translation invariance, scaling invariance, rotation invariance, but also have lower computational complexity. Input the feature parameters into neural network after pretreatment, and then recognize the wood defects. The experimental results show that the ratio of recognition attains 86%. It is shown that this method is very successful for detection and classification of wood defects. This study offers a new method for automatic recognition of wood defects.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5303866,no
Classification and Impact Analysis of Faults in Automated System Management,"The reliability of automated system management solutions will increase in importance as the use of cloud computing and data centres expands. As part of a study to improve reliability, this paper provides a classification of faults that can occur in automated system management and proposes a method for determining the severity of such faults. A baseline deployment is compared with an alternate proposed configuration to determine the difference in reliability. The results gained show a significant improvement over the baseline. While it is still in development, the method is able to determine and compare the reliability of deployment configurations from early in the design process.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562831,no
Evaluation of security and fault tolerance in mobile agents,"The reliable execution of a mobile agent is a very important design issue in building a mobile agent system and many fault-tolerant schemes have been proposed so far. Security is a major problem of mobile agent systems, especially when money transactions are concerned . Security for the partners involved is handled by encryption methods based on a public key authentication mechanism and by secret key encryption of the communication. In this paper, we examine qualitatively the security considerations and challenges in application development with the mobile code paradigm. We identify a simple but crucial security requirement for the general acceptance of the mobile code paradigm, and evaluate the current status of mobile code development in meeting this requirement. We find that the mobile agent approach is the most interesting and challenging branch of mobile code in the security context. Therefore, we built a simple agent- based information retrieval application, the Traveling Information Agent system, and discuss the security issues of the system in particulars.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4542509,no
Research on correction method of traffic simulation model based on linear regression,"The research on parameter calibration of traffic simulation model plays an important role in whether a model can well reflect the real traffic situation of the road. Thus it can provide evidence indirectly to traffic management and control. In this paper, the data verified in the traffic simulation software VISSIM is compared with the measured data, then we know that the model parameters after correction can better reflect the actual situation of the road. The method can also be extended to other roads and intersections in the parameters correction of simulation model.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5551503,no
Judging the Effectiveness of a Passive Haptic Device in Teleoperation Based on the Average Angular Error in Force Generation,"The research presented here focuses on the control limitations imposed by the use of passive actuators such as brakes or clutches in a planar haptic system. Previous research has addressed the issue within the framework of path following applications; however in a teleoperation system, the goal of a haptic interface centers around reproducing a force from the remote environment. As such a realistic haptic experience involves creating a force for the human to feel that matches the remote system both in magnitude or scaled magnitude as well as direction of force. To address the issue of matching force direction, the research presented here introduces the concept of average angle error, Avg(thetas<sub>error</sub>), the average difference between an arbitrary desired haptic force and the closest force to it that the dissipative passive haptic device can produce. A portion of the material presented here will discuss the calculation of the value of Avg(thetas<sub>error</sub>) for an arbitrary planar passive haptic device, and finally it will be evaluated over the workspace of a representative planar five-bar mechanism with various link lengths.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4479952,no
Optimizing resources in real-time scheduling for fault tolerant processors,"The safety critical systems used in avionics, nuclear power plants and emergency medical equipments have to meet stringent reliability and temporal demands. Such demands are met with fault tolerant mechanisms, such as hardware and software redundancy. In this paper, we consider a safety critical application, the dual redundant onboard computer (OBC) system of the Indian Satellite Launch Vehicle and propose a scheme to optimize the onboard computing resources without detracting from the system reliability requirements. The redundancy is dealt with at the task allocation level and the slack generated, is used for allocation of more computational tasks, making the scheme very attractive in terms of efficient management of resources. The scheme of task allocation combined with real-time scheduling using Rate Monotonic (RM) and Earliest Deadline First (EDF) provide more programming flexibility and efficiently utilize the system resources. The scheme when implemented gives an efficient offline task allocation for fault-free conditions and flexible fault tolerance strategy during processor failure. The proposed scheme is compared with a traditional dual scheme. The implementation is experimented with a simulation and evaluated using performance metrics to illustrate the enhanced performance capability of the approach. This scheme, extended to multiprocessors with generic features can lead to tremendous throughput in terms of performance and costs. The contributions of this work are a system level algorithm for the implementation of real-time task allocation and scheduling.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5679598,no
Status and application foreground of ultraviolet technology on fault detection of power devices,"The safety of power grid depends on the reliable running of power devices and transmission circuits. At present, the detection methods of electric device faults are often taken by infrared imaging system, ultrasonic imagining system, etc. However, these techniques have some inherited shortcomings. Thus it needs a more effective detection technology for the safety running of power system. As a new detection technology, UV has its special advantages and wide developing space. This paper states the UV mechanism, advantages, forms and diagnosing methods, which also lists its application examples in China and abroad. And it sums up the annual proceedings of transmission specialty council of CSEE on UV Detection Discussion in the year 2007. Finally, it points out some shortcomings of UV technology and forecasts its developing trend.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4580245,no
Search-based Resource Scheduling for Bug Fixing Tasks,"The software testing phase usually results in a large number of bugs to be fixed. The fixing of these bugs require executing certain activities (potentially concurrent) that demand resources having different competencies and workloads. Appropriate resource allocation to these bug-fixing activities can help a project manager to schedule capable resources to these activities, taking into account their availability and skill requirements for fixing different bugs. This paper presents a multi-objective search-based resource scheduling method for bug-fixing tasks. The inputs to our proposed method include i) a bug model, ii) a human resource model, iii) a capability matching method between bug-fixing activities and human resources and iv) objectives of bug-fixing. A genetic algorithm (GA) is used as a search algorithm and the output is a bug-fixing schedule, satisfying different constraints and value objectives. We have evaluated our proposed scheduling method on an industrial data set and have discussed three different scenarios. The results indicate that GA is able to effectively schedule resources by balancing different objectives. We have also compared the effectiveness of using GA with a simple hill climbing algorithm. The comparison shows that GA is able to achieve statistically better fitness values than hill-climbing.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635153,no
Confirming the reliability and safety of MV distribution network including DG applying protection applications for earth faults,"The paper describes the effects of distributed generation on the earth fault protection of a medium voltage feeder and protection coordination. Neutral isolated and compensated systems were considered. The aim was to investigate the behaviour of the production unit during automatic reclosings, especially as regards electrical safety. Methods possibly feasible for clearing a temporary earth fault without voltage break were considered. Thus disturbances affecting production and customers are less than with automatic reclosings. The method of the study was dynamic simulation of the earth faults in medium voltage system. The network model including a wind power plant was implemented applying PSCADtrade simulation software.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5371199,no
Error Simulation Analysis of Gripping Deviation of Plate Specimen Tensile Test Based on Finite Element Method,"The plate specimen tensile test is a common material mechanical property test in practical engineering, but the gripping deviation of plate specimen will bring tensile test result an error. In this paper, a finite element model of aluminum alloy notched specimen is built and a static finite element analysis is carried on, the influence of the plate specimen tensile test gripping position deviation rightness of experiment to the test result is studied. The result expresses that the gripping deviation of plate specimen will bring tensile test result an error bigger. It is necessary to raise the accuracy request of the gripping position of plate specimen tensile test.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5169171,no
Data Unpredictability in Software Defect-Fixing Effort Prediction,"The prediction of software defect-fixing effort is important for strategic resource allocation and software quality management. Machine learning techniques have become very popular in addressing this problem and many related prediction models have been proposed. However, almost every model today faces a challenging issue of demonstrating satisfactory prediction accuracy and meaningful prediction results. In this paper, we investigate what makes high-precision prediction of defect-fixing effort so hard from the perspective of the characteristics of defect dataset. We develop a method using a metric to quantitatively analyze the unpredictability of a defect dataset and carry out case studies on two defect datasets. The results show that data unpredictability is a key factor for unsatisfactory prediction accuracy and our approach can explain why high-precision prediction for some defect datasets is hard to achieve inherently. We also provide some suggestions on how to collect highly predictable defect data.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562962,no
On the Impact of Design Flaws on Software Defects,"The presence of design flaws in a software system has a negative impact on the quality of the software, as they indicate violations of design practices and principles, which make a software system harder to understand, maintain, and evolve. Software defects are tangible effects of poor software quality. In this paper we study the relationship between software defects and a number of design flaws. We found that, while some design flaws are more frequent, none of them can be considered more harmful with respect to software defects. We also analyzed the correlation between the introduction of new flaws and the generation of defects.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562941,no
Higher-order corrections to the pi criterion for the periodic operation of chemical reactors,"The present work develops a method to determine higher-order corrections to the pi criterion, derived from basic results of Center Manifold theory. The proposed method is based on solving the Center Manifold PDE via power series. The advantage of the proposed approach is the improvement of the accuracy of the pi criterion in predicting performance under larger amplitudes. The proposed method is applied to a continuous stirred tank reactor, where the yield of the desired product must be maximized.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5281050,no
On-line error detection and testing of AES,"The paper proposes low cost on-line error detection architecture for advanced encryption standard algorithm. The implementation is optimized for FPGA based embedded applications since it is tuned to specific FPGA logic resources. In order to provide more reliable operation and reduce the possibility of suffering from fault-based side channel attacks, the on-line error detection based on parity codes is developed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5407187,no
Analysis and research of association pattern between network performances and faults in voip network,"The paper focuses on implementation of association pattern between the network performances and the general network faults. We use network simulation tool, OPNET, to accomplish network simulations of different network faults and different situations based on VoIP. Network performance parameters such as end-to-end delay, jitter, traffic dropped, queuing delay, link throughout, link utilization are monitored and collected. The simulation results are processed using data mining software, Weka, to discover the association pattern.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5360795,no
Using formal verification to eliminate software errors,"The use of software in safety critical railway applications is increasing. Techniques for developing and running such software are based on reducing the probability of an error in the software causing an unsafe system failure; e.g. that the system permits a train to proceed when it shouldn't. At the same time these techniques cause problems of the opposite nature; that the systems fail to allow trains to proceed even when it is safe to proceed. Such failures, although not directly dangerous, lead to stress and delayed traffic, which in turn can cause safety to be compromised. This paper shows how the use of formal verification can solve this problem. This technique can be used to find and eliminate all errors in the software, before the system is put into service. Formal verification is one of the corner stones of Prover iLock, an off-the-shelf commercial tool suite used for developing railway signalling applications.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4730831,no
Finding Faults: Manual Testing vs. Random+ Testing vs. User Reports,"The usual way to compare testing strategies, whether theoretically or empirically, is to compare the number of faults they detect. To ascertain definitely that a testing strategy is better than another, this is a rather coarse criterion: shouldn't the nature of faults matter as well as their number? The empirical study reported here confirms this conjecture. An analysis of faults detected in Eiffel libraries through three different techniques-random tests, manual tests, and user incident reports-shows that each is good at uncovering significantly different kinds of faults. None of the techniques subsumes any of the others, but each brings distinct contributions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700320,no
Automatic image processing filter generation for visual defects classification system,"The visual inspection system is used in various production systems. The Visual Inspection System is used to maintain the quality of products. But, there are some defects which are not detected with enough reliability on conventional systems. To meet with the problems, the automatic generation system of best image processing filters which extract the proper characteristics of images for that kind of defects has been introduced to improve recognition rate. The system is designed to generate two kinds of filters to detect the defects with vague edge and widely distributed defect images using neural network method and co-occurrence histogram images. Experiments shows the generated filters get better recognition rate.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4957119,no
Error resilience performance evaluation of H.264 I-frame and JPWL for wireless image transmission,"The visual quality obtained in wireless transmission strongly depends on the characteristics of the wireless channel and on the error resilience of the source coding. The wireless extensions of the JPEG 2000 standard (JPWL) and H.264 are the latest international standards for still image and video compression, respectively. However, few results have been reported to compare the rate-distortion (R-D) performance of JPEG 2000 and H.264. Conversely, comparative studies of error resilience between JPWL and H.264 for wireless still image transmission have not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, we analyse the error resilience of image coding based on JPWL and H.264 I-frame coding in Rayleigh fading channels. Comprehensive objective and perceptual results are presented in relation to the error resilience performance of these two standards under various conditions. Our simulation results reveal that H.264 is more robust to transmission errors than JPWL for wireless still image transmission.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5709766,no
Designing Fault Tolerant Web Services Using BPEL,"The Web services technology provides an approach for developing distributed applications by using simple and well defined interfaces. Due to the flexibility of this architecture, it is possible to compose business processes integrating services from different domains. This paper presents an approach, which uses the specification of services orchestration, in order to create a fault tolerant model combining active and passive replication technique. This model support fault of crash. The characteristics and the results obtained by implementing this model are described along this paper.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4529885,no
Learning in Presence of Ontology Mapping Errors,"The widespread use of ontologies to associate semantics with data has resulted in a growing interest in the problem of learning predictive models from data sources that use different ontologies to model the same underlying domain (world of interest). Learning from such semantically disparate data sources involves the use of a mapping to resolve semantic disparity among the ontologies used. Often, in practice, the mapping used to resolve the disparity may contain errors and as such the learning algorithms used in such a setting must be robust in presence of mapping errors. We reduce the problem of learning from semantically disparate data sources in the presence of mapping errors to a variant of the problem of learning in the presence of nasty classification noise. This reduction allows us to transfer theoretical results and algorithms from the latter to the former.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5616569,no
Comparison of the performance of two solid state fault current limiters in the distribution network,"The solid state fault current limiters, offer a superior solution to the power distribution system problems caused by high available fault current. In this paper the comparison of two different types of SSFCL is carried out. The design of the SSFCL devices are developed, power losses and harmonics are evaluated. An equivalent circuit model of each device is then derived and implemented, along with the scheme of the considered radial distribution network, in the MATLAB/Simpower software Package. The simulation results show that theses devices not only limit the fault current but also actively control fault currents in order to reduce the influence of faults in distribution networks. The limiting effect, interruption capability, losses, harmonics and influence of SSFCL devices on the healthy part of the power distribution network to mitigate voltage sag are studied and compared.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4528943,no
Entropy based feature extraction for motorbike engine faults diagnosing using neural network and wavelet transform,"The sound of working vehicle provides an important clue for engine faults diagnosis. Endless efforts have been put into the research of fault diagnosis based on sound. It offers concrete economic benefits, which can lead to high system reliability and save maintenance cost. A number of diagnostic systems for vehicle repair have been developing in recent years. Artificial neural network is a very demanding application and popularly implemented in many industries including condition monitoring via fault diagnosis. This paper presents a feature extraction algorithm using total entropy of 5 level decomposition of wavelet transform. The engine noise signal is decomposed into 5 levels (A5, D5, A4, D4, A3, D3, A2, D2, A1, D1) using Daubechies ""db4"" wavelet family. From the decomposed signals, the entropy is applied for each levels and the feature are extracted and used to develop a backpropagation neural network.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5069186,no
Research of positioning system for virtual manipulator based on visual error compensation,"The space positioning mechanism based on binocular stereo vision system for the picking manipulator was analyzed, and the positioning process simulation system for space manipulator was developed by virtual reality technology. The precise positioning for a virtual space manipulator was achieved in the simulation system, through a combination of the positioning error compensation mechanism for binocular stereo vision system; provide a reference for the research into exact position of picking robot in the actual operating environment.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5406777,no
Research on integrated fault tree modeling of the certain missile double-buses tolerated-fault control system,"The traditional static fault trees with AND, and OR gates can express the logic relation between events, but they cannot capture the dynamic behavior of complex system. Aim at this problem, this paper presents a kind of fault tree modeling method based on Integrated Fault Tree, that models with the idea of modularization. The whole tree is separated several absolute static trees and dynamic trees. Relatively, the modularization linearity-searching algorithm based on depth-first-left-most search is presented. The paper chooses the double buses tolerated-fault control system fault tree modeling of missile body explosive bolt. Lastly, the modularization algorithm is used to validate rationality of model.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5572966,no
Error Protection and Interleaving for Wireless Transmission of JPEG 2000 Images and Video,"The transmission of JPEG 2000 images or video over wireless channels has to cope with the high probability and burstyness of errors introduced by Gaussian noise, linear distortions, and fading. At the receiver side, there is distortion due to the compression performed at the sender side, and to the errors introduced in the data stream by the channel. Progressive source coding can also be successfully exploited to protect different portions of the data stream with different channel code rates, based upon the relative importance that each portion has on the reconstructed image. Unequal error protection (UEP) schemes are generally adopted, which offer a close to the optimal solution. In this paper, we present a dichotomic technique for searching the optimal UEP strategy, which lends ideas from existing algorithms, for the transmission of JPEG 2000 images and video over a wireless channel. Moreover, we also adopt a method of virtual interleaving to be used for the transmission of high bit rate streams over packet loss channels, guaranteeing a large PSNR advantage over a plain transmission scheme. These two protection strategies can also be combined to maximize the error correction capabilities.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4731854,no
Use of Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) technology in FPGAs for the reduction of faults due to radiation in the readout of the ATLAS monitored drift tube (MDT) chambers,"The Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) technology allows protection of the functionality of FPGAs against single event upsets (SEUs). Each logic block is implemented three times with a 2-out-of-3 voter at the output. Thus, the correct logical value is available even if there is an upset bit in one location. We applied TMR to the configuration code of a Virtex-II-2000 FPGA, which serves as the on-chamber readout processor of the ATLAS monitored drift tubes (MDTs). We describe the code implementation, results of performance measurements and discuss several limitations of the method. Finally, we present a supplementary technology called scrubbing. It permanently checks the configuration memory while the FPGA is operating, and corrects upset configuration bits when necessary.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5873878,no
Failure analysis using I<inf>DD</inf> current leakage and photo localization for gate oxide defect of CMOS VLSI,"The typical electrical degradation on the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) performance is due to defect in gate oxide layer. During integrated circuit (IC) infant mortality phase, stress tests introduced at wafer sort and final test in order to assured only good IC being deliver to end customer. Stress tests such as burn-in, gate stress, and quiescent current (IDDQ) test, demonstrated their competency to screen out this type of early failure. Nevertheless, the latent defect is a time dependent failure, which, affect the CMOS reliability after certain time, temperatures and application stress. Consequently, revise failure analysis technique has to be introduced in effective approach to compensate the problem in the current technology due to metal interconnection layers and dense for front side failure analysis (FA). The motivation of this work is to present the fault localization on the elevated IDD current of the faulty logic cells during the transition by photo localization technique and clarify gate oxide defect through circuit simulation. We have confirmed that the IDD scan test and photo localization technique were effective to localize faulty IC in silicon active area through front side.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5704033,no
Cloud Model-Based Security-Aware and Fault-Tolerant Job Scheduling for Computing Grid,"The uncertainties of grid nodes security are main hurdle to make the job scheduling secure, reliable and fault-tolerant. The fixed fault-tolerant strategy in jobs scheduling may utilize excessive resources. In this paper, the job scheduling decides which kinds of fault-tolerance strategy will be applied to each individual job for more reliable computation and shorter makespan. And we discuss the fuzziness or uncertainties between TL and SD attributes by the subjective judgment of human beings. Cloud model is a model of the uncertain transition between qualitative concept and its quantitative representation. Based on the cloud model, We propose a security-aware and fault-tolerant jobs scheduling strategy for grid (SAFT), which makes the assess of SD and SL to become more flexible and more reliable. Meanwhile, the different fault-tolerant strategy has been applied in grid job scheduling algorithm by the SD and job workload. Moreover, much more important, we are able to set up some rules and active each qualitative rule to select a suitable fault-tolerant strategy for a scheduling job by input value (the SD and job workload) to realize the uncertainty reasoning. The results demonstrate that our algorithm has shorter makespan and more excellent efficiencies on improving the job failure rate than the fixed fault-tolerant strategy selection.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5563032,no
Application of detection method based on energy function against faults in motion system,"There are many possibilities of faults in motion systems which are related to driver equipments, based on the torque monitor signal supplied by systemic driver, a new fault diagnosis method was brought forward which was profited from a nonlinear energy operator. The principles of using it to performing fault diagnosis were presented, the keynotes about its application were also analyzed, and the detail flow chart of diagnosis was given. After the software simulation using Matlab and diagnosing experiments on X-Y-Z motion platform under numeric control arithmetic, the validity of this method was proved. Aiming at different kinds of energy functions and the choices of their parameters, after particular analysis, some guidelines about fault diagnosis are concluded.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4594407,no
Do Crosscutting Concerns Cause Defects?,"There is a growing consensus that crosscutting concerns harm code quality. An example of a crosscutting concern is a functional requirement whose implementation is distributed across multiple software modules. We asked the question, ""How much does the amount that a concern is crosscutting affect the number of defects in a program?"" We conducted three extensive case studies to help answer this question. All three studies revealed a moderate to strong statistically significant correlation between the degree of scattering and the number of defects. This paper describes the experimental framework we developed to conduct the studies, the metrics we adopted and developed to measure the degree of scattering, the studies we performed, the efforts we undertook to remove experimental and other biases, and the results we obtained. In the process, we have formulated a theory that explains why increased scattering might lead to increased defects.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4527257,no
Computer testing method of defect feature of fabric,"There is not a prefect method for defect feature testing of fabrics using computer at present. In this paper, a 3-D gray feature change model is proposed after a great deal of experiments, and fabric feature is tested and measured. All these provide the theory and data basis for the research of automatic defect recognition. Firstly, mathematic description of 3-D gray feature change model is given, and detail testing method of fabric feature is introduced. Then, different experiments are designed according to the energy, variance, entropy, and range, and expression effect is tested and 3-D gray feature change graphs are drawn. Finally, according to these testing results, detail applicable defect category with these features is given, and result is concluded that 3-D gray feature change model can test fabric defect feature better.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5412969,no
Glass auto alignment mechanism on LCD Defect repair stage system,"These Mechanism provide Auto Align for LCD Defect repair stage system. While glass floated on glass chuck by air, this system what located at side of glass chuck will blow air to glass side through many holes. This air blow will bring on floating glass side on side of glass chuck, so, at that times, glass will enter to guide while sliding, which guide is fixed by fixed glass size on side of glass chuck. This mechanism has a lot of profits that low cost, past align time, easy maintenance, no cylinder, etc.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246639,no
Correction Model of Pressure Sensor Based on Support Vector Machine,"The temperature and voltage fluctuation characteristics of pressure sensor was analyzed and found that the sensor output is nonlinear and easy to be affected by temperature and voltage fluctuation over a wide measuring range, a correction model of pressure sensor based on Support Vector Machine was presented. The approximate ability of the SVM to any nonlinear function was utilized to drill the correction model. so as to enable it to be setup at different temperatures and voltage fluctuation, thus allowing the sensor output can be in a nonlinear mapping relation to the voltage values the sensor actually sensed. The experimental results showed that the max comes down from 22.2% for 0.64%; the model can not only eliminate the influence of temperature fluctuation and voltage fluctuation but obtain the expected linear output from the output terminal of correction model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381275,no
Hilbert-Huang Transform Based Application in Power System Fault Detection,The temporarily fault signals existing in high voltage lines and electric equipments are usually non-linear and non-stationary. Low frequency oscillation characteristic extraction from fault signals plays an important role in online fault monitoring and detection system designing. In this paper we propose a procedure to analyze power system fault signal by employing HTT method. The fault signal is firstly decomposed into intrinsic mode function (IMF) by the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. Then instantaneous frequency and instantaneous amplitude is obtained by Hilbert transform to compose Hilbert spectrum. Thus the transient caused by fault can be analyzed and further detected accurately through the instantaneous frequency and the time-frequency-amplitude spectra analysis. Experiments show promising results.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5072894,no
Low-cost diagnostic method for open-switch faults in inverters,"The theory, design, implementation and experimental validation of a novel low-cost online diagnosis and location method for open-switch faults in voltage source inverters is presented. According to the analysis of the operating states in inverters, there are different collector-emitter voltages of the bottom power switches in faulty conditions compared with normal conditions. To reduce cost, the proposed method employs high-speed photocouplers to sense voltages of the bottom switches, and then a sample logic circuit is designed to implement the detection and location of the fault. The developed approach minimises the time interval between the fault occurrence and its diagnosis, and is validated by the experiment.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5507626,no
An online fault diagnosis method based on object oriented modeling for FCV power train system,"This article mainly deals with the object oriented online diagnosis system based on analytical redundancy for fuel cell cars. On the basis of the realization of physical modeling language, Using the specific math frame structure and code compilation system, the method transform the analytical redundancy in object-oriented language into real-time operational diagnosis code in embedded object environment by means of object-oriented physical modeling language and computer assistant developing technology.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4677524,no
Effects of camera aperture correction on keying of broadcast video,"This contribution discusses the effects of camera aperture correction in broadcast video on colour-based keying. The aperture correction is used to 'sharpen' an image and is one element that distinguishes the 'TV-look' from 'film-look'. If this sharpening is done excessively, as is the case in many TV productions then this significantly shifts the colours around object boundaries with high contrast. This paper discusses these effects and their impact on keying and describes a simple low-pass filter to compensate for them. Tests with two segmentation algorithms show that the proposed compensation is effectively decreasing the keying artefacts on object boundaries.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4778742,no
The Copper Surface Defects Inspection System Based on Computer Vision,"The surface defects in copper strips severely affect the quality of copper. So detecting the surface defects in copper strip has great significance to improve the quality. This paper presents a copper strip surface inspection based on computer vision, which uses modularized frame of hardware and the software of image processing. The paper adopts a self-adaptive weight averaging filtering method to preprocess image, and uses the moment invariants to pick the characters of typical defects which eigenvector is identified with the RBF neural networks. Experiments show that the real-time method can effectively detect the copper strip surface defects in the production line.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4667196,no
Calculation of the Half-Power Beamwidths of Pyramidal Horns With Arbitrary Gain and Typical Aperture Phase Error,This letter describes a method for calculating the half-power beamwidths of a pyramidal horn in closed form as a function of its gain and aperture phase error. The derived expressions are independent of the horn's physical dimensions and are valid for horns of arbitrary gain and phase error in the range of practical interest. Comparisons to methods in the literature demonstrate the efficacy of the approach. The formulation is a useful tool in the analysis and design of pyramidal horns when specific gain and half-power beamwidth values are required.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5497073,no
Research on Transformer Fault Diagnosis Expert System Based on DGA Database,"This paper analyzes and designs the transformer fault diagnosis system based on dissolved gas analysis (DGA) database in which DGA data is managed by the Oracle database. The fault diagnosis module includes the single analyzing item and the Integrated analyzing item, such as, improvement three-ratio method, grey relational entropy, fuzzy clustering, artificial neural networks, and so on. They reduce the insufficiency in diagnosis method which is used now. The system realizes each function of the modules by using the lamination method, it is able to diagnose problems existing in oil chromatogram analysis data of transformer, and the accuracy of the system is also testified by practical example.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5168999,no
Fault Tolerance of Relative Navigation Sensing in Docking Approach of Spacecraft,"This paper analyzes fault tolerance of spacecraft relative navigation in automated rendezvous and docking (AR&D). The relatively low technology readiness of existing relative navigation sensors for AR&D has been carried as one of the NASA crew exploration vehicle project's top tasks. Fault tolerance could be enhanced with the help of FDIR (fault detection, identification and recovery) logic and use of redundant sensors. Because of mass and power constraints, it is important to choose a fault tolerant design that provides the required reliability without adding excessive hardware. An important design trade is determining whether a redundant sensor can be normally unpowered and activated only when necessary. This paper analyzes reliability trades for such fault tolerant system. A Markov Chain model of the system is composed of sub-models for sensor faults and for sensor avionics states. The sensor fault sub-model parameters are based on sensor testing data. The avionics sub-model includes FDIR states; the parameters are determined by Monte Carlo simulations of the near field docking approach. The integrated Markov Chain model allows the probabilities of mission abort and a mishap to be computed. The results of the trade study include dependence of the probabilities on the backup sensor activation delay.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526509,no
Dynamic Field Estimation Using Wireless Sensor Networks: Tradeoffs Between Estimation Error and Communication Cost,"This paper concerns the problem of estimating a spatially distributed, time-varying random field from noisy measurements collected by a wireless sensor network. When the field dynamics are described by a linear, lumped-parameter model, the classical solution is the Kalman-Bucy filter (KBF). Bandwidth and energy constraints can make it impractical to use all sensors to estimate the field at specific locations. Using graph-theoretic techniques, we show how reduced-order KBFs can be constructed that use only a subset of the sensors, thereby reducing energy consumption. This can lead to degraded performance, however, in terms of the root mean squared (RMS) estimation error. Efficient methods are presented to apply Pareto optimality to evaluate the tradeoffs between communication costs and RMS estimation error to select the best reduced-order KBF. The approach is illustrated with simulation results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4781792,no
SIMONA flight simulator implementation of a fault tolerant sliding mode scheme with on-line control allocation,This paper considers a sliding mode based allocation scheme for fault tolerant control. The scheme allows redistribution of the control signals to the remaining functioning actuators when a fault or failure occurs. It is shown that faults and even certain total actuator failures can be handled directly without reconfiguring the controller. The results obtained from implementing the controller on the SIMONA flight motion simulator show good performance in both nominal and failure scenarios even in wind and gust conditions.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4586719,no
Error probability and SINR analysis of optimum combining in rician fading,"This paper considers the analysis of optimum combining systems in the presence of both co-channel interference and thermal noise. We address the cases where either the desired-user or the interferers undergo Rician fading. Exact expressions are derived for the moment generating function of the SINR which apply for arbitrary numbers of antennas and interferers. Based on these, we obtain expressions for the symbol error probability with M-PSK. For the case where the desired-user undergoes Rician fading, we also derive exact closed-form expressions for the moments of the SINR. We show that these moments are directly related to the corresponding moments of a Rayleigh system via a simple scaling parameter, which is investigated in detail. Numerical results are presented to validate the analysis and to examine the impact of Rician fading on performance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4799043,no
"Implementation of error trapping technique in (31,16) cyclic codes for two-bit error correction in 16-bit sound data using Labview Software","This paper considers the implementation of cyclic codes encoder and decoder for multimedia content in the form of sound data using National Instruments LabView software. Cyclic codes can be defined by two parameters, which are code size n and information bit size k. LabView is an easy to use, multipurpose software which has many features for designing and prototyping. This research is a preliminary research on channel coding implementation on LabView. In this research, cyclic codes are used to implement the design. 16-bit sound data are used as test subjects for cyclic code encoding, decoding, and error correction. The result shows that the design works well. The design can correct short two-bit error in last n-k position of the codeword. Authors' next project is to implement more advanced code for error correcting implementation in LabView.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5952351,no
Design of a fault-tolerant coarse-grained,"This paper considers the possibility of implementing low-cost hardware techniques which would allow to tolerate temporary faults in the datapaths of coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures (CGRAs). Our goal was to use less hardware overhead than commonly used duplication or triplication methods. The proposed technique relies on concurrent error detection by using residue code modulo 3 and re-execution of the last operation, once an error is detected. We have chosen the DART architecture as a vehicle to study the efficiency of this approach to protect its datapaths. Simulation results have confirmed hardware savings of the proposed approach over duplication.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5450481,no
Correction of time-varying radiometric biases in the TRMM Microwave Imager,"This paper describes an empirical correction for a time-varying radiometric calibration error present in the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI). The Tb error is modeled as a function of the spacecraft orbit position and solar angles based on observed systematic differences between the TMI 10 GHz vertically polarized (10V) channel oceanic Tb's as compared to a radiative transfer model with collocated numerical weather model environmental parameters. This correction technique will be implemented in Version 7 of the TRMM 1B11 data product, which is scheduled to be released in 2010. Available spacecraft in-flight thermal measurements that have relevence to the instrument performance are discussed. Results from thermal modeling of the spacecraft and instrument provide support for the emissive reflector model as the primary cause for the empirical Tb bias estimates. Residual differences between the thermal model and the bias estimates may provide evidence of smaller secondary effects from solar array shadowing of the instrument.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5559549,no
Multiphase Power Converter Drive for Fault-Tolerant Machine Development in Aerospace Applications,"This paper describes an experimental tool to evaluate and support the development of fault-tolerant machines designed for aerospace motor drives. Aerospace applications involve essentially safety-critical systems which should be able to overcome hardware or software faults and therefore need to be fault tolerant. A way of achieving this is to introduce variable degrees of redundancy into the system by duplicating one or all of the operations within the system itself. Looking at motor drives, multiphase machines, such as multiphase brushless dc machines, are considered to be good candidates in the design of fault-tolerant aerospace motor drives. This paper introduces a multiphase two-level inverter using a flexible and reliable field-programmable gate-array/digital-signal-processor controller for data acquisition, motor control, and fault monitoring to study the fault tolerance of such systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5332309,no
Fault Management for Secure Embedded Systems,"This paper describes principles of an embedded system design propping safety and security using a dedicated architecture. After reviewing a simple specification language deployed, the main attention is focused on hardware architecture, software, and communication services that fit application requirements. The gasoline dispenser controller presents in this case a real-world solution of a safety and security critical embedded system application. The paper stresses those features that distinguish the real project from a demonstration case study.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4976313,no
Comparison of methods for nonlinearity correction of platinum resistance thermometer,"This paper describes the comparison of two methods for nonlinearity correction of Platinum resistance industrial thermometers in production phase. Temperature measurement is done by industrial thermometer based on measuring inlet and is made by Platinum resistance sensor. Measuring range of such thermometers is between -50degC and +600degC. As the measuring sensor has not linear transfer function it is necessary to make its correction. It is possible to do this on two ways: by predefined table of values of temperature and related resistance, or by temperature calculation using equations. The comparison of these methods is interesting to know how to choose the better solution and include it in thermometer and computing the microcontroller resources, while keeping the approximation error within the allowed boundaries.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4655207,no
Design and control of an intelligent dual-arm manipulator for fault-recovery in a production scenario,"This paper describes the design and control methodology used for the development of a dual-arm manipulator as well as its deployment in a production scenario. Multi-modal and sensor-based manipulation strategies are used to guide the robot on its task to supervise and, when necessary, solve faulty situations in a production line. For that task the robot is equipped with two arms, aimed at providing the robot with total independence from the production line. In other words, no extra mechanical stoppers are mounted on the line to halt targeted objects, but the robot will employ both arms to (a) stop with one arm a carrier that holds an object to be inserted/replaced, and (b) use the second arm to handle such object. Besides, visual information from head and wrist-mounted cameras provide the robot with information such as the state of the production line, the unequivocal detection/recognition of the targeted objects, and the location of the target in order to guide the grasp.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5347244,no
Corrective action with power converter for faulty multiple fuel cells generator used in transportation,"This paper deals with the corrective action with a power converter for a 100kW multiple fuel cells (FC) generator under fault and used for vehicle propulsion, or high power onboard electrical assistance. The objective is to permit, through the power converter and its control strategy, a soft shut-down of a FC stack in fault and guarantee a continuous of operation at a reduced power, acceptable by the specifications. The power converter should also realize the power management during the degraded working situation. Two power system architectures are studied and compared by numerical simulation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5729037,no
Fault Tolerant Control Design for Nonlinear Polynomial Systems,This paper deals with the design of an original fault tolerant control strategy for a class of nonlinear polynomial systems. Our main contribution in this work consists in the synthesis of a polynomial static state feedback in the presence of model parameters variations. The controller is based on the feedback linearization formalism and the powerful mathematical tool of the Kronecker product. The control technique is synthesized through a moving horizon state estimator in order to preserve the online system closed-loop performances. An example illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed method via the study of the control problem of a series DC motor.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5489158,no
Comparative analysis of electromagnetic interference produced by high power single-phase power factor correction pre-regulators,"This paper deals with the problem of electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated in power converters used to power factor correction (PFC). The topologies discussed in this paper are the boost, the interleaved boost and the dual boost converters. The main noise sources generated by converters and a comparative analysis of the differential mode noise and common mode noise present in the topologies in study are shown. The EMI filter design to comply with the EMI standards is also approached. Experimental results of the conducted EMI of the converters operating as PFC are presented at the end of the paper, in order to prove the comparisons.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5347713,no
Vehicle localization in outdoor woodland environments with sensor fault detection,"This paper describes a 2D localization method for a differential drive mobile vehicle on real forested paths. The mobile vehicle is equipped with two rotary encoders, Crossbow's NAV420CA inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a NAVCOM SF-2050M GPS receiver (used in StarFire-DGPS dual mode). Loosely-coupled multisensor fusion and sensor fault detection issues are discussed as well. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) is used for sensor fusion estimation where a GPS noise pre-filter is used to avoid introducing biased GPS data (affected by multi-path). Normalized innovation squared (NIS) tests are performed when a GPS measurement is incorporated to reject GPS data outliers and keep the consistency of the filter. Finally, experimental results show the performance of the localization system compared to a previously measured ground truth.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4543248,no
"Assessing and Estimating Corrective, Enhancive, and Reductive Maintenance Tasks: A Controlled Experiment","This paper describes a controlled experiment of student programmers performing maintenance tasks on a C++ program. The goal of the study is to assess the maintenance size, effort, and effort distribution of three different maintenance types and to describe estimation models to predict the programmer's effort on maintenance tasks. The results of our study suggest that corrective maintenance is much less productive than enhancive and reductive maintenance. Our study also confirms the previous results which conclude that corrective and reductive maintenance requires large proportions of effort on program comprehension activity. Moreover, the best effort model we obtained from fitting the experiment data can estimate the time of 79% of the programmers with the error of 30% or less.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5358763,no
Analysis on Fault of Yun-Guang hybrid AC/DC Power Transmission System,"This paper addresses the transient response of instant ground fault in Yun-Guang hybrid UHVDC/AC power transmission system. A detailed bipolar UHVDC electromagnetic transient model is established by PSCAD/EMTDC software. The control strategies for UHVDC system are investigated and the main factors of commutation failure are analyzed. A lot of simulation results demonstrate that Yunnan rectifier AC system fault can not cause UHVDC commutation failure. Metallic ground fault of Guangdong inverter AC system will result in UHVDC commutation failure but enough transition resistance can reduce the chance of it. When one pole ground fault of UHVDC line occurs, DC current of the fault pole has an obvious overshoot and non-fault pole is influenced a little. UHVDC can come back to normal operation once the instant ground fault is cleared.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4745353,no
Analysis of Applicability of Partial Runtime Reconfiguration in Fault Emulator in Xilinx FPGAs,"This paper analyses applicability of partial runtime reconfiguration (PRR) in fault emulators based on FPGAs of Xilinx Virtex family. PRR is used for loading emulator modules and for injecting faults into the emulated circuit. Since the time of reconfiguration may have significant impact on its usability, this paper deals with this issue. The goal was to accelerate PRR and to evaluate the time needed for fault injection by PRR on these FPGAs. Experimental results show that we have achieved up to eight times faster reconfiguration compared to the original Xilinx method, and fault injection time about 77 mus per one emulated fault.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4538781,no
Towards using particle filtering for increasing error correction accuracy in traffic surveillance applications,"This paper analyzes and compares two error correction algorithms in context of traffic control applications. They are the Sequential Importance Sampling (SIS) and the Sequential Importance Resampling (SIR). Performances of both algorithms are analyzed and conclusions are drawn. Moreover, experimental results prove that algorithms' parameters have a great impact on their performances.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5491257,no
"Background Calibration of Gain Errors in <formula formulatype=""inline""> <img src=""/images/tex/19188.gif"" alt=""\Pi \Delta \Sigma ""> </formula> A/D Converters","This paper describes a method of calibrating gain errors in each channel of Hadamard modulated parallel delta-sigma () converters. The  converters extend traditionally bandwidth-limited  modulators to applications such as wireless communications that require high-resolution wide-bandwidth converters. The focus of this paper is on the development and convergence of an adaptive calibration algorithm. A hardware implementation that verifies this paper can be found in an earlier work. The calibration is done in real time and is accomplished by adding an additional channel that is linearly dependent on the  channels that are used. By introducing this redundancy, an adaptive recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm is used to correct for gain errors within the channels. To demonstrate the calibration scheme, an eight-channel  converter with second-order  modulators and an oversampling ratio of 4 was simulated in MATLAB. Simulation results show a 40-dB reduction in unwanted distortion tones caused by 1% gain mismatches.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5282607,no
Fault location in medium voltage networks by the help of adapted triangulation principle,"This paper describes a new fault location method for medium voltage networks consisting of power distribution lines with tree topology. The method is based on the adaptation of triangulation principle. It uses the detection of undervoltage wave propagation as a source of information for fault location calculation. The paper gives short description of triangulation principle adaptation, needed input data as well as factors influencing calculation accuracy. Calculation algorithm is then described in more details and its principle is explained through simplified short example of fault location calculation. Proposed method utilizes Smart Grid concept, because its functionality depends on data exchange between measuring points placed in distribution power lines and control centre, where the fault location calculation is done.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5638873,no
Fault identification and reconfigurable control for bimodal piecewise affine systems,"This paper addresses the design of a fault detection and reconfigurable control structure for bimodal piecewise affine (PWA) systems. The PWA bimodal system will be designed to verify input-to-state stability (ISS) in closed loop. The proposed methodology is divided into two parts. First, a Luenberger-based observer structure is proposed to solve the fault detection and identification (FDI) problem for bimodal PWA systems. The unknown value of the fault parameter is estimated by an observer equation, which is derived using a Lyapunov-based methodology. Then, the ISS property is proved for the observer. Second, a fault-tolerant state feedback controller is synthesized for the PWA model. The controller is designed to deal with partial loss of control authority identified by the observer. The ISS property is also proved for the controller. Finally, the ISS property for the interconnection of the controller and the observer-based fault identification mechanism is studied. The design procedure is formulated as a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which can be solved efficiently using available software packages.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7074813,no
The development of interface adapter in the digital circuit fault diagnosis system based on VXI,"This paper describes the development process of general interface adapter in the digital circuit fault diagnosis system based on VXI. After giving overall description of fault diagnosis system and VXI bus, the paper presents a method of solving the problem about load matching and interface matching, and realizes the function of identification to read and write on the memory of interface circuit and to control chip selection. The method of identity installation in interface circuit to be selected is to give an ID number and add a memory to interface circuit to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness. The paper also describes the method of self diagnosis in the interface circuit that is the key to whole fault diagnosis system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5406745,no
FPGA Implementation of Wideband IQ Imbalance Correction in OFDM Receivers,"This paper describes the implementation of a digital compensation scheme, called CSAD, for correcting the effects of wideband gain and phase imbalances in dual-branch OFDM receivers. The proposed scheme is implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-4 field programmable gate array (FPGA). The flexible architecture of the implementation makes it readily adaptable for different broadband applications, such as DVB-T/H, WLAN, and WiMAX. The proposed correction scheme is resilient against multipath fading and frequency offset. When applied to DVB-T, it is shown that an 11-bit arithmetic precision is sufficient to achieve the required BER of 2x10<sup>-4</sup> at an SNR of 16.5 dB. Using this bit-precision, the implementation consumes 1686 Virtex-4 slices equivalent to about 42600 gates.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536838,no
Fuzzy fault detection and diagnosis under severely noisy conditions using feature-based approaches,"This paper introduces an approach to fault detection and diagnosis scheme which uses fuzzy reference models to describe the symptoms of both faulty and fault-free plant operation. Recently, some approaches have been combined with fuzzy logic to enhance its performance in particular applications such as fault detection and diagnosis. The reference models are generated from training data which are produced by computer simulation of typical plant. A fuzzy matching scheme compares the parameters of a fuzzy partial model, identified using on-line data collected from the real plant, with the parameters of the reference models. The reference models are also compared to each other to take account of the ambiguity which arises at some operating points when the symptoms of correct and faulty operations are similar. Independent components analysis (ICA) is used to extract the exact data from variables under severe noisy conditions. A fuzzy self organizing feature map is applied to the data obtained from ICA for obtaining more accurate and precise features representing different conditions of the system. The results are then applied to the model-based fuzzy procedure for diagnosis goals. Results are presented which demonstrate the applicability of the scheme.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4587004,no
Optical Fault Masking Attacks,"This paper introduces some new types of optical fault attacks called fault masking attacks. These attacks are aimed at disrupting of the normal memory operation through preventing changes of the memory contents. The technique was demonstrated on an EEPROM and Flash memory inside PIC microcontrollers. Then it was improved with a backside approach and tested on a PIC and MSP430 microcontrollers. These attacks can be used for the partial reverse engineering of semiconductor chips by spotting the areas of activity in reprogrammable non-volatile memory. This can assist in data analysis and other types of fault injection attacks later, thereby saving the time otherwise required for exhaustive search. Practical limits for optical fault masking attacks in terms of sample preparation, operating conditions and chip technology are discussed, together with possible countermeasures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5577358,no
Error Detection and Correction - A novel technique implementing Dual Rail Logic and Rollback recovery Architecture,"This paper investigates a computer architecture that provides fault detection in the execution elements, redundancy and error coding in memory storage elements, and incorporates software that allows rollback to a recovery boundary in the executing program when errors do occur. The architecture is intended for use in an environment where any errors encountered would be in the processors current computational instructions. The use of dual-rail logic is proposed for the purpose of providing single-bit error detection in computational units. This approach will be step towards creating a reliable computation environment in space based applications where the environment is quite hostile to computing systems.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4806522,no
An Energy-Efficient Fault-Tolerant Scheduling Scheme for Aperiodic Tasks in Embedded Real-Time Systems,"This paper investigates how to combine fault tolerance with power management in embedded real-time systems at the same time. Fault tolerance is achieved by check pointing, and power management is carried out via dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS). Also, we take tasks' average switched capacitances into consideration. We present a fault-tolerant schedulability analysis for a periodic tasks and derive the optimal number of checkpoints. The optimal number of checkpoints can help the task to guarantee the timing constraints and minimize the worst case execution time in the presence of faults. We then propose a scheduling scheme which carries out DVFS on the basis of the schedulability analysis for the problem of static task scheduling and voltage allocation. The problem is addressed and formulated as a linear programming (LP) problem. The simulation results show that an increase of the number of variable voltages can reduce energy consumption. Also, selecting suitable voltages for tasks can lead to drastic energy reduction even if the number of variable voltages is very small.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5318921,no
Impact of Waveform Distorting Fault Current Limiters on Previously Installed Overcurrent Relays,"This paper investigates in detail the impacts of distorted current waveforms, produced by certain types of fault current limiters on time-overcurrent protection relays. A thyristor-based solid-state fault current limiter is chosen as representative of such a device for a case study which investigates its effects on two coordinated protection relays. A detailed software model of the current limiter has been developed and implemented on the real-time digital simulator platform, modeling a typical distribution system. Relay models are used to obtain initial results, which are later validated by an actual protective relay connected in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation setup. The results illustrate the increase of relay tripping times due to severe current limitation caused by the fixed firing angle control of the current limiter. It is revealed that different current measurement principles employed by the relays, such as fundamental, peak, or true rms, can lead to miscoordination due to the distorted fault current waveform. It is demonstrated that these undesirable effects can be mitigated by employing appropriate control strategies for the firing angle in the current limiter.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4531562,no
Optimum Design of Circuit Fault Diagnosis Software Based on Fault Dictionary Method,"This paper discusses the design procedure of digital circuit fault diagnosis software by using optimization method of data stream through the analysis of the file format of LASAR circuit simulation result fault dictionary, pin connection table and node truth table.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4732045,no
The Diagnosis System of Mechanical Fault Based on LabVIEW Platform and Its Application,"This paper introduced the content and the status quo of study of the mechanical fault diagnosis, detailed the construction method and the overall structure of mechanical fault diagnosis system based on LabVIEW, and carried out applied research of rotating mechanical fault diagnosis by the use of virtual instrument technology and the use of mechanical fault diagnosis system based on the LabVIEW platform according to rotating machinery and its characteristics.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5369134,no
Anomaly detection: A robust approach to detection of unanticipated faults,"This paper introduces a methodology to detect as early as possible with specified degree of confidence and prescribed false alarm rate an anomaly or novelty (incipient failure) associated with critical components/subsystems of an engineered system that is configured to monitor continuously its health status. Innovative features of the enabling technologies include a Bayesian estimation framework, called particle filtering, that employs features or condition indicators derived from sensor data in combination with simple models of the systempsilas degrading state to detect a deviation or discrepancy between a baseline (no-fault) distribution and its current counterpart. The scheme provides the probability of abnormal condition and the probability of false alarm. The presence of an anomaly is confirmed for a given confidence level. The efficacy of the proposed anomaly detection architecture is illustrated with test data acquired from components typically found on aircraft and monitored via a test rig appropriately instrumented.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4711445,no
Realization of ultra wideband bandpass filter using new type of split-ring Defected Ground Structure,"This paper introduces a new compact bandpass filter using a new Circular Split - Ring type Defected Ground Structures. A split ring Defected Ground Structure (DGS) when applied with a continuous microstrip line yields a very sharp stop band Lowpass filter. In the proposed structure, a T-shaped discontinuous microstrip line is included, which provides ultra wide passband. The passband of the proposed bandpass filter can be tuned by simply changing the radius of the inner ring of the split-ring DGS unit. This proposed structure provides an improved bandwidth when another split-ring DGS unit is included. A MoM based simulation is performed for the structures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5712736,no
Modeling and Control of Six-Phase Symmetrical Induction Machine Under Fault Condition Due to Open Phases,"This paper introduces a new fault-tolerant operation method for a symmetrical six-phase induction machine (6PIM) when one or several phases are lost. A general decoupled model of the induction machine with up to three open phases is given. This model illustrates the existence of a pulsating torque when phases are opened. Then, a new control method reducing the pulsating torque and the motor losses is proposed in order to improve the drive performances. The proposed method is compared to two other existing techniques. The simulation and experimental results obtained on a dedicated test-rig confirm the validity and the efficiency of the proposed method for a fault-tolerant symmetrical 6PIM drive.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4454445,no
Implement fault diagnosis high speed reasoning expert system with CPLD,"This paper introduces a new method to design expert system reasoning with CPLD for fault diagnosis. Firstly, the reasoning process of normal expert system is analyzed; Secondly, the knowledge and experiences of experts are transformed to binary or multi-valued reasoning using fault tree, and the processes are realized with simple gate circuits; lastly, the new scheme is used in fault diagnosis for HV circuit breakers instead of primary reasoning with software. It is validated that the reasoning speed using this scheme is faster than traditional reasoning modes, and it can be applicable to many expert systems based on single-chip controller or DSP (digital signal processor).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5274643,no
Real-time bounded-error pose estimation for road vehicles using vision,"This paper is about online, constant-time pose estimation for road vehicles. We exploit both the state of the art in vision based SLAM and the wide availability of overhead imagery of road networks. We show that by formulating the pose estimation problem in a relative sense, we can estimate the vehicle pose in real-time and bound its absolute error by using overhead image priors. We demonstrate our technique on data gathered from a stereo pair on a vehicle traveling at 40 kph through urban streets. Crucially our method has no dependence on infrastructure, needs no workspace modification, is not dependent on GPS reception, requires only a single stereo pair and runs on an every day laptop.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5625178,no
Model for JPALS/SRGPS Flexure and Attitude Error Allocation,"This paper develops a linearized parametric error model for assessing the effects of structural flexure and attitude uncertainties on the shipboard variant of the joint precision approach and landing system (JPALS). The outputs of the error model are position domain error bounds on the estimate of the ship reference point (SRP) coordinates. The model is parameterized in terms of GPS antenna installation geometry and the covariance matrices capturing the statistics of GPS measurement, ship structural flexure, and ship attitude estimation uncertainty. The performance of the model is evaluated via a set of simulation studies. It is shown that when the attitude errors are small and the flexure statistics well characterized, the error model provides an accurate and convenient way of mapping attitude and flexure uncertainties into SRP position uncertainties. Estimation of SRP position errors is a nonlinear problem and when ship attitude uncertainties are large, the nonlinearities can be important. However, the bounds calculated by the error model developed can be inflated to deal with these nonlinearities. Finally, by analyzing data collected from ship trials, it is shown that perhaps a more challenging issue may be the potential for highly correlated, bias-like structural flexure uncertainties.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5461636,no
A novel RF phase error Built-in-Self-Test for GSM,"This paper discusses a novel RF Built-in-Self-Test (RF-BiST) targeting to replace the traditionally expensive and time-consuming RF parametric phase error test on a GSM/EDGE Digital Radio Processor (DRP) radio transceiver. The verification of the RF BiST in a production environment and a comparison of the internal BiST vs. the current test in are presented, which validates the RF BiST as an accepted test method for determining the phase error of GSM devices. The results illustrate that there are great opportunities in reduction of test time and costs by moving to the internal digital method of BiST for testing RF/analog IC products.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4734985,no
Analog IC fault diagnosis by means of supply current monitoring in test points selected evolutionarily,"This paper describes the technique dedicated to an analog integrated circuit testing by means of supply current monitoring. The minimal set of test points, that allows to achieve the highest possible fault coverage, is determined with the use of genetic algorithm. Thanks to the proposed dynamic scheme of phenotype coding, the optimization process is more efficient than for a standard, static genotype structure realization.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5595160,no
Error Compensation in a Horizontal Machining Center Using Artificial Intelligence Strategy,"This paper investigates the application of artificial neural networks to the problem of calculating error compensation values for axis motion on a horizontal machining center. Firstly, traditional compensation methods and artificial intelligence strategies are introduced. Secondly, some multilayer neural network architectures are examined for applicability to the problem. Using standard modeling techniques, the motion error compensation model for a horizontal machining center is developed. And this model is parameterized by measurement of the parametric error functions using a laser interferometer, electronic levels and a precision square. Relevant programs are developed in Matlab development environment, and modified termination algorithms are applied to reduce computation times. Finally, experiments are carried out to validate the approaches proposed in this paper. The results show that artificial neural networks are capable of learning the error map of a real machine, and that ANN-based compensation can significantly reduce motion errors.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5370038,no
Fault tree based methodology to evaluate the reliability of converter transformers,"This paper is devoted to analyze the fault tree for predicting the system performance and to analyze the system reliability. Specifically, the analysis of the reliability of HVDC converter transformers is considered.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641730,no
An Effective Neural Approach for the Automatic Location of Stator Interturn Faults in Induction Motor,"This paper presents a neural approach to detect and locate automatically an interturn short-circuit fault in the stator windings of the induction machine. The fault detection and location are achieved by a feedforward multilayer-perceptron neural network (NN) trained by back propagation. The location process is based on monitoring the three-phase shifts between the line current and the phase voltage of the machine. The required data for training and testing the NN are experimentally generated from a three-phase induction motor with different interturn short-circuit faults. Simulation, as well as experimental, results are presented in this paper to demonstrate the effectiveness of the used method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4663958,no
A novel fault classification technique for high speed protective relaying of transmission lines,"This paper presents a new algorithm for faulty phase selection in transmission lines. The algorithm is based on a limited soft processing of the 3-phase and the zero-component current phasors. Current phasors are determined by using a pair of short length data window filters giving orthogonal outputs - phasor components. The soft processing means here that, generally, the operations like min and max are used rather than multiplication or summation of two or more arguments.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6007271,no
A Low Complexity Error Concealment Method for H.264 Video Coding Facilitating Hardware Realization,"This paper presents a new error concealment algorithm, which is suitable for the H.264/AVC coding standard and the hardware implementation. This algorithm can be dividing into two major categories. In the spatial domain, we use the reliable neighboring pixel values with edge detection method to conceal all the lost pixels in the block. In the temporal domain, we propose a variable block size error concealment method. It consists of a block size determination step to determine the type of the lost macro-block and a motion vector recovery step to find the optimal motion vector from the current frame. In the block size determination step, we propose a criterion to determine the size type of the lost block from the neighbor's macro-blocks. In the motion vector recovery step, the optimal motion vector for the lost block chosen from the neighbor's block in the current frame. And it is the minimum value of the side match distortion of the lost block. This proposed algorithm can not only determine the most correct mode for the lost block in a easy way, but also save the much more computation time for error concealment, which is more suitable for hardware implementation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381586,no
An adaptive distance relaying algorithm with a morphological fault detector embedded,"This paper presents an adaptive distance relaying algorithm (ADRA) for transmission line protection. In ADRA, a fault detector designed based on mathematical morphology (MM) is used to determine the occurrence of a fault. The Euclidean norm of the detector output is then calculated for fault phase selection and fault type classification. With respect to a specific type of fault scenario, an instantaneous circuit model applicable to a transient fault process is constructed to determine the position of the fault. The distance between the fault position and the relay is calculated by a differential equation of the instantaneous circuit model which is resolved in a recursive manner within each sampling interval. Due to the feature of recursive calculation, the protection zone of the relay varies from a small length to large, which increases as an augment in the sample window length. ADRA is evaluated on a transmission model based on PSCAD/EMDTC, under a variety of different fault distances, fault types, fault resistances and loading angles, respectively. The simulation results show that in comparison with conventional DFT-based protection methods, by which the fault distance is calculated using phasor measurements of voltage and current signals in a fixed-length window, ADRA requires much fewer samples to achieve a same degree of the accuracy of fault distance calculation, which enables much faster tripping, and its protection zone can be extended as more samples are used.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275579,no
An analysis of fault effects and propagations in ZPU: The world's smallest 32 bit CPU,"This paper presents an analysis of the effects and propagations of transient faults by simulation-based fault injection into the ZPU processor. This analysis is done by injecting 5800 transient faults into the main components of ZPU processor that is described in VHDL language. The sensitivity level of various points of ZPU processor such as PC, SP, IR, Controller, and ALU against fault manifestation is considered and evaluated. The behavior of ZPU processor against injected faults is reported. Besides, it is shown that about 50.25% of faults are recovered during simulation time; 46.47% of faults are effective and the remainders 3.28% of faults are latent. Moreover, a comparison of the behavior of ZPU processor in fault injection experiments against some common microprocessors is done. The results will be used in the future research for proposing a fault-tolerant mechanism for ZPU processor.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5548320,no
Application of PIC microcontroller for online monitoring and fiber fault identification,"This paper presents an application PIC microcontroller for online monitoring and fiber fault identification in optical fiber communication. For this propose the PIC microcontroller is used control any optical switch connected to it. The proposed system architecture is discussed in detail, considering both the hardware and software elements involved. Finally, the benefits and limitations of such a system are considered, using some initial results obtained in an experimental implementation. The system is developed and tested successfully.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5254693,no
Correction of perspective text image based on gradient method,"This paper presents an approach to address the problem of the correction of perspective distortion text image which every vertex has maximum or minimum vertical or horizontal coordinate in one fourth image. In order to recognize this kind of perspective distortion text image by OCR (Optical Character Recognition), we correct it into a hardly distorted regular text image based on a gradient method. Our approach is binarizing and denoising the distortion text image firstly. Then a gradient method is applied to obtain the four vertexes of the irregular convex quadrilateral composed from the perspective distortion text block. Thus, the mapping parameters of the correction model can be obtained through one-to-one relation between the irregular quadrilateral and the rectangle of the original text image. At last, the perspective distortion text image is corrected with the perspective transformation model. The experimental results show that our approach can correct the kind of perspective text image effectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5636501,no
A Byzantine Fault Tolerant Protocol for Composite Web Services,"This paper presents a Byzantine fault tolerant protocol for composite Web Services. We extend Castro and Liskov's well-known practical Byzantine fault tolerance method for the server client model and Tadashi Araragi's method for the agent system to a method for the composite Web Services. Different from other Byzantine tolerant methods for single web service, in composite Web Services we have to create replicas on both sides, while in the server-client model of Castro and Liskov's method, replicas are created only on the server side. We present a modular implementation, and experimental results demonstrate only a moderate overhead due to replication.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676942,no
A Formal Language Approach in Fault Location on Distribution Power Systems,"This paper presents a Clarke-Concordia transformation approach, combined with formal language theory, within fault diagnosis for distribution power lines. The alpha, beta, 0 components of line currents, resulting from the Clarke-Concordia transformation, are used to detect and classify all types of fault. The formal language approach is used to map the non-linear relationship existing in fault location equations. The proposed approach is able to identify and to locate all different types of faults (single line to ground, double line to ground, line-to-line and three-phase short-circuit). This approach is subdivided into several main steps: first is the data acquisition of the corresponding current signals; then the mathematical computation of the Clarke-Concordia components; the fault identification is then performed by the analysis of fault and pre-fault data; finally the fault location estimation using a formal language theory based algorithm. Results are presented to reveal the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for a correct fault location on distribution power lines.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4496989,no
Combinational test generation for transition faults in acyclic sequential circuits,"This paper presents a combinational test generation method for transition faults in acyclic sequential circuits. In this method, to generate test sequences for transition faults in a given acyclic sequential circuit is performed on its extend time-expansion model. The model is composed of two copies of time-expansion model of the given circuit and extends in the close two sequences to generate 2 vectors for the transition faults with some restrictions. Experimental results show the method can achieve the higher fault efficiency with the lower test generation times than conventional method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4607015,no
An industrial fault injection platform for soft-error dependability analysis and hardening of complex system-on-a-chip,"This paper presents a fault injection platform that is currently developed and used to perform soft-error dependability analysis and hardening of complex SoCs. Primarily, it is oriented toward safety analysis, safety requirement conformance testing and hardening of complex SoCs. This platform makes use of clusters of hardware emulation resources available for SoC verification to achieve massive faults injection capabilities. It is able to distribute fault injection campaigns across multiple heterogeneous emulation platforms to achieve high fault coverage. It is able to virtually handle almost any circuit size and is designed to support all kind of designs. We present the first results obtained on a small design, the Leon2 IP, on which exhaustive fault injection have been performed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5173253,no
Fault tolerant tracking control for nonlinear systems based on derivative estimation,"This paper presents a fault tolerant control (FTC)-architecture for trajectory tracking, where generalized actuator faults are online diagnosed and compensated for by the control system. Employing least-squares derivative estimators for identifying the faults inserts time-delays into the control loop. When a reference trajectory is to be tracked, the closed FTC loop represents a nonlinear time-varying time-delay system. Linearizing its dynamics around the reference trajectory makes it possible to determine tolerable delay times, which allows to deduce admissible intervals for the values of the FTC parameters. The FTC scheme is illustrated by simulations of an underactuated satellite with faulty actuators.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5531443,no
Voltage sags pattern recognition technique for fault section identification in distribution networks,"This paper presents a method to identify a faulted section in a distribution network using voltage sags pattern characteristics. The method starts with fault analysis to establish analytical voltage sags database. When a fault occurs, the voltage sag at the monitored node is compared with the established voltage sags in the database to find all the possible faulted sections. Finally, the method applied rank reasoning analysis to prioritize all the possible faulted sections. The method has been tested on an urban distribution network feeder. The results show that the most fault sections in the tested distributed network feeder can be located by the first attempt. All remaining faulted sections can be found by the second attempt.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5282161,no
Fault-tolerant architecture for nanoelectronic digital logic,"This paper presents a new system architecture for implementing fault-tolerant information processing. The proposed structure relies on simple processing elements (PEs) arranged into a regular locally-interconnected array. Such an approach is a favorable way of implementing circuits with inherently unreliable nanodevices. Different network operations are achieved through binary programmable interconnections. The array can be divided into a set of software-defined segments for implementing functions with different levels of complexity and redundancy, assuring the system versatility and flexibility. The examples of basic Boolean operations are presented. The error correction mechanism is explained and its impact on fault-tolerance is briefly analyzed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4673493,no
Automatic road feature detection and correlation for the correction of consumer satellite navigation system mapping,"This paper presents a novel approach for the use of on-vehicle video analysis aimed at the verification and correction of consumer satellite navigation system mapping information. The proposed system automatically detects road and environment features (e.g. flyover bridges, road junctions, traffic lights and road signs) for real-time comparison to information available from corresponding navigation mapping. This can be used both for secondary feature-based localization of vehicle position and the verification of roadway mapping information against the true environment.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5549225,no
Wavelet-based one-terminal fault location algorithm for aged cables without using cable parameters applying fault clearing voltage transients,"This paper presents a novel fault location algorithm, which in spite of using only voltage samples taken from one terminal, is capable to calculate precise fault location in aged power cables without any need to line parameters. Voltage transients generated after circuit breaker opening action are sampled and using wavelet and traveling wave theorem, first and second inceptions of voltage traveling wave signals are detected. Then wave speed is determined independent of cable parameters and finally precise location of fault is calculated. Because of using one terminal data, algorithm does not need to communication equipments and global positioning system (GPS). Accuracy of algorithm is not affected by aging, climate and temperature variations, which change the wave speed. In addition, fault resistance, fault inception angle and fault distance does not affect accuracy of algorithm. Extent simulations carried out with SimPowerSystem toolbox of MATLAB software, confirm capability and high accuracy of proposed algorithm to calculate fault location in the different faults and system conditions.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666457,no
Fault tolerant permanent magnet motor drives for electric vehicles,"This paper presents a novel five-phase fault tolerant interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor drive with higher performance and reliability for electric vehicles applications. A new machine design along with efficient control strategy is developed for fault tolerant operation of electric drive without severely compromising the drive performance. Fault tolerance is achieved by employing a five phase fractional-slot concentrated windings configuration IPM motor drive, with each phase electrically, magnetically, thermally and physically independent of all the others. The proposed electric drive system presents higher torque density, negligible cogging torque, and about plusmn0.5% torque ripple. Power converter requirements are discussed and control strategies to minimize the impact of machine or converter fault are developed. Besides, all the requirement of a fault tolerant operation, including high phase inductance and negligible mutual coupling between phases are met. Analytical and finite element analysis and comparison case studies are presented.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5075348,no
Fault Detection and Isolation of a Cryogenic Rocket Engine Combustion Chamber Using a Parity Space Approach,"This paper presents a parity space (PS) approach for fault detection and isolation (FDI) of a cryogenic rocket engine combustion chamber. Nominal and non-nominal simulation data for three engine set points have been provided. The PS approach uses three measurements to generate residuals and a spherical transformation to map these residuals to faults. The radial co-ordinate is used for fault detection whereas the azimuthal and polar co-ordinates are used for fault isolation. Evaluation criteria are missed alarms, false alarms, and fault detection time. Although the approach needs a different residual generation method to become more robust, it works very well when compared with the other FDI approaches.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5226812,no
A fault location algorithm based on distributed neutral-to-ground current sensor measurements,"This paper presents a study of a multi-grounded three-phase four-wire distribution system and discusses a line-to-ground fault location algorithm based on real time monitoring of current levels in the neutral-to-ground path at several locations throughout the primary feeder. The measurement technique, combined with a triangulation algorithm based on an exponential curve fitting approach, suggests a fault location accuracy of approximately +/- 5 poles.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5589747,no
Fault Detection in dynamic conditions by means of Discrete Wavelet Decomposition for PMSM running under Bearing Damage,This paper presents a study of the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) running under bearing damage. To carry out the study a two-dimensional (2-D) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used. Stator current induced harmonics for fault condition were investigated. Advanced signal analysis by means of continuous and discrete wavelet transforms was performed. Simulation were carried out and compared with experimental.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4802777,no
Attributes Reduction Applied to Leather Defects Classification,"This paper presents a study on attributes reduction, comparing five discriminant analysis techniques: FisherFace, CLDA, DLDA, YLDA and KLDA. Attributes reduction has been applied to the problem of leather defect classification using four different classifiers: C4.5, kNN, Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machines. The results of several experiments on the performance of discriminant analysis applied to the problem of defect detection are reported.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5720389,no
Distributed Fault Detection for Wireless Sensor Based on Weighted Average,"This paper presents a distributed fault detection algorithm for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) by exploring the weighted average value scheme. Considering the spatial correlations in WSNs, a faulty sensor can diagnose itself through comparing its own sensed data with the average of neighbors' data. Simulation results show that sensor nodes with permanent faults are identified with high accuracy for a wide range of fault rate, and keep false alarm rate for different levels of sensor fault model.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5481113,no
Color detection for vision machine defect inspection on electronic devices,"This paper presents a recent innovation introduced by Ismeca in our novel vision platform, NativeNET, for the detection of surface defects in electronic device packages due to decoloration and which could not detected before. Up to now, mainly due to cost and processing-time constraints, most of inspection vision systems were working with monochrome images. Moreover, there is a need from semiconductor packaging industry to be able to provide new smart inspection which can detect more defects.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5746681,no
Efficiently utilization of redundancy backup server by forming dynamic clustering in Distributed Systems for tolerating faults,"This paper proposes a novel REDENDENCY THROUGH BACKUP PROCESS with CLUSTERING scheme which aims to address the following concerns: reliable, effective with high maintenance backup can be achieved by constructing a multi-node clustering backbone with a small number of backup cluster-heads for redundancy filling system through backup process for FAULT TOLRANCE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS. We can successfully reduce the overhead of backup servers and enhance the speed of backup delivering in an allowable time span compared to other redundancy fault tolerance distributed operating systems for both WAN and LAN networks. Next, we utilize the CLUSTER STRUCHING MECHANISM which determines the cluster size according to the leaving frequency of cluster-members. As the number of leaving events is reduced, the cluster topology is more stable and the BACKUP may also be available in a short and manageable time span before all the distributed system becomes failed. We have done our simulation using MATLAB to show cluster formation with a back-up server election and have investigated the performance of our system for different scenarios.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5538321,no
A novel algorithm of wide area backup protection based on fault component comparison,"This paper proposes a novel wide area back-up protection algorithm that measures synchronized information from different buses in region. The amplitude of voltage fault component from different buses is compared, and the bus with maximum magnitude will be selected. Hence, suspected fault line set could be established according to the sub-graph and complete incidence matrix of selected buses. Then, voltage fault component amplitude at two sides of each suspected line could be calculated from another side, and the amplitude comparison between computed and measured value could be implemented. The ratio would be 1 when external fault occurs, and it would be greater than 1 when internal fault occurs. Thus, the fault line could be identified finally. The technique doesn't need high precision synchronization of wide area information, and could response to different faults. The simulation of 10-unit and 39-bus New England system using PSCAD/EMTDC illustrates the effectiveness of this method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666146,no
Systematic Lossy Error Protection of Video Signals,"This paper proposes a scheme called systematic lossy error protection (SLEP) for robust transmission of video signals over packet erasure channels. The systematic portion of the transmission consists of a conventionally encoded video bit stream which is transmitted without channel coding. An additional bit stream generated by Wyner-Ziv encoding of the video signal is transmitted for error resilience. In the event of packet loss, this supplementary bit stream is decoded and allows the recovery of a coarsely quantized video signal, which is displayed in lieu of the lost portions of the primary video signal. The quantization mismatch results in a small, controlled loss in picture quality, but a drastic reduction in picture quality is avoided. An implementation of the SLEP system using the state-of-the-art H.264/AVC standard codec is described. Specifically, H.264/AVC redundant slices are used in conjunction with Reed-Solomon coding to generate the Wyner-Ziv bit stream. The received video quality is modeled as a function of the bit rates of the primary and redundant descriptions and the error resilience bit rate. The model is used to optimize the video quality delivered by SLEP. Via theoretical analysis and experimental simulation, it is shown that SLEP provides a flexible tradeoff between error resilience and decoded picture quality. By allowing the quality to degrade gracefully over a wider range of packet loss rates, SLEP mitigates the precipitous drop in picture quality suffered by traditional FEC-based systems.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4600096,no
Research of information fusion technology for fault diagnosis based on selectivity criterion,"This paper proposes a selectivity criterion to choose appropriate information fusion method for the fusion of multiarguments to acquire logical consensus output. The research theory can improve the cognitive veracity of the object based on the redundancy of information, and can resolve the problem of incompletion about detected data. Firstly, the characteristic of D-S evidence theory is analyzed. It indicates that D-S theory will be fit for the instance that combined argument has analogical estimation to the object. Secondly, a selectivity criterion of D-S evidence theory is deduced. The fusion result will be more rationalized by the treatment of D-S theory if the relation of combined arguments is accord with the restriction of the criterion. Finally, an instance about fault diagnosis is analyzed. A logical diagnostic result can be acquired by the use of D-S evidence theory selectivity criterion. It is proved that the researched theory is available.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5647370,no
A current error space vector based hysteresis controller with constant switching frequency and simple online boundary computation for VSI fed IM drive,"This paper proposes a simple current error space vector based hysteresis controller for two-level inverter fed Induction Motor (IM) drives. This proposed hysteresis controller retains all advantages of conventional current error space vector based hysteresis controllers like fast dynamic response, simple to implement, adjacent voltage vector switching etc. The additional advantage of this proposed hysteresis controller is that it gives a phase voltage frequency spectrum exactly similar to that of a constant switching frequency space vector pulse width modulated (SVPWM) inverter. In this proposed hysteresis controller the boundary is computed online using estimated stator voltages along alpha and beta axes thus completely eliminating look up tables used for obtaining parabolic hysteresis boundary proposed in. The estimation of stator voltage is carried out using current errors along alpha and beta axes and steady state model of induction motor. The proposed scheme is simple and capable of taking inverter upto six step mode operation, if demanded by drive system. The proposed hysteresis controller based inverter fed drive scheme is simulated extensively using SIMULINK toolbox of MATLAB for steady state and transient performance. The experimental verification for steady state performance of the proposed scheme is carried out on a 3.7kW IM.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675056,no
Real-time audio error concealment method based on sinusoidal model,"This paper proposes a sinusoidal model based on modified sinusoidal analysis and synthesis for the error concealment of lost frames. The parameters of the sinusoidal model are adjusted according to the property of the audio signals. It is applied to MPEG-2 AAC decoder for an error concealment of decoder based only. An analysis and synthesis of the windowed previous frame of the lost one and the residual samples are used to synthesize a new frame. Then overlap-add mechanism between the synthesized frame and the residual samples is applied to reconstruct the lost frame. This method can provide an audio quality with 1.3 average ODG score improvement under the loss rate of frame up to 10% without increasing the algorithm delay of the AAC decoding system. It is implemented on fixed-point DSPs, and the computational complexity is comparative to the optimized version of the decoder.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4590009,no
Discovering  the Fault Origin from Field Traces,"This paper proposes an automatic technique to reduce the time spent in detection of the fault origin from field traces, by discovering hidden patterns in the traces.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700343,no
Fault tolerance of CNC software based on artificial neural network,"This paper proposes an efficient method for realizing the fault tolerance of CNC software with the introduction of artificial neural network (ANN) to the design filed of CNC software. In addition, function aspects (velocity, acceleration, chord error, real time, prediction accuracy) from the experiment on Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) interpolator based on ANN were evaluated in detail. Our experimental results showed that the NURBS interpolation based on ANN not only meet the requirements of function aspects, but also can realize fault tolerance technology, which may provide a new strategy in the improvement of the reliability of CNC software.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609854,no
Automated fault diagnostics testing for automotive Electronic Control Units deploying Hardware-in-the-Loop,This paper presents the implementation of the automated testing of diagnostics trouble code (DTC) based on the diagnostics specification for each Electronic Control Unit (ECU) in Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) carlines. The automated fault diagnostics testing is carried out using Virtual Integration and Test Automation Laboratory (VITAL) and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulation environment at JLR. The methodology of automated diagnostics fault testing is described in detail and the framework is developed to support this. The effectiveness of this methodology is illustrated using real time fault injection and verification.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6490835,no
Development and Implementation of a Novel Fault Diagnostic and Protection Technique for IPM Motor Drives,"This paper presents the practical implementation of a novel fault diagnostic and protection scheme for the interior permanent-magnet (IPM) synchronous motors using wavelet packet transform (WPT) and artificial neural network. In the proposed technique, the line currents of different faulted and normal conditions of the IPM motor are preprocessed by the WPT. The second level WPT coefficients of line currents are used as inputs of a three-layer feedforward neural network. The proposed protection technique is successfully simulated and experimentally tested on the line-fed and inverter-fed IPM motors. The Texas Instrument 32-bit floating-point digital signal processor TMS320C31 is used for the real-time implementation of the proposed protection algorithm. The offline and online test results of both line-fed and inverter-fed IPM motors are given. These test results showed satisfactory performances of the proposed diagnostic and protection technique in terms of speed, accuracy, and reliability.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4624554,no
Detection of Demagnetization Faults in Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors Under Nonstationary Conditions,"This paper presents the results of our study of the permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) running under demagnetization. We examined the effect of demagnetization on the current spectrum of PMSMs with the aim of developing an effective condition-monitoring scheme. Harmonics of the stator currents induced by the fault conditions are examined. Simulation by means of a two-dimensional finite-element analysis (FEA) software package and experimental results are presented to substantiate the successful application of the proposed method over a wide range of motor operation conditions. Methods based on continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) have been successfully applied to detect and to discriminate demagnetization faults in PMSM motors under nonstationary conditions. Additionally, a reduced set of easy-to-compute discriminating features for both CWT and DWT methods has been defined. We have shown the effectiveness of the proposed method by means of experimental results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5089909,no
Six-phase induction machine drive model for fault-tolerant operation,"This paper presents the simulation and experimental results of a 42 V fault-tolerant six-phase induction machine (6PIM) with opened stator phases. The 6PIM has symmetrical 60 degrees displacement winding allowing fault-tolerant modes for an electric power steering (EPS) application. A voltage source inverter (VSI) in closed-loop using a vector control feeds its. The 6PIM model is derived from the stator winding distribution on a conductor-by-conductor basis and the geometrical dimensions of the different slots. A case study by simulation and experimental tests on a six-phase squirrel-cage induction machine rating 90 W, 14 V, 50 Hz, 2 poles is described and analyzed to validate the system performance in faulted modes. This paper presents also the torque ripple estimation in degraded mode using the dq0 components.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5292785,no
Scan-based SLAM with trajectory correction in underwater environments,"This paper presents an approach to perform Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) in underwater environments using a Mechanically Scanned Imaging Sonar (MSIS) not relying on the existence of features in the environment. The proposal has to deal with the particularities of the MSIS in order to obtain range scans while correcting the motion induced distortions. The SLAM algorithm manages the relative poses between the gathered scans, thus making it possible to correct the whole Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) trajectories involved in the loop closures. Additionally, the loop closures can be delayed if needed. The experiments are based on real data obtained by an AUV endowed with an MSIS, a Doppler Velocity Log (DVL) and a Motion Reference Unit (MRU). Also, GPS data is available as a ground truth. The results show the quality of our approach by comparing it to GPS and to other previously existing algorithms.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5649492,no
Efficient Spatial-Temporal Error Concealment Algorithm and Hardware Architecture Design for H.264/AVC,"This paper presents an efficient error concealment algorithm for video bitstream over error-prone channel suffering from damage. Moreover, hardware architecture design and chip implementation of the proposed error concealment algorithm are also presented. For spatial error concealment, a mode selection algorithm considering the reuse of intra mode information embedded in bitstream is developed for the adaptation of bilinear and directional interpolation. It suffers only 0.08 dB video quality drop in average but the speedup measured on a general purpose processor is up to 40 times compared with the conventional methods. It is also more suitable for low cost hardware design. For temporal error concealment, the decoded motion vectors of the neighboring blocks of the corrupted macroblock are reused to provide hints to estimate the motion vector of the corrupted macroblock. Moreover, for real-time applications, a data and computational results reuse scheme of motion vector estimation is proposed and 96% computation and memory bandwidth can be reduced compared with the conventional methods with 0.18 dB quality drop in average. With the UMC 90 nm 1P9M process, the proposed error concealment engine can process HDTV1080P 30 frames per second video data and the power consumption is 15.77 mW at 125 MHz operation frequency.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5580022,no
Discrete wavelet and neural network for transmission line fault classification,This paper presents an efficient wavelet and neural network (WNN) based algorithm for fault classification in single circuit transmission line. The first level discrete wavelet transform is applied to decompose the post fault current signals of the transmission line into a series of coefficient components (approximation and detail). The values of the approximation coefficients obtained can accurately discriminate between all types of fault in transmission line and reduce the number of data feeding to the ANN. These coefficients are further used to train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) fitting function. The trained FFNN clearly distinguishes and classify very accurate and very fast the fault type. A typical generation system connected by single circuit transmission line to many nodes of lodes at the receiving end was simulated using MATLAB simulation software using only one node to do this work. The generated data were used by the MATLAB software to test the performance of the proposed technique. The simulation results obtained show that the new algorithm is more reliable and accurate.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5645842,no
Undergraduate research experiences in power system fault analysis using Matlab Simulation tools,"This paper presents research experiences of an undergraduate student in areas of power system fault analysis and fault location. The student obtains valuable skills by using Matlab and SimPowerSystems software, and an in-depth understanding of short-circuit analysis theories and procedures. It is shown that research involving formula derivation, system modeling, algorithm coding, and result visualization can greatly enhance the student's interests in power system subject.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5453891,no
Systems Reliability Analysis and Fault Diagnosis Based on Bayesian Networks,"This paper presents the application of Bayesian networks(BN) to the reliability analysis and fault diagnosis of systems. For systems, it is essential to do reliability analysis. Also it is necessary to do fault diagnosis when a system failed, but the better way is to do fault diagnosis before the system has failed. Bayesian networks have many special characteristics, one of them is that they are parallel structures, so the time of solving is much shorter than that of many common methods. Bayesian networks permit not only computing the reliability indices of a system but also presenting the effect of each component or some components on the system reliability to distinguish the unsubstantial part of the system, so we can know which part is the weakest one of the system. Two examples proved the validity and superiority of the method in the application of the reliability analysis and fault diagnosis of system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5073155,no
Fault detection and control in superheater using electronic simulator,This paper presents the design of an electronic simulator in order to reproduce the real function of the superheater in normal condition and in fault condition. With this electronic simulator there was studied the possibility to control the superheater when the perturbations action and the control of the system structure which will be implemented on the real system.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5520822,no
Fault tolerant sliding modes control allocation with control surface priority weighting,"This paper presents an on-line sliding mode control allocation scheme for fault tolerant control with the capability of prioritizing certain control surfaces over the others. This capability is achieved through the choice of the novel fixed priority weights tuned during the design process. During faults and even total failures, the effectiveness level of the actuators is used by the control allocation scheme to redistribute the control signals to the remaining actuators. The simulation results show the capability of the controller in nominal conditions, and its capability to directly handle faults and even total failures, with almost no degradation in performance, without reconfiguring the controller.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5611072,no
Short circuit fault detection in PMSM by means of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and wigner ville distribution (WVD),"This paper presents and analyzes short circuit failures for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). The study includes stable condition and speed transients in simulation and realistic experimental conditions. The stator current is analyzed by the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method, which will generate a collection of intrinsic mode functions (IMF). Finally, the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) is used to compute the instantaneous frequencies resulting from the IMFs obtained from the stator currents. Moreover, the IMF 1 and IMF 2 have been analyzed by means of Wigner Ville distribution (WVD). Experimental laboratory results validate the analysis and demonstrate that this kind of time-frequency analysis can be applied to detect and identify short circuit failures in synchronous machines.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4522706,no
Fault tolerance enhancement using autonomy adaptation for autonomous mobile robots,"This paper presents how autonomy adaptation can be useful to enhance the fault tolerance of autonomous mobile robots. For that, we proposed a global and structured methodology which allows integrating specific fault tolerant mechanisms into an adaptive control architecture. When a problem is detected, the autonomous behavior of the robot is automatically adapted to overcome it. The human operator can punctually or definitively be inserted in the control loop to replace the damaged functionalities and to ensure the success of the mission. Experimental results on a mobile robot are proposed to illustrate the autonomy adaptation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676030,no
Decoupled-DFIG Fault Ride-Through Strategy for Enhanced Stability Performance During Grid Faults,"This paper proposes a decoupled fault ride-through strategy for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) to enhance network stability during grid disturbances. The decoupled operation proposes that a DFIG operates as an induction generator (IG) with the converter unit acting as a reactive power source during a fault condition. The transition power characteristics of the DFIG have been analyzed to derive the capability of the proposed strategy under various system conditions. The optimal crowbar resistance is obtained to exploit the maximum power capability from the DFIG during decoupled operation. The methods have been established to ensure proper coordination between the IG mode and reactive power compensation from the grid-side converter during decoupled operation. The viability and benefits of the proposed strategy are demonstrated using different test network structures and different wind penetration levels. Control performance has been benchmarked against existing grid code standards and commercial wind generator systems, based on the optimal network support required (i.e., voltage or frequency) by the system operator from a wind farm installed at a particular location.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5510193,no
Sliding mode estimation schemes for unstable systems subject to incipient sensor faults,"This paper proposes a new method for the analysis and design of sliding mode observers for fault reconstruction which is applicable for unstable systems. The proposed design addresses one of the restrictions in the existing literature (in which the open-loop system needs to be stable). Simulation results from an open-loop unstable system representing a fighter jet model show good fault estimation, even when simulated on the full nonlinear model.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4587237,no
ANN based power system fault classification,"This paper presents Wavelet based back propagation algorithm for classifying the power system faults, which is quite reliable, fast and computationally efficient. The proposed technique consists of a preprocessing unit based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) in combination with an artificial neural network (ANN). The DWT acts as extractor of distinctive features in the input current signal which are collected at source end. The information is then fed into ANN for classifying faults. It can be used on-line following the operation of digital relays or off-line using the data stored in the digital recording apparatus. Extensive simulation studies carried out using MATLAB show that the proposed algorithm provides an accepted degree of accuracy in fault classification under different fault conditions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4766623,no
A fault-tolerant mechanism for reducing pollution attacks in peer-to-peer networks,"This paper proposed a fault tolerant mechanism to suppress and exterminate file pollution attacks; the idea has been originated from the concept that P2P file sharing network is now in a form of global file storage. The fault tolerant mechanism harnesses an approach that is adapted from the EVENODD coding scheme used in the disk storage technology, which tolerates effectively disk failures in the RAID (redundant array of independent disks) system. The fluid models are extended in this paper to analyze and evaluate the proposed anti-pollution mechanism. The accuracy (correctness) of the model has been proved by performing several simulation experiments, which yield the results that show the proposed mechanism could effectively suppress the pollution and could shorten 40~60% of the polluted time that a P2P file sharing network may be exposed to.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5402601,no
Compensation of analog rotor position errors due to nonideal sinusoidal encoder output signals,"This paper proposes a compensation algorithm of analog rotor position errors due to nonideal sinusoidal encoder signals. The position sensors such as resolvers or incremental encoders are being replaced by sinusoidal encoders that offer much higher resolution. However, the periodic position errors are generated by the gain and offset errors between sine and cosine signals. In this paper, the effects of the gain and offset errors are analyzed by using dq-axis component. The analog position errors can be easily corrected by integral operation of the d-axis component. Therefore, the proposed algorithm does not need additional hardware and much computation time. The validity of the proposed algorithm is verified through experimental results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5618432,no
Network-enabled strategy and platform for corrective actions against power system instability,"This paper proposes a new strategy and platform for computer network-assisted corrective actions against voltage instability in the power distribution systems. The objective of the proposed strategy is to save the distribution system from imminent voltage collapse due to contingencies occurring in the power systems by executing corrective operations. The operations include coordinated local / distributed generating, capacitor switching, load tap changing, load shedding, etc. This paper shows the use of state-of-the-art digital signal processing technology for determination of correct stability controls, and the application of modern computer networking technology for monitoring of power-grid operating states and transmitting of data and stability control commands. This paper presents the design of algorithms for corrective actions against voltage instability in the power distribution systems, and hardware realization and real-time execution of corrective actions using a new two-layer architecture for network monitoring, data transmitting, and control delivering.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4564835,no
FEDC: Control Flow Error Detection and Correction for Embedded Systems without Program Interruption,"This paper proposes a new technique called CFEDC to detect and correct control flow errors (CFEs) without program interruption. The proposed technique is based on the modification of application software and minor changes in the underlying hardware. To demonstrate the effectiveness of CFEDC, it has been implemented on an OpenRISC 1200 as a case study. Analytical results for three workload programs show that this technique detects all CFEs and corrects on average about 81.6% of CFEs. These figures are achieved with zero error detection /correction latency. According to the experimental results, the overheads are generally low as compared to other techniques; the performance overhead and the memory overhead are on average 8.5% and 9.1%, respectively. The area overhead is about 4% and the power dissipation increases by the amount of 1.5% on average.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4529318,no
Feature set evaluation and fusion for motor fault diagnosis,"This paper proposes a novel approach to the feature fusion in motor fault diagnosis with the main aim of improving the performance and reliability of clustering and identification of the fault patterns. In addition, the significance of individual feature sets in specific fault scenarios, which is normally gained by engineers through experience, is investigated by using flexible Non-Gaussian modeling of the historical data. Furthermore the comparison is made by applying individual and fusion of feature sets to the probabilistic distributions of trained models using a Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) approach. To carry out the task, current waveforms are collected non-invasively from three-phase DC motors. Waveforms are then compressed into time, frequency and wavelet feature sets to form the input to the clustering algorithm. The result demonstrates the suitability of specific feature sets in different motor modes and the efficiency of fusion which is carried out with a Winner Takes All (WTA) approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5679387,no
Educational visualizations of syntax error recovery,"This work is focused on the syntax error recovery visualization within the compilation process. We have observed that none of the existing tools, which display some views of the compilation, give a solution to this aspect. We present an educational tool called VAST which allows to visualize the different views of the compilation process. Besides, VAST allows to display different syntax error recovery strategies.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5492467,no
Error analysis in strapdown INS for aircraft assembly lines,"This work proposes a methodology for assessing the use of commercial inertial measurement units in manual part alignment operations with high precision requirements, found in aircraft assembly lines. The underlying application is a situation where two separate parts must be mounted at different locations within a facility, guaranteeing a precise angular alignment between them. If, for construction reasons, there is no direct sight between both elements, optical methods must be ruled out and the problem can be tackled by means of inclinometers. However, their precision are often limited compared to standard requirements in aeronautics applications. In this paper we propose a method based on two inertial navigation systems, and provide the tools necessary for determining the precision requirements for the gyroscopes and IMUs involved, based on error dynamics analysis and simulation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4795514,no
A Flexible Software-Based Framework for Online Detection of Hardware Defects,"This work proposes a new, software-based, defect detection and diagnosis technique. We introduce a novel set of instructions, called access-control extensions (ACE), that can access and control the microprocessor's internal state. Special firmware periodically suspends microprocessor execution and uses the ACE instructions to run directed tests on the hardware. When a hardware defect is present, these tests can diagnose and locate it, and then activate system repair through resource reconfiguration. The software nature of our framework makes it flexible: testing techniques can be modified/upgraded in the field to trade-off performance with reliability without requiring any change to the hardware. We describe and evaluate different execution models for using the ACE framework. We also describe how the proposed ACE framework can be extended and utilized to improve the quality of post-silicon debugging and manufacturing testing of modern processors. We evaluated our technique on a commercial chip-multiprocessor based on Sun's Niagara and found that it can provide very high coverage, with 99.22 percent of all silicon defects detected. Moreover, our results show that the average performance overhead of software-based testing is only 5.5 percent. Based on a detailed register transfer level (RTL) implementation of our technique, we find its area and power consumption overheads to be modest, with a 5.8 percent increase in total chip area and a 4 percent increase in the chip's overall power consumption.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4815209,no
Skew Estimation and Correction of Text Using Bounding Box,"This paper, in addition to reporting some existing techniques, proposes a new technique for skew correction. It includes a novel document skew detection algorithm based on bounding box technique. The algorithm works quite efficiently for detecting the skew and then correcting it. The method has been experimented on various text documents and very promising results have been achieved given more than 97% accuracy. A comparative study has been reported to provide a detailed analysis of the proposed method together with some other existing methods in the literature.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4627016,no
Redundant motion vectors for improved error resilience in H.264/AVC coded video,"This proposal presents a new error robust strategy for encoding redundant pictures for the H.264/AVC standard. The method is based on providing motion vectors as redundant data, i.e. providing extra protection to the motion information of the encoded stream. The proposed system is implemented based on the existing redundant coding algorithm of the scalable extension of H.264/AVC. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated using various objective quality measurements under both error free and error prone Internet protocol (IP) packet network environments. The proposed algorithm increases the bandwidth utilization with slight degradation in the primary picture quality for error free conditions, compared to the existing redundant coding method of JSVM (joint scalable video model). Furthermore, the simulation results under packet loss environments show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing redundant picture coding of JSVM.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4607362,no
Aberration correction for biological acoustic impedance microscope,"This report deals with the scanning acoustic microscope for imaging cross sectional characteristic acoustic impedance of biological soft tissues. A focused pulse wave is transmitted to the object placed on the Arear surfaceA of a plastic substrate. The reflected signals from the target and reference are interpreted into local acoustic impedance. Two-dimensional profile is obtained by scanning the transducer. This method, using a spherical transducer, produces a significant aberration, because the sound speed of the substrate is different from water that is used as a coupling medium. For this reason the spatial resolution is reduced. The spatial resolution was improved by using 3D deconvolution technique, considering the impulse response of the acoustic system. In addition, as the incidence is not vertical, not only longitudinal wave but also transversal wave is generated in the substrate. Calibration for acoustic impedance was carried out after the deconvolution process, considering the above mentioned oblique incidence.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5441436,no
Threshold computation for robust fault detection in a class of continuous-time nonlinear systems,"This report presents a study on the problem of residual evaluation and threshold computation for detection of faults in continuous time nonlinear systems. A generalized framework for designing norm-based residual evaluation scheme is proposed. The problem of threshold computation is formulated as an optimization problem and its solution is developed using the well known LMI technique. Three commonly used thresholds i.e. J<sub>th,RMS,2</sub>, J<sub>th,Peak,Peak</sub> and J<sub>th,P eak,2</sub> are computed. A numerical example is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7074879,no
Robust fault detection in nonlinear systems: A Three-Tank Benchmark application,"This report presents fault detection in nonlinear systems with application to nonlinear Three-Tank System Benchmark. A robust fault detection filter based on H<sub></sub> performance has been designed. Similarly three kinds of thresholds J<sub>th, RMS, 2</sub>, J<sub>th, Peak, Peak</sub>, J<sub>th, Peak, 2</sub> are also designed. All the algorithms are successfully tested with the real process. The experimental results given in the end of paper elaborate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676011,no
Fault-Location System for Multiterminal Transmission Lines,"This research presents the development and implementation in a computational routine of algorithms for fault location in multiterminal transmission lines. These algorithms are part of a fault-location system, which is capable of correctly identifying the fault point based on voltage and current phasor quantities, calculated by using measurements of voltage and current signals from intelligent electronic devices, located on the transmission-line terminals. The algorithms have access to the electrical parameters of the transmission lines and to information about the transformers loading and their connection type. This paper also presents the development of phase component models for the power system elements used by the fault-location algorithms.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5483113,no
Phase distance relaying algorithm for unbalanced inter-phase faults,"This study presents a new fault impedance estimation algorithm for inter-phase faults for the purpose of phase distance relaying of extra high voltage (EHV) and ultra high voltage (UHV) transmission lines. The principle is based on the assumption that the fault arc path is predominantly resistive, and the phase angles of the unmeasured fault point voltage and fault arc path current are equal. This is used to construct the fault impedance estimation equation, which naturally prevents the effects of fault arc path resistance, load current, power swing and load encroachment. PSCAD (simulation software) simulation shows the validity of the proposed algorithm.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5595108,no
Extended character defect model for recognition of text from maps,"Topographic maps contain a small amount of text compared to other forms of printed documents. Furthermore, the text and graphical components typically intersect with one another thus making the extraction of text a very difficult task. Creating training sets with a suitable size from the actual characters in maps would therefore require the laborious processing of many maps with similar features and the manual extraction of character samples. This paper extends the types of defects represented by Baird's document image degradation model in order to create pseudo randomly generated training sets that closely mimic the various artifacts and defects encountered in characters extracted from maps. Two Hidden Markov Models are then trained and used to recognize the text. Tests performed on extracted street labels show an improvement in performance from 88.4% when only the original Baird's model is used to a character recognition rate of 93.2% when the extended defect model is used for training.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5483913,no
Improved topology error detection via optimal measurement placement,"Topology errors are known to significantly affect the performance of state estimators. There are methods which are developed for detecting and identifying topology errors based on the measurement residuals. However, the capability to detect and identify topology errors is related to the measurement locations and network configuration. In some cases, topology errors associated with certain branches can not be detected. The topology error detection capability can be improved by adding extra measurements at strategic locations. In this paper, this will be accomplished by using both phasor measurements and traditional measurements. It will be shown that a few extra measurements can drastically improve the capability to detect and identify topology errors in a given system. The proposed meter placement algorithm will be described and illustrative case studies will be presented.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4596316,no
RazorII: In Situ Error Detection and Correction for PVT and SER Tolerance,"Traditional adaptive methods that compensate for PVT variations need safety margins and cannot respond to rapid environmental changes. In this paper, we present a design (RazorII) which implements a flip-flop with in situ detection and architectural correction of variation-induced delay errors. Error detection is based on flagging spurious transitions in the state-holding latch node. The RazorII flip-flop naturally detects logic and register SER. We implement a 64-bit processor in 0.13 mum technology which uses RazorII for SER tolerance and dynamic supply adaptation. RazorII based DVS allows elimination of safety margins and operation at the point of first failure of the processor. We tested and measured 32 different dies and obtained 33% energy savings over traditional DVS using RazorII for supply voltage control. We demonstrate SER tolerance on the RazorII processor through radiation experiments.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4735568,no
Incorporating fault dependency and debugging delay in software reliability analysis,"Traditional software reliability growth models are on the trend for generalization. The original restricted assumptions are released to adapt to different practical software testing environments. As far as our current research is concerned, the assumptions of immediate fault removal and fault independency are released. In this paper, a modeling framework for software reliability is proposed to incorporate both fault dependency and debugging time delay. Various models are derived based on different assumptions on debugging lag. This approach is illustrated with a real dataset from a software project.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4654440,no
On the Use of Dynamic Binary Instrumentation to Perform Faults Injection in Transaction Level Models,"Transaction Level Modelling (TLM) has been widely accepted as systems modelling framework focused in system components communication. This approach allows efficient accurate estimation and rapid design space exploration. Besides of the functional simulation for validation of a hardware/software designs, there are additional reliability requirements that need advanced simulation techniques to analyze the system behaviour in the presence of faults. Several traditional VHDL fault injection mechanisms like mutants or saboteurs have been adapted to SystemC model descriptions. The main drawback of these approaches is the necessity of source code modification to carry out the fault injection campaigns. In this paper, we propose the use of Dynamic Binary Instrumentation (DBI) to perform fault injection in SystemC TLM models. DBI is a technique to intercept software routine calls allowing argument and return value corruption and data structures modification at runtime. This technique needs neither source code modifications nor recompilation of models in order to generate module mutants or in order to insert saboteurs in the signal communication path.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5261012,no
Automatic Fault Localization for SystemC TLM Designs,"To meet today's time-to-market demands catching bugs as early as possible during the design of a system is absolutely essential. In Electronic System Level (ESL) design where SystemC has become the de-facto standard due to Transaction Level Modeling (TLM), many approaches for verification have been developed. They determine an error trace which demonstrates the difference between the required and the actual behavior of the system. However, the subsequent debugging process is very time-consuming, in particular due to TLM-related faults caused by complex process synchronization and concurrency. In this paper, we present an automatic fault localization approach for SystemC TLM designs. The approach determines components that can be changed such that the intended behavior of the design is obtained removing the contradiction given by the error trace. Techniques based on Bounded Model Checking (BMC) are used to find the components. We demonstrate the quality of our approach by experimental results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5976241,no
Knowledge Oriented Network Fault Resolution Method Based on Active Information Resource,"To reduce the loads imposed on network administrators, we have proposed AIR-NMS, which is a network management support system (NMS) based on Active Information Resource (AIR). In AIR-NMS, various information resources (e.g., state information of a network, practical knowledge of network management) are combined with software agents which have the knowledge and functions for supporting the utilization of the resources, and thus individual resources are given activities as AIRs. Through the organization and cooperation of AIRs, AIR-NMS provides the administrators with practical measures against a wide range of network faults. To make AIR-NMS fit for practical use, this paper proposes a method for achieving the effective installation and utilization of the network management knowledge needed in AIR-NMS.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5614145,no
"The Impact of Tower Shadow, Yaw Error, and Wind Shears on Power Quality in a WindDiesel System","To study the impact of aerodynamic aspects of a wind turbine (WT) (i.e., tower shadow, wind shears, yaw error, and turbulence) on the power quality of a wind-diesel system, all electrical, mechanical, and aerodynamic aspects of the WT must be studied. Moreover, the contribution of the diesel generator system and its controllers should be considered. This paper describes how the aerodynamic and mechanical aspects of a WT can be simulated using TurbSim, AeroDyn, and FAST where the electrical parts of WT, diesel generator, its controllers, and electrical loads are modeled by Simulink blocks. Simulation results obtained from the model are used to observe the power and voltage variations at the WT generator terminals under different operating conditions. Furthermore, the effects of tower shadow, wind shears, yaw error, and turbulence on the power quality in a stand-alone wind-diesel system utilizing a fixed-speed WT are studied.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4760263,no
Survivability Analysis of Wireless Sensor Network with Transient Faults,"To the best knowledge of us, survivability for WSN has never been studied considering failure affects on network. We perceive the network survivability as a composite measure consisting of both network failure duration and failure impact on the network. In this paper we will study network survivability in unstably state: in this state, network is affected by the failures that occur temporarily and instantly also may occur several times. In other words, the main characteristics of these failures are their frequency and being temporary. In this paper we will propose a survivability model for network in unstable state that is based on network availability. This availability model, presents frequent availability of a route. During this paper, first we acquire an availability model for network in unstable state that shows frequent availability of a node. We also use Markov model for nodes to show their transmission state according to availability model. Then we use a computational method for proving our model.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5172758,no
An online defects inspection system for satin glass based on machine vision,"Today, quality control is a nodal point in many industries, and in the glass one in particular; in most cases the human control does not catch up with the pressing market requirements, therefore computer vision inspection systems are preferable to reduce costs and to improve the product quality, but several problems must be solved. In this paper a prototype system, able to reproduce all the functionalities of an automatic glass inspection system, is designed and realized; it guarantees good results and considerable reliability with low incidence on manufacturing costs. The final in-line computer vision system is under development in cooperation with a specialized electronic industry.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5168461,no
ARROW - A Generic Hardware Fault Injection Tool for NoCs,"Todays NoCs are reaching a level where it is getting very hard to ensure 100% of functionality. Consequently, fault tolerance has become an important aspect in todays design techniques and like the system itself it has to be validated and tested. A vulnerable point of attack for faults in distributed systems like NoCs is certainly the interconnect. In this paper, we will give an overview about todays challenges in interconnect technology and potential resulting physical faults. Unfortunately, describing faults on the physical level is far too accurate and so it is necessary to abstract and to map all these faults to a logical level. In more complex systems, also the logical level may become too detailed. As a result, an even more abstract layer, which is defined as the functional level, has to be introduced. To be able to verify fault tolerance, an experiment based test approach like fault injection is necessary. Arrow is a generic hardware fault injection tool, written in the hardware description language VHDL, especially designed for digital fault injection on the interconnect of NoCs, making use of fault models from the logical level.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5350138,no
Vehicle License Plate tilt correction based on the Weighted Least Square Method,"Tilt correction is a very crucial part of the Vehicle License Plate (VLP) automatic recognition. In this paper, according to the Weighted Least Square Method (WLSM), the VLP region is fitted to a straight line and then the line slope a<sub>1</sub> is obtained, by which the rotation angle a  is calculated. Finally the whole image is rotated by - and the image tilt correction is performed. The experimental results definitely show that, this paper method can quickly and accurately get the tilt angle and has great robustness and adaptability. Compared with the Least Square Method (LSM), in this paper method the tilt angle is more precise and the value of objection function is smaller; Compared with Hough Transformation (HT) and Radom Transformation (RT), this paper method is featured in faster processing time and more precise tilt angle, which is particularly well adapted to the real-time tilt correction in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5563639,no
Improving Fault Tolerance by Using Reconfigurable Asynchronous Circuits,"To achieve fault tolerance several tasks have to be performed, from fault detection up to recovery procedures. Sophisticated methods for each sub-task were and are still developed, but rarely a complete solution is proposed on circuit level. This paper fills the gap by proposing a concept that combines all required steps to implement fault tolerant digital circuits. The approach is based on asynchronous Four-State Logic (FSL) logic, which belongs to the family of Quasi Delay Insensitive (QDI) circuits. Contrary to conventional approaches, using synchronous logic plus additional hardware and/or software to achieve fault tolerance, we use the inherent properties of FSL for fault detection, fault localization and fault recovery. Only deadlock detection and error mitigation require an enhancement of the conventional FSL (four state logic) design. For this purpose, a monitoring unit has to be added and self-healing cells were developed that can be handled as conventional logic within the design flow. The feasibility of the approach is verified by a first prototype implementation of a fault tolerant adder circuit.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4538799,no
Effective error concealment algorithm of whole frame loss for H.264 video coding standard by recursive motion vector refinement,"To benefit network transmission, the bit stream of the whole frame coded by H.264 is usually grouped into a single packet. However, the error and packet loss during the transmission will result in the distortion of reconstructed video. To deal with this problem, error concealment is widely used to recover the lost frames and to prevent error propagation. In this paper, we propose an accurate motion vector refinement algorithm to further refine the well-known motion copy error concealment method and thus improve the concealed results. By using the motion vector correlation from spatial and temporal domains, a possible motion vector difference variation area has been discovered by the recursive motion vector difference examining approach in the previous frame. Afterwards, a more precise motion vector difference can be derived from the selected motion vector difference variation area. Through the help of our proposed algorithm, the refined motion vectors can be obtained and thus improve the accuracy of motion vectors derived by a motion copy error concealment algorithm. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm can achieve better performance compared to well-known schemes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5606314,no
Effects of Internal Hole-Defects Location on the Propagation Parameters of Acoustic Wave in the Maple Wood,"To detect the effects of internal hole-defects location on the propagation parameters of acoustic wave in the wood, forty maple wood samples used as the study objects are tested by using PLG (Portable Lumber Grader) instrument in this paper. The propagation velocity and vibration frequency of acoustic wave in intact wood and defective wood were compared, and then the correlation between the propagation velocity or vibration frequency and the elastic modulus were discussed respectively. The analysis results showed that: (1) there were significant positive correlations between the propagation velocity or vibration frequency of acoustic wave and the elastic modulus of the intact and defective maple wood samples; (2) the propagation velocity and vibration frequency of acoustic wave in defective wood samples were lower than those of intact wood samples; and (3) the changes of acoustic wave propagation parameters were different when the location of internal hole-defects of wood samples were different.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5640257,no
A Reliable Reconfiguration Controller for Fault-Tolerant Embedded Systems on Multi-FPGA Platforms,"This paper proposes the design of a controller managing the fault tolerance of multi-FPGA platforms, contributing to the creation of a reliable system featuring high flexibility and resource availability. A fault management strategy that exploits the devices' reconfiguration capabilities is proposed, the Reconfiguration Controller, focus of this paper, is the main component in charge of implementing such strategy. The innovative points raised by this work are 1) the identification of a distributed control architecture, allowing the avoidance of single points of failure, 2) the management of both recoverable and non-recoverable faults, and 3) the definition of an overall reliable multi-FPGA system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634890,no
A stereo-vision based compensation method for pose error of a 6-DOF parallel manipulator with 3-2-1 orthogonal chains,"This paper puts forward an algorithm to compensate the pose error of a 6-DOF (six degrees of freedom) parallel manipulator based on stereo vision. Firstly, under the principle of rigid motion, the position and orientation are expressed by coordinates of three feature points which are not in a same line. At the same time, the position and orientation of the moving platform at current moment are also computed. Then, according to the kinematics model of parallel manipulator and its pose at the current moment, the input-values of the micro-displacement drivers are computed. At the end, these input-values are utilized to compensate the pose error of the moving platform. The simulation results demonstrate that the compensated curve of the parallel manipulator is fitting well with its actual curve.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4589977,no
Strain sensitivity of a modified single-defect photonic crystal nanocavity for mechanical sensing,"This paper reports the theoretical and experimental investigations of the strain sensitive effect of a 2D photonic crystal (PhC) nanocavity resonator for mechanical sensing applications. By using finite element method (FEM) using ANSYS software and finite different time domain (FDTD) simulation using CrystalWave software, the strain sensitivity of a high quality factor PhC nanocavity has been studied. Linear relationships between strain and shift of resonant wavelength of the cavity have been obtained. The sensitivities to longitudinal and transverse strains have been determined to be 1.9 nm/m and 0.25 nm/m, respectively. The sample structure were fabricated and characterized. The initial results show that the cavity peak with Q factor estimated to be 3800 had been obtained.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5690169,no
Fault-tolerant control system for joint module of light weight space robotic system,"This paper studies a fault-tolerant control system designed for a joint module of a light weight space robotic system. Considering the extremely tight constraints on small mass, low power consumption, low volume, stringent cost control, high system reliability, etc, the joint electronics is divided into two layers, central processing layer and peripheral interface layer, using different redundancy design on each layer. Fault modes of the joint electronics and its effects on the performance of servo control of joint position are deeply analyzed. Based on the results of the analysis, fault-tolerant mechanisms are proposed. The features of the hardware and software of the fault-tolerant control system are also presented. A prototype is developed, and performance is tested. With the results, the feasibility of the system design is verified.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5222731,no
Fault Management for Self-Healing in Ubiquitous Sensor Network,"This work concerns the development of a fault model of sensor for detecting and isolating sensor, actuator, and various faults in USNs (Ubiquitous Sensor Network). USN are developed to create relationships between humans, objects and computers in various fields. A management research of sensor nodes is very important because the ubiquitous sensor network has the numerous sensor nodes. However, Self-healing technologies are insufficient to restore when an error event occurs in a sensor node in a USN environment. A layered healing architecture for each node layer (3-tier) is needed, because most sensor devices have different capacities in USN. In this paper, we design a fault model and architecture of the sensor and sensor node separately for self-healing in USN. In order to evaluate our approach, we implement prototype of the USN fault management system to evaluate our approach. We compare the resource use of self-healing components in the general distributed computing (wired network) and the USN.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4813627,no
An adaptive spatial error concealment (SEC) with more accurate MB type decision in H.264/AVC,"Transmission of compressed video over error prone channels may result in packet losses or errors, which can significantly degrade the image quality. Therefore an error concealment scheme is applied at the video receiver side to mask the damaged video. Considering there are 3 types of MBs (Macro Blocks) in natural video frame, i.e., Textural MB, Edged MB, and Smooth MB, this paper proposes an adaptive spatial error concealment which can choose 3 different methods for these 3 different MBs. For choice of the appropriate method, 2 factors are taken into consideration. Firstly, standard deviation of our proposed edge statistical model is exploited. Secondly, some new features of latest video compression standard H.264/AVC, i.e., intra prediction mode is also considered for criterion formulation. Compared with previous approaches, which are only based on deterministic measurement, proposed method achieves more accurate MB type decision which leads to better image recovery. Subjective and objective image quality evaluations in experiments confirmed this.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4743521,no
Error resilient coding of H.264 using intact long-term reference frames,"Transmission of compressed video over packet lossy networks is a challenge task due to the well-known error propagation problem, which may substantially degrade the transmitted video quality. In this paper, we propose an error-resilient coding scheme for the newest coding standard H.264 by using intact long-term reference frames. Specifically, two reference frames are available for inter-coding, one is the immediate past frame marked as short-term reference frame, and the other is an older and error-free one marked as long-term reference frame. To mitigate error propagation, a number of macroblocks (MBs) in each inter-frame are selected to be predicted from the long-term reference frame. Compared to the widely used MB intra-refresh, the proposed scheme is equally robust but more coding efficient. Numerical simulation results verify the validity of our scheme.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4743392,no
Simulating the Multipath Channel With a Reverberation Chamber: Application to Bit Error Rate Measurements,"We illustrate the use of the reverberation chamber to simulate fixed wireless propagation environments including effects such as narrowband fading and Doppler spread. These effects have a strong impact on the quality of the wireless channel and the ability of a receiver to decode a digitally modulated signal. Different channel characteristics such as power delay profile and RMS delay spread are varied inside the chamber by incorporating various amounts of absorbing material. In order to illustrate the impact of the chamber configuration on the quality of a wireless communication channel, bit error rate measurements are performed inside the reverberation chamber for different loadings, symbol rates, and paddle speeds; the results are discussed. Measured results acquired inside a chamber are compared with those obtained both in an actual industrial environment and in an office.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5446379,no
A Framework for Fault-Tolerant Control of Discrete Event Systems,"We introduce a framework for fault-tolerant supervisory control of discrete-event systems. Given a plant, possessing both faulty and nonfaulty behavior, and a submodel for just the nonfaulty part, the goal of fault-tolerant supervisory control is to enforce a certain specification for the nonfaulty plant and another (perhaps more liberal) specification for the overall plant, and further to ensure that the plant recovers from any fault within a bounded delay so that following the recovery the system state is equivalent to a nonfaulty state (as if no fault ever happened). The specification for the overall plant is more liberal compared to the one for the nonfaulty part since a degraded performance may be allowed after a fault has occurred. We formulate this notion of fault-tolerant supervisory control and provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of such a supervisor. The condition involves the usual notions of controllability, observability and relative-closure, together with the notion of stability. An example of a power system is provided to illustrate the framework. We also propose a weaker notion of fault-tolerance where following the recovery, the system state is simulated by some nonfaulty state, i.e., behaviors following the recovery are also the behaviors from some faulty state. Also, we formulate the corresponding notion of weakly fault-tolerant supervisory control and present a necessary and sufficient condition (involving the notion of language-stability) for the its existence. We also introduce the notion of nonuniformly-bounded fault-tolerance (and its weak version) where the delay-bound for recovery is not uniformly bounded over the set of faulty traces, and show that when the plant model has finitely many states, this more general notion of fault-tolerance coincides with the one in which the delay-bound for recovery is uniformly bounded.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4625224,no
Practical fault localization for dynamic web applications,"We leverage combined concrete and symbolic execution and several fault-localization techniques to create a uniquely powerful tool for localizing faults in PHP applications. The tool automatically generates tests that expose failures, and then automatically localizes the faults responsible for those failures, thus overcoming the limitation of previous fault-localization techniques that a test suite be available upfront. The fault-localization techniques we employ combine variations on the Tarantula algorithm with a technique based on maintaining a mapping between statements and the fragments of output they produce. We implemented these techniques in a tool called Apollo, and evaluated them by localizing 75 randomly selected faults that were exposed by automatically generated tests in four PHP applications. Our findings indicate that, using our best technique, 87.7% of the faults under consideration are localized to within 1% of all executed statements, which constitutes an almost five-fold improvement over the Tarantula algorithm.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062094,no
A Markov framework for error control techniques based on selective retransmission in video transmission over wireless channels,"We present a framework, based on Markov models, for the analysis of error control techniques in video transmission over wireless channels. We focus on retransmission-based techniques, which require a feedback channel but also enable to perform adaptive error control. Traditional studies of these methodologies usually consider a uniform stream of data packets. Instead, video transmission poses the non-trivial challenge that the packets have different sizes, and, even more importantly, are incrementally encoded; thus, a carefully tailored model is required. We therefore proceed on two different sides. First, we consider a low-level description of the system, where two main inputs are combined, namely, a video packet generation process and a wireless channel model, both described by Markov Chains with a tunable number of states. Secondly, from a highlevel perspective, we represent the whole system evolution with another Markov Chain describing the error control process, which can feed the packet generation process back with retransmissions. The framework is able to evaluate hybrid automatic repeat request with selective retransmission, but can also be adapted to study pure automatic repeat request or forward error correction schemes. In this way, we are able to comparatively evaluate different solutions for video transmission, as well as to quantitatively assess their performance trends in a variety of scenarios. Thus, our framework can be used as an effective tool to understand the behavior of error control techniques applied to video transmission over wireless, and eventually identify design guidelines for such systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5434413,no
Robustness analysis of soft error accumulation in SRAM-FPGAs using FLIPPER and STAR/RoRA,We describe a methodology for analyzing the robustness of circuits implemented by SRAM-based FPGAs against the accumulation of soft errors within the configuration memory. A detailed analysis of the fault injection data is presented.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5782703,no
Fault-tolerant incremental diagnosis with limited historical data,"We describe a novel incremental diagnostic system based on a statistical model that is trained from empirical data. The system guides the user by calculating what additional information would be most helpful for the diagnosis. We show that our diagnostic system can produce satisfactory classification rates, using only small amounts of available background information, such that the need of collecting vast quantities of initial training data is reduced. Further, we show that incorporation of inconsistency-checking mechanisms in our diagnostic system reduces the number of incorrect diagnoses caused by erroneous input.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4711451,no
The evaluation of corrective reconstruction method for reduced acquisition time and various anatomies of perfusion defect using channelized hotelling observer for myocardial perfusion SPECT,"We evaluated the effect of conventional and corrective image reconstruction methods on reduced acquisition time for detecting a myocardial perfusion (MP) defect in MP SPECT using the Channelized Hotelling Observer (CHO). Using the 4D Extended Cardiac-Torso (XCAT) phantom, we simulated realistic transmural and endocardial MP defects in various location and size. Realistic Tc-99m Sestamibi MP projection data were generated using an analytical projector that included the effects of attenuation (A), collimator-detector response (D) and scatter (S) for various count levels simulating different acquisition times. They were reconstructed using the 3D FBP without correction and a 3D OS-EM method with ADS correction followed by a smoothing filter with various cut-off frequencies. The CHO followed by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) methodology was applied to the reconstructed images to evaluate the detectability of a MP defect in each method for different defect anatomies and count levels. Areas under the ROC curve (AUC) were computed to assess the changes in the MP defect detection. The results showed that the 3D OS-EM with ADS corrections showed significantly less changes in AUC value and gave overall higher AUC values than FBP at all cut-off frequencies of the post smoothing filter, count levels and MP defect sizes. The difference in AUC increased towards less smoothed images where the 3D OS-EM with correction was able to provide similar AUC values with 20-40% reduction in acquisition time compared to FBP. The AUC values for smaller MP defects were lower for both reconstruction methods with smaller differences. We concluded that the 3D OS-EM with ADS corrections provides higher performance in the MP defect detection task. It allows increased reduction of acquisition time without loss of MP defect detection in MP SPECT compared to the conventional FBP method especially towards less smoothed images.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5874463,no
Distributed multiuser optimization: Algorithms and error analysis,"We consider a class of multiuser optimization problems in which user interactions are seen through congestion cost functions or coupling constraints. Our primary emphasis lies on the convergence and error analysis of distributed algorithms in which users communicate through aggregate user information. Traditional implementations are reliant on strong convexity assumptions, require coordination across users in terms of consistent stepsizes, and often rule out early termination by a group of users. We consider how some of these assumptions can be weakened in the context of projection methods motivated by fixed-point formulations of the problem. Specifically, we focus on (approximate) primal and primal-dual projection algorithms. We analyze the convergence behavior of the methods and provide error bounds in settings with limited coordination across users and regimes where a group of users may prematurely terminate affecting the convergence point.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5400436,no
Experience with a Concurrency Bugs Benchmark,"We describe a benchmark of publicly-available multi-threaded programs with documented bugs in them. This project was initiated a few years ago with the goal of helping research groups in the fields of concurrent testing and debugging to develop tools and algorithms that improve the quality of concurrent programs. We present a survey of usage of the benchmark, concluding that the benchmark had an impact on the research in the field of testing and debugging of concurrent programs. We also present new possible directions to foster a discussion about new goals to be set for this initiative.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4567039,no
Fast Single-Turn Sensitive Stator Interturn Fault Detection of Induction Machines Based on Positive- and Negative-Sequence Third Harmonic Components of Line Currents,"Unambiguous detection of stator interturn faults for induction machines at their incipient stage, i.e., few turns' fault, has recently received great attention. Traditionally, interturn faults are detected using negative-sequence current and impedance. However, their effectiveness under supply imbalance conditions is questionable. Recently, line-current third harmonic ( 3f) has also been used in an attempt to achieve this goal. Nevertheless, issues such as inherent structural asymmetry and voltage imbalance also influence the + 3f. In this paper, the positiveand negative-sequence third harmonics ( 3f) of line current under different operating conditions have been explored by combining space and time harmonics. The suggested fault signature was obtained by removing residual components from tested quantities. Simulation and experimental results using 1 s of data indicate that the proposed  3f signatures are capable of very effectively detecting even a single-turn fault, and distinguish it from voltage imbalance and structural asymmetry.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5438725,no
Unequal Error Protection of Multiple Programs Based on Length-Variable Transport Stream Packets,"Unequal error protection (UEP), which provides important data with more protection, has been proven to be able to produce better quality in image communication. Previous UEP schemes are mostly proposed for single-image or single-program scenarios. Yet few are developed for multiple programs. Inspired by the MPEG-2 transport stream (TS), in this paper we transform the conventional TS packets to be length-variable, and propose a new UEP scheme, which is suitable for multiple-program scenarios. A theoretical model for this scheme is built in this paper, and experimental results also demonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5170705,no
Vacuity Analysis by Fault Simulation,"Vacuum cleaning is a mandatory process when an implementation is verified with respect to a specification modeled by means of formal properties. In fact, vacuum cleaning looks for properties that, passing vacuously (e.g., an implication whose antecedent is always false), may lead verification engineers to a false sense of safety. Current approaches to vacuum cleaning, generally, exploit formal methods to provide an interesting witness proving that a property does not pass vacuously. However, such approaches are as complex as model checking, and they require to define and model check further properties, thus increasing the verification time. This paper proposes an alternative approach, based on fault simulation, that requires neither the definition of new properties, nor the use of model checking. Experimental results show the high efficiency of this approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4547683,no
Reliability Growth of Open Source Software Using Defect Analysis,We examine two active and popular open source products to observe whether or not open source software has a different defect arrival rate than software developed in-house. The evaluation used two common models of reliability growth models; concave and S-shaped and this analysis shows that open source has a different profile of defect arrival. Further investigation indicated that low level design instability is a possible explanation of the different defect growth profile.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722138,no
Effect of atmospheric correction for different land use on Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite imagery,"Various changes in the atmosphere of the earth and different illuminations resulting from rough terrain change the spectral reflection values of satellite images. Studies making use of real reflection values belonging to the object will provide more accurate data. The atmospheric correction process to be applied in this study is used to prevent the negative effects resulting from atmosphere and different illuminations in order to represent the reflections from the ground on the image in the best way possible. Using atmospheric correction, differentiations in reflection values sensed by different sensors or platforms resulting from atmosphere and some technical problems will be prevented. In this study, the aim is to determine the changes in the spectral reflection values concerning land use following the atmospheric correction to be applied on Landsat image data. For this reason, atmospheric correction was applied on Landsat image data. The relations of each band with each other before and after the correction were determined. The changes between spectral reflection values of all bands before and after correction regarding three different land uses as forest, agricultural area and residential area were examined visually and statistically.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5158240,no
Fault tolerance analysis of Extended Pruned Vertically Stacked Optical Banyan networks with link failures and variable group size,"Vertically stacked optical banyan (VSOB) networks are attractive for serving as optical switching systems due to the good properties of banyan network structures (such as the small depth and self-routing capability), and it is expected that using the VSOB structure will lead to a better fault-tolerant capability because it is composed of multiple identical copies of banyan networks. In the Extended Pruned Vertically Stacked Optical Banyan (EP-VSOB) network, the number of pruned planes has always been considered as (N), and a few extra planes (regular banyan) has been added with this pruned planes. In this paper, we present the results of blocking analysis of EP-VSOB network incorporating link-failures in which the number of pruned planes can be 2<sup>x</sup>, where 0    log<sub>2</sub> N, in addition to the variable extra planes. This generalization helps us trade-off between different constraints and performance metrics. Our simulation results show that for some given performance requirements (e.g. cost, speed or blocking probability), we can choose a network that has lower switch count compared to N - plane pruned crosstalk-free optical banyan networks. Our result also reveals a fact that by accepting small link failure probability, the blocking behavior of EP-VSOB network is very similar to that of a fault-free one, which demonstrates our expectation of good fault-tolerant property of VSOB networks. Simulation results also show that the blocking probability does not always increase with the increase of link-failures; blocking probability decreases for certain range of link-failures, and then increases again.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5700777,no
Study on the error evalution method of calculated energy production by WAsP when the terrain gets complex,"WAsP is not able to simulate the flow of wind field in the complex terrain, because of the model limitation, which is one of the main error source of the complex terrain wind resource assessment. This paper studies the error of calculated energy production by WAsP when it is applied to the complex terrain. An error evaluation method is presented and verified by the actual production data from an existing wind farm. The result shows that the presented error evaluation method is very effective and has a good practical value.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5348148,no
The comparison of pixel size and atmospheric correction method on matched filter detection for a hyperspectral image,"Two atmospheric correction methods are used to obtain the reflectance for a hyperspectral data image resampled to varying spatial resolution. The physics-based FLAASH approach as well as the in-scene based QUAC method retrieve the reflectance spectra for the scene, and the ability to use the results to detect materials of interest in the image is determined. Using a spectral matched filter to score the results, both FLAASH and QUAC perform well at matching the ground truth spectrum of a bright meter-sized material at ground sampling distances of 2.4-24 m. For a dark material, QUAC performance degrades with lower resolutions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5289000,no
Application of ESKD supported virtual instrument in distance engine fault diagnosis,"Virtual instrument is help to distance fault diagnosis and exclusion of large scale equipments as engines. In order to achieve distance automate control on engine fault diagnosis, a kind of virtual instrument fault diagnosis method based on Expert System supported Knowledge Database (ESKD) of double database cooperating mechanism was presented. The internet technology was also used for distance interactive operation and transmission of measure data. Then an intelligent engine fault diagnosis and exclusive system was designed. The specific experiment on some engine fault diagnosis shows that the system has high accuracy and practicality, and easy to operate and use.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5565872,no
Error resilient transcoding of Scalable Video bitstreams,"We propose in this paper a novel error resilient transcoding scheme that can be placed at the boundary between wired and wireless networks via heterogeneous network links. This error resilient transcoder shall seamlessly complement the standard scalable video coding (SVC) bitstream to offer additional error resilient adaptation capability for receiving devices. The novel error resilient transcoding scheme consists of three different modules; each is designed to meet various levels of complexity need. The three modules are all based on the loss-aware rate-distortion optimization (LA-RDO) mode decision algorithm we have previously developed for SVC. However, each individual module can be tailored to different complexity requirements depending on whether and how the LA-RDO mode decision is implemented. Another innovation of this approach is the design of a fast rate control algorithm in order to maintain consistent bitrates between input and output of the transcoder. This rate control algorithm only needs picture-level bit information for training target quantization parameters. Simulation results demonstrate that, comparing with standard SVC, the proposed approach is able to achieve up to 4 dB gain for the enhancement layer video and up to 1 dB gain for the base layer video.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4665094,no
The Unbounded-Error Communication Complexity of Symmetric Functions,"We prove an essentially tight lower bound on the unbounded-error communication complexity of every symmetric function, i.e.,f(x,y)=D(|x Lambda y|), where D:{0,1,...,n}-rarr{0,1} is a given predicate and x,y range over {0,1}<sup>n</sup>. Specifically, we show that the communication complexity of f is between Theta(k/log<sup>5</sup> n) and Theta(k log n), where k is the number of value changes of D in {0,1,...,n}. The unbounded-error model is the most powerful of the basic models of communication (both classical and quantum), and proving lower bounds in it is a considerable challenge. The only previous nontrivial lower bounds for explicit functions in this model appear in the ground breaking work of Forster (2001) and its extensions. Our proof is built around two novel ideas. First, we show that a given predicate D gives rise to a rapidly mixing random walk on Z<sub>2</sub> <sup>n</sup>, which allows us to reduce the problem to communication lower bounds for typical predicates. Second, we use Paturi's approximation lower bounds (1992), suitably generalized here to clusters of real nodes in [0,n] and interpreted in their dualform, to prove that a typical predicate behaves analogous to PARITY with respect to a smooth distribution on the inputs.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4690972,no
"Impact of Channel Errors on Decentralized Detection Performance of Wireless Sensor Networks: A Study of Binary Modulations, Rayleigh-Fading and Nonfading Channels, and Fusion-Combiners","We provide new results on the performance of wireless sensor networks in which a number of identical sensor nodes transmit their binary decisions, regarding a binary hypothesis, to a fusion center (FC) by means of a modulation scheme. Each link between a sensor and the fusion center is modeled independent and identically distibuted (i.i.d.) either as slow Rayleigh-fading or as nonfading. The FC employs a counting rule (CR) or another combining scheme to make a final decision. Main results obtained are the following: 1) in slow fading, a) the correctness of using an average bit error rate of a link, averaged with respect to the fading distribution, for assessing the performance of a CR and b) with proper choice of threshold, on/off keying (OOK), in addition to energy saving, exhibits asymptotic (large number of sensors) performance comparable to that of FSK; and 2) for a large number of sensors, a) for slow fading and a counting rule, given a minimum sensor-to-fusion link SNR, we determine a minimum sensor decision quality, in order to achieve zero asymptotic errors and b) for Rayleigh-fading and nonfading channels and PSK (FSK) modulation, using a large deviation theory, we derive asymptotic error exponents of counting rule, maximal ratio (square law), and equal gain combiners.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4472185,no
A fault tolerant web services architecture based reflection,"Web services have been enjoying great popularities in recent years. The high usability of the Web service is becoming a new focus for research. How to provide generic fault tolerant mechanisms in Web services is worth researching. A fault tolerant web services architecture named Fault Tolerant Web Services is proposed in the article. In the architecture, the fault tolerant mechanisms are transparent and easy to use. The users can tailor their own fault tolerance mechanisms and the application programmers almost neednpsilat to care the fault tolerant mechanisms. The Architecture is set forth in detail in the article. The workflow of the system is narrated by three states of a fault tolerant Web service.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4597818,no
Error Reporting Logic,"When a system fails to meet its specification, it can be difficult to find the source of the error and determine how to fix it. In this paper, we introduce error reporting logic (ERL), an algorithm and tool that produces succinct explanations for why a target system violates a specification expressed in first order predicate logic. ERL analyzes the specification to determine which parts contributed to the failure, and it displays an error message specific to those parts. Additionally, ERL uses a heuristic to determine which object in the target system is responsible for the error. Results from a small user study suggest that the combination of a more focused error message and a responsible object for the error helps users to find the failure in the system more effectively. The study also yielded insights into how the users find and fix errors that may guide future research.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4639317,no
Surviving Attacks and Intrusions: What can we Learn from Fault Models,"When designing or analyzing applications or infrastructures with high reliability, safety, security, or survivability demands, the fundamental questions are: what is required of the application and can the infrastructure support these requirements. In the design and analysis of fault-tolerant systems, fault models have served us well to describe the theoretical limits. But with the inclusion of malicious acts, the direct application of fault models has exposed limited applicability. However, we can take advantage of the powerful fault models if we defer their direct application from the events that lead to faults, that is, the fault causes, and instead focus on the effects. This way one can avoid questions referring to the meaning of fault models in the context of previously unsuitable faults like Trojan horses or Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. Instead, we can use fault models at the level of abstraction where the application maps on the infrastructure. In this paper fault models are discussed in the context of system survivability and malicious act. It is shown that these models can be used to balance the demands put on the application and the capabilities of the underlying infrastructure. Active and imposed fault descriptions are defined that allow to match the mechanisms that provide survivability to the application with the infrastructure-imposed limitations. By defining a system as a collection of functionalities, individual functionalities and their associated fault descriptions can be analyzed in isolation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4755415,no
fMRI Activation during Observation of Others' Reach Errors,"When exposed to novel dynamical conditions (e.g., externally imposed forces), neurologically intact subjects easily adjust motor commands on the basis of their own reaching errors. Subjects can also benefit from visual observation of others' kinematic errors. Here, using fMRI, we scanned subjects watching movies depicting another person learning to reach in a novel dynamic environment created by a robotic device. Passive observation of reaching movements (whether or not they were perturbed by the robot) was associated with increased activation in fronto-parietal regions that are normally recruited in active reaching. We found significant clusters in parieto-occipital cortex, intraparietal sulcus, as well as in dorsal premotor cortex. Moreover, it appeared that part of the network that has been shown to be engaged in processing self-generated reach error is also involved in observing reach errors committed by others. Specifically, activity in left intraparietal sulcus and left dorsal premotor cortex, as well as in right cerebellar cortex, was modulated by the amplitude of observed kinematic errors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6793853,no
Shading extraction and correction for scanned book images,"When one scans document pages from a bound book, shading artifacts are commonly occurred in the book spine area. In this letter, we propose a general-purpose method for image shading correction based on an assumption that the reflectance function of the page surface is piecewise constant and the illumination function is smooth. The proposed method is able to completely correct more general types of shading artifacts which are nonuniformly distributed along the book spine. Comparison experiments on a synthetic and a variety of real scanned book images demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4682549,no
Research on Suppression of Secondary Arc Current under Different Fault Locations for 500kV Transmission Line,"When single-phase grounding fault occurs in high-voltage transmission line, secondary arc current and recovery voltage must be suppressed in order to ensure that single-phase autoreclosing operates reliably and successfully. This paper adopts the suppression measure of secondary arc current - shunt reactor with neutral small reactor-which is applied widely in many countries, and then uses PSCAD software to simulate suppression effect about different fault point locations toward an example of 500 kv double-ended sources high-voltage transmission line. According to the simulation results, suppression effects about different locations are distinct. Moreover, this measure can suppress secondary arc current effectively, ensure success of single phase autoreclosing operation and finally achieve security and stability of power system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5449005,no
Detecting Duplicate Bug Report Using Character N-Gram-Based Features,"We present an approach to identify duplicate bug reports expressed in free-form text. Duplicate reports needs to be identified to avoid a situation where duplicate reports get assigned to multiple developers. Also, duplicate reports can contain complementary information which can be useful for bug fixing. Automatic identification of duplicate reports (from thousands of existing reports in a bug repository) can increase the productivity of a Triager by reducing the amount of time a Triager spends in searching for duplicate bug reports of any incoming report. The proposed method uses character N-gram-based model for the task of duplicate bug report detection. Previous approaches are word-based whereas this study investigates the usefulness of low-level features based on characters which have certain inherent advantages (such as natural-language independence, robustness towards noisy data and effective handling of domain specific term variations) over word-based features for the problem of duplicate bug report detection. The proposed solution is evaluated on a publicly-available dataset consisting of more than 200 thousand bug reports from the open-source Eclipse project. The dataset consists of ground-truth (pre-annotated dataset having bug reports tagged as duplicate by the Triager). Empirical results and evaluation metrics quantifying retrieval performance indicate that the approach is effective.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5693213,no
Effective congestion and error control for scalable video coding extension of the H.264/AVC,"We present an effective congestion and error control mechanism for scalable video coding (SVC) extension of the H.264/AVC video dissemination over Internet. The congestion control is used to determine the appropriate number of SVC video layers based on bandwidth inference congestion (BIC) control protocol for layered multicast scenarios and the error control is achieved by unequal forward error correction (FEC) layered protection using block erasure coding. Through the real Internet streaming experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed layered SVC delivery, in terms of subscription layer, average packet loss rate and PSNRs, under several layered-definition scalabilities.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4541797,no
A novel framework for robust video streaming based on H.264/AVC MGS coding and unequal error protection,"We present a novel framework to provide robust video streaming service over time-varying error-prone network. The scheme is based on the medium granularity scalability (MGS) video coding of the H.264/AVC standard, which adopts a hierarchical prediction structure for the group-of-pictures (GOP). We determine the optimal allocation of protection strength for different network abstraction layer (NAL) units according to their individual importance to the end-to-end video quality. To analyse the importance of the NAL units, we emulate the error concealment if one frame is considered as lost and take into account the propagation distortion within the GOP. An efficient algorithm is proposed to account for the non-convex rate-distortion characteristics associated with the NAL units in the hierarchical GOP. With this framework, we can provide robust video streaming for the range of packet loss rates from 0% to 40% with about 30% additional channel bit-rate for the channel coding. The simulation results demonstrate high flexibility and efficiency of the proposed framework, which can effectively prevent frequent loss of frames.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5383892,no
A desktop environment for assessment of fault diagnosis based fault tolerant flight control laws,"We present a simulation based software environment conceived to allow an easy assessment of fault diagnosis based fault tolerant control techniques. The new tool is primary intended for the development of advanced flight control applications with fault accommodation abilities, where the requirements for increased autonomy and safety play a premier role.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4627354,no
Single-trial fMRI Shows Contralesional Activity Linked to Overt Naming Errors in Chronic Aphasic Patients,"We used fMRI to investigate the roles played by perilesional and contralesional cortical regions during language production in stroke patients with chronic aphasia. We applied comprehensive psycholinguistic analyses based on well-established models of lexical access to overt picture-naming responses which were evaluated using a single trial design that permitted distinction between correct and incorrect responses on a trial-by-trial basis. Although both correct and incorrect naming responses were associated with left-sided perilesional activation, incorrect responses were selectively associated with robust right-sided contralesional activity. Most notably, incorrect responses elicited overactivation in the right inferior frontal gyrus that was not observed in the contrasts for patients' correct responses or for responses of age-matched control subjects. Errors were produced at slightly later onsets than accurate responses and comprised predominantly semantic paraphasias and omissions. Both types of errors were induced by pictures with greater numbers of alternative names, and omissions were also induced by pictures with late acquired names. These two factors, number of alternative names per picture and age of acquisition, were positively correlated with activation in left and right inferior frontal gyri in patients as well as control subjects. These results support the hypothesis that some right frontal activation may normally be associated with increasing naming difficulty, but in patients with aphasia, right frontal overactivation may reflect ineffective effort when left hemisphere perilesional resources are insufficient. They also suggest that contralesional areas continue to play a roledysfunctional rather than compensatoryin chronic aphasic patients who have experienced a significant degree of recovery.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6793729,no
Comparing Error Detection Techniques for Web Applications: An Experimental Study,"Web applications are highly sensitive to the occurrence of user-visible failures. Despite the usage of system-level monitoring tools there are still some application-level errors that escape to those tools and end up to be seen in the Web pages of the final users. Complementary error detection mechanisms should then be used to overcome this problem.In this paper, we present an experimental study where we measured the effectiveness of four different error-detection mechanisms under different fault-load. For the effect we used two benchmarks (JPetstore and TPC-W) and a software fault-injector. The results show that although system-level monitoring tools are very effective in most of the cases, there are other detection mechanisms that present a better latency and coverage when dealing with errors at the application-level. Particularly, the usage of external monitoring schemes seems to be of utmost importance.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4579650,no
Error Correcting Output Coding-Based Conditional Random Fields for Web Page Prediction,"Web page prefetching has been used efficiently to reduce the access latency problem of the Internet, its success mainly relies on the accuracy of Web page prediction. As powerful sequential learning models, conditional random fields (CRFs) have been used successfully to improve the Web page prediction accuracy when the total number of unique Web pages is small. However, because the training complexity of CRFs is quadratic to the number of labels, when applied to a Web site with a large number of unique pages, the training of CRFs may become very slow and even intractable. In this paper, we decrease the training time and computational resource requirements of CRFs training by integrating error correcting output coding (ECOC) method. Moreover, since the performance of ECOC-based methods crucially depends on the ECOC code matrix in use, we employ a coding method, search coding, to design the code matrix of good quality.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4740540,no
Cross-Cultural Differences of Entrepreneurs' Error Orientation: Comparing Chinese Entrepreneurs and German Entrepreneurs,"When starting up firms, entrepreneurs will easily be in the situation of being away from predetermined goals or criteria. How entrepreneurs cope with errors is critical to the development of their firms. The research used the free software, Mx, and explored the error orientation of entrepreneurs in four industries, including IT and software, catering and hotel, machinery and parts, and construction, to find the differences of entrepreneurs' error orientation by comparing Chinese entrepreneurs and German entrepreneurs. The results suggest that Chinese entrepreneurs pay more attention to the ability of solving problems caused by errors and the ability of learning from errors. German entreprenurs pay more attention to communicating with other when an error occurs. Entrepreneurs of either culture background value the ability of coping with errors. The implication of the results for IT industry is also included.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634644,no
Systematic error compensation for RPC model using semi-parametric estimation,"When the conventional method of parameter estimation is used to construct the RPC model, the uncertain factors can result in inconsistency between the RPC model and the reality. The inconsistency shows up as evident systematic error in the constructed RPC model. To tackle the problem, a non-parametric component is introduced on the base of the parametric model to account for the unknown factors and their effects. The new method, namely the semi-parametric estimation, could effectively compensate the effect of systematic errors. This paper studied the construction of the RPC model of remote sensing images using the semi-parametric estimation method. The experiment with SPOT-5 imagery demonstrated that the semi-parametric estimation method could improve the precision of fitting the rigorous imaging model by RPC model.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5603015,no
"A fault tolerant, peer-to-peer replication network","We propose a fault tolerant, peer-to-peer replication network for synchronizing files across multiple hosts. The proposed topology is constructed by applying existing technologies and tools to ensure that files are kept synchronized even after subsequent modifications. One of its main advantages lies in the fact that there is no central authority to coordinate the process, hosts are connected in a peer-to-peer fashion, thus avoiding a single point of failure. Our proposal is intended for use in networks of personal computers where a small number of hosts have to be synchronized.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5541570,no
Acceleration of Byzantine Fault Tolerance by Parallelizing Consensuses,We propose a new method that accelerates existing Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) protocols for asynchronous distributed systems by parallelizing the involved consensuses. BFT realizes a reliable system against Byzantine failures and is usually solved by repeatedly executing consensus for a set of requests. Our method consistently parallelizes the consensus by introducing a new extra consensus on the order of processing agreed requests. We show the correctness of our method and analyze its performance in comparison with an existing non-parallelizing method and a naively parallelizing method. The results indicate that our parallelizing method is approximately 20% faster than those methods in such configurations where many replicas are running in order to increase reliability.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5372819,no
Closed-form error analysis of the non-identical Nakagami-m relay fading channel,"We present closed-form expressions for the average bit error probability (ABEP) of BPSK, QPSK and M-QAM of an amplify-and-forward average power scaling dual-hop relay transmission, over non-identical Nakagami-m fading channels, with integer values of m. Additionally, we evaluate in closed-form the ABEP under sufficiently large signal-to-noise ratio for the source-relay link, valid for arbitrary rn. Numerical and simulation results show the validity of the proposed mathematical analysis and point out the effect of the two hops unbalanced fading conditions on the error performance.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4489660,no
Solving dynamic fault trees using a new Hybrid Bayesian Network inference algorithm,"We present a hybrid Bayesian network (HBN) framework to analyse dynamic fault trees. By incorporating a new approximate inference algorithm for HBNs involving dynamically discretising the domain of all continuous variables, accurate approximations for the failure distribution of both static and dynamic fault tree constructs are obtained. Unlike in other approaches no numerical integration techniques or simulation methods are required. Moreover, no exact expression for the posterior marginal is needed and no conditional probability tables need to be completed. Sensitivity analysis, uncertainty, diagnosis, common cause failure analysis, can all be easily performed within this framework. Posterior estimates of parameterised marginal failure distributions can also be obtained using available raw failure data together with prior information from expert judgement.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4602222,no
The Application of Gray-Prediction Theory in the Software Defects Management,"Software defects are the parts of software products that software development company have to face. How to deal with them suitably is very important for software company's survival. This article will use the collecting data of software defects. Then, according to GM (1, 1), which is the core theory of the gray-prediction, establish the prediction model. Finally, we gain the prediction values. The results show that software company can improve software quality, control development process and allocate resources effectively.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5366957,yes
Predicting faults using the complexity of code changes,"Predicting the incidence of faults in code has been commonly associated with measuring complexity. In this paper, we propose complexity metrics that are based on the code change process instead of on the code. We conjecture that a complex code change process negatively affects its product, i.e., the software system. We validate our hypothesis empirically through a case study using data derived from the change history for six large open source projects. Our case study shows that our change complexity metrics are better predictors of fault potential in comparison to other well-known historical predictors of faults, i.e., prior modifications and prior faults.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5070510,yes
Predictive data mining model for software bug estimation using average weighted similarity,"Software bug estimation is a very essential activity for effective and proper software project planning. All the software bug related data are kept in software bug repositories. Software bug (defect) repositories contains lot of useful information related to the development of a project. Data mining techniques can be applied on these repositories to discover useful interesting patterns. In this paper a prediction data mining technique is proposed to predict the software bug estimation from a software bug repository. A two step prediction model is proposed In the first step bug for which estimation is required, its summary and description is matched against the summary and description of bugs available in bug repositories. A weighted similarity model is suggested to match the summary and description for a pair of software bugs. In the second step the fix duration of all the similar bugs are calculated and stored and its average is calculated, which indicates the predicted estimation of a bug. The proposed model is implemented using open source technologies and is explained with the help of illustrative example.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5422923,yes
What Software Repositories Should Be Mined for Defect Predictors?,"The information about which modules in a software system's future version are potentially defective is a valuable aid for quality managers and testers. Defect prediction promises to indicate these defect-prone modules. Constructing effective defect prediction models in an industrial setting involves the decision from what data source the defect predictors should be derived. In this paper we compare defect prediction results based on three different data sources of a large industrial software system to answer the question what repositories to mine. In addition, we investigate whether a combination of different data sources improves the prediction results. The findings indicate that predictors derived from static code and design analysis provide slightly yet still significant better results than predictors derived from version control, while a combination of all data sources showed no further improvement.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5349842,yes
A model for early prediction of faults in software systems,"Quality of a software component can be measured in terms of fault proneness of data. Quality estimations are made using fault proneness data available from previously developed similar type of projects and the training data consisting of software measurements. To predict faulty modules in software data different techniques have been proposed which includes statistical method, machine learning methods, neural network techniques and clustering techniques. Predicting faults early in the software life cycle can be used to improve software process control and achieve high software reliability. The aim of proposed approach is to investigate that whether metrics available in the early lifecycle (i.e. requirement metrics), metrics available in the late lifecycle (i.e. code metrics) and metrics available in the early lifecycle (i.e. requirement metrics) combined with metrics available in the late lifecycle (i.e. code metrics) can be used to identify fault prone modules using decision tree based Model in combination of K-means clustering as preprocessing technique. This approach has been tested with CM1 real time defect datasets of NASA software projects. The high accuracy of testing results show that the proposed Model can be used for the prediction of the fault proneness of software modules early in the software life cycle.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5451695,yes
Fault Tolerance in FPGA Architecture Using Hardware Controller - A Design Approach,"With advancement in process technology, the feature size is decreasing which leads to higher defect densities. More sophisticated techniques at increased costs are required to avoid defects. If nano-technology fabrication are applied the yield may go down to zero as avoiding defect during fabrication will not be a feasible option Hence, feature architecture have to be defect tolerant. In regular structure like FPGA, redundancy is commonly used for fault tolerance. In this work we present a solution in which configuration bit-stream of FPGA is modified by a hardware controller that is present on the chip itself. The technique uses redundant device for replacing faulty device and increases the yield. The design is implemented using FPGA Altera Quartus II EC121Q240C6.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5328499,no
Performance comparison of MLP and RBF neural networks for fault location in distribution networks with DGs,"With high penetration of distributed generations (DGs), power distribution system is regarded as a multisource system in which fault location scheme must be direction sensitive. This paper presents an automated fault location method using radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) for a distribution system with DG units. In the proposed method, the fault type is first determined by normalizing the fault currents of the main source and then fault location is predicted by using RBFNN. Several case studies have been considered to verify the accuracy of the RBFNN. A comparison is also made between the RBFNN and the conventional multilayer perceptron neural network for locating faults in a power distribution system with DGs. The test results showed that the RBFNN can accurately determine the location of faults in a distribution system with several DG units.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5699422,no
On the significance of fault tree analysis in practice,"With increasing system complexity and extensive use of computerized control of industrial processes and plants, it is essential to have a systematic approach for identifying failures that can expose people and environment for unacceptable risks. With focus on a drive system used to control a linear motor, the fault tree analysis method is utilized to reveal design weaknesses and to find mitigations that can improve the system safety characteristics. Starting with a set of top level hazards, elements with high risk impact are identified, and appropriate mitigations are suggested.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5347210,no
ORBIT: Effective Issue Queue Soft-Error Vulnerability Mitigation on Simultaneous Multithreaded Architectures Using Operand Readiness-Based Instruction Dispatch,"With the advance of semiconductor processing technology, soft errors have become an increasing cause of failures of microprocessors fabricated using smaller and more densely integrated transistors with lower threshold voltages and tighter noise margins. With diminishing performance returns on wider issue superscalar processors, the microprocessor design industry has opted for using simultaneous multithreaded (SMT) architectures in commercial processors to exploit thread-level parallelism (TLP). SMT techniques enhance overall system performance but also introduce greater susceptibility to soft errors - concurrently executing multiple threads exposes many program runtime states to soft-error strikes at any given time. The issue queue (IQ) is a key micro architecture structure to exploit instruction-level and thread-level parallelism. On SMT processors, the IQ buffers a large number of instructions from multiple threads and is more susceptible to soft-error strikes. In this paper, we explore the use of operand-readiness-based instruction dispatch (ORBIT) as an effective mechanism to mitigate IQ soft-error vulnerability on SMT processors. We observe that IQ soft-error vulnerability is largely affected by instructions waiting for their source operands. The overall IQ soft-error vulnerability can be effectively reduced by minimizing the number of waiting instructions and their residency cycles in the IQ. We develop six techniques that aim to improve IQ reliability with negligible performance degradation on SMT processors. Moreover, we extend our techniques with prediction methods that can anticipate the readiness of source operands ahead of time. The ORBIT schemes integrated with reliability-awareness and readiness prediction achieve more attractive reliability/performance trade-offs. The best of the proposed schemes (e.g. Predict_DelayACE) reduces IQ vulnerability by 79% with only 1% throughput IPC and 3% harmonic IPC reduction across all studied workloads.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4685730,no
Use of substation IED data for improved alarm processing and fault location,"With the advent of technology, substations of modern days are being equipped with different types of IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices) such as Digital Protective Relay (DPR), Digital Fault Recorders (DFR), Phasor Measurement Units (PMU), etc. These devices are capable of recording huge amount of data and thus integration and appropriate use of those data can be beneficial to the power industry. There are several issues to be solved in this regard: (1) Which data to be used and when (for what application), (2) Accuracy of such data (in the measurement process from the place of data capture to where it is used), (3) Extraction of useful information from captured data and (4) Use of the information in applications. This paper focuses on these issues and also some new applications which can use those substation IED data.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5307300,no
A Web-Based Fault Diagnosis of Analogue Circuits System,"With the coming of the network era and the continuous improvement of information requirement, the fault diagnosis of devices is advancing from traditional mono device and field mode to distributed and remote mode, which can largely improve the ability of device maintenance. Several NI technologies are used in this paper to realize virtual instrument remote application and computer support collaborative work environment for device remote fault diagnosis. A simulated experiment on Fault Diagnosis of Analogue Circuits system is performed and the feasibility of the scheme is proved.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5693709,no
Estimation of Defect Proneness Using Design Complexity Measurements in Object-Oriented Software,"Software engineering is continuously facing the challenges of growing complexity of software packages and increased level of data on defects and drawbacks from software production process. This makes a clarion call for inventions and methods which can enable a more reusable, reliable, easily maintainable and high quality software systems with deeper control on software generation process. Quality and productivity are indeed the two most important parameters for controlling any industrial process. Implementation of a successful control system requires some means of measurement. Software metrics play an important role in the management aspects of the software development process such as better planning, assessment of improvements, resource allocation and reduction of unpredictability. The process involving early detection of potential problems, productivity evaluation and evaluating external quality factors such as reusability, maintainability, defect proneness and complexity are of utmost importance. Here we discuss the application of CK metrics and estimation model to predict the external quality parameters for optimizing the design process and production process for desired levels of quality. Estimation of defect-proneness in object-oriented system at design level is developed using a novel methodology where models of relationship between CK metrics and defect-proneness index is achieved. A multifunctional estimation approach captures the correlation between CK metrics and defect proneness level of software modules.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5166892,yes
Reducing false alarms in software defect prediction by decision threshold optimization,"Software defect data has an imbalanced and highly skewed class distribution. The misclassification costs of two classes are not equal nor are known. It is critical to find the optimum bound, i.e. threshold, which would best separate defective and defect-free classes in software data. We have applied decision threshold optimization on Naiumlve Bayes classifier in order to find the optimum threshold for software defect data. ROC analyses show that decision threshold optimization significantly decreases false alarms (on the average by 11%) without changing probability of detection rates.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5316006,yes
"Defect Prediction using Combined Product and Project Metrics - A Case Study from the Open Source ""Apache"" MyFaces Project Family","The quality evaluation of open source software (OSS) products, e.g., defect estimation and prediction approaches of individual releases, gains importance with increasing OSS adoption in industry applications. Most empirical studies on the accuracy of defect prediction and software maintenance focus on product metrics as predictors that are available only when the product is finished. Only few prediction models consider information on the development process (project metrics) that seems relevant to quality improvement of the software product. In this paper, we investigate defect prediction with data from a family of widely used OSS projects based both on product and project metrics as well as on combinations of these metrics. Main results of data analysis are (a) a set of project metrics prior to product release that had strong correlation to potential defect growth between releases and (b) a combination of product and project metrics enables a more accurate defect prediction than the application of one single type of measurement. Thus, the combined application of project and product metrics can (a) improve the accuracy of defect prediction, (b) enable a better guidance of the release process from project management point of view, and (c) help identifying areas for product and process improvement.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725724,yes
A Value-Added Predictive Defect Type Distribution Model Based on Project Characteristics,"In software project management, there are three major factors to predict and control; size, effort, and quality. Much software engineering work has focused on these. When it comes to software quality, there are various possible quality characteristics of software, but in practice, quality management frequently revolves around defects, and delivered defect density has become the current de facto industry standard. Thus, research related to software quality has been focused on modeling residual defects in software in order to estimate software reliability. Currently, software engineering literature still does not have a complete defect prediction for a software product although much work has been performed to predict software quality. On the other side, the number of defects alone cannot be sufficient information to provide the basis for planning quality assurance activities and assessing them during execution. That is, for project management to be improved, we need to predict other possible information about software quality such as in-process defects, their types, and so on. In this paper, we propose a new approach for predicting the distribution of defects and their types based on project characteristics in the early phase. For this approach, the model for prediction was established using the curve-fitting method and regression analysis. The maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) was used in fitting the Weibull probability density function to the actual defect data, and regression analysis was used in identifying the relationship between the project characteristics and the Weibull parameters. The research model was validated by cross-validation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4529863,yes
Predicting defects with program dependencies,"Software development is a complex and error-prone task. An important factor during the development of complex systems is the understanding of the dependencies that exist between different pieces of the code. In this paper, we show that for Windows Server 2003 dependency data can predict the defect-proneness of software elements. Since most dependencies of a component are already known in the design phase, our prediction models can support design decisions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5316024,yes
Two dimensional image reconstruction of log cross-section defect based on stress wave technique,"Wood is a material that is produced biologically in the growing tree, making it vulnerable to the attack of fungi. This will reduce the quality of wood, especially for log. The 2D image reconstruction contributed greatly for log cross-section defect testing in order to promote the utilization rate of wood resources. At first, this paper studied the stress wave computerized tomography technique, and introduced the straight-line tracing technique and the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) algorithm. Then, the medium model was constructed for numerical simulation analysis. The reconstruction of the medium model was conducted using straight line tracing - ART algorithm, and the impact of the number of iterations for image reconstruction accuracy was analyzed. At last, this paper validated the feasibility for two-dimensional image reconstruction of log internal defects using this method by physical model testing. Empirical and medium model results showed that the convergence of straight line tracing - ART algorithm was fast and reconstruction image was good. The two-dimensional image reconstruction of log internal defects could basically be realized using the straight line tracing-algebraic reconstruction algorithm method. And the feasibility and practicality of theory and technique that proposed in this paper were validated by practical testing.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5461275,no
Cesar-FD: An Effective Stateful Fault Detection Mechanism in Drug Discovery Grid,"Workflow management system is widely accepted and used in the wide area network environment, especially in the e-science application scenarios, to coordinate the operation of different functional components and to provide more powerful functions. The error-prone nature of the wide area network environment makes the fault-tolerance requirements of workflow management become more and more urgent. In this paper, we propose Cesar-FD, a stateful fault detection mechanism, which builds up states related to the runtime and external environments of workflow management system by aggregating multiple messages and provides more accurate notifications asynchronously. We demonstrate the use of this mechanism in the drug discovery grid environment by two use cases. We also show that it can be used to detect faulty situations more accurately.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5071925,no
Zzyzx: Scalable fault tolerance through Byzantine locking,"Zzyzx is a Byzantine fault-tolerant replicated state machine protocol that outperforms prior approaches and provides near-linear throughput scaling. Using a new technique called Byzantine Locking, Zzyzx allows a client to extract state from an underlying replicated state machine and access it via a second protocol specialized for use by a single client. This second protocol requires just one round-trip and 2 f + 1 responsive servers-compared to Zyzzyva, this results in 39-43% lower response times and a factor of 2.2-2.9 higher throughput. Furthermore, the extracted state can be transferred to other servers, allowing non-overlapping sets of servers to manage different state. Thus, Zzyzx allows throughput to be scaled by adding servers when concurrent data sharing is not common. When data sharing is common, performance can match that of the underlying replicated state machine protocol.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544297,no
Using Faults-Slip-Through Metric as a Predictor of Fault-Proneness,"Background: The majority of software faults are present in small number of modules, therefore accurate prediction of fault-prone modules helps improve software quality by focusing testing efforts on a subset of modules. Aims: This paper evaluates the use of the faults-slip-through (FST) metric as a potential predictor of fault-prone modules. Rather than predicting the fault-prone modules for the complete test phase, the prediction is done at the specific test levels of integration and system test. Method: We applied eight classification techniques, to the task of identifying fault prone modules, representing a variety of approaches, including a standard statistical technique for classification (logistic regression), tree-structured classifiers (C4.5 and random forests), a Bayesian technique (Naive Bayes), machine-learning techniques (support vector machines and back-propagation artificial neural networks) and search-based techniques (genetic programming and artificial immune recognition systems) on FST data collected from two large industrial projects from the telecommunication domain. Results: Using area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the location of (PF, PD) pairs in the ROC space, the faults slip-through metric showed impressive results with the majority of the techniques for predicting fault-prone modules at both integration and system test levels. There were, however, no statistically significant differences between the performance of different techniques based on AUC, even though certain techniques were more consistent in the classification performance at the two test levels. Conclusions: We can conclude that the faults-slip-through metric is a potentially strong predictor of fault-proneness at integration and system test levels. The faults-slip-through measurements interact in ways that is conveniently accounted for by majority of the data mining techniques.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5693218,yes
The Application of Safety Simulation Technology in the Fault Diagnosis of the Chemical Process,"With the development of information and computational technology, the safety simulation technique is becoming more and more useful in the chemical process hazard assessment, hazard identification, and safety control system design and operating personnel training etc.The fault diagnosis of the gravity water tank is studied by using dynamic simulation of HYSYS (Hyprotech System for Engineers). The simulation results presents the method need not design problem-specific observer to estimate unmeasured state variables, and can identification and diagnosis faults simultaneously as well. The parameters of the chemical process are updated via on-line correction.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4739819,no
Comprehension and evaluation on significant error risk of CPA audit in the information-processing environment,"With the development of IT, kinds of information systems and software have been applied in the audited enterprises. That means the audited enterprises have set up their computer-based information-processing environment. In such environment, the uncertainty factors of the certified public accountants (CPA) audit are increasing and the audit risk is enhanced. It is more suitable for the audit risk factors to be described in significant error risk (SER) and detection risk in the information-processing environment. The key of controlling the whole audit risk is to comprehend and evaluate the significant error risk objectively. This essay explains what is the SER and why the SER is the key in controlling CPA audit risk and introduces a quantitative method to help auditors to assess it objectively. Because risk has obviously grey and ambiguous characteristics, it will be helpful for auditors to use the method that involved grey principle components and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to assess the SER. Only by understanding the risk factors in the information-processing environment of the audited enterprises deeply and evaluating the SER objectively can help auditors reach the audit aims and control the audit risk under an acceptable level.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4668997,no
Double Redundant Fault-Tolerance Service Routing Model in ESB,"With the development of the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), the Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) is becoming more and more important in the management of mass services. The main function of it is service routing which focuses on delivery of message among different services. At present, some routing patterns have been implemented to finish the messaging, but they are all static configuration service routing. Once one service fails in its operation, the whole service system will not be able to detect such fault, so the whole business function will also fail finally. In order to solve this problem, we present a double redundant fault tolerant service routing model. This model has its own double redundant fault tolerant mechanism and algorithm to guarantee that if the original service fails, another replica service that has the same function will return the response message instead automatically. The service requester will receive the response message transparently without taking care where it comes from. Besides, the state of failed service will be recorded for service management. At the end of this article, we evaluated the performance of double redundant fault tolerant service routing model. Our analysis shows that, by importing double redundant fault tolerance, we can improve the fault-tolerant capability of the services routing apparently. It will solve the limitation of existent static service routing and ensure the reliability of messaging in SOA.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5328575,no
1<sup>st</sup> workshop on fault-tolerance for HPC at extreme scale FTXS 2010,"With the emergence of many-core processors, accelerators, and alternative/heterogeneous architectures, the HPC community faces a new challenge: a scaling in number of processing elements that supersedes the historical trend of scaling in processor frequencies. The attendant increase in system complexity has first-order implications for fault tolerance. Mounting evidence invalidates traditional assumptions of HPC fault tolerance: faults are increasingly multiple-point instead of single-point and interdependent instead of independent; silent failures and silent data corruption are no longer rare enough to discount; stabilization time consumes a larger fraction of useful system lifetime, with failure rates projected to exceed one per hour on the largest systems; and application interrupt rates are apparently diverging from system failure rates.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544426,no
A Novel Fault Diagnosis System for MANET Based on Hybrid GA-BP Algorithm,"With the fast development of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), fault diagnosis has become a critical need to guarantee robust service for various applications. Many techniques have been suggested to solve this problem, but they still cannot satisfy the special need of MANETs. In this paper, we propose a new fault diagnosis system using hybrid GA-BP neural network. The results of simulation demonstrate that the performance of this system is excellent.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4678525,no
Fault Diagnosis Method Study on Automobile Electrical Controlled System Based on Fusing of ANN and D-S Evidence Theory,"With the improvement of automobile electric degree, more and more people begin to pay attention to the fault diagnosis method and theories of electric controlled system. The precision and accuracy of on-board diagnosis methods, which with OBDII standard and has been widely used at present need to be further improvement. So, in this paper, take the engine idling instability as the example, put forward a multi-sensor diagnosis method which fusing neural network and D-S evidence theory, this method mainly use for on-board diagnosis system datapsilas fusing process and analysis. The experimental result shows that, this method can make use of various faultspsila redundant and complementation information sufficiently, and then promote the recognition ability obviously. With electric controlled technology widely used in automobile, the performance of automobile products has been promoted largely, but these also make fault diagnosis become more difficult, traditional methods such as experience or simple instrument could not meet the flexible diagnosis demand. At present, the On-Board diagnosis with OBDII standard has been applied for electric controlled systempsilas fault diagnosis, but it could only for 70%-80%psilas fault, and the diagnosis results are mainly presented by fault code or data flow, and still need otherpsilas help, and the accuracy degree still needs further improvement. Therefore, looking for the more precious and intelligent method for electric controlled system become the key direction in automobile fault diagnosis field.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4756543,no
Fault-tolerant static scheduling for grids,"While fault-tolerance is desirable for grid applications because of the distributed and dynamic nature of grid resources, it has seldom been considered in static scheduling. We present a fault-tolerant static scheduler for grid applications that uses task duplication and combines the advantages of static scheduling, namely no overhead for the fault-free case, and of dynamic scheduling, namely low overhead in case of a fault. We also give preliminary experimental results on our scheme.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536156,no
Why automation needs error avoidance guidelines and evaluation?,"Why do we need automation? Many technologies cite three major reasons: to eliminate the dull, the dangerous, and the dirty routines. It is difficult to argue with this answer, but many things are automated for other reasons - to simplify a complex task, to reduce the work force, to entertain - or simply because it can be done. However, none of the above matters relate to the findings of this paper, whereby automation leads to humans making mistakes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5451807,no
Distributed Intermittent Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Clustering,"Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are an important tool for monitoring distributed remote environments. Faults occurring to sensor nodes are common due to the sensor device itself and the harsh environment where the sensor nodes are deployed. It is well known that the distributed fault detection (DFD)scheme checks out the failed nodes by exchanging data and mutually testing among neighbor nodes in this network. But the fault detection accuracy of aDFD scheme would decrease rapidly when the number of neighbor nodes to be diagnosed is small and the node's failure ratio is high. In this paper, aDFD scheme using clustering is proposed which satisfies three important diagnosis properties such as consistency, completeness and accuracy. These properties have been also proved. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DFD scheme increases the fault detection accuracy in comparison with a DFD scheme without clustering.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5571436,no
A dynamic selective neural network ensemble method for fault diagnosis of steam turbine,"A new dynamic selective neural network ensemble method for fault diagnosis of steam turbine is proposed. Firstly, a great number of diverse BP neural network models are produced. Secondly, the error matrix is calculated and the K-nearest neighbor algorithm is used to predict the generalization errors of different neural networks on each testing sample. Thirdly, the individual networks whose generalization errors are in a threshold will be dynamically selected and a conditional generalized variance minimization method is used to choose the most suitable ensemble members again. Finally, the predictions of the selected neural networks with weak correlations are combined through majority voting. The practical applications in fault diagnosis of steam turbine show the proposed approach gives promising results on performance even with smaller learning samples, and it has higher accuracy and efficiency compared with other methods.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5212564,no
Low-error approximation of artificial neuron sigmoid function and its derivative,"A new low-error approximation of the sigmoid function based on the piecewise linear method is proposed. The approximation results, in comparison with those of the state-of-the-art, show the lowest mean absolute and relative errors.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5284462,no
Study on prediction-correction homotopy method of tracking Hopf bifurcation point,"A new method named prediction-correction homotopy method is proposed to calculate Hopf bifurcation points associated with the parameter dependent differential algebraic equations (DAE) which are used to model power systems dynamics. It uses the secant prediction method to track the Hopf bifurcation homotopy path. Compared with the tangent prediction method, the computation load is much less because it is not related to the matrix inversion computation. At the same time, the automatic step-size control strategy ensures the calculation accuracy and speed to effectively implement the step-by-step correction. Finally, it is proved that this algorithm can be used accurately and effectively through WSCC 3-machine 9-bus system and NewEngland 39-bus system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484196,no
Real-time MRI for assessment of PET/CT attenuation correction protocols,"A geometrical mismatch between emission and transmission occurs in cardiac PET/CT because of respiratory and cardiac motions. Proposed solutions to this problem include fast CT during free breathing, with or without image alignment, and slow CT. To study this problem, including the variability of human breathing patterns and compliance with instructions, we performed real-time FISP MRI measurements of two free-breathing volunteer subjects. We have developed a method for simulating PET and CT coronal images from these image sequences, and for locating the left cardiac free wall semi-automatically. The PET geometry represents an average over the whole MR examination. The simulated CT geometry represented 28.8 mm axial extent and speeds of 83 mm/sec (fast) and 12 mm/sec (slow), representing a Senation-64 CT scanner running at fast and slow settings. We considered 400 start times for each CT geometry. The free wall was located in each CT image and was compared with the location expected in PET. The error in a given CT scan depends on the geometry, i.e. fast or slow scan, and also on the state of breathing at the time of the scan. A more accurate result can be realized by selecting the best-aligned of two or three fast CT scans. The average errors in fast, slow, best of 2, and best of 3 fast CT scans are respectively 5, 4, 4, and 3 mm. The errors in these scans have 98% likelihood of being less than, respectively, 14, 9, 9, and 7 mm.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4774258,no
Study on Data Mining for Grounding Fault Line Selection in 6kV Ineffectively Grounded System of Coal Mine,"A great amount of fault wave has been recorded by the devices for detecting phase-to-ground faults in ineffectively grounded systems. However, a better method hasn't found for effectively taking advantage of these data to improve the result of fault line selection. Data mining techniques can be used for fault line selection in ineffectively grounded system to gain knowledge from the existing data and to improve the technique of fault line selection. This paper briefly describes the principles, methods and implementation of data mining techniques, classifies the fault samples of ineffectively grounded systems by using clustering analysis method, employs different fault line selection methods according to the types of faults, and consequently provides a set of criteria for modeling of typical ineffectively grounded systems and verifying the validity of real-time fault line selections. The validity of the methods has been convinced by the calculation using the data obtained from the real performance of a substation in coal mine. It has been shown to be promising to employ the data mining techniques in ineffectively grounded systems fault detection. This paper provides very good methods for resolving the difficulties with onsite tests, enhancing the techniques of fault line selection and establishing the fault detection management systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5631314,no
Design of a video system to detect and sort the faults of cigarette package,A hardware flatform detecting and sorting the faults of cigarette package is designed by using the technology of machine vision. Algorithm and systemic software are also designed according to its characteristics. With stability and accuracy it is of some guiding value to the high speed on-line package detection.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4744018,no
Federate Fault Tolerance in HLA-Based Simulation,"A large scale HLA-based simulation (federation) is composed of a large number of simulation components (federates), which may be developed by different participants and executed at different locations. These federates are subject to failures due to various reasons. What is worse, the risk of federation failure increases with the number of federates in the federation. In this paper, a fault tolerance mechanism is proposed to tolerate the crash-stop failures of federates. By exploiting the decoupled federate architecture, federate failures can be masked from the federation and recovery can take place without interrupting the executions of other federates. A basic state recovery protocol is first proposed to recover the state of the failed federate relying on the checkpoint and message logging taken before the failure. Then, an optimized protocol is further developed to accelerate the state recovery procedure. Experiments are carried out to verify that the proposed mechanism provides correct failure recovery. The experimental results also indicate that the optimized protocol can outperform the basic one considerably.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5471663,no
Research of Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Immune Neural Network,"A fault diagnosis method based on immune neural network is proposed in this paper. In this method the weights of neural network is encoded as the antibody, and the network error is considered as the antigen. Firstly the weights of the network are searched globally using immune algorithm, then searched locally using BP algorithm. The simulation is done through the experiment of the pump-jack, and the diagnosis method proposed in this paper is compared with the fault diagnosis method based on BP neural network. The result shows that the fault diagnosis method based on immune neural network has the capability in escaping local minimum and improving the algorithm speed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5209255,no
The research of the fault types recognition in transformer by differential protection based on LIBSVM,"A new method to distinguish various fault types of transformer by differential protection based on LIBSVM is discussed. This paper uses PSCAD/EMTDC to build transformer and differential protection model which is applied to simulate various transformer fault types, the simulation data and characteristic value extracted are preprocessed; then fault identification model based on LIBSVM is established. This paper finds the optimal settings by different kernel functions and parameters through a lot of experiments. Experimental results show that LIBSVM can identify various fault types correctly, it verifies the accuracy of transformer fault types recognition by differential protection based on LIBSVM.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5639826,no
Transformer Fault Prediction Based on GA and Variable Weight Gray Verhulst Model,"A new prediction method combined variable weight Gray Verhulst model and gray integrated relation grade was proposed in this paper to solve the problem of power transformer fault prediction. Because power transformer gases concentration sequence was S-shaped, Gray Verhulst model was chosen to forecast the gases concentrations. Variable weight Gray Verhulst model was proposed based on 2 improved Gray Verhulst models with 2 difference select rules of parameter p in background function. Genetic algorithm chose parameter p for variable weight Gray Verhulst model. Powers transformer fault diagnosis using gray integrated relation grade had 93.7% diagnostic accuracy. Experiments on power transformer fault prediction show that Variable weight Gray Verhulst model had higher prediction accuracy, and, the fault prediction method proposed in this paper has the same forecasting result with the true values and is reliable and effective.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5365142,no
A Digital Image Scrambling Method Based on AES and Error-Correcting Code,"A new scrambling method of true color images based on AES algorithm is proposed. It takes the structure of true color images into full consideration, and decreases the complexity. The analytical method of cryptography is first used in this paper to analyze the security of disordered images; at the same time, an error-correcting code is designed to prevent passive attacks based on bit modification. Experimental results show that the method is safe, efficient and has great ability of error correcting.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722433,no
A Theoretical Framework for Probability Coefficients: A New Methodology for Fault Detection,"A new spectral method that eliminates the need of inner product evaluations in determination of signature of a combinational circuit realizing given Boolean function is described. The signature is obtained using probability coefficients of the function instead of conventional spectral signature. Theoretical relations for achievable computational advantage in terms of required additions in computing all 2n probability coefficients of ""n"" variable function have been developed. It is shown that for n ges 5, only 50% additions are needed to compute all probability coefficients as compared to spectral coefficients. The fault detection techniques based on spectral signature can be used with probability signature also to offer computational advantage.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4740987,no
A fault tolerant approach in cluster computing system,"A long-term trend in high performance computing is the increasing number of nodes in parallel computing platforms, which entails a higher failure probability. Hence, fault tolerance becomes a key property for parallel application running on parallel computing systems. The message passing interface (MPI) is currently the programming paradigm and communication library most commonly used on parallel computing platforms. MPI applications may be stopped at any time during their execution due to an unpredictable failure. In order to avoid complete restarts of an MPI application because of only one failure, a fault tolerant MPI implementation is essential. In this paper, we propose a fault tolerant approach in cluster computing system. Our approach is based on reassignment of tasks to the remaining system and message logging is used for message losses. This system consists of two main parts, failure diagnosis and failure recovery. Failure diagnosis is the detection of a failure and failure recovery is the action needed to take over the workload of a failed component. This fault tolerant approach is implemented as an extension of the message passing interface.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4600394,no
Are There Language Specific Bug Patterns? Results Obtained from a Case Study Using Mozilla,"A lot of information can be obtained from configuration management systems and post-release bug databases like Bugzilla. In this paper we focus on the question whether there are language specific bug patterns in large programs. For this purpose we implemented a system for extracting the necessary information from the Mozilla project files. A comparison of the extracted information with respect to the programming language showed that there are bug patterns specific to programming languages. In particular we found that Java files of the Mozilla project are less error prone than C and C++ files. Moreover, we found out that the bug lifetime when using Java was almost double the lifetime of bugs in C or C++ file.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5298423,no
Modeling open source software bugs with complex networks,"A major concern in open source software development is regarding bugs emerging during the life circle of a software project. Understanding the topological characteristics of interrelated bugs can provide useful insights into software project management and potentially facilitate the development of new complex network models. In this paper, we analyze the bug network in Gentoo Linux, one of the most popular Linux distributions. We model software bugs as nodes and the blocking relationships among them as edges. As the resulting Gentoo bug network cannot be adequately explained by some commonly-used complex network models, we propose a new model, which can better explain this network.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5551550,no
Development and control of an integrated and distributed inverter for a fault tolerant five-phase switched reluctance traction drive,"A concept of an integrated and distributed inverter for switched reluctance machines is introduced. The application at hand is an outer-rotor direct drive designed for railway traction applications. A five-phase switched reluctance machine (SRM) was developed and is used to demonstrate the function of the integrated and distributed inverter. The distribution is achieved by supplying each phase coil with its own modular inverter. Each inverter module is placed evenly around the end of the stator stack next to its dedicated coil. This increases the redundancy of the drive significantly. The likelihood of phase-to-phase faults is reduced, because no overlapping end-turns are necessary. Also, the integration of machine and inverter is simplified, because the semiconductors can be evenly distributed around the machine. The concept reduces the amount of terminals between drive and vehicle to communication, power supply and cooling, independent of the number of machine phases. With the integrated and distributed inverter new control strategies can be developed to influence machine vibration and radiated noise. In this paper the design of the prototype, the direct torque control of the five-phase machine and the behavior in case of a fault inside a module is analyzed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5606679,no
Natural Language Processing Based Detection of Duplicate Defect Patterns,"A Defect pattern repository collects different kinds of defect patterns, which are general descriptions of the characteristics of commonly occurring software code defects. Defect patterns can be widely used by programmers, static defect analysis tools, and even runtime verification. Following the idea of web 2.0, defect pattern repositories allow these users to submit defect patterns they found. However, submission of duplicate patterns would lead to a redundancy in the repository. This paper introduces an approach to suggest potential duplicates based on natural language processing. Our approach first computes field similarities based on Vector Space Model, and then employs Information Entropy to determine the field importance, and next combines the field similarities to form the final defect pattern similarity. Two strategies are introduced to make our approach adaptive to special situations. Finally, groups of duplicates are obtained by adopting Hierarchical Clustering. Evaluation indicates that our approach could detect most of the actual duplicates (72% in our experiment) in the repository.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5615790,no
Research on smart sensor network in fault diagnose system,"A design of smart sensor network based on TMS320F2812 digital signal processor, ADXL001 acceleration sensor, AD7656 A/D converter, DS18B20 and CAN bus was introduced to establish a embeded system which can monitor the vehicle's working condition. The software and hardware of the system was described. Through writing wavelet de-noising and fault diagnosis programme in the DSP, the SNR was improved. Through the soft and hard ware design, the sensor's selfcheck and selfadjust function was achieved. The embeded computer's workload was reduced. This system will be suit for the inspection of more and more complicated vehicle system. Compared with traditional condition monitoring system, this system not only has smaller cubage, but also has higher reliability and intelligence.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609646,no
A phase correction technique applied to 700MHz  6GHz complex demodulators in multi-band wireless systems,A broadband IQ phase imbalance correction technique applied to complex demodulators is presented. The phase correction range of plusmn5 degrees and accuracy of 0.3 degrees were obtained with 4 bit resolution. The applications of the broadband IQ phase imbalance correction scheme are compensation of the phase errors originated in the LO poly-phase networks and image rejection mixers with image rejection above 40 dB. The power consumption of the IQ phase imbalance correction technique 14 mW and 20 mW were obtained in the 0.7 GHz - 4 GHz and 4 GHz - 6 GHz frequency ranges respectively in 0.18 mum CMOS technology.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4562805,no
Circular pattern extraction in wafer fault mining,A method on circular pattern measurement in wafer fault pattern retrieval system is developed. It can help engineers to query circular wafer fault pattern to historical or other patterns for manufacturing fault detection and tracking. An enclosing polygon based on the vertices of boundary edges is constructed to describe the border of circular pattern. Experimental results show that the proposed approach improves the accuracy and effectiveness of circularity measurement.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4635762,no
A motion correction system for brain tomography based on biologically motivated models,"A motion correction system for brain tomography is presented, which employs two calibrated video cameras and three vision models (CIECAM'97, RETINA, and BMV). The system is evaluated on the pictures monitoring a subjects head while simulating PET scanning (n=12) and on the face images of subjects with different skin colours (n=31). The results on 2D images with known moving parameters show that motion parameters of rotation and translation along X, Y, and Z directions can be obtained very accurately via the method of facial landmark detection. A feasibility study of the developed algorithms is evaluated by a computer simulation of brain scanning procedures.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4798949,no
Minimum-Error Splitting Algorithm for a Dual Layer LCD DisplayPart II: Implementation and Results,"A dual layer liquid crystal display (LCD) is able to achieve a high dynamic range by stacking two liquid crystal panels one on top of the other over an enhanced backlight unit. However, the finite distance between the two panels inevitably introduces a parallax error when the display is observed off-axis, and the dynamic range limitations of the individual panels introduce a reconstruction error near sharp edges in the input image. In Part I, we have formulated the image splitting as a constrained optimization problem in which a joint minimization of the parallax error and the visibility of the reconstruction error is performed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4670079,no
Size reduction and harmonic suppression of parallel coupled-line bandpass filters using defected ground structure,"A novel miniaturized parallel coupled-line bandpass filter with suppression of second, third and fourth harmonic frequencies, is demonstrated in this paper. The new filter is based on the slow-wave effect of the defected ground structure (DGS) to achieve size minimization, while the spurious responses are eliminated by the band-rejection property. These features offer the classical parallel coupled-line bandpass filter simultaneous compactness and wide stopband performance. Using DGS does not require the filter parameters to be recalculated and, this way, the classical design methodology for coupled-line microstrip filters can still be used. The simulations and measurements of a 2.0 GHz prototype bandpass filter are presented. The measured results agree well with the simulation data. Compared with the conventional parallel coupled-line bandpass filters, the second, third and fourth measured spurious responses are suppressed to -45, -43 and -34 dB, respectively. In addition, the size of the prototype filter circuitry can be reduced up to 20%.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4805078,no
A novel transmission line test and fault location methodology using pseudorandom binary sequences,"A novel pulse echo test methodology, using pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) excitation, is presented in this paper as an alternative to time domain reflectometry (TDR) for transmission line fault location and identification. The essential feature of this scheme is the cross correlation (CCR) of the fault response echo with the PRBS test input stimulus input which results in a unique signature for identification of the fault type, if any, or load termination present as well as its distance from the point of test stimulus injection. This fault identification method can used in a number of key industrial applications incorporating printed circuit boards, overhead transmission lines and underground cables in inaccessible locations which rely on a pathway for power transfer or signal propagation. As an improved method PRBS fault identification can be performed over several cycles at low amplitude levels online to reject normal signal traffic and extraneous noise pickup for the purpose of multiple fault coverage, resolution and identification. In this paper a high frequency co-axial transmission line model is presented for transmission line behavioural simulation with PRBS stimulus injection under known load terminations to mimic fault conditions encountered in practice for proof of concept. Simulation results, for known resistive fault terminations, with measured CCR response demonstrate the effectiveness of the PRBS test method in fault type identification and location. Key experimental test results are also presented for a co-axial cable, under laboratory controlled conditions, which substantiates the accuracy of PRBS diagnostic CCR method of fault recognition and location using a range of resistive fault terminations. The accuracy of the method is further validated through theoretical calculation via known co-axial cable parameters, fault resistance terminations and link distances in transmission line experimental testing.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4780978,no
Stator-Interturn-Fault Detection of Doubly Fed Induction Generators Using Rotor-Current and Search-Coil-Voltage Signature Analysis,"A novel technique for detecting stator interturn faults in a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is proposed by analyzing its rotor current and search-coil voltage. So far, fault-diagnostic techniques proposed for stator-interturn-fault detection in DFIGs are based on analysis of stator current or vibration of generator. Results from these methods are ambiguous because they either fail to account for condition when the DFIG is operating under imbalanced load or these methods are based on experimental results alone without any theoretical basis. Our recent observations suggested that harmonics induced in the rotor circuit are very promising in detecting stator interturn faults in DFIGs. Hence, in this paper, an in-depth investigation is conducted to determine the origin of various harmonic components in rotor currents and their feasibility to detect stator interturn faults unambiguously. Detailed analysis is presented, which explains the mechanism by which the stator-interturn-fault-related harmonics are induced in the rotor circuit. The theory is verified with simulation and extensive experimental results. To confirm the feasibility of the proposed technique for detecting stator interturn faults and obtain results on speed sensitivity of fault detection, a prototype of digital-signal-processor-based fault-diagnostic system has been developed, which is capable of producing very fast trip signal in about 2 s.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5166508,no
Design of the UWB bandpass filter by coupled microstrip lines with U-shaped defected ground structure,"A novel ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) is proposed by using coupled microstrip lines and U-shaped defected ground structure (DGS). The input and output feeding lines are connected to the ends in the same side of the coupled microstrip lines on one side of a substrate, and the U-shaped DGS is introduced behind the coupled lines on the other side of the substrate. The coupling of this kind of structure, if without DGS, is very weak. However, the U-shaped DGS generates a strong coupling, and improves the passband property of the coupled lines. The filter is simulated by 3D EM commercial software, and the results demonstrate good UWB performances. The passband defined by |S<sub>11</sub>| < -10 dB is about 3.44-10.6 GHz, and the insertion loss is about 0.11 dB at central frequency of 7 GHz. The group delay variation, which is an important factor to UWB system, is less than 0.5 ns within the operating band.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4540377,no
Ultra-Wideband Bandpass Filter With Improved Upper Stopband Performance Using Defected Ground Structure,"A novel ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) with improved upper stopband performance using a defected ground structure (DGS) is presented in this letter. The proposed BPF is composed of seven DGSs that are positioned under the input and output microstrip line and coupled double step impedance resonator (CDSIR). By using CDSIR and open loop defected ground structure (OLDGS), we can achieve UWB BPF characteristics, and by using the conventional CDGSs under the input and output microstrip line, we can improve the upper stopband performance. Simulated and measured results are found in good agreement with each other, showing a wide passband from 3.4 to 10.9 GHz, minimum insertion loss of 0.61 dB at 7.02 GHz, a group delay variation of less than 0.4 ns in the operating band, and a wide upper stopband with more than 30 dB attenuation up to 20 GHz. In addition, the proposed UWB BPF has a compact size (0.27??<i>g</i> ~ 0.29??<i>g</i> , ??<i>g</i> : guided wavelength at the central frequency of 6.85 GHz).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5454357,no
Design of system structure for triple-modular fault-tolerant controller,"A parallel embedded controller with triple modular fault tolerant based on real-time fast Ethernet is presented in the design of triple-modular fault-tolerant controller. And triple instruction synchronous execution (TISE) strategy is used to realized synchronous execution, data communication, and clock synchronizer among triple redundant bus (TriBUS). The fault tolerant mode to fault diagnosis of contacts is researched deeply. All these will be ready to establish the software and hardware system of triple modular fault tolerant controller based on fast Ethernet.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4597521,no
Localization of IP Links Faults Using Overlay Measurements,"Accurate fault detection and localization is essential to the efficient and economical operation of ISP networks. In addition, it affects the performance of Internet applications such as VoIP, and online gaming. Fault detection algorithms typically depend on spatial correlation to produce a set of fault hypotheses, the size of which increases by the existence of lost and spurious symptoms, and the overlap among network paths. The network administrator is left with the task of accurately locating and verifying these fault scenarios, which is a tedious and time-consuming task. In this paper, we formulate the problem of finding a set of overlay paths that can debug the set of suspected faulty IP links. These overlay paths are chosen from the set of existing measurement paths, which will make overlay measurements meaningful and useful for fault debugging. We study the overlap among overlay paths using various real-life Internet topologies of the two major service carriers in the U.S. We found that with a reasonable number of concurrent failures, it is possible to identify the location of the IP links faults with 60% to 95% success rate. Finally, we identify some interesting research problems in this area.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4534091,no
A hot-swap controller amplifier module for active magnetic bearings with supreme reliability  Electronic circuitry and error detection strategies,Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) represent an innovative contact free suspension technology with many advantages such as online adaptability of bearing stiffness and damping which makes AMBs especially suited for high speed rotor applications. Disadvantageous is the rather high system complexity which leads to a reduced overall reliability. To enhance AMB's reliability a new AMB concept has been developed using independently working hot-swap controller amplifier modules (HCA) for bearing control. Within this work the HCA electronic and the developed fault diagnosis is described which allows a complete functional test of all components during system operation as well as a safe deactivation of the HCA even in case of a component fault. Measurement results demonstrate the functionality of the developed HCA prototype.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5542071,no
Efficient Active Probing for Fault Diagnosis in Large Scale and Noisy Networks,"Active probing is an effective tool for monitoring networks. By measuring probing responses, we can perform fault diagnosis actively and efficiently without instrumentation on managed entities. In order to reduce the traffic generated by probing messages and the measurement infrastructure costs, an optimal set of probes is desirable. However, the computational complexity for obtaining such an optimal set is very high. Existing works assume single-fault scenarios, apply only to small size networks, or use simplistic methods that are vulnerable to noises. In this paper, by exploiting the conditionally independent property in Bayesian networks, we prove a theorem on the information provided by a set of probes. Based on this theorem and structure property of Bayesian networks, we propose two approaches which can effectively reduce the computation time. A highly efficient adaptive probing algorithm is then presented. Compared with previous techniques, experiments have shown that our approach is more efficient in selecting an optimal set of probes without degrading diagnosis quality in large scale and noisy networks.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5462041,no
Modern fault tolerant architectures based on partial dynamic reconfiguration in FPGAs,Activities which aim at developing a methodology of fault tolerant systems design into FPGA platforms are presented. Basic principles of partial reconfiguration are described together with the fault tolerant architectures based on the partial dynamic reconfiguration and triple modular redundancy or duplex system. Several architectures using online checkers for error detection which initiates reconfiguration process of the faulty unit are introduced as well. The modification of fault tolerant architectures into partial reconfigurable modules and main advantages of partial dynamic reconfiguration when used in fault tolerant system design are demonstrated. All presented architectures are compared with each other and proven fully functional on the ML506 development board with Virtex5 for different types of RTL digital components.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5491793,no
"Impact of wind farms on electromagnetic transients in 132kV network, with particular reference to fault detection","Adaptive autoreclosure has been extensively researched as a protection methodology for overhead lines, with well-known advantages over conventional autoreclosure. However, the effect of modern wind farms, specifically power electronics, on existing adaptive autoreclosure methods is unknown. Using the DIgSILENT software, a small part of the UK Generic Distribution System network is constructed as a test system and connected to built-in DFIG and full converter wind farm models. EMT simulations are carried out whilst varying the parameters known to affect single phase-ground fault voltage signatures. The Discrete Wavelet Transform is subsequently applied to these waveforms. Results show that adaptive autoreclosing schemes may need particular attention when designed for DFIG connected lines, although the traditional approach of signal processing and AI is validated since the effect of fault parameters have far more significance than the generating technology concerned.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5255963,no
Hardware Fault Tolerance implemented in software at the compiler level with special emphasis on array-variable protection,"Advanced and sophisticated microprocessor-based systems are often applied in safety or mission critical subsystems. The problem of designing radiation-tolerant devices becomes very important, especially in places such as accelerators and synchrotrons, where the results of the experiments depend on the reliability of control mechanisms. In this paper, we propose a new technique for safe and reliable computing in the presence of radiation-induced errors. In our solution, Software Implemented Hardware Fault Tolerance (SIHFT) algorithms are implemented automatically during the compilation process. This approach makes it possible to use standard optimization algorithms during the compilation. In addition, a responsibility for implementing fault tolerance is transferred to the compiler and it is transparent to the programmers. Special emphasis has been placed on the array protection algorithm.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4600870,no
A method for hunting bugs that occur due to system conflicts,"A very important class of bugs that occurs in VLSI projects, and especially in System on Chip (SoC) type projects, are bugs caused by two or more processes on chip trying to access a shared resource simultaneously. These kinds of bugs are both hard to find and very likely have the potential to cause a respin if not found since it is very hard to work around them in software (SW). In this paper we present a framework to define such conflict cases and a tool for automatically generating test cases from this definition. We have implemented this framework and tool, generated test suites, and simulated them on the Design Under Verification. Our method immediately proved its effectiveness by catching an unknown problem in a project which has already established a reasonable test suite regression that is simulated periodically.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4695866,no
Multi resolution analysis for bearing fault diagnosis,A wavelet-based vibration analysis was done for Defense Applications. Vibration measurements were carried out in MSL Engine test bed in order to verify that it meets the specifications at different load conditions. Such measurements are often carried out in connection with troubleshooting in order to determine whether vibration levels are within acceptable limits at given engine speeds and maneuvers. A State-of-the-art portable Vibration Data Recorder is used for data acquisition of real-world signals. This paper is intended to take the reader through the various stages in a signal processing of the vibration data using modern digital technology. Vibration signals are post-analyzed using Wavelet Transform for data mining of the vibration signal observed from accelerometers. Wavelet Transform (WT) techniques are applied to decipher vibration characteristics due to Engine excitation to diagnose the faulty bearing. The Time-Scale analysis by WT achieves a comparable accuracy than Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) while having a lower computational cost with fast predictive capability. The result from wavelet analysis is validated using the LabVIEW software.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5714855,no
FTEP: A fault tolerant election protocol for multi-level clustering in homogeneous wireless sensor networks,"A wireless sensor network has potential to monitor stimulus around it. Sensor networks have severe energy constraints, low data rate with high redundancy, and many-to-one flows. Thus, data centric mechanisms that perform in-network aggregation of data are needed. Clustering is one of the data centric mechanisms in which various cluster heads perform in-network aggregation of data. Thus, there is more load on cluster heads than regular nodes. Therefore, for load balancing the role of cluster head should be rotated among other regular nodes. Moreover, cluster heads may fail and disrupt communication. Handling such faulty cluster heads is vital to correct and efficient working of these networks. In this paper, we propose a dynamic and distributed new cluster head election algorithm with fault tolerance capabilities based upon two-level clustering scheme. If energy level of current cluster head falls below a certain limit or any cluster head fails to communicate then election process is started. Based on energy levels, election process appoints a cluster head and a back-up node to handle cluster head failure. Back-up node automatically takes over the role of cluster head once it detects failure of current cluster head. All sensors are homogeneous in nature and working in dual mode. Simulation results show significant energy savings when compared with other clustering scheme like energy efficient multi-level clustering (EEMC).",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4772563,no
Fault tolerant remote terminal units (RTUs) in SCADA systems,"A SCADA system uses a number of remote terminal units (RTUs) for collecting field data and sending it back to a master station, via a communication system. The master station displays the acquired data and allows the operator to perform remote control tasks. An RTU is a microprocessor based standalone data acquisition control unit. As the RTUs work in harsh environment, the processor inside the RTU is susceptible to random faults. If the processor fails, the equipment or process being monitored by it will become inaccessible. This paper proposes a fault tolerant scheme to untangle the RTU's failure issue. According to the scheme, every RTU will have at least two processing elements. In case of either processor's failure, the surviving processor will take over the tasks of the failed processor to perform its tasks. With this approach, an RTU remain functional despite the failure of the processor inside the RTU. Reliability and Availability modeling of the proposed fault tolerant scheme have presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5478479,no
Effects of phase-locked-loop circuit on a self-commutated BTB system under line faults,"A self-commutated BTB (back-to-back) system is an AC-DC-AC power flow controller between two utility grids, and PLL (phase-locked-loop) circuits are typically used for detecting their phase information. The performance of the BTB system during line faults is strongly affected by the dynamic behavior of the PLL circuit in terms of the AC-current fluctuation, the DC-voltage fluctuation, and the DC magnetic flux deviation in the converter-transformers. However, no paper or article has been discussed explicitly on their mutual relationship. The aim of this paper is to establish a design procedure of the PLL circuit which is suitable for the BTB system. This paper also deals with the DC magnetic flux deviation in the converter-transformers under double-line-to-ground (DLG) faults.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4592188,no
Sources of Error in AC Losses Measurement Using V-I Method,"A significant cryogenic load is generated in rapidly-cycling superconducting magnets due to ac losses. This load should not be excessive, otherwise cryogenic system will not be able to evacuate heat and magnet will quench. To verify magnet design and to know real cryogenic load the test of ac losses has to be performed. Electrical and calorimetric methods can be used for this purpose. The calorimetric method is slower because it requires stabilization of cryogenic system. The electrical method called V-I is faster and it can be applied to any magnet independent of its cooling schemes. With this method ac losses are measured directly and results are provided on-line. However, the electrical method is considered more error prone, mainly due to the fact that power factor of superconducting magnets is close to zero.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5067226,no
Optimization Design of Power Factor Correction Converter Based on Genetic Algorithm,"A small-signal model is used to design the controller parameters of the conventional Power Factor Correction (PFC) converter. The dynamics of the converter is nonlinear, therefore, it is hard to derive desirable performance. Genetic algorithm is used to optimize the control parameters of PFC converter in this paper, by this way, the quasi-optimal control parameters can be obtained with the predefined fitness criterion. In order to obtain the fitness of an individual, Simulink model of the PFC converter is established and called in manuscript file of the Matlab, in which the genetic algorithms is programmed to search the optimal control parameters. Simulation results indicate that the overshoot of the voltage transient response, the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is reduced by using the optimized parameters. The proposed method provides a common method for the optimal design of the (structure and control parameters of) converter.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5715427,no
Use of interleaving and error correction to infrared patterns for the improvement of position estimation systems,"A system capable of estimating the position of a mobile target based on the error rate of the received infrared patterns has been presented recently in [1]. In the present work, we explore the effect of using different infrared patterns to the estimation accuracy, the instant noise immunity and the system speed. We apply interleaving and forward error correcting techniques to correct the burst errors stemming from instant noise. We achieved a 25%-50% stability improvement, retrieved 20% less failures and the convergence speed is enhanced by a factor of 4-12.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4638443,no
An error tolerance scheme for 3D CMOS imagers,"A three-dimensional (3D) CMOS imager constructed by stacking a pixel array of backside illuminated sensors, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) array, and an image signal processor (ISP) array using micro-bumps (ubumps) and through-silicon vias (TSVs) is promising for high throughput applications. However, due to the direct mapping from pixels to ISPs, the overall yield relies heavily on the correctness of the ubumps, ADCs and TSVs - a single defect leads to the information loss of a tile of pixels. This paper presents an error tolerance scheme for the 3D CMOS imager that can still deliver high quality images in the presence of bump, ADC, and/or TSV failures. The error tolerance is achieved by properly interleaving the connections from pixels to ADCs so that the corrupted data, if any, can be recovered in the ISPs. A key design parameter, the interleaving stride, is decided by analyzing the employed error correction algorithm. Architectural simulation results demonstrate that the error tolerance scheme enhances the effective yield of an exemplar 3D imager from 46% to 99%.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5523451,no
A software security testing method based on typical defects,"According to CERT/CC, ten defects known are responsible for 75% of security breaches in today software applications. Those defects are named as typical security defects. Based on that, a security testing method is given. In the method, a modeling technique with threat tree is described. Finally, a threat tree traversal algorithm (Tri-T algorithm) based on depth-first-search is designed and is used in an example to generate the test sequence.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5619128,no
One Step More to Understand the Bug Report Duplication Problem,"According to recent work, duplicate bug reports impact negatively on software maintenance and evolution productivity due to, among other factors, the increased time spent on report analysis and validation. Therefore, a considerable amount of time is lost mainly with duplicate bug report analysis. In this sense, this work presents am exploratory study using data from bug trackers from private and open source projects, in order to understand the possible factors (i.e. software life-time, size, amount of bug reports, etc.) that cause bug report duplication and its impact on software development. This work also discusses bug report characteristics that could help identifying duplicates.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5629585,no
Fault diagnosis system based on smart bearing,"According to statistics, a lot of the rotating machinery faults are caused by the bearings, so the smart bearing technique is important for ensuring safety of them. For the smart bearing, a representative definition is that sensing devices of the different use are integrated into the traditional bearing in order to realize self-diagnosis. For condition of the variable speed, variable load and heavy load, the diagnostic technology cannot satisfy requirement of the fault feature extraction at present. This paper presents a new smart bearing of the multi-parameters including of two vibration acceleration sensing devices, two speed sensing devices, and two temperature sensing devices. In addition, the heavy noise can be decreased for extraction of the weak fault signals by the embedded integrated mode of bearing and sensor.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4694313,no
The design of general-purpose automatic testing and fault diagnosis system based on VXI bus,"According to the principles of generalization, modularization, and standardization, we have designed a general testing system for large-scale and complicated electronic equipment based on VXI bus. It introduces the design principle and the structure of the hardware and the software of the general testing system in the paper. It adopts Bayesian networks representation method to represent the uncertainty information in the system. The system has important meaning to improve the test and diagnostic capability for the electromechanical device.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5274427,no
Sausage appearance defect inspection system based on machine vision,A real-time sausage appearance defect inspection system is presented in this paper. The general hardware and software structure is presented and a model method for sausage defect detection is proposed. This inspection system gives consistent and repeatable satisfactory results under real industrial conditions with sufficient speed.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5498789,no
"Mismatch Shaping Techniques to Linearize Charge Pump Errors in Fractional-<formula formulatype=""inline""> <img src=""/images/tex/235.gif"" alt=""N""> </formula> PLLs","A recent charge pump linearization technique demonstrated 8 dB reduction in spurious tones caused by charge pump current mismatch in delta-sigma fractional-<i>N</i> phase locked loops. In this paper, two purely digital mismatch shaping techniques are proposed to modify and further improve the charge pump linearization technique. Both the techniques suppress spurious tones by randomizing the residual charge pump mismatch error power. The second technique further spectrally shapes the residual charge pump mismatch errors to suppress close-in phase noise. No spurs are observed and -120 dBc/Hz phase noise is achieved at frequency offsets lower than 10 kHz in simulation. A theoretical proof of the spectral shaping of the charge pump mismatch error power is also presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5371845,no
An affine combination of two LMS adaptive filters - statistical analysis of an error power ratio scheme,A recent paper studied the statistical behavior of an affine combination of two LMS adaptive filters that simultaneously adapt on the same inputs. The filter outputs are linearly combined to yield a performance that is better than that of either filter. Various decision rules can be used to determine the time-varying combining parameter (n). A scheme based on the ratio of error powers of the two filters was proposed in. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated nearly optimum performance for this scheme. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the statistical behavior of such error power scheme. Expressions are derived for the mean behavior of (n) and for the weight mean-square deviation. Monte Carlo simulations show excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5470002,no
Fault insertion testing of a novel CPLD-based fail-safe system,"According to the standard IEC 61508 fault insertion testing is required for the verification of fail-safe systems. Usually these systems are realized with microcontrollers. Fail-safe systems based on a novel CPLD-based architecture require a different method to perform fault insertion testing than microcontroller-based systems. This paper describes a method to accomplish fault insertion testing of a system based on the novel CPLD-based architecture using the original system hardware. The goal is to verify the realized safety integrity measures of the system by inserting faults and observing the behavior of the system. The described method exploits the fact, that the system contains two channels, where both channels contain a CPLD. During a test one CPLD is configured using a modified programming file. This file is available after the compilation of a VHDL-description, which was modified using saboteurs or mutants. This allows injecting a fault into this CPLD. The other CPLD is configured as fault-free device. The entire system has to detect the injected fault using its safety integrity measures. Consequently it has to enter and/or maintain a safe state.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5090660,no
A novel approach to minimizing the risks of soft errors in mobile and ubiquitous systems,"A novel approach to minimizing the risks of soft errors at modeling level of mobile and ubiquitous systems is outlined. From a pure dependability viewpoint, critical components, whose failure is likely to impact on system functionality, attract more attention of protection/prevention mechanisms (against soft errors) than others do. Tolerating soft errors can be much improved if critical components can be identified at an early design phase and measures are taken to lower their criticalities at that stage. This improvement is achieved by presenting a criticality ranking (among the components) formed by combining a prediction of soft errors, consequences of them, and a propagation of failures at system modeling phase; and pointing out the ways to apply changes in the model to minimize the risks of degradation of desired functionalities. Case study results are given to illustrate and validate the approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5395903,no
A novel clock-fault detection and self-recovery circuit based on time-to-voltage converter,"A novel clock-fault detection and self-recovery circuit is proposed to remedy against the effects of clock abnormality and irregularity. The clock self-recovery circuit is based on the principle of the time-to-voltage converter and the whole structure is very simple in contrast with the general clock recovery structure methodology. This circuit also can save the chip area and has the features of frequency auto-adaptability and clock deletion recovery. The simulation shows that the circuit is power efficient and very suitable for integration to realize the clock self-recovery, and the maximal frequency of clock self-recovery is 350 MHz.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4657983,no
Development of load models for fault induced delayed voltage recovery dynamic studies,"As a result of a multiple contingency fault and breaker failure event at two Metro Atlanta 230 kV substations in 1999, Southern Company experienced a wide area voltage depression lasting around 15 seconds. The event resulted in a 1900 MW load loss. Dynamic simulations utilizing standard static stability load models were not successful in replicating the event. However, the actual response of the transmission system was replicated utilizing dynamic simulations with aggregate load models that included the effect of induction motors and distribution system impedances. Since the event in 1999, load has grown exceptionally in the North Georgia region. As a result of the load growth, capital projects are being implemented in Southern Company to appropriately manage the exposure to both NERC reliability standard category B and D fault induced delayed voltage recovery events. Therefore, it is critical that the load models used in dynamic studies correctly represent the behavior of actual load. This is necessary to ensure that the timing and effectiveness of capital projects are appropriately quantified. Both the formulation of the aggregate load models used to replicate the 1999 event, and ongoing efforts to refine the load model used to assess future exposure to fault induced delayed voltage recovery are discussed in this paper.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4596238,no
A Fault Tolerant Method for Residue Arithmetic Circuits,"As a result of shrinking device dimensions, the occurrence of transient errors is increasing. This causes system reliability to be reduced. Thus, fault-tolerant methods are becoming increasingly important, particularly in safety-critical applications. In this paper a novel fault-tolerant method is proposed through combining time redundancy with information redundancy to reduce hardware complexity. Residue codes are selected as the source of information redundancy and the proposed technique is compared with some well-known fault tolerant schemes considering required hardware and delay. This method can be applied to various types of arithmetic circuits. Simulations results of a multiplier circuit shows that by using quadruple residue redundancy in comparison with a simple Residue Redundancy when multiplying two 64-bit numbers, number of gates can be reduced to 90% by exposing only 9% extra delay. Therefore,this technique can effectively reduce hardware complexity and consequently leads to large savings on the ALU as a whole,while introducing only a reasonable delay.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5076998,no
Coverage gain estimation for multi-burst forward error correction in DVB-H networks,"An approach for increasing the reception robustness of mobile broadcast streaming services has been developed for mobile broadcast systems based on time-slicing, such as DVB-H, employing multi-burst FEC at link or application layer. Multiple bursts will be encoded jointly in order to overcome burst errors caused by signal level variations. The approach shows high potential which can be characterized by a link margin gain due to reduced CNR requirements to cope with fast fading and shadowing. Nevertheless, the achieved gain depends on several system parameters (encoding period and coding rate), the physical environment (correlation of shadowing and multi-path fading) and on the mobility of the users (velocity and trajectory). The paper deals with the coverage estimation and network gain due to multi-burst FEC for vehicular users in a realistic urban scenario. Since the user behavior has to be considered the gain cannot be directly included into the link budget. Thus, a methodology has been developed in order to estimate the coverage of multi-burst FEC services based on dynamic system-level simulations. Results are shown by means of simulations in realistic scenarios and field measurements in urban environments.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5133794,no
Automatic EEG Artifact Removal: A Weighted Support Vector Machine Approach With Error Correction,"An automatic electroencephalogram (EEG) artifact removal method is presented in this paper. Compared to past methods, it has two unique features: 1) a weighted version of support vector machine formulation that handles the inherent unbalanced nature of component classification and 2) the ability to accommodate structural information typically found in component classification. The advantages of the proposed method are demonstrated on real-life EEG recordings with comparisons made to several benchmark methods. Results show that the proposed method is preferable to the other methods in the context of artifact removal by achieving a better tradeoff between removing artifacts and preserving inherent brain activities. Qualitative evaluation of the reconstructed EEG epochs also demonstrates that after artifact removal inherent brain activities are largely preserved.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4637841,no
Flexible docking mechanism using combination of magnetic force with error-compensation capability,"An auto-recharging system for a mobile robot can help the robot to perform its tasks constantly and without human intervention. For implementing the system, a docking mechanism is required. This paper presents a new docking mechanism with a localization error-compensation capability. The proposed mechanism uses the combination of mechanical structure and magnetic forces between the docking connectors. It is a structure to improve the allowance ranges of lateral and directional docking errors, in which the robot is able to dock into the docking station. Consequently, this mechanism reduces dependency of a robot control and allows easy docking with only mechanical configuration. In this paper, the superiority of the proposed mechanism is verified with experimental results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4626554,no
A Transfer Fault Diagnosing Method for Protocol Conformance Test Based on FSMs,"An efficient fault diagnosis is very helpful to save the time and resource of revising the found faults in the protocol conformance test procedure. However, it is very difficult to diagnose transfer faults accurately and quickly. This paper proposes a test precondition (called input-correct precondition) which is satisfied through the local test in the system development procedure. We further presents a transfer fault diagnosing method based on the finite state machine (FSM), which is applied to diagnose the possible transfer faults in an implementation that satisfies the input-correct precondition. The diagnosing method attempts to provide desirable transfer fault hints or locate some transfer faults accurately in terms of the protocol conformance test results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5197024,no
Fast fault location algorithm based on node betweenness,"Analysis of real communication network's performance after node fault has always been the research hotpots of network resilience and fault node location. In this article, we adopt four different fault generation policies to network dataset including real communication networks and simulated networks. Experiments focus on the relationship between fault nodes and network structure indications. We found that betweenness based strategy is more harmful to network structure. After modifying traditional SNMP Polling mechanism, the heuristic fault node location algorithm based on node's betweenness is proposed in this paper to promote fault location performance of traditional SNMP Polling in the time of finding fault nodes in real networks of star topology and mixed topology.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5696929,no
A Business-Oriented Fault Localization Approach Using Digraph,"Analyzed here is a fault localization approach based on directed graph in view point of business software. The fault propagation model solved the problem of obtaining the dependency relationship of faults and symptoms semi-automatically. The main idea includes: get the deployment graph of managed business from the topography of network and software environment; generate the adjacency matrix of the graph; compute the transitive closure of adjacency matrix and obtain a so-called dependency matrix; independent fault locates in the main diagonals of the dependency matrix, elements of column is faultpsilas symptoms domain, which are divided into immediate effect and transitive effect. In real world, those elements will denote symptoms, but the two class affected nodes have different probability of occurrence, that is, immediate symptoms can be observed more likely than transitive symptoms and symptom of fault itself is most likely observed. Based on the hypothesis, a new fault localization algorithm is proposed. The simulation results show the validity and efficiency of this fault localization approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5207889,no
Analysis and Proposition of Error-Based Model to Predict the Minimum Reliability of Software,"Although, there are several software reliability models existing today, yet for software in the useful life where no upgradation, debugging or modification is done and also where no efforts are taken to avoid the errors, there exists several contradicting opinions. Some people say that in the useful life the reliability is time dependent others say that they are independent of time. In the literature, many software reliability models had been developed in compatible with hardware reliability models which are directly a function of time. This paper analyzes these aspects with the existing software reliability models, determines their deficiencies and effectiveness, and finally proposes an innovative error based generalized model for predicting the minimum reliability of software.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5169449,no
Novel PCB sensor based on Rogowski coil for transmission lines fault detection,"An accurate transformation for high voltage and large current to small signals is essential for power protect, measure, and control. Traditional iron-core based Rogowski Coil is usually applied in transforming transient & large currents to small signals. High precision Rogowski Coils are designed as sensors using printed circuit boards (PCB) in the paper. The novel PCB sensor is applied for faults generated traveling waves detection. The two circuit board strips construction is presented. And the sensors' characteristics are analyzed in detail. A new transmission line faults detection method using the PCB sensor is also proposed. EMTP simulation and prototypes test results show that the PCB sensor has less transmission delay and fits to apply in traveling wave based faults detection and location.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275254,no
Application of Run Sequences Comparison in Software Fault Diagnosis,"After analyzing the software failure mechanism, the method of software run sequences comparison is presented, which increases the effectiveness of software fault diagnosis. The method applies the thought of nearest neighbor to searching the nearest neighbor normal run of the fault run by using the edit distance. By comparing the fault run sequences with its nearest neighbor, the difference between them can be found, which generates the program suspect range report. And the evaluation function is presented. Finally the experiment verifies the approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5194470,no
Online error detection and correction of erratic bits in register files,"Aggressive voltage scaling needed for low power in each new process generation causes large deviations in the threshold voltage of minimally sized devices of the 6T SRAM cell. Gate oxide scaling can cause large transient gate leakage (a trap in the gate oxide), which is known as the erratic bits phenomena. Register file protection is necessary to prevent errors from quickly spreading to different parts of the system, which may cause applications to crash or silent data corruption. This paper proposes a simple and cost-effective mechanism that increases the resiliency of the register files to erratic bits. Our mechanism detects those registers that have erratic bits, recovers from the error and quarantines the faulty register. After the quarantine period, it is able to detect whether they are fully operational with low overhead.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5195987,no
Software-Intensive Equipment Fault Diagnosis Research Based on D-S Evidential Theory,"Aiming at limitations of the current fault diagnosis of the software-intensive equipment (SIE), considering the advantages of D-S evidential theory at dealing with multi-information, this paper presents a method of fault diagnosis at the decision level based on D-S evidential theory. The method establishes system structure of fault diagnosis, constructs the reasonable basic probability assignment algorithm, carries out multi-criteria fusion using D-S fusion model and method. The method is proved to be effective for fault location by instance. It makes diagnosed information more definite and improves the accuracy of diagnosis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4771989,no
Texture feature extraction and its application in fault signal recognition,"Aiming at the online fault diagnoses, the texture features which are usually used in image processing are firstly applied in the early fault signal recognition problems. After the parameter R based on gray-level co-occurrence matrix is defined, the parameter R extraction method of texture features is presented. Then, the novel fault signal recognition algorithm based on the parameter R of the texture feature is proposed. According to the algorithm, the pattern recognitions of the power cable in the normal state, the fault states of the single-phase open circuit, the single-phase short circuit grounding, and the two-phase short circuit grounding, and three-phase short circuit can be achieved correctly and effectively, which are proved by the simulation experiments.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5569353,no
Logical method for detecting faults by fault detection table,"Algebro-logic vector method for diagnosing faults of systems and their components based on the use a fault detection table and transactional graph, is proposed. The method allows decreasing the verification time of software model.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5742148,no
Application of Fault Tree in Software Safety Analysis,"Along with the development of information technology, application of computer is increasing, software reliability and safety are become more and more regarded, so make use of fault tree analysis in analyzing the probability of failure of every module of system, thereby find the key module which is more impact the system safety, also make use of structure importance coefficient in quantitative analysis of importance extent of every module in the system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5384602,no
Investigation of induction machine phase open circuit faults using a simplified equivalent circuit model,"An induction motor model based on the per-phase equivalent circuit is used to simulate operation with an open circuit fault. The model considers both spatial field harmonics as well as saturation effects to correctly model the motor's behaviour under faulty conditions, where the non-linearities may produce problematic torque pulsations due to the unbalanced nature of the winding distribution. A model is presented which takes into account the most prominent nonlinearities, however keeping simulation times low in order to enable the development of fault tolerant control strategies. In addition, this paper presents a study of the behaviour of an induction motor drive with a phase open circuit fault. A new fault remedial control strategy for this type of fault will also be described. Experimental tests on an instrumented vector controlled rig have been used to verify simulation results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4799847,no
An approach to detecting duplicate bug reports using natural language and execution information,"An open source project typically maintains an open bug repository so that bug reports from all over the world can be gathered. When a new bug report is submitted to the repository, a person, called a triager, examines whether it is a duplicate of an existing bug report. If it is, the triager marks it as duplicate and the bug report is removed from consideration for further work. In the literature, there are approaches exploiting only natural language information to detect duplicate bug reports. In this paper we present a new approach that further involves execution information. In our approach, when a new bug report arrives, its natural language information and execution information are compared with those of the existing bug reports. Then, a small number of existing bug reports are suggested to the triager as the most similar bug reports to the new bug report. Finally, the triager examines the suggested bug reports to determine whether the new bug report duplicates an existing bug report. We calibrated our approach on a subset of the Eclipse bug repository and evaluated our approach on a subset of the Firefox bug repository. The experimental results show that our approach can detect 67%-93% of duplicate bug reports in the Firefox bug repository, compared to 43%-72% using natural language information alone.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4814157,no
Probability density of the phase error of a digital interferometer with overlapped FFT processing,"Advanced interferometric direction finding systems often use the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for computing the relative phase shifts of the signals corresponding to pairs of antenna elements. An exact formula was recently derived for the probability density of the phase error for the case when the overlap ratio  of the FFT input data blocks is 0. This paper extends the previous work to derive an exact formula for the probability density for the general case of an arbitrary overlap ratio   [0, 1).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5548672,no
Simulation of Elman Neural network Extension Strategy Generator to Pattern Deformation Error in Flexibility Material Treating Field,"After analyzing flexibility material processing (such as quilting processing) influencing factor of pattern deformation, the edges of the original image and the deformation image are extracted. Then they are changed into coordinate. On top of it, the data are put into the Elman neural networks to train which has been built and the original image is used to as the teacher signal to tutoring. At last, the matter extenics model is built qua the database's data of the extension decision strategy generator by analysis the simulation result.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4810422,no
A high-performance fault-tolerant software framework for memory on commodity GPUs,"As GPUs are increasingly used to accelerate HPC applications by allowing more flexibility and programmability, their fault tolerance is becoming much more important than before when they were used only for graphics. The current generation of GPUs, however, does not have standard error detection and correction capabilities, such as SEC-DED ECC for DRAM, which is almost always exercised in HPC servers. We present a high-performance software framework to enhance commodity off-the-shelf GPUs with DRAM fault tolerance. It combines data coding for detecting bit-flip errors and checkpointing for recovering computations when such errors are detected. We analyze performance of data coding in GPUs and present optimizations geared toward memory-intensive GPU applications. We present performance studies of the prototype implementation of the framework and show that the proposed framework can be realized with negligible overheads in compute intensive applications such as N-body problem and matrix multiplication, and as low as 35% in a highly-efficient memory intensive 3-D FFT kernel.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5470473,no
ESoftCheck: Removal of Non-vital Checks for Fault Tolerance,"As semiconductor technology scales into the deep submicron regime the occurrence of transient or soft errors will increase. This will require new approaches to error detection. Software checking approaches are attractive because they require little hardware modification and can be easily adjusted to fit different reliability and performance requirements. Unfortunately, software checking adds a significant performance overhead. In this paper we present ESoftCheck, a set of compiler optimization techniques to determine which are the vital checks, that is, the minimum number of checks that are necessary to detect an error and roll back to a correct program state. ESoftCheck identifies the vital checks on platforms where registers are hardware-protected with parity or ECC, when there are redundant checks and when checks appear in loops. ESoftCheck also provides knobs to trade reliability for performance based on the support for recovery and the degree of trustiness of the operations. Our experimental results on a Pentium 4 show that ESoftCheck can obtain 27.1% performance improvement without losing fault coverage.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4907649,no
An empirical investigation of fault types in space mission system software,"As space mission software becomes more complex, the ability to effectively deal with faults is increasingly important. The strategies that can be employed for fighting a software bug depend on its fault type. Bohrbugs are easily isolated and removed during software testing. Mandelbugs appear to behave chaotically. While it is more difficult to detect these faults during testing, it may not be necessary to correct them; a simple retry after a failure occurrence may work. Aging-related bugs, a sub-class of Mandelbugs, can cause an increasing failure rate. For these faults, proactive techniques may prevent future failures. In this paper, we analyze the faults discovered in the on-board software for 18 JPL/NASA space missions. We present the proportions of the various fault types and study how they have evolved over time. Moreover, we examine whether or not the fault type and attributes such as the failure effect are independent.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544284,no
Decoding STAR code for tolerating simultaneous disk failure and silent errors,"As storage systems grow in size and complexity, various hardware and software component failures inevitably occur, resulting in disk malfunction in failures, as well as silent errors. Existing techniques and schemes overcome the failures and silent errors in a separate fashion. In this paper, we advocate using the STAR code as a unified and systematic mechanism to simultaneously tolerate failures on one disk and silent errors on another. By exploring the unique geometric structure of the STAR code, we propose a novel efficient decoding algorithm - EEL. Both theoretical and experimental performance evaluations show that EEL constantly outperforms a naive Try-and-Test approach by large factors in overall decoding throughput.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544948,no
Optimizing device size for soft error resilience in sub-micron logic circuits,"As technology nodes are being scaled down, soft errors induced by particle strikes are becoming a troublesome reliability issue in logic circuits. Various sizing techniques commonly used to reduce soft error rate in the past are expensive in terms of area, performance, and energy consumption. These methods require changes to adapt to sub-micron technologies. This study introduces two novel sizing methods that selectively upsize transistor networks of a circuit. Our first proposed methodology formulates the soft error rate minimization as a mathematical optimization problem and searches for the best area distribution such that maximum reliability gain is obtained. This methodology assures that optimal solutions are achieved within given area budget provided to the designer. However, generating optimal solution requires very high CPU time. Therefore, we propose a heuristic based methodology which upsizes only selected transistor network in sensitive gates based on soft error sensitivity of each gate. With proper sensitive gate selection and area distribution algorithms proposed in this technique, we show through experimental results that our heuristic driven method gives satisfactory reliability improvement compared to our first method, while requiring relatively small computation time.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5548249,no
"Bio-Robustness and Fault Tolerance: A New Perspective on Reliable, Survivable and Evolvable Network Systems","Biological structures and organizations in nature, from gene, molecular, immune systems, and biological populations, to ecological communities, are built to stand against perturbations and biological robustness is therefore ubiquitous. Furthermore, it is intuitively obvious that the counterpart of bio-robustness in engineered systems is fault tolerance. With the objective to stimulate inspiration for building reliable and survivable computer networks, this paper reviews the state-of-the-art research on bio-robustness at different biological scales (level) including gene, molecular networks, immune systems, population, and community. Besides identifying the biological/ecological principles and mechanisms relevant to biological robustness, we also review major theories related to the origins of bio-robustness, such as evolutionary game theory, self-organization and emergent behaviors. Evolutionary game theory, which we present in a relative comprehensive introduction, provides an ideal framework to model the reliability and survivability of computer networks, especially the wireless sensor networks. We also present our perspectives on the reliability and survivability of computer networks, particularly wireless sensor and ad hoc networks, based on the principles and mechanisms of bio-robustness reviewed in the paper. Finally, we propose four open questions including three in engineering and one in DNA code robustness to demonstrate the bidirectional nature of the interactions between bio-robustness and engineering fault tolerance.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526486,no
Fault tolerant Block Based Neural Networks,"Block Based Neural Networks (BBNNs) have shown to be a practical means for implementing evolvable hardware on reconfigurable fabrics for solving a variety of problems that take advantage of the massive parallelism offered by a neural network approach. This paper proposes a method for obtaining a fault tolerant implementation of BBNNs by using a biologically inspired layered design. At the lowest level, each block has its own online detection and correcting logic combined with sufficient spare components to ensure recovery from permanent and transient errors. Another layer of hierarchy combines the blocks into clusters, where a redundant column of blocks can be used to replace blocks that cannot be repaired at the lowest level. The hierarchical approach is well-suited to a divide-and-conquer approach to genetic programming whereby complex problems are subdivided into smaller parts. The overall approach can be implemented on a reconfigurable fabric.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5442804,no
Fault Detection of Bloom Filters for Defect Maps,"Bloom filters can be used as a data structure for defect maps in nanoscale memory. Unlike most other applications of Bloom filters, both false positive and false negative induced by a fault cause a fatal error in the memory system. In this paper, we present a technique for detecting faults in Bloom filters for defect maps. Spare hashing units and a simple coding technique for bit vectors are employed to detect faults during normal operation. Parallel write/read is also proposed to detect faults with high probability even without spare hashing units.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641177,no
Interactive Software and Hardware Faults Diagnosis Based on Negative Selection Algorithm,"Both hardware and software of computer systems are subject to faults. However, traditional methods, ignoring the relationship between software fault and hardware fault, are ineffective to diagnose complex faults between software and hardware. On the basis of defining the interactive effect to describe the process of the interactive software and hardware fault, this paper present a new matrix-oriented negative selection algorithm to detect faults. Furthermore, the row vector distance and matrix distance are constructed to measure elements between the self set and detector set. The experiment on a temperature control system indicates that the proposed algorithm has good fault detection ability, and the method is applicable to diagnose interactive software and hardware faults with small samples.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4525255,no
Application of Particle Swarm Optimization and RBF Neural Network in Fault Diagnosis of Analogue Circuits,"BP neural network has the shortcoming of over-fitting, local optimal solution, which affects the practicability of BP neural network. RBF neural network is a feedforward neural network, which has the global optimal closing ability. However, the parameters in RBF neural network need determination. Particle swarm optimization is presented to choose the parameters of RBF neural network. The particle swarm optimization-RBF neural network method has high classification performance, and is applied to fault diagnosis of analogue circuits. Finally, the result of fault diagnosis cases shows that the particle swarm optimization - RBF neural network method has higher classification than BP neural network.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5369551,no
Fault-Tolerant BPEL Workflow Execution via Cloud-Aware Recovery Policies,"BPEL is the de facto standard for business process modeling in today's enterprises and is a promising candidate for the integration of business and scientific applications that run in Grid or Cloud environments. In these distributed infrastructures, the occurrence of faults is quite likely. Without sophisticated fault handling, workflows are frequently abandoned due to software or hardware failures, leading to a waste of CPU hours. The fault handling mechanisms provided by BPEL are well suited for handling faults of the business logic, but infrastructure-induced errors should be handled automatically to avoid over-complication of workflow design and keep concerns separated. This paper identifies classes of faults that can be resolved automatically by the infrastructure, and provides a policy-based approach to configure this automatic behavior without the need for adding explicit fault handling mechanisms to the BPEL process. The proposed approach provides automatic redundancy of services using a Cloud infrastructure to allow substitution of defective services. An implementation based on the ActiveBPEL engine and Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud is presented.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5349896,no
Rotor fault detection in inverter drive systems using inverter input current analysis,"Broken rotor bar/ end-ring is a common fault in squirrel cage induction motors and has been thoroughly investigated in the case of AC grid supply. In this paper, this type of fault is studied in case of inverter driven motor. Induction motor is driven using scalar Volts/ Hz control method. Motor stator current and inverter input current spectra are studied for frequency components due to fault. Inverter input current spectrum gives the ability of fault detection and severity classification, even under low load and low motor severity fault condition in steady-state more easily than using motor stator current data, as it has the capability to produce advantage in variable frequency operation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5608038,no
Automated duplicate detection for bug tracking systems,"Bug tracking systems are important tools that guide the maintenance activities of software developers. The utility of these systems is hampered by an excessive number of duplicate bug reports-in some projects as many as a quarter of all reports are duplicates. Developers must manually identify duplicate bug reports, but this identification process is time-consuming and exacerbates the already high cost of software maintenance. We propose a system that automatically classifies duplicate bug reports as they arrive to save developer time. This system uses surface features, textual semantics, and graph clustering to predict duplicate status. Using a dataset of 29,000 bug reports from the Mozilla project, we perform experiments that include a simulation of a real-time bug reporting environment. Our system is able to reduce development cost by filtering out 8% of duplicate bug reports while allowing at least one report for each real defect to reach developers.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630070,no
Strategy to Detect Bug in Pre-silicon Phase,"Bugs still escape to post-silicon despite huge effort has been put into validating the design in pre-silicon phase. This could cost an immediate stepping while some other bugs may have a software work around. Running more tests may still miss the bugs. Therefore it is necessary to have an effective strategy during pre-silicon phase. This paper will present a strategy to derive the test points from the validation objective, and set the domain to test based on the micro-architecture, before entering simulation environment. This strategy utilized coverage based validation (CVB), with test points and domain coded as coverage points, while the test generator directed the transactions into the domain to test. This provides a comprehensive validation coverage to the design under test.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5423900,no
An Error Analysis of the Scattering Matrix Renormalization Transform,"By characterizing the condition number as an indicator of accuracy, an error analysis is performed to determine how different auxiliary terminations affect the accuracy of the scattering matrix renormalization transform. Such an error analysis plays an essential role in enhancing the accuracy and widening the applicability of the port renormalization method for measuring multiport devices with a two-port vector network analyzer.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4801575,no
Fault diagnosis method based on D-S evidence theory,"Capabilities that prognostics and system health management (PHM) system detect fault, isolate fault and forecast fault directly determine the effectiveness of the maintenance work. With the development of sensor technology and signal processing methods, in order to precisely detect and identify faults, fault diagnosis is a typical multi-sensor fusion problem. New challenges have arisen with regard to obtaining a reliable fault diagnostic result based on multi-source information. From the viewpoint of evidence theory, information obtained from each sensor can be considered as a piece of evidence, and as such, multi-sensor based machines diagnosis can be viewed as a problem of evidence fusion. In this paper we investigate the use of Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory as a tool for modeling and fusing multi-source information from the machines. We present a preliminary review of evidence theory and explain how the multi-sensor machine diagnosis problem can be framed in the context of this theory. We propose a method for enhancing the effectiveness of basic probability assignment functions in modeling and the method combining pieces of evidence. By introducing importance index, the issues of evidence importance in the practical application of D-S evidence theory are addressed. Finally, we report a case study to demonstrate the efficacy of our method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5413336,no
Practical experience with fault location in MV cable network,"As the major cause of interruption time is a fault in the MV network, the Dutch grid operator Alliander puts effort in faster location of faults in these networks, which entirely consist of buried cables. After several pilots a fault location system was implemented in 10 substations equipped with the SASensor protection and control system. The SASensor system uses a high sampling rate and collects event recording data as soon as a set point for the current is exceeded. Therefore also events like inrush currents and transients due to self extinguishing single phase faults are recorded. The data processing routine in the substation is able to distinguish between a real fault and other events. The process is fully automated. All events are shown on a PC screen and, in case of a fault, printed on paper. The system performs according requirements on accuracy and processing time.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5255434,no
An Evaluation of Two Bug Pattern Tools for Java,"Automated static analysis is a promising technique to detect defects in software. However, although considerable effort has been spent for developing sophisticated detection possibilities, the effectiveness and efficiency has not been treated in equal detail. This paper presents the results of two industrial case studies in which two tools based on bug patterns for Java are applied and evaluated. First, the economic implications of the tools are analysed. It is estimated that only 3-4 potential field defects need to be detected for the tools to be cost-efficient. Second, the capabilities of detecting field defects are investigated. No field defects have been found that could have been detected by the tools. Third, the identification of fault-prone classes based on the results of such tools is investigated and found to be possible. Finally, methodological consequences are derived from the results and experiences in order to improve the use of bug pattern tools in practice.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4539552,no
Fabric defects detecting and rank scoring based on Fisher criterion discrimination,"Automatic texture defect detection is highly important for many fields of visual inspection. This paper studies the application of advanced computer image processing techniques for solving the problem of automated defect detection for textile fabrics. The approach is used for the quality inspection of local defects embedded in homogeneous textured surfaces. Above all, the size of the basic texture units of the fabric image is acquired by calculating auto correlation function in weft direction and in wrap direction. Then the sizes of the basic texture units are taken as criterion to segment the fabric image. During scanning the fabric texture image, the basic units are segmented. And the Fisher criterion discriminator is used to assign each unit to a class at the same time. Afterwards, the fabric detects are measured according to the relationship of the suffix of the image pixel and the scale of the image and ranked scale by comparing with America Four Points System. Experiments with real fabric image data show that it is effective.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5212106,no
Autonomic Fault-Management and resilience from the perspective of the network operation personnel,"Autonomic networks are an emerging technology which is promising to reduce the complexity of human-driven network management processes and enable a variety of so-called self-* features such as self-configuration, self-optimization, etc, inside the network devices and the network as a whole. Autonomic behaviors are widely understood as a control loop implemented by an autonomic entity that automates management processes and controls diverse aspects of a set of resources. Though automation is necessary and achievable, autonomic decision-making-elements of the network can not fully perform decisions on every task of the network without requiring some degree of a human-in-the-loop in some of the decisions. From the operator's perspective, controllability of the control loop and decision notification from the autonomic network is a vital issue that needs to be addressed. In this paper we present our considerations on how an Autonomic Fault-Management control loop (detect an incident - find the root cause behind it - remove the root cause) can be controlled by the network operation personnel.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5700364,no
A novel 20Hz power injection protection scheme for stator ground fault of pumped storage generator,"Based on the analysis of the start-up of pumped storage generator under motor circumstance, it is found out that the conventional 20 Hz injection component is influenced by the low frequency component when ground faults take place in the stator windings for static frequency converter (SFC) start-up generator. The conventional relay is just simply blocked in case mal-operation during 20 Hz working condition. To overcome the disadvantage, a novel scheme is proposed to improve grounding- resistance(R) calculation accuracy and enhance ability to limit impact of 20 Hz component from generator. The simulation results proved its effectiveness and practicability of the scheme.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4523719,no
Reconstruction of time-varying fields in wireless sensor networks using shift-invariant spaces: Iterative algorithms and impact of sensor localization errors,"Based on the concept of hybrid shift-invariant spaces, we develop a distributed protocol for the reconstruction of time-varying physical fields in wireless sensor networks. The localized nature of these spaces allows for a clustered network architecture that leads to low communication overhead. Capitalizing on the sparsity of the reconstruction matrix, we propose an iterative reconstruction algorithm whose complexity per time-slot is linear in the number of sensors. We furthermore analyse the impact of sensor localization errors on the mean square error of the reconstructed field and provide numerical simulations illustrating our results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5670993,no
A QoS-aware fault tolerant middleware for dependable service composition,"Based on the framework of service-oriented architecture (SOA), complex distributed systems can be dynamically and automatically composed by integrating distributed Web services provided by different organizations, making dependability of the distributed SOA systems a big challenge. In this paper, we propose a QoS-aware fault tolerant middleware to attack this critical problem. Our middleware includes a user-collaborated QoS model, various fault tolerance strategies, and a context-aware algorithm in determining optimal fault tolerance strategy for both stateless and stateful Web services. The benefits of the proposed middleware are demonstrated by experiments, and the performance of the optimal fault tolerance strategy selection algorithm is investigated extensively. As illustrated by the experimental results, fault tolerance for the distributed SOA systems can be efficient, effective and optimized by the proposed middleware.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270332,no
Meshing Simulation and Experimental Analysis of Transmission Error for Modified Spiral Bevel Gear,"Based on the meshing theory of spiral bevel gears, the Transmission error (TE)curves of two different pairs of spiral bevel gears (one pair is modified spiral bevel gears, another one is general spiral bevel gears) are achieved. According to the characteristic of theoretical TE curve, the spiral bevel gear transmission error measurement system is designed, and the comparative experiment for the two pairs of gears were carried out on the system under different loads. The real TE of the two pair of gears has acquired. The experimental results show that modified spiral bevel gear pair is better than the general one in the dynamic behavior, which was verified the new method that modifies tooth face with modified tools is useful and effective to reduce gear vibration and noise.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5459869,no
Fault-tolerant strategy based on dynamic model matching for dual-redundant computer in the space robot,"Based on the requirements of space robot control system such as high reliability, low power consumption, small size and real-time, this paper presents a dual redundant fault-tolerant strategy for space robot controller. According to the peculiarity of the space robot control systems and its workflow, this strategy is based on the fault-tolerant hardware architecture and the linear running model of space robot software. The two computers communicate with each other by 485 bus and heartbeat line, and share field data through CAN bus in this architecture. The imported criterions include the heartbeat signal, the pattern matching, the dynamic synchronization data and the results returned from the other device. The fault-tolerant strategy which has redundancy criterion is formulated in this paper. This design can not only ensure the time performance of switching between two computers, but also can lower the communication data and improve the reliability and effectiveness of dual-redundant fault-tolerant system.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4582714,no
Polynomial intensity correction for multimodal image registration,"Based on the standard sum of squared differences (SSD) criterion, we develop a fast and robust multimodal image registration algorithm that incorporates a polynomial model to capture the complex relationship between the intensity values of two images. The resulting energy function can be efficiently optimized using the Gauss-Newton method in either joint or constrained fashion. Comparisons using simulated data reveal that our method has a similar capture range to that of the mutual information. Furthermore, we demonstrate accurate MR-PET registration results for images with abnormal structures.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5193208,no
Simulation analysis of error correction method of headlamp detection based on driving direction,"At present, the elimination of headlamp detection error is to straighten the test-waiting vehicle, namely the straightening device makes the vehicle body axis to be right with headlight detector at the distance required. However, the headlamp illumination direction should be the vehicle's driving direction and the perpendicular direction of rear axle is the vehicle's driving direction, so the detection benchmark to headlamp should be the vehicle's driving direction. This paper proposes a new method of error correction of headlamp detection based on bias angle identification of axle placed. Firstly, this paper establishes a tire model, and carries out research on modeling and simulating bias angle of tire, then make error analysis of bias angle identification. Simulation analysis shows that when changes some influence factors, for example tire size, shape, and convex volume, the device is still of high accuracy, so the method is feasible. This paper also establishes the experimental system of detecting axle bias angle, furthermore makes a test and error analysis pointing to the system. The result verifies the simulation conclusions.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5541940,no
The application of FMEA in defect reduction for the spindle motor assembly process for hard disk drives,"At the present time, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) technique is frequently used in manufacturing industry to deal with undesirable situations. These can occur throughout the various phases of the product life cycle. The objectives of this research are to analyze and identify potential problems in the spindle motor assembly process for 2.5-inch hard disk drives. The process often encounters the problem of hub flange height failure. The result of this research may reveal the failures within five steps of the focusing process. The Risk Priority Number (RPN) of each failure may now be calculated. As a result of this, the five highest RPNs may be selected in order to take corrective action. It could be concluded that, by applying the FMEA technique, all risks in the process have been pinpointed and all recommended corrective actions have been taken. As a final step, the process can be improved by a two-factor factorial experiment with the significant level at 0.05 in order to determine the optimum setup conditions. By implementing FMEA, the defective parts could be reduced from 6,294.36 DPPM to 3,788.27 DPPM.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4654451,no
Automated Addition of Fault-Tolerance to SCR Toolset: A Case Study,"Automated addition of fault-tolerance to existing programs is highly desirable, as it allows the designer to focus on the system behavior in the absence of faults and leave the fault-tolerance aspect to automated techniques that guarantee correctness by construction. Automated addition of fault-tolerance is expected to be more successful if it is done under the hood, i.e., where the designer can continue to utilize existing tools and the addition of fault-tolerance is orthogonal to the tools that they use. This will reduce the learning curve for adding fault-tolerance as well as make addition of fault-tolerance across different design tools. With this motivation, in this paper, we focus on automated addition of fault-tolerance to the SCR tools. We illustrate our approach using two case studies: an Altitude Switch Controller and an Automobile Cruise Controller.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4577841,no
Variation-tolerant hierarchical voltage monitoring circuit for soft error detection,"As device feature size continues to scale down to the nanometer regime, the decreasing critical charge fundamentally reduces noise margins of devices and in turn increases the susceptibility of the ICs to external noise sources such as particle strikes. While protection techniques for memory such as ECC are mature and effective, protections for logic errors remain imperfect. Full-blown redundancy solutions for microprocessors such as mirrored cores and triple-modular redundancy incur significant overhead and are clearly limited to the niche market of mission-critical servers. The fundamental inefficiency of such redundancy lies in the repetition of all operations to detect the discrepancy caused by events much rarer than cycle-to-cycle activities. Clearly, for the vast majority of general-purpose systems, a detection mechanism that has low standby energy consumption is called for. In this paper, we propose a circuit-level solution to detect errors by monitoring the supply rail disturbance caused by a particle strike. Combined with checkpointing and rollback support, such a circuit can provide a high level of protection against particle-strike induced soft errors. At 17%, the power overhead of the design is reasonable and much lower than prior art. The design is also tolerant to process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4810395,no
Modeling and Simulation of Multi-operation Microcode-Based Built-In Self Test for Memory Faults,"As embedded memory area on-chip is increasing and memory density is growing, problem of faults is growing exponentially. This necessitates defining of novel test algorithms which can detect these new faults. March Tests belong to the newer line of testing algorithms which offer to detect these exponentially escalating faults. Most of these new March algorithms consist of as many as five or six operations per March element. This work presents an architecture which can implement these new March tests having number of operations per element according to the growing needs of embedded memory testing.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5432630,no
Error Correction of Noisy Block Cipher Using Cipher and Plaintext Characteristics,"Contemporary proven cryptographic algorithms, like the advanced encryption standard (AES), are used in many secure data storage systems. Cipher data when written or read might be subject to noise. Classical error detection and correction methods are not suitable for encrypted data. In this paper, error detection and correction is performed at the receiver end, without any changes to the encryption algorithm. One of the properties of encrypted information is that all encrypted blocks have a minimum hamming distance from each other. This property is exploited to obtain the exact correct block. When error correction based on the encrypted data cannot be performed, natural language properties of plaintext data are used to eliminate noise. The plaintext blocks surrounding the noisy plaintext block are used to generate possible candidates. In case a unique solution is not achieved, n-gram properties of the plaintext language are used to rank the possibilities and promote the best fit.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5318930,no
New tools and methodology for advanced parametric and defect structure test,"Continuing scaling trends in semiconductor technology, as well as the test requirements of new technologies being incorporated with mainstream silicon integrated circuits, has increased the complexity of parametric and defect structure testing. New testers are required which can drastically improve the throughput of parametric test, as well as efficiently test new array based process diagnostic structures. Addressing these needs requires merging the traditionally separate functions of digital and parametric test equipment. We describe the development of a new hybrid test system, which combines the features of parametric and digital testers, and in addition introduces a high degree parallelism in its parametric test functions. The test system was developed for high throughput inline test (parallel test) of defect structures, semiconductor parametric macros, and advanced array based process monitors down to pA current levels, as well as traditional all digital yield macros, such as SRAMs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5699201,no
Fault Tolerant Network Routing through Software Overlays for Intelligent Power Grids,"Control decisions of intelligent devices in critical infrastructure can have a significant impact on human life and the environment. Ensuring that the appropriate data is available is crucial for making informed decisions. Such considerations are becoming increasingly important in today's cyber-physical systems that combine computational decision making on the cyber side with physical control on the device side. The job of ensuring the timely arrival of data falls onto the network that connects these intelligent devices. This network needs to be fault tolerant. When nodes, devices or communication links fail along a default route of a message from A to B, the underlying hardware and software layers should ensure that this message will actually be delivered as long as alternative routes exist. Existence and discovery of multi-route pathways is essential in ensuring delivery of critical data. In this work, we present methods of developing network topologies of smart devices that will enable multi-route discovery in an intelligent power grid. This will be accomplished through the utilization of software overlays that (1) maintain a digital structure for the physical network and (2) identify new routes in the case of faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5695646,no
An approach of fault detection based on multi-mode,"Conventional multi-scale principal component analysis (MSPCA) only detects fault, but it canpsilat detect fault types. For these problems, a method of fault detection based on multi-mode that incorporates MSPCA into adaptive resonance (ART) neural network is presented. Firstly, this method presents a wavelet transform for samples data, and principal component analysis can be used to analyze data at each scale. Then ART is used to classify reconstruction data. It can detect fault effectively, and ART2 can classify fault using wavelet denoising easily, it separates the fault successfully in the system. At last, it develops multi-mode fault detection in autocorrelation system application through computer simulation experiment. The theory and simulation experiments shows that this method is of wide application prospect.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4605762,no
Provably all-convex optimal minimum-error convex fitting algorithm using linear programming,"Convexity is a key property to global optimal for mathematical programming. Previous convex fitting works can only guarantee convexity at table entries or sampled points using semi-definite programming (SDP). In this work, we demonstrate that convexity can be guaranteed not only at listed tabular entries but also whole functional domain with minimum perturbation using simply linear programming (LP). Extensive experimental results of industrial cell library demonstrate that our method can reach global convexity 9X faster than the SDP approach. Its application on circuit tuning is also presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5496744,no
Networked vehicles for automated fault detection,"Creating fault detection software for complex mechatronic systems (e.g. modern vehicles) is costly both in terms of engineer time and hardware resources. With the availability of wireless communication in vehicles, information can be transmitted from vehicles to allow historical or fleet comparisons. New networked applications can be created that, e.g., monitor if the behavior of a certain system in a vehicle deviates compared to the system behavior observed in a fleet. This allows a new approach to fault detection that can help reduce development costs of fault detection software and create vehicle individual service planning. The COSMO (consensus self-organized modeling) methodology described in this paper creates a compact representation of the data observed for a subsystem or component in a vehicle. A representation that can be sent to a server in a backoffice and compared to similar representations for other vehicles. The backoffice server can collect representations from a single vehicle over time or from a fleet of vehicles to define a norm of the vehicle condition. The vehicle condition can then be monitored, looking for deviations from the norm. The method is demonstrated for measurements made on a real truck driven in varied conditions with ten different generated faults. The proposed method is able to detect all cases without prior information on what a fault looks like or which signals to use.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5117980,no
On techniques for handling soft errors in digital circuits,"Dealing with soft errors due to particle strikes is the next major challenge in implementing digital systems. This study thoroughly investigates the effect of device size on circuit soft error rate and identifies methods to reduce soft error rate in combinational circuits. In particular, we propose three novel methods that upsize only selected gates and /or transistor networks. In order to obtain the most appropriate technique for soft error rate reduction in small technology node circuits, we conduct experiments and compare the results for several upsizing techniques including all gates, selected gates and transistor networks based on their fault sensitivities, and parallel networks with soft error rate saturation consideration. Consequently, it is discovered that some upsizing scenarios perform large improvement whereas others do not or even increase the soft error rate. The use of fault sensitivity analysis approach with parallel transistor network upsizing based on the contribution of each sensitive gate can reasonably reduce overall circuit sensitivity. Experimental results show an average reduction in soft error rate about 20% with a very small area overhead of 2% for benchmark circuits using our technique.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5699278,no
Analysis of pervasive multiple-component defects in a large software system,"Certain software defects require corrective changes repeatedly in a few components of the system. One type of such defects spans multiple components of the system, and we call such defects pervasive multiple-component defects (PMCDs). In this paper, we describe an empirical study of six releases of a large legacy software system (of approx. size 20 million physical lines of code) to analyze PMCDs with respect to: (1) the complexity of fixing such defects and (2) the persistence of defect-prone components across phases and releases. The overall hypothesis in this study is that PMCDs inflict a greater negative impact than do other defects on defect-correction efficacy. Our findings show that the average number of changes required for fixing PMCDs is 20-30 times as much as the average for all defects. Also, over 80% of PMCD-contained defect-prone components still remain defect-prone in successive phases or releases. These findings support the overall hypothesis strongly. We compare our results, where possible, to those of other researchers and discuss the implications on maintenance processes and tools.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5306307,no
Combined Fault Tolerance and Scheduling Techniques for Workflow Applications on Computational Grids,"Complex scientific workflows are now Increasingly executed on computational grids. In addition to the challenges of managing and scheduling these workflows, reliability challenges arise because of the unreliable nature of large-scale grid infrastructure. Fault tolerance mechanisms like over-provisioning and checkpoint-recovery are used in current grid application management systems to address these reliability challenges. In this work, we propose new approaches that combine these fault tolerance techniques with existing workflow scheduling algorithms. We present a study on the effectiveness of the combined approaches by analyzing their impact on the reliability of workflow execution, workflow performance and resource usage under different reliability models, failure prediction accuracies and workflow application types.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5071878,no
Design Diverse-Multiple Version Connector: A Fault Tolerant Component Based Architecture,"Component based software engineering (CBSE) is a new archetype to construct the systems by using reusable components ldquoas it isrdquo. To achieve high dependability in such systems, there must be appropriate fault tolerance mechanism in them at the architectural level. This paper presents a fault tolerant component based architecture that relies on the C2 architectural style and is based on design diverse and exception handling fault tolerance strategies. The proposed fault tolerant component architecture employs special-purpose connectors called design diverse-multiple version connectors (DD-MVC). These connectors allow design diverse n-versions of components to run in parallel. The proposed architecture has a fault tolerant connector (FTC), which detects and tolerates different kinds of errors. The proposed architecture adjusts the tradeoff between dependability and efficiency at run time and exhibits the ability to tolerate the anticipated and unanticipated faults effectively. The applicability of proposed architecture is demonstrated with a case study.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4721327,no
Advanced fault management as a part of Smart Grid solution,"Concept of advanced fault management as a part of the Smart Grid solution is based on full coordination of local automation, locally controlled switchgear and relay protection with maximum exploitation for minimizing fault duration and undelivered energy. Island operation is proposed as possible solution for energization of important consumers in order to maximally protect such consumers from outages. All considerations are elaborated trough examples. Also some ideas for further improvements are also suggested.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4591844,no
CIFTS: A Coordinated Infrastructure for Fault-Tolerant Systems,"Considerable work has been done on providing fault tolerance capabilities for different software components on large-scale high-end computing systems. Thus far, however, these fault-tolerant components have worked insularly and independently and information about faults is rarely shared. Such lack of system-wide fault tolerance is emerging as one of the biggest problems on leadership-class systems. In this paper, we propose a coordinated infrastructure, named CIFTS, that enables system software components to share fault information with each other and adapt to faults in a holistic manner. Central to the CIFTS infrastructure is a Fault Tolerance Backplane (FTB) that enables fault notification and awareness throughout the software stack, including fault-aware libraries, middleware, and applications. We present details of the CIFTS infrastructure and the interface specification that has allowed various software programs, including MPICH2, MVAPICH, Open MPI, and PVFS, to plug into the CIFTS infrastructure. Further, through a detailed evaluation we demonstrate the nonintrusive low-overhead capability of CIFTS that lets applications run with minimal performance degradation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5362328,no
A fault-tolerant directory-based cache coherence protocol for CMP architectures,"Current technology trends of increased scale of integration are pushing CMOS technology into the deep-submicron domain, enabling the creation of chips with a significantly greater number of transistors but also more prone to transient failures. Hence, computer architects will have to consider reliability as a prime concern for future chip-multiprocessor designs (CMPs). Since the interconnection network of future CMPs will use a significant portion of the chip real state, it will be especially affected by transient failures. We propose to deal with this kind of failures at the level of the cache coherence protocol instead of ensuring the reliability of the network itself. Particularly, we have extended a directory-based cache coherence protocol to ensure correct program semantics even in presence of transient failures in the interconnection network. Additionally, we show that our proposal has virtually no impact on execution time with respect to a non fault-tolerant protocol, and just entails modest hardware and network traffic overhead.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630095,no
Efficiency enhancement of microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure,"Defected ground structures (DGS) have been developed to improve characteristics of many microwave devices. Although the DGS has advantages in the area of the microwave filter design, microstrip antenna design for different applications such as cross polarization reduction and mutual coupling reduction etc., it can also be used for the antenna size reduction. The etching of a defect in the ground plane is a unique technique for the antenna size reduction. The DGS is easy to be an equivalent LC resonator circuit. The value of the inductance and capacitance depends on the area and size of the defect. By varying the various dimensions of the defect, the desired resonance frequency can be achieved. In this paper the effect of dumbbell shaped DGS, to the size reduction of a microstrip patch antenna is investigated. Then a cavity backed structure is used to increase the efficiency of the microstrip patch antenna, in which the electric walls are placed surrounding the patch. The simulation is carried out with IE3D full wave EM simulator.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4763036,no
Stochastic Fault Trees for cross-layer power management of WSN monitoring systems,"Critical systems require supervising infrastructures to keep their unreliability under control. We propose safety-critical systems to be modeled through a fault-tolerant architecture based on Stochastic Fault Trees (SFTs) and we refer to a scenario where the monitoring infrastructure is a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). SFTs associate the failure time of leaf events with a non-Markovian (GEN) cumulative distribution function (CDF) and support the evaluation of system unreliability over time. In the reference scenario, the SFT model dynamically updates system unreliability according to samples delivered by the WSN, it maintains a dynamic measure of the safe time-horizon within which the system is expected to operate under a given threshold of unreliability, and it also provides the WSN with a measure of the contribution of each basic event to system unreliability.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5347071,no
Performance of Cooperative Sensing at the MAC Level: Error Minimization Through Differential Sensing,"Efficient operation of cognitive personal area networks (CPANs) necessitates accurate and efficient sensing of the primary user activity. This is accomplished in a cooperative manner by a number of nodes in the CPAN; the results of sensing are combined by the CPAN coordinator to form a comprehensive and timely channel map. The error of the sensing process is affected by various factors, including the ratio of the number of sensing nodes to the number of channels. In this paper, we present a probabilistic model of the sensing process and derive an analytical solution for the minimum number of sensing nodes that keeps the sensing error below prescribed limits. Then, we discuss three differential sensing policies in which separate sets of sensing nodes target idle and active channels only and show that the policy in which idle channels are given priority, but not exclusive treatment, achieves the best performance, as measured by the number of channels for which the information in the channel map is erroneous and the mean duration of that erroneous information.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4663487,no
Linux Bugs: Life Cycle and Resolution Analysis,"Efforts to improve application reliability can fade if the reliability of the underlying operating system on which the application resides is not seriously considered. An important first step in improving the reliability of an operating system is to first gain insights into why and how the bugs originate, contributions of the different modules to the bugs, their distribution across severities, the different ways in which the bug may be resolved and the impact of bug severity on the resolution time. To gain this insight we conducted an extensive analysis of the publicly available bug data on the Linux kernel over a period of seven years. Our observations suggest that the Linux kernel may draw significant benefits from the continual reliability improvement efforts of its developers. These efforts, however, are disproportionately targeted towards popular configurations and hardware platforms, due to which the reliability of these configurations may be better than those that are not commonly used. Thus, a key finding of our study is that it may be prudent to restrict to using common configurations and platforms when using open source systems such as Linux in applications with stringent reliability expectations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4601569,no
Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of fault tolerant control for an electric power steering system,"Electric power steering (EPS) systems are rapidly replacing existing traditional hydraulic power steering systems due to fuel and cost savings. The reliability of a column mounted EPS is improved by adding an alternate control scheme that is tolerant to a torque sensor failure (FTC). To accomplish this, a motor model based observer is used to estimate the total torque on the motor shaft. An independent estimate of the road reaction torque is generated from vehicle navigation signals and subtracted from the total to estimate the torque sensor output. A Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation is described where the EPS model, road vehicle dynamics and developed control scheme are simulated on an Opal RTtrade real-time platform. As the steering assist motor is the integral component to the control and estimation schemes, a physical DC motor is placed in-the-loop in lieu of the motor model. This simulation validates the developed method under more realistic operating conditions than using software simulation alone; such a HIL simulation can be useful as a development tool since it is more repeatable and cost effective than a full in-vehicle test.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4677453,no
Fault current level issues for urban distribution network with high penetration of distributed generation,"Electrical power production from distributed generation (DG) is playing an increasing role in the supply of electricity in liberalised electricity markets. The popularity of DG is on the rise due to a number of reasons that include: deregulation of power system, increasing difficulty faced in installing new transmission and distribution infrastructure and recent technological advance in the area of DG energy sources. Currently DG attracted to both distribution utilities and electricity users, as it can provide meaningful advantages to both. The increasing demand on the urban distribution network (UDN) imposed by new DG, such as renewable sources and Combined Heat Power (CHP), will impact on the operation of the UDN in a number of areas including fault current levels and voltage levels. In general most DG connections are small CHP plants employing reciprocating engine or gas turbine as a prime mover directly coupled to synchronous generators with electrical output up to 1MVA and with a 0.415kV generating voltage are mainly connected to low voltage busbars of 0.415kV and in some cases to 10.5kV busbars through a transformer. In general, all new connected DG causes some increase in fault level. For significant volumes, connection of DG that would most likely occur in the UDN, which would lead to increase in fault level issues as the UDN tend to have the lowest fault level headroom. The aim of this paper is to present the consequences and operating limitations of connecting DG to the UDN. The methodology used is based on the latest edition of IEC 60909 standard to calculate the maximum fault level in UDN with DG connected at MV/LV levels. The application of the methodology is demonstrated using ERAC power system analysing software on fictitious UDN, resembling part of a typical UDN where continuity of power supply is very important. A discussion is also included on potential measures available to reduce the fault level.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5311425,no
Optimization of reflow-thermal profile by design of experiments with response surface methodology for minimizing solder-ball defects,"Electronics-assembly companies are always trying to reduce solder-ball defects as their customers keep tightening specification since the solder balls could cause electrical short circuit and damage to the product. The effect of solder ball defects is not only on quality risk, but also on scrap costs. Consequently, electronics-assembly companies need to keep focusing on minimizing this type of defects. One initiative to overcome this problem is to minimize the spattering of solder while the product is passing through reflow-soldering oven. Reflow soldering is a complex process, which requires specific optimal soldering conditions based on experimental data. The trial-and-error method to determine the optimal conditions would require a prohibitively large number of experiments, however, and so the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been employed in this research to overcome this problem.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4654400,no
The Design Of Embedded Bus monitoring And Fault Diagnosis System Based On Protocol SAE J1939,"Embedded bus monitoring and fault diagnosis system, which was based on protocol SAE J1939 was designed in this paper. And this system took the 32-bit embedded one as a hardware platform, customized a WinCE6.0 operation system and used EVC as the tool to design the embedded application. The functions of CAN communication, protocol defamations etc were realized. Good human-computer interaction is developed and the system has already been applied on the bus.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5448928,no
Efficient software checking for fault tolerance,"Dramatic increases in the number of transistors that can be integrated on a chip make processors more susceptible to radiation-induced transient errors. For commodity chips which are cost- and energy-constrained, software approaches can play a major role for fault detection because they can be tailored to fit different requirements of reliability and performance. However, software approaches add a significant performance overhead because they replicate the instructions and add checking instructions to compare the results. In order to make software checking approaches more attractive, we use compiler techniqes to identify the ""unnecessary"" replicas and checking instructions. In this paper, we present three techniques. The first technique uses boolean logic to identify code patterns that correspond to outcome tolerant branches. The second technique identifies address checks before loads and stores that can be removed with different degrees of fault coverage. The third technique identifies the checking instructions and shadow registers that are unnecessary when the register file is protected in hardware. By combining the three techniques, the overheads of software approaches can be reduced by an average 50%.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536435,no
Efficient techniques for reducing error latency in on-line periodic built-in self-test,"Due to the high cost of failure, verification and testing now account for more than half of the total lifetime cost of an integrated circuit (IC). Increasing emphasis needs to be placed on finding design errors and physical faults as early as possible in the life of a digital system, new algorithms need to be devised to create tests for logic circuits, and more attention should be paid to synthesis for test and on-line testing. On-line testing requires embedding logic that continuously checks the system for correct operation. Built-in self-test (BIST) is a technique that modifies the IC by embedding test mechanisms directly into it. BIST is often used to detect faults before the system is shipped and is potentially a very efficient way to implement on-line testing. Error latency is the elapsed time between the activation of an error and its detection. Reducing the error latency is often considered a primary goal in on-line testing.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5521863,no
Study on fault-diagnosis models of different neural networks and ensemble,"Different diagnosis models, including multiplayer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function (RBF) and two types of support vector machines (SVMs), were designed, analyzed and compared based on the fault diagnosis of an analogue circuit instance. The experimental results show SVM model is of higher classification rate than MLP and RBF models, while MLP model has better ability to deal with uncertain signals. Considering different models correspond to different strategies, we combine four models of MLP, RBF and two SVMs to combine a diagnosis ensemble, which can achieve more accurate results than any individual model in the ensemble. The ensemble technique can provide a theoretical basis for further study on the fault diagnosis of analogue circuits.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5622734,no
Design and Implementation of Fault Tolerance in the BACnet/IP Protocol,"Digital communication networks have become a core technology in advanced building automation systems. The building automation and control network (BACnet) is a standard data communication protocol designed specifically for building automation and control systems. BACnet provides the BACnet/IP (B/IP) protocol for data communication through the Internet. Every B/IP device uses a B/IP broadcast management device (BBMD) to deliver remote or global BACnet broadcast messages. In this paper, we propose a fault-tolerant BBMD for the B/IP protocol. The fault-tolerant BBMD improves the connectivity of B/IP networks because a backup BBMD automatically inherits the role of a defective primary BBMD. The fault-tolerant BBMD was designed to provide backward compatibility with existing B/IP devices. In this paper, we implemented the fault-tolerant BBMD and examined its validity using an experimental model.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5373901,no
Design of IIR digital filters with prescribed phase error and reduced group-delay error,"Digital filters are often required to have constant group delays in many applications. Existing designs of IIR digital filters with no explicit constraints on the filters' group-delay responses usually lead to large group-delay errors, especially near the band edges. In design methods with constraints on group-delay error, much reduction of group-delay error have been obtained, but the phase error may not be small enough. In this paper, we design the IIR filter by imposing constraints on its frequency-response error and phase error, and using a sigmoid upper-bound function to shape the phase error. With this method, we have obtained both small phase error and group-delay error. In order to implement the design method, we combine the Steiglitz-McBride strategy with a relaxation scheme to convert the nonconvex design problem into a series of feasible quadratically constrained quadratic programming problems. Two example filters with specifications given in the literature are provided to compare the proposed design method with several existing methods. Design results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and good properties of the designed filters.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5554900,no
Software reliability allocation of digital relay for transmission line protection using a combined system hierarchy and fault tree approach,"Digital relay is a special purpose signal processing unit in which the samples of physical parameters such as current, voltage and other quantities are taken. With the proliferation of computer technology in terms of computational ability as well as reliability, computers are being used for such digital signal processing purposes. As far as computer hardware is concerned, it has been growing steadily in terms of power and reliability. Since power plant technology is now globally switching over to such computer-based relaying, software reliability naturally emerges as an area of prime importance. Recently, some computer-based digital relay algorithms have been proposed based on frequency-domain analysis using wavelet-neuro-fuzzy techniques for transmission line faults. A software reliability allocation scheme is devised for the performance evaluation of a multi-functional, multi-user digital relay that does detection, classification and location of transmission line faults.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4657466,no
Time Coordination of Distance Protections Using Probabilistic Fault Trees With Time Dependencies,"Distance protection of the electrical power system is analyzed in the paper. Electrical power transmission lines are divided into sections equipped with protective relaying system. Numerical protection relays use specialized digital signal processors as the computational hardware, together with the associated software tools. The input analogue signals are converted into a digital representation and processed according to the appropriate mathematical algorithms. The distance protection is based on local and remote relays. Hazard is the event: remote circuit breaker tripping provided the local circuit breaker can be opened. Coordination of operation of protection relays in time domain is an important and difficult problem. Incorrect values of time delays of protective relays can cause the hazard. In the paper, the time settings are performed using probabilistic fault trees with time dependencies (PFTTD). PFTTD is built for the above mentioned hazard. PFTTD are used in selection of time delays of primary (local) and backup (remote) protections. Results of computations of hazard probabilities as a function of time delay are given.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5458018,no
A Deterministic Methodology for Identifying Functionally Untestable Path-Delay Faults in Microprocessor Cores,"Delay testing is crucial for most microprocessors. Software-based self-test (SBST) methodologies are appealing, but devising effective test programs addressing the true functionally testable paths and assessing their actual coverage are complex tasks. In this paper, we propose a deterministic methodology, based on the analysis of the processor instruction set architecture, for determining rules arbitrating the functional testability of path-delay faults in the data path and control unit of processor cores. Moreover, the performed analysis gives guidelines for generating test programs. A case study on a widely used 8-bit microprocessor is provided.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5070942,no
Simulation of faults in DFIG-based wind farms,"Demand for wind power has increased considerably due to technological advances and favorable government policies. As a result, large wind farms with multi-megawatt capacity are connected to sub-transmission and transmission systems. With high penetrations of wind energy, performance of the overall system is affected by the technical impacts introduced by wind turbine generators (WTG). Fault current contributions from WTGs will have a significant impact on the protection and control of the wind farm as well as the interconnected system. This paper initially describes the modeling aspects of Doubly Fed induction Generator (DFIG) during steady state and faulty conditions. Further, a 9 MW wind farm with 6 units of 1.5 MW DFIG is modeled in Matlab/Simulink and, voltage and current waveforms are presented and discussed for symmetrical and asymmetrical faults created within the wind farm and in the power system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275379,no
The Optimal Morlet Wavelet and Its Application on Mechanical Fault Detection,"De-noising and extraction of the weak signal are very important to mechanical fault detection in which case signals often have very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, a denoising method based on the optimal Morlet wavelet is applied to feature extraction for mechanical vibration signals. The wavelet shape parameters are optimized based on kurtosis maximization criteria. The effectiveness of the proposed technique on the extraction of impulsive features of mechanical fault signals has been proved by practical experiments.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5304852,no
Pruning single event upset faults with petri nets,"Dependability of embedded systems is becoming a serious concern even for mass-market systems. Usually, designs are verified by means of fault injection campaigns, but the length of a thorough test often collides with the severe requirements about design cycle times. The number of fault injection experiments is thus usually reduced by performing random fault injections, or by focusing on selected fault models, or on components that depend on specific architectures and workloads. This forces to begin the validation campaign only when the system is fully designed, since specific details about the implementation or the workload are required. In this work, we propose to perform early fault pruning analysis on a formal model of the system, in order to identify the most critical components and computation cycles as soon as possible.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4813785,no
A fault tolerant journalized stack processor architecture,"Dependable architectures play an important role in many areas that impact our lives. Dependability is achieved by using a set of analysis and design techniques that increases the complexity and consequently the cost of systems. In this paper, to meet low cost requirement of IP cores, we propose a simple dependable stack processor architecture using a re-execution model of instructions in the case of error detection in consecutive sequences of instructions execution. The architecture is based on applying two memory journals as intermediate stages between processor and main memory in write operations. Then, we present the results obtained by using the developed emulation tools.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5196013,no
Efficient fault tolerant scheduling on Controller Area Network (CAN),"Dependable communication is becoming a critical factor due to the pervasive usage of networked embedded systems that increasingly interact with human lives in many real-time applications. Controller Area Network (CAN) has gained wider acceptance as a standard in a large number of industrial applications, mostly due to its efficient bandwidth utilization, ability to provide real-time guarantees, as well as its fault-tolerant capability. However, the native CAN fault-tolerant mechanism assumes that all messages transmitted on the bus are equally critical, which has an adverse impact on the message latencies, results in the inability to meet user defined reliability requirements, and, in some cases, even leads to violation of timing requirements. As the network potentially needs to cater to messages of multiple criticality levels (and hence varied redundancy requirements), scheduling them in an efficient fault-tolerant manner becomes an important research issue. We propose a methodology which enables the provision of appropriate guarantees in CAN scheduling of messages with mixed criticalities. The proposed approach involves definition of fault-tolerant feasibility windows of execution for critical messages, and off-line derivation of optimal message priorities that fulfill the user specified level of fault-tolerance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5641318,no
A middleware aided robust and fault tolerant dynamic reconfigurable architecture,Dynamic reconfiguration enhances embedded system with at run-time adaptive functionality and is an improvement in terms of resource utilization and system adaptability. SRAM-based FPGAs provides a dynamic reconfigurable platform with high logic density. The requirements for such an embedded high flexible system based on FPGAs are robustness and reliability to prevent operation interrupts or even system failures. The complexity of a dynamic reconfigurable system with adaptive processing module demands high effort for the user. Therefore a high level abstraction of the communication issues is required to support application development by an appropriate middleware. To achieve such a flexible embedded system we present our network-on-chip (NoC) approach system-on-chip wire (SoCWire) and outline its performance and suitability for robust dynamic reconfigurable systems. Furthermore we introduce a suitable embedded middleware concept to support the system reconfiguration and the software application development process.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5173886,no
Fault-Tolerant Scheduling for Periodic Tasks based on DVFS,"Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) technique is emerging in various battery-operated embedded systems to reduce the energy consumption and prolong the working life of the system. However, DVFS technology has been proved to have some direct and negative effects on the reliability of the system. Most existing schedulers of real-time tasks based on DVFS only focus on minimizing energy consumption without taking the fault-tolerant into account. To solve this problem, in this study, we developed a novel energy-aware fault-tolerant (EAFT) technique that was tailored for the real-time periodic tasks. The heuristic EAFT balances the allocation of slacks used for reducing energy consumption and used for re-executing the failed tasks. The simulation results showed that the proposed reliability-aware schemes could guarantee the system reliability and significantly save energy comparing to the existing allocating schemes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4709312,no
Harmonic distortion and measurement principles based on digital fault recorder (DFR) analysis,"Each type of device causing harmonics has a particular shape of harmonic current and voltage (amplitude and phase displacement). This work provides a methodology for analyzing the distortion from the data record of digital fault recorders in order to quantify the distortion in current and voltage. This can be done by decomposing the signal into its constituent components in the frequency domain, because of the fact that it is not practical to obtain and represent all the system detail for analysis. It can lead to inaccurate estimation of distortion in voltages and currents. A simple but realistic approach for resonance analysis is presented.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5308127,no
Energy efficient soft-decision error control in wireless sensor networks,"Energy efficient reliable communication over unpredictable wireless medium is a major challenge for resource constrained wireless sensor nodes employed in process/environment control application. In this paper, we suggest the soft decision decoding (SDD) based advanced Forward Error Correction (FEC) scheme for low power distributed sensor nodes. The proposed BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem) based adaptive Chase-2 decoding scheme offers attractive energy benefits as compared to hard-decision decoding (HDD). The reduced decoding complexity is obtained by limiting the codeword search space and fewer algebraic operations than standard chase-2. The realistic environmental scenario incorporating path loss, Rayleigh fading and additive white Gaussian noise has been considered to investigate the performance of the proposed scheme. A detailed comparative analysis is carried out with HDD of BCH codes using IEEE 802.15.4 compliant widely used MicaZ node parameters. The simulation results indicate that for low power WSN, proposed SDD based adaptive scheme could offer better tradeoff between energy and reliability than HDD schemes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5678758,no
Fault diagnosis and failure prognosis for engineering systems: A global perspective,"Engineering systems, such as aircraft, industrial processes, manufacturing systems, transportation systems, electrical and electronic systems, etc., are becoming more complex and are subjected to failure modes that impact adversely their reliability, availability, safety and maintainability. Such critical assets are required to be available when needed, and maintained on the basis of their current condition rather than on the basis of scheduled or breakdown maintenance practices. Moreover, on-line, real-time fault diagnosis and prognosis can assist the operator to avoid catastrophic events. Recent advances in Condition-Based Maintenance and Prognostics and Health Management (CBM/PHM) have prompted the development of new and innovative algorithms for fault, or incipient failure, diagnosis and failure prognosis aimed at improving the performance of critical systems. This paper introduces an integrated systems-based framework (architecture) for diagnosis and prognosis that is generic and applicable to a variety of engineering systems. The enabling technologies are based on suitable health monitoring hardware and software, data processing methods that focus on extracting features or condition indicators from raw data via data mining and sensor fusion tools, accurate diagnostic and prognostic algorithms that borrow from Bayesian estimation theory, and specifically particle filtering, fatigue or degradation modeling, and real-time measurements to declare a fault with prescribed confidence and given false alarm rate while predicting accurately and precisely the remaining useful life of the failing component/system. Potential benefits to industry include reduced maintenance costs, improved equipment uptime and safety. The approach is illustrated with examples from the aircraft and industrial domains.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5234094,no
Spatial error concealment for H.264 using sequential directional interpolation,"Error concealment at the decoder restores erroneous macroblocks (MBs) caused by channel errors. In this paper, we propose a novel spatial error concealment algorithm based on prediction modes of intra-blocks which are included in a H.264-coded stream and highly correlated to the direction of local edge within the block. The key contribution is to sequentially interpolate each pixel in a lost MB by utilizing edge directions and strengths efficiently estimated from the neighboring blocks, preserving local edge continuity for more visually acceptable images. The proposed scheme is simple to implement and more reliably recover high-detailed content in corrupted MBs. The experimental results shows the proposed method achieves reduction in speed by 14%<sub>~</sub>39% as compared to existing method, and outperforms them in PSNR by 0.5<sub>~</sub>1 dB as well as in subjective visual evaluation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4711239,no
Quantitative Analysis of the Error Propagation Phenomenon in Distributed Information Systems,"Error propagation analysis is of fundamental importance to assure safe operation and management of abnormal situations in any distributed information system. In this paper,the quantitative method is proposed to analyze all possible error propagation scenarios based on different topologies,error types and probabilities. The stated thesis was verified based on the experiments conducted on simulation model.From a safety point of view, the results provide some ideas of robustness: the knowledge how to design the most error resistant architectures.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5175993,no
Directional high-resistance earth fault detector based on zero-sequence components and wavelet transform,"Distance relays are subject to fail to detect some earth faults since the fault resistance is usually much more in the earth faults rather than the ph-ph faults. Typically a traditional zero-sequence-based method is used to detect a high-resistance earth fault. However, this method fails to detect some high-resistance earth faults. On the other hand, it may trip under normal conditions where there is a little unbalance. This paper introduces a new method utilizing both zero-sequence components and wavelet transform to detect high-resistance earth faults. This method does not trip under normal conditions due to unbalancing whereas it is very sensitive to high-resistance earth faults. It will be shown by using proper simulations that the proposed method is fast and reliable.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5697573,no
Formal Modelling and Analysis of Business Information Applications with Fault Tolerant Middleware,"Distributed information systems are critical to the functioning of many businesses; designing them to be dependable is a challenging but important task. We report our experience in using formal methods to enhance processes and tools for development of business information software based on service-oriented architectures. In our work, which takes place in an industrial setting, we focus on the configuration of middleware, verifying application-level requirements in the presence of faults. In pilot studies provided by SAP, we used the Event-B formalism and the open Rodin tools platform to prove properties of models of business protocols and expose weaknesses of certain middleware configurations with respect to particular protocols. We then extended the approach to use models automatically generated from diagrammatic design tools, opening the possibility of seamless integration with current development environments. Increased automation in the verification process, through domain-specific models and theories, is a goal for future work.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5090513,no
Design and implementation of fault tolerant CORBA-based middleware platform,"Distributed middleware can reduce the development cycle of distributed application system, and provide a good development environment and transparent support for distributed application. Developing the fault-tolerant distributed application platform based on middleware, it not only greatly simplifies the development of the fault-tolerant distributed system itself, but also improves the flexibility, scalability and reliability of distributed application, and is easier to deploy and manage the fault-tolerant system. From this perspective, we have designed and implemented a fault-tolerant platform based on active replication by using CORBA. Comparing the result in different systems, we know the middle tier is the bottleneck of the platform performance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5579449,no
A comprehensive approach for reliability worth assessment of the automated fault management schemes,"Distribution automation application for fault management in the electricity distribution networks is one of the main potential remedial actions to reduce customers' outage times and hence improve service reliability. For this purpose, various automation schemes have been developed and introduced in different countries and by different venders. However, the challenge for electric utilities, especially in today's competitive electricity market, is to identify and evaluate potential reliability reinforcement schemes. Accordingly, appropriate schemes must be determined and prioritized for implementation. In this context, reliability cost/worth assessment plays an important role. A comprehensive approach is proposed in this paper to quantitatively assess the effects of various automated fault management schemes on the distribution system reliability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484398,no
Aspect oriented software fault tolerance and analytically redundant design framework,"Diversity or redundancy based software fault tolerance does not come for free; rather it introduces additional complexity to the core functionality in the form of redundancy development, management and controlled execution. This results in tangling of core functionality with the fault tolerance concerns. This paper presents a novel design framework using static and dynamic advice provided by aspect oriented programming. The proposed strategy introduces, manage and exercise different fault tolerance strategies such that modularization is achieved by separation of these concerns from core functionality. A Mathematical Model of an Inverted Pendulum Control System has been used as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design framework.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5542623,no
An Integrated Framework for Checking Concurrency-Related Programming Errors,"Developing concurrent programs is intrinsically difficult. They are subject to programming errors that are not present in traditional sequential programs. Our current work is to design and implement a hybrid approach that integrates static and dynamic analyses to check concurrency-related programming errors more accurately and efficiently. The experiments show that the hybrid approach is able to detect concurrency errors in unexecuted parts of the code compared to dynamic analysis, and produce fewer false alarms compared to static analysis. Our future work includes but is not limited to optimizing performance, improving accuracy, as well as locating and confirming concurrency errors.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5254187,no
A Tool Supporting Evaluation of Non-markovian Fault Trees,"Fault Trees are widely employed in the industrial practice to support safety and reliability analysis. Various works have improved the classic formulation by replacing fixed probabilities of leaf events with Markovian distributions over time. We present operation principles, user interface and implementation architecture of a tool supporting editing and evaluation of Fault Trees where the time of occurrence of leaf events follows a generalized probability density function.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4634962,no
Design and Implementation of an Integrated Fault-Supervising System for Large HPCs,"Faults and failures are the biggest obstacles that limit high-performance computing systems (HPCs) to exert their functions and performance. To minimize or dispel their influences, the HPCs must be supervised to obtain correlative information in time, according to which effective actions could be taken as soon as possible. To probe into this solution, an integrated fault-supervising system (IFS) designed for a large HPC system is presented in this paper, with large numbers of distributed sensors and intelligent control units to acquire fault information rapidly. Furthermore, it has the ability of automatic emergency processing in certain circumstances according to the acquired information, and it supports both local and remote management with convenient and visual interfaces. Up to now, the supervising system has been acting well for a few years and helps the target system reach over 90% availability, which indicates in a degree that the design is successful and the supervising system deserves further research and could have a bright future in wider range of application.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4709160,no
Fault-Tolerant Prediction-Based Scheme for Target Tracking Application,"Fault-tolerance is an important function in target tracking application using wireless sensor networks. We propose in this paper, an efficient fault-tolerant approach for target tracking that prevents the loss of the target. Instead of using a single prediction mechanism, our approach uses a multi-level incremental prediction technique that adjusts the prediction precision of the target movement. The responsible node of target detection uses multiple historical information pieces to calculate multi-level predictions which have different precision levels according to the number of information pieces used. Thanks to our parametric prediction model, our approach increases the prediction success rate and decreases the target loss frequency compared to basic approaches that use simple prediction models.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5426034,no
Fault-tolerant average execution time optimization for general-purpose multi-processor system-on-chips,"Fault-tolerance is due to the semiconductor technology development important, not only for safety-critical systems but also for general-purpose (non-safety critical) systems. However, instead of guaranteeing that deadlines always are met, it is for general-purpose systems important to minimize the average execution time (AET) while ensuring fault-tolerance. For a given job and a soft (transient) error probability, we define mathematical formulas for AET that includes bus communication overhead for both voting (active replication) and rollback-recovery with checkpointing (RRC). And, for a given multi-processor system-on-chip (MPSoC), we define integer linear programming (ILP) models that minimize AET including bus communication overhead when: (1) selecting the number of checkpoints when using RRC, (2) finding the number of processors and job-to-processor assignment when using voting, and (3) defining fault-tolerance scheme (voting or RRC) per job and defining its usage for each job. Experiments demonstrate significant savings in AET.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5090713,no
Fiber Optical Gyro Fault Diagnosis based on Wavelet Transform and Neural Network,"Fault diagnosis plays an important role in detecting the reliability of integrated navigation. This paper proposed an intelligent method which combined wavelet transform with neural network to enhance efficiency. The combined method between wavelet transform and neural network was in series. Based on Daubechies, wavelet symmetry had been constructed. Through Daubechies eight-layer wavelet decomposing, detailed information of eight layers was achieved. Then the 8-dimensional eigenvector was used to train three-layer RBF neural network as fault sample. For RBF network is good at classifying, the network can detect a fault on-line after training. At the same time, it can classify faults and alarm. Gyro signals were chosen as the simulation inputs, the results indicated the method's applicability and effectiveness.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4735743,no
Versatile and Efficient Techniques for Speeding-Up Circuit Level Simulated Fault-Injection Campaigns,"Fault injection in circuit level has proved to be cumbersome and time-consuming when employed to characterize the soft error sensitivity of digital circuits, hence new generation of CAD tool is required to automate the faults insertion and the validation of soft error mitigation mechanisms of the circuits. This paper outlines the characteristics of a new fault-injection platform HSECT-SPI (HIT Soft Error Characterization Toolkit-Spice Based) and its evaluation in some benchmark circuits implemented with distinct processes and soft error hardening techniques. It also details some techniques devised and implemented within the platform to automate and speed-up the circuit level fault-injection experiments. Experimental results are provided, showing that the platform is efficient, accurate and can direct the design of soft error immune circuits with at least three orders of magnitudes speed gain.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725274,no
Generating non-uniform distributions for fault injection to emulate real network behavior in test campaigns,"Fault injection is an efficient technique to evaluate the robustness of computer systems and their fault tolerance strategies. In order to obtain accurate results from fault injection based tests, it is important to mimic real conditions during a test campaign. When testing dependability attributes of network applications the real faulty behavior of networks must be closely emulated. We show how probability distributions can be used to inject communication faults that closely resemble the behavior observed in real network environments. To demonstrate the strengths of this strategy we develop a reusable and extensible entity called FIEND, integrate it to a fault injector and use the resulting tool to run test experiments injecting non-uniform distributed faults in a network application taken as example.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4813809,no
LFI: A practical and general library-level fault injector,"Fault injection, a critical aspect of testing robust systems, is often overlooked in the development of general-purpose software. We believe this is due to the absence of easy-to-use tools and to the extensive manual labor required to perform fault injection tests. This paper introduces LFI (library fault injector), a tool that automates the preparation of fault scenarios and their injection at the boundary between shared libraries and applications. LFI extends prior work by automatically profiling fault behaviors of libraries via static analysis of their binaries, thus reducing the dependence on human labor and perfect documentation. We present techniques for automatically generating injection scenarios and we describe a simple language for expressing such scenarios. LFI does not require access to libraries' source code and works for Linux, Windows, and Solaris on x86 and SPARC platforms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270313,no
Fault Injection Resilience,"Fault injections constitute a major threat to the security of embedded systems. Errors occurring in the cryptographic algorithms have been shown to be extremely dangerous, since powerful attacks can exploit few of them to recover the full secrets. Most of the resistance techniques to perturbation attacks have relied so far on the detection of faults. We present in this paper another strategy, based on the resilience against fault attacks. The core idea is to allow an erroneous result to be outputted, but with the assurance that this faulty information conveys no information about the secrets concealed in the chip. We first underline the benefits of FIR: false positive are never raised, secrets are not erased uselessly in case of uncompromising faults injections, which increases the card lifespan if the fault is natural and not malevolent, and FIR enables a high potential of resistance even in the context of multiple faults. Then we illustrate two families of fault injection resilience (FIR) schemes suitable for symmetric encryption. The first family is a protocol-level scheme that can be formally proved resilient. The second family mobilizes a special logic-level architecture of the cryptographic module. We notably detail how a countermeasure of this later family, namely dual-rail with precharge logic style, can both protect both against active and passive attacks, thereby bringing a combined global protection of the device. The cost of this logic is evaluated as lower than detection schemes. Finally, we also give some ideas about the modalities of adjunction of FIR to some certification schemes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5577368,no
Fault-Tolerant Soft Starter Control of Induction Motors With Reduced Transient Torque Pulsations,"Fault-tolerant operation of induction motors fed by soft starters when experiencing thyristor/silicon-controlled rectifier open-circuit or short-circuit switch fault is presented in this paper. The present low-cost fault mitigation solution can be easily retrofitted, without significant cost increase, into the existing off-the-shelf three-phase soft starters to enhance the reliability and fault-tolerant capability of such soft starter systems. In the event of either thyristor open-circuit or short-circuit switch fault in any one of the phases, the fault-tolerant soft starters are capable of operating in a two-phase control mode using a novel resilient closed-loop control scheme. The performance resulted from the present fault-tolerant soft starter control has demonstrated reduced motor starting transient torque pulsations as well as reduced motor inrush current magnitude. The present fault-tolerant approach is applicable to any soft starters that control small to large integral horsepower induction motors. Simulation results along with supporting experimental results for a 1.492-kW, 460-V, four-pole, three-phase induction motor are presented here to demonstrate the soundness and effectiveness of the present fault-tolerant approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5291768,no
A Fault-Tolerant Routing Algorithm of P2P Network Based on Hierarchical Structure,"Fault-tolerant routing in P2P network has been a hot point. To raise the performance of fault-tolerant routing can highly enhance the stability and efficiency of P2P network. Through research, we find most routing errors is caused by highly dynamic characteristic of P2P network, such as peers frequently join, leave and fail, which is the main factor that induce routing errors. We proposed an improved algorithm to raise the performance of fault-tolerant routing of P2P network based on hierarchical structure theory, which is named as FTARH (Fault-tolerant Algorithm of Routing with Hiberarchy). The new algorithm makes full use of the superfluous capability of super peers to enhance the performance of fault-tolerant routing of entire P2P network.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5473644,no
Fault-tolerant scheduling using primary-backup approach for optical grid applications,"Fault-tolerant scheduling is an important issue for optical grid applications because of various grid resource failures. To improve the availability of the DAGs (directed acyclic graphs), a primary-backup approach is considered when making DAG scheduling decision. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and the practicability of the proposed scheme.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5376979,no
Experiences with formal specification of fault-tolerant file systems,"Fault-tolerant, replicated file systems are a crucial component of todaypsilas data centers. Despite their huge complexity, these systems are typically specified only in brief prose, which makes them difficult to reason about or verify. This paper describes the authorspsila experience using formal methods to improve our understanding of and confidence in the behavior of replicated file systems. We wrote formal specifications for three real-world fault-tolerant file systems and used them to: (1) expose design similarities and differences; (2) clarify and mechanically verify consistency properties; and (3) evaluate design alternatives. Our experience showed that formal specifications for these systems were easy to produce, useful for a deep understanding of system functions, and valuable for system comparison.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630075,no
A fault-tolerant system-on-programmable-chip based on domain-partition and blind reconfiguration,"Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are widely used in building Systems-on-Programmable-Chips (SOPCs) since they contain plenty of reconfigurable heterogeneous resources providing the facility to implement various intellectual property cores. However, with the shrinking device feature size and the increasing die area, nowadays FPGAs can be deeply affected by the errors induced by electromigration and radiation, which results in challenges of building reliable SOPCs. In this paper, a SOPC implementing a smart 1553B bus node is presented to investigate the challenges and illustrate a feasible approach for building a complex system aimed at high reliability and low recovery latency on a commercial FPGA. First, a general reliability model, the DomainPartition (DP) model, is introduced to formulate the SOPCs which contain multiple alternative configurations proving the fault recovery capability. The assignment of the alternative configurations for maximizing the reliability is then determined according to a first-order optimal solution under the DP framework. Finally, the blind reconfiguration technique is used to reduce the recovery latency. The experiments based on a Monte Carlo simulation approach are carried out to evaluate the reliability and the latency. The obtained results show that higher reliability is attainable with less overhead than the generic triple-modular redundancy method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5546245,no
Errors in determinstic wireless fingerprinting systems for localisation,"Fingerprinting is a technique that records vectors of received power from several transmitters, and later matches these to a new measurement to position the new user. This paper examines data used in earlier fingerprinting experiments in a WiFi network to characterize the eventual positioning errors. The implied relationship between real distance and ldquovectorrdquo distance between fingerprints is tested and found to be poor. However, because fingerprinting algorithms use nearest neighbour techniques, these nearby fingerprints were examined and found to be better behaved.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4556177,no
Fault Localization for Firewall Policies,"Firewalls are the mainstay of enterprise security and the most widely adopted technology for protecting private networks. Ensuring the correctness of firewall policies through testing is important. In firewall policy testing, test inputs are packets and test outputs are decisions. Packets with unexpected (expected) evaluated decisions are classified as failed (passed) tests. Given failed tests together with passed tests, policy testers need to debug the policy to detect fault locations (such as faulty rules). Such a process is often time-consuming.To help reduce effort on detecting fault locations, we propose an approach to reduce the number of rules for inspection based on information collected during evaluating failed tests. Our approach ranks the reduced rules to decide which rules should be inspected first. We performed experiments on applying our approach. The empirical results show that our approach can reduce 56% of rules that are required for inspection in fault localization.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5283420,no
Efficiency of probabilistic testability analysis for soft error effect analysis: A case study,"Evaluating the potential functional effects of soft errors (single or multiple bit-flips) in digital circuits becomes a critical design constraint. The usual approaches, based on fault injection techniques, suffer several limitations. New approaches, better suited to large circuits with complex workloads, are therefore suitable. An innovative approach was recently proposed, based on probabilistic testability analysis. This paper compares the presented results with results obtained from extensive fault injection campaigns.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4938062,no
Minimizing Latency in Fault-Tolerant Distributed Stream Processing Systems,"Event stream processing (ESP) applications target the real-time processing of huge amounts of data. Events traverse a graph of stream processing operators where the information of interest is extracted. As these applications gain popularity, the requirements for scalability, availability, and dependability increase. In terms of dependability and availability, many applications require a precise recovery, i.e., a guarantee that the outputs during and after a recovery would be the same as if the failure that triggered recovery had never occurred. Existing solutions for precise recovery induce prohibitive latency costs, either by requiring continuous checkpoint or logging (in a passive replication approach) or perfect synchronization between replicas executing the same operations (in an active replication approach). We introduce a novel technique to guarantee precise recovery for ESP applications while minimizing the latency costs as compared to traditional approaches. The technique minimizes latencies via speculative execution in a distributed system. In terms of scalability, the key component of our approach is a modified software transactional memory that provides not only the speculation capabilities but also optimistic parallelization for costly operations.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5158422,no
Time Series Forecasting Model with Error Correction by Structure Adaptive Support Vector Machine,"Exactly power load forecasting especially the short-term load forecasting is of important significance in the case of energy shortage today. In power system, due to the complexity of the historical load data and the randomness of a lot of uncertain factors influence, the observed historical data showed linear and nonlinear characteristics. A hybrid methodology is proposed to take advantage of the unique strength of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and SVM (support vector machine) networks in linear and nonlinear modeling, which is an error correction method to create synergies in the overall forecasting process. ARIMA model is used to generate a linear forecast in the first stage, and then SVM is developed as the nonlinear pattern recognition to correct the estimation error in ARIMA forecast. The effectiveness of the hybird-model has been tested by one example. The experimental results show that the hybrid model can more effectively improve the forecasting accuracy than ARIMA-BP.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4723090,no
Probing Human Error as Causal Factor in Incidents with Major Accident Potential,"Existing literature suggests that human error is directly linked to the majority of industrial incidents and accidents. The increasing use of computers and software in safety-critical systems makes systems more integrated and dependent and this can increase the risk if barrier integrity is reduced. This paper demonstrates how the Human Factors Assessment and Classification System (HFACS) can be applied to analyze incidents with major accident potential. One report from a Norwegian offshore Oil & Gas incident with major accident potential was analyzed to classify the causal factors for the purpose of making a relative comparison of these factors. The results revealed that failures on the organizational level were the most prevailing, representing almost three-quarters of all causal factors, while unsafe acts represented fourteen percent. Thus, organizational factors appear essential in risk management and failures on the organizational level require more attention to mitigate risks in the future.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4782887,no
Image Dependent Spatial Shape Error Concealment for Multiple Shapes,"Existing shape error concealment techniques consider a single closed shape at a time. However, in many applications there are commonly multiple shapes in a scene/object and they are not necessarily closed. Existing techniques attempt to conceal errors whenever they find a decoded shape is broken. However, in a multiple shape context, it is not that straightforward, as it becomes crucial to determine whether a segment is broken due to data losses or just the beginning of a new segment. This paper presents an image dependent shape-error concealment technique for multiple shapes (ISCM) which exploits textural information using a rubberband function to determine proper localisation of the shape errors and effectively recover them. Comparative experimental results analysis confirms both a superior error concealment performance and an improved robustness of ISCM technique.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634016,no
A Classification-Based Approach to Fault-Tolerance Support in Parallel Programs,"Fault tolerance is an important requirement for long-running parallel programs. This paper presents a different approach to fault-tolerance support in message-passing parallel programs based on their structural and behavioral characteristics, commonly known as patterns. A classification of these patterns and their applicable fault-tolerance strategies is aimed to facilitate an application developer to incorporate appropriate fault-tolerance strategies to an application. Fault-tolerance strategies for two of the patterns are discussed, and one specific strategy is elaborated and analyzed. The presented strategies have been incorporated into a fault-tolerance support framework called FT-PAS. One objective of the framework is to separate the fault tolerance related details from an application developer's main objectives (separation-of-concerns). The paper presents the additional key features of the framework, and concludes with a discussion on current and future research directions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5372795,no
Position estimator including saturation and iron losses for encoder fault detection of doubly-fed induction machine,"Fault tolerance is gaining interest to increase reliability and availability, for example for distributed energy systems. Doubly fed induction generators need rotor position information for high performance control. As part of a multi-sensor fault tolerant generator system, fault tolerance of the position sensor is presented, using a position estimator. A known position estimator is improved and thoroughly described, including effects of machine saturation and iron losses. The fault detection and isolation is described and the reconfiguration from encoder to sensorless operation is shown. Measurements are provided and show good and fast results. Steady state properties of encoder and sensorless operation are compared.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4635462,no
"Fault-tolerant routing in A PRDT(2,1)-based NoC","Fault tolerance is one of the most dominant issues for NoC systems. This paper presents a new fault tolerant routing algorithm for a network topology PRDT(2,1). The proposed algorithm converts a fault region into a rectangular in shape without disabling a large number of non-faulty nodes. It provides strong self-adaptability while utilizing as few virtual channels as possible. As a result, the connection keeps unchanged only if the network does not break by fault regions. In addition, it has been shown that the proposed algorithm can guarantee the connection and the deadlock-free of the network. The result of simulation shows that the proposed routing algorithm is of feasibility of gracefully degraded operation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5485579,no
Emulation of Transient Software Faults for Dependability Assessment: A Case Study,"Fault Tolerance Mechanisms (FTMs) are extensively used in software systems to counteract software faults, in particular against faults that manifest transiently, namely Mandelbugs. In this scenario, Software Fault Injection (SFI) plays a key role for the verification and the improvement of FTMs. However, no previous work investigated whether SFI techniques are able to emulate Mandelbugs adequately. This is an important concern for assessing critical systems, since Mandelbugs are a major cause of failures, and FTMs are specifically tailored for this class of software faults. In this paper, we analyze an existing state-of-the-art SFI technique, namely G-SWFIT, in the context of a real-world fault-tolerant system for Air Traffic Control (ATC). The analysis highlights limitations of G-SWFIT regarding its ability to emulate the transient nature of Mandelbugs, because most of injected faults are activated in the early phase of execution, and they deterministically affect process replicas in the system. We also notice that G-SWFIT leaves untested the 35% of states of the considered system. Moreover, by means of an experiment, we show how emulation of Mandelbugs is useful to improve SFI. In particular, we emulate concurrency faults, which are a critical sub-class of Mandelbugs, in a fully representative way. We show that proper fault triggering can increase the confidence in FTMs' testing, since it is possible to reduce the amount of untested states down to 5%.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5474200,no
The Design and Implementation of the Computer Aided Fault Tree Analysis System Based on UML and J2EE Technology,"Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is a hotspot both in academic field and in modern industry. The FTA method is a means that evaluates the system reliability and safeties, using to predict and examine the faults, analyzing the weak link of system, guiding to circulate and maintain, and the optimization design of system. Along with the technical exaltation of the computer science, the computer aided technology has already become an important method to the fault tree analysis. In order to explore a effective FTA model for modern industry domain in China, this paper studied FTA and its development, analyzed the problems existed in FTA as well as the deficiency in implementing FTA, and proposed an integrated FTA system - Computer Aided FTA System (CAFTA). Finally, this paper expounded the process of the system's designing and implementing based on UML and J2EE technology.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5370449,no
Instruction Precomputation for Fault Detection,"Fault tolerance (FT) is becoming increasingly important in computing systems. This work proposes and evaluates the instruction precomputation technique to detect hardware faults. Applications are profiled off-line, and the most frequent instruction instances with their operands and results are loaded into the precomputation table when executing. The precomputation-based error detection technique is used in conjunction with another method that duplicates all instructions and compares the results. In the precomputation-enabled version, whenever possible, the instruction compares its result with a precomputed value, rather than executing twice. Another precomputation-based scheme does not execute the precomputed instructions at all, assuming that precomputation provides sufficient reliability. Precomputation improves the fault coverage (including permanent and some other faults) and performance of the duplication method. The proposed method is compared to an instruction memoization-based technique. The performance improvements of the precomputation- and memoization-based schemes are comparable, while precomputation has a better long-lasting fault coverage and is considerably cheaper.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5350222,no
Crash fault detection in celerating environments,"Failure detectors are a service that provides (approximate) information about process crashes in a distributed system. The well-known ldquoeventually perfectrdquo failure detector, diamP, has been implemented in partially synchronous systems with unknown upper bounds on message delay and relative process speeds. However, previous implementations have overlooked an important subtlety with respect to measuring the passage of time in ldquoceleratingrdquo environments, in which absolute process speeds can continually increase or decrease while maintaining bounds on relative process speeds. Existing implementations either use action clocks, which fail in accelerating environments, or use real-time clocks, which fail in decelerating environments. We propose the use of bichronal clocks, which are a composition of action clocks and real-time clocks. Our solution can be readily adopted to make existing implementations of diamP robust to process celeration, which can result from hardware upgrades, server overloads, denial-of-service attacks, and other system volatilities.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5161050,no
A fault diagnosis model for embedded software based on FMEA/FTA and bayesian network,"Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and fault tree analysis (FTA) are two effective fault analysis technologies and the integration of them is also applied widely in many industry domains. But when they are used for fault diagnosis, the ability of inference is not very enough and especially they are not suitable to use the fault related symptoms to do some posterior inference. To solve this problem, this paper combines FMEA and FTA based on Bayesian Network (BN) to form a fault diagnosis analysis model. Case study shows that this model has a good FMEA/FTA fusion ability and posterior inference ability for embedded software fault diagnosis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270082,no
Spectrum-Based Multiple Fault Localization,"Fault diagnosis approaches can generally be categorized into spectrum-based fault localization (SFL, correlating failures with abstractions of program traces), and model-based diagnosis (MBD, logic reasoning over a behavioral model). Although MBD approaches are inherently more accurate than SFL, their high computational complexity prohibits application to large programs. We present a framework to combine the best of both worlds, coined BARINEL. The program is modeled using abstractions of program traces (as in SFL) while Bayesian reasoning is used to deduce multiple-fault candidates and their probabilities (as in MBD). A particular feature of BARINEL is the usage of a probabilistic component model that accounts for the fact that faulty components may fail intermittently. Experimental results on both synthetic and real software programs show that BARINEL typically outperforms current SFL approaches at a cost complexity that is only marginally higher. In the context of single faults this superiority is established by formal proof.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5431781,no
Fault current limiter allocation and sizing in distribution system in presence of distributed generation,"Expose of distributed generation (DG) to the distribution network increases the fault current level. This will give rise to fault current which is normally greater than interrupt capability of breakers and fuses. The introduction of solid state fault current limiters (SSFCLs) becomes an effective way for suppressing such a high short-circuit current fault in distribution systems. In this paper, the effect of proposed SSFCL on reduction of fault current is investigated. Then genetic algorithm is employed to search for the optimal number, locations and size of proposed SSFCL. The Numerical and simulation results show the efficiency of proposed GA based FCL allocation and sizing method in terms of minimization of distribution protection system cost.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275298,no
Issues of Fail-Over Switching for Fault-Tolerant Ethernet Implementation,Fail-over switching is a key factor in approaches to fault-tolerant Ethernet (FTE) implementation. This paper presents some key points in the fail-over switching process of popular two-port FTE. A new algorithm of fail-over switching for multi-ports is then presented. This is based on our new hybrid approach. A simulation tool has been developed to aid identification of fail-over switching time. Recommendations on the selection of the design parameters for FTE implementation are provided. These results can be directly applicable to conventional hardware-based approaches.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5260934,no
A Grouping-Based Strategy to Improve the Effectiveness of Fault Localization Techniques,"Fault localization is one of the most expensive activities of program debugging, which is why the recent years have witnessed the development of many different fault localization techniques. This paper proposes a grouping-based strategy that can be applied to various techniques in order to boost their fault localization effectiveness. The applicability of the strategy is assessed over - Tarantula and a radial basis function neural network-based technique; across three different sets of programs (the Siemens suite, grep and gzip). Results are suggestive that the grouping-based strategy is capable of significantly improving the fault localization effectiveness and is not limited to any particular fault localization technique. The proposed strategy does not require any additional information than what was already collected as input to the fault localization technique, and does not require the technique to be modified in any way.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562940,no
A BBN-Based Approach for Fault Localization,"Fault localization techniques help programmers find out the locations and the causes of the faults and accelerate the debugging process. The relation between the fault and the failure is usually complicated, making it hard to deduce how a fault causes the failure. Analysis of variance is broadly used in many correlative researches. In this paper, a Bayesian belief network (BBN) for fault reasoning was constructed based on the suspicious pattern, whose nodes consist of the suspicious pattern and the callers of the methods that constitute the suspicious pattern. The constructing algorithm of the BBN, the correlative probabilities, and the formula for the conditional probabilities of each arc of the BBN were defined. A reasoning algorithm based on the BBN was proposed, through which the faulty module can be found and the probability for each module containing the fault can be calculated. An evaluation method was proposed. Experiments were executed to evaluation this fault localization technique. The data demonstrated that this technique could achieve an average accuracy of 0.761 and an average recall of 0.737. This fault localization technique is very effective and has high practical value.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5072608,no
Modern fault location technique for the utility,"Fault location (FL) is one of the most important diagnostics tasks in transmission and distribution networks. Due to long distances of the power lines, the search and repair can take a long time, while modern microprocessor technology can help automate the FL process and give a precise (up to a span) location of the fault. The fault extinction time is reduced dramatically. In this report, the basic sources of FL inaccuracy in existing techniques are discussed. The new algorithms and solutions are offered in order to reach higher accuracy of the fault position estimate in application. The proposed techniques of FL and power system modeling have been tested and put in operation, which approved its characteristics conformance. The application issues of the FL implementation in autonomous intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are outlined on the basis of a response of a large utility.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5282019,no
Maximum Throughput Obtaining of IEEE 802.15.3 TDMA Mechanism under Error-Prone Channel,"IEEE 802.15.3 efficiently uses time division multiple accesses (TDMA) to support the quality of service (QoS) for multimedia traffic or the transfer of multi-megabyte data for music and image files. In the TDMA mechanism for an allocated channel time (channel time allocation, CTA) and known bit error rate of the channel, the throughput can be maximized by dynamically adjusting the frame size. In this paper a throughput model under non-ideal channel condition was formulated, and then the adaptive frame size can be calculated from the model. In addition a feasible implementation of this adaptive scheme is presented. The mathematical analysis and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our adaptive scheme.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5305461,no
Automatic Detection of Defects in Solar Modules: Image Processing in Detecting,"Image acquisition devices which can get infrared image of solar modules is designed by using the principles of the semiconductor's electroluminescence, and image processing is applied to the detection system which can detect the defects automatically including black pieces, fragmentation, broken grid, crack and so on. At first the defects of the infrared image are classified and then the defects' types and locations are marked out after filtering, single-chip division, gray-scale transformation, binary, feature description and extraction, finally the results are feeded back to the database. This method increases the defects' types (such as invisible crack) which the manual testing is difficult to identify, it also can eliminate human errors which manual testing may produce possibly and can reduce labor costs, defects' rates, further it can improve the detection's efficiency and productivity of production line.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5600703,no
Hybrid based approach for fault tolrance in a multi-agent system,"In a complex manufacturing environment the ability to handle unexpected events is from crucial importance. Due to their distributed nature, multi-agent system provides a convenient way to enable failure tolerance. This paper presents a multi-agent architecture where the agents are combined with an ontology and subjacent low-level based on IEC61499 standard in order to enhance fault tolerance in such complex systems. We propose a hybrid approach for fault tolerance, where different types of agents are using different heartbeat mechanisms to detect exceptional events. The comparison with other related approaches shows its applicability with a reduced message flow at the same time.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5229934,no
Tripping of wind turbines during a system fault,"In a power system with significant wind power penetration, the tripping of wind turbines for a system fault condition can be a major concern to the system operator. With wind turbines employing different under-voltage protection settings available in the system, a fault on a transmission line can lead to tripping of a large number of wind farms depending on the voltages at the wind farm buses during the fault and the protection settings of the wind farms. As a result, an N-l contingency may evolve into an N-(K+1) contingency, where K is the number of wind farms tripped due to low voltage conditions during a fault. The severity of such a condition depends on the output of the wind farms during a fault, and if it coincides with the high wind and off peak loading condition, it might lead to system instabilities. Therefore, it is important for the system operator to be aware of such limiting events during system operation and be prepared to take proper control actions. This can be achieved by incorporating the wind farm tripping status during N-1 static security assessment procedure. In this paper a methodology based on Z-bus algorithm is proposed to determine the tripping status of wind farms for a worst case fault, so that it can be used in contingency evaluation procedure. The proposed algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and tested with a 23 bus test system.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4596676,no
Motion correction for augmented fluoroscopy - application to liver embolization,"Hepatic embolization is a procedure designed to cut off blood supply to liver tumors, either hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) or metastases from other parts of the body. While it often serves as a palliative treatment, it can also be indicated as a precursor to liver resection and liver transplants. The procedure itself is conducted under fluoroscopic X-ray guidance. Contrast agent is administered to opacify the vasculature and to indicate the arterial branches that feed the treatment target. These supply routes are then blocked by embolic agents, cutting off the tumor's blood supply. While methods exist to enhance fluoroscopic images and reduce the dependency on contrast agent, they are typically confounded by patient respiratory motion and are hence not effective for abdominal interventions. This paper presents an appearance based tracking algorithm that quickly and accurately compensates for the liver's bulk motion due to respiration, thereby enabling the application of fluoroscopic augmentations (i.e. image overlays) for hepatic embolization procedures. To quantify the accuracy of our algorithm, we manually identified vascular and artificial landmarks in fluoroscopy sequences acquired from three patients during free breathing. The average postmotion compensation landmark misalignment was 1.9 mm, with the maximum landmark misalignment not exceeding 5.5 mm.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4541306,no
Heterogeneous Error Protection of H.264/AVC Video Using Hierarchical 16-QAM,"Heterogeneous error protection (HEP) of H.264/AVC coded video is investigated using hierarchical quadrature amplitude modulation (HQAM), which takes into consideration the non- uniformly distributed importance of intracoded frame (I-frame) and predictive coded frame (P-frame) as well as the sensitivity of the coded bitsream against transmission errors. The HQAM constellation are used to give different degrees of error protection of the most important information of the video content. The performance of the transmission system is evaluated under additive Gaussion Noise (AWGN). The simulation results indicate that the strategy produces a high quality of the reconstructed video data compared with uniform protection.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5076199,no
The Effects of Traffic Patterns on Power Consumption of Torus-Connected NoCs with Faults,"High performance, reliability, transient and permanent fault-tolerance, and low energy consumption are major objectives of Networks-on-Chip (NoCs). Since,different applications impose various communication requirements in NoCs, a number of research studies have revealed that the performance advantages of routing schemes are more noticeable on power consumption under different traffic patterns. However,the power consumption issues of NoCs have not been thoroughly investigated in the presence of faulty regions. To the best of our knowledge, this research is the first attempt to examine the effects of most popular traffic patterns (i.e., Uniform, Local, and Hot-Spot) on power consumption of NoCs in the presence of permanent faults.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5341884,no
Performability/Energy Tradeoff in Error-Control Schemes for On-Chip Networks,"High reliability against noise, high performance, and low energy consumption are key objectives in the design of on-chip networks. Recently some researchers have considered the impact of various error-control schemes on these objectives and on the tradeoff between them. In all these works performance and reliability are measured separately. However, we will argue in this paper that the use of error-control schemes in on-chip networks results in <i>degradable systems</i>, hence, performance and reliability must be measured jointly using a unified measure, i.e., <i>performability</i>. Based on the traditional concept of performability, we provide a definition for the ??Interconnect Performability??. Analytical models are developed for interconnect performability and expected energy consumption. A detailed comparative analysis of the error-control schemes using the performability analytical models and SPICE simulations is provided taking into consideration voltage swing variations (used to reduce interconnect energy consumption) and variations in wire length. Furthermore, the impact of noise power and time constraint on the effectiveness of error-control schemes are analyzed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5175293,no
Fault-tolerant defect prediction in high-precision foundry,"High-precision foundry production is subjected to rigorous quality controls in order to ensure a proper result. Such exams, however, are extremely expensive and only achieve good results in a posteriori fashion. In previous works, we presented a defect prediction system that achieved a 99% success rate. Still, this approach did not take into account sufficiently the geometry of the casting part models, resulting in higher raw material requirements to guarantee an appropriate outcome. In this paper, we present here a fault-tolerant software solution for casting defect prediction that is able to detect possible defects directly in the design phase by analysing the volume of three-dimensional models. To this end, we propose advanced algorithms to recreate the topology of each foundry part, analyze its volume and simulate the casting procedure, all of them specifically designed for an robust implementation over the latest graphic hardware that ensures an interactive design process.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5549392,no
Automated SEU fault emulation using partial FPGA reconfiguration,"FPGAs are subjected to SEU faults. Fault emulation methods are used to verify the behavior of the system in the presence of fault. In this paper an automated fault emulation approach is presented. An original, fully automated extraction of SEU fault sources is introduced and the injection procedure for various types of faults in FPGA configuration and user memory is explained. Faults are injected during run-time using an embedded microprocessor. Only the resources affected by the faults are reconfigured. A prototype fault injection tool was developed and the approach is demonstrated on two different FPGA applications, micro processor BIST, and AES BIST.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5491825,no
Automatic detection of vowel pronunciation errors using multiple information sources,"Frequent pronunciation errors made by L2 learners of Dutch often concern vowel substitutions. To detect such pronunciation errors, ASR-based confidence measures (CMs) are generally used. In the current paper we compare and combine confidence measures with MFCCs and phonetic features. The results show that the best results are obtained by using MFCCs, then CMs, and finally phonetic features, and that substantial improvements can be obtained by combining different features.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5373335,no
SoC Symbolic Simulation: a case study on delay fault testing,"Functional test methodologies such as software-based self-test appear to suit well SoC delay fault testing. State-of-the-art solutions in this topic are quite far from maturity and few works consider software-based diagnosis for delay faults. In this paper we evaluate benefits and costs in using symbolic simulation for SoCs, in particular focusing on embedded processor core testing. Symbolic simulation principles are key to enable fast analysis and speed up delay fault diagnosis; to cope with SoC behavior, the traditional 6-valued symbolic algebra was expanded in order to tackle X and Z logic states. As a case study we consider a large design including many core types and suitable DFT for performing high quality test without scan chains.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4538810,no
Research on Fan Machinery Fault Diagnosis System Based on Fusional Neural Network,"Fusional neural network which is founded on information fusion and artificial neural network is proposed in this paper. With this novel algorithm, the fan machinery fault diagnosis system model is built. Meanwhile, the output diagnosis values are loaded into the sample library of the neural network to form the self adapting system. It is proved that the accuracy of the fault diagnosis conclusion can be improved by using fusional neural network.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4603622,no
Fault-Tolerant Permanent Magnet Motor Drive Topologies for Automotive X-By-Wire Systems,"Future automobiles will be equipped with x-by-wire systems to improve reliability, safety, and performance. The fault-tolerant capability of these systems is crucial due to their safety critical nature. Three fault-tolerant inverter topologies for permanent magnet brushless direct current motor drives suitable for automotive x-by-wire systems are analyzed. A figure of merit taking into account both cost and postfault performance is developed for these drives. Simulation results of the two most promising topologies for various inverter faults are presented. The drive topology with the highest postfault performance and cost effectiveness is built and evaluated experimentally.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5382514,no
History Index of Correct Computation for Fault-Tolerant Nano-Computing,"Future nanoscale devices are expected to be more fragile and sensitive to external influences than conventional CMOS-based devices. Researchers predict that it will no longer be possible to test a device and then throw it away if it is found to be defective, as every circuit is expected to have multiple hard and soft defects. Fundamentally new fault-tolerant architectures are required to produce reliable systems that will survive with manufacturing defects and transient faults. This paper introduces the History Index of Correct Computation (HICC) as a run-time reconfiguration technique for fault-tolerant nano-computing. This approach identifies reliable blocks on-the-fly by monitoring the correctness of their outputs and forwarding only good results, ignoring the results from unreliable blocks. Simulation results show that history-based TMR modules offer a better response to fault tolerance at the module level than do conventional fault-tolerant approaches when the faults are nonuniformly distributed among redundant units. A correct computation rate of 99% is achieved despite a 13% average injected fault rate, when one of the redundant units and the decision unit are fault-free as well as when both have a low injected fault rate of 0.1%. A correct computation rate of 89% is achieved when faults are nonuniformly distributed at an average fault rate of 11% and fault rate in the decision unit is 0.5%. The robustness of the history-based mechanism is shown to be better than both majority voting and a Hamming detection and correction code.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4840439,no
General review of fault diagnostic in wind turbines,"Global wind electricity-generating capacity increased by 28.7 percent in 2008 to 120,798 Gigawatts. This represents a twelve-fold increase from a decade ago, when world wind-generating capacity stood at less than 5 GW [1]. With wind becoming a key part of the electrical mix in Denmark (20% with 3.1 GW), Spain (8% with 10 GW), and Germany (6% with 18.4 GW), wind turbine reliability is having a bigger effect on overall electrical grid system performance and reliability [1]. This shows the impact of faults and downtime on the reliability of wind turbine especially for offshore wind farms which although are some of the most environmentally friendly and efficient methods to generate electricity in the world. However, the maintenance costs are high because of their remote location. This can amount to as much as 25 to 30% of the total energy production [2]. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of fault detection in wind turbines, study and analyze the faults and their root-causes. The paper also explores different techniques used in early fault detection to form base information for future work to build a general fault diagnostic scheme for wind turbines.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5547870,no
A study of student strategies for the corrective maintenance of concurrent software,"Graduates of computer science degree programs are increasingly being asked to maintain large, multi-threaded software systems; however, the maintenance of such systems is typically not well-covered by software engineering texts or curricula. We conducted a think-aloud study with 15 students in a graduate-level computer science class to discover the strategies that students apply, and to what effect, in performing corrective maintenance on concurrent software. We collected think-aloud and action protocols, and annotated the protocols for a number of behavioral attributes and maintenance strategies. We divided the protocols into groups based on the success of the participant in both diagnosing and correcting the failure. We evaluated these groups for statistically significant differences in these attributes and strategies. In this paper, we report a number of interesting observations that came from this study. All participants performed diagnostic executions of the program to aid program comprehension; however, the participants that used this as their predominant strategy for diagnosing the fault were all unsuccessful. Among the participants that successfully diagnosed the fault and displayed high confidence in their diagnosis, we found two commonalities. They all recognized that the fault involved the violation of a concurrent-programming idiom. And, they all constructed detailed behavioral models (similar to UML sequence diagrams) of execution scenarios. We present detailed analyses to explain the attributes that correlated with success or lack of success. Based on these analyses, we make recommendations for improving software engineering curriculums by better training students how to apply these strategies effectively.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4814190,no
FlexiTP: A Flexible-Schedule-Based TDMA Protocol for Fault-Tolerant and Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks,"FlexiTP is a novel TDMA protocol that offers a synchronized and loose slot structure. Nodes in the network can build, modify, or extend their scheduled number of slots during execution, based on their local information. Nodes wake up for their scheduled slots; otherwise, they switch into power-saving sleep mode. This flexible schedule allows FlexiTP to be strongly fault tolerant and highly energy efficient. FlexiTP is scalable for a large number of nodes because its depth-first-search schedule minimizes buffering, and it allows communication slots to be reused by nodes outside each other's interference range. Hence, the overall scheme of FlexiTP provides end-to-end guarantees on data delivery (throughput, fair access, and robust self-healing) while also respecting the severe energy and memory constraints of wireless sensor networks. Simulations in ns-2 show that FlexiTP ensures energy efficiency and is robust to network dynamics (faults such as dropped packets and nodes joining or leaving the network) under various network configurations (network topology and network density), providing an efficient solution for data-gathering applications. Furthermore, under high contention, FlexiTP outperforms 2-MAC in terms of energy efficiency and network performance.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4359454,no
Compiler-managed register file protection for energy-efficient soft error reduction,"For embedded systems where neither energy nor reliability can be easily sacrificed, we present an energy efficient soft error protection scheme for register files (RF). Unlike previous approaches, our method explicitly optimizes for energy efficiency and exploits the fundamental tradeoff between reliability and energy. While even simple compiler-managed RF protection scheme is more energy efficient than hardware schemes, this work formulates and solves further compiler optimization problems to significantly enhance the energy efficiency of RF protection schemes by an additional 24%.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4796549,no
A Compiler-Microarchitecture Hybrid Approach to Soft Error Reduction for Register Files,"For embedded systems, where neither energy nor reliability can be easily sacrificed, this paper presents an energy efficient soft error protection scheme for register files (RFs). Unlike previous approaches, the proposed method explicitly optimizes for energy efficiency and can exploit the fundamental tradeoff between reliability and energy. While even simple compiler-managed RF protection scheme can be more energy efficient than hardware schemes, this paper formulates and solves further compiler optimization problems to significantly enhance the energy efficiency of RF protection schemes by an additional 30% on average, as demonstrated in our experiments on a number of embedded application benchmarks.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5499157,no
Using Fault Modeling in Safety Cases,"For many safety-critical systems a safety case is built as part of the certification or acceptance process. The safety case assembles evidence to justify that the design and implementation of a system avoid hazardous software behavior. Fault modeling and analysis can provide a rich source of evidence that the design meets safety goals. However, there is currently little guidance available to bridge the gap between the fault modeling that developers perform and the mandated safety case. In this experience report we describe results and open issues from an investigation of how evidence from software tool supported fault modeling and analysis of a spacecraft power system could assist in safety-case construction. The ways in which the software fault models can provide evidence for the safety case appears to be applicable to other critical systems.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700333,no
An efficient fault diagnosis technique for home unified service system,"Home services have been emerging as a new profit for operators and a variety of home services are now being deployed. Service failures in millions of home networks impose new challenges to service operators due to the lack of operations and maintenances. In this paper, we investigate the use of a classic fault diagnosis technique, named codebook technique, for the fault diagnosis in home unified service system (HUSS) which uses a platform based technique to provide a variety of home services. To reduce the management cost and obtain the desired level of robustness, we propose two efficient minimum codebook algorithms to find the minimum set of symptoms. We evaluate the technique through a test bed of HUSS and intensive simulations. The evaluated results show that it can localize the service failures effectively and efficiently.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5606287,no
Defect Tolerance in Homogeneous Manycore Processors Using Core-Level Redundancy with Unified Topology,"Homogeneous manycore processors are emerging for tera-scale computation. Effective defect tolerance techniques are essential to improve the yield of such complex integrated circuits. In this paper, we propose to achieve fault tolerance by employing redundancy at the core-level instead of at the microarchitecture-level. When faulty cores existing on-chip in this architecture, how to reconfigure the processor with the most effective topology is a relevant research problem. We present novel solutions for this problem, which not only maximize the performance of the manycore processor, but also provide a unified topology to operating system and application software running on the processor. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4484787,no
Questioning Human Error Probabilities in Railways,"Human errors are regarded as one of the main causes for railway accidents these days. In spite of this fact, the consideration of human error probabilities in quantified risk analyses has been very rudimentary up to now. A lack of comprehensive data and analyses in literature lead to the use of estimations and values from other industries. This paper discusses the transferability of human error probabilities for railways and identifies problems in handling methods and values. A model of working systems is used to demonstrate the particularities of railway work places and to derive a structure for performance shaping factors that influence the human error probability. A holistic approach is proposed to support the determination of appropriate human error probabilities for railways.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4781283,no
Correction of humidity effect for detection of human body odor,"Humidity strongly effects the sensitivity of odor sensors. It is therefore a major problem in the use of electronic nose (E-nose) for most applications including detecting human body odor from armpits, where humidity at the armpits can varies to a large extent due to various human activities. In this paper, we propose both hardware and software approaches to correct the humidity effect. The E-nose was designed to efficiently measure volatile organic compounds generated from human body and was most optimized if both the hardware and software corrections were employed. Principle component analysis (PCA) method was used for pattern recognition and discrimination of human body odor. After humidity correction, our special designed E-nose not only shows the capability in detecting human body odor, but it is also able to classify two different persons who have the same life style and activities.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4600562,no
A Fast Algorithm for Robust Mixtures in the Presence of Measurement Errors,"In experimental and observational sciences, detecting atypical, peculiar data from large sets of measurements has the potential of highlighting candidates of interesting new types of objects that deserve more detailed domain-specific followup study. However, measurement data is nearly never free of measurement errors. These errors can generate false outliers that are not truly interesting. Although many approaches exist for finding outliers, they have no means to tell to what extent the peculiarity is not simply due to measurement errors. To address this issue, we have developed a model-based approach to infer <i>genuine</i> outliers from multivariate data sets when measurement error information is available. This is based on a probabilistic mixture of hierarchical density models, in which parameter estimation is made feasible by a tree-structured variational expectation-maximization algorithm. Here, we further develop an algorithmic enhancement to address the scalability of this approach, in order to make it applicable to large data sets, via a K-dimensional-tree based partitioning of the variational posterior assignments. This creates a non-trivial tradeoff between a more detailed noise model to enhance the detection accuracy, and the coarsened posterior representation to obtain computational speedup. Hence, we conduct extensive experimental validation to study the accuracy/speed tradeoffs achievable in a variety of data conditions. We find that, at low-to-moderate error levels, a speedup factor that is at least linear in the number of data points can be achieved without significantly sacrificing the detection accuracy. The benefits of including measurement error information into the modeling is evident in all situations, and the gain roughly recovers the loss incurred by the speedup procedure in large error conditions. We analyze and discuss in detail the characteristics of our algorithm based on results obtained on appropriately designed synthetic data experime- ts, and we also demonstrate its working in a real application example.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5510186,no
Using Evolutionary Testing to Find Test Scenarios for Hard to Reproduce Faults,"In industrial practice, developers are often unable to reproduce errors that are encountered by end-users or testers. Evidently, reproducibility is important for investigating the root cause of the error, since without knowing what causes the error, a developer cannot repair the software. This paper reports on the successful application of evolutionary testing by Rila Solution EAD to solve two real reproducibility problems they encountered. Rila's software application, the ChatPC, suffered from memory and data corruption faults, that were reported by users in the field but could not be reproduced in-house after considerable effort. This paper presents two case studies that show how evolutionary testing resulted in finding execution scenarios that could reliably reproduce the mentioned faults observed in the application.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463646,no
An Improved Knowledge Connectivity Condition for Fault-Tolerant Consensus with Unknown Participants,"For self-organized networks that possess highly decentralized and self-organized natures, neither the identity nor the number of processes is known to all participants at the beginning of the computation because no central authority exists to initialize each participant with some context information. Hence, consensus, which is essential to solving the agreement problem, in such networks cannot be achieved in the ways for traditional fixed networks. To address this problem of Consensus with Unknown Participants (CUP), a variant of the traditional consensus problem was proposed in the literature, by relaxing the requirement for the original knowledge owned by every process about all participants in the computation. Correspondingly, the CUP problem considering process crashes was also introduced, called the Fault-Tolerant Consensus with Unknown Participants (FT-CUP) problem. In this paper, we propose a knowledge connectivity condition sufficient for solving the FT-CUP problem, which is improved from the one proposed in our previous work.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5703234,no
An EMF activity tree based BPEL defect pattern testing method,"For testing BPEL defects efficiently, a novel BPEL defect pattern testing architecture based on the EMF activity tree technology is proposed. The EMF activity tree that is similar to abstract syntax tree is used to describe the BPEL service process structure. The mapping method from the DOM object tree of a BPEL file to the EMF activity tree and the recursive algorithm to generate an EMF activity tree are represented in detail. A typical EMF activity tree is shown and the visitor design pattern based traversal method is stated. The directions to enhance this technology are illustrated finally.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5485536,no
The application of RBF network based on the principle of immune in the condenser's fault diagnosis,"For the specific problems which is determined by the Center value and the width of the RBF neural network function, a new network training method is proposed. It is based on the immune theory and combines immune genetic algorithm with RBF neural network. And it is applied to realize the failure diagnosis of condenser. The result of verification shows that the proposed method can improve the accuracy and the speed of failure diagnosis effectively and has certain application value in engineering.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5541505,no
Mutation-Based Testing of Format String Bugs,"Format string bugs (FSBs) make an implementation vulnerable to numerous types of malicious attacks. Testing an implementation against FSBs can avoid consequences due to exploits of FSBs such as denial of services, corruption of application states, etc. Obtaining an adequate test data set is essential for testing of FSBs. An adequate test data set contains effective test cases that can reveal FSBs. Unfortunately, traditional techniques do not address the issue of adequate testing of an application for FSB. Moreover, the application of source code mutation has not been applied for testing FSB. In this work, we apply the idea of mutation-based testing technique to generate an adequate test data set for testing FSBs. Our work addresses FSBs related to ANSI C libraries. We propose eight mutation operators to force the generation of adequate test dataset. A prototype mutation-based testing tool named MUFORMAT is developed to generate mutants automatically and perform mutation analysis. The proposed operators are validated by using four open source programs having FSBs. The results indicate that the proposed operators are effective for testing FSBs.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4708881,no
Optical Metrology System for Radar Phase Correction on Large Flexible Structure,"In aerospace applications there is an increasing interest in metrology systems. Metrology systems are used in applications such as wave front correction and formation flying, for measuring deployable structure deformation/oscillations, and as the crude stage for interferometer missions. In this paper we describe a concept for a metrology system. The metrology system concept will be able to determine the Cartesian (x,y,z) coordinates of 100+ fiducials to an accuracy of 1 mm with an update rate of 10 Hz. Considerable deployment uncertainty can be accepted. The system operates by laser illuminated fiducials feed through optical fibers. One fiducial is illuminated at a time. A camera reads the transverse position of the fiducial, and the distance to the fiducial is determined by modulating the laser light and measuring a phase difference. The inertial orientation of the structure is measured by imaging the stars. A metrology system as described is essential to a radar antenna on a large flexible structure.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526391,no
How Well Do Test Case Prioritization Techniques Support Statistical Fault Localization,"In continuous integration, a tight integration of test case prioritization techniques and fault-localization techniques may both expose failures faster and locate faults more effectively. Statistical fault-localization techniques use the execution information collected during testing to locate faults. Executing a small fraction of a prioritized test suite reduces the cost of testing, and yet the subsequent fault localization may suffer. This paper presents the first empirical study to examine the impact of test case prioritization on the effectiveness of fault localization. Among many interesting empirical results, we find that coverage-based and random techniques can be more effective than distribution-based techniques in supporting statistical fault localization.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5254274,no
Reliability evaluation based on fuzzy fault tree,"In conventional fault tree analysis (FTA), some complex and uncertain events such as human errors cannot be handled effectively. Fuzzy fault tree analysis (fuzzy FTA) integrating fuzzy set evaluation and probabilistic estimation is proposed to evaluate vague events. The reliability of water supply subsystem in fire protection systems is analyzed using the proposed approach and the results prove the validity of the fuzzy FTA.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5646466,no
An Empirical Comparison of Fault-Prone Module Detection Approaches: Complexity Metrics and Text Feature Metrics,"In order to assure the quality of software product, early detection of fault-prone products is necessary. Fault-prone module detection is one of the major and traditional area of software engineering. However, comparative study using the fair environment rarely conducted so far because there is little data publicly available. This paper tries to conduct a comparative study of fault-prone module detection approaches.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676267,no
Corrective maintenance task ascertain method research based on FMECA,"In order to avoid repetitive FMECA (Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis) in supportability analysis tasks FMECA outcome data from reliability analysis is usually successively utilized tasks. But engineer usually encounter difficulties including that indenture levels definition are difference between reliability and supportability analysis and that FMECA outcomes data may not be directly inputted to MTA (Maintenance Task Analysis) for corrective maintenance task analysis. To solve above difficulties corrective maintenance task ascertainment method was presented according to comparing the difference between FMECA indenture level in reliability and supportability analysis in the precondition of inheriting FMECA outcome data from reliability analysis. Corrective maintenance task ascertainment procedure was constructed prone to operation for engineering. The related analysis worksheets formats were presented. It can be proved that good effects were achieved in terms of the applications in a type of plane development institute. The proposed methodology is demonstrated to make up the gap between FMECA and MTA in supportability analysis. FMECA and supportability analysis data can be seamless integrated.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270104,no
Study on Fault Tree Analysis of Fuel Cell Stack Malfunction,"In order to enhance the reliability and safety of Fuel Cell Engine(FCE), combined the composition of FCE developed by our group with the electrochemical reaction mechanism of fuel cell, the fault symptom of fuel cell stack malfunction was defined and analyzed from four aspects: hardware faults, software faults, environmental and man-made factors. Then its fault tree model was established, all the common fault causes were figured out qualitatively by Fussel Algorithm and were classified as 19 minimal cut sets. At last, the happening probability of top event, important degree of probability and key importance of each basic event were quantitatively calculated. Based on the study and analysis above, several effective rectification measures implied in practical work were put forward, which can provide helpful guiding significance to the control, management and maintenance of FCE in future.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5459114,no
A novel approach to architecture of radar fault diagnosis system based on mobile agents,"In order to improve radar fault diagnosis system, a new architecture of fault diagnosis system based on mobile agents is proposed. The architecture is based on an embedded network built-in radar system. It utilizes all kinds of mobile fault diagnostic agents in embedded network to detect shortcomings of distributed subsystems in radar. In the architecture, all MFDAs can migrate in embedded network, and can be centralized a personal computer so as to be updated and retrained conveniently for different batches of radar systems. In this paper, three kinds of start-up modes of fault diagnosis are illustrated, two kinds of multi-agent cooperation diagnostic frameworks are introduced, and a kind of structure of MFDA is addressed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5554097,no
Efficient fault-prone software modules selection based on complexity metrics,"In order to improve the software reliability early, this paper proposes an efficient algorithm to select fault-prone software module. Based on software module's complexity metrics, the algorithm uses modified cascaded-correlation algorithm as neural network classifier to select the fault-prone software module. Finally, by analyzing the algorithm's application in the project MAP, the paper shows the advantage of the algorithm.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5267972,no
The Application of Nerve Net Algorithm to Reduce Vehicle Weigh in Motion System Error,"In order to improve the Vehicle Weigh in Motion System with precision, the paper introduces Nerve Net Algorithm to error analysis. The article sets up a neural network model by determining the neural network input and output variables. Then, the function is defined by net training on MATLAB software. Finally through the experimental verification of Nerve Net Algorithm improving Weigh in Motion System accuracy is feasible.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5662402,no
The cold rolling strip surface defect on-line inspection system based on machine vision,"In order to inspect the cold rolling strip main surface defects in while product line running normally and control manufacturing process more efficiently, a novel cold rolling strip surface defect on-line inspection system is designed. Modularization design idea is adopted, the whole system is made up of light source module, image collection module, defect image processing module and server module. For making sure real-time characteristics of the system, high-speed linear CCD camera and relational high-speed fiber image collection card, high-speed FPGA image processing card designed by ourselves are adopted in hardware, RT-Linux real-time operation system is adopted in software. Aiming at low contrast and high noise of defect image, homomorphic filtering algorithm based on PDE is proposed for image preprocess; considering of the exist of defect image transition region, image segmentation algorithm based fuzzy-set and information entropy theory is adopted to accomplish defect abstraction. Based on these, kinds of features of defect are extracted, the defect classification based on fuzzy support vector machine is designed and classification experiment is finished, better classification effect is obtained.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5626924,no
What Makes a Good Bug Report?,"In software development, bug reports provide crucial information to developers. However, these reports widely differ in their quality. We conducted a survey among developers and users of APACHE, ECLIPSE, and MOZILLA to find out what makes a good bug report. The analysis of the 466 responses revealed an information mismatch between what developers need and what users supply. Most developers consider steps to reproduce, stack traces, and test cases as helpful, which are, at the same time, most difficult to provide for users. Such insight is helpful for designing new bug tracking tools that guide users at collecting and providing more helpful information. Our CUEZILLA prototype is such a tool and measures the quality of new bug reports; it also recommends which elements should be added to improve the quality. We trained CUEZILLA on a sample of 289 bug reports, rated by developers as part of the survey. The participants of our survey also provided 175 comments on hurdles in reporting and resolving bugs. Based on these comments, we discuss several recommendations for better bug tracking systems, which should focus on engaging bug reporters, better tool support, and improved handling of bug duplicates.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5487527,no
Predicting defects using network analysis on dependency graphs,"In software development, resources for quality assurance are limited by time and by cost. In order to allocate resources effectively, managers need to rely on their experience backed by code complexity metrics. But often dependencies exist between various pieces of code over which managers may have little knowledge. These dependencies can be construed as a low level graph of the entire system. In this paper, we propose to use network analysis on these dependency graphs. This allows managers to identify central program units that are more likely to face defects. In our evaluation on Windows Server 2003, we found that the recall for models built from network measures is by 10% points higher than for models built from complexity metrics. In addition, network measures could identify 60% of the binaries that the Windows developers considered as critical-twice as many as identified by complexity metrics.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4814164,no
Comprehensive evaluation of association measures for fault localization,"In statistics and data mining communities, there have been many measures proposed to gauge the strength of association between two variables of interest, such as odds ratio, confidence, Yule-Y, Yule-Q, Kappa, and gini index. These association measures have been used in various domains, for example, to evaluate whether a particular medical practice is associated positively to a cure of a disease or whether a particular marketing strategy is associated positively to an increase in revenue, etc. This paper models the problem of locating faults as association between the execution or non-execution of particular program elements with failures. There have been special measures, termed as suspiciousness measures, proposed for the task. Two state-of-the-art measures are Tarantula and Ochiai, which are different from many other statistical measures. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study that comprehensively investigates the effectiveness of various association measures in localizing faults. This paper fills in the gap by evaluating 20 well-known association measures and compares their effectiveness in fault localization tasks with Tarantula and Ochiai. Evaluation on the Siemens programs show that a number of association measures perform statistically comparable as Tarantula and Ochiai.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609542,no
Defect detection and identification in textile fabrics using Multi Resolution Combined Statistical and Spatial Frequency Method,"In textile industry, reliable and accurate quality control and inspection becomes an important element. Presently, this is still accomplished by human experience, which is more time consuming and is also prone to errors. Hence automated visual inspection systems become mandatory in textile industries. This Paper presents a novel algorithm of fabric defect detection by making use of multi resolution combined statistical and spatial frequency method. Defect detection consists of two phases, first is the training and next is the testing phase. In the training phase, the reference fabric images are cropped into non-overlapping sub-windows. By applying MRCSF the features of the textile fabrics are extracted and stored in the database. During the testing phase the same procedure is applied for test fabric and the features are compared with database information. Based on the comparison results, each sub-window is categorized as defective or non-defective. The classification rate obtained by the process of simulation using MATLAB was found to be 99%.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5423017,no
"Corrections to On the Suitability of a High-<formula formulatype=""inline""> <img src=""/images/tex/18651.gif"" alt=""k""> </formula> Gate Dielectric in Nanoscale FinFET CMOS Technology","In the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 1714-1719), the propagation delays in Table III are incorrect, being too long by a factor of two. Furthermore, there was a typo in the table title. The corrected table and title are presented here.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5291782,no
A runtime approach for software fault analysis based on interpolation,"In the application system, obtaining the information of the system at runtime and analyzing them are important for system adjustment. Many runtime metrics can be collected from software systems, and some statistical relationships exist among these metrics. Extracting the information of these metrics from the monitoring data and then analyzing the relationships between these metrics is an effective way to detect failure and diagnose fault. This paper proposes a fault analysis approach for the system at runtime which gets the information of the system by monitoring. We demonstrate this approach in a case study which shows that our approach is effective and is beneficial to find the relationship between the fault and the component.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5488642,no
Error Reduction Based on Error Categorization in Arabic Handwritten Numeral Recognition,"In practical applications, errors should not be treated equally, but conditionally. In this paper, errors are categorized based on different costs in misclassification. Accordingly, the characteristics of the error categorization and the corresponding strategies for correcting them are proposed. Verification based on Arabic Handwritten Numeral Recognition is considered as one application to utilize these definitions and strategies. As a result, the recognition results improved from 98.47% to 99.05%, and errors were significantly reduced by over 35% compared to previous studies. When a rejection measurement was applied, and the rejection threshold was adjusted to maintain the same error rate, both the recognition rate and reliability increased from 96.98% to 97.89% and from 99.08% to 99.28%, respectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5693607,no
Performance analysis of forward error correcting codes in IPTV,In recent years the forward error correction (FEC) schemes at the binary erasure channel have been researched for many applications including DVB-H and IPTV systems. In most cases the packet-level FEC strategies are implemented by either Reed-Solomon (RS) codes at the link layer or Raptor codes at the application layer. Recently an enhanced decoding method for RS codes was presented. The enhanced-decoding scheme is a combination of erasure and error decoding. In this paper we consider the performance comparison of the enhanced-decoding RS code at the link layer and Raptor code at the application layer in the burst mode transmission to give a guidance of FEC scheme for IPTV application. It is noted that the efficient Raptor decoding algorithm makes it possible to broadcast multimedia data more reliable and faster.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4560102,no
Research and application of the fault information integration and intelligent analysis in distributed grid,"In recent years, to build smart grid becomes a new focus, and how to fully collect and make effective use of the information of the intelligent secondary device get abroad attention. This paper presents a grid fault information intelligent analysis and processing system. It is a platform of fault information intelligent processing, used for an incorporate control center system of province and district level. It works in two parts, substation and control center. In the substation, a slave system device gather the information of relays and deliver it to the master system in the control center through Ethernet, and a recorder proxy device gather the information of recorders and deliver it to the master system through another Ethernet channel. The software in the control center has a layered and distributed structure, and import the information of relays and recorders with two isolated server in the data layer. The application layer of the software system can gather the information to a integrated report of a grid disturbance or fault with special process, include of using the fault index,fault time, etc. This method is effective of reduce the requirement of the hardware resource of the slave system, and can decrease the chance of Ethernet block. It can support the decision of the dispatcher and fleetly deal the gird fault. This system has been used in the control center of Taizhou district in Zhejiang province, and remarkably improves the level of management. The system is programmed to integrate with information of other systems, such as SCADA and EMS, and will get whole view of the grid information to give stronger support of building a smart grid.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5736069,no
Correction of image coordinate using landmark for setting error,"In recently years, the production method has changed from the diversification of a sense of values from mass production to diverse-types-and-small-quantity production on the production site. Therefore, a productive system that can correspond to changes in the environment is required. In a productive system that performs handling tasks, we use a hand-eye system with a camera and a manipulator and perform hand-eye calibration from two dimension images obtained by camera to the manipulator coordinates a three dimension system of in the hand-eye system. However, the camera and the manipulator positions in the previous system changed, and great error from the position, which performed the calibration, was caused even when the error was minute. Therefore, in this hand-eye system, changing this production system is difficult or re-calibration is needed. The projection matrix must be calculated so that the image coordinates obtained with the camera and the manipulator coordinates of three dimensions correspond again in the re-calibration. However, calculating the projection matrix requires great care. We propose a technique that simply calculates the manipulator coordinates of three dimensions from image coordinates without calculating the projection matrix again by correcting the image coordinates. Our experiment results show that the image coordinates can be corrected without calculating the projection matrix again using a landmark. In addition, a three-dimensional position was corrected simply, and we were able to handle the object.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5414651,no
Automated severity assessment of software defect reports,"In mission critical systems, such as those developed by NASA, it is very important that the test engineers properly recognize the severity of each issue they identify during testing. Proper severity assessment is essential for appropriate resource allocation and planning for fixing activities and additional testing. Severity assessment is strongly influenced by the experience of the test engineers and by the time they spend on each issue. The paper presents a new and automated method named SEVERIS (severity issue assessment), which assists the test engineer in assigning severity levels to defect reports. SEVERIS is based on standard text mining and machine learning techniques applied to existing sets of defect reports. A case study on using SEVERIS with data from NASApsilas Project and Issue Tracking System (PITS) is presented in the paper. The case study results indicate that SEVERIS is a good predictor for issue severity levels, while it is easy to use and efficient.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4658083,no
"A Model Driven Architecture approach to fault tolerance in Service Oriented Architectures, a performance study","In modern service oriented architectures (SoA) identifying the occurrences of failure is a crucial task, which can be carried out by the creation of diagnosers to monitor the behavior of the system. Model driven architecture (MDA) can be used to automatically create diagnosers and to integrate them into the system to identify if a failure has occurred. There are different methods of incorporating a diagnoser into a group of interacting services. One option is to modify the BPEL file representing services to incorporate the diagnoser. Another option is to implement the diagnoser as a separate service which interacts with the existing services. Moreover, the interaction between the diagnoser and the services can be either orchestration or choreography. As result, there are four options for the implementation of the diagnoser into the SoA via MDA. This paper reports on an Oracle JDeveloper plugin tool developed which applies MDA to create these four possible implementations and compares the performance of them with the help of a case study.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4815030,no
Color Correction Preprocessing for Multiview Video Coding,"In multiview video, a number of cameras capture the same scene from different viewpoints. There can be significant variations in the color of views captured with different cameras, which negatively affects performance when the videos are compressed with inter-view prediction. In this letter, a method is proposed for correcting the color of multiview video sets as a preprocessing step to compression. Unlike previous work, where one of the captured views is used as the color reference, we correct all views to match the average color of the set of views. Block-based disparity estimation is used to find matching points between all views in the video set, and the average color is calculated for these matching points. A least-squares regression is performed for each view to find a function that will make the view most closely match the average color. Experimental results show that when multiview video is compressed with joint multiview video model, the proposed method increases compression efficiency by up to 1.0 dB in luma peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) compared to compressing the original uncorrected video.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4914844,no
A colour correction preprocessing method for multiview video coding,"In multiview video, a number of cameras capture the same scene from different viewpoints. There can be significant variations in the colour of views captured with different cameras, which negatively affects performance when the videos are compressed with inter-view prediction. In this paper, a method is proposed for correcting the colour of multiview video sets as a preprocessing step to compression. The corrected YUV values of a pixel are expressed as a weighted sum of the original YUV values. Disparity estimation is used to find matching points between a reference view and the view being corrected. A least squares regression is performed on these sets of matching points to find the optimal weight parameters that will make the current view most closely match the reference. Experimental results show that the proposed method produces colours that closely match the reference view. Furthermore, when multiview video is compressed with H.264 using inter-view prediction, the proposed method increases compression efficiency by up to 1.0 dB compared to compressing the original uncorrected video.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7080229,no
A novel ray-space based color correction algorithm for multi-view video,"In multi-view video, color inconsistency among different views always exists because of imperfect camera calibration, CCD noise, etc. Since color inconsistency greatly reduces the coding efficiency and rendering quality of multi-view video, a novel ray-space based color correction algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly, for each epipolar plane image (EPI) in ray-space domain, feature points are extracted to form a corresponding feature EPI (FEPI). Secondly, radon transform is applied to each FEPI to detect corresponding points from different views and the average color is calculated from the detected corresponding points. Finally, for each viewpoint image, the optimal color correction matrix is calculated by minimizing the error energy between the color of the current view and the average color based on the least square error criteria. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm greatly improves the color consistency among different views. Moreover, the coding efficiency of the corrected multi-view images is greatly improved compared to that of the original ones and the ones corrected by histogram matching method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5118279,no
A Tool for Automatic Defect Detection in Models Used in Model-Driven Engineering,"In the Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) field, the quality assurance of the involved models is fundamental for performing correct model transformations and generating final software applications. To evaluate the quality of models, defect detection is usually performed by means of reading techniques that are manually applied. Thus, new approaches to automate the defect detection in models are needed. To fulfill this need, this paper presents a tool that implements a novel approach for automatic defect detection, which is based on a model-based functional size measurement procedure. This tool detects defects related to the correctness and the consistency of the models. Thus, our contribution lays in the new approach presented and its automation for the detection of defects in MDE environments.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5655578,no
Distributed Fault Diagnosis Using Dependency Modeling without Revealing Subsystem Details,"In the past decade, researchers have studied how to model complex systems for diagnostics using multi- signal digraphs and many algorithms have been proposed to perform inference on this graphical model. Multi-signal dependency model can be applied under a single agent paradigm or a cooperative multi-agent paradigm. Under the multi-agent paradigm, we have developed a distributed diagnosis algorithm which considered perfect tests and assembled dependency graphs at a central location (by knowing model of each agent). However, each subsystem dependency model may be constructed by an independent modeler who will be unlikely to reveal any proprietary information through the dependency model. So the preferred mode of model development will result in independent subsystem models that need to interact during operation in a distributed framework while preserving their integrity and proprietary nature. To meet these requirements, it is desirable not to force each agent to reveal its dependency graph structure. In addition, due to improper setup, operator error, electromagnetic interference, or aliasing inherent in the signature analysis, the nature of tests may be unreliable (imperfect). In this paper, we will extend our distributed diagnosis algorithms in three areas: 1). Dependency modeling without revealing subsystem dependencies; 2). Handle unreliable tests; 3). Distributed multiple fault diagnosis.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526615,no
Fault Tolerant and Adaptive GPS Attitude Determination System,"In this paper a fault tolerant platform for the GPS attitude determination is proposed. The algorithm encompasses speed, adaptability and performance as its key objectives and also deals with single hard errors (SHE) from the fault tolerance perspective. The technique is based on the ambiguity function method (AFM) but overcomes restrictions and computational overheads incurred by existing techniques such as AFM. The adaptation of the GPS architecture is done by using fine-grained or cellular parallel genetic algorithm to compute more efficiently the attitude parameters in terms of speed and performance. The algorithm also has the ability to efficiently search the complex search space imposed by the problem in addition to being immune to cycle slips compared to other conventional methods.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4839532,no
Categorization of minimum error forecasting zones using a geostatistic wind model,"In this paper a geostatistic wind direction model is applied to trace a wind speed map, based on data from official measurement weather stations distributed within the region of Andalucia-Spain. Each station's performance is assessed by comparing real measurements to those resulting from the linear interpolation of the rest. Once an error is associated to the station, the error is drawn in a map, in which minimum error zones can be delimited. Frequency and wind speed in each direction are the magnitudes of interest to get a first categorization of wind resources associated to the region. The interest of the method relies in the possibility of forecasting everywhere within the region with an error inside the tolerable margins.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5156005,no
Model-based fault detection in induction Motors,"In this paper a model-based fault detection method for induction Motors is presented. A new filtering technique based on Unscented Kalman filters and Extended Kalman filters, is utilized as a state estimation tool in broken bars detection of induction motors. Using the merits of these recent nonlinear estimation tools UKF and EKF, rotor resistance of an induction motor is estimated only by the sensed stator currents and voltages information. In order to compare the estimation performances of EKF and UKF, both observers are designed for the same motor model and run with the same covariance matrices under the same conditions. The results show the superiorly of UKF over EKF in highly nonlinear systems, as it provides better estimates of which is most critical for rotor fault detection.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5611214,no
Designing equally fault-tolerant configurations for kinematically redundant manipulators,"In this article, the authors examine the problem of designing nominal manipulator Jacobians that are optimally fault-tolerant to multiple joint failures. In this work, optimality is defined in terms of the worst case relative manipulability index. Building on previous work, it is shown that for a robot manipulator working in three-dimensional workspace to be equally fault-tolerant to any two simultaneous joint failures, the manipulator must have precisely six degrees of freedom. A corresponding family of Jacobians with this property is identified. It is also shown that the two-dimensional workspace problem has no such solution.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4806831,no
Video error concealment based on data hiding in the 3D wavelet domain,In this contribution a novel method for video error control and concealment is proposed. The system is based on the use of data hiding techniques for transmitting the extra information needed to recover the data lost during transmission. The embedded data is a sub sampled binary version of each key frame of the shot. The embedding is performed by using the Quantization Index Modulation (QIM) scheme in the 3D wavelet transform domain. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5699123,no
Exact error probability analysis of rectangular QAM for single- and multichannel reception in nakagami-m fading channels,"In this contribution, we derive exact closed-form expressions for the average symbol error probability (SEP) of arbitrary rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) for single- and multichannel diversity reception over independent but not-necessarily identically distributed Nakagami-m fading channels. The diversity branches may hence exhibit identical or distinctive power levels and their associated Nakagami indexes need not be the same. Our work extends previous results pertaining to nondiversity reception of M-ary rectangular QAM over Rayleigh fading channels and multichannel reception of M-ary square QAM over Nakagami-m fading channels. For a given number L of diversity branches and a corresponding set of arbitrary real-valued Nakagami indexes not less than 1/2, our SEP results are expressed in terms of Gauss's hypergeometric function <sub>2</sub>F<sub>1</sub> and Lauricella's multivariate hypergeometric function F<sub>D</sub> <sup>(L)</sup> of L variables, both of which can be efficiently evaluated using standard numerical softwares.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4768589,no
Study of the Test Flow Optimization Method in Radar Fault Isolation,"In order to optimize test flow after the default flow was modified by hand, a new software framework for the radar fault isolation was illustrated. This framework separated all mapping algorithms from the test flow graph so as to modify flow and to insert mapping algorithm dynamically in testing process. Based on this framework, a kind of optimization method of test flow was proposed and studied. By defining an objective function, we could evaluate all candidate test flows so as to get a optimizing flow. An example explained how to search the flow from candidate flows.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4960880,no
Ajax-based information publishing system for traveling wave fault location,"In order to real-time issue high precision faults location results for fault treatment, a Web based fault information publishing system for power grid traveling wave fault location is designed in the paper. The system adopts three-layer frame based on Browse/Server (B/S) mode, and uses Microsoft IIS 5.1 as Web Server. Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) technique is applied to realize the location results release in real-time, which can create more dynamic and highly available web user interfaces (close to a local desktop application). In addition, a detailed study is carried out for data security. The software has been applied in a real electric power network, practical operation results show that the software can release faults information dynamically and share faults data safely.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275285,no
Application of PNN to Fault Diagnosis of IC Engine,"In order to simplify data stream of automobile diagnosing instruments, a fault diagnostic method for internal combustion (IC) engine based on probability neural network (PNN) was presented. At first a PNN model was established, and then based on the sample of Jetta ATK engine, the model was trained and simulated by a number of sample sets of symptoms and troubles. Simultaneously, the comparison has been done between PNN and backpropagation (BP) network.The simulation experimental results demonstrated that PNN model is more feasible and successful than BP network model and could make data stream of diagnosing instruments easier.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5287738,no
Research and Assessment of the Reliability of a Fault Tolerant Model Using AADL,"In order to solve the problem of the assessment of the reliability of the fault tolerant system, the work in this paper is devoted to analyze a subsystem of ATC (air traffic control system), and use AADL (architecture analysis and design language) to build its model. After describing the various software and hardware error states and as well as error propagation from hardware to software, the work builds the AADL error model and convert it to GSPN (general stochastic Petri net). Using current Petri Net technology to assess the reliability of the fault tolerant system which is based on ATC as the background, this paper receives good result of the experiment.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4721310,no
Fault-tolerant communication over Micronmesh NOC with Micron Message-Passing protocol,"In the future multi-processor system-on-chip (MPSoC) platforms are becoming more vulnerable to transient and intermittent faults due to physical level problems of VLSI technologies. This sets new requirements to the fault-tolerance of the messaging layer software which applications use for communication, because the faults make the operation of the Network-on-Chip (NoC) hardware of the MPSoCs less reliable. This paper presents Micron Message-Passing (MMP) Protocol which is a light-weight protocol designed for improving the fault tolerance of the messaging layer of the MPSoCs where Micronmesh NoC is used. Its fault-tolerance is implemented by watchdog timers and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) which are usable for detecting packet losses, communication deadlocks, and bit errors. These three functionalities are necessary, because without them the software executed on the MPSoCs is not able to detect the faults and recover from them. This paper presents also how the MMP Protocol can be used for implementing applications which are able to recover from communication faults.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5335685,no
Error resilient macroblock rate control for H.264/AVC video coding,"In this paper, an error resilient rate control scheme for the H.264/AVC standard is proposed. This scheme differs from traditional rate control schemes in that macroblock mode decisions are not made only to minimize their rate-distortion cost, but also take into account that the bitstream will have to be transmitted through an error-prone network. Since channel errors will probably occur, error propagation due to predictive coding should be mitigated by adequate Intra coding refreshes. The proposed scheme works by comparing the rate-distortion cost of coding a macroblock in Intra and Inter modes: if the cost of Intra coding is only slightly larger than the cost of Inter coding, the coding mode is changed to Intra, thus reducing error propagation. Additionally, cyclic Intra refresh is also applied to guarantee that all macroblocks are eventually refreshed. The proposed scheme outperforms the H.264/AVC reference software, for typical test sequences, for error-free transmission and several packet loss rates.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4712209,no
Automated Deployment of Distributed Software Components with Fault Tolerance Guarantees,"In this paper, an MILP-based methodology is presented that allows to optimize the deployment of a set of software components over a set of computing resources, with respect to fault tolerance and response times. The MILP model takes into account the reliability and performance parameters of hardware nodes and links, and optimizes a (configurable) trade-off between reliability and performance by replicating software components where necessary and finding an optimal deployment for them. The complete system can be modeled using UML component diagrams and activity diagrams, and an algorithm is presented to transform the UML model to the MILP model. The resulting deployment can then be fed back into the UML model. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated through a case study.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4609407,no
An Unequal Error Protection Framework for DVB-H and Its Application to Video Streaming,"In this paper, an unequal error protection (UEP) scheme is proposed for DVB-H based on its link layer forward error correction. The scheme preserves the existing DVB-H protocol stack and maintains its original time diversity. The UEP scheme is further applied to DVB-H video streaming service. The H.264 based temporal scalable coding is employed to facilitate UEP application and provides a set of UEP configurations to accommodate different channel conditions. Experimental results show graceful video quality degradation provided by the proposed framework.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4698104,no
Error Rate Performance of Multilevel Signals with Coherent Detection,"In this paper, coherent detection for multilevel correlated signaling sets in additive white Gaussian noise is addressed. From the decision rule, a general analytical expression for the symbol error probability (SEP) is derived, which is in the form of a single integral. Our new result is not only in agreement with a known equivalent expression, but it also has a much simpler analytical form. The structure of the correlation matrix under consideration of the signaling set is quite generic, including various known signaling sets as special cases. Hence the derived SEP expression is useful for analyzing the performance of various coherent modulation schemes such as multilevel phase-shift and frequency-shift keying. Specific correlation structures which minimize the SEP are also studied. Based on eigendecomposition or LU decomposition, generic methods for constructing a correlated signaling set for any correlation matrix under consideration are also provided.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4698003,no
Online fault diagnosis of hybrid electric vehicles based on embedded system Changqing Song,"In this paper, embedded system was used to work for the online fault diagnosis of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). This system took 32-bit embedded one as a hardware platform, customized a WinCE6.0 operation system and used Embedded Visual C++ (EVC) as the tool to design the embedded application. Through this online diagnosis device, the failure phenomenon, failure causes and failure rules on hybrid electric vehicles were put forward. CAN communication and protocol SAE J1939 were applied in this system. As for the need of Real-timing fault-diagnosis, a new method of layered fault-diagnosis theory and reasoning algorithm which based on event trigger was presented. Meanwhile, the degree of confidence was counted by uncertainty reasoning rules. Testing results show that the online fault diagnosis equipment was very accurate and effective.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5610146,no
Identication error analysis of block orthogonal modulations for cognitive radio,"In this paper, error probability analysis is presented for a block orthogonal modulation identification using General Orthogonal Modulation (GOM). In a N-dimensional space, GOM is defined by a transfer matrix obtained by N-dimensional rotations. The modulation parameters are rotation planes and rotation angles.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5612293,no
"Imprecise Computation Model, synchronous periodic real-time task sets and total weighted error","In this paper an analysis of Imprecise Computation Model with respect to synchronous periodic, real-time task sets is given. In the analysis earliest deadline first (EDF) and rate monotonic (RM) scheduling algorithms for mandatory subtask sets are assumed. Two different approaches are considered. In the first approach the mandatory subtask set is modified in a way that mandatory execution times are extended. In the second approach the mandatory and the optional subtask sets are separately scheduled. The solution which minimizes the total weighted error is given for both cases. The single preemptive processor system is assumed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5546503,no
Bit Error Model of Wireless Channel Based on Chaos Theory,"In this paper chaos theories are applied to analyze wireless channel, and finds the chaotic characteristic of error bits in wireless channel. A novel and simple wireless discrete channel model - simple chaos (SC) model based on chaotic theories, is introduced and analyzed in detail. Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, analysis of the corresponding relationship between the model's parameters and different communication channels proving the model's adaptability to the burst characteristics of wireless channels.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4678437,no
Coincidence Summing Corrections in Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Using GEANT4 Code,"In this paper coincidence summing corrections in gamma-ray spectrometry have been analyzed in depth. Experimental setup included a n-type germanium detector and two efficient geometries of measurement (Marinelli beaker and air filter) calibrated with multi gamma radionuclides in the energy range of 40-1500 keV. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out using the GEANT4 code in order to develop this work. Firstly an optimization of the detector dimensions was performed to obtain the full-energy peak efficiency curve. Next, the simulation of the decay schemes for involved multi gamma radionuclides were appended to the GEANT4 code including beta, alpha, EC decay, together with the subsequent relaxation process consisting of a cascade of fluorescent X-rays and Auger electrons. In order to test the simulations an comparison between an experimental and a calculated spectra of <sup>133</sup>Ba point source was carried out. Finally coincidence summing effects for gamma-ray emission and X-ray, Auger electron, beta and EC electron were studied in detail.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5076086,no
Enhancement of Bug Tracking Tools; the Debugger,"In this paper test documentation and effort estimations have been investigated as well as Bug Tracking Tools. Four different existing Bug Tracking Tools have been compared with each other along with their features and drawbacks. Then a new one, the Debugger has been proposed. Testing is one of the most important tasks in developing any software. According to the experts, time and money play the crucial role in testing process, if someone wants to reduce the cost of developing a new project, he should take care of testing. In order to do this, documenting the test results could help the developer to classify them in different categories such as different process models and different types of errors in each developing life cycle phase, then by having these classified results, it would be easy to estimate the future test cases in order to reduce the cost of testing phase and eventually developing cost in similar upcoming projects.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5608890,no
Error detection in addition chain based ECC Point Multiplication,"In this paper the problem of error detection in elliptic curve point multiplication is faced. Elliptic Curve Point Multiplication is often used to design cryptographic algorithms that use fewer bits than other methods with the same security level. One of the mode used to break the security of cryptosystem is the injection of a fault in the hardware realizing the cryptographic algorithm. Therefore, to avoid this kind of attack, is very important to develop cryptosystems that are able to detect errors induced by a fault. The paper takes into account the algorithm for elliptic Curve Point Multiplication based on a sequence of additions called ldquoaddition chainrdquo and shows how suitable modifications of the algorithms used for computing the point multiplication adds the error detection property to the algorithm.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5196010,no
Dynamic observers for fault diagnosis of timed systems,"In this paper we extend the work on dynamic observers for fault diagnosis [1], [2], [3] to timed automata. We study sensor minimization problems with static observers and then address the problem of computing the most permissive dynamic observer for a system given by a timed automaton.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5717696,no
Algorithms of real-time correction of the fuel map and the ignition map of a race combustion engine with spark ignition,"In this paper we have presented the design and the functioning of a programmable controller for combustion engines with spark ignition, designed for the tuning of sports cars. We have presented the method of connection of the computer with the target system, a draft of the algorithm of engine's work and the structure of used data. The second part has been dedicated to the tested methods of the adaptive correction of the fuel map and ignition map contents. We have presented two of the designed and used algorithms, as well as the principles and effects of their work. We have also compared their performances and utility during tuning and use of a race car engine.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5637896,no
Non-uniformity correction using cosine functions basis and total variation constraint,"In this paper we introduce a new non-uniformity correction technique for receiver dependent intensity fluctuations in NMR images. Our method was designed for lower limb images, particularly those acquired in the context of muscular dystrophy studies . The new approach was motivated by the fact that in pathological cases we cannot make assumption about the characteristics of the various tissues in the image, which is a prerequisite and a main limitation for the numerous techniques proposed in the literature. In this work we considered a parametric model for the non-uniformity field based on combination of cosine functions. The estimation of the parameters was done by minimizing a cost function that reduces the variance in the subcutaneous fat as well as the total variation of the non-uniformity function. Experimental results were promising and showed the efficiency of the proposed approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5490068,no
Modeling and fault simulation of photovoltaic generation systems using circuit-based model,"In this paper, a circuit-based simulation model of a photovoltaic (PV) panel using PSIM software package is first developed. Then, 3 kW PV arrays established using the proposed PSIM model with series and parallel connections are not only employed to represent its I-V and P-V characteristics at variable surface temperatures and isolations under normal operation, but also to carry out the fault simulation. The proposed model can be applied to any brand of PV modules by setting the parameters properly. A 3 kW PV system constructed with the SIEMENS SP75 solar modules is selected as an example to verify the validity of the proposed simulation model.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4747019,no
Phase-Sensitive Detection of Motor Fault Signatures in the Presence of Noise,"In this paper, a digital signal processor-based phase-sensitive motor fault signature detection technique is presented. The implemented method has a powerful line current noise suppression capability while detecting the fault signatures. Because the line current of inverter-driven motors involve low-order harmonics, high-frequency switching disturbances, and the noise generated by harsh industrial environment, the real-time fault analyses yield erroneous or fluctuating fault signatures. This situation becomes a significant problem when the signal-to-noise ratio of the fault signature is quite low. It is theoretically and experimentally shown that the proposed method can determine the normalized magnitude and phase information of the fault signatures even in the presence of noise, where the noise amplitude is several times higher than the signal itself. Since it has low computational burden, the developed algorithm is embedded to the motor control program without degrading drive performance. Therefore, it is implemented without any additional cost using readily available drive processor and current sensors.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4490304,no
Novel Fiber Bragg Grating sensor applicable for fault detection in high voltage transformers,"In this paper, a fiber optic based sensor capable of fault detection in the high voltage transformers is investigated. Bragg wavelength shift is used to detect fault in power systems. Magnetic fields generated by fault currents in the transformer cause a strain in magnetostrictive material which is then detected by Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG). Fiber Bragg interrogator senses the reflected FBG signals, and the Bragg wavelength shift is calculated and signals are processed. It is shown that the faults in both primary and secondary of transformers cause a detectable wavelength shift in the Fiber Bragg Grating.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5619778,no
A Flexible and efficient bit error rate simulation method for high-speed differential link analysis using time-domain interpolation and superposition,"In this paper, a flexible and efficient time-domain method for calculating the bit error rate of high-speed differential links is presented. The method applies interpolation and superposition to the step response of a channel to construct the jittery data or/and clock waveforms at the receiver. With the statistics of the actual reference-crossing points extracted from the constructed receiver waveforms, the bathtub curves can be derived and extrapolated to get the eye margin at the given bit error rate. A software has been developed and applied for high-speed differential link design using the method. Good correlation has been achieved between the simulated results using this method and the measurement data with a bit error rate tester.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4652148,no
Distributed control and communication fault tolerance for the CKBot,"In this paper we present a method for distributed fault tolerance in a modular robotic system. We describe an implementation of this method on the CKBot system. In particular, we broadcast infrared (IR) signals to modules which collaboratively vote on a majority course of action. Various gait selections for a 7 module caterpillar and a 16 module quadruped with a faulty subset of IR receivers have been verified to demonstrate the algorithm's robustness. We conclude the paper with a discussion of modes of fault tolerances and this method's applicability to other modular robotic systems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5173900,no
Synthesis of Flexible Fault-Tolerant Schedules with Preemption for Mixed Soft and Hard Real-Time Systems,"In this paper we present an approach for scheduling with preemption for fault-tolerant embedded systems composed of soft and hard real-time processes. We are interested to maximize the overall utility for average, most likely to happen, scenarios and to guarantee the deadlines for the hard processes in the worst case scenarios. In many applications, the worst-case execution times of processes can be much longer than their average execution times. Thus, designs for the worst-case can be overly pessimistic, i.e., result in low overall utility. We propose preemption of process executions as a method to generate flexible schedules that maximize the overall utility for the average case while guarantee timing constraints in the worst case. Our scheduling algorithms determine off-line when to preempt and when to resurrect processes. The experimental results show the superiority of our new scheduling approach compared to approaches without preemption.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4669221,no
Comparison of Error Estimators in Eddy Current Testing,In this paper we present the comparison of error estimators using in 3-D magnetoharmonic FE model dedicated to eddy-current testing. The first error estimator is based on the nonverification of the behaviour law. This estimator is very accurate but requires the solution of both complementary formulations. The second estimator is based on an energetic approach using the Poynting vector in conductive regions and using the variation of the magnetic energy in nonconductive regions. Both estimators are tested within an adaptive meshing procedure and the results are compared with experimental results.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4787342,no
Greedy Approximation of Kernel PCA by Minimizing the Mapping Error,In this paper we propose a new kernel PCA (KPCA) speed-up algorithm that aims to find a reduced KPCA to approximate the kernel mapping. The algorithm works by greedily choosing a subset of the training samples that minimizes the mean square error of the kernel mapping between the original KPCA and the reduced KPCA. Experimental results have shown that the proposed algorithm is more efficient in computation and effective with lower mapping errors than previous algorithms.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5384953,no
A high efficient error concealment scheme based on auto-regressive model for video coding,"In this paper, a high efficient temporal error concealment scheme based on auto-regressive (AR) model is proposed for video coding. The proposed AR based error concealment scheme includes a forward AR model for P slice, and a bi-direction AR model for B slice. First, we utilize the block matching algorithm (BMA) to select the best motions for lost blocks from the motions of available neighboring blocks. Then, the proposed AR model coefficients are computed according to the spatial neighboring pixels and their temporal-correlated pixels indicated by the selected best motions. Finally, applying the AR model, each pixel of the lost block is interpolated as a weighted summation of pixels in the reference frame along the selected best motions. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed scheme is superior to conventional temporal error concealment methods.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5167470,no
Plane to plane parallelism error evaluation base on new generation Geometrical Product Specification,"In this paper, a mathematical evaluation model of plane to plane parallelism satisfying the Minimum zone conditions is developed. According to the characteristics of the parallelism error evaluation, a new approach based on the particle swarm optimization is proposed. Based on uncertainty theory of the new generation Geometrical Product Specification (GPS), the result uncertainty computation model is built in order to make the result more complete and specification. Sample is proposed to prove the method of this paper can assess the parallelism error accurately and effectively. The computing efficiency and accuracy can be improved greatly by using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5657123,no
"On soft-decoding of the (24, 12, 8) extended Golay code up to six errors","In this paper, a new soft-decision decoder of the (24, 12, 8) binary extended Golay code up to six errors is proposed. First, by using the error pattern obtained from hard decoder, the method of determining possible error patterns is developed. The emblematic probability value of each error pattern is then defined as the product of the individual bit-error probabilities corresponding to the locations of the possible error patterns. The most likely one among these error patterns is obtained by choosing the maximum of the emblematic probability values of possible error patterns. Finally, simulation results in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) show that this decoder reduce the decoding complexity although it performs a slight loss of coding gain than the modified Chase's II algorithm proposed by Hackett.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5450028,no
Fault detection for OSPF based E-NNI routing with probabilistic testing algorithm,"In this paper, a probabilistic testing algorithm is proposed to increase the fault coverage for OSPF based E-NNI routing protocol testing. It automatically constructs random network topologies and checks database information consistency with real optical network topology and resource for each generated topology. Theoretical analysis indicates that our algorithm can efficiently increase the fault coverage. This algorithm has been implemented in a software test tool called E-NNI Routing Testing System (ERTS). Experiment results based on ERTS are also reported.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4685145,no
A Reducing Transmission-Line Fault Current Method,"In this paper, a reducing transmission-line fault current method with capacitor compensators is proposed to limit the transmission-line fault current in power systems. In the normal mode of operation, the shunt capacitors banks as reactive power compensators that delivers reactive power to increase the power factor and used on medium-length and long transmission lines to increase line loadability and to maintain voltages near rated values. Their important effect is to reduce line-voltage drops and to increase the power factor and the steady-state stability limit. When faults states occurs, the capacitor another effect is to reduce transmission-line fault current peak value. Simulations performed in MATLAB/Simulink environment indicate that the proposed performance for capacitor compensators performs well to limit the fault currents of transmission lines and line-voltage drops.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5677129,no
Fault Tolerant Structure for SRAM-Based FPGA via Partial Dynamic Reconfiguration,"In this paper, activities which aim at developing a methodology of fault tolerant systems design into SRAM based FPGA platforms with different types of diagnostic approaches are presented. Basic principles of partial dynamic reconfiguration are described together with their impact on the fault tolerance of the digital design in FPGA. A generic controller for driving dynamic reconfiguration process of faulty unit is demonstrated and analyzed. Parameters of the generic partial reconfiguration controller are experimentally verified. The developed controller is compared with other approaches based on micro controllers inside FPGA. A structure which can be used in fault tolerant system design into SRAM-based FPGA using partial reconfiguration controller is then described. The presented structure is proven fully functional on the ML506 development board for different types of RTL components.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5615586,no
Nonlinear H<inf></inf> control design of structural systems: An experimental study under faults,"In this paper, a nonlinear H<sub></sub> control is developed for active mass damper systems subject to external perturbation. This robust controller is composed by the sum of a linear term plus a chattering component. The linear term is designed using linear matrix inequality (LMI) theory. Then, the chattering term is added to improve controller performance. Lyapunov theory is invoked to validate our control design. According with experiments, where a flexible two levels building with active mass damper and external perturbation is employed, they show that this chattering term improves controller performance. However, when a fault occurs, this chattering term is complaining.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676083,no
A fast method for fault section identification in series compensated transmission lines,"In this paper, a novel and fast method for fault section identification in compensated series transmission lines based on the high frequency traveling wave has been proposed. The method uses the relation of magnitude and polarity between wavefronts of high frequency travelling waves induced by fault. For accurately and fast extracting polarity and magnitude of travelling wave, wavelet transform and modulus maxima are used. Validation of this method is carried out by PSCAD/EMTP and MATLAB simulations for typical 400 kV power system faults. Simulation results reveal high performance of the method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5490038,no
Miniaturized Microstrip Lowpass Filter With Wide Stopband Using Suspended Layers and Defected Ground Structure (DGS),"In this paper, a novel compact wideband rejection LPF using defected ground structure (DGS) is presented. The proposed LPF consists of hi-lo etched slots in ground metallic plane as defected ground structure(DGS) and of microstrip hi-lo structure, which corresponding to capacitance and Inductance on the top layer. The effect of the DGS slot on the characteristics of the investigated filter is examined. In this work we have proposed a simple method to realize a compact DGS LPF with good characteristics . In order to prove the efficiency of the method, a comparison is made between the new DGS LPF and conventional filters , which shows that the proposed filter with etched cells is enough to obtain better performance by suppressing ripples and a very large stop band. Measured results are found to be in good agreement with the simulation results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4569945,no
Error concealment for stereoscopic images using mode selection,"In this paper, a novel error concealment (EC) method for compressed stereoscopic image pairs is presented, which contains a new binocular EC mode and an improved monocular EC mode. The proposed algorithm selects appropriate EC mode to conceal the error block (EB) in the stereoscopic image according to the local characteristic of the EB. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has good subjective and objective EC performance in stereoscopic images as compared to monocular mode.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5704664,no
Error performance of joint transmit and receive antenna selection in two hop amplify-and-forward relay system over Nakagami-m fading channels,"In this paper, performance of joint transmit and receive antenna selection in two hop amplify-and-forward relay system is analyzed over frequency non-selective and slowly Nakagami-m fading channels. In the system, all nodes are equipped with multiple antennas; Transmit Antenna Selection (TAS) is employed at the source and relay for transmission, Selection Combining (SC) is employed at the relay and destination for reception. The source and destination communicate by the help of single relay and source-destination link is not available. In this paper, we derive closed form Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) and Moment Generating Function (MGF) of received Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR). We also derive Symbol Error Probability (SEP) expressions for the considered system. Analytical results are validated by the simulations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5671675,no
Error performance of Transmit Antenna Selection / Maximal Ratio Combining in two hop Amplify-and-Forward relay system over Rayleigh fading channel,"In this paper, performance of Transmit Antenna Selection / Maximal Ratio Combining (TAS / MRC) in two hop Amplify-and-Forward (AF) relay system is analyzed over frequency non-selective and slowly Rayleigh fading channel. In the system, all nodes are equipped with multiple antennas; TAS is employed at the source and relay for transmission, MRC is employed at the relay and destination for reception. The source and destination communicate by the help of single relay and source-destination link is not available. In this paper, we derive closed form Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) and Moment Generating Function (MGF) of received Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR). We also derive Symbol Error Probability (SEP) expressions for the considered system. Analytical results are validated by the simulations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5671862,no
A Real-Time Measurement Method of Temperature Fields and Thermal Errors in Machine Tools,"In this paper, the authors establish a system to carry out real-time measurement of temperature fields and thermal errors in machine tools. A mean filter is introduced in signal processing to get more accurate experimental data. An experiment is performed on a vertical machining center, and the experimental data are analyzed in figures. In thermal errors data processing, the thermal deformation of the aluminum plate for fixing the laser displacement sensors are considered to improve the accuracy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5701109,no
"Modelling DGM(1,1) under the Criterion of the Minimization of Mean Absolute Percentage Error","In this paper, we present linear programming method in order to estimate the parameters of the DGM(1,1) model under the criterion of the minimization of mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) (some authors called average relative error). A published article is chosen for practical tests of this method, the results show that this method can obviously improve the simulation accuracy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5362263,no
Improving Kernel Density Classifier Using Corrective Bandwidth Learning with Smooth Error Loss Function,"In this paper, we propose a corrective bandwidth learning algorithm for Kernel Density Estimation (KDE)-based classifiers. The objective of the corrective bandwidth learning algorithm is to minimize the expected error-rate. It utilizes a gradient descent technique to obtain the appropriate bandwidths. The proposed classifier is called the ""Empirical Mixture Model"" (EMM) classifier. Experiments were conducted on a set of multivariate multi-class classification problems with various data sizes. The proposed classifier has an error-rate closer to the true model compared to conventional KDE-based classifiers for both small and large data sizes. Additional experiments on standard machine learning datasets showed that the proposed bandwidth learning algorithm performed very well in gen-eral.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4724970,no
Data reduction and clustering techniques for fault detection and diagnosis in automotives,"In this paper, we propose a data-driven method to detect anomalies in operating Parameter Identifiers (PIDs) and in the absence of any anomaly, classify faults in automotive systems by analyzing PIDs collected from the freeze frame data. We first categorize the operating parameter data using automotive domain knowledge. The dataset thus obtained is then analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for finding coherence among the PIDs. Then we use clustering algorithms based on both linear distance and information theoretic measures to assign coherent PIDs to the same class or cluster. A comparative analysis of the behavior of PIDs belonging to the same cluster can now be made for detecting anomaly in PIDs. Since a system fault is characterized by the values by of all PIDs across all the clusters, we use the joint probability distribution of the independent components of all PIDs to characterize the fault and find the divergence between the joint distributions of training and test data to classify faults. The proposed method can analyze available parameter data, categorize PIDs into informative or non-informative category, and detect fault condition from the clusters. We demonstrate the algorithm by way of an application to operating parameter data collected during faults in catalytic converters of vehicles.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5584324,no
Joint temporal error control for H.264,"In this paper, we propose a joint temporal error control (JTEC) method for H.264 which combines RDO-based macroblock (MB) classification at the encoder and adaptive partition size error concealment at the decoder. The encoder classifies the MBs by evaluating the sensitivity of the MBs as the RD cost between the concealment error and the bits needed for the additional motion information. Additional motion information can be transmitted for the error sensitive MBs such as the original motion vector or motion vector index. The decoder utilizes the additional motion information for the sensitive blocks. Non-sensitive blocks are concealed by the adaptive partition size (APS) method. APS selects the best partition mode for error concealment by minimizing the weighted double-side external boundary matching error (WDS-EBME), which jointly measures the inter-MB boundary discontinuity, inter-partition boundary discontinuity and intra-partition block artifacts in the recovered MB. A progressive concealment method is developed for the 4 times 4 partition mode.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4806731,no
Exact closed-form expression for average symbol error rate of MIMO-MRC systems,"In this paper, we derive closed-form expressions for exact average symbol error rate (SER) of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-maximum ratio combining (MRC) systems with M-ary modulations. We obtain the tractable compact closed-form expressions for the average SER in terms of the Gauss and Appell hypergeometric functions which are provided as library functions in common mathematical softwares such as MAPLE and MATHEMATICA. The analysis is validated by comparing with Monte-Carlo simulations and we further show that our general SER expressions reduce to the previous known results for binary signals (M = 2) as a special case. Applying the series representation of the Gauss and Appell hypergeometric function, we derive a very tight approximation for the average SER.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4760509,no
Low overhead soft error detection and correction scheme for reconfigurable pipelined data paths,"In this paper, we describe a novel scheme for radiation hardening of high performance pipelined architectures and data paths. The proposed technique uses a local ground bus decoupled from the global ground using an additional pull down device, to detect a transient error. Combining the detector output with duplicated pipeline registers enables an instruction execution through the data path to be repeated as soon as the error is detected. The detector outputs from various stages in a pipelined data path are manipulated to maintain correctness of data in the event of a transient error detection and corresponding instruction roll back. The proposed technique is extremely effective for errors of different pulse widths and comes without the extra cost of error checking codes, watch dog processors and logic core duplication as used by other techniques in literature. Our scheme provides 100% radiation hardening over all process corners with only 9.7% and 21.73% area and power overhead respectively with the delay overhead being masked out by the pipeline stages used in modern high performance data path architectures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5546228,no
Fault table generation using Graphics Processing Units,"In this paper, we explore the implementation of fault table generation on a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). A fault table is essential for fault diagnosis and fault detection in VLSI testing and debug. Generating a fault table requires extensive fault simulation, with no fault dropping, and is extremely expensive from a computational standpoint. Fault simulation is inherently parallelizable, and the large number of threads that a GPU can operate on in parallel can be employed to accelerate fault simulation, and thereby accelerate fault table generation. Our approach, called GFTABLE, employs a pattern parallel approach which utilizes both bit-parallelism and thread-level parallelism. Our implementation is a significantly modified version of FSIM, which is pattern parallel fault simulation approach for single core processors. Like FSIM, GFTABLE utilizes critical path tracing and the dominator concept to reduce runtime. Further modifications to FSIM allow us to maximally harness the GPU's huge memory bandwidth and high computational power. Our approach does not store the circuit (or any part of the circuit) on the GPU. Efficient parallel reduction operations are implemented in our implementation of GFTABLE. We compare our performance to FSIM*, which is FSIM modified to generate a fault table on a single core processor. Our experiments indicate that GFTABLE, implemented on a single NVIDIA GeForce GTX 280 GPU card, can generate a fault table for 0.5 million test patterns on average 7.85x faster when compared with FSIM*. With the NVIDIA Tesla server, our approach would be potentially 34.82x faster.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5340175,no
A new approach for mitigating carrier phase multipath errors in multi-gnss real-time kinematic (RTK) receivers,"In this paper, we introduce a new approach for RTK positioning using triple-frequency combinations of GNSS measurements in presence of carrier phase multipath. The proposed method is based on a modification of the LAMBDA method, where the a-priori information on multipath errors is exploited as a constraint in the optimization and ambiguities search process to mitigate the effect of multipath. Triple-frequency combinations of measurements is used to formulate a new carrier phase multipath index, then incorporate it as additional constraint in the LAMBDA method cost function for multi-frequency ambiguity resolution. Simulations and real experiments shows the effectiveness of the developed scheme.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5495961,no
Watermarking Algorithm for Print-Scan Based on HVS and Multiscale Error Diffusion,"In this paper, we introduce a watermarking algorithm for halftone image. The arithmetic is based on HVS and multiscale error diffusion. We insert special binary image in the halftone image and study on it after printing and scanning. Using the proposed methods, several hundred information bits can be embedded into images with perfect recovery against the print-scan operation. Different printing resolution, different scanning resolution and printing paper type are experimented. The experiments show that the watermarking algorithm is robust to print-scan process.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4723242,no
Suitable graphical user interface selection based on human errors using analytic hierarchy process,"In this paper, we propose a new model for the design method of graphical user interfaces for audio visual remote controllers based on analytic hierarchy processes. The goal of this model is to reduce the human error in order to modify the graphical user interface of a wireless remote controller to obtain the most suitable interface for every user. This paper proposes a new model with the seven evaluation criteria; inherent ability, lack of skill, lack of knowledge, slip, lapse, mistake and violation. As alternatives, we decided on four design strategies for the user interface; vision assistance, cognition assistance, operation assistance, and memorizing. The proposed method is evaluated by a prototype assuming a real-time OS on an embedded microprocessor. Furthermore, we confirmed this proposal as effective.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5641689,no
Sizing of 3-D Arbitrary Defects Using Magnetic Flux Leakage Measurements,"In this paper, we propose a new procedure to estimate the shape of the opening and the depth profile of an arbitrary three-dimensional (3-D) defect from magnetic flux leakage (MFL) measurements. We first use the Canny edge detection algorithm to estimate the shape of the defect opening. Then we use an inversion procedure based on the space mapping (SM) methodology in order to approximate the defect depth profile efficiently. To demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed inversion technique, we reconstruct defects of arbitrary shapes from simulated MFL signals. The procedure is then tested with experimental data of two metal-loss defects. In both cases, the proposed approach shows good agreement between the actual and estimated defect parameters.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5352340,no
Spatial interpolation algorithm for error concealment,"In this paper, we propose a new spatial interpolation algorithm for intra-frame error concealment. The method aims at interpolating areas in the image, which have been affected by packet loss. We have proposed an edge detection technique to aid the bilinear interpolation. The edge-detection scheme is based on designing a robust Hough transform-based technique that is capable of systematically connecting edges irrespective of the number of edge points surrounding missing areas. The connected edges are used to divide the missing areas into different regions for interpolation along the directions of each detected line. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can recover the missing areas with a greater accuracy, when compared with the bilinear interpolation technique.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4517819,no
Content-Adaptive Macroblock Partitioning scheme for error concealment of H.264/AVC coded video,"In this paper, we propose a new temporal error concealment method for H.264/AVC coded video using the existing information of neighboring macroblock modes from the coded bit-stream. The lost macroblock is partitioned into eight possible types, and each partition is concealed with an estimated motion vector giving a smoother concealment. An overlapped block motion compensation technique is further used to avoid spatial discontinuities in the concealed regions. This helps to minimize the structural degradations and the blocking artifacts. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme achieves higher video quality values than the existing schemes.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5414046,no
Forward Error Correction-Based 2-D Layered Multiple Description Coding for Error-Resilient H.264 SVC Video Transmission,"In this paper, we propose a novel 2-D layered multiple description coding (2DL-MDC) for error-resilient video transmission over unreliable networks. The proposed 2DL-MDC scheme allocates multiple description sub-bitstreams of a 2-D scalable bitstream to two network paths with unequal loss rates. We formulate the 2-D scalable rate-distortion problem and derive the expected distortion for the proposed scheme. To minimize the end-to-end distortion given the total rate budget and packet loss probabilities, we need to optimally allocate source and channel rates for each hierarchical sublayer of the scalable bitstream. The conventional Lagrangian multiplier method can be utilized to solve this problem but with overwhelming computational complexity. Therefore, we consider the use of the genetic algorithm to solve the rate-distortion optimization problem. The simulation results verify that the proposed method is able to achieve significant performance gain as opposed to the conventional equal rate allocation method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4914850,no
Fixing Design Errors With Counterexamples and Resynthesis,"In this paper, we propose a resynthesis framework, called COunterexample-guided REsynthesis (CoRe), that automatically corrects errors in digital designs. The framework is based on a simulation-based abstraction technique and performs an error correction through two innovative circuit resynthesis solutions: distinguishing-power search and goal-directed search, which modify the functionality of circuits' internal nodes to match the correct behavior. In addition, we propose a compact encoding of resynthesis information, called the Pairs of Bits to be Distinguished, which is a key enabler for our resynthesis techniques. Compared with previous solutions, CoRe is more powerful for the following reasons: (1) It can fix a broader range of error types because it is not bounded by specific error models; (2) it derives the correct functionality from simulation vectors without requiring golden netlists; and (3) it can be applied with a broad range of verification flows, including formal and simulation-based flows.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4358321,no
Self Fault-Managed and High Available P2P Architecture for Next Generation Network Management Systems,"In this paper, we propose a self fault-managed and self reconfigurable peer-to-peer architecture for increasing the availability of the network management system (NMS). We intend to achieve such a goal through increasing fault tolerance property of the NMS by applying redundancy. However the architecture we proposed does not impose any hardware redundancy but software redundancy. This is mainly because we use some peers in several roles and thus add some software redundancy which is easily tolerable by advance processors of NMSpsilas peers. We conduct extensive simulation study to examine the performance of the proposed architecture in presence of nodes' failure. We also investigate effect of failure in different nodes and sensitiveness of the architecture to those failures. The results show that the proposed architecture offers higher availability in comparison to a non-fault tolerant Peer-to-Peer NMS.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5176071,no
A fault-tolerant real-time supervisory scheme for an interconnected four-tank system,"In this paper, the implementation of a Command Governor (CG) strategy on a real-time computing system is described for the supervision of a laboratory four-tank test-bed. In particular, the real-time architecture has been developed on the RTAI/Linux operating system kernel and the CG module has been implemented in C++ on a general purpose off-the-shelf computing unit. An accurate model of the the four-tank process has been derived from both physical and experimental data and the applicability of the proposed method has been proved by means of real-time tests, which testified on the CG strategy ability to enforce the prescribed operative constraints even under unexpected adverse conditions, e.g. water pumps failures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5531619,no
Characterization of non-destructive inspection data from composite structure defects,"In this paper, the processing and characterization of aircraft defect signal data have been explored and studied. The signal data was collected using the nondestructive ultrasonic inspection technique, Pitch/Catch swept method. Defects of different size and depths were studied and signal processing techniques were used to identify features that provide the most distinction among the defects. The discussion in this paper is only limited to the parts of the classification process that pertain to data collection, pre-processing, and feature extraction.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5414921,no
Effect of servo control frequency on contour errors in a bi-axial CNC machine,"In this paper, the relation between servo control frequency and contour error is studied in a bi-axis CNC machine. The objective is to determine the effect of servo control frequency on the contouring accuracy thereby allowing a proper selection of this frequency depending upon the accuracy required. A mathematical analysis is first carried out using a commonly used dynamic model for a servomotor-driven position feedback control system. This was followed by experimental studies in a mini-CNC machine using both the basic linear and circular contours. The results show that the servo control frequency will have effect on contouring accuracies when very high precision are required, in the order of m.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5589372,no
Study on the Features of Loudspeaker Sound Faults,"In this paper, the short-time Fourier transformation (STFT) is adopted to transform the loudspeaker sound signal. By STFT, the one-dimensional loudspeaker response signal is converted into two-dimensional time-frequency figure. Then, the figure is decomposed into a number of areas according to its harmonics distribution. The peak and mean values of every area are computed. Through observation and calculation, the features of loudspeaker defects are found. According to the experiment, this method is very effective and universal for different types of loudspeakers.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5383597,no
The fault injection system applied to laboratory's test validation of FDR and FIR,"In this paper, the significance and practicability of the fault injection system applied to laboratory's test validation of fault detection rate (FDR) and fault isolation rate (FIR), is illustrated. Then, this system's hardware design, software design and its realization means are introduced. Finally, by testing this system aimed at some missile's subsystem, the flow, the result and its analysis of trial are put forward.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5269963,no
A novel reflectometer for cable fault analysis with pulse reflection method,"In this paper, the studies of finding the failure location on a sample cable by using the pulse reflection method and the effects of parameters resulting from the fault on the results of the measurement have been examined. A pulse generator with amplitude of 5 V and pulse width between 40 ns and 2000 ns has been designed as a novel pulse reflection meter. The images of reflection seen on the oscilloscope screen have been transferred to software of ANALYSIS, developed for measurement of pulse reflection by means of serial communication and have been examined here.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5355232,no
Automatic detection and correction of red-eye effect,"In this paper, we address the problem of automatic red-eye detection and correction. A four step, novel approach is presented where the first step consists of face detection in the input image. In the second step the face image is converted to gray-scale image in such a way that facilitates the detection of iris pair and its corresponding radius values. In third and fourth steps iris pair is located, and the central points of irises and their corresponding radius values are utilized to desaturate the redness inside iris regions. The desaturation scheme is adaptive to the severity of redness. Images with different severity level and size of redness are used to test the robustness of the proposed scheme. We also compare our correction schemes with two existing automatic methods.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4909192,no
Low-complexity frame importance modelling and resource allocation scheme for error-resilience H.264 video streaming,"In this paper, we addressed the problem of redundancy allocation for protecting packet loss for better quality of service (QoS) in real-time H.264 video streaming. A novel error-resilient approach is proposed for the transmission of pre-encoded H.264 video stream under bandwidth constrained networks. A novel frame importance model is derived for estimating relative importance index for different H.264 video frames. Combining with the characteristics of the network, the optimal resource allocation strategy for different video frames can be determined for achieving improved error resilience. The model uses frame error propagation index (FEPI) to characterize video quality degradation caused by error propagation in different frames in a GOP when suffer from packet loss. This model can be calculated in DCT domain with the parameters extracted directly from the bitstream. Therefore, the complexity of the proposed scheme is very low and much better for real-time video transmission. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve the receiver side reconstructed video quality remarkably under different channel loss patterns.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4665185,no
Error analysis in Croatian morphosyntactic tagging,"In this paper, we provide detailed insight on properties of errors generated by a stochastic morphosyntactic tagger assigning multext-East morphosyntactic descriptions to Croatian texts. Tagging the Croatia Weekly newspaper corpus by the CroTag tagger in stochastic mode revealed that approximately 85 percent of all tagging errors occur on nouns, adjectives, pronouns and verbs. Moreover, approximately 50 percent of these are shown to be incorrect assignments of case values. We provide various other distributional properties of errors in assigning morphosyntactic descriptions for these and other parts of speech. On the basis of these properties, we propose rule-based and stochastic strategies which could be integrated in the tagging module, creating a hybrid procedure in order to raise overall tagging accuracy for Croatian.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5196140,no
Simulation of the defect removal process with queuing theory,"In this paper, we simulate the defects removal process using finite independent queues with different capacity and loading, which represent the limitation of developers and the ability differences of developers. The re-assignment strategy used in defects removal represents the cooperation between relevant developers. Experimental results based on real data show that the simulated approach can provide very useful and important information which can help project manager to estimate the duration of the whole defects removal process, the utilization of each developers and the defects remain at a specific time.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5316005,no
Performance analysis and improvements for a simulation-based fault injection platform,"In this paper, we study and present two techniques to improve the performance of a simulation-based fault injection platform that inserts bit flips in order to model soft errors on digital circuits. The platform is based on the ESA Data Systems Divisionpsilas SEE simulation tool. In contrast with methods based on emulation, the proposed approach reduces the complexity and costs, supplying a test environment with the same reliability as emulation systems. Only one disadvantage appears when comparing both methodologies: the lower performance of the simulation in cases where the fault injection campaigns are very large. Two proposals have been developed in order to address this drawback: the first one is based on software (through checkpoints) and the second one uses parallel computation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4676995,no
Error reduction in non-electric measurement by interpolation combined with loop transformation method,"In this paper, we used second order interpolation method via three succeeding data points in narrow area, combined with loop transformation method and used samples to build an algorithm for processing of measurement data to reduce non-linear errors and transformation errors of non-electric measuring devices. Simulation and experimental results shown the ability to reduce errors of measurement devices.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5672685,no
One Double Levels Error Resilient Scheme of Joint Source and Channel Coding,"In this paper, we will consider the joint source and channel coding problem and propose a double-level error resilient scheme of joint source and channel coding. Compared to other joint source and channel coding schemes, we insert one coordination structure named error resilient entropy coding between source coding and channel coding to achieve additional error resilient capability. Using arithmetic coding based on forbidden symbol and standard LDPC code, we prove that, in coding redundancy and computational complexity, our scheme outperforms either separate source and channel coding scheme or joint source and channel coding scheme with synchronization words.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4796983,no
Levenberg-Marquardt neural network for gear fault diagnosis,"In this study we are trying with the Levenberg-Marquardt neural network model to the problem of gear fault diagnosis. By using second derivative information, the network convergence speed is promoted and the generalization performance is enhanced. Taking a certain gearbox fault signal acquisition experimental system for instance, Matlab software and its neural network toolbox are used to model and simulate. The simulation result shows that Levenberg-Marquardt neural network has a good performance for the common gear fault diagnosis and it can identify various types of faults stably and accurately. Furthermore, compared with conventional BP neural network, the Levenberg-Marquardt neural network reduces training epochs and promotes diagnosis accuracy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5479613,no
Coping with abstraction in object orientation with a special focus on application errors,"In this study we present and discuss various solution strategies used by students concerning error-handling. Our data is based on accumulated instruction experience gained during several years of advanced OOP course with Java. Analysis the provided solutions according to a set of categories based on constructive principles concerning software programming and on a classification of abstraction levels concerning error handling. The obtained results reveals that majority of students have difficulties in utilizing the advanced error-handling mechanism offered by modern programming languages (i.e., exception mechanism). The students have also difficulties in exhibiting high level of abstraction concerning a proper design of exceptions' hierarchy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5593634,no
Error-Rate Analysis of FHSS Networks Using Exact Envelope Characteristic Functions of Sums of Stochastic Signals,"In this paper, we present a novel approach to analytically study and evaluate the error probability of frequency- hopping spread-spectrum (FHSS) systems with intentional or nonintentional interference over the additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh-fading channels. The new approach is based on the derivation of new formulas for the exact envelope characteristic function (EECF) of the general sum of n stochastic sinusoidal signals, with each of the n signals having different random amplitude and phase angle. The envelope probability density function (pdf) is obtained from the characteristic function (CF), which, in the important cases of interest, is shown to also give simpler formulas in terms of the Fourier transform (FT) of the Bessel functions. Previously, the Ricean envelope density had only been verified for the very special case where n = 1, and the phase is uniform and independent of amplitude. Here, a new formula for the exact density of the envelope of noisy stochastic sinusoids (EDENSS) is presented, which leads to the generalization of the Ricean envelope-density (GRED) formula under the most general conditions, namely, n ges 1 signals, dependent amplitudes, and phases having an arbitrary joint pdf. The EDENSS and GRED formulas are applied to compute the pdfs needed in noncoherent detection under noise. The derived formulas also lead to the exact formulas for the error probability of the FHSS networks using M-ary amplitude shift keying (MASK) without setting limits on the number of interferers or the symbol alphabet. The power of our EECF and FT methods is further demonstrated by their ability to give an alternative derivation of the exact general envelope-density (EGED) formula, which has previously been reported by Maghsoodi. The comparative numerical results also support the analytical findings.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4357479,no
Design and Analysis of a Sensing Error-Aware MAC Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks,"In this paper, we present a spectrum sensing error-aware MAC protocol for a cognitive radio (CR) network collocated with multiple primary networks. We explicitly consider sensing errors in the CR MAC design, since such errors are inevitable for practical spectrum sensors. Two spectrum sensing polices are presented with which secondary users collaboratively sense the licensed channels. The sensing policies are then incorporated into p-Persistent CSMA to coordinate dynamic spectrum access for CR network users. We present an analysis of the interference and throughput performance of the proposed CR MAC, and find the analysis highly accurate in our simulation studies. The proposed sensing error-aware CR MAC protocol outperforms two existing approaches with considerable margins in our simulations, which justify the importance of considering spectrum sensing errors in CR MAC design.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5425580,no
Access Control System: A Cost Effective Protection Scheme for Fiber Fault Identification,"In this paper, we present access control system (ACS) a cost effective protection for fiber fault identification in fiber to the home (FTTH) passive optical network (PON). To achieve better protection, ACS can access by remote host via Internet or LAN, with the specification available a complete system can be made with 24 man-hours. Our solution is shown to be effective in improving live-fiber services.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5163825,no
Fault tolerant control method for steer-by-wire system,"In this study, we describe a model based fault tolerant control method for steer-by-wire system. First of all general redundancy schemes and current works for steer-by-wire fault tolerant control systems are examined. Then the paper focuses on the fault tolerant control methods of key sensors and DC motors for steer-by-wire system. With the aim to provide a steady and reliable fault tolerant control algorithm we synthesize Adaptive Fading Kalman Filter and fault eigenvectors as a framework to establish the fault tolerant control system. The effectiveness of this research is demonstrated by simulation. Finally key innovations of the fault tolerant control method are discussed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246115,no
Efficient Fault-Tolerant Backbone Construction in Tmote Sky Sensor Networks,"In this study, we have investigated the effectiveness of building AFault-Tolerant BackboneA for data dissemination in Tmote Sky sensor networks. Tmote Sky sensors provide programmable and adjustable output power for data transmission. Users can control adequate transmission power for each sensor. Based on our measurements of Tmote Sky, there is a steadily transmitted distance for every power level. For certain power level, successfully-transmitted ratio was approximately 100 percent when the distance between sender and receiver was less than the steadily-transmitted distance. In accordance with the character on Tmote Sky, the ideas of fault-tolerant backbone has been made for constructing a fault-tolerant and stable system for Tmote Sky. The fault-tolerant backbone protocol builds up a connected backbone, in which nodes are endowed with a sleep/awake schedule. Practical experimental results reveal the fast fault recovery and high successfully-transmitted ratio can be fulfilled in the realistic system. The following goals in the implementation have been reached, including self-configurable fault-tolerant groups, automatic backbone construction, automatic failure recovery, and route repair.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5368202,no
The Learning with Errors Problem (Invited Survey),"In this survey we describe the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem, discuss its properties, its hardness, and its cryptographic applications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5497885,no
Optical satellite images for co-seismic horizontal offsets estimate and fault trace mapping using Phase-corr technique,"In this work is presented a new robust unwrapping-free phase correlation method, for retrieving the coseismic displacement field and the surface rupture fault-trace mapping using optical data. Phase-corr method does not need phase unwrapping and has been proved to be robust under a wide variety of circumstances. The method has been applied at two different test cases, Izmit (Turkey) and Kashmir (Pakistan) earthquakes, occurred on August 17, 1999, and October 8, 2005, respectively. We measured the near-field deformations exploiting two geometrically corrected IRS images with similar look angles in the case of Izmit earthquake, while the Kashmir earthquake coseismic displacement has been retrieved by ASTER data. The results show that Phase-corr method can be used for deriving the coseismic slip offsets due to a large earthquake (and to map its fault trace) using optical data from different sensors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5649234,no
Probabilistic fault prediction of incipient fault,"In this work, a probabilistic fault prediction approach is presented for prediction of incipient fault in an uncertain way. The approach has two stages. In the first stage, normal data is analyzed by principle component analysis (PCA) to get control limits of the statistics of T<sup>2</sup> and SPE. In the second stage, fault data starts by PCA so as to derive the statistics of T<sup>2</sup> and SPE. Then, the samplings of these two statistics obeying some certain prediction distribution are obtained using Bayesian AR model on the basis of the Winbugs software. At last, one-step prediction fault probabilities are estimated by kernel density estimation method according to the statistics' corresponding control limits. The prediction performance of this approach is illustrated using the data from the simulator of the Tennessee Eastman process.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5498474,no
Comparison between 65nm bulk and PD-SOI MOSFETs: Si/BOX interface effect on point defects and doping profiles,"In this work, the influence of the Silicon/Buried Oxide Interface (Si/BOX) on the electrical characteristics of Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) MOSFETs is investigated by means of numerical simulations. Considering the state-of-art dopant diffusion models and the effect of Si/BOX interface as a point defect sink, process simulations were performed to investigate the two-dimensional diffusion behaviour of the dopant impurities. The impact of the Si/BOX interface on the shape of the different active zones profiles was investigated by analyzing the standard electrical characteristics of CMOS devices. Finally, a new electrical characterization methodology is detailed to better analyze dopants lateral diffusion profiles.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5331510,no
Analysis on the perceptual impact of bit errors in practical video streaming applications,"In video streaming applications, there are two main sources of distortion in video quality: source distortion caused by video compression and channel distortion derived from failures in transmission, including packet losses and bit errors. The impact of bit errors on the perceived video quality depends on several different factors, such as error resilience of the data format itself, used error concealment mechanism and characteristics of the bit error pattern. In this paper, we have studied these different influencing factors from different perspectives, ranging from telecommunications to video signal processing and subjective quality assessment. We show that our results are useful for assessment and development of schemes to optimize bit error resilience in video streaming and broadcasting applications.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5439481,no
"REDFLAG a Run-timE, Distributed, Flexible, Lightweight, And Generic fault detection service for data-driven wireless sensor applications","Increased interest in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) by scientists and engineers is forcing WSN research to focus on application requirements. Data is available as never before in many fields of study; practitioners are now burdened with the challenge of doing data-rich research rather than being data-starved. In-situ sensors can be prone to errors, links between nodes are often unreliable, and nodes may become unresponsive in harsh environments, leaving to researchers the onerous task of deciphering often anomalous data. Presented here is the REDFLAG fault detection service for WSN applications, a Run-timE, Distributed, Flexible, detector of faults, that is also Lightweight And Generic. REDFLAG addresses the two most worrisome issues in data-driven wireless sensor applications: abnormal data and missing data. REDFLAG exposes faults as they occur by using distributed algorithms in order to conserve energy. Simulation results show that REDFLAG is lightweight both in terms of footprint and required power resources while ensuring satisfactory detection and diagnosis accuracy. Because REDFLAG is unrestrictive, it is generically available to a myriad of applications and scenarios.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4912766,no
Evaluation of a new low cost software level fault tolerance technique to cope with soft errors,"Increasing soft error rates make the protection of combinational logic against transient faults in future technologies a major issue for the fault tolerance community. Since not every transient fault leads to an error at application level, software level fault tolerance has been proposed by several authors as a better approach. In this paper, a new software level technique to detect and correct errors due to transient faults is proposed and compared to a classic one, and the costs of detection and correction for both approaches are compared and discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5550371,no
Simulations within Information Fusion - The Need for Fault Tolerance High Fault Tolerance Degree,"Information fusion infrastructures have a need for real-time simulations. Many information fusion applications inherently execute real-world action as a result of combining simulations and real hardware or end-users. We articulate the need for a high degree of fault tolerance for systems dealing with real-world actions. In this paper we elaborate on why traditional simulation infrastructures is not sufficient and provide a solution this problem. Our approach include usage of a whiteboard architecture that serve as a communication layer as well as storage system. The whiteboard architecture is implemented on a distributed active real-time database prototype called DeeDS NG. The paper describes the different degrees of fault tolerance available; ranging from fault masking down to best effort fault tolerance, depending on the particular needs of a system. For the future we are planing a series of simulation experimentsto validate our claims concering the usfulness of the whitebord architecture described in the paper.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5457739,no
Research on information engineering surveillance risk evaluation based on fault tree analysis,"Information security risk analysis method is now a hot issue of information security management field. Fault tree analysis method has proposed since the 1960s, obtain the widespread application in many large-scale complicated system's security fall-safe analyses. It's recognized as an effective method for the complex system reliability, security analysis. The basic principle, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of fault tree analysis method are introduced. And this article introduced briefly the information security risk analysis method, and to has carried on the exhaustive elaboration based on fault tree's risk analysis's modeling way and the analysis principle. Finally, an example is introduced to tome to the conclusion whether the project is feasible.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5564424,no
"The Lth and (L+1)th order asymptotic symbol error rate based SNR expressions as a function of modulation scheme, constellation size and diversity order in a Rayleigh fading channel","In this paper, the expression for symbol error rate (SER) or BER of linear modulation in Rayleigh fading as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), modulation scheme and diversity order, is inverted, thereby giving SNR as a function of SER. The key is to represent the PDF (or MGF) by a Maclaurin series and discard all but the first one or two terms. For large SNRs, the first term in the series is accurate and simple closed-form SNR expressions for an arbitrary diversity order are derived, in terms of asymptotic SER (ASER), in SNR. Here ASER only has the term of the inverse SNR raised to the system diversity order L, thereby called the Lth order ASER. When the SNR is not large enough, the first two terms in the series, the terms containing Lth and (L_1)th order, are used and proven to be accurate. Based on the derived ASERs, we then present closed-form SNR expressions for smaller SNRs. In this paper, closed-form expressions for BPSK, MQAM and MPSK signals are presented, respectively. Using the derived closed-form expressions, one can easily design a link budget for a given BER requirement without going through tedious and time consuming simulations (for example, in MATLAB). As an application, several examples are presented to illustrate the ease of usage of the presented SNR closed-form expressions in a wireless SISO and MIMO link budget design. Tables are given to show the SNR expressions for their SER ranges with different modulation schemes/constellation sizes for diversity order varying from one to four.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5379894,no
Summarizing software artifacts: a case study of bug reports,"Many software artifacts are created, maintained and evolved as part of a software development project. As software developers work on a project, they interact with existing project artifacts, performing such activities as reading previously filed bug reports in search of duplicate reports. These activities often require a developer to peruse a substantial amount of text. In this paper, we investigate whether it is possible to summarize software artifacts automatically and effectively so that developers could consult smaller summaries instead of entire artifacts. To provide focus to our investigation, we consider the generation of summaries for bug reports. We found that existing conversation-based generators can produce better results than random generators and that a generator trained specifically on bug reports can perform statistically better than existing conversation-based generators. We demonstrate that humans also find these generated summaries reasonable indicating that summaries might be used effectively for many tasks.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062118,no
Comparison of impedance and travelling wave fault location using real faults,"Market deregulation has changed the way transmission utilities manage their lines as they are not paid by the amount of transmitted power, but by the availability of their lines. The reason for that is the concept of free energy market (generation prices), that need the transmission system to be always available for large energy block transfers of the cheapest generator in the system. In this new model, the transmission utilities are penalized for the time a line is off service to the system after a permanent fault. The time needed for restoring the line to the system is mostly lost in locating the real point of the fault. This paper show how this time can be significantly reduced by using traveling wave.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484310,no
An empirical approach for software fault prediction,"Measuring software quality in terms of fault proneness of data can help the tomorrow's programmers to predict the fault prone areas in the projects before development. Knowing the faulty areas early from previous developed projects can be used to allocate experienced professionals for development of fault prone modules. Experienced persons can emphasize the faulty areas and can get the solutions in minimum time and budget that in turn increases software quality and customer satisfaction. We have used Fuzzy C Means clustering technique for the prediction of faulty/ non-faulty modules in the project. The datasets used for training and testing modules available from NASA projects namely CM1, PC1 and JM1 include requirement and code metrics which are then combined to get a combination metric model. These three models are then compared with each other and the results show that combination metric model is found to be the best prediction model among three. Also, this approach is compared with others in the literature and is proved to be more accurate. This approach has been implemented in MATLAB 7.9.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5578698,no
Fault diagnosis and fault tolerance of drive systems - Status and research,"Mechatronic components allow to design systems with many new functionalities and to turn away from classical design paradigms which had been required for purely mechanical designs. However, the increase in complexity and the renunciation from purely mechanical to electro-mechanical designs goes along with an increase in the possibility of unpredictable faults. Therefore, the design paradigm also has to increase from fault detection and diagnosis to fault-tolerance by redundancy at least for safety related applications. The idea for this paradigm change is that faults cannot entirely be avoided in complex systems. Rather, the occurrence of faults is accepted and measures are taken as to limit the implications of the fault and maintain the operability despite these impairments caused by the fault. The paper at hand will first introduce the overall setup of a component respectively system with integrated fault management. Fault detection and diagnosis are compactly sketched before fault tolerance principles are introduced. The paper looks at both hardware tolerance and analytical tolerance. As the reaction to the fault can cause a functional degradation even in the presence of redundancy, the different degradation steps are also introduced. Then, different designs of fault tolerant electric and hydraulic actuators as well as sensors are presented. An essential requirement for the inclusion of the designs into this paper was at least an experimental realization of the concept. A total of 11 different designs is presented. Finally, the different designs are compared and future developments are shortly discussed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7074937,no
Zoltar: A Toolset for Automatic Fault Localization,"Locating software components which are responsible for observed failures is the most expensive, error-prone phase in the software development life cycle. Automated diagnosis of software faults can improve the efficiency of the debugging process, and is therefore an important process for the development of dependable software. In this paper we present a toolset for automatic fault localization, dubbed Zoltar, which hosts a range of spectrum-based fault localization techniques featuring BARINEL, our latest algorithm. The toolset provides the infrastructure to automatically instrument the source code of software programs to produce runtime data, which is subsequently analyzed to return a ranked list of diagnosis candidates. Aimed at total automation (e.g., for runtime fault diagnosis), Zoltar has the capability of instrumenting the program under analysis with fault screeners as a run-time replacement for design-time test oracles.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5431712,no
The application of multi-function interface MVB NIC in distributed locomotive fault detecting and recording system,"Locomotive condition monitoring and fault diagnosis system is an important component of modern locomotive, it needs a reliable, high-speed communication network to ensure that the system's reliable operation in the complex locomotive environment. The Controller Area Network (CAN) used in the existing distributed locomotive fault detecting and recording system is not suitable for vehicles bus, so the paper brought forward the scheme using the Multifunction Vehicle Bus (MVB). Firstly, it described the alteration of system structure and operating principle key design concepts in detail, next designed the multi-function interface MVB NIC using SOPC (system on a programmable chip) technology, given the realization of hardware and software, ultimately proceeded the network test in the lab, and verified the correctness and feasibility of the design. The improved network has farther transmission distance, higher rates, better reliability and real-time.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5486001,no
Low-complexity video error concealment for mobile applications using OBMA,"Low-complexity error concealment techniques for mobile applications are studied extensively in this paper. The boundary matching algorithm (BMA) is an attractive choice for mobile video concealment due to its low complexity. Here, we examine a variant of BMA called the outer boundary matching algorithm (OBMA). Although BMA and OBMA are similar in their design principle, it is empirically observed that OBMA outperforms BMA by a significant margin (typically, 0.5 dB or higher) while maintaining the same level of complexity. In this work, we attempt to explain the superior performance of OBMA, and conclude that OBMA provides an excellent tradeoff between the complexity and the quality of concealed video for a wide range of test video sequences and error conditions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4560157,no
In vivo velocity and flow errors quantification by phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging,"Magnetic resonance imaging is a very efficient tool for assessing velocity and flow in the cardiovascular system under normal and pathological conditions. However, this technique still has some limitations that produce different type of errors. In this study, velocities and flow were measured in vivo using phase-contrast method to determine the optimal number of phases allowing the minimization of the errors. The effect of velocity encoding upsampling was also investigated. The results showed that a number of phases between 1624 is a good compromise to accurately estimate both ejection and regurgitant flows. Furthermore, a time shift effect caused by velocity encoding upsampling was found and a corrective linear model was proposed. These considerations may reduce flow and velocity measurement errors in normal and pathological conditions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4649421,no
Towards real-time hardware gamma correction for dynamic contrast enhancement,"Making the transition between digital video imagery acquired by a focal plane array and imagery useful to a human operator is not a simple process. The focal plane array ?sees? the world in a fundamentally different way than the human eye. Gamma correction has been historically used to help bridge the gap. The gamma correction process is a non-linear mapping of intensity from input to output where the parameter gamma can be adjusted to improve the imagery's visual appeal. In analog video systems, gamma correction is performed with analog circuitry and is adjusted manually. With a digital video stream, gamma correction can be provided using mathematical operations in a digital circuit. In addition to manual control, gamma correction can also be automatically adjusted to compensate for changes in the scene. We are interested in applying automatic gamma correction in systems such as night vision goggles where both low latency and power efficiency are important design parameters. We present our results in developing an automatic gamma correction algorithm to meet these requirements. The algorithm is comprised of two parts, determination of the desired value for gamma and the application of the correction. The calculation of the gamma value update is performed based upon statistical metrics of the imagery's intensity. HDL code implementing the measurement of the statistical metrics has been developed and tested in hardware. Both the computation of a gamma update and the application of the gamma correction were simplified to basic arithmetic operations and two specialized functions, logarithm and exponentiation of a constant base by a variable exponent. We present approximation methods for both specialized functions simplifying their implementation into basic arithmetic operations. The hardware implementations of the approximations allow the above requirements to be met. We evaluate the accuracy of the approximations as compared to full resolution double-precision float- - ing point mathematical operations. We present the final results for visual judging to evaluate the impact of the approximations.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5466305,no
A research on fault diagnosis of grounding grids,"Making use of the electric network theory and the matrix theory, the fault diagnosis equations are set up in the form of sensitivity matrix. Then the method of multiple-excitation is applied to increase the number of independent equations and resolve the problem of morbid equations effectively. By introducing the micro-disposal method and the iterative algorithm, we can use the least squares approach to solve the nonlinear equations progressively by a series of linear equations. The results of the emulation calculation and simulation experiment show that the proposed method is simple and feasible, so it can be applied to fault diagnosis of grounding grid.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5347965,no
Analysis of Timing Error Aperture Jitter on the Performance of Sigma Delta ADC for Software Radio Mobile Receivers,"Jitter is the limiting effect for high speed analog-to digital converters with high resolution and wide digitization bandwidth, which are required in receivers in order to support high data rates. The rapid development of digital wireless system has led to a need of high resolution and high speed analog to digital converter. The proper selection of data converters, both analog to digital converters and digital to analog converters (DACs) is one of the most challenging steps in designing software radio. The performance of a data converter is dependent upon the accuracy and stability of the clock supplied to the circuits. When data converter employ a high sampling rate, clocking issues become magnified and significant distortion can be result. This paper describes the effect of aperture jitter on the performance of sigma delta ADC and present analytical evaluation of the performance and mean error power spectrum due to aperture jitter application has favored the use of oversampling delta sigma ADC (analog-to-digital converters) due to their better speed-accuracy tradeoff. Delta-sigma modulator is one of the key building blocks, which can be implemented using DT (discrete-time) and CT (continuous-time) techniques. Compared to their DT counterparts, CT delta-sigma modulators have recently attracted more and more attentions due to their advantages in terms of high speed, low power, low noise and intrinsic anti-aliasing capability. In this paper, we concentrate on the discrete implementation. Section 2 presents an aperture jitter effect in SDM in terms of SNR. In the last few years different authors derived formulas to quantify the SNR limiting effect of jitter in ADCs. While Walden used a worst case approach, Kobayashi presented an exact formula which allows calculating the SNR in the presence of an aperture jitter.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5329250,no
JPEG Error Analysis and Its Applications to Digital Image Forensics,"JPEG is one of the most extensively used image formats. Understanding the inherent characteristics of JPEG may play a useful role in digital image forensics. In this paper, we introduce JPEG error analysis to the study of image forensics. The main errors of JPEG include quantization, rounding, and truncation errors. Through theoretically analyzing the effects of these errors on single and double JPEG compression, we have developed three novel schemes for image forensics including identifying whether a bitmap image has previously been JPEG compressed, estimating the quantization steps of a JPEG image, and detecting the quantization table of a JPEG image. Extensive experimental results show that our new methods significantly outperform existing techniques especially for the images of small sizes. We also show that the new method can reliably detect JPEG image blocks which are as small as 8  8 pixels and compressed with quality factors as high as 98. This performance is important for analyzing and locating small tampered regions within a composite image.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5483224,no
Topographic Correction for ALOS PALSAR Interferometry,"L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry is very successful for mapping ground deformation in densely vegetated regions. However, due to its larger wavelength, the capacity to detect slow deformation over a short period of time is limited. Stacking and small baseline subset (SBAS) techniques are routinely used to produce time series of deformation and average deformation rates by reducing the contribution of topographic and atmospheric noise. For large sets of images that are presently available from C-band European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS-1/2) and Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT), the standard stacking and SBAS algorithms are accurate. However, the same algorithms are often inaccurate when used for processing of interferograms from L-band Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array type L-band SAR (ALOS PALSAR). This happens because only a limited number of interferograms is acquired and also because of large spatial baselines often correlated with the time of acquisition. In this paper two techniques are suggested that can be used for removing the residual topographic component from stacking and SBAS results, thereby increasing their accuracy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5444896,no
Lightweight fault-localization using multiple coverage types,"Lightweight fault-localization techniques use program coverage to isolate the parts of the code that are most suspicious of being faulty. In this paper, we present the results of a study of three types of program coverage-statements, branches, and data dependencies-to compare their effectiveness in localizing faults. The study shows that no single coverage type performs best for all faults-different kinds of faults are best localized by different coverage types. Based on these results, we present a new coverage-based approach to fault localization that leverages the unique qualities of each coverage type by combining them. Because data dependencies are noticeably more expensive to monitor than branches, we also investigate the effects of replacing data-dependence coverage with an approximation inferred from branch coverage. Our empirical results show that (1) the cost of fault localization using combinations of coverage is less than using any individual coverage type and closer to the best case (without knowing in advance which kinds of faults are present), and (2) using inferred data-dependence coverage retains most of the benefits of combinations.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5070508,no
Estimating the Odometry Error of a Mobile Robot by Neural Networks,"Localization is the accurate estimation of robot's current position and is critical for map building. Odometry modeling is one of the main approaches to solving the localization problem, the other being a sensor based correspondence solver. Currently few robot positioning systems support calibration of odometry errors in both feature rich indoor and landmark poor outdoor environments. To achieve good performance in various environments, the mobile robot has to be able to learn to localize in unknown environments, and reuse previously computed environment specific localization models. This paper presents a method combining the standard Back-Propagation technique and a feed-forward neural network model for odometry calibration for both synchronous and differential drive mobile robots. This novel method is compared with a generic localization module and an optimization based approach, and found to minimize odometry error because of its nonlinear input-output mapping ability. Experimental results demonstrate that the neural network approach incorporating Bayesian Regularization provides improved performance and relaxes constraints in the UMBmark method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381505,no
A human study of fault localization accuracy,"Localizing and repairing defects are critical software engineering activities. Not all programs and not all bugs are equally easy to debug, however. We present formal models, backed by a human study involving 65 participants (from both academia and industry) and 1830 total judgments, relating various software- and defect-related features to human accuracy at locating errors. Our study involves example code from Java textbooks, helping us to control for both readability and complexity. We find that certain types of defects are much harder for humans to locate accurately. For example, humans are over five times more accurate at locating extra statements than missing statements based on experimental observation. We also find that, independent of the type of defect involved, certain code contexts are harder to debug than others. For example, humans are over three times more accurate at finding defects in code that provides an array abstraction than in code that provides a tree abstraction. We identify and analyze code features that are predictive of human fault localization accuracy. Finally, we present a formal model of debugging accuracy based on those source code features that have a statistically significant correlation with human performance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609691,no
Intra-distance Derived Weighted distortion for error resilience,"Intra coding is one of the most effective ways of reducing the impact of error propagation caused by predictive coding. However, intra coding requires a higher bitrate when compared to inter coding. In order to use Inter coding and reduce error propagation it is important that inter macroblocks predict from AsafeA areas that have a decreased chance of spreading errors. To this end we propose a low complexity method of biasing the prediction mechanism towards recently intra updated macroblocks. We devise a method of adjusting the distortion used in rate distortion optimization to take into account the temporal distance of the last Intra macroblock. Our simulations show that our intra-distance derived weighting (IDW) method improves video coding performance in a lossy environment by up to 1.4 dB for a modest increase in bitrate.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5413704,no
Application of FFT on a vehicle Transient Fault Recorder,"It is described that Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) implementation in floating-point DSP TMS320VC33. The result indicate that assemble language is more suitable for implementing the complicated algorithms than c language, validates the correctness of FFT algorithms, indicates that the implement of FFT with DSP own antitone indirect addressing is very convenient, the real-time performance is also very good, It satisfied the requirement of spectrum analysis in a vehicle Transient Fault Recorder in the field of harmonics analysis and vibration analysis.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4677558,no
Straight-Edge Extraction in Distorted Images Using Gradient Correction,"Many camera lenses, particularly low-cost or wide-angle lenses, can cause significant image distortion. This means that features extracted naively from such images will be incorrect. A traditional approach to dealing with this problem is to digitally rectify the image to correct the distortion, and then to apply computer vision processing to the corrected image. However, this is relatively expensive computationally, and can introduce additional interpolation errors. We propose instead to apply processing directly to the distorted image from the camera, modifying whatever algorithm is used to correct for the distortion during processing, without a separate rectification pass. In this paper we demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach using the particular classic problem of gradient-based extraction of straight edges. We propose a modification of the Burns line extractor that works on a distorted image by correcting the gradients on the fly using the chain rule, and correcting the pixel positions during the line-fitting stage. Experimental results on both real and synthetic images under varying distortion and noise show that our gradient-correction technique can obtain approximately a 50% reduction in computation time for straight-edge extraction, with a modest improvement in accuracy under most conditions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5384901,no
Cleanroom: Edit-Time Error Detection with the Uniqueness Heuristic,"Many dynamic programming language features, such as implicit declaration, reflection, and code generation, make it difficult to verify the existence of identifiers through standard program analysis. We present an alternative verification, which, rather than analyzing the semantics of code, highlights any name or pair of names that appear only once across a program's source files. This uniqueness heuristic is implemented for HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, in an interactive editor called Cleanroom, which highlights lone identifiers after each keystroke. Through an online experiment, we show that Cleanroom detects real errors, that it helps developers find these errors more quickly than developers can find them on their own, and that this helps developers avoid costly debugging effort by reducing how many times a program is executed with potential errors. The simplicity and power of Cleanroom's heuristic may generalize well to other dynamic languages with little support for edit-time name verification.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635293,no
Error Analysis of Geometric Ellipse Detection Methods Due to Quantization,"Many geometric methods have been used extensively for detection of ellipses in images. Though the geometric methods have rigorous mathematical framework, the effect of quantization appears in various forms and introduces errors in the implementation of such models. This unexplored aspect of geometric methods is studied in this paper. We identify the various sources that can affect the accuracy of the geometric methods. Our results show that the choice of points used in geometric methods is a very crucial factor in the accuracy. If the curvature covered by the chosen points is low, then the error may be significantly high. We also show that if numerically computed tangents are used in the geometric methods, the accuracy of the methods is sensitive to the error in the computation of the tangents. Our analysis is used to propose a probability density function for the relative error of the geometric methods. Such distribution can be an important tool for determining practical parameters like the size of bins or clusters in the Hough transform. It can also be used to compare various methods and choose a more suitable method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5673987,no
Improving bug tracking systems,"It is important that information provided in bug reports is relevant and complete in order to help resolve bugs quickly. However, often such information trickles to developers after several iterations of communication between developers and reporters. Poorly designed bug tracking systems are partly to blame for this exchange of information being stretched over time. Our paper addresses the concerns of bug tracking systems by proposing four broad directions for enhancements. As a proof-of-concept, we also demonstrate a prototype interactive bug tracking system that gathers relevant information from the user and identifies files that need to be fixed to resolve the bug.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5070993,no
Finding All Small Error-Prone Substructures in LDPC Codes,"It is proven in this work that it is NP-complete to exhaustively enumerate small error-prone substructures in arbitrary, finite-length low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Two error-prone patterns of interest include stopping sets for binary erasure channels (BECs) and trapping sets for general memoryless symmetric channels. Despite the provable hardness of the problem, this work provides an exhaustive enumeration algorithm that is computationally affordable when applied to codes of practical short lengths <i>n</i> ap 500. By exploiting the sparse connectivity of LDPC codes, the stopping sets of size <i>les</i> <i>13</i> and the trapping sets of size <i>les11</i> can be exhaustively enumerated. The central theorem behind the proposed algorithm is a new provably tight <i>upper</i> <i>bound</i> on the error rates of iterative decoding over BECs. Based on a tree-pruning technique, this upper bound can be iteratively sharpened until its asymptotic order equals that of the error floor. This feature distinguishes the proposed algorithm from existing non-exhaustive ones that correspond to finding <i>lower</i> <i>bounds</i> of the error floor. The upper bound also provides a worst case performance guarantee that is crucial to optimizing LDPC codes when the target error rate is beyond the reach of Monte Carlo simulation. Numerical experiments on both randomly and algebraically constructed LDPC codes demonstrate the efficiency of the search algorithm and its significant value for finite-length code optimization.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4839029,no
The effect of error in position co-ordinates of the receiving antenna on the single-satellite-mode GPS timing,"It is well established that the position co-ordinates of the receiving antenna should be determined precisely in advance for getting Time of the GPS receiver through a single GPS satellite technique. So it is desirable to know the extent of accuracy of the position co-ordinate required for a particular timing accuracy. In this paper, an analytical expression relating to the position error and the corresponding error in the Time of the GPS receiver has been derived. Time error of the GPS receiver caused by the error in position coordinates largely depends on the position of the satellite indicated by the respective elevation and azimuth of the satellite. To validate the derived formulation it is important to configure the experimental plan very judiciously. A special experiment has accordingly been conducted at National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India (NPLI). The observed data have been found to tally well with the derived relation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5168273,no
Metrics selection for fault-proneness prediction of software modules,"It would be valuable to use metrics to identify the fault-proneness of software modules. It is important to select the most appropriate particular metric subset for fault-proneness prediction. We proposed an approach of metrics selection, which firstly utilized the correlation analysis to eliminate the high the correlation metrics and then ranked the remaining metrics based on the gray relational analysis. Three classifiers, that were logistic regression model, NaiveBayes, and J48, were utilized to empirically investigate the usefulness of selected metrics. Our results, based on a public domain NASA data set, indicate that 1) proposed method for metrics selection is effective, and 2) using 3-4 metrics gets the balanced performance for fault-proneness prediction of software modules.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5541206,no
Post-Silicon Bug Localization in Processors Using Instruction Footprint Recording and Analysis (IFRA),"Instruction Footprint Recording and Analysis (IFRA) overcomes challenges associated with an expensive step in post-silicon validation of processors-pinpointing the bug location and the instruction sequence that exposes the bug from a system failure. On-chip recorders collect instruction footprints (information about flows of instructions and what the instructions did as they passed through various design blocks) during the normal operation of the processor in a post-silicon system validation setup. Upon system failure, the recorded information is scanned out and analyzed offline for bug localization. Special self-consistency-based program analysis techniques, together with the test program binary of the application executed during post-silicon validation, are used for this purpose. Major benefits of using IFRA over traditional techniques for post-silicon bug localization are as follows: 1) it does not require full system-level reproduction of bugs, and 2) it does not require full system-level simulation. Simulation results on a complex superscalar processor demonstrate that IFRA is effective in accurately localizing electrical bugs with very little impact on overall chip area.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5247122,no
Injecting Inconsistent Values Caused by Interaction Faults for Experimental Dependability Evaluation,"Interaction faults caused by a flawed external system designed by a third party are a major issue faced by interconnected systems. Fault injection is a valuable tool for evaluating the dependability of such scenarios. Several types of errors caused by interaction faults may be injected by existing approaches, even though previous work focused on other types of faults, such as hardware and software faults. This is not the case of inconsistent values - data that is correctly received and syntactically correct, but inconsistent with what it should represent. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology to inject inconsistent values caused by interaction faults, including hand-defined, random and se- mantically significant values. We also describe a simulation tool which implements the proposed mechanism to aid dependability evaluation in a system that uses the Universal Plug and Play standard to communicate.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4555985,no
Modeling the Propagation of Intermittent Hardware Faults in Programs,"Intermittent hardware faults are bursts of errors that last from a few CPU cycles to a few seconds. Recent studies have shown that intermittent fault rates are increasing due to technology scaling and are likely to be a significant concern in future systems. We study the impact of intermittent hardware faults in programs. A simulation-based fault-injection campaign shows that the majority of the intermittent faults lead to program crashes. We build a crash model and a program model that represents the data dependencies in a fault-free execution of the program. We then use this model to glean information about when the program crashes and the extent of fault propagation. Empirical validation of our model using fault-injection experiment shows that it predicts almost all actual crash-causing intermittent faults, and in 93% of the considered faults the prediction is accurate within 100 instructions. Further, the model is found to be more than two orders of magnitude faster than equivalent fault-injection experiments performed with a microprocessor simulator.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5703223,no
Toward fault-tolerant and reconfigurable digital microfluidic biochips,"Microfluidics-based biochips are revolutionizing high-throughput sequencing, parallel immunoassays, blood chemistry for clinical diagnostics, and drug discovery. These devices enable the precise control of nanoliter volumes of biochemical samples and regents. They combine electronics with biology, and they integrate various bioassay operations, such as sample preparation, analysis, separation, and detection. This survey paper provides an overview of droplet-based digital microfluidic biochips. It describes emerging techniques for designing fault-tolerant and reconfigurable digital microfluidic biochips. Recent advances in fault modeling, testing, diagnosis and reconfiguration techniques are presented. These quality-driven techniques ensure that biochips can be used reliably during liquid-based biochemical assays.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5548243,no
On error analysis and distributed phase steering for wireless network coding over fading channels,"Network coding notions promise significant gains in wireless networks' throughput and quality of service. Future systems employing such paradigms are known to be also highly scalable and resilient to node failure and churn rates. We propose a simple framework where a single relay listens to two nodes transmitting simultaneously over the same band in the presence of Nakagami-m fading. For this multiple-access channel (MAC), we derive in closed-form the exact bit error rate of antipodal signaling with maximum-likelihood detection. As the MAC is the bottleneck in error of the overall system, this provides a good performance measure of the aggregate architecture. Using the new error expressions derived, we then propose a simple closed-loop cooperation strategy where via a ternary feedback from the relay node, significant gains in signal to noise ratio at the relay can be achieved. Our novel error analysis method is applicable to a number of other systems such as the vertical Bell labs spacetime (V-BLAST) scheme and synchronous multi-user systems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5336791,no
Fault-tolerance abilities implementation with spare cells in bio-inspired hardware systems,"Network communication algorithms development is presented in the paper, with the purpose to implement bio-inspired hardware systems which exhibit the abilities of living organisms, such as: evolution capabilities, self-healing and fault-tolerance. In the first steps of these research efforts an embryonic system with bi-dimensional FPGA-based artificial cell network is designed and tested through careful computer-aided simulations. Two specially developed algorithms were implemented in the network communication strategy, in order to avoid physical faults and errors in the laboratory experimented VLSI hardware architecture. The basic challenge of all these experiments is to develop embryonic systems with fault-tolerant and self-healing properties, as main hardware structures in a large scale high security process control and industrial applications.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5415054,no
Analog circuit fault diagnosis using bagging ensemble method with cross-validation,"Neural Network (NN) ensemble approach has been an appealing topic in the field of analog circuit fault diagnosis lately. In this paper, a new method for fault diagnosis of analog circuits with tolerance based on NN ensemble method with cross-validation is proposed. Firstly, bias-variance decomposition shows the theoretical guide on how to choose the component networks when composing the ensemble. Secondly, output voltage signal of the Circuit Under Test (CUT) has been obtained after the stimulus imposed on the CUT. After getting the corresponding fault feature sets, Bagging algorithm is employed to produce the different training sets in order to train the different component networks, and cross-validation technique has been employed to further improve fault diagnosis accuracy. Finally, the outputs of the component ensemble members are combined to isolate the CUT faults. Simulations result shows the superior performance of this proposed approach. This system is able to effectively improve the generalization ability of the analog circuit fault classifier and increase the fault diagnosis accuracy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246675,no
Supervised Neural Network Modeling: An Empirical Investigation Into Learning From Imbalanced Data With Labeling Errors,"Neural network algorithms such as multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) and radial basis function networks (RBFNets) have been used to construct learners which exhibit strong predictive performance. Two data related issues that can have a detrimental impact on supervised learning initiatives are class imbalance and labeling errors (or class noise). Imbalanced data can make it more difficult for the neural network learning algorithms to distinguish between examples of the various classes, and class noise can lead to the formulation of incorrect hypotheses. Both class imbalance and labeling errors are pervasive problems encountered in a wide variety of application domains. Many studies have been performed to investigate these problems in isolation, but few have focused on their combined effects. This study presents a comprehensive empirical investigation using neural network algorithms to learn from imbalanced data with labeling errors. In particular, the first component of our study investigates the impact of class noise and class imbalance on two common neural network learning algorithms, while the second component considers the ability of data sampling (which is commonly used to address the issue of class imbalance) to improve their performances. Our results, for which over two million models were trained and evaluated, show that conclusions drawn using the more commonly studied C4.5 classifier may not apply when using neural networks.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5430973,no
Error Correction Capability in Chaotic Neural Networks,"Neural networks are able to learn more patterns with the incremental learning than with the correlative learning. The incremental learning is a method to compose an associative memory using a chaotic neural network. In the former work, it was found that the capacity of the network increases along with its size, with some threshold value and that it decreases over that size. The threshold value and the capacity varied by the learning parameter. In this paper, the capacity of the networks was investigated by changing the learning parameter. Through the computer simulations, it turned out that the capacity increases in proportion to the network size. Then, the error correction capability is estimated with learned patterns changing to the maximum capacity.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5365150,no
Motorbike engine faults diagnosing system using neural network,"Monitoring systems for motorbike industry requires high and efficient degree of performance. In recent years, automatic identification and diagnosis of motorbike engine faults has become a very complex and critical task. The noise produced by a motorbike engine is an important information source of fault diagnosis. Artificial Neural Network finds applications in many industries including condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. In this paper a simple feature extraction algorithm that extracts the features from the engine noise signal using discrete wavelet transform is presented. The engine noise signals are decomposed into 8 levels using Daubechies ldquodb4rdquo wavelet family. The eight level coefficients energy of approximated version and detailed version are computed and used as features. Three simple neural network models are developed and trained by conventional backpropagation algorithm for identifying the motorbike engine faults and the average classification rates are around 85%.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4786641,no
AppWatch: detecting kernel bug for protecting consumer electronics applications,"Most consumer electronics products are equipped with diverse devices since they try to provide more services following the convergence trends. Device drivers for those devices are known to cause system failures. Most previous approaches to enhance reliability have been concerned with the kernel, not with applications. In consumer electronics, however, a main application plays a core role of the product. This paper proposes a new mechanism called AppWatch to keep a consumer electronics application reliable against misbehavior of device drivers. AppWatch exploits page management mechanism of the operating system to protect the address space of the application. Since AppWatch can be implemented at a low engineering cost, it is applicable to most systems only if they have the virtual memory system. AppWatch also provides selective protection of applications so that other unprotected applications are isolated from performance loss, if any. We have tested AppWatch in a consumer electronics environment. The result shows that AppWatch effectively protects application programs at a reasonable performance overhead in most workloads, whereas data-intensive workloads show high overhead. AppWatch also protects applications with little performance interference to other unprotected applications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5505989,no
"<formula formulatype=""inline""> <img src=""/images/tex/18913.gif"" alt=""{K}""> </formula>-Space and Image-Space Combination for Motion-Induced Phase-Error Correction in Self-Navigated Multicoil Multishot DWI","Motion during diffusion encodings leads to different phase errors in different shots of multishot diffusion-weighted acquisitions. Phase error incoherence among shots results in undesired signal cancellation when data from all shots are combined. Motion-induced phase error correction for multishot diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has been studied extensively and there exist multiple phase error correction algorithms. A commonly used correction method is the direct phase subtraction (DPS). DPS, however, can suffer from incomplete phase error correction due to the aliasing of the phase errors in the high spatial resolution phases. Furthermore, improper sampling density compensation is also a possible issue of DPS. Recently, motion-induced phase error correction was incorporated in the conjugate gradient (CG) image reconstruction procedure to get a nonlinear phase correction method that is also applicable to parallel DWI. Although the CG method overcomes the issues of DPS, its computational requirement is high. Further, CG restricts to sensitivity encoding (SENSE) for parallel reconstruction. In this paper, a new time-efficient and flexible <i>k</i>-space and image-space combination (KICT) algorithm for rigid body motion-induced phase error correction is introduced. KICT estimates the motion-induced phase errors in image space using the self-navigated capability of the variable density spiral trajectory. The correction is then performed in <i>k</i> -space. The algorithm is shown to overcome the problem of aliased phase errors. Further, the algorithm preserves the phase of the imaging object and receiver coils in the corrected <i>k</i> -space data, which is important for parallel imaging applications. After phase error correction, any parallel reconstruction method can be used. The KICT algorithm is tested with both simulated and in vivo data with both multishot single-coil and multishot multicoil acquisitions. We show that KICT correction results in diffusion-weighted- images with higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps with better resolved fiber tracts as compared to DPS. In peripheral-gated acquisitions, KICT is comparable to the CG method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4967962,no
Error concealment for motion-compensated interpolation,"Motion-compensated interpolation is usually employed at the receiver end in order to improve the quality of the video, when a low-bit-rate video is encoded in conjunction with frame dropping. The authors propose a scheme that can exploit the block-based motion vector field available at the decoder to avoid the complex motion estimation. The scheme is based on an iterative refinement technique that employs the finite-element method to efficiently conceal the interpolation errors caused by unfilled holes or overlapped pixels in the predicted frames. As a consequence, no pixel classification is needed in the proposed scheme, thus reducing substantially the computational complexity. The scheme is capable of concealing the errors in the homogeneous regions as well as in regions containing sharp edges. The proposed scheme is simulated with the original frames of a number of test sequences, as well as implemented with the H.264/AVC decoded frames. The results from these extensive simulations show that the proposed scheme results in reconstructed frames having a better visual quality and a lower computational complexity than the existing schemes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5471814,no
"Intelligent based modelling, control and fault detection of chemical process","Neutralizing pH value of sugar cane juice is the important craft in the control process in the clarifying process of sugar cane juice, which is the important factor to influence output and the quality of white sugar. On the one hand, it is an important content to control the neutralized pH value within a required range, which has the vital significance for acquiring high quality purified juice, reducing energy consumption and raising sucrose recovery. On the other hand, it is a complicated physical-chemistry process, which has the characteristics of strong non linearity, time-varying, large time-delay, and multiinput. Therefore, there has not a very good solution to control the neutralized pH value. Firstly, in this paper, neural network model for the clarifying process of sugar juice is established based on gathering 1200 groups of realtime sample data in a sugar factory.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5670574,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>Research on measuring point configuration based on particle swarm optimization technology in fault diagnosis,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>In view of complex dynamics system like the vehicles gear gearbox, it established the structure in the diversity drive and the diversity response transmission characteristic model. After considered the actual situation that the internal vibration signal of various parts arrived at the box body surface and folds mutually put together through the different transmission way, it proposed the essential method that it solved failure detection the sensor optimal and the measuring point disposition question with particle swarm optimizes algorithm. Analyzed and transmitted characteristic parameter optimization of the measuring point through various measuring points' test, it not only has given the basic optimal principle of measuring point arrangement, but also has proved that sensor and measuring point optimization disposition is feasible basing on the particle swarm optimization techniques.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5622515,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>Design of a continuous error correction pipeline,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>In order to improve the performance of the electronical system, pipeline is usually used in satellite microprocessors, Single Event Upset (SEU) is a main reason for abnormal working of computer system in spacecrafts. SEU is prone to induce error in pipeline and cause failure of the whole system. A continuous error correction pipeline scheme is presented in this paper. It can continuously perform fault detection and automatic correction for data errors in register file in real-time.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5564513,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>Single Terminal Fault Location Based on Improved Fault Recorder,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>In order to achieve single terminal fault location by fault recorder, considering of current status of the distributed fault recorder system while structure and performance of device we improved the fault recorder hardware architecture as four data acquisition modules controlled by CPLD and the data processing analysis module controlled by master DSP to enhance system sampling and processing level relied on powerful data analysis and processing capabilities of high performance DSP, and then put forward a fault location algorithm based on differential equation which executed by DSP itself. A large number of simulation results show the algorithm can satisfy the practical engineering requirements, therefore this research demonstrates that use power system fault recorder to get single terminal fault location is feasible from either hardware or software aspects.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5448968,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>Multi-source deviation analysis and rapid correction of locating points,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>The application of the Automatic Drilling/Riveting (ADR) System realizes automation of the wing panel riveting assembly. However, a major obstacle to the ADR of wing assembly in the past has been an inability to rapidly reduce locating deviation that usually existed between the upper-riveting head and actual locating points. This case largely influences actual production. To increasing locating accuracy and processing efficiency, a new method for errors analysis and rapid correction was proposed. Firstly, by analyzing the process flow of ADR, the resources and causes of errors were obtained from the analyzed results. Secondly, defined locating points in 3D model, then offset the points to modify the deviation between locating points in 3D numerical modeling and actual locating points in located and clamped wing panels. The modified data is from site measuring. Thirdly, software CATIA secondary development software CAA (Component Application Architecture) was applied to develop Rapid Error Correction Module in off-line programming. The locating points were obtained by the Agent technology and the batch definition was implemented on the visual interactive definition platform. The locating points were corrected by the AUTOMATION interface and the offset based on the template document was completed, the final locating points were determined by the linear programming. Finally, implementation on wing panel riveting assembly was introduced, and the results demonstrated the functionality of the method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544178,no
Obtaining reference ICC profile by reversed color matching method and tracing correction,"Obtaining the proofer's ICC profile and the reference ICC profile (or press ICC profile) is vital in establishing digital proofing environment. Generally, the press ICC profile is got by measuring a press sample including standard color patches. In this paper, a reversed method is put forward, in stead of printing standard chart, the real design pages and a few typical images are assembled and output both CTP plates and digital proof simulating a similar press ICC profile, the press ICC profile is got finally by several visual corrections. And in order to trace the changing of the printing process, the printing quality and ICC characteristics control strips are designed and renew the reference ICC profile all the time. Based on the new method of obtaining the press ICC profile, the digital proof has achieved a perfect color matching effect.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5648228,no
Automatic closed eye correction,"On a large group picture, having all people open their eyes can turn out to be a difficult task for photographers. Therefore, in this paper, we describe an original method to automatically correct closed eyes on everyday pictures. For this aim, we explore the combination possibilities of (1) active shape model (ASM) to detect facial features, such as eyes, nose and head shape, and (2) Poisson editing to clone open eyes seamlessly. To improve the performance of seamless cloning, we suggest a pre-processing method that adjusts skin luminosity between two pictures. A nearest neighbor-based search to find the best suited pair of eyes among a set of donor candidates is also presented. We applied the proposed algorithm on several pictures and obtained very natural results, which demonstrates the validity of our approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5414163,no
Coseismic Horizontal Offsets and Fault-Trace Mapping Using Phase Correlation of IRS Satellite Images: The 1999 Izmit (Turkey) Earthquake,"On August 17, 1999, a strong earthquake (Mw  7.4) occurred along the western sector of the North Anatolian Fault system in Turkey. The epicenter was located near the city of Izmit, 50 km east of Istanbul. Previous works determined the coseismic surface displacements by satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (InSAR) and satellite optical-image correlation. In 1999, the highest spatial resolution orbiting camera was the panchromatic sensor (PAN), a 5.8-m pixel sensor (SPOT 2 was a 10-m pixel sensor) onboard the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite. We propose to apply a new phase-correlation method to PAN images to study the coseismic rupture due to the Izmit earthquake. The phase-correlation method does not need phase unwrapping and was proved to be robust under a wide variety of circumstances. Image correlometry deals with the quantification of the subpixel offsets over the whole image, allowing displacement measurement with an accuracy that is proportional to the pixel size. We measured the near-field deformations exploiting two geometrically corrected IRS images with similar look angles. A quality check of the derived offset map was performed by comparison with GPS benchmarks and SPOT offsets. The results show that IRS PAN images can be correlated to derive coseismic slip offsets due to a large earthquake (and to map its fault trace).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5411822,no
A novel method for DC system grounding fault monitoring on-line and its realization,"On the basis of comparison and analysis of the present grounding fault monitoring methods such as method of AC injection, method of DC leakage and so on, this paper points out their shortcomings in practical applications. A novel method named method of different frequency signals for detecting grounding fault of DC system is advanced, which can overcome the bad influence of distributed capacitor between the ground and branches. Finally a new kind of detector based on the proposed method is introduced. The detector, with C8051F041 as kernel, adopting method of different frequency signals, realizes on-line grounding fault monitoring exactly. The principles, hardware and software design are introduced in detail. The experimental results and practical operations show that the detector has the advantages of high-precision, better anti-interference, high degree of automation, low cost, etc.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4636452,no
Fault Diagnosis System Based on Virtual Instrument for Ship Electromechanical System,"On the basis of the combination of virtual instrument and database technology, a fault diagnosis system for ship electromechanical system is developed. The whole structure, principle and key techniques are described in detail. Visual software is designed with the powerful tool, Visual C++. By using ODBC techniques, the problem of sharing data between Visual C++ and database is solved. Agilent data acquisition/switch unit is used to acquire data. The application indicates that the system is practical and applicable.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5708647,no
Generation of compact test sets with high defect coverage,"Multi-detect (N-detect) testing suffers from the drawback that its test length grows linearly with N. We present a new method to generate compact test sets that provide high defect coverage. The proposed technique makes judicious use of a new pattern-quality metric based on the concept of output deviations. We select the most effective patterns from a large N-detect pattern repository, and guarantee a small test set as well as complete stuck-at coverage. Simulation results for benchmark circuits show that with a compact, 1-detect stuck-at test set, the proposed method provides considerably higher transition-fault coverage and coverage ramp-up compared to another recently-published method. Moreover, in all cases, the proposed method either outperforms or is as effective as the competing approach in terms of bridging-fault coverage and the surrogate BCE+ metric. In many cases, higher transition-fault coverage is obtained than much larger N-detect test sets for several values of N. Finally, our results provide the insight that, instead of using N-detect testing with as large N as possible, it is more efficient to combine the output deviations metric with multi-detect testing to get high-quality, compact test sets.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5090833,no
A Fault Tolerant Comparison Internet Shopping System: BestDeal by Using Mobile Agent,"Mobile agents have been advocated to support electronic commerce over the Internet. While being a promising paradigm, many intricate problems such as security and fault tolerance need to be solved to make this vision reality. In this paper we have proposed a fault tolerant comparison internet shopping system BestDeal. We assume that both the mobile agent and the host responsible to execute mobile agent are test worthy and mobile agent does not get tampered, kidnapped or robbed on its way. Hierarchical Fault Tolerance Protocol (HFTP) has been used to make this application fault tolerant i.e. user, who launches the mobile agent receives it back with correct result within time limit in spite of hardware and software faults such as link failure, host failure, or crash of mobile agent or mobile agent system. Proposed protocol has been modeled by using CPN tools and been analyzed by using simulations and data gathering tools.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5077093,no
Localizing Program Errors via Slicing and Reasoning,"Model-based program debugging exploits discrepancies between the program behavior anticipated by a programmer and the program's actual behavior when executed on a set of inputs. From symptoms exhibited by a failing trace, potential culprits in the program canbe localized. However, since the cause of the error is nested deeper into the code than the error itself, localizing errors and correcting the errors are most time consuming hard work. The error trace produced by a model checker may contain more information than it appears. Thus, counter examples can be enough and are indicative for the cause of violation of the property. We present an assumption-based approach to localize the cause of a property violation using reasoning with constraints. In order to reduce the time consuming for error localizing, we first use dynamic program slicing to localize several statements to account for the violation of property. Assumption among these statements is then made to point out which statement(s) is (are) faulty. Some constraints will be introduced from the properties which are model checked for the program. A calculus of reasoning with these constraints is processed under the assumption along a counterexample. If the result may be consistent, the assumption is true (we can localize errors in those statements which the assumption suppose them to be faulty), otherwise, the assumption is wrong and another assumption should be made. Some examples support the applicability and effectiveness of our approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4708877,no
Cause-effect modeling and simulation of power distribution fault events,"Modeling and simulation are important to study power distribution faults due to the limited actual data and high cost of experimentations. Although a number of software packages are available to simulate the electric signals, approaches for simulating fault events in different environments are not well developed yet. In this paper, we propose a framework for modeling and simulating fault events in power distribution systems based on environmental factors and cause-effect relations among them. The spatial and temporal aspects of significant environmental factors leading to various faults are modeled as raster maps and probability distributions, respectively. The cause-effect relations are expressed as fuzzy rules and a hierarchical fuzzy inference system is built to infer the probability of faults given the simulated environments. This work will be helpful in fault diagnosis for different local systems and provide a configurable data source to other researchers and engineers in similar areas as well. A sample fault simulator we have developed is used to illustrate the approaches.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5590028,no
A new approach of gross errors detection for soft sensing data based on cluster analysis,"Modeling data plays a very important role in the process of establishing an accurate soft sensing model. Gross errors detection for modeling data could ensure the good quality of modeling data, and then ensure the good performance of soft sensor model. In this paper, a new gross errors detection method based on cluster analysis is proposed. Unlike the traditional methods, the new method does not rely on the mechanism model. And the new method is suitable to the characters of soft sensor better. A new cluster algorithm is presented to detect the gross errors of modeling data based on the special characters of soft sensor. The new clustering algorithm detects the gross errors by analyzing the Euclidean distance between the data points and the center of data set. The experiments demonstrate that the new detection approach based on new clustering method could detect the gross error effectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5573168,no
State space model based dimensional errors analysis for rigid part in multistation manufacturing processes,"Modeling of variation propagation in multistation machining process is one of the most important research fields. In this paper, a mathematic model to depict the part dimensional variation of the complex multistation manufacturing process is formulated. A linear state space dimensional propagation equation is established through kinematics analysis of the relationships among of locating parameter variation, locating datum variation, so the dimensional error accumulation and transformation within the multistation process are quantitatively described. A systematic procedure to build the model is presented, which enhances the way to determine the variation sources in complex machining systems. Finally, an industrial case of multistation machining part in one manufacturing shop is given to testify the validation and practicability of the method. The analytical model is essential to quality control and improvement for multistation systems in machining quality forecasting and design optimization.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5674633,no
Multidimensional Layered Forward Error Correction Using Rateless Codes,Modern layered or scalable video coding technologies generate a video bit stream with various inter layer dependencies due to references between the layers. This work proposes a method for extending forward error correction (FECs) codes following dependency structures within the media. The proposed layer-aware FEC (L-FEC) generates repair symbols so that protection of less important dependency layers can be used with protection of more important layers for combined error correction. The L-FEC approach is exemplary applied to rateless LT and Raptor codes. Gains for more important layers can be achieved without increasing the total FEC code rate. The performance gain of the L-FEC is shown by simulation results with receiver-driven layered multicast transmission using scalable video coding (SVC) with a Raptor-based L-FEC.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4533131,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>Application of Network Technique in Transformer Fault Diagnosis,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>This paper introduces computer network technique of Local Area Network(LAN), Wide Area Network(WAN).It states that fault diagnosis technique of ES & ANN.Computer network remote diagnosis and monitoring are led in transformer fault diagnosis. The feasibility and validity of network system for transformer fault diagnosis are explained by some examples.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5448698,no
An architecture for a fault tolerant highly reconfigurable shop floor,"Nowadays Internet enabled technologies have open wide the door for penetrating new markets and profiting from specific business scenarios. In the manufacturing domain these opportunities are of volatile nature and rather than requiring large scale production of a single item demand mid/low volume production with variants of a certain good. The impact on the shop floor activities is considerable and calls for highly reconfigurable set ups. In this paper the authors propose an agent based architecture, which follows the reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS) framework, validated by an implementation, in the discrete manufacturing domain, that supports seamless runtime reconfiguration while being tolerant to faults in running processes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4618284,no
Fault Detection and Diagnosis in a Set InverterInduction Machine Through Multidimensional Membership Function and Pattern Recognition,"Nowadays, electrical drives generally associate inverter and induction machine. Thus, these two elements must be taken into account in order to provide a relevant diagnosis of these electrical systems. In this context, the paper presents a diagnosis method based on a multidimensional function and pattern recognition (PR). Traditional formalism of the PR method has been extended with some improvements such as the automatic choice of the feature space dimension or a ldquononexclusiverdquo decision rule based on the <i>k</i>-nearest neighbors. Thus, we introduce a new membership function, which takes into account the number of nearest neighbors as well as the distance from these neighbors with the sample to be classified. This approach is illustrated on a 5.5 kW inverter-fed asynchronous motor, in order to detect supply and motor faults. In this application, diagnostic features are only extracted from electrical measurements. Experimental results prove the efficiency of our diagnosis method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4510860,no
Analysis and Utilizing of the Error Models in Network Education with NS3,"NS3 (Network Simulator version 3) can construct a network environment to help teacher in computer network teaching. It displays more benefits than the traditional ways. Because it is an open source software, NS3 can be used freely and make the network simulation easy, furthermore, the result of the network simulation can be analyzed with different software tools. In this paper we focus on the error model of WLAN in NS3 which can be used in the teaching of network course, introducing and analyzing the related theories about the error models used in NS3 physical layer, so as to help researchers understand and utilize the error models in NS3 Smoothly. In addition, several error model simulation experiments were carried out.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5460174,no
Autonomous fault tolerant multi-robot cooperation using artificial immune system,"Multi-robot cooperation is an active research field where researchers have proposed different cooperation strategies. However, most of them have not considered fault tolerance, which will be critical when one or more robots fail during cooperation. In this paper we propose a self regulated fault tolerant multi-robot cooperation system based on the principles of artificial immune systems. The proposed approach relies on broadcasting of the capability and cost function of a robot that is required for cooperation while also taking care of partial and full failure of a robot during the communication for cooperation. In our system, a robot is regarded as an antibody and its environment as an antigen. The communication and cooperation strategies are inspired by Jernpsilas idiotypic network theory and the structure of the antibody. The developed methodology is verified by simulation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4636225,no
Using a Fault Hierarchy to Improve the Efficiency of DNF Logic Mutation Testing,"Mutation testing is a technique for generating high quality test data. However, logic mutation testing is currently inefficient for three reasons. One, the same mutant is generated more than once. Two, mutants are generated that are guaranteed to be killed by a test that kills some other generated mutant. Three, mutants that when killed are guaranteed to kill many other mutants are not generated as valuable mutation operators are missing. This paper improves logic mutation testing by 1) extending a logic fault hierarchy to include existing logic mutation operators, 2) introducing new logic mutation operators based on existing faults in the hierarchy, 3) introducing new logic mutation operators having no corresponding faults in the hierarchy and extending the hierarchy to include them, and 4) addressing the precise effects of equivalent mutants on the fault hierarchy. An empirical study using minimal DNF predicates in avionics software showed that a new logic mutation testing approach generates fewer mutants, detects more faults, and outperforms an existing logic criterion.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4815372,no
Examining the Relationships between Performance Requirements and Not a Problem Defect Reports,"Missing or imprecise requirements can lead stakeholders to make incorrect assumptions. A ""not a problem"" defect report (NaP) describes a software behavior that a stakeholder regards as a problem while the developer believes this behavior is acceptable and chooses not to take any action. As a result, a NaP wastes the time of the development team because resources are spent analyzing the problem but the quality of the software is not improved. Performance requirements specification and analysis are instance-based. System performance can change based upon the execution environment or usage patterns. To understand how the availability and precision of performance requirements can affect NaP occurrence rate, we conducted a case study on an embedded control module. We applied the performance refinement and evolution model to examine the relationship between each factor in the performance requirements and the corresponding NaP occurrence rate. Our findings show that precise specification of subjects or workloads lowers the occurrence rate of NaPs. Precise specification of measures or environments does not lower the occurrence rate of NaPs. Finally, the availability of performance requirements does not affect NaP occurrence rate in this case study.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4685662,no
Application of support vector machines for fault diagnosis in power transmission system,"Post-fault studies of recent major power failures around the world reveal that mal- operation and/or improper co-ordination of protection system were responsible to some extent. When a major power disturbance occurs, protection and control action are required to stop the power system degradation, restore the system to a normal state and minimise the impact of the disturbance. However, this has indicated the need for improving protection co-ordination by additional post-fault and corrective studies using intelligent/knowledge-based systems. A process to obtain knowledge-base using support vector machines (SVMs) is presented for ready post-fault diagnosis purpose. SVMs are used as Intelligence tool to identify the faulted line that is emanating and finding the distance from the substation. Also, SVMs are compared with radial basis function neural networks in datasets corresponding to different fault on transmission system. Classification and regression accuracies are is reported for both strategies. The approach is particularly important for post-fault diagnosis of any mal-operation of relays following a disturbance in the neighbouring line connected to the same substation. This may help to improve the fault monitoring/diagnosis process, thus assuring secure operation of the power systems. To validate the proposed approach, results on IEEE 39-Bus New England system are presented for illustration purpose.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4436112,no
BLoG: Post-Silicon bug localization in processors using bug localization graphs,"Post-silicon bug localization - the process of identifying the location of a detected hardware bug and the cycle(s) during which the bug produces error(s) - is a major bottleneck for complex integrated circuits. Instruction Footprint Recording and Analysis (IFRA) is a promising post-silicon bug localization technique for complex processor cores. However, applying IFRA to new processor microarchitectures can be challenging due to the manual effort required to implement special microarchitecture-dependent analysis techniques for bug localization. This paper presents the Bug Localization Graph (BLoG) framework that enables application of IFRA to new processor microarchitectures with reduced manual effort. Results obtained from an industrial microarchitectural simulator modeling a state-of-the-art complex commercial microarchitecture (Intel Nehalem, the foundation for the Intel CoreTM i7 and CoreTM i5 processor families) demonstrate that BLoG-assisted IFRA enables effective and efficient post-silicon bug localization for complex processors with high bug localization accuracy at low cost.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5523125,no
Hybrid Fault Diagnosis Scheme Implementation for Power Distribution Systems Automation,"Power distribution automation and control are important tools in the current restructured electricity markets. Unfortunately, due to its stochastic nature, distribution systems faults are hardly avoidable. This paper proposes a novel fault diagnosis scheme for power distribution systems, composed by three different processes: fault detection and classification, fault location, and fault section determination. The fault detection and classification technique is wavelet based. The fault-location technique is impedance based and uses local voltage and current fundamental phasors. The fault section determination method is artificial neural network based and uses the local current and voltage signals to estimate the faulted section. The proposed hybrid scheme was validated through Alternate Transient Program/Electromagnetic Transients Program simulations and was implemented as embedded software. It is currently used as a fault diagnosis tool in a Southern Brazilian power distribution company.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4558162,no
Development of an expert system to fault diagnosis of three phase induction motor drive system,"Power electronic systems are considered as one of the most important components in many applications, such as nuclear reactors, aerospace, military applications and life saving machines. In such applications the system should be high reliable, a knowledge-based expert system was developed to diagnose faults in a three phase induction motor system . A software tool called KAPPA PC 2.1 was used to develop the expert system, the system is modeled in MATLAB SIMULINK and the simulation results at normal and fault conditions was rewritten as a set of if-then rules by which the expert system can discriminate the fault.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4562346,no
A very fast unblocking scheme for distance protection to detect symmetrical faults during power swings,"Power swing blocking function in distance relays is necessary to distinguish between a power swing and a fault. However the distance relay should be fast and reliably unblocked if any fault occurs during a power swing. Although unblocking the relay under asymmetrical fault conditions is straightforward based on detecting the zero- or negative-sequence component of current but symmetrical fault detection during a power swing presents a challenge since there is no unbalancing. This paper presents a very fast detection method used to detect symmetrical faults occurring during a power swing. Based on a 50 Hz component getting on three-phase active power after symmetrical fault inception and using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), the proposed detection method can reliably and quickly detect symmetrical faults occurring during power swing in one power cycle, i.e. 0.02 second. This detection method is easy to set and immune to the fault inception time and fault location. Power swing and fault conditions are simulated by using software PSCAD/EMTDC<sup></sup>. FFT is performed by using On-Line Frequency Scanner block included in the software.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5697162,no
Field experience of transformer untanking to identify electrical faults and comparison with Dissolved Gas Analysis,"Power transformer consists of components which are under consistent thermal and electrical stresses. The major component which degrades under these stresses is the paper insulation of the power transformer. The life of the transformer is determined by the condition of the paper insulation. The degradation of the paper insulation will be accelerated with the presence of electrical fault. Electrical fault in power transformer can be categorized into two which are Partial Discharge (PD) and Arcing. A PD will eventually develop into arcing. Any electrical fault in the transformer can be detected by using Dissolved Gas Analysis technique. The DGA can be used to differentiate between the types of faults in the transformer. However, DGA alone is not conclusive in determining the electrical fault in the transformer. As a complement, acoustic partial discharge technique was used to detect the electrical fault in the transformer. In this paper, the detection of electrical fault in two units of 33/11 kV, 15 MVA transformers were done by using Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA). Then, the acoustic partial discharge test was carried out to detect the activity and locate the source of the electrical fault. During the acoustic partial discharge testing, some electrical discharge signal was picked-up from On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC) tank. Then, the transformers were un-tanking for physical inspection. Based on the inspection done on two transformers, the DGA analysis methods were unable to detect the OLTC oil contamination in the main tank oil and it is very dependent on the transformer conservator tank design. The acoustic partial discharge technique proves to be a useful tool in detecting electrical discharges in the power transformer.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5398629,no
A new approach for real-time multiple open-circuit fault diagnosis in voltage source inverters,"Practically all the diagnostic methods for open-circuit faults in voltage source inverters (VSI) developed during the last decades, are focused on the occurrence of single faults and do not have the capability to handle and identify multiple failures. This paper presents a new method for real-time diagnostics of multiple open-circuit faults in voltage source inverters feeding ac machines. In contrast with the majority of the methods found in the literature which are based on the motor phase currents average values, the average absolute values are used here as principal quantities in order to formulate the diagnostic variables. These prove to be more robust against the issue of false alarms, carrying also information about multiple open-circuit failures. Furthermore, by the combination of these variables with the machine phase currents average values, it is possible to obtain characteristic signatures, which allow for the detection and identification of single and multiple open-circuit faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5618462,no
Clustering and Metrics Thresholds Based Software Fault Prediction of Unlabeled Program Modules,"Predicting the fault-proneness of program modules when the fault labels for modules are unavailable is a practical problem frequently encountered in the software industry. Because fault data belonging to previous software version is not available, supervised learning approaches can not be applied, leading to the need for new methods, tools, or techniques. In this study, we propose a clustering and metrics thresholds based software fault prediction approach for this challenging problem and explore it on three datasets, collected from a Turkish white-goods manufacturer developing embedded controller software. Experiments reveal that unsupervised software fault prediction can be automated and reasonable results can be produced with techniques based on metrics thresholds and clustering. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of metrics thresholds and show that the standalone application of metrics thresholds (one-stage) is currently easier than the clustering and metrics thresholds based (two-stage) approach because the selection of cluster number is performed heuristically in this clustering based method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5070617,no
Single Electron Fault in QCA Binary Wire,Quantum cellular automata (QCA) represents an emerging technology at the nanotechnology level. There are various faults which may occur in QCA cells. One of these faults is the single electron fault (SEF) that can happen during manufacturing or operation of QCA circuits. A detailed simulation based logic level modeling of single electron fault for QCA binary wire is represented in this paper.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5291510,no
Photoelastic stress analysis error quantification in vasculature models for robot feedback control,"Real-time and accurate stress calculation in walls of vasculature is desired to provide catheter insertion robots of feedback control without changing the catheter stiffness and lumen. This feedback source has also applications in endovascular surgery simulation for human skills and medical tools evaluation. For that purpose we consider photoelastic effect, as birefringence produced by light retardation relates with the stress inside the photoelastic materials. In this research a polariscope was designed for urethane elastomer vasculature models, the photoelastic coefficient of urethane elastomer was measured, and the camera system was calibrated to quantify and reduce error of the measurement system. An average error of 3.6% was found for the pressure range of 70-189 mmHg inside the model of urethane elastomer, this enables to calculate accurately stress in vasculature models during Human Blood Pressure Simulation (HBPS). That way we will be able to compare in a closed loop stress produced by HBPS and by the catheter motion when manipulated by a robot.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5509979,no
Real time control design for mobile robot fault tolerant control. Introducing the ARTEMIC powered mobile robot,"Real-time applications should timely deliver synchronized data-sets, minimize latency and jitter in their response and meet their performance specifications in the presence of disturbances and faults. The fault tolerant behavior in mobile robots refers to the possibility to autonomously detect and identify faults as well as the capability to continue operating after a fault occurred. This paper introduces a real-time distributed control application with fault tolerance capabilities for differential wheeled mobile robots, named ARTEMIC. The paper focuses on design details and performance analysis at the system operation level. Some stress tests are executed during normal operation to validate the proposal. Specific design, development and implementation details will be provided in this paper.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5552026,no
FEDA: Fault-tolerant Energy-Efficient Data Aggregation in wireless sensor networks,"One of the key issues in wireless sensor networks is data collection from sensors .In this area, data aggregation is an important technique for reducing the energy consumption. Also, reliability and robustness of transferring data is one of the important challenges. The in-network data aggregation approach which is proposed in this paper, besides achieving ideal energy consumption by limiting a number of redundant and unnecessary responses from the sensor nodes, it can increase the chance of receiving data packets at the destination and cause to a more accurate results. By utilization of J-Sim simulator, the proposed approach is compared and evaluated with some important approaches in this area. The simulation results show that by using the proposed approach, the loss amount of the data packets and the average energy consumption of network will be considerably reduced.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4669477,no
Fault-Tolerant Online Backup Service: Formal Modeling and Reasoning,"Online backup service software provides automated, offsite, secure online data backup and recovery for remote computers. How to satisfy functional requirements and guarantee the fault tolerance of online backup service software is a difficult but crucial problem faced by software designers. In this paper, we investigate to incorporate the fault tolerant techniques in the system design, and propose a fault-tolerant online backup service model (FOBSM) to guide the development of online backup service system. The FOBSM comprises four components: backup client (BC), backup server (BS), storage server (SS), and online backup exception handler (OBEH). The first three components constitute three-party functional units, whereas OBEH serves as the centralized exception handling mechanism, which is devised to receive the external exceptions raised by the other entities, transform them into a global exception, and propagate it to the related entities to handle, so as to improve the fault tolerance of the software greatly. In order to provide precise and explicit idioms to system designers, we use Object-Z language to specify the FOBSM. Following the Object-Z reasoning rules, we reason about the fault tolerant properties of FOBSM and demonstrate that it can improve fault tolerance of the online backup service software effectively.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5197363,no
Understanding Expressions of Unwanted Behaviors in Open Bug Reporting,"Open bug reporting allows end-users to express a vast array of unwanted software behaviors. However, users' expectations often clash with developers' implementation intents. We created a classification of seven common expectation violations cited by end-users in bug report descriptions and applied it to 1,000 bug reports from the Mozilla project. Our results show that users largely described bugs as violations of their own personal expectations, of specifications, or of the user community's expectations. We found a correlation between a reporter's expression of which expectation was being violated and whether or not the bug would eventually be fixed. Specifically, when bugs were expressed as violations of community expectations rather than personal expectations, they had a better chance of being fixed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635225,no
Detect Related Bugs from Source Code Using Bug Information,"Open source projects often maintain open bug repositories during development and maintenance, and the reporters often point out straightly or implicitly the reasons why bugs occur when they submit them. The comments about a bug are very valuable for developers to locate and fix the bug. Meanwhile, it is very common in large software for programmers to override or overload some methods according to the same logic. If one method causes a bug, it is obvious that other overridden or overloaded methods maybe cause related or similar bugs. In this paper, we propose and implement a tool Rebug-Detector, which detects related bugs using bug information and code features. Firstly, it extracts bug features from bug information in bug repositories; secondly, it locates bug methods from source code, and then extracts code features of bug methods; thirdly, it calculates similarities between each overridden or overloaded method and bug methods; lastly, it determines which method maybe causes potential related or similar bugs. We evaluate Rebug-Detector on an open source project: Apache Lucene-Java. Our tool totally detects 61 related bugs, including 21 real bugs and 10 suspected bugs, and it costs us about 15.5 minutes. The results show that bug features and code features extracted by our tool are useful to find real bugs in existing projects.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676263,no
Non-linear image registration for correction of motion artifacts during optical imaging of human hearts,"Optical imaging of cardiac electrical activity can be used to elucidate patho-physiological mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. However, cardiac motion during optical imaging causes significant error in electrophysiological measurements such as action potential duration. In particular, cardiac tissue in fibrillation introduces highly non-linear imaging artifacts. We present a novel approach that uses non-linear image registration to correct for in-plane cardiac motion, particularly of non-linear origin found during cardiac arrhythmias. The algorithm is performed entirely post-acquisition and does not require a complicated optical setup. It is computationally fast, and available as open source. The algorithm was tested with images acquired from five excised dilated myopathic human hearts and the results show that the image registration method significantly reduces both non-linear and linear motion-related artifacts in both sinus rhythm and ventricular fibrillation. This algorithm corrects for non-linear imaging artifacts caused by cardiac motion that are impossible to correct using linear registration methods.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4564839,no
A new approach for identifying fiber fault and detecting failure location,"Optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) is used to measure fiber attenuation and loss as well as locate connection, splice, crack, bend, and breakdown along an optical fiber. This paper proposed and demonstrated a MATLAB-based graphical user interface (GUI) named as centralized failure detection system (CFDS) that able to measure the optical signal level, attenuation, loss and also locate the break point in faulty fiber for multi fibers in a time. CFDS is interfaced with the OTDR to accumulate every measurement result to be displayed on a single computer screen for further analysis. CFDS will identify and present the parameters of optical fiber such as the fiber's status either in working or non-working condition (occur breakdown or failure in a faulty fiber), magnitude of decreasing as well as the location, failure location and other details as shown in the OTDR's screen.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4786636,no
Performance of RSCC-QPSK-OFDM system with phase error and perfect compensation in Rayleigh fading channel,"Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) combines the advantage of high achievable rates and relatively easy implementation. In this paper, the combination of the recursive systematic convolutional code (RSCC) and the OFDM with pilot-aided data in Raleigh fading channel with compensation the phase error and perfect compensation has been suggested. The system is called RSCC-QPSK-OFDM. The simulation of RSCC-QPSK-OFDM with phase error and perfect compensation for both hard and soft decision of convolutional decoder are given, the effect of code rate and constraint length in the proposed system has been studied. BER performance of rate 1/2, soft decision, RSCC-QPSK-OFDM system with phase error compensation has a gain factor 9 dB at 2middot10<sup>-4</sup> compared with un-coded system. BER performance of the proposed system with phase error and amplitude compensation has a gain factor 10 dB at 10<sup>-4</sup>.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4809993,no
Error Negativity Does Not Reflect Conflict: A Reappraisal of Conflict Monitoring and Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activity,"Our ability to detect and correct errors is essential for our adaptive behavior. The conflict-loop theory states that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a key role in detecting the need to increase control through conflict monitoring. Such monitoring is assumed to manifest itself in an electroencephalographic (EEG) component, the error negativity (<italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub> or error-related negativity [ERN]). We have directly tested the hypothesis that the ACC monitors conflict through simulation and experimental studies. Both the simulated and EEG traces were sorted, on a trial-by-trial basis, as a function of the degree of conflict, measured as the temporal overlap between incorrect and correct response activations. The simulations clearly show that conflict increases as temporal overlap between response activation increases, whereas the experimental results demonstrate that the amplitude of the <italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub> decreases as temporal overlap increases, suggesting that the ACC does not monitor conflict. At a functional level, the results show that the duration of the <italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub> depends on the time needed to correct (partial) errors, revealing an on-line modulation of control on a very short time scale.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6793613,no
Diagnose Multiple Stuck-at Scan Chain Faults,"Prior effect-cause based chain diagnosis algorithms suffer from accuracy and performance problems when multiple stuck-at faults exist on the same scan chain. In this paper, we propose new chain diagnosis algorithms based on dominant fault pair to enhance diagnosis accuracy and efficiency. Several heuristic techniques are proposed, which include (1) double candidate range calculation, (2) dynamic learning and (3) two- dimensional space linear search. The experimental results illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed chain diagnosis algorithms.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4556035,no
Teleportation-Based Motion Planner for Design Error Analysis,"Probabilistic path planning techniques have proven to be vital for finding and validating solutions for difficult industrial assembly tasks. Nevertheless, the failure of a path planner to find a solution to a task does not suggest how to correct the error. We suggest a methodology to identify possible bottlenecks and present an algorithm to analyze the extent to which the design must be modified in order for the task to complete successfully. We validate our algorithm on two industrial problems involving design errors, and explain how to interpret the results in order to improve the design.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5152191,no
A new probing scheme for fault detection and identification,"Probing technology has been used as a fault detection and identification method in computer networks and successful applications have been reported. One of the most appealing features of probing-based schemes is that it is an active approach. A set of probes can be sent on a periodic basis. If a network failure is detected, the outcomes of these probes are further analyzed to determine the root cause of the problem. However, the availability of a large set of such probes may in fact place a huge burden on management systems in terms of extra management traffic and storage space. Hence, the need of minimizing such a probing set has become highly desirable. In this work, we propose a preplanned probe selection scheme, in which a small set of probes are chosen such that it maintains the diagnostic power of the original set. The new approach is based on the constraint satisfaction problem paradigm and its powerful search techniques are exploited. The efficiency of the new algorithm has been demonstrated by the results reported.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5189590,no
FEM simulations in designing saturated iron core superconducting fault current limiters,"Proper design of the iron cores is crucial for a saturated iron core superconducting fault current limiter. An optimized design requires guaranteeing sufficient magnetic saturation on the iron cores holding the AC coils, ensuring the efficiency of current limiting, minimizing the use of materials, as well as satisfying the safety and stability obligations. One of the key tasks in the design is the series of electromagnetic calculations, including the complex three-dimensional electromagnetic field calculation. It is extremely difficult to calculate the magnetic field distribution through purely analytical methods because of the nonlinearity of magnetization for a ferromagnetic material. We used Finite Element Method (FEM) to solve the field distribution problem, and adopted Ansoft Maxwell for the computer simulation. Simulation results revealed that the iron cores with varying cross-sections of different windows were most effective for obtaining ideal magnetizing force distribution. Optimized design of the iron cores could be based on this simulation method. Experiments on a 380 V/30 A prototype were carried out to verify the designs.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5306694,no
A guide to digital fault recording event analysis,"Proper interpretation of fault and disturbance data is critical for the reliability and continuous operation of the power system. A correct interpretation gives you valuable insight into the conditions and performance of various power system protective equipment. Analyzing records is not an intuitive process and requires system protection knowledge and experience. Having an understanding of the fundamental guidelines for the event analysis process is imperative for new power engineers to properly evaluate faults. As senior power engineers retire, knowledge of how to decipher fault records could be lost with them. This paper addresses aspects of power system fault analysis and provides the new event analyst with a basic foundation of the requirements and steps to analyze and interpret fault disturbances.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5469501,no
Perspective Correction Method for Chinese Document Images,"Perspective distortion often appears in the image documents which were token by digital camera. This phenomenon will lead to recognition errors or failures. Therefore, a new correction algorithm is proposed in this paper for perspective distortion images of Chinese documents. The algorithm makes use of Chinese document image's horizontal characteristics of text line and Chinese characterpsilas features of vertical strokes, to find distortion information and then rectify the perspective image. This method does not require information of imagepsilas edge and paragraphpsilas format. It has a good effect against the incomplete perspective images and irregular paragraph's format. Experiment show that it takes on fast, accurate and high-robust features when using this method to correct perspective distortion in the document images.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4731979,no
Secure and Robust Error Correction for Physical Unclonable Functions,"Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) offer a promising mechanism that can be used in many security, protection, and digital rights management applications. One key issue is the stability of PUF responses that is often addressed by error correction codes. The authors propose a new syndrome coding scheme that limits the amount of leaked information by the PUF error-correcting codes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5406672,no
Optimization of Warpage Defect in Injection Moulding Process Using ABS Material,"Plastic injection moulding process produces various defects such as warpage, sink marks, weld lines and shrinkage. The purpose of present paper is to analyze the warpage defect on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) for selected part using FEA simulation. The approach was based on Taguchipsilas Method and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to optimize the processing parameters namely packing pressure, mould temperature, melt temperature and packing time for effective process. It was found that the optimum parameters for ABS material are packing pressure at 375 MPa, mould temperature at 40degC, melt temperature at 200degC and packing time at 1 s. Melt temperature was found to be the most significant factor followed by packing time and mould temperature. Meanwhile, packing pressure was insignificant factor contributing to the warpage in present study.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5072032,no
Theoretical and numerical study of MLEM and OSEM reconstruction algorithms for motion correction in emission tomography,"Patient body-motion and respiratory-motion impacts the image quality of cardiac PET or SPECT perfusion images. Several algorithms exist in the literature to correct for motion within the iterative maximum-likelihood reconstruction framework. In this work, three algorithms are derived using Poisson statistics to correct for patient motion. The first one is a motion compensated MLEM algorithm (MC-MLEM). The next two algorithms called MGEM-1 and MGEM-2 (short for Motion Gated EM, 1 and 2) use the motion states as subsets, in two different ways. Experiments were performed with NCAT phantoms with exactly known motion as the source and attenuation distributions. The SIMIND Monte Carlo simulation software was used to create SPECT projection images of the NCAT phantoms. The projection images were then modified to have Poisson noise levels equivalent to that of clinical acquisition. We investigated application of these algorithms to correction of (1) a large body-motion of 2 cm in Superior-Inferior (SI) and Anterior-Posterior (AP) directions each and (2) respiratory motion of 2 cm in SI and 0.6 cm in AP. We obtained the bias with respect to the NCAT phantom activity for noiseless reconstructions as well as the bias-variance for noisy reconstructions. The MGEM-1 advanced along the biasvariance curve faster than the MC-MLEM with iterations. The MGEM-1 also lowered the noiseless bias (with respect to NCAT truth) faster with iterations, compared to the MC-MLEM algorithms, as expected with subset algorithms. For the body motion correction with two motion states, after the 9<sup>th</sup> iteration the bias was close to that of MC-MLEM at iteration 17, reducing the number of iterations by a factor of 1.89. For the respiratory motion correction with 9 motion states, based on the noiseless bias, the iteration reduction factor was approximately 7. For the MGEM-2, however, bias-plot or the bias-variance-plot saturates with iteration because of successive interpolation error.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4774402,no
Theoretical and Numerical Study of MLEM and OSEM Reconstruction Algorithms for Motion Correction in Emission Tomography,"Patient body-motion and respiratory-motion impacts the image quality of cardiac SPECT and PET perfusion images. Several algorithms exist in the literature to correct for motion within the iterative maximum-likelihood reconstruction framework. In this work, three algorithms are derived starting with Poisson statistics to correct for patient motion. The first one is a motion compensated MLEM algorithm (MC-MLEM). The next two algorithms called MGEM-1 and MGEM-2 (short for Motion Gated OSEM, 1 and 2) use the motion states as subsets, in two different ways. Experiments were performed with NCAT phantoms (with exactly known motion) as the source and attenuation distributions. Experiments were also performed on an anthropomorphic phantom and a patient study. The SIMIND Monte Carlo simulation software was used to create SPECT projection images of the NCAT phantoms. The projection images were then modified to have Poisson noise levels equivalent to that of clinical acquisition. We investigated application of these algorithms to correction of (1) a large body-motion of 2 cm in Superior-Inferior (SI) and Anterior-Posterior (AP) directions each and (2) respiratory motion of 2 cm in SI and 0.6 cm in AP. We determined the bias with respect to the NCAT phantom activity for noiseless reconstructions as well as the bias-variance for noisy reconstructions. The MGEM-1 advanced along the bias-variance curve faster than the MC-MLEM with iterations. The MGEM-1 also lowered the noiseless bias (with respect to NCAT truth) faster with iterations, compared to the MC-MLEM algorithms, as expected with subset algorithms. For the body motion correction with two motion states, after the 9th iteration the bias was close to that of MC-MLEM at iteration 17, reducing the number of iterations by a factor of 1.89. For the respiratory motion correction with 9 motion states, based on the noiseless bias, the iteration reduction factor was approximately 7. For the MGEM-2, however, bias-plot or the bias-vari- ance-plot saturated with iteration because of successive interpolation error. SPECT data was acquired simulating respiratory motion of 2 cm amplitude with an anthropomorphic phantom. A patient study acquired with body motion in a second rest was also acquired. The motion correction was applied to these acquisitions with the anthropomorphic phantom and the patient study, showing marked improvements of image quality with the estimated motion correction.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5280516,no
Scope error detection and handling concerning software estimation models,"Over the last 25+ years, the software community has been searching for the best models for estimating variables of interest (e.g., cost, defects, and fault proneness). However, little research has been done to improve the reliability of the estimates. Over the last decades, scope error and error analysis have been substantially ignored by the community. This work attempts to fill this gap in the research and enhance a common understanding within the community. Results provided in this study can eventually be used to support human judgment-based techniques and be an addition to the portfolio. The novelty of this work is that, we provide a way of detecting and handling the scope error arising from estimation models. The answer whether or not scope error will occur is a pre-condition to safe use of an estimation model. We also provide a handy procedure for dealing with outliers as to whether or not to include them in the training set for building a new version of the estimation model. The majority of the work is empirically based, applying computational intelligence techniques to some COCOMO model variations with respect to a publicly available cost estimation data set in the PROMISE repository.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5316020,no
Influence of current measurement errors on parallel-connected UPS inverters,"Redundancy is a common approach for ensuring reliability on applications using UPS inverters. However, overall system's reliability and efficiency is very dependent on the power measurement precision, which if not properly done can lead to system failure. Current transformers, that are widely used to measure the output current of UPS inverters, introduce a phase shift in the output signal that negatively influences the parallelism circuits, leading to a waste in the generated power and therefore reducing system's efficiency and reliability. This paper analyses the influence of current measurement problems that may occur when two or more uninterruptible power supplies are connected together. Current measurement errors are experimentally obtained with two UPS inverters connected in parallel using the drooping method and the results, presented at the end, suggest that the power measurement needs to be carefully designed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5168456,no
Scalable mean voter for fault-tolerant mixed-signal circuits,"Redundancy techniques, such as N-tuple modular redundancy has been widely used to improve the reliability of digital circuits. Unfortunately nothing substantial has been done for the analog and mixed signal systems. In this paper, we propose a redundancy based fault-tolerant methodology to design a highly reliable analog and digital circuits and systems. The key contribution of our work is an innovative mean voter. This mean voter is a low power, small area, very high bandwidth and linearly scalable voting circuit. Unlike other conventional voters which works with odd N in an NMR, the mean voter works for both odd and even N for analog units and hence reduces the area and power further. For the proof of concept, we designed two fault tolerant analog circuits i.e. a low pass anti-aliasing analog filter and a 4-bit flash ADC. We also presented fault-tolerance mechanism in 4-bit binary adder and an FPGA cell for demonstrating its advantage in digital applications. Experimental results are reported to verify the concepts and measure the system's reliability when single upset transient may occur.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5446666,no
The Effectiveness of Regression Testing Techniques in Reducing the Occurrence of Residual Defects,"Regression testing is a necessary maintenance activity that can ensure high quality of the modified software system, and a great deal of research on regression testing has been performed. Most of the studies performed to date, however, have evaluated regression testing techniques under the limited context, such as a short-term assessment, which do not fully account for system evolution or industrial circumstances. One important issue associated with a system lifetime view that we have overlooked in past years is the effects of residual defects - defects that persist undetected - across several releases of a system. Depending on an organization's business goals and the type of system being built, residual defects might affect the level of success of the software products. In this paper, we conducted an empirical study to investigate whether regression testing techniques are effective in reducing the occurrence and persistence of residual defects across a system's lifetime, in particular, considering test case prioritization techniques. Our results show that heuristics can be effective in reducing both the occurrence of residual defects and their age. Our results also indicate that residual defects and their age have a strong impact on the cost-benefits of test case prioritization techniques.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5477096,no
FoN: Fault-on-Neighbor aware routing algorithm for Networks-on-Chip,"Reliability has become a key issue of Networks-on-Chip (NoC) as the CMOS technology scales down to the nanoscale domain. This paper proposes a Fault-on-Neighbor (FoN) aware deflection routing algorithm for NoC which makes routing decision based on the link status of neighbor switches within 2 hops to avoid fault links and switches. Simulation results demonstrate that in the presence of faults, the saturated throughput of the FoN switch is 13% higher on average than a cost-based deflection switch for 88 mesh. The average hop counts can be up to 1.7 less than the cost-based switch. The FoN switch is also synthesized using 65nm TSMC technology and it can work at 500MHz with small area overhead.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5784672,no
A Method for Modeling and Analyzing Fault-Tolerant Service Composition,"Reliability is a key issue of the service-oriented architecture (SOA) that is widely employed in distributed systems such as e-commerce and e-government. Redundancy based technologies are usually employed for building reliable service composition on top of unreliable Web services. This paper proposes a strategy for modeling and analyzing fault tolerant service composition. The strategy consists of service selection mechanism, service synchronization mechanism and task exception mechanism. Petri nets are used to construct different components of service composition. Once the model is constructed, theories of Petri nets help prove the consistency of processing states and reliability of the strategy. The corresponding enforcement method for constructing fault-tolerant service composition is proposed. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the fault tolerant strategy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5358869,no
Doppler estimation and correction for shallow underwater acoustic communications,"Reliable mobile underwater acoustic communication systems must compensate for strong, time-varying Doppler effects. Many Doppler correction techniques rely on a single bulk correction to compensate first-order effects. In many cases, residual higher-order effects must be tracked and corrected using other methods. The contributions of this paper are evaluations of (1) signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance from three Doppler estimation and correction methods and (2) communication performance of Doppler correction with static vs. adaptive equalizers. The evaluations use our publicly available shallow water experimental dataset, which consists of 360 packet transmission samples (each 0.5s long) from a five-channel receiver array.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5757663,no
Reproducing non-deterministic bugs with lightweight recording in production environments,"Reproducing non-deterministic bugs is challenging. Recording program execution in production environments and reproducing bugs is an effective way to re-enable cyclic debugging. Unfortunately, most current record-replay approaches introduce large perturbations to either environments and/or execution flow, in addition to performance penalty and high storage overhead, which make them impracticable to be deployed in production environments. This paper presents Snitchaser - a fully user-space record-replay tool which can faithfully reproduce bugs by replaying system calls which are recorded with negligible perturbation and recording overhead. This is achieved by 1) a novel, lightweight system call interception mechanism without patching the binary instructions to reduce the perturbation to execution flow; 2) system call latch to save signal semantic; 3) periodic checkpointing to reduce the storage overhead. Snitchaser focuses on bugs caused by asynchronous events on heavily loaded, high throughput servers. Experimental results show that Snitchaser is capable of reproducing non-deterministic bugs efficiently at nearly no performance penalty. We also present two case studies on dealing with existing bugs in Lighttpd - a popular software used in many large scale systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5682332,no
Error resilience technique for multi-view coding using redundant disparity vectors,"Research on error resilience in multi-view coding is currently receiving considerable interest. While there is a multitude of literature concerning error recovery in 2D video, due to the statistical difference in motion compensation among temporal frames and disparity compensation among view points, such methods are inadequate to cater to the requirements of multiview video transmission. This paper addresses the above issue by transmission of redundant disparity vectors for error recovery purposes. The proposed system, which is implemented using the Joint Scalable Video Model (JSVM) codec and tested using a simulated Internet Protocol (IP) packet network environment, can be used along with a suitable error concealment scheme to provide robust multi-view video transmission. The experimental results suggest that the proposed algorithm experiences a slight degradation of quality in error free environments due to the inclusion of redundant data. However, it improves the reconstructed picture quality significantly in error prone environments, specifically for Packet Loss Rates (PLRs) greater than 7%.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5583188,no
Resistive superconducting fault current limiter simulation and design,"Resistive superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) are characterized by very fast transition to the resistive state, automatic recovery after current fault and simple structure. SFCL simulations include thermal and electrical nonlinear model analysis. In this paper few mathematical models for the effective analysis of thermo-electrical processes in resistive superconducting fault current limiter are presented. Basing on the developed models an effective algorithm for optimization model was established.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4600931,no
Error resilient scalability for video bit-stream over heterogeneous packet loss networks,"Robust transmission of compressed video bit-streams over heterogeneous packet loss network is one of the key challenges in the contemporary video communication system. Recent researches have focused on enhancing error resilience of bit-stream through the deployment of transcoder between wired and wireless networks. However, the conventional error resilient algorithms (e.g., Intra refresh) through cascading decoding and encoding processes usually have high degree of complexity. We introduce in this paper a completely new concept of error resilient scalability. We develop an extremely low complexity scheme based on redundant pictures information. In this scheme, redundant picture information is generated at the encoder and can be applied at media gateway to determine the redundant quantity of bit-stream according to the packet loss rate of access network. By transmitting compressed bit-stream together with redundant picture information, we are able to achieve the desired error resilient scalability of video bit-stream at the media gateway for heterogeneous networks. Joint rate source-channel-distortion model is adopted to optimize the generation of redundant picture information under various packet loss rates. Experimental results demonstrate expected effectiveness of the proposed scheme in error resilience scalability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5537585,no
"Modeling, Detection, and Disambiguation of Sensor Faults for Aerospace Applications","Sensor faults continue to be a major hurdle for systems health management to reach its full potential. At the same time, few recorded instances of sensor faults exist. It is equally difficult to seed particular sensor faults. Therefore, research is underway to better understand the different fault modes seen in sensors and to model the faults. The fault models can then be used in simulated sensor fault scenarios to ensure that algorithms can distinguish between sensor faults and system faults. The paper illustrates the work with data collected from an electromechanical actuator in an aerospace setting, equipped with temperature, vibration, current, and position sensors. The most common sensor faults, such as bias, drift, scaling, and dropout were simulated and injected into the experimental data, with the goal of making these simulations as realistic as feasible. A neural network-based classifier was then created and tested on both experimental data and the more challenging randomized data sequences. Additional studies were also conducted to determine sensitivity of detection and disambiguation efficacy with respect to severity of fault conditions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5297818,no
A Method to Enhancing Fault Tolerance in Run-Time,"Service Oriented Computing is being widely accepted as an effective paradigm for developing applications by using already developed services. Services can be developed by different developers and be subscribed by different service consumers. Because of the loosely coupled nature, Service-based applications can be typically highly dynamic and unstable. That means services can be moved, deleted, and are subject to faults. However, it is hard for service consumers and service providers to address these faults in their own method. In this paper, we define roles of service broker within interactions between service consumers and service providers and propose a method to improve fault tolerance by using fault tolerant natures in reliable manager. Based on this, services can be dynamically selected; therefore, we can achieve good service reliability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5591059,no
Research and implementation of fault-tolerant mechanism based on SIP call control,"Session Initiation Protocol has been a hot issue in implementation of VoIP systems as its simpleness, flexibility and high-scalability, but the unreliability of SIP communications has affected the QoS of SIP Session. In order to improve the reliability of SIP communications, a solution of SIP fault-tolerant mechanism was introduced in this paper. It contained two aspects, one was SUA (State Update Algorithm) which used for producing and sharing Session State Message in server, and the other one is LRSA (Listen Retransmission Switch Algorithm) which used for switching SIP request to one certain server. This paper also have validated and analyzed the SIP fault tolerant mechanism by experiment. According to the result of the experiment, it shows that fault-tolerant mechanism based on SIP can improve the reliability of SIP communications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5705193,no
Analysis of a Sort of Unusual Mal-Operation of Transformer Differential Protection Due to Removal of External Fault,"Several cases of mal-operation of transformer differential protection with second-harmonic blocking after clearance of external fault are reported. These mal-operations all occurred at the nonrestraint region of percentage restraint plane. The previous theory cannot be utilized directly to analyze this phenomenon. Therefore, a mathematical model for analyzing the transient course of external fault inception and removal, together with the CT model involving the magnetic hysteresis effect, is proposed in this paper. It is proved that the magnetic linkage of one CT core can be pushed into the region nearby the saturation point by the high fault current with aperiodic component. As soon as the external fault is removed, the magnetic linkage formed by the primary current with low amplitude is not high enough to pull the operating point of the magnetic linkage back to the linear region. This phenomenon is named as CT local transient saturation, which results in the big measuring angle error and relative smooth waveform. In this case, the transformer differential protection using second harmonic blocking inevitably mal-operates. This point of view is verified with the simulation tests.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4483697,no
SDG-based fault diagnosis and application based on reasoning method of granular computing,"Signed directed graph (SDG) as a qualitative model is used in fault diagnosis, because it can express causal relationships among variables of large-scale complex industry systems. However, many relevant results are included in diagnostic conclusions leading to low resolution in based-SDG fault diagnosis, so to solve this problem, granule is used to formally express the elements of SDG model in this paper, after that granular base containing knowledge which reflects the causal relation of faults and symptoms is constructed. And a searching and reasoning method based on granule is used in searching of fault source, consequently fault source is obtained by searching granular base and computing the most similarity. So the resolution could be improved. A 65t/h steam boiler system is taken as an example in the paper, and its answer show the method is feasible.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5498443,no
GrC and SDG-Based Fault Diagnosis System and its Simulation Platform,"Signed Directed Graph (SDG) model of hot nitric acid cooling system is constructed by using process experience method and system process, and the fault diagnosis rules are reasoned out by the reverse reasoning. The three states of nodes in SDG model are extended to seven states of nodes, which consider node deviating. Granular Computing (GrC) is introduced into SDG-based fault diagnosis, the redundant attributes in the system are simplified by heuristic reduction algorithm, and ultimately the optimal decision table is produced. The normal state of the system and equipment failure information is added to the decision table to ensure integrity of the decision table. In Matlab IDE, Graphical User Interface (GUI)-based fault diagnosis simulation platform achieves the solution of the above mentioned problem and proves the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5575994,no
Application of Signed Directed Graph Based Fault Diagnosis of Atmospheric Distillation Unit,"Significant research has been done in the past 30 years to use signed directed graph (SDG) for process fault diagnosis. However, due to non-unified SDG models for control loops, highly complex and integrated nature of chemical processes, few of SDG based methods has been applied in the real chemical processes. In this paper, SDG based deep knowledge modeling and bidirectional inference algorithms are introduced. With the algorithms a SDG based fault diagnosis and decision support system is developed and applied in fault diagnosis for an atmospheric distillation unit of a large-scale refining plant in China. The results prove that the SDG based fault diagnosis and decision support system can not only arrive at the fundamental requirement of diagnosis: correctness, completeness and real-timed, but also provide decision support for operators to decrease the possibility of unscheduled shut-down or more serious accident due to abnormal situation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5473271,no
A framework on software fault localization: Variable Stress Reaction,"Since automated fault localization can improve the efficiency of both the testing and debugging process, it comes to an indispensable part of high security and reliable software development for the computer networks. A novel software fault localization framework: Variable Stress Reaction (VSR) is proposed in this paper, which works well for data type overflow detection. The experimental results show that our approach has the potential to be effective in localizing the faults for software.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5582003,no
The Application of On-Line Travelling Wave Techniques in the Location of Intermittent Faults on low Voltage Underground Cables,"Since introducing on-line fault location equipment, Scottish Power have significantly reduced both the time and costs previously associated with locating repetitive intermittent faults on their low voltage underground cable network. In addition, the equipment has proved to be valuable in locating transitory faults, which do not result in interruptions to supply, but which are frequently the cause of Power Quality complaints.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4497072,no
Fault Tolerant Methods for Intermitted Failures in Virtual Large Scale Disks,"Recently, the demand of low cost large scale storages increases. We developed VLSD (Virtual Large Scale Disks) toolkit for constructing virtual disk based distributed storages, which aggregate free spaces of individual disks. However, current implementation of VLSD can mask only stop failure but cannot mask other kinds of failures such as intermitted failure. In this paper, we introduce two classes to VLSD in order to increase the intermitted fault tolerance. One is Retry Disk which retries to read/write at failures, another is VotedRAID1 which masks failures by majority voting. In this paper, we describe these classes in detail and evaluate their fault tolerance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5633259,no
A Power Efficient Approach to Fault-Tolerant Register File Design,"Recently, the trade-off between power consumption and fault tolerance in embedded processors has been highlighted. This paper proposes an approach to reduce dynamic power of conventional high-level fault-tolerant techniques used in the register file of processors, without affecting the effectiveness of the fault-tolerant techniques. The power reduction is based on the reduction of dynamic power of the unaccessed parts of the register file. This approach is applied to three transient fault-tolerant techniques: single error correction (SEC) Hamming code, duplication with parity, and triple modular redundancy (TMR). As a case study, this approach is implemented on the register file of an OpenRISC 1200 processor. The experimental calculation of the power consumption shows that the proposed approach saves about 67%, 62%, and 58% power for TMR, duplication with parity, and SEC Hamming code, respectively.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4450475,no
Feature Extraction of Helicopter Fault Signal Based on HHT,"Since most of helicopter fault signals are non-linear and non-stationary, the method based on Fourier transform (FT) and wavelet analysis are not applicable any longer. The feature extraction method based on Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT), a new method for processing non-stationary and non-linear signals, is applied to analyze helicopter fault signals. The signal is firstly decomposed into intrinsic mode function (IMF) by the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. Then Hilbert spectrum and Hilbert marginal spectrum are obtained from instantaneous frequency and amplitude obtained from Hilbert transform (HT). The simulation results are analyzed and compared with FT method, and then suggest the effectiveness of this method based on HHT.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5366336,no
A Neural-Network Approach for Defect Recognition in TFT-LCD Photolithography Process,"Since the advent of high qualification and tiny technology, yield control in the photolithography process has played an important role in the manufacture of thin-film transistor-liquid crystal displays (TFT-LCDs). Through an auto optic inspection (AOI), defect points from the panels are collected, and the defect images are generated after the photolithography process. The defect images are usually identified by experienced engineers or operators. Evidently, human identification may produce potential misjudgments and cause time loss. This study therefore proposes a neural-network approach for defect recognition in the TFT-LCD photolithography process. There were four neural-network methods adopted for this purpose, namely, backpropagation, radial basis function, learning vector quantization 1, and learning vector quantization 2. A comparison of the performance of these four types of neural-networks was illustrated. The results showed that the proposed approach can effectively recognize the defect images in the photolithography process.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4747596,no
Characterising Faults in Aspect-Oriented Programs: Towards Filling the Gap Between Theory and Practice,"Since the proposal of Aspect-Oriented Programming, several candidate fault taxonomies for aspect-oriented (AO) software have been proposed. Such taxonomies, however, generally rely on language features, hence still requiring practical evaluation based on realistic implementation scenarios. The current lack of available AO systems for evaluation as well as historical data are the two major obstacles for this kind of study. This paper quantifies, documents and classifies faults uncovered in several releases of three AO systems, all from different application domains. Our empirical analysis naturally led us to revisit and refine a previously defined fault taxonomy. We identified particular fault types that stood out amongst the categories defined in the taxonomy. Besides this, we illustrate recurring faulty scenarios extracted from the analysed systems. We believe such scenarios should be considered for the establishment of testing strategies along the software development process.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5631507,no
Modeling Defect Enhanced Detection at 1550 nm in Integrated Silicon Waveguide Photodetectors,"Recent attention has been attracted by photo-detectors integrated onto silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguides that exploit the enhanced sensitivity to subbandgap wavelengths resulting from absorption via point defects introduced by ion implantation. In this paper, we present the first model to describe the carrier generation process of such detectors, based upon modified Shockley-Read-Hall generation/recombination, and, thus, determine the influence of the device design on detection efficiency. We further describe how the model may be incorporated into commercial software, which then simulates the performance of previously reported devices by assuming a single midgap defect level (with properties commensurate with the single negatively charged divacancy). We describe the ability of the model to highlight the major limitations to responsivity, and thus suggest improvements which diminish the impact of such limitations.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4814835,no
Automatic Fault Behavior Detection and Modeling by a State-Based Specification Method,"Safety assessment methods are typically based on the reliability of the single components making a system. A different notion of safety as an emergent property of the system taken as a whole is however emerging. The current state-based modeling paradigm tends at misrepresenting systemic behavior, thus contrasting the adoption and development of systemic compositional fault detection techniques. We propose a state-based formalism, highly committed towards the explicit representation of systemic behavior, by which it is possible to formally identify faulty behaviors once the regular one has been specified.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634289,no
Virtual Machine Based Hot-Spare Fault-Tolerant System,"Safety-critical systems have to work correctly and meet time constraints even in the presence of faults. Hardware fault-tolerant technology can provide a high level of reliability, but custom-designed hardware and operating system are too costly to be accepted by most common applications. At present, some research works about hot-spare fault-tolerant systems based on virtualization technology have been carried out, this method can provide a highly available system based entirely on commodity hardware and open-source operating systems. But how to control the overhead of main-backup synchronization, including space usage and time consumption is the most important thing need to consider. In this paper we present the framework of hot-spare fault-tolerant systems based on virtualization technology and analyse the procedure of main-back synchronization. We also discussed how to chose a proper strategy and opportunity of synchronization to ensure the recovery is exactly. We did several experiments to evaluate the performance of this system and the result proved our view point.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5454980,no
GOP-based unequal error protection for scalable video over packet erasure channel,"Scalable video coding has been desired for many years to meet the requirement of heterogeneous networks and different end-users. It intends to encode the signal only once, but enables decoding from partial streams depending on the specific rate and resolution. The joint video team has recently developed a new scalable video coding standard, known as SVC, which is the scalable extension of AVC. A full scalability is provided by SVC including temporal scalability, spatial scalability and SNR scalability. In each scalability dimension, the compressed bitstream can be segmented into layers with different contributions to the overall video quality. This paper addresses the problem of unequal error protection for the scalable video over packet-erasure channel considering both the channel condition and the video characteristics. In addition, a local search algorithm is proposed to quickly allocate unequal amount of channel rate to protect different layers to obtain acceptable quality video with smooth degradation under different transmission error conditions. The advantage of the proposed algorithms can be demonstrated by the theoretical analysis and experimental results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536607,no
Detection and correction of real-word spelling errors in Persian language,"Several statistical methods have already been proposed to detect and correct the real-word errors of a context. However, to the best of our knowledge, none of them has been applied on Persian language yet. In this paper, a statistical method based on mutual information of Persian words to deal with context sensitive spelling errors is presented. Different experiments show the accuracy of correction method on a test data which only contains one real-word error in each sentence to be about 80.5% and 87% with respect to precision and recall metrics.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5587806,no
Reliability Considerations and Fault-Handling Strategies for Multi-MW Modular Drive Systems,"Shunt-interleaved electrical drive systems consisting of several parallel medium-voltage back-to-back converters enable power ratings of tens of MVA, low current distortions, and a very smooth air-gap torque. To meet stringent reliability and availability goals despite the large parts count, the modularity of the drive system needs to be exploited and a suitable fault-handling strategy that allows the exclusion and isolation of faulted threads is required. This avoids the shutdown of the complete system and enables the drive system to continue operation. If full power capability is also required in degraded mode operation, redundancy on a thread level needs to be added. Experimental results confirm that thread exclusion allows the isolation of the majority of faults without affecting the mechanical load. As the drive system continues to run, faulted threads can be repaired and then added on-the-fly to the running system by thread inclusion. As a result, the downtime of such a modular drive system is expected to not exceed a few hours per year.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5557798,no
Software-Implemented Fault Injection at Firmware Level,"Software-implemented fault injection is an established method to emulate hardware faults in computer systems. Existing approaches typically extend the operating system by special drivers or change the application under test. We propose a novel approach where fault injection capabilities are added to the computer firmware. This approach can work without any modification to operating system and / or applications, and can support a larger variety of fault locations. We discuss four different strategies in X86/X64 and Itanium systems. Our analysis shows that such an approach can increase portability, the non-intrusiveness of the injector implementation, and the number of supported fault locations. Firmware-level fault injection paves the way for new research directions, such as virtual machine monitor fault injection or the investigation of certified operating systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562855,no
"Relationships between Test Suites, Faults, and Fault Detection in GUI Testing","Software-testing researchers have long sought recipes for test suites that detect faults well. In the literature, empirical studies of testing techniques abound, yet the ideal technique for detecting the desired kinds of faults in a given situation often remains unclear. This work shows how understanding the context in which testing occurs, in terms of factors likely to influence fault detection, can make evaluations of testing techniques more readily applicable to new situations. We present a methodology for discovering which factors do statistically affect fault detection, and we perform an experiment with a set of test-suite- and fault-related factors in the GUI testing of two fielded, open-source applications. Statement coverage and GUI-event coverage are found to be statistically related to the likelihood of detecting certain kinds of faults.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4539528,no
Simulating and Detecting Radiation-Induced Errors for Onboard Machine Learning,"Spacecraft processors and memory are subjected to high radiation doses and therefore employ radiation-hardened components. However, these components are orders of magnitude more expensive than typical desktop components, and they lag years behind in terms of speed and size. We have integrated algorithm-based fault tolerance (ABFT) methods into onboard data analysis algorithms to detect radiation-induced errors, which ultimately may permit the use of spacecraft memory that need not be fully hardened, reducing cost and increasing capability at the same time. We have also developed a lightweight software radiation simulator, BITFLIPS, that permits evaluation of error detection strategies in a controlled fashion, including the specification of the radiation rate and selective exposure of individual data structures. Using BITFLIPS, we evaluated our error detection methods when using a support vector machine to analyze data collected by the Mars Odyssey spacecraft. We observed good performance from both an existing ABFT method for matrix multiplication and a novel ABFT method for exponentiation. These techniques bring us a step closer to ""rad-hard"" machine learning algorithms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5226841,no
Comparison for the accuracy of defect fix effort estimation,"Software defects have become the dominant cause of customer outage and the study of software errors has been necessitated by the emphasis on software reliability. Yet, software defects are not well enough understood to provide a clear methodology for avoiding or recovering from them. So software defect fix efforts play the critical role in software quality assurance. In this paper, the comparison of the defect fix effort estimation by using Self-Organizing Map in neural network is presented. To estimate the defect fix effort, KC3 static defect attributes that is one of the publicly available data from NASA products is used in this paper. To implement the SOM, finding different clusters from the SOM and for the calculation of fix effort time of defect SOM Toolbox in MATLAB 7.0.1 is used.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5485813,no
Changes and bugs  Mining and predicting development activities,"Software development results in a huge amount of data: changes to source code are recorded in version archives, bugs are reported to issue tracking systems, and communications are archived in e-mails and newsgroups. We present techniques for mining version archives and bug databases to understand and support software development. First, we introduce the concept of co-addition of method calls, which we use to identify patterns that describe how methods should be called. We use dynamic analysis to validate these patterns and identify violations. The co-addition of method calls can also detect cross-cutting changes, which are an indicator for concerns that could have been realized as aspects in aspect-oriented programming. Second, we present techniques to build models that can successfully predict the most defect-prone parts of large-scale industrial software, in our experiments Windows Server 2003. This helps managers to allocate resources for quality assurance to those parts of a system that are expected to have most defects. The proposed measures on dependency graphs outperformed traditional complexity metrics. In addition, we found empirical evidence for a domino effect, i.e., depending on defect-prone binaries increases the chances of having defects.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5306296,no
When process data quality affects the number of bugs: Correlations in software engineering datasets,"Software engineering process information extracted from version control systems and bug tracking databases are widely used in empirical software engineering. In prior work, we showed that these data are plagued by quality deficiencies, which vary in its characteristics across projects. In addition, we showed that those deficiencies in the form of bias do impact the results of studies in empirical software engineering. While these findings affect software engineering researchers the impact on practitioners has not yet been substantiated. In this paper we, therefore, explore (i) if the process data quality and characteristics have an influence on the bug fixing process and (ii) if the process quality as measured by the process data has an influence on the product (i.e., software) quality. Specifically, we analyze six Open Source as well as two Closed Source projects and show that process data quality and characteristics have an impact on the bug fixing process: the high rate of empty commit messages in Eclipse, for example, correlates with the bug report quality. We also show that the product quality - measured by number of bugs reported - is affected by process data quality measures. These findings have the potential to prompt practitioners to increase the quality of their software process and its associated data quality.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463286,no
A Novel Optimum Data Duplication Approach for Soft Error Detection,"Soft errors are a growing concern for computer reliability. To mitigate the effects of soft errors, a variety of software-based fault tolerance methodologies have been proposed for their low costs. Data duplication techniques have the advantage of flexible and general implementation with strong capacity for error detection. However, the trade-off between reliability, performance and memory overhead should be carefully considered before employing data duplication techniques. In this paper, we first introduce an analytical model, named PRASE (Program Reliability Analysis with Soft Errors), which is able to access the impact of soft errors for the reliability of a program. Furthermore, the analytical result of PRASE points out a factor about data reliability weight, which meters the criticality of data for the overall reliability of the target program. Based on PRASE, we propose a novel data duplication approach, called ODD, which can provide the optimum error coverage under system performance constraints. To illustrate the effectiveness of our method, we perform several fault injection experiments and performance evaluations on a set of simple benchmark programs using the SimpleScalar tool set.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4724544,no
Benchmarking Classification Models for Software Defect Prediction: A Proposed Framework and Novel Findings,"Software defect prediction strives to improve software quality and testing efficiency by constructing predictive classification models from code attributes to enable a timely identification of fault-prone modules. Several classification models have been evaluated for this task. However, due to inconsistent findings regarding the superiority of one classifier over another and the usefulness of metric-based classification in general, more research is needed to improve convergence across studies and further advance confidence in experimental results. We consider three potential sources for bias: comparing classifiers over one or a small number of proprietary data sets, relying on accuracy indicators that are conceptually inappropriate for software defect prediction and cross-study comparisons, and, finally, limited use of statistical testing procedures to secure empirical findings. To remedy these problems, a framework for comparative software defect prediction experiments is proposed and applied in a large-scale empirical comparison of 22 classifiers over 10 public domain data sets from the NASA Metrics Data repository. Overall, an appealing degree of predictive accuracy is observed, which supports the view that metric-based classification is useful. However, our results indicate that the importance of the particular classification algorithm may be less than previously assumed since no significant performance differences could be detected among the top 17 classifiers.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4527256,no
Type Inference for Soft-Error Fault-Tolerance Prediction,"Software systems are becoming increasingly vulnerable to a new class of soft errors, originating from voltage spikes produced by cosmic radiation. The standard technique for assessing the source-level impact of these soft errors, fault injection - essentially a black-box testing technique - provides limited high-level information. Since soft errors can occur anywhere, even control-structured white-box techniques offer little insight. We propose a type-based approach, founded on data-flow structure, to classify the usage pattern of registers and memory cells. To capture all soft errors, the type system is defined at the assembly level, close to the hardware, and allows inferring types in the untyped assembly representation. In a case study, we apply our type inference scheme to a prototype brake-by-wire controller, developed by Volvo Technology, and identify a high correlation between types and fault-injection results. The case study confirms that the inferred types are good predictors for soft-error impact.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5431783,no
SBST for on-line detection of hard faults in multiprocessor applications under energy constraints,"Software-Based Self-Test (SBST) has emerged as an effective method for on-line testing of processors integrated in non safety-critical systems. However, especially for multi-core processors, the notion of dependability encompasses not only high quality on-line tests with minimum performance overhead but also methods for preventing the generation of excessive power and heat that exacerbate silicon aging mechanisms and can cause long term reliability problems. In this paper, we initially extend the capabilities of a multiprocessor simulator in order to evaluate the overhead in the execution of the useful application load in terms of both performance and energy consumption. We utilize the derived power evaluation framework to assess the overhead of SBST implemented as a test thread in a multiprocessor environment. A range of typical processor configurations is considered. The application load consists of some representative SPEC benchmarks, and various scenarios for the execution of the test thread are studied (sporadic or continuous execution). Finally, we apply in a multiprocessor context an energy optimization methodology that was originally proposed to increase battery life for battery-powered devices. The methodology reduces significantly the energy and performance overhead without affecting the test coverage of the SBST routines.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5560233,no
A new low-cost non intrusive platform for injecting soft errors in SRAM-based FPGAs,"SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are becoming more and more popular among aerospace devices. Radiation effects have to be investigated in order to measure the fault tolerance degree of the applications and to validate new mitigation techniques. Fault injection is one of the possible evaluation methods. Several platforms have been developed in the past years in order to inject soft errors within FPGAs, however they have their greater drawbacks in intrusiveness and high-costs. In this paper we propose a new, low-cost and not-intrusive, fault injection platform to emulate soft errors within the configuration memory of SRAM-based FPGAs. In particular, radiation effects can be evaluated without modifying neither the circuit implemented in the FPGA nor the application it executes, thus allowing to study the real system that will take part to the mission. Experimental results on several test circuits are reported and commented, demonstrating the feasibility of the presented approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4677077,no
"Combining Duplication, Partial Reconfiguration and Software for On-line Error Diagnosis and Recovery in SRAM-Based FPGAs","SRAM-based FPGAs are susceptible to Single-Event Upsets (SEUs) in radiation-exposed environments due to their configuration memory. We propose a new scheme for the diagnosis and recovery from upsets that combines i) duplication of the core to be protected, ii) partial reconfiguration to reconfigure the faulty part only, and iii) hardcore processor(s) for deciding when and which part will be reconfigured; executing the application in software instead of hardware during fault handling; and controlling the reconfiguration. A hardcore processor has smaller cross section and it is less susceptible than reconfigurable resources. Thus it can temporarily undertake the execution during upset conditions. Real experiments demonstrate that our approach is feasible and an area reduction of more than 40% over the dominant Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) solution can be achieved at the cost of a reduction in the processing rate of the input.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5474068,no
Experiences with a CANoe-based fault injection framework for AUTOSAR,"Standardized software architectures, such as AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture (AUTOSAR), are being pursued within the automotive industry in order to reduce the cost of developing new vehicle features. Many of these features will need to be highly dependable. Fault injection plays an important role during the dependability analysis of such software. This work evaluates the feasibility of leveraging the CANoe simulation environment to develop software-based methods for injecting faults into AUTOSAR applications. We describe a proof-of-concept fault-injection framework with example fault-injection scenarios, as well as implementation issues faced and addressed, lessons learned, and the suitability of using CANoe as a fault-injection environment.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544419,no
Adaptive bug isolation,"Statistical debugging uses lightweight instrumentation and statistical models to identify program behaviors that are strongly predictive of failure. However, most software is mostly correct; nearly all monitored behaviors are poor predictors of failure. We propose an adaptive monitoring strategy that mitigates the overhead associated with monitoring poor failure predictors. We begin by monitoring a small portion of the program, then automatically refine instrumentation over time to zero in on bugs. We formulate this approach as a search on the control-dependence graph of the program. We present and evaluate various heuristics that can be used for this search. We also discuss the construction of a binary instrumentor for incorporating the feedback loop into post-deployment monitoring. Performance measurements show that adaptive bug isolation yields an average performance overhead of 1% for a class of large applications, as opposed to 87% for realistic sampling-based instrumentation and 300% for complete binary instrumentation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062093,no
A Conceptual Framework to Integrate Fault Prediction Sub-Process for Software Product Lines,"Software product line engineering is a growing recent paradigm to develop similar products using reusable core assets such as architecture and test cases. The general aim is to enhance quality and decrease development costs. Current software product line engineering frameworks apply only a few quality assurance activities but today's single-system engineering has much more quality assurance activities that can be adapted to software product lines. In this study, software fault prediction sub- process is integrated into software product line engineering framework and the key activities are defined. This approach will improve quality and enhance testing process for software product lines.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4549891,no
A translation of State Machines to temporal fault trees,"State Machines (SMs) are increasingly being used to gain a better understanding of the failure behaviour of safety-critical systems. In dependability analysis, SMs are translated to other models, such as Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets (GSPNs) or combinatorial fault trees. The former does not enable qualitative analysis, whereas the second allows it but can lead to inaccurate or erroneous results, because combinatorial fault trees do not capture the temporal semantics expressed by SMs. In this paper, we discuss the problem and propose a translation of SMs to temporal fault trees using Pandora, a recent technique for introducing temporal logic to fault trees, thus preserving the significance of the temporal sequencing of faults and allowing full qualitative analysis. Since dependability models inform the design of condition monitoring and failure prevention measures, improving the representation and analysis of dynamic effects in such models can have a positive impact on proactive failure avoidance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5542620,no
Using Static Analysis to Find Bugs,"Static analysis examines code in the absence of input data and without running the code. It can detect potential security violations (SQL injection), runtime errors (dereferencing a null pointer) and logical inconsistencies (a conditional test that can't possibly be true). Although a rich body of literature exists on algorithms and analytical frameworks used by such tools, reports describing experiences in industry are much harder to come by. The authors describe FindBugs, an open source static-analysis tool for Java, and experiences using it in production settings. FindBugs evaluates what kinds of defects can be effectively detected with relatively simple techniques and helps developers understand how to incorporate such tools into software development.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4602670,no
An Extension of Differential Fault Analysis on SMS4,"SMS4 is a 128-bit block cipher published by as released as the symmetric-key encryption standard of Wireless Local Area Network(WLAN) by China in 2006. On the differential analysis principle, we propose an extension of differential fault attack on the SMS4 cipher. Mathematical analysis shows that our attack can recover its secret key by introducing about 40 faulty ciphertexts. Our work expands the locations of the fault injection into SMS4.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5473514,no
Research of remote fault diagnostic system based on Grid,"So far, methods of fault diagnosis have been numerous. But as the complexity of modern equipment, the variability of fault, as well as trends in global manufacturing, it is difficult for any separate organization of independent to complete all the work of fault diagnosis. This article reviewed the equipment fault diagnostic technology in the course of development, in particular, remote fault diagnostic system based on Internet technology, and then on this basis, this paper proposed a new fault diagnostic method, that is grid-based remote fault diagnosis, which integrates the resources of related organization to work together. The architecture of this diagnostic system is proposed, and also the work flow of this system is described.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5234969,no
Tensor reduction error analysis  Applications to video compression and classification,"Tensor based dimensionality reduction has recently been extensively studied for computer vision applications. To our knowledge, however, there exist no rigorous error analysis on these methods. Here we provide the first error analysis of these methods and provide error bound results similar to Eckart-Young Theorem which plays critical role in the development and application of singular value decomposition (SVD). Beside performance guarantee, these error bounds are useful for subspace size determination according to the required video/image reconstruction error. Furthermore, video surveillance/retrieval, 3D/4D medical image analysis, and other computer vision applications require particular reduction in spatio-temporal space, but not along data index dimension. This motivates a D-1 tensor reduction. Standard method such as high order SVD (HOSVD) compress data in all index dimensions and thus can not perform the classification and pattern recognition tasks. We provide algorithm and error bound analysis of the D-1 factorization for spatio-temporal data dimensionality. Experiments on video sequences demonstrate our approach outperforms the previous dimensionality deduction methods for spatio temporal data.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4587736,no
Extended Finite State Machine Based Test Derivation Driven by User Defined Faults,"Test derivation based on user defined faults deals with the generation of tests that check if some parts of a given specification are correctly implemented in a corresponding implementation. In this paper, we present a method for test derivation based on user defined faults for extended FSM (EFSM) specifications. Given an EFSM specification ES and a set of selected transitions of ES, the method returns a test suite that is complete with respect to output and transfer faults at the selected transitions, i.e., checks whether the selected transitions are correctly implemented in a corresponding EFSM implementation. Test derivation is based on a formally defined fault model (conformance relation and types of faults) and is guided by some conditions established for complete test derivation. To reduce test derivation efforts, we propose to use appropriate slices of the specification EFSM. The slices, on one hand, preserve the facilities of the original specification (before slicing) EFSM for traversing the selected transitions and for distinguishing their final states and on the other hand, these slices are much smaller than the given specification. Application examples and a simple case study are provided.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4539558,no
Temporal error analysis for compact cross-loop direction-finding HF radar,"Surface currents and ocean swell are measured using an HF radar with a compact cross-loop antenna design. This unique direction-finding radar has been widely used for long-term monitoring and for coastal oceanography applications over the last ten years. Numerous studies have evaluated errors associated with these devices under a host of environmental and seasonal conditions, and reliable comparisons between HF radar surface current measurements and those from other technologies indicate a range of 0.08 to 0.15 ms<sup>-1</sup>, while internal error estimates that are made using the spread of data values in a time series or spectrum from the radar systems generally lead to errors of around 0.2 ms<sup>-1</sup>. These error estimates are typically based on manufacturer-recommended operating parameters that can include up to 25 specific parameters or assumptions made about the data. In particular, one of the dominant parameters in computing ocean surface currents from SeaSonde devices is the averaging time of both the power spectra and the computed radial components of the surface current vectors. This paper explores the relative effect of temporal averaging for two SeaSonde stations inWestern Australia. By analysing 31 days of radial data, we evaluate the statistical characteristics of noise in the spectra and determine the limits to the assumption that it represents a stationary ensemble of independent samples. The improvement in accuracy as we integrate over different time intervals from 10 to 180 minutes is determined by these characteristics. These results are applied to error analysis for the radial components of surface currents and compared with the errors in the gridded values of the radial components. Finally, the effects of calibrated and uncalibrated antenna patterns on the radial components is evaluated in the context of the temporal and spatial errors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5664291,no
A Novel Approach for Arcing Fault Detection for Medium-/Low-Voltage Switchgear,"Switchgear arcing faults have been a primary cause for concern for the manufacturing industry and safety personnel alike. The deregulation of the power industry being in full swing and the ever-growing competitiveness in the distribution sector call for the transition from preventive to predictive maintenance. Switchgears form an integral part of the distribution system in any power system setup. Keeping in mind the switchgear arcing faults, the aforementioned transition applies, most of all, to the switchgear industry. Apart from the fact that it is the primary cause of serious injuries to electrical workers worldwide, switchgear arcing faults directly affect the quality and continuity of electric power to the consumers. A great amount of technological advancement has taken place in the development of arc-resistant/proof switchgears. However, most of these applications focus on minimizing the damage after the occurrence of the arcing fault. The problem associated with the compromise on the quality and continuity of electric power in such a scenario still awaits a technical as well as economically feasible solution. This paper describes the development of a novel approach for the detection of arcing faults in medium-/low-voltage switchgears. The basic concept involves the application of differential protection for the detection of any arcing within the switchgear. The new approach differs from the traditional differential concept in the fact that it employs higher frequency harmonic components of the line current as the input for the differential scheme. Actual arc-generating test benches have been set up in the Power System Simulation Laboratory at the Energy Systems Research Center to represent both medium- and low-voltage levels. Hall effect sensors in conjunction with data acquisition in LabVIEW are employed to record the line current data before, during, and after the arcing phenomenon. The methodology is first put to test via simulation approach for medium-vol- - tage levels and then corroborated by actual hardware laboratory testing for low-voltage levels. The plots derived from the data gathering and simulation process clearly underline the efficiency of this approach to detect switchgear arcing faults. Both magnitude and phase differential concepts seem to provide satisfactory results. Apart from the technical efficiency, the approach is financially feasible, considering the fact that the differential protection is already being comprehensively employed worldwide.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5061549,no
Influence of the nonlinearity of measurement transformers on effectiveness of module error correction,The article presents the program spectral line method of module error correction in linear input circuits. The method requires the knowledge of the frequency characteristics of the module errors and the phase errors of the input circuit to be corrected. The method was used for frequency error correction of measurement transformers applied in electronic power transducers. Such input circuits are nonlinear and distort the measured signals. The article presents the analysis of the influence of the nonlinearity of the input circuits upon the effectiveness of correction of frequency errors of the input circuit module at measurements of the root-mean-square value.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4627494,no
A Bio-network Based Fault-Tolerant Architecture for Supervisory System,"Supervisory systems show increasing importance in many plants to ensure the secure and stable production. And the fault tolerance ability is a key problem. Concerned with the problem of low automation level and high operation cost, a layered Bio-Network is studied inspired by biology system, and Bio-Entity as its functional unit is analyzed. In the bottom layer, the communication infrastructure is built on Web Service to hide the difference among underlying heterogeneous systems. In the Bio-System layer, each Bio-Entity is delegated by an agent to gain the functions. Then, in the application layer, various services are encapsulated upon Bio-Entity. The application interface makes the integration with other systems more convenient. Based on Bio-Network, a novel framework of supervisory system for typical waterworks is proposed. The fault tolerant functions are analyzed in the context of Bio-Network. The practical application proves that Bio-Network based system configuration is improved and the cost is reduced.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4721789,no
Quality control protocol for frame-to-frame PET motion correction,"Subject motion during Position Emission Tomography (PET) brain scans can reduce image quality, and may lead to incorrect biological outcome measures, especially during analysis of dynamic data sets. This is particularly relevant when imaging with state-of-the-art scanners such as the High Resolution Research Tomograph (HRRT, Siemens Medical Solutions). Motion correction via frame-to-frame image realignment is simpler to implement and requires fewer computing resources than methods that correct for motion during data reconstruction and has been shown to significantly improve the accuracy of dynamically-derived biological variables. However, an ongoing problem is a lack of objective criteria to validate the accuracy of frame-to-frame realignment. Visual inspection of realigned images is a common method of validation but requires a significant amount of operator time and results may vary from one operator to another. This work presents a quality control protocol that automatically flags inadequate realignments based on the comparison of motion transformation matrices obtained from two independent sources: the Polaris Vicra optical tracking device and the image based realignment algorithm AIR (Automated Image Registration). A metric was computed to determine the difference between the transformations from both methods. Realignments were accepted or flagged based on the value of the metric. Since the two methods rely on independent motion assessment tools, the chance of both algorithms giving consistently wrong estimates is low. Human test cases show that the quality control protocol is capable of correctly identifying both acceptable and incorrect realigned images, thus providing an objective quality control metric. Implementation of the protocol reduces the number of images requiring visual inspection by 72% and operator time required by 50%, decreasing both operator labour and operator-dependent biases.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5401838,no
Estimating the Soft Error Vulnerability of Register Files via Interprocedural Data Flow Analysis,"Subsequently to the wall of performance and power consumption, the dependability of computing, caused by soft errors, has become a growing design concern. Since Register Files (RFs) are accessed very frequently and cannot be well protected, soft errors occurred in them is one of the top reasons for affecting the reliability of programs. To access the soft errors vulnerability of RFs, this paper presents a static estimating method via interprocedural data flow analysis. Adopting a previous method, the vulnerability of a register is firstly decomposed into intrinsic and conditional basic block vulnerabilities. Under the prerequisite of context sensitivity, we focus on the computation the post conditions of basic blocks, which can be viewed as the living probability of the target register in the future usage. Finally, the program reliability can be calculated quantitatively under the occurrence of soft errors in RFs. Experimental results from the MiBench benchmarks indicate that our method is more accurate, and compatible with the AVF methods. We also reveal that the reliability of a program has a connection with its structure, such as the RVF factors, which suggests adopting the application specified protected mechanisms for tolerating soft errors occurred in RFs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5587743,no
Track Down HW Function Faults Using Real SW Invariants,System level functional verification by running real software stack on FPGA prototype is essential for achieving a high quality design. But it is hard to find the exact source of hardware function faults while running large closed source system software fails. This paper proposes the idea of tracking down faults through real system software control flow invariants with current trace output hardware support. It captures qualified control flow invariant trace in reference execution and test trace; and tracks down faults through comparing offline invariant trace and test trace. The approach can deal with both deterministic and nondeterministic execution. We implemented the proof of concept in full system simulator Bochs. Our experimentation with the real closed source MS Windows XP suggests that the approach is effective in tracking down hardware function faults.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5170840,no
Efficient Reliability Assessment of Redundant Systems Subject to Imperfect Fault Coverage Using Binary Decision Diagrams,"Systems requiring very high levels of reliability, such as aircraft controls or spacecraft, often use redundancy to achieve their requirements. This paper provides highly efficient techniques for computing the reliability of redundant systems involving simple <i>k</i>-out-of-<i>n</i> arrangements, and those involving complex structures which may include imbedded <i>k</i>-out-of-<i>n</i> structures. Techniques for modeling systems subject to imperfect fault coverage must be appropriate to the redundancy management architecture utilized by the system. Systems for which coverage can be associated with each of the redundant components, perhaps taking advantage of the component's built-in test capability, are modeled with what we term element level coverage (ELC); while systems which utilize majority voting for the selection from among redundant components are modeled with fault level coverage (FLC). In FLC, systems coverage is a function of the fault sequence, i.e., coverage will be greater for the initial faults which can utilize voting for redundant component selection, but will have a lower coverage value when the system must select from among the last two operational components. Occasionally, FLC systems can be adequately modeled using a simplified version of FLC in which it can be assumed that the initial fault coverage values are unity. This model is called one-on-level coverage (OLC). The FLC algorithms provided in this paper are of particular importance for the correct modeling of systems which utilize voting to select from among their redundant elements. While combinatorial, and recursive techniques for modeling ELC, FLC, and OLC have been previously reported, this paper presents new table-based algorithms, and binary decision diagram-based algorithms for these models which have superior computational complexity. The algorithms presented here provide the ability to analyse large, and complex systems very efficiently, in fact with a computational complexity com- - parable to the best available techniques for systems with perfect fault coverage.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4453876,no
Applications of the Fault Decoupling Device to Improve the Operation of LV Distribution Networks,"The aim of this paper is to present the operating principle of a new resonant device, called the fault decoupling device (FDD), able to improve power quality in electrical distribution systems. In low-voltage networks, this device can be employed in order to mitigate voltage dips due to faults or large induction motor startup. Moreover, in the presence of distributed-generation (DG) units, the FDD allows one to obtain various benefits such as a reduction of the fault current in each node of the network and an increase in the voltage at the DG unit node. In order to show the performances of the FDD, analytical studies and computer simulations were carried out which took into account various working operation conditions. Finally, the prototype of the FDD as well as the preliminary experimental results are presented.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4359256,no
High-Speed Error-Correction for Leading Zero/One Anticipator,"The algorithm and its implementation of a leading zero anticipators (LZA) are very vital for the performance of a high-speed floating-point adder in current state of art microprocessor design. However, in predicting ""shift amount"" by a conventional LZA design, there may be one-bit error, which is mentioned as the possible error in the result. This paper compares the conventional LZA designs and presents a novel parallel error-detection algorithm for modifying the result of the LZA before it is sent off to improve the performance of the LZA. The novel error-detection algorithm does not depend on any carry-in signals of the adder. Therefore, it makes the error-correction to be parallel with the mantissas addition and increases the speed of the LZA to generate correct results significantly.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5677177,no
Geometric Correction for Cone-Beam CT Reconstruction and Artifacts Reduction,"The FDK algorithm is one of the most widely referenced and used algorithm for cone-beam CT reconstruction in circular trajectory because of its simplicity of implementation and computational efficiency. However, images reconstructed by the FDK algorithm of real projection data may be blurred without electronic correction and geometric calibration, and are often plagued by deleterious ring artifacts and shading artifacts. In this paper, images reconstructed with and without detector correction are compared base on computer experiment of real biological object. Furthermore, Algorithms for shading artifacts reduction and fast ring artifacts reduction are also introduced. The experimental simulation shows that these algorithms are effective in reducing ring and shading artifacts without compromising the image resolution, and produce satisfactory results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4535809,no
Trends in Firewall Configuration Errors: Measuring the Holes in Swiss Cheese,"The first quantitative evaluation of the quality of corporate firewall configurations appeared in 2004, based on Check Point Firewall-1 rule sets. In general, that survey indicated that corporate firewalls often enforced poorly written rule sets. This article revisits the first survey. In addition to being larger, the current study includes configurations from two major vendors. It also introduces a firewall complexity. The study's findings validate the 2004 study's main observations: firewalls are (still) poorly configured, and a rule -set's complexity is (still) positively correlated with the number of detected configuration errors. However, unlike the 2004 study, the current study doesn't suggest that later software versions have fewer errors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5440153,no
"Assessment of Transmission-Line Common-Mode, Station-Originated, and Fault-Type Forced-Outage Rates","The frequency and duration of the various types of transmission-line outages have a significant impact on the operation and reliability of industrial and commercial power systems. Knowledge of the statistical characteristics of transmission-line outages (e.g., types of faults: three phase, line-to-ground, etc.) directly affects the protection and coordination practices at these facilities. Reliability modeling of industrial and commercial power systems is dependent upon transmission-line outage characteristics (e.g., terminal- and line-related sustained outages). Generalizations of transmission-line characteristics for all voltage classes can be incorrect and extremely problematic in many cases. This paper presents the sum of the results of a ten-year study of the Mid-Continent Area Power Pool transmission-line outage-data statistics for 230-, 345-, and 500-kV lines. These data can be used for modeling the reliability of industrial and commercial facilities being serviced by transmission lines and reveal some of the common beliefs and misconceptions about transmission-line characteristics.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5337918,no
The Fault Diagnosis System of Electric Locomotive Based on MAS,"The efficiency and the effect of fault diagnosis are increasingly important for electric locomotive. However, due to the complexity of the locomotive system configuration and the locomotive inferior running condition, it is much difficult to realize the fault diagnosis system on electric locomotive. In this paper, a multi-objective fault diagnosis algorithm based on multi-agent is proposed. It considers the correlation of different fault diagnosis and takes advantage of the capabilities of the multiple agents in communication and cooperation to estimate and recognize particular faults. Furthermore, a fault diagnosis system architecture is designed based on multi-agent system to support diagnosing fault online for train drivers. The practical application results show the efficiency of the proposed system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5369462,no
A universal fault diagnosis expert system based on fault tree,"The efficiency of diagnosis and the accuracy of diagnosis result have been improved by amalgamating and combining the advantage of fault tree analysis and expert system. The visible modeling of fault tree model has been realized by introducing the technique of Visio components development, which not only makes the user interface more intuitional and friendly, but also corresponds to the specification of fault tree model greatly and makes the checking of the consistency and validity of fault tree model more convenient. The modular and hierarchical thought, which is combined with the information description of object oriented, has been applied in different diagnosis objects, which not only implements the representation of knowledge base for expert system, but also enhances the system's universal character. Finally, the framework of C/S has also been built in this system by the technique of database, which improves the system's performance of open, maintenance and transplant to a large extent.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5274892,no
The effects of quantity and location of video playback errors on the average end-users experience,"The end-user experience of a given platform or product with respect to video playback is an increasingly important aspect for engineers and product planners to understand. However, testing real world situations in an objective and repeatable fashion is complex. In an initial study, the video Gross Error Detector (GED) which is a tool that provides a quick and cost-efficient way to evaluate video playback, was mapped to end-user's perception of video smoothness. Video errors such as dropped, repeated or out of sequence frames were evaluated in varying quantities to understand the impact on the average en-user's perception of playback. A second study, discussed here, was done to understand the differences in the quantity and location of these playback errors. These end-user perception studies provide useful data so the video GED can be used to monitor errors in video for quality control, benchmark video processing and algorithms, and can be rooted into the video processing system to optimize algorithms and limit settings.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536625,no
A self-resetting method for reducing error accumulation in INS-based tracking,"The error accumulation in the INS systems is one of the major drawbacks which limits their applicability. Several efforts have been made to improve the performance of the INS systems in the tracking applications with limited success in terms of efficiency, complexity and cost. This paper proposes a new method for modelling the actual INS error accumulation and use of automatic self-resetting for reducing error accumulation within the INS system without the need of any external sensors or devices. The new method has been verified and tested for the case of a single-axis accelerometer. Furthermore, the method has been used to recover the trajectory of moving objects in outdoor environments when a full INS system is used. The testing results show that the new method considerably reduces the error accumulation in the INS systems. Moreover, the new method increases the operation time of the INS-based systems from few second to a few minutes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5507179,no
Kalman Predictive Redundancy System for Fault Tolerance of Safety-Critical Systems,"The dependence of intelligent vehicles on electronic devices is rapidly increasing the concern over fault tolerance due to safety issues. For example, an x-by-wire system, such as electromechanical brake system in which rigid mechanical components are replaced with dynamically configurable electronic elements, should be fault-tolerant because a critical failure could arise without warning. Therefore, in order to guarantee the reliability of safety-critical systems, fault-tolerant functions have been studied in detail. This paper presents a Kalman predictive redundancy system with a fault-detection algorithm using the Kalman filter that can remove the effect of faults. This paper also describes the detailed implementation of such a system using an embedded microcontroller to demonstrate that the Kalman predictive redundancy system outperforms well-known average and median voters. The experimental results show that the Kalman predictive redundancy system can ensure the fault-tolerance of safety-critical systems such as x-by-wire systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4982692,no
Markov Chain Analysis of Thermally Induced Soft Errors in Subthreshold Nanoscale CMOS Circuits,"The development of future nanoscale CMOS circuits, characterized by lower supply voltages and smaller dimensions, raises the question of logic stability of such devices with respect to electrical noise. This paper presents a theoretical framework that can be used to investigate the thermal noise probability distributions for equilibrium and nonequilibrium logic states of CMOS flip-flops operated at subthreshold voltages. Representing the investigated system as a 2-D queue, a symbolic solution is proposed for the moments of the probability density function for large queues where Monte Carlo and eigenvector methods cannot be used. The theoretical results are used to calculate the mean time to failure of flip-flops built in a current 45-nm silicon-on-insulator technology modeled in the subthreshold regime including parasitics. As a predictive tool, the framework is used to investigate the reliability of flip-flops built in a future technology described in the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Monte Carlo simulations and explicit symbolic calculations are used to validate the theoretical model and its predictions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5159434,no
Nonlinear Systems Fault Diagnosis with Differential Elimination,"The differential elimination algorithm is used to eliminate the non-observed variables of the nonlinear systems. By incorporating the algebraic observability and diagnosability concepts and using numerical differentiation algorithms, another approach to the certain classes of nonlinear systems fault diagnosis problem is presented.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5230999,no
Analysis of fault-tolerant five-phase IPM synchronous motor,"The choice of a multi-phase motor is a potentially fault-tolerant solution and gives rise to many advantages, respect to the traditional three-phase motor drives. In this paper an high torque density five-phase IPM synchronous motor has been studied, and the motor performance have been evaluated in the case of healthy-mode and faulty-mode operation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4676949,no
A Simple Method to Measure the Image Complexity on a Fault Tolerant Cluster Computing,"The cluster computing is widely used for image processing in entertainment applications. Measuring the required number of nodes to be used in a cluster computing helps saving nodes processing time, even if this occurs on a fault tolerant scenario. The paper analyzes the images rendering process by ray tracing on the cluster computing using the freeware software fault tolerant message-passing interface with Povray software in a Linux-based operating system. This paper uses a simple method of image complexity measure; it is shown that depending on the images complexity level, a minimum number of cluster nodes is chose to render the image instead of using all the cluster nodes. It is useful to save machine processing time and meanwhile another image can be rendered in a parallel process with a previous one and where the solution is applied in a Fault Tolerant scenario, so independent of the network fault, the cluster continues working.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5489741,no
Analysis of Effects of Micro-Metal on Ranging Error Using Finite Difference Time Domain Methods,"The concept of indoor localization has attracted considerable attention in the field of positioning. It has been reported that time-of-arrival based localization techniques perform superior compared to received signal strength techniques or angle-of-arrival techniques. However, the accuracy of such systems is limited mainly due to unexpected large ranging errors observed in indoor environment which are mainly caused by obstruction of the direct path by a metallic object. The analysis of effects of the micro-metallic objects on the accuracy of the range estimates are shown to be a very challenging problem. In this paper we discuss some full-wave EM methods to analyze the effects of micro-metallic objects on the accuracy of the range estimates. The results of electromagnetic simulation via FDTD are compared to the channel profiles obtained from a real-time frequency-domain measurement to analyze the accuracy of a 2D approximation used. The measurements were conducted with the bandwidth of 500 MHz centered around 1 GHz. The FDTD simulation was carried out using our MATLAB FDTD Suite.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4600092,no
Dynamic Frequency Analysis on Industrial Electric Power Network under External Fault Condition,"The condition of thermal power plant of some SINOPEC is simply introduced first, after choosing its receiving operation, enterprise internal power's dynamic frequency characteristic mechanism has been analyzed under external fault condition, and then arriving at a conclusion that the dynamic frequency characteristic has something to do with active power shortage and frequency adjustment effect modulus of load. At last, having selected the reasonable failure mode and mathematical models in software PSASP7.0 to simulate this dynamic frequency characteristics curve of the system, we can verify the validity of the conclusion. The above is good for revealing the weak link of the plant in future and laying the foundation for finding the way to improve the reliability of the system. At the same time, it also has some reference value for other enterprise grid.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5459998,no
Dynamically Adapted Low-Energy Fault Tolerant Processors,"The constant advances on scaling have introduced several issues to the design of processing structures in new technologies. The closer one gets to nano-scale devices, the more necessary are methods to develop circuits that are able to tolerate high defect densities. At the same time, beyond area costs, there is a pressure to maintain energy and power dissipation at acceptable levels, which practically forbids classical redundancy. This paper presents a dynamic solution to provide reliability and reduce energy of a microprocessor using a dynamically adaptive reconfigurable fabric. The approach combines the binary translation mechanism with the sleep transistor technique to ensure graceful degradation for software applications, while at the same time can reduce energy by shutting off the power supply of the unused and the defective resources of a reconfigurable fabric.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5325468,no
A unified instruction set programmable architecture for multi-standard advanced forward error correction,"The continuously increasing number of communication standards to be supported in nomadic devices combined with the fast ramping design cost in deep submicron technologies claim for highly reusable and flexible programmable solutions. Software defined radio (SDR) aims at providing such solutions in radio baseband architectures. Great advances were recently booked in handset-targeted SDR, covering most of the baseband processing with satisfactory performance and energy efficiency. However, as it typically depicts a magnitude higher computation load, forward error correction (FEC) has been excluded from the scope of high throughput SDR solutions and let to dedicated hardware accelerators. The currently growing number of advanced FEC options claims however for flexibility there too. This paper presents the first application-specific instruction programmable architecture addressing in a unified way the emerging turbo- and LPDC coding requirements of 3GPP-LTE, IEEE802.11n, IEEE802.16(e) and DVB-S2/T2. The proposal shows a throughput from 0.07 to 1.25 Mbps/MHz with efficiencies round 0.32 nJ/bit/iter in turbo mode and round 0.085 nJ/bit/iter in LDPC mode. The area is lower than the cumulated area of dedicated turbo and LDPC solution.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4671733,no
Self-healing and fault-tolerance abilities development in embryonic systems implemented with FPGA-based hardware,"The cell-based structure, which makes up the majority of biological organisms offers the ability to grow with fault-tolerance abilities and self-repair. By adapting these mechanisms and capabilities from nature, scientific approaches have helped researches understand related phenomena and associated with principles to engine complex novel digital systems and improve their capability. Founded by these observations, the paper is focused on computer-aided modeling, simulation and experimental research of embryonic systems fault-tolerance and selfhealing abilities, with the purpose to implement VLSI hardware structures which are able to imitate cells or artificial organism operation mode, with similar robustness properties like their biological equivalents from nature. The presented theoretical and simulation approaches were tested on a laboratory prototype embryonic system (embryonic machine), built with major purpose to implement self-healing properties of living organisms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4924765,no
Ship equipment fault grade assessment model based on back propagation neural network and genetic algorithm,"The factors that affect the ship equipment fault grade assessment are analyzed firstly, and then the fault grade assessment model is founded on the base of back propagation neural network. The genetic algorithm is used to quantify the value of the initial weight vector of neural network. Three methods that are gradient descent back propagation algorithm, momentum gradient descent back propagation algorithm and Levenberg-Marquard back propagation algorithm are used to train the neural network. Through lots of simulation calculation, the neural network simulation algorithm which is most adaptive to this special assessment problem and has the highest precision is found. Next, the methods through which can improve the assessment precision are given. In the end, the visualization forms of the neural network model which are compiled by Matlab and VB software is researched to improve the usability of the methods.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4668918,no
Analysis of transient performance for DFIG wind turbines under the open switch faults,"The fast development of grid-integrated wind power introduces new requirements for the operation and control of power networks. In order to maintain the reliability of a host power grid, it is preferred that the grid-connected wind turbine should restore its normal operation with minimized power losses in events of grid fault. This paper presents the results for the transient performance of a 2MW doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), a type of variable-speed wind turbine. The paper concentrates on transient performance of the said generator technology under open-switch grid faults. The simulation was performed using MATLAB - Simulink software. The results obtained have shown that the control schemes employed for the DFIG wind turbines played an effective role in the restoration of the normal operation for the wind turbine in response to grid faults. The results for both during and after the grid fault will be discussed in this paper.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5712404,no
Study on the feasibility of developing high voltage and large capacity permanent-magnet-biased fault current limiter,"The fault current limiter based on permanent-magnet-biased saturation, namely PMFCL, is a preferable solution to suppress the fault current in power grids, with unique superiority and advantages in both aspects of economical investment and technological feasibility. However, the bias capability of the permanent magnet is still a pending issue as to hinder further development of the PMFCL towards high voltage (HV) and large capacity, which is yet to be clarified so far. The state-of-the-art advancement of PMFCL is firstly reviewed and its specific merits are fully accounted for. A concept of Saturation Depth Ratio is proposed and defined as to indicate that, to improve the bias capability of the permanent magnet is in effect equivalent to increasing saturation depth ratio of the iron core. With regard to a novel PMFCL topology, the mathematical relationship between the saturation depth ratio and the structural parameters is obtained through equivalent magnetic circuit analysis then verified by experiments and FEM simulation, which presents effective basis and guide to design of HV and large-capacity PMFCL. Finally, a case study of 10 kV PMFCL prototype is given. Results demonstrate that, proper adjust of section area and length of the permanent magnet can achieve preferable bias capability of the permanent magnet, and thereby show feasibility to realize HV and large-capacity PMFCL.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5429389,no
Fault Diagnosis Approach Based on Fuzzy Probabilistic SDG Model and Bayesian Inference,"The fault diagnosis approach based-on signed directed graph(SDG) has better completeness and explanation facility ,but it has some disadvantages due to lack of the quantitative information, so the semi-quantitative fault diagnosis approach based on model of fuzzy probabilistic SDG and Bayesian inference is proposed, the node variable was expressed as fuzzy variable with the more information, the cause-effect relationship between the nodes was described by conditional probabilities table (CPT), the set of failure source candidates is found out by Bayesian inference and backtracking algorithm, Furthermore, the candidates in the set are ranked according to the rate of fault possibility. The primary electrical power supply system in certain a satellite was modeled with the proposed approach, the diagnosis simulation results show that the diagnostic resolution can be improved significantly; the approach is feasible to be applied to on-board diagnosis for spacecraft.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4960819,no
Dependability Benchmarking Using Software Faults: How to Create Practical and Representative Faultloads,"The faultload is one of the most critical components of a dependability benchmark. It should embody a repeatable, portable, representative and generally accepted fault set. Concerning software faults, the definition of that kind of faultloads is particularly difficult, as it requires a much more complex emulation method than the traditional stuck-at or bit-flip used for hardware faults. Although faultloads based on software faults have already been proposed, the choice of adequate fault injection targets (i.e., actual software components where the faults are injected) is still an open and crucial issue. Furthermore, knowing that the number of possible software faults that can be injected in a given system is potentially very large, the problem of defining a faultload made of a small number of representative faults is of utmost importance. This paper proposes a strategy to guide the fault injection target selection and reduce the number of faults required for the faultload and exemplifies the proposed approach with a real Web-server dependability benchmark and a large-scale integer vector sort application.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5369145,no
Key Picture Error Concealment Using Residual Motion-Copy in Scalable Video Coding,"The current JSVM software only supports Frame- Copy and Motion-Copy Error Concealment (EC) methods for the concealment of key picture loss in Group of Picture (GOP). In the proposed method, we exploit motion retrieval information to conceal key frame in scalable video coding. The auxiliary motion vectors of only key picture are interleaved into the bit stream of previous key picture. To control bit-rate increased due to interleaving of supplement information, residual difference is calculated. This encoded residual difference is used to calculate the predictor so that concealment of each macroblock in a key picture will be performed. Consequently, the increase in bit-rate due to supplement information is compensated with increase in PSNR gain with correlated increase in GOP size. Moreover, we investigate the impact of key picture distortion propagation loss of hierarchical prediction in SVC. The proposed method provides drift-free substantial improvement without significant complexity.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5170769,no
Integrated reflection coefficient correction with respect to surface inclination and axial distance,"The integrated reflection coefficient (IRC) has been shown to be an important US parameter for tissue characterization. However, conventional estimation using a planar reference reflector results in considerably prediction errors for defocused and inclined conditions. In this study inclination and axial distance dependence of the IRC was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Ultrasound backscatter from soft tissues was simulated by Field II. Measurements have been conducted in native cartilage samples and tissue mimicking phantoms at 40 MHz. The dependencies of IRC on the two parameters were approximated by two-dimensional polynomial functions. These results were used as correction models. Valid ranges of transducer-sample distance (TSD) and sample inclination have been estimated and the influence of the correction model on the standard deviation was evaluated by application of the correction models to measurements of native cartilage.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5441511,no
An asymmetrical fault line selection based on I<inf>2</inf> scalar product research in distribution system with DGs,"The introduction of DG in distribution system has many negative impacts on conventional protection. Typically it will deteriorate selectivity and sensitivity of existing relay. It will change a simple radiation distribution system with single source into a complex multi-source system. To make the nowadays broadly used protection scheme and their coordination meet the great challenge, this paper proposed a novel fault line selection approach based on negative sequence current (I<sub>2</sub>) scalar product (I<sub>2</sub>SP) to locate fault line in a DG system. Negative sequence current has a powerful ability of fault identification. I<sub>2</sub>SP can effectively decide direction of fault location without voltages. It will help to develop a wide-area protection scheme in DG system. It can easily eliminate relay mal-operation and simplify relay scheme in distribution system because of introduction of renewable energy sources. The simulation results proved its effectiveness and practicability of the method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4596209,no
An automatic correction tool for inorganic chemical formulas,"The kernel of an automatic correction tool developed to practice exercises of nomenclature and formulation of inorganic chemistry at the technical/engineering degrees at Girona Polytechnic University is presented. Such tool consists on two parts: nomenclature and formulation. This tool was developed inside a previous e-learning platform that has two modules specially designed for the generation and correction of technical exercises. The exercise generation module, used to automatically generate different versions of a base exercise and the correction module, used to automatically correct the generated exercises by applying a solution code maintained in the base problem. We exploit the key of both modules that is the definition of the base exercise which varies according to the parameters and the descriptors. On the other hand, the usability of the interface developed for writing inorganic chemical formulas was decisive for the success of the tool. Our environment was tested during the last three academic years at the introductory course in chemistry in our university.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5673369,no
Parallelization of the nearest-neighbour search and the cross-validation error evaluation for the kernel weighted k-nn algorithm applied to large data dets in matlab,The kernel weighted k-nearest neighbours (KWKNN) algorithm is an efficient kernel regression method that achieves competitive results with lower computational complexity than least-squares support vector machines and Gaussian processes. This paper presents the parallel implementation on a cluster platform of the sequential KWKNN implemented in Matlab. This implies both the parallelization of the k nearest-neighbour search and the evaluation of the cross-validation error on a large distributed data set. The results demonstrate the good performances of the implementation.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5192804,no
Estimation of DC time constants in fault currents and their relation to Thevenin's impedance,"The knowledge of DC time constants in fault currents at system nodes is important to design the protection system and validate the calculation models for power system simulations. In this paper, we present methods to estimate Thevenin's impedance and DC time constants in fault currents with application to disturbance records. Additionally, a comparison between both parameters is shown. We demonstrate that measurements of the DC time constant of fault currents in disturbance records can be heavily distorted by the protective current transformer and additional instrument transformers (e. g. in the relay itself). This distortion depends on the transformer type (P, TPX, TPY, TPZ) and burden. However, by using current signal models and curve fitting methods it is still possible to estimate the required DC time constant and Thevenin's impedance. The proposed methods are tested with simulated signals and real measurements from different protective relays.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6007198,no
Operational Two-Stage Stratified Topographic Correction of Spaceborne Multispectral Imagery Employing an Automatic Spectral-Rule-Based Decision-Tree Preliminary Classifier,"The increasing amount of remote sensing (RS) imagery acquired from multiple platforms and the recent announcements that scientists and decision makers around the world will soon have unrestricted access at no charge to large-scale spaceborne multispectral (MS) image databases make urgent the need to develop easy-to-use, effective, efficient, robust, and scalable satellite-based measurement systems. In these scientific and industrial contexts, it is well known that, to date, the operational performance of existing stratified non-Lambertian (anisotropic) topographic correction (SNLTOC) algorithms has been limited by the need for <i>a priori</i> knowledge of structural landscape characteristics, such as surface roughness which is land cover class specific. In practice, to overcome the circular nature of the SNLTOC problem, a mutually exclusive and totally exhaustive land cover classification map of a spaceborne MS image is required <i>before</i> SNLTOC takes place. This system requirement is fulfilled by the original operational automatic two-stage SNLTOC approach presented in this paper which comprises, in cascade, 1) an automatic stratification first stage and 2) a second-stage ordinary SNLTOC method selected from the literature. The former combines 1) four subsymbolic digital-elevation-model-derived strata, namely, horizontal areas, self-shadows, and sunlit slopes either facing the sun or facing away from the sun, and 2) symbolic (semantic) strata generated from the input MS image by an operational fully automated spectral-rule-based decision-tree preliminary classifier recently presented in RS literature. In this paper, first, previous works related to the TOC subject are surveyed, and next, the novel operational two-stage SNLTOC system is presented. Finally, the original two-stage SNLTOC system is validated in up to 19 experiments where the system's capability of reducing within-stratum spectral variance while preserving pixel-based spectral patterns (shapes) is - - assessed quantitatively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5280301,no
Modeling and Verification for Timing Satisfaction of Fault-Tolerant Systems with Finiteness,"The increasing use of model-based tools enables further use of formal verification techniques in the context of distributed real-time systems. To avoid state explosion, it is necessary to construct verification models that focus on the aspects under consideration.In this paper, we discuss how we construct a verification model for timing analysis in distributed real-time systems.We (1) give observations concerning restrictions of timed automata to model these systems,(2) formulate mathematical representations on how to perform model-to-model transformation to derive verification models from system models, and (3) propose some theoretical criteria how to reduce the model size. The latter is in particular important, as for the verification of complex systems, an efficient model reflecting the properties of the system under consideration is equally important to the verification algorithm itself.Finally, we present an extension of the model-based development tool FTOS, designed to develop fault-tolerant systems, to demonstrate our approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5361763,no
Fault detection based on H<inf></inf> states observer for networked control systems,"The influence of random short time-delay to networked control systems (NCS) is changed into an unknown bounded uncertain part. Without changing the structure of the system, an H<inf></inf> states observer is designed for NCS with short time-delay. Based on the designed states observer, a robust fault detection approach is proposed for NCS. In addition, an optimization method for the selection of the detection threshold is introduced for better tradeoff between the robustness and the sensitivity. Finally, some simulation results demonstrate that the presented states observer is robust and the fault detection for NCS is effective.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6074668,no
Radiometric characterisation of a VNIR hyperspectral imaging system for accurate atmospheric correction,"The Institut Cartogafic de Catalunya (ICC) regularly operates a Compact Airborne Spectral Imager (CASI) sensor. For this system an atmospheric correction algorithm was developed to simultaneously correct multiple overlapping images taken from different heights. First, the algorithm estimates the main atmospheric parameters with an inversion procedure using either radiometric ground measurements or image homologous areas plus a single ground measurement. Then, the code is applied to the images to obtain atmospherically corrected hyperspectral imagery. The algorithm was applied in the frame of ICC-Banyoles 2005 experiment (Spain) using multi-height imagery and field simultaneous reflectance measurements. In the validation step, the standard deviations obtained with both inversion methods were similar. In order to improve these results, the smiling effect (spectral shift) for the sensor is characterized by locating O<sub>2</sub> absorption bands in the NIR for each CASI look direction. Additionally, a more accurate spectral sensitivity for each band has been calculated. These improvements are applied to EuroSDR-Banyoles 2008 experiment's (Spain) imagery. These results show a substantial improvement on the atmospheric correction at the absorption regions when compared to field reflectance measurements. This behaviour advises the inclusion of these developments in the inversion system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5594838,no
Fault Tolerance Management for a Hierarchical GridRPC Middleware,"The GridRPC model is well suited for high performance computing on grids thanks to efficiently solving most of the issues raised by geographically and administratively split resources. Because of large scale, long range networks and heterogeneity, Grids are extremely prone to failures. GridRPC middleware are usually managing failures by using 1) TCP or other link network layer provided failure detector, 2) automatic checkpoints of sequential jobs and 3) a centralized stable agent to perform scheduling. Most recent developments have provided some new mechanisms like the optimal Chandra & Toueg & Aguillera failure detector, most numerical libraries now providing their own optimized checkpoint routine and distributed scheduling GridRPC architectures. In this paper we aim at adapting to these novelties by providing the first implementation and evaluation in a grid system of the optimal fault detector, a novel and simple checkpoint API allowing to manage both service provided checkpoint and automatic checkpoint (even for parallel services) and a scheduling hierarchy recovery algorithm tolerating several simultaneous failures. All those mechanisms are implemented and evaluated on a real grid in the DIET middleware.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4534253,no
Error concealment techniques for multi-view video,"The H.264/AVC multi-view extension provides for high compression ratios of multi-view sequences. The coding scheme used exploits spatial, temporal and inter-view dependability for this scope. However, in the event of transmission errors, this leads to the propagation of the distorted macroblocks, degrading the quality of the video perceived by the user. In this paper we introduce error resilient coding and error concealment techniques in Multi-view Video Coding to reduce this effect. The results obtained demonstrate that better multiview video reconstruction is obtained when Intra-coded frames are spatially concealed while Inter-coded frames are concealed using motion compensation techniques, within the multi-view prediction structure. Furthermore, additional gain in quality can be achieved when Anchor frames are concealed using a combination of spatial and motion compensation techniques.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5657701,no
Application of Empirical Bayes Estimation in Error Model Identification of Two Orthometric Accelerometers,"The high accuracy accelerometer can be demarcated in multiposition tumbling experiment under 1g gravitational field. The g<sup>2</sup> observation model of Two Orthometric Accelerometers can eliminate the corner error. there is a serious multicollinearity exit in this system because some model coefficient mix together. In view of above question, this article has given the arithmetic of Empirical Bayes Estimation(EB), and applied this method in model which is mentioned above. The result of the simulation and the experiment shows that compared with the conventional least squares method and the generalized diagonal ridge estimation, the Empirical Bayes Estimation can overcome the influence of the multicollinearity and can separate two coefficients which are The Second-Order Terms and the cross-coupling terms.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5633241,no
Overcoming double-rounding errors under IEEE 754-2008 using software,"The IEEE 754-2008 floating-point standard requires rounding to all available formats (e.g., single and double precision) from any combination of operand formats. Under the original standard, operands and results had the same format, and current hardware is likely to provide only this much. When trying to fulfil the new requirement on such hardware, there are potential double rounding problems. The problems include both incorrect incrementation and incorrect truncation. We present a software solution to both problems that requires no additional hardware, and yet still has acceptable performance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5757764,no
Calculating Incident Energy Released With Varying Ground Fault Magnitudes on Solidly Grounded Systems,"The IEEE Standard 1584-2002 is the recognized standard regarding the calculation of incident energy output from an ac three-phase arcing fault. While that standard does not provide incident energy calculations for the much more common single-phase-to-ground fault, it explains that the expectation is that such a ground fault will either self-extinguish or escalate into a three-phase fault. If the fault escalates, the three-phase calculations can be used. The amount of time that the arc burns as a single-phase fault before escalation is not defined, but a reference document used by the 1584 standard defines this escalation time as one to two cycles. No attempt is made to calculate the incident energy released during this escalation period. While exact answers to the question of how much additional energy would be released are best answered through additional testing, this paper attempts to bracket likely high and low ranges of incident energy that could be released from an arcing single-phase-to-ground fault prior to escalation into a three-phase fault. As this paper only provides a theoretical basis for the calculation of additional energy released from arcing ground faults prior to escalation, it is the opinion of the author that future standards should include testing of incident energy released from faults that begin as low-level arcing ground faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5382528,no
Evaluating and Comparing the Impact of Software Faults on Web Servers,"The impact of software faults present in components to the larger system is currently a relevant and still open research topic. Web-based applications are simultaneously a relevant type of system for our society and are typically exposed to many software components in the server side. The impact of faults in these components to the web servers is an important aspect when evaluating the dependability properties of the entire web-serving system. This paper proposes an experimental approach to evaluate and compare the impact of software faults present in web applications on typical web servers. This approach consists in emulating realistic software faults in server-side web applications and monitoring the behavior of web server from both the server side (e.g., resource consumption) and the client side (e.g., response time, response correctness) perspective. We exemplify our methodology in case studies using three different servers and a realistic e-commerce web application and show that software faults existing in server side components can indeed affect the web server in a quantifiable manner which allow us to use our methodology for comparative purposes towards benchmarking and selecting the most robust web server.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5474197,no
Research and development On-line fault diagnosis device,"The motors are widely used in industry and play an important role. Their statuses are related to the production and security directly. Wireless-intelligent device is presented for On-line diagnosing the complexity of motor faults, and wavelet packet decomposition and the principle of fuzzy are proposed in this paper based on analyzing the motor fault. Proved by experiment that wavelet packet can effectively de-noise and the fuzzy diagnosis principle is taken as basics. It can also be applied to other complex systems fault diagnosis and has certain portability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544322,no
Correction of Systematic Errors Due to the Voltage Leads in an AC Josephson Voltage Standard,"The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has recently reported the first application of a quantum ac Josephson voltage standard for the calibration of thermal transfer standards in the 1- to 10-kHz frequency range. This paper describes preliminary work on extending its frequency calibration range up to 100 kHz by correcting the systematic errors due to voltage leads. A ground loop created by the dc blocks, which is a previously unaccounted source of high-frequency systematic error, has been identified, and its effects are partially mitigated.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4685867,no
A Consistency Check Algorithm for Component-Based Refinements of Fault Trees,"The number of embedded systems in our daily lives that are distributed, hidden, and ubiquitous continues to increase. Many of them are safety-critical. To provide additional or better functionalities, they are becoming more and more complex, which makes it difficult to guarantee safety. It is undisputed that safety must be considered before the start of development, continue until decommissioning, and is particularly important during the design of the system and software architecture. An architecture must be able to avoid, detect, or mitigate all dangerous failures to a sufficient degree. For this purpose, the architectural design must be guided and verified by safety analyses. However, state-of-the-art component-oriented or model-based architectural design approaches use different levels of abstraction to handle complexity. So, safety analyses must also be applied on different levels of abstraction, and it must be checked and guaranteed that they are consistent with each other, which is not supported by standard safety analyses. In this paper, we present a consistency check for CFTs that automatically detects commonalities and inconsistencies between fault trees of different levels of abstraction. This facilitates the application of safety analyses in top-down architectural designs and reduces effort.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635142,no
Studies on the optimizing model of fault diagnosis for power network,"The optimizing model of fault diagnosis for power network is formulated as a 0-1 integer programming problem. The fault equipments can be determined by means of the refined mathematical manipulation. We make a deep study of the present optimizing models and their disadvantages, especially the problems of inconsequence and non-uniqueness of some diagnosis results, and find the cause of the non-uniqueness lies in the fact that the model only takes the influence of each protection into account and ignores the conjunct influence of main and back up protections. On the basis of this point, taking a general view of the configuration characteristics of present secondary systems and the features of the diagnosis information, an improved optimizing model of fault diagnosis for power network is proposed in this paper. The particularity of breaker malfunction protection is taken into account in the new model. The expecting status functions of the equipments are redefined. The preconditioning of the raw data for fault diagnosis and the realization of the system are also explicated briefly. Theoretic analysis and instance verifications indicate that the new model is more reasonable and the diagnosis results are exacter.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4523745,no
Compensating the overlay modeling errors in lithography process of wafer stepper,"The overlay modeling errors are commonly modeled as the sum of inter-field and intra-field errors in lithography process of wafer stepper. The inter-field errors characterize the global effect while the intra-field errors represent the local effect. To have a better resolution and alignment accuracy, it is important to model the overlay errors and compensate them into tolerances. This paper proposes a weighted least squares (WLS) estimator for two general overlay error models such that more accurate linear term parameters of the overlay error can be obtained. First, the least squares (LS) estimator is applied to obtain the parameters of linear and nonlinear terms. We intend to estimate the parameters of linear term while taking the nonlinear term as our modeling residual errors. Next, we use the WLS estimator to obtain more accurate parameters of linear term and thus reduced the modeling errors by choosing appropriate stepper control parameters. The WLS estimator is applied to a real data set collecting 537 wafers from a wafer fabrication facility. The test results demonstrate that the estimated linear term parameters of the WLS estimator are much more close to the assumed ones than the LS estimator.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5514868,no
Fault Diagnosis Method Based on PSO-optimized H-BP Neural Network,"The paper combined the advantage of particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), the global optimizing ability of Hopfield Neural Network, and the teacher supervising features of BP neural network to construct a new equipment fault diagnosis method with higher diagnosis precision, compared with the traditional single BP neural network.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5369225,no
Desktop supercomputing technology for shadow correction of color images,"The paper deals with information technology for correction of shadow artifacts on color digital images obtained by photographing of paintings with the purpose of their reproduction. Shadow artifacts are caused by differences of light intensity. The problem of shadow detection and subsequent color correction is solved. The architecture of heterogeneous CPU/GPU - system implementing the elaborated technology is considered, examples of real images processing are given.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5742553,no
An Error Resilient Coding Scheme for Video Transmission Based on Pixel Line Decimation,"The loss of packets is unavoidable when compressed video data is transmitted over error prone channels. In this study, an error resilient coding scheme based on pixel lines decimation is proposed to enhance performance of error concealment for both intra and inter frames. At the encoder, an input picture is decimated by pixel lines into two similar sub-pictures and then they are merged together before encoding. At the decoder, the high correlation of two sub-pictures is employed to facilitate error concealment. For an intra frame, the lost pixel lines in a sub-picture can be spatial concealed by interpolation between spatial neighbor correct pixel lines in the other sub-picture in a short distance. For an inter frame, a corrupt macroblock can be temporal concealed by utilizing motion vectors of its co-located macroblock in the other sub-picture. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can significantly improve both subjective and objective quality of the reconstructed picture.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4739778,no
Fault Tolerance Middleware for Cloud Computing,"The Low Latency Fault Tolerance (LLFT) middleware provides fault tolerance for distributed applications deployed within a cloud computing or data center environment, using the leader/follower replication approach. The LLFT middleware consists of a Low Latency Messaging Protocol, a Leader-Determined Membership Protocol, and a Virtual Determinizer Framework. The Messaging Protocol provides are liable, totally ordered message delivery service by employing a direct group-to-group multicast where the ordering is determined by the primary replica in the group. The Membership Protocol provides a fast reconfiguration and recovery service when a replica becomes faulty and when a replica joins or leaves a group. The Virtual Determinizer Framework captures ordering information at the primary replica and enforces the same ordering at the backup replicas for major sources of non-determinism. The LLFT middleware maintains strong replica consistency, offers application transparency, and achieves low end-to-end latency.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5558010,no
A new method for uninterrupted operation of wind turbines equipped with DFIGs during grid faults using FCL,"The main issue of wind turbines that equipped with doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) is the grid faults or low voltage ride through capability. In this paper, a new solution for uninterrupted operation of wind turbine driving a DFIG has been proposed during fault condition in the grid. A fault current limiter (FCL) is placed in series with the rotor circuit. During fault condition FCL enters a huge solenoid in the rotor circuit to inhabit increasing of current in the rotor circuit. When the fault is cleared the FCL bypasses the solenoid. A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) has been applied for supplying required reactive power in faults and steady states. Capability and modeling accuracy of the proposed method confirmed with simulating a sample power system in PSCAD/EMTDC software.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5490024,no
Towards Dependable Business Processes with Fault-Tolerance Approach,"The management and automation of business processes have become an essential tasks within IT organizations. Companies could deploy business process management systems to automatize their business processes. BPMS needs to ensure that those are as dependable as possible. Fault tolerance techniques provide mechanisms to decrease the risk of possible faults in systems. In this paper, a framework for developing business processes with fault tolerance capabilities is provided. The framework presents different solutions in the fault tolerance scope. The solutions have been developed using a practical example and some results have been obtained, compared and discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562841,no
Automatic Static Fault Tree Analysis from System Models,"The manual development of system reliability models such as fault trees could be costly and error prone in practice. In this paper, we focus on the problems of some traditional dynamic fault trees and present our static solutions to represent dynamic relations such as functional and sequential dependencies. The implementation of a tool for the automatic synthesis of our static fault trees from SysML system models is introduced.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5703257,no
A Two-Phase Log-Based Fault Recovery Mechanism in Master/Worker Based Computing Environment,"The master/worker pattern is widely used to construct the cross-domain, large scale computing infrastructure. The applications supported by this kind of infrastructure usually features long-running, speculative execution etc. Fault recovery mechanism is significant to them especially in the wide area network environment, which consists of error prone components. Inter-node cooperation is urgent to make the recovery process more efficient. The traditional log-based rollback recovery mechanism which features independent recovery cannot fulfill the global cooperation requirement due to the waste of bandwidth and slow application data transfer which is caused by the exchange of a large amount of logs. In this paper, we propose a two-phase log-based recovery mechanism which is of merits such as space saving and global optimization and can be used as a complement of the current log-based rollback recovery approach in some specific situations. We have demonstrated the use of this mechanism in the Drug Discovery Grid environment, which is supported by China National Grid. Experiment results have proved efficiency of this mechanism.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5207921,no
Reactance Change at Defect in Inconel Tube With Nickel Sleeving,"The metal-loss defects are partly produced in steam generator tubes by stress and heat, because steam generator tubes are used under high temperature, high pressure and radioactivity. Tube wall defects such as corrosion pits acts as stress raisers, which leads ultimately to rupture. A nickel sleeving is used for protecting the progress of metal-loss defect, but it is difficult to detect it by conventional eddy current method in steam generator tubes with nickel sleeving. So a new method is needed for detecting the metal-loss defects on the nickel sleeving steam generator tubes. In the new method, the reactance change was calculated by finite element method to detect the defects in nickel sleeving tube. The reactance amplitude calculated for the defect present in the Inconel 600 tube with nickel sleeving is well agreeable with the results measured by the fabricated probe.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4957751,no
Identification of insulation defects in gas-insulated switchgear by chaotic analysis of partial discharge,"The recent increase in the number of failures during the installation and insulation of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) has led to a need for a reliable risk assessment technique. Accordingly, in this study, a fundamental database of UHF partial discharge (PD) patterns corresponding to different types of defects is presented for risk assessment and for the observation and diagnosis of the state of insulation of GIS at field sites; the patterns have been obtained by modelling a number of defects that have been reported to be the most critical in GIS. For the realisation of a system that can simultaneously detect and analyse UHF PD (it is internationally accepted that the use of such a system is the most effective method to diagnose GIS insulation), a wideband UHF sensor and amplifier are designed and fabricated. The system operation is then investigated. In addition, a chaotic analysis of partial discharge (CAPD) is proposed. This analysis can identify the type of defect by means of PD pattern classification without employing the phase information of the applied voltage signal. The proposed CAPD can replace the conventional phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) analysis and can be employed at field sites when the phase information is unavailable. Especially, the PD patterns of free-moving conducting particles, known to be very important in GIS, can be distinguished from those of other defects when using the CAPD method, which is not the case when the PRPD analysis is being performed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5453154,no
Fault-tolerance and reliability of post-CMOS systems: a circuit perspective,"The reliability of systems made of unreliable nanoelectronic devices is discussed in this paper. Massive defect density which may affect future fabrication technologies calls for novel solutions, where spatial redundancy and the voting scheme play a significant role. The averaging and thresholding voting mechanism that was used in CMOS technologies is presented in the context of nanodevices, based on SET circuits. Theoretical developments supported by numerical simulations show that the presented voter and circuit architecture are also applicable in nanoelectronic design, and are superior to classical voters.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5383810,no
An Approach to the Development of Inference Engine for Distributed System for Fault Diagnosis,"The reliable and fault tolerant computers are key to the success to aerospace, and communication industries. Designing a reliable digital system, and detecting and repairing the faults are challenging tasks in order for the digital system to operate without failures for a given period of time. The paper presents a new and systematic software engineering approach of performing fault diagnosis parallel and distributed computing. The purpose of the paper would be to demonstrate a method to build a fault diagnosis for a parallel and distributed computing. The paper chooses a model posed a tremendous challenge to the user for fault analysis. The model is the classic PMC model that happens to be a parallel and distributed computing. The paper would also show a method for building an optimal inference engine by obtaining sub graphs that also preserve the necessary and sufficient conditions of the model. Coin words: Parallel and Distributed Computing, Artificial Intelligence.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5286613,no
Research on dynamic simulation of the resonance fault current limiter,"The resonance fault current limiter (RFCL), which avoids the disadvantages of the series reactor, is feasible for EHV and UHV grid. To contribute to project application of the RFCL, and study its running characteristic and impact on relay protection, the dynamic simulation lab of State Grid simulation center carries out the research on simulation technique for RFCL. The principle and technical properties of RFCL applied in EHV power transmission line are analyzed. Considering the features of dynamic simulation system in the lab, the approach to choose parameters of simulation model and corresponding structural design are described. This simulation model has been connected into dynamic simulation system and the simulation experiments for inspecting the control and protection function of RFCL are performed. Experimental results show that the performances of the developed simulation model for RFCL can meet the design requirement, and can be applied in dynamic simulation tests and researches.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666693,no
On-line fault diagnosis study for roller bearing based on fuzzy fault tree,The roller bearings are commonly used in rotating machinery and play an important role. In this paper fuzzy theory and fault tree are used for On-line fault diagnosis of roller bearing. The principle of fuzzy diagnosis is taken as basics and symptom sets and faults sets are extracted through fault tree analysis. According to judgement rules the location of faults is made sure. Experiments show this method is effective for fault diagnosis of roller bearing.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5456874,no
Unibus: Aspects of heterogeneity and fault tolerance in cloud computing,"The paper describes our on-going project, termed Unibus, in the context of facilitating fault-tolerant executions of MPI applications on computing chunks in the cloud. In general, Unibus focuses on resource access virtualization and automatic, user-transparent resource provisioning that simplify use of heterogeneous resources available to users. In this work, we present the key Unibus concepts (the Capability Model, composite operations, mediators, soft and successive conditionings, metaapplications), and demonstrate how to employ Unibus to orchestrate resources provided by a commercial cloud provider into a fault-tolerant platform, capable of executing message passing applications. In order to support fault tolerance we use DMTCP (Distributed MultiThreaded CheckPointing) that enables checkpointing at the user's level. To demonstrate that the Unibus-created, FT-enabled platform allows to execute MPI applications we ran NAS Parallel Benchmarks and measured the overhead introduced by FT.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5470876,no
Application of fault current limitation techniques in a transmission system,"The paper describes the applications of fault current limiting techniques to Oman electricity transmission system to overcome high short-circuit currents in some parts of the grid. These include splitting busbars at selected grid stations, regrouping generators at power stations, opening transmission lines at critical points, and introducing fault current limiters at strategic places in the network. Computer simulation results, using DIgSILENT software package, are presented to show the effectiveness of these techniques in reducing the short-circuit currents at critical busbars. The results have shown that the calculated short-circuit currents can be reduced to be within the fault level capacity of the existing switchgears. Splitting busbars and regrouping generators are considered as short-term temporary solutions with no cost. Practical implementation of this technique at Rusail power plant is described. Employing fault current limiting reactors is considered as a long-term permanent solution.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5648969,no
Experimental validation of fault injection analyses by the FLIPPER tool,The paper discusses the experimental validation of fault injection analyses accomplished with the FLIPPER tool. Validation has been accomplished through accelerated proton testing of a benchmark design provided by the European Space Agency.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5994711,no
Positive Switching Impulse Discharge Performance and Voltage Correction of Rod-Plane Air Gap Based on Tests at High-Altitude Sites,"The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the highest railway in the world. Up to now, there were no test and service data for the external insulation of the power-supply project of the railway system above 4000 m above sea level (a.s.l.). The ldquogrdquo parameter method recommended by IEC Publication 60.1 (1989) has a limited applicable range. Therefore, based on the former tests carried on the artificial climate chamber (ACC), in this paper, a series of test investigations is conducted on the positive switching impulse (PSI) discharge performance of rod-plane air gaps with gap spacing of 0.25 to 3.0 m at the six high-altitude sites along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway with altitudes of 2820 to 5050 m. With analyses of the mathematical optimization method on the test results, the new correction method of discharge voltage is proposed. They are also checked and compared with the test results obtained from the simulation tests carried out in the ACC. It is indicated that the 50% PSI discharge voltage <i>U</i> <sub>50</sub> of the air gap at high altitude is a power function of gap spacing <i>d</i>, also a power function of relative pressure of dry air and absolute humidity. The influence law of atmospheric parameters on <i>U</i> <sub>50</sub> obtained at high-altitude sites is the same as that obtained in the ACC. <i>U</i> <sub>50</sub> . obtained in the ACC, is about 8.15% higher than that obtained at high-altitude sites due to the influence of nonsimulated factors, such as ultraviolet ray and cosmic radiation. The ldquogrdquo parameter method is not applicable to the regions with an altitude above 2800 m.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4729821,no
"A Theory of Mutations with Applications to Vacuity, Coverage, and Fault Tolerance","The quality of formal specifications and the circuits they are written for can be evaluated through checks such as vacuity and coverage. Both checks involve mutations to the specification or the circuit implementation. In this context, we study and prove properties of mutations to finite-state systems. Since faults can be viewed as mutations, our theory of mutations can also be used in a formal approach to fault injection. We demonstrate theoretically and with experimental results how relations and orders amongst mutations can be used to improve specifications and reason about coverage of fault tolerant circuits.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4689188,no
Research on fault line detection and restraining transient over-voltage under arc-suppression coil with paralleled resistance grounding mode,"The principle of fault line detection and restraining transient over-voltage under arc-suppression coil with paralleled resistance grounding mode was proposed in this paper. It was verified by simulation. Compared with other grounding mode, its superiority was displayed. The value of paralleled resistance was determined at last.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5735880,no
Automatic defects classification with p-median clustering technique,The problem of automatic defect recognition and classification for vision systems development is addressed. The main objectives of such systems are defect recognition and classification based on known features. The classification function is designed using cluster analysis. Two stages approach is proposed. On the first offline stage of classification a teaching process has been employed. On the second online stage inspection image is classified using its features comparison with the closest medians in real time. Comparative analysis with the state-of-the-art classification methods has demonstrated an efficiency of the proposed approach. Examples described here relate specifically to semiconductor industry but can be adopted to other manufacturing processes.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4795615,no
Budget-Dependent Control-Flow Error Detection,The problem of detection of control flow errors in software has been studied extensively in literature and many detection techniques have been proposed. These techniques typically have high memory and performance overheads and hence are unusable for real-time embedded systems which have tight memory and performance budgets. This paper presents two algorithms by which the overheads associated with any detection technique can be lowered by trading off fault coverage. These algorithms are generic and can be applied to any detection technique. They can be applied either individually or cumulatively. The algorithms are validated on a previously proposed detection technique using SPEC benchmark programs. Fault injection experiments suggest that massive savings in overheads can be achieved using the algorithms with just a minor drop off in fault coverage.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4567065,no
Educational software for the numerical correction of experimental magnetization curves,"The proposed software allows students to get aware of the importance of the experimental data accuracy in magnetism. A common error source for the magnetization curves (including hysteresis cycles) is the demagnetization effect and the influence of the magnetic sensor position. Our software helps the user to understand the principle and the effect of each correction method. The Graphical User Interface (GUI) is designed as a wizard, assisting students to decide which the best correction procedure could be and to obtain the intrinsic magnetic material characteristic to be used in electromagnetic field computation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5628515,no
CCTV Automatic Fault Detection system,"The purpose of Automatic Fault Detection (AFD) system is to provide efficient and earlier fault detection of Close Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras. The system is used to automatically select cameras from a predefined list, perform test algorithms, and finally report found faults to a relevant department. The paper will discuss system's architecture, fault finding techniques, current results and future expansion.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4562237,no
PDC patterns of biodegradable transformers insulation oil after experienced faults and at different moisture levels,"The PDC method is a simple and reliable analysis tool to monitor transformer insulation systems. Based on PDC measurements of the biodegradable oil in a healthy oil condition at different moisture levels and after faults (Partial discharge, Overheating and Arcing) fault identification can be achieved by comparing the PDC pattern of an oil sample against the PDC fingerprints. Furthermore, the relationship curves between the oil moisture level toward its conductivity level and measured capacitance value have been established. These curves can be used to predict the oil moisture condition and the fault type.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5710815,no
Using transparent files in a fault tolerant distributed file system,"The peer-to-peer model and the bandwidth availability are fostering the creation of new distributed file systems. However, files belonging to local application and distributed applications are usually handled in the same way by the local file system, so both contribute equally to consume storage space. This paper presents a peer-to-peer distributed file system which uses the ldquotransparent filerdquo concept to improve its fault tolerance and file availability. Files are kept as transparent/volatile replicas, using the free space available in each local file system. When a replica is invalidated, peers cooperate to restore it. The proposed architecture was implemented and tested; experiments showed its feasibility, and that its costs are proportional to the size of files being replicated. The occurrence of multiple simultaneous replica invalidations did not impose a significant overhead.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5207347,no
An Improved ADC-Error-Correction Scheme Based on a Bayesian Approach,"The paper presents an improved method for analog-to-digital-converter (ADC) nonlinearity correction based on a Bayesian-filtering approach. In particular, the dependence of a previous method version on the statistical characterization of the input signal has been removed. Now, the method can work on whatever stimulus signal is used without a priori knowledge about it. The proposed improvement has been validated by a numerical simulation using behavioral models provided by an ADC manufacturer and by an experiment in real ADCs.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4404123,no
Refinement Patterns for Fault Tolerant Systems,"The paper puts forward the idea of using fault tolerance refinement patterns to assist system developers in disciplined application of software fault tolerance mechanisms in rigorous system design. Two patterns are proposed to support a correct introduction of recovery blocks and N- version programming into a system model; these are formally defined and their correctness proven. We also discuss several important issues involved in the use of these patterns in engineering systems, including tool support and pattern composition.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4556001,no
Fault Tolerance Issues in Non-Traditional Grids Implemented with Intelligent Agents,"The scope of this paper is to present the necessity to improve the existent ambient intelligence model with respect to data security. The security of such a model poses a great challenge due to the fact that different networks are mixing in order to provide such an environment. In addition, these networks are generally deployed and then left unattended. All these aspects joined together make it unfeasible to directly apply the traditional security mechanisms. Therefore, there is a need to analyze and better understand the security requirements of these networks. This paper provides the specific security attacks to such a model and supplies a solution for these attacks.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4741116,no
Research on Structure Security Evaluation and Fault Diagnosis of Gate Crane Jib,"The service of gate crane is the age limit, and there are many problems, such as the fallen rivets and the thinner steel plates due to corrosion. The author makes three dimensional modeling and performs the finite element computation of jib system with the I-DEAS software in this paper, and then carries out failure and effects analyses and fault tree analyses based on the computations. Simulation results shown the stress computation values of jib system at certain observation points have surpassed allowable stress of structural strength. But they are smaller than the metal structure material strength limit. The RPN value and fault tree smallest cutest of the jib system got by the reliability can provide the important reference for the enterprise users in the use and maintenance of gate cranes in future.The research work indicates that the user should make the inspection regularly for jib systems and take measures to make reasonable repair in order to avoid grave accidents.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5194466,no
An Efficient Algorithm for Skew-Correction of Document Image Based on Cyclostyle Matching,"The skew-correction of scanned document image is a necessary step undergone before some processing. For the purpose of practical, robust, real-time of the algorithm, this paper presents a new skew-detection algorithm that based on the gray projection cyclostyle matching of Document Image. The algorithm, which is based on the analysis of gray scale projection curves of horizontal and vertical direction of the list images, compares with them if its not homology,then solves the problem of how the accurate skew angle can be found. The skew-adjustment algorithm can solve the problem of image distortion using a dual linear interpolation algorithm. In the end, the authors illustrate their experimental results, which show that the presented algorithm can solve the problem of skew-detection and skew-adjustment of the scanned document image. It is an important practical significance skew-correction algorithm for a large number of scanned document images.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4723139,no
Development of Worm Gear and Worm Transmission Error Measurement System,"The paper introduced the importance of transmission error (TE) measurement in brief, designed the electrical diagram of worm gear transmission error measurement system based on field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) and USB2.0 transfer protocol. The system can achieve high-speed transmission of acquired data, and displayed real-time by the host computer program. At last, the paper introduced the accuracy test process of instrument.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5629751,no
Design of gearbox fault diagnosis system based on LabVIEW,"The paper introduces the method for designing the gearbox fault diagnosis system based on LabVIEW. The hardware system consists of acceleration transducer, signal conditioning card, data acquisition card, and PC. The software system with friendly interface is designed based on LabVIEW and the combination of wavelet transform and ensemble empirical mode decomposition is used to extract fault feature from the non-stationary signal. The running results show that the system could diagnose the faults of gearboxes rapidly and accurately and has a promising future.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5646823,no
Design of elliptic filters with phase correction by using genetic algorithm,The paper presents a general algorithm of designing elliptic filters with phase correctors. The proposed algorithm uses a genetic solver to adjust the corrector's transfer function of a decent order minimizing filter's non-linearities and thus increasing the design immunity for signal distortion. The solution was implemented in Matlab environment and investigated using Matlab built-in functions as well as HSpice circuitry analysis.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5289582,no
Adaptive affine error concealment scheme during the H.264/AVC decoding process,"The use of H.264/AVC is being increased in various applications. In this paper, we propose an effective method that recovers the video data when the H.264/AVC-coded bitstream is corrupted. It uses an affine transform and OBMA cost criteria, and applies concealment methods adaptively. Simulation results show that the proposed method yields better video qualities than other conventional approaches.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5012255,no
Data preprocessing for prediction of rerecirculating water chemistry faults,"The water quality data in some petrochemical company are stored in the lims database, in order to support the field operation's decision-making according to these data, it's necessary to do some appropriate data mining. However, the accuracy of the results of data mining directly associated with the quality of source data, so data preprocessing on the raw data is necessary in the data mining process. The process of data preprocessing is as follows: First, the classification of the raw data, here it is based on the frequency difference of the data acquisition. Second, data cleaning on the raw data, including cleaning the noisy data, missing data and redundant data (here mainly refers to the attribute redundancy).For the noisy data it take the method combining computer with artificial, for the missing data it mainly take the interpolation method using the mean data, and the redundancy property items were deleted; Third, data transformation for the later data processing. It mainly do the normalization to eliminate the difference of the dimension and magnitude on the raw data, so that all data can put together to make a comprehensive analysis. It uses the mean and standard deviation method to preprocessing the raw data and then make a compare of the result of the two different methods and it get the conclusion that the mean method is a better normalization method; fourth, to conduct data reduction, which refers to reduce the data storage space as far as possible while it must ensure the data integrity, it uses the principal component analysis method to do the job.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5622170,no
Determination of the Sea Surface Salinity Error Budget in the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission,"The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission will provide sea surface salinity maps over the oceans, beginning in late 2009. In this paper an ocean salinity error budget is described, an analysis needed to identify the magnitude of the error sources associated with the retrieval. Instrumental, external noise sources, and geophysical errors have been analyzed, stressing their relative impact. This paper includes results from previous studies, addressing the impact of multisource auxiliary sea surface temperature and wind speed data on the final salinity error. It provides, moreover, a sensitivity analysis to the uncertainty of the auxiliary salinity field. Salinity retrieval has been addressed in a wide set of configurations of the inversion algorithm.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5345837,no
Automatic defects detection in industrial C/C++ software,"The solution to the problem of automatic defects detection in industrial software is covered in this paper. The results of the experiments with the existing tools are presented. These results stand for inadequate efficiency of the implemented analysis. Existing source code static analysis methods and defects detection algorithms are covered. The program model and the analysis algorithms based on existing approaches are proposed. The problems of co-execution of different analysis algorithms are explored. The ways for improvement of analysis precision and algorithms performance are proposed. Advantages of the approaches developed are: soundness of a solution, full support of the features of target programming languages and analysis of the programs lacking full source code using annotations mechanism. The algorithms proposed in the paper are implemented in the automatic defects detection tool.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5501189,no
Validation of hardware error recovery mechanisms for the SPARC64 V microprocessor,"The SPARC64 V microprocessor is designed for use in high-reliability, large-scale unix servers. In addition to implementing ECC for large SRAM arrays, the SPARC64 V microprocessor incorporates error detection and recovery mechanisms for processor logic circuits and smaller SRAM arrays. The effectiveness of these error recovery mechanisms was validated via accelerated neutron testing of Fujitsupsilas commercial unix server, the PRIMEPOWER 650. Soft errors generated in SRAM arrays were completely recovered by the implemented hardware mechanisms, and only 6.4% of the estimated neutron-induced logic circuit faults manifested as errors, 76% of which were recovered by hardware. From these tests, the soft error failure rate of the SPARC64 V microprocessor due to atmospheric neutron hits was confirmed to be well below 10 FIT.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630071,no
Byzantine Fault Tolerance for Electric Power Grid Monitoring and Control,"The stability of the electric power grid is crucial to every nation's security and well-being. As revealed by a number of large-scale blackout incidents in North America, the data communication infrastructure for power grid is in urgent need of transformation to modern technology. It has been shown by extensive research work that such blackout could have been avoided if there were more prompt information sharing and coordination among the power grid monitoring and control systems. In this paper, we point out the need for Byzantine fault tolerance and investigate the feasibility of applying Byzantine fault tolerance technology to ensure high degree of reliability and security of power grid monitoring and control. Our empirical study demonstrated that Byzantine fault tolerant monitoring and control can easily sustain the 60 Hz sampling rate needed for supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) operations with sub-millisecond response time under the local-area network environment. Byzantine fault tolerant monitoring and control is also feasible under the wide-area network environment for power grid applications that demand sub-second reaction time.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4595548,no
Fault Tolerant Network on Chip Switching With Graceful Performance Degradation,"The structural redundancy inherent to on-chip interconnection networks [networks on chip (NoC)] can be exploited by adaptive routing algorithms in order to provide connectivity even if network components are out of service due to faults, which will appear at an increasing rate with future chip technology nodes. This paper is based on a new, fine-grained functional fault model and a corresponding distributed fault diagnosis method that facilitate determining the fault status of individual NoC switches and their adjacent communication links. Whereas previous work on network fault-tolerance assume switches to be either available or fully out of service, we present a novel adaptive routing algorithm that employs the remaining functionality of partly defective switches. Using diagnostic information, transient faults are handled with a retransmission scheme that avoids the latency penalty of end-to-end repeat requests. Thereby, graceful degradation of NoC communication performance can be achieved even under high failure rates.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5467330,no
A Research on Identification System for Image Defects Based on Grating Technology,The structure and mechanism of identification system for image defects based on grating technology is introduced and some crucial technologies in the system are discussed. This paper then proposes some new threads on how to satisfy the real time requirement of the system. The detection experiment manifests that these methods are useful and can satisfy the demands of system design.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5362021,no
Tracking behaviour in the presence of conductive interfacial defects,The study presented in this paper aim at extending the knowledge on how interfacial defects in composite insulation systems may affect surface tracking under contaminated conditions. Model samples mimicking an inter-facial conducting defect were made of high temperature vulcanised silicone rubber moulded on epoxy substrate with a circular metallic foil inserted at the interface. They were tested for the tracking resistance by means of the inclined plane test procedure. The samples with defects exhibited shorter time to track compared to reference samples without defects. In addition the tracking was more severe on the defected samples. Electric field simulation performed in parallel revealed that presence of surface contamination increases the distortion of electric field around the defect and thus explain both the effects of more severe damage of material surface and lower time to tracking experienced in this study.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5377886,no
ERSA: Error Resilient System Architecture for probabilistic applications,"There is a growing concern about the increasing vulnerability of future computing systems to errors in the underlying hardware. Traditional redundancy techniques are expensive for designing energy-efficient systems that are resilient to high error rates. We present Error Resilient System Architecture (ERSA), a low-cost robust system architecture for emerging killer probabilistic applications such as Recognition, Mining and Synthesis (RMS) applications. While resilience of such applications to errors in low-order bits of data is well-known, execution of such applications on error-prone hardware significantly degrades output quality (due to high-order bit errors and crashes). ERSA achieves high error resilience to high-order bit errors and control errors (in addition to low-order bit errors) using a judicious combination of 3 key ideas: (1) asymmetric reliability in many-core architectures, (2) error-resilient algorithms at the core of probabilistic applications, and (3) intelligent software optimizations. Error injection experiments on a multi-core ERSA hardware prototype demonstrate that, even at very high error rates of 20,000 errors/second/core or 2??10<sup>-4</sup> error/cycle/core (with errors injected in architecturally-visible registers), ERSA maintains 90% or better accuracy of output results, together with minimal impact on execution time, for probabilistic applications such as K-Means clustering, LDPC decoding and Bayesian networks. Moreover, we demonstrate the effectiveness of ERSA in tolerating high rates of static memory errors that are characteristic of emerging challenges such as Vccmin problems and erratic bit errors. Using the concept of configurable reliability, ERSA platforms may also be adapted for general-purpose applications that are less resilient to errors (but at higher costs).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5457059,no
A Neural network based approach for modeling of severity of defects in function based software systems,"There is lot of work done in prediction of the fault proneness of the software systems. But, it is the severity of the faults that is more important than number of faults existing in the developed system as the major faults matters most for a developer and those major faults needs immediate attention. As, Neural networks, which have been already applied in software engineering applications to build reliability growth models predict the gross change or reusability metrics. Neural networks are non-linear sophisticated modeling techniques that are able to model complex functions. Neural network techniques are used when exact nature of input and outputs is not known. A key feature is that they learn the relationship between input and output through training. In this paper, five Neural Network Based techniques are explored and comparative analysis is performed for the modeling of severity of faults present in function based software systems. The NASA's public domain defect dataset is used for the modeling. The comparison of different algorithms is made on the basis of Mean Absolute Error, Root Mean Square Error and Accuracy Values. It is concluded that out of the five neural network based techniques Resilient Backpropagation algorithm based Neural Network is the best for modeling of the software components into different level of severity of the faults. Hence, the proposed algorithm can be used to identify modules that have major faults and require immediate attention.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5559743,no
Characterization of defects in photovoltaics using thermoreflectance and electroluminescence imaging,Thermal and electroluminescence (EL) imaging techniques are widely accepted as powerful tools for analyzing solar cells. We have identified and characterized various defects in photovoltaic devices with sub-micron spatial resolution using a novel thermoreflectance imaging technique that can simultaneously obtain thermal and EL images with a mega-pixel silicon-based CCD. Linear and non-linear shunt defects are investigated as well as electroluminescent breakdown regions at reverse biases as low as -5V. Pre-breakdown sites with electroluminescence are observed. The wavelength flexibility of thermoreflectance imaging is explored and thermal images of sub-micrometer defects are obtained through glass that would typically be opaque for infrared light. Image sequences show a 10s thermal transient response of a 15m defect in a polysilicon solar cell. Nanosecond reverse bias voltage pulses are used to detect breakdown regions in thin-film a-Si solar cells with EL.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5616126,no
Compact Dual-Band Filter Using Defected Stepped Impedance Resonator,"This letter presents a novel approach for designing a dual-band bandpass filter by using defected stepped impedance resonator (DSIR). The resonant frequency of the DSIR is found to be much lower than that of the conventional microstrip stepped impedance resonator (SIR), which reduces the circuit size effectively. Two types of second-order DSIR microstrip bandpass filter operating at 1.85 and 2.35 GHz, respectively, are well designed according to the classical theory of coupled resonator filter. Then they are combined to construct a compact dual-band filter with a common parallel microstrip feed line, the measurement results of the fabricated filter have a good agreement with the simulation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4639544,no
Fault Classification for SRAM-Based FPGAs in the Space Environment for Fault Mitigation,"This letter proposes a classification algorithm to discriminate between recoverable and not recoverable faults occurring in static random access memory (SRAM)-based field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), with the final aim of devising a methodology to enable the exploitation of these devices also in space applications, typically characterized by long mission times, where permanent faults become an issue. By starting from a characterization of the radiation effects and aging mechanisms, we define a controller able to classify such faults and consequently to apply the appropriate mitigation strategy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5567132,no
Sensors for fault detection using chemical off-gassing analysis,"This novel and revolutionary new approach to printed circuit board testing utilizes nanostructured sensor technology to detect elements of electronic component degradation and failure directly at the circuit board itself, combined with imaging techniques to literally see defects within the circuit board and electronic components. Specific achievements include the development of electronic and chemoresistive sensors based on novel, purpose developed organic materials and the evaluation of their responses to a number of various failure events. Sample collection mechanisms used for the testing procedures are discussed along with the data acquisition processes followed by feature extraction and pattern recognition procedures. Finally, the design of a functional prototype system will also be presented along with the conceptualized integration of the chemical sensor-based off-gassing analysis within a multi-technology fault detection system.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4662647,no
Fault detection and protection system for the power converters with high-voltage IGBTs,"This paper addresses problems related to the design and implementation of a fault detection and protection system for high-voltage (HV) NPT IGBT-based converters. An isolated half-bridge power converter topology is investigated, which seems to be very attractive for the high-power electronic converters due to its overall simplicity, small component count and low realization costs. This converter is to be applied in rolling stock with its demanding reliability and safety requirements. Clearly, the robust control and protection system is essential.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4675005,no
Hardware-in-the-loop test for fault diagnosis system of tilt rotor UAV,"The tilt rotor UAV developed in KARI has fault diagnosis functions to enhance system reliability, which were implemented using the operational flight program (OFP) of the flight control computer (FCC). Basically, they conduct built-in-test (BIT) between the FCC and onboard systems such as the communication system, navigation system, and actuators, etc. If a system has no BIT function, fault diagnosis can be performed by checking if the corresponding physical data exit within the available range. In order to test each function, a test device for fault diagnosis was developed and used for hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS). The test apparatus consists of the operation control computer (OCC) and the verification computer (VC), which can be interfaced with the simulation computer via Ethernet. The OCC creates faults into the VC and displays the result of fault diagnosis. The VC has simulation models for each onboard system and provides output information to FCC. The FCC performs fault diagnosis and returns the result of fault diagnosis. This paper describes the fault diagnosis functions of the tilt rotor UAV, the test environment used to evaluate them and the test result in hardware-in-the-loop simulation environment.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4694664,no
A Review of Error Resilience Technique for Video Coding Using Concealment,"The traditional error resilience technique has been widely used in video coding. Many literatures have shown that with the technique's help, the video coding bitstream can been protected and the reconstructed image will get high improvement. In this paper, we review the error resilience for video coding and give the improvement of this new technology. These techniques are based on coding simultaneously for synchronization and error protection or detection. We apply the techniques to improve the performance of the multiplexing protocol and also to improve the robustness of the coded video. The techniques proposed for the video also have the advantage of simple transcoding with bit streams complying in H.263.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5455644,no
Research on reliability modeling of complex system based on dynamic fault tree,"The traditional static fault trees with AND, OR, and Voting gates cannot capture the dynamic behavior of complex computer system failure mechanisms such as sequence dependent events, spares and dynamic redundancy management, and priorities of failure events. In this paper, dynamic fault tree modeling method is applied in complex computer system. This paper starts from dynamic fault tree analysis method and its logic gates. A complex computer system simulation example is given. We establish respectively each model, and then gain system-level dynamic fault tree and modularize this model and analyze other questions. At last, we can draw a conclusion that this model method of this paper analyzes well dynamic behaviors in computer system that combines hardware, software and human reason.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5518608,no
How to recognize and remove qualitative errors in time-of-flight laser range measurements,"This article presents results concerning recognition and classification of the qualitative-type range measurement errors in a time-of-flight principle based 2D laser scanner used on mobile robots for navigation. The main source of the qualitative uncertainty are the mixed measurements. This effect has been investigated experimentally and explained by analyzing the physical phenomena underlying the sensor operation. A local grid map has been used to remove the erroneous range measurements. A novel fuzzy-set-based algorithm has been employed to update evidence in the grid. The results of tests show that this algorithm is superior to the common Bayesian approach, when qualitative errors in range measurements are present.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4650594,no
Learning defect classifiers for visual inspection images by neuro-evolution using weakly labelled training data,"This article presents results from experiments where a detector for defects in visual inspection images was learned from scratch by EANT2, a method for evolutionary reinforcement learning. The detector is constructed as a neural network that takes as input statistical data on filter responses from a bank of image filters applied to an image region. Training is done on example images with weakly labelled defects. Experiments show good results of EANT2 in an application area where evolutionary methods are rare.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4631331,no
Active-Fault-Alarm based Dynamic Temporary Protection Mechanism for MPLS-TP optical networks,"This article proposes an Active-Fault-Alarm (AFA) based Dynamic Temporary Protection Mechanism (DTPM) that is applied into the multi-protocol label switching transport profile (MPLS-TP) optical network. The new DTPM, by using the AFA function, can establish dynamically the so called temporary protection path (TPP) for the work path in advance before possible fault occurs and keep flexibly the TPP only during the low-quality or fault period of the work path. Therefore, the novel DTPM is greatly different from the 1:1 Traditional Linear Protection Mechanism (TLPM). Experimental results show that the DTPM has better performance in terms of flexibility and efficiency.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5657930,no
The study of analog circuit fault diagnosis method based on circuit transform function,"This is the paper use Laplace Transfer to compute the analog circuit transform function, and compute the fault transform functions with different kinds of fault to generate the fault diagnosis table. The table is used to complete fault diagnosis. At last the software Multisim is used to simulate an analog circuit to do the fault diagnosis, and this method is verified usefully.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5498412,no
Compact Bandpass Ring Resonator Filter With Enhanced Wide-Band Rejection Characteristics Using Defected Ground Structures,"This letter addresses a modified bandpass ring resonator filter providing compact size, low insertion-loss, wide bandwidth, sharp rejection, and suppressed higher order modes. It is demonstrated that the use of internal folded stubs translates into an overall size reduction of more than 70% through the exploitation of the internal ring area. The introduction of defected ground structures enhances the rejection of higher order modes beside offering a further advantage in terms of size reduction. It is furthermore shown that electromagnetic simulations, transmission line model, as well as measurement results are in very good agreement.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4588980,no
Vertical Velocity Measurement - Processing of Sensor Data Using Altitude Corrections,"The system was designed for sensor measurement and data transfer. A new architecture of a multisensor system for temperature measurement using wireless communications was used in the paper. There are used sensors with digital or analog outputs. The control software of the system has been created. Different software were designed for wireless units. The integrated RF chip nRF9E5 was used as wireless units. Chip ensures wireless communication between control unit and sensors as well as wireless switch unit. The control unit controls system operation, i.e. communication, sensor data processing as well as work of actuator unit. Communication is ensured in the range of 300 m in the free space. The system was designed to operate with different type of sensors. The number of sensor can be variable. The system can used PC, PDA or mobile phone to communication with control unit.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4743299,no
A Perceptron Neural Network for Asymmetric Comparison-Based System-Level Fault Diagnosis,"The system-level fault diagnosis problem aims at answering the very simple question ""Who's faulty and who's fault-free?"", in systems known to be diagnosable. In this paper, we answer such a question using neural networks. Our objective is to identify faulty nodes based on an input syndrome that has been generated using the asymmetric comparison model. In such a model, the system, which is composed of interconnected independent heterogeneous nodes, is modeled using an undirected comparison graph. Tasks are assigned to pairs of nodes and the results of executing these tasks are compared. Based on the agreements and disagreements among the nodes' outputs, the diagnosis algorithm must identify faulty nodes. In general, it is assumed that faults are permanent, and that at most t nodes can fail simultaneously. The new solution we introduce in this paper uses a perceptron neural network to solve the fault identification problem. The neural network is first trained using various input syndromes with known fault sets. Extensive simulations have been conducted next using randomly generated diagnosable systems. Surprisingly, the neural network was able to identify all the millions of faulty situations we have tested, including those that are unlikely to occur. Simulations results indicate that the perceptron-based diagnosis algorithm is a viable addition to present diagnosis problems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5066482,no
Fault tolerant control allocation for a thruster-controlled floating platform using parametric programming,"The task in control allocation is to allocate a specified generalized force to a redundant set of control effectors where the associated actuator control inputs are constrained, and other physical and operational constraints and objectives should be met. In this paper we consider a convex quadratic approximation to a control allocation problem for a thruster-controlled floating platform with eight rotatable azimuth thrusters where the high level controller is assumed to specify three generalized forces; surge, sway and yaw. The optimization problem is solved explicitly by viewing the generalized forces as a vector of parameters and utilizing parametric programming techniques, leading to a continuous piecewise affine (PWA) function implementing the optimal control allocation. Experimental results from a test basin with a 1:100 scale model of a platform are presented. It is shown how thruster and machinery failure scenarios can be handled by automatic reconfiguration of the control allocation, exploiting symmetry of the thruster configuration.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5400701,no
Fault Injection Analysis of Bidirectional Signals,"There are large subsets of digital circuits that are designed with bidirectional ports, like microprocessors, peripherals and certain communication circuits. During the design phase, the reliability of these circuits can be tested by means of fault injection. Traditional fault injection techniques have to arrange the design in order to perform the testing the bidirectional ports, because these tests have to take into account not only errors in the values, but also possible damages in the direction of the data. The present paper presents a solution adopted in an existing fault injection system FT-UNSHADES and the new incoming platform FT-UNSHADES2, for bidirectional signals and the solutions of some practical problems encountered.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5204516,no
A algorithm of concave-convex defect recognition based on finite element mesh model structure,"There are many concave-convex defects in the finite element mesh model structure of composite materials after the layer optimal design. Aimed at this kind of defect, this paper proposed an algorithm which defined a serial of specific recognition rules according to analysis of defect attributes, matched the finite element models with concave-convex defects recursively, and finally recognized all defects, the results of the recognition can be used as further basis for defects repairing. Application examples show that the algorithm could recognize concave-convex defects in finite element mesh accurately.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5619245,no
Usage of Weibull and other models for software faults prediction in AXE,There are several families for software quality prediction techniques in development projects. All of them can be classified in several subfamilies. Each of these techniques has its own distinctive feature and it may not give correct prediction of quality for a scenario different from the one for which the technique was designed. All these techniques for software quality prediction are dispersed. One of them is statistical and probabilistic technique. The paper deals with software quality prediction techniques in development projects. Four different models based on statistical and probabilistic approach is presented and evaluated for prediction of software faults in very large development projects.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4669471,no
"Development, installation, field test and operational experience of a superconducting Fault Current Limiter in a distributed generation Test Facility","The Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) is an innovative component able to limit instantaneously large short-circuit currents to acceptable level. In this paper we report on installation, commissioning and field testing of a SFCL prototype in a distributed generation Test Facility. Details of SFCL installation and of developed monitoring and acquisition system are described. Simulation results for 3 phase faults are compared with successful short-circuit field tests showing the good current-limiting capability and fast action of SFCL prototype.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5255870,no
Symbol Error Rate of Wireless Multiuser Relay Networks in Nakagami-m Fading Channels,"This paper analyzes the performance of wireless multiuser relay networks (MRN) in unbalanced Nakagami-m fading channels. For such networks, we consider a single channel state information (CSI)-based amplify-and-forward (AaF) relay. We derive a new exact expression for the symbol error rate (SER), which is in closed-form and applies to a wide variety of modulations. Subsequently we present a simplified asymptotic expression for the SER in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime to identify key performance metrics such as the diversity order and array gain. Our asymptotic result explicitly reveals the direct relationship between the diversity order and both the number of destinations and the per-hop fading parameters. Moreover, we highlight the effect of the number of destinations on the optimal relay location aiming at minimizing the SER. The validity of our analysis is substantiated by numerical results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5502513,no
Fault-Tolerant Algorithm for Distributed Primary Detection in Cognitive Radio Networks,"This paper attempts to identify the reliability of detection of licensed primary transmission based on cooperative sensing in cognitive radio networks. With a parallel fusion network model, the correlation issue of the received signals between the nodes in the worst case is derived. Leveraging the property of false sensing data due to malfunctioning or malicious software, the optimizing strategy, namely fault-tolerant algorithm for distributed detection (FTDD) is proposed, and quantitative analysis of false alarm reliability and detection probability under the scheme is presented. In particular, the tradeoff between licensed transmissions and user cooperation among nodes is discussed. Simulation experiments are also used to evaluate the fusion performance under practical settings. The model and analytic results provide useful tools for reliability analysis for other wireless decentralization-based applications (e.g., those involving robust spectrum sensing).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4908281,no
A comparison of methods for fault prediction in the broadband networks,"This paper compares two short-term prediction models of the expected number of faults in broadband telecommunication networks (BB network). These faults occur due to various causes. In order to improve the functionality, various routine or special maintenance (upgrades, replacement of equipment, add new functions, ...) are often carried out in the BB networks on various network elements that may cause unintended and unexpected degradation of services. On the other side of the access and customer part of the network are susceptible to errors induced by various causes, which in the same manner increases the number of faults in the system. This degradation in some cases is not recognized immediately from the systemic alarms, but later they appeared in the form of random disturbances reported by the users of these services. This study examines the prediction of faults by using two different models, Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and the Kalman filter. The model is made on the basis of one-year monitoring of broadband faults analyzed by the services and the exact time of appearance. Assessment of the accuracy of both models is made by comparing the results obtained by modeling and the actual data.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5623643,no
State estimation of discrete-time Markov jump linear systems based on linear minimum mean-square error estimate,"This paper considers state estimation problem for discrete-time Markov jump linear systems. For this, two algorithm are presented. The first algorithm is an optimal algorithm of state estimation in the sense of linear minimum mean-square error estimate, which requires an ever-increasing computation and storage load with the length of the noise observation sequence. The second algorithm is a suboptimal algorithm which is proposed to reduce the computation and storage load of the optimal algorithm. A numerical example is presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed suboptimal algorithm.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5498592,no
Supporting fault-tolerance in streaming grid applications,"This paper considers the problem of supporting and efficiently implementing fault-tolerance for tightly-coupled and pipelined applications, especially streaming applications, in a grid environment. We provide an alternative to basic checkpointing and use the notion of light-weight summary structure(LSS) to enable efficient failure-recovery. The idea behind LSS is that at certain points during the execution of a processing stage, the state of the program can be summarized by a small amount of memory. This allows us to store copies of LSS for enabling failure-recovery, which causes low overhead fault-tolerance. Our work can be viewed as an optimization and adaptation of the idea of application-level checkpointing to a different execution environment, and for a different class of applications. Our implementation and evaluation of LSS based failure- recovery has been in the context of the GATES (grid-based adaptive execution on streams) middleware. An observation we use for providing very low overhead support for fault-tolerance is that algorithms analyzing data streams are only allowed to take a single pass over data, which means they only perform approximate processing. Therefore, we believe that in supporting fault-tolerant execution for these applications, it is acceptable to not analyze a small number of packets of data during failure-recovery. We show how we perform failure-recovery and also demonstrate how we could use additional buffers to limit data loss during the recovery procedure. We also present an efficient algorithm for allocating a new computation resource for failure-recovery at runtime. We have extensively evaluated our implementation using three stream data processing applications, and shown that the use of LSS allows effective and low-overhead failure-recovery.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536296,no
Use of accelerometers for material inner defect detection,"This paper deals with a possibility of non-destructive diagnostics of solid objects by software analysis of vibration spectrum by accelerometers. By a use of MATLAB platform, a processing and information evaluation from accelerometer is possible. Accelerometer is placed on the measured object. The analog signal needs to be digitized by a special I/O device to be processed offline with FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation). The power spectrum is then examined by developed evaluating procedures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5599597,no
A Novel Monitoring of Load Level and Broken Bar Fault Severity Applied to Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors Using a Genetic Algorithm,"This paper deals with the diagnostic of the signature of rotor broken bars when an induction machine is fed or not by an unbalanced line voltage. These signatures are given by the complex spectrum modulus of line current. In order to make the diagnostic, a genetic algorithm is used to keep the amplitude of all faulty lines. Moreover, a fuzzy logic approach allows us to conclude to the load level operating system and to inform the operator of the rotor fault severity. Several experimental results prove the performance of this method under various load levels and various fault severities. Notwithstanding, this approach requires a steady-state operating condition. The conclusion resulting from this paper is highlighted by experimental results which prove the efficiency of the suggested approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5226598,no
Fault Detection on Critical Instrumentation Loops of Gas Turbines With Reflectometry,"This paper deals with the testing of instrumentation loops (ILs) in gas turbines during scheduled maintenance. To both guarantee safe operation and save costs on periodical changing of cables, an innovative measurement device that monitors the status of the IL and indicates whether a replacement is necessary, has been developed. The goal of the research described in this paper is twofold: First, the cable network is checked for faults with time-domain reflectometry by comparing the recorded reflectogram with a reference reflectogram. Second, the sensor state is investigated by calculating its impedance through one-port scattering measurements. For this, a de-embedding technique is described to remove the cabling influences. Changes in the reflectogram or the impedance point to aging or a fault and indicate the location of the defect, so that specific actions can be taken to replace the malfunctioning cable or sensor.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4967944,no
"Performance of Multicode DS/CDMA With Noncoherent <formula formulatype=""inline""> <img src=""/images/tex/964.gif"" alt=""M""> </formula>-ary Orthogonal Modulation in the Presence of Timing Errors","This paper derives an accurate approximation to the bit error rate (BER) of multicode direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS/CDMA) with noncoherent <i>M</i>-ary modulation in wideband fading channels when timing errors are made at the receiver employing equal-gain combining (EGC). This reflects the practical scenario where the path delays are estimated imperfectly, leading to synchronization errors between the correlation receivers and the received signals. The analysis can be applied to any type of a fading distribution for both independent and correlated diversity branches. It is shown that the derived analytical expressions are in close agreement with the Monte Carlo system simulations, particularly in the case of small timing errors.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4476297,no
Achieving Zero-Defects for Automotive Applications,"This paper describes a comprehensive flow for achieving Zero Defect semiconductor chips in a costeffective manner. The focus is on Designed-In Quality achieved through harmonious deployment of defect prevention and defect detection methods during the chip design phase (i.e., through DFM and DFT). The paper also identifies opportunities for improving the Zero- Defect design flow.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5483611,no
Configurable PVC checking for fault identification,"This paper describes a configurable passive voltage contrast (PVC) checker for fault identification. The checker uses an on-line trace technique to query connectivity of design layout features downward, and color coded the checked features according to pre-defined terminations. The checker was used for fault identification on a scan based design. The emulated PVC behavior expedites comparison to scanning electron microscope (SEM) images shortening the time for fault localization.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5232599,no
A Physics-Based Engineering Methodology for Calculating Soft Error Rates of Bulk CMOS and SiGe Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor Integrated Circuits,"This paper describes a new methodology for characterizing the electrical behavior and soft error rate (SER) of CMOS and SiGe HBT integrated circuits that are struck by ions. A typical engineering design problem is to calculate the SER of a critical path that commonly includes several circuits such as an input buffer, several logic gates, logic storage, clock tree circuitry, and an output buffer. Using multiple 3D TCAD simulations to solve this problem is too costly and time-consuming for general engineering use. The new and simple methodology handles the problem with ease by simple SPICE simulations. The methodology accurately predicts the measured threshold linear energy transfer (LET) of a bulk CMOS SRAM. It solves for circuit currents and voltage spikes that are close to those predicted by expensive 3D TCAD simulations. It accurately predicts the measured event cross-section vs. LET curve of an experimental SiGe HBT flip-flop. The experimental cross section vs. frequency behavior and other subtle effects are also accurately predicted.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5410026,no
Sensorless Control and Fault Diagnosis of Electromechanical Contactors,"This paper describes a novel algorithm for a closed-loop sensorless control of electromagnetic devices. It integrates a novel fault diagnosis algorithm of the whole electromagnetic circuit. Applied to a contactor with a dc core, it eliminates the armature and contact bounce, whether it is ac or dc powered and at either 50 or 60 Hz. The position and velocity of the moving armature and contacts are calculated by means of the online determination of the inductance using only the measured current and voltage values of the contactor coil as control inputs. A fuzzy controller takes the position and velocity of the armature as input and provides the current set point as output, which controls the velocity of closure of the contacts. The algorithm has been implemented in a low-cost electronic module.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526221,no
Multiresolution sensor fusion approach to PCB fault detection and isolation,"This paper describes a novel approach to printed circuit board (PCB) testing that fuses the products of individual, non-traditional sensors to draw conclusions regarding overall PCB health and performance. This approach supplements existing parametric test capabilities with the inclusion of sensors for electromagnetic emissions, laser Doppler vibrometry, off-gassing and material parameters, and X-ray and Terahertz spectral images of the PCB. This approach lends itself to the detection and prediction of entire classes of anomalies, degraded performance, and failures that are not detectable using current automatic test equipment (ATE) or other test devices performing end-to-end diagnostic testing of individual signal parameters. This greater performance comes with a smaller price tag in terms of non-recurring development and recurring maintenance costs over currently existing test program sets. The complexities of interfacing diverse and unique sensor technologies with the PCB are discussed from both the hardware and software perspective. Issues pertaining to creating a whole-PCB interface, not just at the card-edge connectors, are addressed. In addition, we discuss methods of integrating and interpreting the unique software inputs obtained from the various sensors to determine the existence of anomalies that may be indicative of existing or pending failures within the PCB. Indications of how these new sensor technologies may comprise future test systems, as well as their retrofit into existing test systems, will also be provided.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4662581,no
A Robust High Speed Serial PHY Architecture With Feed-Forward Correction Clock and Data Recovery,"This paper describes a robust architecture for high speed serial links for embedded SoC applications, implemented to satisfy the 1.5 Gb/s and 3 Gb/s Serial-ATA PHY standards. To meet the primary design requirements of a sub-system that is very tolerant of device variability and is easy to port to smaller nanometre CMOS technologies, a minimum of precision analog functions are used. All digital functions are implemented in rail-to-rail CMOS with maximum use of synthesized library cells. A single fixed frequency low-jitter PLL serves the transmit and receive paths in both modes so that tracking and lock time issues are eliminated. A new oversampling CDR with a simple feed-forward error correction scheme is proposed which relaxes the requirements for the analog front-end as well as for the received signal quality. Measurements show that the error corrector can almost double the tolerance to incoming jitter and to DC offsets in the analog front-end. The design occupies less than 0.4 mm<sup>2</sup> in 90 nm CMOS and consumes 75 mW.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5109797,no
A Robustness Approach for Handling Modeling Errors in Parallel-Plate Electrostatic MEMS Control,"This paper addresses the control of electrostatic parallel-plate microactuators in the presence of such modeling errors as unmodeled fringing field effect and deformations. In general, accurate descriptions of these phenomena often lead to very complicated mathematical models, while ignoring them may result in significant performance degradation. In this paper, it is shown by finite-element-method-based simulations that the capacitance due to fringing field effect and deformations can be compensated by introducing a variable serial capacitor. When a suitable robust controller is used, the full knowledge of the introduced serial capacitor is not required, but merely its boundaries of variation. Based on this model, a robust control scheme is derived using the theory of input-to-state stability combined with backstepping state feedback design. Since the full state measurement may not be available under practical operational conditions, an output feedback control scheme is developed. The stability and performance of the system using the proposed control schemes are demonstrated through both stability analysis and numerical simulation. The present approach allows the loosening of the stringent requirements on modeling accuracy without compromising the performance of control systems.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4660280,no
A new design method for the clawpole transverse flux machine. Application to the machine no-load flux optimization. Part I: Accurate magnetic model with error compensation,"This paper addresses the difficulty of modeling and optimizing transverse flux machines (TFMs). 3D flux line patterns, complex leakage paths and saturation of the magnetic material significantly add to the complexity of building accurate magnetic models to optimize TFMs. Therefore, common TFMs design approaches usually rely on time-consuming finite element analyses, guided by the designer's knowledge. In this paper, a new design method is presented and applied to maximize the no-load flux of a Clawpole TFM. An error compensation mechanism combined to an analytical reluctance model is proposed as a solution to overcome inherent inaccuracies of TFM analytical models. It is shown how finite-element derived factors applied to selected reluctances of an analytical model can compensate for the model errors and validate the optimal solution found in a TFM design process, with a limited number of finite element simulations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5607755,no
A new fault generator suitable for reliability analysis of digital circuits,"This paper deals with fault injection issues for reliability analysis. We propose a fault generator IP suitable for hardware emulation of single and multiple simultaneous faults occurrence. The proposed IP is based on a very useful approach that allows the designer to control complexity and completeness of the fault injection process. We provide models for cost and performance estimation of the IP. Also, synthesis results of its implementation on FPGA are given.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5606377,no
Open phase faults detection in PMSM drives based on current signature analysis,"This paper deals with monitoring condition of electrical failures in variable speed of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives by stator current signature analysis. The objective of this study is to develop a detection method for the open phase fault in PMSM drives. The main idea consists in minimizing the number of sensors allowing the open stator phase fault of the system to study. The harmonics produced by current spectral analysis fault-related components are studied. The current waveform patterns for various modes of open phase winding are investigated. Simulation and experimental results are presented using a 1.1 kW, 6 poles three-phase PMSM. Comparison of simulation and experimental results show that the method is able to detect the open-phase fault in PMSM drive.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5607977,no
Sensor fault detection by sliding mode observer applied to an autonomous vehicle,"This paper deals with sensors faults detection and isolation using method by observers. The principle is to reconstruct the state vector and measurements of the system by sliding mode observers and compare the estimated outputs with those measured. In this work, a multi observer's technique is used. It consists on construction of many observers, at least one observer for each output (sensor measurement). Each observer must be robust to noises and to other uncertainties but sensitive to sensor faults. The residual is the estimation error witch is the difference between sensor measurement and its estimated. Without failure in the sensor, this residual remains around zero and if a fault is occurred, it deviates significantly from zero. This method is applied to an autonomous electric vehicle called RobuCar. Simulation results are given at the end to show the effectiveness of the approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5227853,no
An approach to system-wide fault tolerance for FPGAs,"This paper deals with the construction of an entire FPGA based and fault-tolerant computer system spanning all layers of modern computer architecture. This starts with the protection of the fundamental FPGA configuration matrix, continues to the HDL design of multiple hardware components, essentially required to run regular applications on FPGAs, including processor, memory and interfaces and ends up in the implementation of an operating system running radiation hardened software. Joining all these separate layers with their individual approaches to fault tolerance increases the overall radiation susceptibility to a maximum value and enables the use in high-energy physics particle accelerators. The current design phase is shown exemplary for a fault-tolerant soft core CPU including validation results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5272477,no
Fault diagnostic testing using Partial Discharge measurements on High Voltage rotating machines,"This paper addresses the testing of High Voltage (HV) insulation systems associated with large motors and generators. The condition of HV insulation systems associated with rotating machines using Partial Discharge (PD) as a predictive tool alongside the other techniques will be assessed. These other tests include the measurement of Insulation Resistances (IR), and the equivalent parallel resistance and capacitance to calculate tan delta values.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5429443,no
Detection and classification of impulse faults in transformer using wavelet transform and artificial neural network,This paper aims at describing a method for the detection and classification of impulse faults in a transformer winding using wavelet transform and an artificial neural network. The method is explained by considering the lumped parameter model of a winding. The WT decomposes the signal and RMS value of the detailed signal is extracted to train the ANN. The simulation results are satisfactory in detection and classification of faults.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4746975,no
Fault Location and Voltage Estimation in Transmission Systems by Evolutionary Algorithms,"This paper aims at presenting the development and implementation of an approach to deal with fault location in transmission systems by Evolutionary Algorithms. The algorithm allows for the estimation of voltage sags and swells in non-monitored buses as well. An Evolutionary Strategy was applied to address the optimization problem, from the generation of a population of individuals that represent possible solutions to the problem to the evolutionary operators such as selection, mutation and crossover. Some variants of the basic approach were also considered in such a way to determine the fault location with better performance. A case study, based on the 30 bus IEEE study system, demonstrates the potential of the proposed methodology.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5352871,no
A simulator evaluation of a model-reference sliding mode fault tolerant controller,This paper describes the real-time implementation of a model-reference sliding mode control allocation scheme on the SIMONA flight simulator. The scheme allows automatic redistribution of the control signals to the remaining functioning actuators when a fault or failure occurs. The system's closed-loop stability under certain classes of faults and failures is analyzed. It is shown that faults and even certain total actuator failures can be handled directly without reconfiguring the controller. The results obtained from the SIMONA show good performance in both nominal and failure scenarios.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5410574,no
Design and implementation of informatized assessment system on electrical fault maintenance-- taken electrical fault detection of refrigeration equipment as an example,"This paper narrates the design on constructing informatized training and assessment system of refrigerate equipment. Through the analysis of functional module such as RS485, intelligent embedded controllers, simulation training platform, the characteristics of higher efficiency, low-loss, lowcost, guarantee the fairness and just of the examination are mainly discussed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4743916,no
A .NET framework for an integrated fault diagnosis and failure prognosis architecture,"This paper presents a .NET framework as the integrating software platform linking all constituent modules of the fault diagnosis and failure prognosis architecture. The inherent characteristics of the .NET framework provide the proposed system with a generic architecture for fault diagnosis and failure prognosis for a variety of applications. Functioning as data processing, feature extraction, fault diagnosis and failure prognosis, the corresponding modules in the system are built as .NET components that are developed separately and independently in any of the .NET languages. With the use of Bayesian estimation theory, a generic particle-filtering-based framework is integrated in the system for fault diagnosis and failure prognosis. The system is tested in two different applications - bearing spalling fault diagnosis and failure prognosis and brushless DC motor turn-to-turn winding fault diagnosis. The results suggest that the system is capable of meeting performance requirements specified by both the developer and the user for a variety of engineering systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5613626,no
Comparative study on a fault current limiter with thyristor-controlled impedances,"This paper presents a comparative study of three types of thyristor-controlled impedances, i) resistance ii) inductance and ii) capacitance, on a solid-state fault current limiter (SSFLC) for electric power distribution systems. The aim of the proposed study is to assess thyristor-controlled elements of a resonant-type fault current limiter. The impedance of the SSFCL is controlled using the firing controller of thyristors. Regarding to the assessment of PCC (point of coupling connection) voltage and fault current limitability, the simulation results showed that the inductance type gives the best performance among those three impedances.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4668805,no
Analysis of the ground effect in the single phase fault location for power distribution systems,"This paper presents a comparison of two different alternatives for locating single phase faults, considering the influence of the soil resistivity and the fault resistance. The compared methods are the proposed by a commercial software developer and one of the classic impedance based fault location methods. Tests were performed using three different soil resistivity models, based on the measurements taken directly from field. According to the results in a 34kV power distribution system, the performance of the simple impedance based fault locator is better than the obtained using the commercial software, especially in such cases of high resistance faults. Additionally, the soil resistivity models which best represents the real systems are those which give better results in the fault location, showing the influence of this variable.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641805,no
Complex-Valued Neural Networks Fault Tolerance in Pattern Classification Applications,"This paper investigates the fault-tolerance ability of complex-values neural networks (CVNNs) in classification applications. An analysis of the effect of weight loss at the units (neurons) level revealed that the loss of weight in complex neural networks is more critical than in real valued neural networks. A novel weight decay technique for fault tolerance of real-valued neural networks (RVNNs) is proposed and applied to CVNN. The simulation results indicate that the complex-valued neural networks are less fault tolerant than real-valued neural networks. It is also found that while the weight decay technique substantially improves the fault tolerance ability of RVNN, the technique does not necessary improve the fault tolerance of CVNNs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5709345,no
Error performance and throughput evaluation of a multi-Gbps millimeter-wave WPAN system in the presence of adjacent and co-channel interference,"This paper investigates the impact of adjacent channel interference (ACI) and co-channel interference (CCI) on error performance and throughput of a multi-Gbps millimeterwave wireless personal area network (WPAN) system in a realistic residential line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) multipath environment. The main contribution of this paper is providing a multi-Gbps WPAN system design in the challenging multipath environment in the presence of ACI/CCI. Based on the investigation results, we have provided ACI/CCI rejection as a reference for victim receiver protection design. In the NLOS environment, the ACI rejection (i.e. ACI that causes 0.5 dB degradation in the required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to achieve bit error rate (BER) of 10<sup>-6</sup>) for pi/2-BPSK, QPSK, 8 PSK and 16 QAM are 13, 7, 0 and -6dB respectively. And the CCI rejection for similar modulation schemes are -18, -20, -26 and -29 respectively. Secondly, we have clarified the LOS-NLOS relationship of the ACI/CCI impact to system performance. ACI in multipath NLOS environment causes an additional 5 dB degradation to error performance as compared to ACI in the LOS environment. CCI on the other hand, has similar impact on error performance in both LOS and NLOS environment. Thirdly, we have clarified the relationship between modulation spectral efficiency and robustness against ACI/CCI. In an environment with no or low ACI/CCI, the maximum achievable throughput for pi/2-BPSK, QPSK, 8 PSK and 16 QAM in LOS environment are 1.2, 2.5, 3.8 and 5 Gbps respectively. In NLOS environment, the achievable throughput decreases to 1, 1.9, 2.8 and 3.8 Gbps respectively. As ACI/CCI increases, the throughput of higherorder modulation schemes such as 16 QAM decreases the most rapidly, followed by 8 PSK and QPSK. The throughput for pi/2-BPSK has the highest tolerance against increasing ACI/CCI, at the expense of lower maximum achievable throughput.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5262299,no
A Fuzzy-Based Approach for the Diagnosis of Fault Modes in a Voltage-Fed PWM Inverter Induction Motor Drive,"This paper investigates the use of fuzzy logic for fault detection and diagnosis in a pulsewidth modulation voltage source inverter (PWM-VSI) induction motor drive. The proposed fuzzy technique requires the measurement of the output inverter currents to detect intermittent loss of firing pulses in the inverter power switches. For diagnosis purposes, a localization domain made with seven patterns is built with the stator Concordia current vector. One is dedicated to the healthy domain and the six others to each inverter power switch. The fuzzy bases of the proposed technique are extracted from the current analysis of the fault modes in the PWM-VSI. Experimental results on a 1.5-kW induction motor drive are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4444616,no
Fault tolerant event localization in sensor networks using binary data,"This paper investigates the use of wireless sensor networks for estimating the location of an event that emits a signal which propagates over a large region. In this context, we assume that the sensors make binary observations and report the event if the measured signal at their location is above a threshold; otherwise they remain silent. Based on the sensor binary beliefs we use 4 different estimators to localize the event: CE (centroid estimator), ML (maximum likelihood), SNAP (subtract on negative add on positive) and AP (add on positive). The main contribution of this paper is the fault tolerance analysis of the proposed estimators. Furthermore, the analysis shows that SNAP is the most fault tolerant of all estimators considered.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4586977,no
Performance Evaluation of an Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System Approach for Location of Faults on Transmission Lines Using Monte Carlo Simulation,"This paper employs a wavelet multiresolution analysis (MRA) along with the adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system to overcome the difficulties associated with conventional voltage- and current-based measurements for transmission-line fault location algorithms, due to the effect of factors such as fault inception angle, fault impedance, and fault distance. This proposed approach is different from conventional algorithms that are based on deterministic computations on a well-defined model to be protected, employing wavelet transform together with intelligent computational techniques, such as the fuzzy inference system (FIS), adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and artificial neural network (ANN) in order to incorporate expert evaluation so as to extract important features from wavelet MRA coefficients for obtaining coherent conclusions regarding fault location. A comparative study establishes that the ANFIS approach has superiority over ANN- and FIS-based approaches for the location of line faults. In addition, the efficacy of the ANFIS is validated through the Monte Carlo simulation for incorporating the stochastic nature of fault occurrence in practical systems. Thus, this ANFIS-based digital relay can be used as an effective tool for real-time digital relaying purposes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4498424,no
Evaluation of atmospheric correction using FLAASH,"This paper evaluated the capability of FLAASH in ENVI software to make atmospheric correction for Hyperion hyperspectral image and ALI image. Hyperion and ALI sensors are two of the three instruments onboard NASA EO-1 satellite, New Millennium Program (NMP) launched on November 21, 2000, and Hyperion is the first spaceborne hyperspectral imaging spectrometer. The study area is Zhangye city (37deg28'N-39deg57'N, 97deg20'E-102deg12'E) in Heihe River valley of Gansu province, China. Using TM data with UTM projection, Hyperion hyperspectral data acquired on September 10, 2007 and ALI data on September 20, 2007 were geometrically and radiometrically corrected, and then atmospherically corrected using FLAASH. Surface reflectance spectra of corn, water body, desert and buildings were extracted from these two images and made comparison with apparent reflectance. Canopy reflectance spectra of corn were recorded using ASD Fieldspec spectroradiometer in near-real time to coincide with EO-1 satellite sensor overpass. According to filter function of ALI and central wavelength and Gaussian filter function based on full width at half maximum (FWHM) of Hyperion, the ASD reflectance spectra were resampled to corresponding Hyperion and ALI bands. Results showed that resampled ASD spectra of corn were consistent with spectra on Hyperion and ALI images after FLAASH. This demonstrated the effectiveness of atmospheric correction using FLAASH.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4620341,no
Fault-Tolerant Encryption for Space Applications,"This paper is concerned with the use of commercial security algorithms like the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in Earth observation small satellites. The demand to protect the sensitive and valuable data transmitted from satellites to ground has increased and hence the need to use encryption on board. AES, which is a very popular choice in terrestrial communications, is slowly emerging as the preferred option in the aerospace industry including satellites. This paper first addresses the encryption of satellite imaging data using five AES modes - ECB, CBC, CFB, OFB and CTR. A detailed analysis of the effect of single even upsets (SEUs) on imaging data during on-board encryption using different modes of AES is carried out. The impact of faults in the data occurring during transmission to ground due to noisy channels is also discussed and compared for all the five modes of AES. In order to avoid data corruption due to SEUs, a novel fault-tolerant model of AES is presented, which is based on the Hamming error correction code. A field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of the proposed model is carried out and measurements of the power and throughput overhead are presented.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4805278,no
Survey on Fault Operation on Multilevel Inverters,"This paper is related to faults that can appear in multilevel (ML) inverters, which have a high number of components. This is a subject of increasing importance in high-power inverters. First, methods to identify a fault are classified and briefly described for each topology. In addition, a number of strategies and hardware modifications that allow for operation in faulty conditions are also presented. As a result of the analyzed works, it can be concluded that ML inverters can significantly increase their availability and are able to operate even with some faulty components.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5256213,no
Static error identification: Application to line parameter estimation,"This paper made a review of static error identification techniques in power system state estimation. It then illustrated the application of Kalman filter in estimation of static errors, such as line parameters. Using the test cases for line parameter estimation, the paper demonstrated that the simple scheme of resetting of parameter covariance matrix will improve the estimation performance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666599,no
A Hierarchical DHT for Fault Tolerant Management in P2P-SIP Networks,"This paper focuses on fault tolerance of super-nodes in P2P-SIP systems. The large-scale environments such as P2P-SIP networks are characterized by high volatility (i.e. a high frequency of failures of super-nodes). Most fault-tolerant proposed solutions are only for physical defects. They do not take into account the timing faults that are very important for multimedia applications such as telephony. We propose HP2P-SIP which is a timing and physical fault tolerant approach based on a hierarchical approach for P2P-SIP systems. Using the Oversim simulator, we demonstrate the feasibility and the efficiency of HP2P-SIP. The obtained results show that our proposition reduces significantly the localization time of nodes, and increases the probability to find the called nodes. This optimization allows to improve the efficiency of applications that have a strong time constraints such as VoIP systems in dynamic P2P networks.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5695684,no
Fault-Tolerant Operation of a Battery-Energy-Storage System Based on a Multilevel Cascade PWM Converter With Star Configuration,"This paper focuses on fault-tolerant control for a battery-energy-storage system based on a multilevel cascade pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) converter with star configuration. During the occurrence of a single-converter-cell or single-battery-unit fault, the fault-tolerant control enables continuous operation and maintains state-of-charge balancing of the remaining healthy battery units. This enhances both system reliability and availability. A 200-V, 10-kW, 3.6-kWh laboratory system combining a three-phase cascade PWM converter with nine nickel-metal-hydride battery units is designed, constructed, and tested to verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed fault-tolerant control.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5443588,no
New Error Containment Schemes for H.264 Decoders,"This paper focuses on new error containment schemes for the H.264 advanced video codec (AVC). A lossless flexible macroblock ordering (FMO) removal scheme that allows playback of FMO-encoded videos on any H.264 player and a novel error concealment method have been developed. H.264 introduces powerful error resilience tools such as FMO to mitigate the effect of errors on the decoded videos. However, many commercial H.264 players cannot handle FMO. We have developed a new method to remove the FMO structure, thereby allowing the video to be decoded on any commercial player. We also present a model that accurately predicts the average overheads incurred by our scheme. At the same time, we developed a new error concealment method for I-frames to enhance video quality without relying on channel feedback. This method is shown to be superior to existing methods, including that from the JM reference software.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5425474,no
Fault Tolerant Parallel FFT Using Parallel Failure Recovery,"This paper introduces a new method based on parallel failure recovery, for the fault tolerance issue of parallel programs. In case a process fails, other surviving processes will compute the task of the failed one in parallel, so that the overhead for fault tolerance is leveled down. The paper presents the design and implementation of the parallel FFT using the new approach, and works on finding an optimum number of processes that participate in parallel failure recovery. Finally, an experiment is done to show the better performance of the parallel failure recovery over that of checkpointing, and to show the effectiveness of our solution for the best number of processes participating parallel failure recovery.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5260908,no
Design of a fault-tolerant voter for safety related analog inputs,"This paper introduces a voting scheme for safety-related analog input module to arbitrate between the results of redundant channels in fault-tolerant system. The design approach is a distributed system using a sophisticated form of duplication. For each running process, there is a backup process running on a different CPU. The voter is responsible for checkpointing its state to duplex CPUs. In order to increase the dependability for safety-related controllers, the I/O modules use redundancy to reduce the risk associated with relying upon any single component operating flawlessly. The 1oo2D voting principle is commonly used in fault tolerant I/O modules to provide passive redundancy for masking runtime faults at hardware and software levels, respectively. A dual architecture (1oo2D) which provides high safety integrity to a rating of SIL 3 is presented. The outputs from two identical channels operating in parallel with the same inputs are supplied to a voting unit that arbitrates between them to produce an overall output. Based on the hardware logic model and FPGA technique, the study adopts the hardware voter which has much more advantage in the velocity and reliability. Finally, using modelsim simulations, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed voter design in preserving the hazard-free property of the response of an analog inputs module.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5579381,no
FPGA-based fault-tolerant current controllers for induction machine,"This paper investigates a FPGA design of fault - tolerant current-control (FTCC) algorithm for three-phase inverter-fed electric drives. The focus of the proposed method is on the identification of the faulty-current sensor in AC machines drives, and the actual reconfiguration between two control-sampling times. The developed FTCC is simple, and can be readily incorporated into existing drive applications with relatively minor effort and cost. FPGA design ensures very fast execution time of the algorithm which allows a safety continuous working of the faulty system. Simulations and experimental results are presented to emphasize the effectiveness of the method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5259074,no
Fault diagnosis and isolation in aircraft gas turbine engines,"This paper formulates and validates a novel methodology for diagnosis and isolation of incipient faults in aircraft gas turbine engines. In addition to abrupt large faults, the proposed method is capable of detecting and isolating slowly evolving anomalies (i.e., deviations from the nominal behavior), based on analysis of time series data observed from the instrumentation in engine components. The fault diagnosis and isolation (FDT) algorithm is based upon Symbolic Dynamic Filtering (SDF) that has been recently reported in literature and relies on the principles of Symbolic Dynamics, Statistical Pattern Recognition and Information Theory. Validation of the concept is presented and a real life software architecture is proposed based on the simulation model of a generic two-spool turbofan engine for diagnosis and isolation of incipient faults.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4586813,no
Transient-based protection as a solution for earth-fault detection in unearthed and compensated neutral medium voltage distribution networks,"This paper highlights the earth fault problem in unearthed (isolated) and compensated neutral medium voltage distribution networks and the transient-based protection as a solution. The technique of transient-based analysis will be discussed considering the sampling window, frequency and data updating. The required transient simulation analysis and its validation will be presented. Many important practical investigations will also be discussed such as the required measured quantities, polarity criterion, magnitude criterion and suitable earth-fault indication tools. Finally, some of the developed techniques and algorithms from the previous work in this area will be summarized.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5549993,no
Modeling and bounding low cost inertial sensor errors,"This paper presents a methodology for developing models for the post-calibration residual errors of inexpensive inertial sensors in the class normally referred to as ldquoautomotiverdquo or ldquoconsumerrdquo grade. These sensors are increasingly being used in real-time vehicle navigation and guidance systems. However, manufacturer supplied specification sheets for these sensors seldom provide enough detail to allow constructing the type of error models required for analyzing the performance or assessing the risk associated with navigation and guidance systems. A methodology for generating error models that are accurate and usable in navigation and guidance systemspsila sensor fusion and risk analysis algorithms is developed and validated. Use of the error models is demonstrated by a simulation in which the performance of an automotive navigation and guidance system is analyzed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4569999,no
Integrating reliability into the design of fault-tolerant power electronics systems,"This paper presents a methodology for integrating reliability considerations into the performance analysis carried out during the design of fault-tolerant power converters. The methodology relies on using a state-space representation of the power converter, based on averaging, similar to the ones used when analyzing linear time-invariant systems, and assumes an unknown-but-bounded uncertainty model for the converter uncontrolled inputs, such as load or variations in input voltage. The converter must be designed such that, for any uncontrolled input, the state variables remain within a region of the state space defined by performance requirements, e.g., output voltage tolerance or switch ratings. In the presence of component faults, and depending on the uncontrolled inputs, the converter may or may not meet performance requirements. Given the uncertain nature of these uncontrolled inputs, and for each particular fault, we introduce an analytical method to compute the probability that the performance requirements are met, which will define the reliability of the converter for each particular fault. By including these probabilities in a Markov reliability model, it is possible to obtain the overall converter reliability. The application of the methodology is illustrated with a case study of a fault-tolerant interleaved buck converter.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4592345,no
An expert system for substation fault detection in thermoelectric generation plants,"This paper presents a methodology to develop a Fault Diagnosis Integrated System in a Thermoelectric Generation Plant (TGP). The proposed methodology is based on three methods: Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), Fuzzy Logic and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The test electric system was built in BPA's ATP/EMTP software, conformably to the needs presented by a Thermoelectric Generation Plant (TGP) of 711 MW-230 kV, located in southern Brazil. Simulated test cases demonstrate the generalization capability of the protection system developed, now used in a Southern Brazilian Utility.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6007263,no
On a filter bank correction scheme for mitigating mismatch distortions in time-interleaved converter systems,"This paper presents a multirate filterbank architecture that mitigates the distortion caused by non-ideal samplers in a time-interleaved system. Closed form fractional delay filters with finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) type are employed to model the behaviour of the non-ideal converters. Based on a polyphase description of the system, the reconstruction filters are derived for the IIR case, which can be regarded as a generalization of the FIR design scheme. Furthermore, the achieved performance of filter banks for various fractional delay filters is compared. To investigate the numerical robustness, the impact of limited coefficient lengths on different figures-of-merit was explored. Finally, the reconstruction of a non-uniformly sequence was used as an example to verify the reconstruction scheme.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5274951,no
An adaptive precise one-end power transmission line fault locating algorithm based on multilayer complex adaptive artificial neural networks,This paper presents a new algorithm for precise fault locating in power transmission lines based on a novel two-layer complex adaptive linear neural network (CADALINE). The first layer is used for a direct estimation of the symmetrical components. The second layer is used to estimate the fault location directly from the time-domain positive sequence components of only one-end of the transmission line. The proposed algorithm is evaluated through extensive simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC and MATLAB software. The results presented in this paper clearly show that the CADALINE algorithm is highly robust and very accurate in performing the requested task of locating the fault.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4939590,no
A deterministic approach for hardware fault injection in asynchronous QDI logic,"This paper presents a new approach for hardware based fault injection in Quasi Delay Insensitive (QDI) asynchronous circuits. Configurable saboteurs are placed at points of interest in the circuit and allow to inject various types of faults on an arbitrary number of signals. These saboteurs not only redefine the logic value of a faulty signal but also the exact moment of the fault occurrence. In asynchronous logic, signal events rather than time are used to trigger on a circuit's state. Our concept allows to precisely control the order of concurrent signal events. It can be shown that the fault sensitivity highly depends on that event ordering. Thereby a deterministic and reproducible investigation of QDI circuits in the presence of transient and permanent faults in hardware is obtained. The work is evaluated by fault injection experiments on different circuits.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5491758,no
A traveling wave based single-ended fault location algorithm using DWT for overhead lines combined with underground cables,This paper presents a single-ended traveling wave based fault location method for power transmission systems where overhead lines are combined with underground cables. Bewley diagrams are used to determine the traveling wave patterns. The proposed method utilizes Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to extract the transient information from the recorded voltage signals. The squares of the wavelet transform coefficients (WTC<sup>2</sup>) are calculated in order to determine the energy of the signal which is used to identify the faulted section (underground cable or overhead line) and subsequently to locate the fault. The transient voltages for different types of faults and locations along the overhead section as well as the underground cable section are obtained through EMTP simulations. MATLAB Wavelet Toolbox is used to process the simulated transients and apply the proposed method. The performance of the method is tested on various scenarios.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5590150,no
Application of Fourier Descriptors and Pearson Correlation for fault detection in Sucker Rod Pumping System,This paper presents a study of a new proposal for down-hole dynamometer cards patterns for the automatic fault diagnosis of Sucker Rod Pumping System. The accuracy and quick identification of down-hole problems is essential to the risk decrease and production improvement of the petroleum industry. The main idea is a card recognition through a digital image processing (Fourier Descriptors) and statistical (Pearson Correlation) tools. Successful results were reached when this proposal was applied in simulated cards and PETROBRAS real cards.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5347072,no
An Investigation of Fault Tolerance Behavior of 32-Bit DLX Processor,This paper presents a study of fault tolerance behavior of a 32-bit DLX processor. Simulation-based method has been applied to analyze the fault tolerance characteristic of this processor. This experiment is based on injection of 14000 faults among 70 points of components which are more frequently used in VHDL model. The experimental results have been considered in different aspects. Up to 55% of the injected faults cause system failure and also approximately 42% of them are masked before changing into errors. Less than 3% of injected faults remain as latent errors. The Average of fault latency has also been reported between 47 to 59 clock cycles regarding to different workloads. The comparison of observed component distinguishes ALU as the most sensitive one among others with the approximate failure rate of 50%.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5211080,no
A Synchronization Approach for the Minimization of Contouring Errors of CNC Machine Tools,"This paper presents a synchronization control approach for the minimization of contouring errors of multi-axis CNC machine tools. The contouring errors are presented by the position synchronization errors that are defined as differential position errors between each axis and its adjacent ones. Using cross-coupling concept, a decentralized tracking controller is developed with feedback of both position and synchronization errors, formed with a combination of feedforward, feedback and a saturation control. It is proven that this controller can asymptotically stabilize both position and synchronization errors to zero. The proposed controller does not require significant use of the system dynamic models. Experiments performed on a multi-axis machine tool demonstrate improved performance especially in the contouring error minimization.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5109505,no
A Novel Test Application Scheme for High Transition Fault Coverage and Low Test Cost,"This paper presents a new method for improving transition fault coverage in hybrid scan testing. It is based on a novel test application scheme, in order to break the functional dependence of broadside testing. The new technique analyzes the automatic test pattern generation conflicts in broadside test generation and skewed-load test generation, and tries to control the flip-flops with the most influence on fault coverage. The conflict-driven selection method selects some flip-flops that work in the enhanced scan mode or skewed-load scan mode. And the conflict-driven reordering method distributes the selected flip-flops into different chains. In the multiple scan chain architecture, to avoid too many scan-in pins, some chains are driven by the same scan-in pin to construct a tree-based architecture. Based on the architecture, the new test application scheme allows some flip-flops to work in enhanced scan or skewed-load mode, while most of others to work in the traditional broadside scan mode. With the efficient conflict-driven selection and reordering schemes, fault coverage is improved greatly, which can also reduce test application time and test data volume. Experimental results show that fault coverage based on the proposed method is comparable that of enhanced scan.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5467329,no
Sensor fault diagnosis based on a new method of feature extraction in time-series,"This paper presents a new method of how to choose the key points of monotone sequences based on the basic theory of time series segmentation algorithm, which is to select the key points from monotone sequences by calculating the curvatures. With such method, time series can be well linear-fitted. This method is also used for fault diagnosis of sensor. Key point sequence of the maximum difference can be achieved by comparisons among different time series of sensors, thus the fault sensor can be determined.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5689988,no
A New High Speed FPGA based Travelling Wave Fault Recorder for MV Distribution Systems,"This paper presents a newly developed, FPGA based, travelling wave fault recorder capable of simultaneously recording up to six input channels at 40 Mega samples per second (MSPS) at a 14 bit resolution. The fault recorder integrates a GPS receiver to provide accurate time tagging of recorded transients allowing both double-ended and single-ended schemes of fault location to be applied.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4497050,no
A novel method to measure and correct the odometry errors in mobile robots,"This paper presents a novel and still simple method for odometry errors measurement and compensation. For a typical differential drive mobile robot, the three dominant and systematic error sources (unequal wheelspsila diameter, imprecise average wheels diameter and uncertainty about the effective wheelbase) are investigated. It is shown that the mobile robot, calibrated by using the proposed algorithm, has noticeable Odometric accuracy. Calibration coefficients are obtained by accurate measurements of the wheelspsila diameter ratios and the effective wheelbase. Then these coefficients are applied to the mobile robot through the driverpsilas controller software.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4564665,no
Single-stage Flyback converter for constant current output LED driver with power factor correction,"This paper presents a LED driver circuit based on single-stage Flyback converter with power factor correction. Voltage following control and nonlinear carrier control are applied to constant current mode Flyback converter which is combined with constant current driver technique. By designing the outer loop to stabilize the output voltage and the inner loop to shape input current waveform, that makes the system achieve unity power factor. The circuit doesn't need an expensive multiplier as classical multiplier control. To verify the performance, the proposed circuit was confirmed by simulation and experiment. From the results, the proposed system shows high power factor with 0.96 and constant current output.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5138738,no
Rolling element bearing fault classification using soft computing techniques,"This paper presents a method, based on classification techniques, for automatically detecting and diagnosing various types of defects which may occur on a rolling element bearing. In the experiments we have used vibration signals coming from a mechanical device including more than ten rolling element bearings monitored by means of four accelerometers: the signals have been collected both with all faultless bearings and substituting one faultless bearing with an artificially damaged one: four different defects have been taken into account. The proposed technique considers all the aspects of classification: feature selection, different base classifiers (two statistical classifiers, namely LDC and QDC, and MLP neural networks) and classifier fusion. Experiments, performed on the vibration signals represented in the frequency domain, have shown that the proposed classification method is highly sensitive to different types of defects and to different severity degrees of the defects.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5346289,no
Generation of classification rules using artificial immune system for fault diagnosis,"This paper presents an artificial immune system based classification rules generation for fault diagnosis of induction motors. To implement the proposed method effectively, a feature extraction and fuzzificiation processes are used for choosing fault-related attributes from motor current signals. The idea behind the method is mainly based on both concepts of data mining and artificial immune system. Association rule set is generated using clonal selection based on confidence and support measures of each rule. Afterwards, an efficiency evaluation method is utilized to construct memory set of classification rules. Each rule is evaluated based on three measures, sensitivity, simplicity, and coverage, to select an optimal rule for classification. The proposed approach was experimentally implemented on a 0.37 kW induction motor and its performance verified on various working conditions of the induction motors. The performance results have shown that a high accuracy rate has been achieved.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5641795,no
Software Implemented Detection and Recovery of Soft Errors in a Brake-by-Wire System,"This paper presents an experimental study of the impact of soft errors in a prototype brake-by-wire system. To emulate the effects of soft errors, we injected single bit-flips into ""live"" data in the architected state of a MPC565 microcontroller. We first describe the results of an error injection campaign with a brake-by-wire controller in which hardware exceptions are the only means for error detection. In this campaign, 30% of the injected errors passed undetected and caused the controller to produce erroneous outputs to the brake actuator. Of these, 15% resulted in critical failures. An analysis showed that a majority of the critical failures were caused by errors affecting either the stack pointer or the controller's integrator. Hence, we designed two software implemented error handling mechanisms that protect the stack pointer and the integrator state, inducing an overhead of 4% in data and 8% in speed. A second error injection campaign showed that these mechanisms reduced the proportion of critical failures one order of magnitude, from 4.6% to 0.4% of the injected soft errors.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4555999,no
A Novel SBST Generation Technique for Path-Delay Faults in Microprocessors Exploiting Gate- and RT-Level Descriptions,"This paper presents an innovative approach for the generation of functional programs to test path- delay faults within microprocessors. The proposed method takes advantage of both the gate- and RT-level description of the processor. The former is used to build binary decision diagrams (BDDs) for deriving fault excitation conditions; the latter is exploited for the automatic generation of test programs able to excite and propagate fault effects, based on an evolutionary algorithm and fast RTL simulation. Experimental results on a simple microcontroller show that the proposed methodology is able to generate suitable test sets in reduced times.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4511756,no
Fault ride through techniques of DFIG-based wind energy systems,"This paper presents a novel control technique for fault ride through of a DFIG-based wind energy system. Both unbalanced faults and balanced faults are considered. For unbalanced faults, a close to 120 Hz component will be present in the rotor currents. For balanced faults, the rotor currents will experience a surge. The control technique presented in this paper is effective in mitigating the high frequency harmonic components and reducing the surge in the rotor currents. The novelty of the control technique is its simplicity and effectiveness: (i) only one reference transformation (abc/AA) is required and (ii) harmonic filters are not required. Simulations performed in Matlab/Simulink are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5400331,no
An efficient quasi-active power factor correction scheme,"This paper presents a novel input current shaper based on a quasi-active power factor correction (PFC) scheme. The power factor is improved by adding two auxiliary windings coupled to the transformer of a cascade dc/dc flyback converter. The auxiliary windings are placed between the input rectifier and the low-frequency filter capacitor to serve as a magnetic switch to drive an input inductor. Since the dc/dc converter is operated at high switching frequency, the auxiliary windings produce a high frequency pulsating source such that the input current conduction angle is significantly lengthened and the input current harmonics is reduced. It eliminates the use of active switch and control circuit for PFC. The input inductor can be designed to operate in discontinuous current mode (DCM) with lower harmonic content or continuous conduction mode (CCM) with higher efficiency. However, a trade-off between efficiency and harmonic content must be made. Operating principles, analysis, simulation and practical results of the proposed method are presented.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5356407,no
Quasi-active power factor correction using transformer-assisted driving voltage,"This paper presents a novel simple input current shaper based on a quasi-active power factor correction (PFC) scheme. In this method high power factor and low harmonic content are achieved by providing an auxiliary PFC circuit with a driving voltage derived from a third winding of the transformer of a DC-DC flyback converter. It eliminates the use of active switch and control circuit for PFC. Operating principles, analysis, and simulation results of the proposed method are presented.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5118179,no
The limitations of software signature and basic block sizing in soft error fault coverage,"This paper presents a detailed analysis of the efficiency of software-only techniques to mitigate SEU and SET in microprocessors. A set of well-known rules is presented and implemented automatically to transform an unprotected program into a hardened one. SEU and SET are injected in all sensitive areas of MIPS-based microprocessor architecture. The efficiency of each rule and a combination of them are tested. Experimental results show the limitations of the control-flow techniques in detecting the majority of SEU and SET faults, even when different basic block sizes are evaluated. A further analysis on the undetected faults with control flow effect is done and five causes are explained. The conclusions can lead designers in developing more efficient techniques to detect these types of faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5550346,no
Combining learning methods and time-scale analysis for defect diagnosis of a tramway guiding system,"This paper presents a diagnosis system for detecting tramway rollers defects. First, the continuous wavelet transform is applied on vibration signals measured by specific accelerometers. Then, the Singular Values Decomposition (SVD) is applied on the time-scale representations to extract a set of singular values as classification features. The resulting multi-class classification problem is decomposed into several 2-class sub-problems. The predicted probabilities are coupled using a pairwise coupling method. Empirical results demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the overall diagnosis system on measurement data.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4602193,no
Fault prediction in electrical valves using temporal Kohonen maps,"This paper presents a proactive maintenance scheme for the prediction of faults in electrical valves. In our case study, these valves are used for controlling the oil flow in a distribution network. A system implements temporal self-organizing maps for the prediction of faults. These faults lead to deviations either on torque, on the valve end position or on opening/closing time. For fault prediction, one map is trained using data from a mathematical model devised for the electrical valve. The training is performed by fault injection based on three parameter deviations over this same mathematical model. The map learns the energies of the torque and the position that are computed using the wavelet packet transform. Once the map is trained, the system is ready for on-line monitoring of the valve. During the on-line testing phase, the system computes the Euclidean distance and the activation of data series. The biggest activation determines which is the winner neuron of the map for one data series. The obtained results demonstrate a new solution for prediction behavior of these valves.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5550338,no
Torque ripple analysis of a 42V fault tolerant six-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine,This paper presents an analysis of the torque ripple of a six-phase fault tolerant permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM6) for electrical power steering system (EPS) applications. Opened stator phase is the realistic fault condition that can be imagined for a machine fed by a power converter drive system. The behavior of the machine was analyzed under three different winding fault conditions (open phase). All the obtained results using the finite element method show the performance of the PMSM6 for the application of EPS.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675506,no
Automating Cellular Network Faults Prediction Using Mobile Intelligent Agents,"This paper presents an approach for prediction of faults in cellular networks using mobile intelligent agents. Cellular networks are uncertain and dynamic in their behavior hence the application of different artificial intelligent techniques for prediction, detection and identification of network failures, which can lead to more robust handling of unforeseen anomalies within a network environment. In this paper different artificial intelligent techniques are applied in developing platform independent, autonomous and robust agents that can report on any unforeseen anomaly within the infrastructure of a cellular network service provider. The specific design and implementation is done using Java Agent Development Framework (JADE). The experimental results obtained show 79% prediction accuracy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5331380,no
STATCOM-Based Indirect Torque Control of Induction Machines During Voltage Recovery After Grid Faults,"This paper proposes a control method for limiting the torque of grid-connected cage induction machines during the recovery process after grid faults, by using a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) connected at the machine terminals. When a STATCOM is used for transient stability improvement, common practice is to design the control system to keep reactive current at maximum level until the voltage has returned to its initial value. This will result in high torques during the recovery process after grid faults. The control method proposed in this paper is intended to limit such torque transients by temporarily defining a new voltage reference for the STATCOM control system. As torque is controlled through the voltage reference of the STATCOM, the method is labeled indirect torque control (ITC). The presented concept is a model-based approach derived from a quasi-static equivalent circuit of the induction machine, the STATCOM and a The??venin representation of the power system. For illustration and verification, time-domain simulations of a wind power generation system with a STATCOM at the terminals of an induction generator, are provided. As the objective of limiting the torque of the induction machine is achieved, the derivation of the concept proves to be reasonable. The approach is presented in its most general form, oriented to torque limitation of induction machines both in generating and motoring mode, and is not restricted to the presented example.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5332346,no
Fault Diagnosis Using a Timed Discrete-Event Approach Based on Interval Observers: Application to Sewer Networks,This paper proposes a fault diagnosis method using a timed discrete-event approach based on interval observers that improves the integration of fault detection and isolation tasks. The interface between fault detection and fault isolation considers the activation degree and the occurrence time instant of the diagnostic signals using a combination of several theoretical fault signature matrices that store the knowledge of the relationship between diagnostic signals and faults. The fault isolation module is implemented using a timed discrete-event approach that recognizes the occurrence of a fault by identifying a unique sequence of observable events (fault signals). The states and transitions that characterize such a system can directly be inferred from the relation between fault signals and faults. The proposed fault diagnosis approach has been motivated by the problem of detecting and isolating faults of the Barcelona's urban sewer system limnimeters (level meter sensors). The results obtained in this case study illustrate the benefits of using the proposed approach in comparison with the standard fault detection and isolation approach.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5504183,no
Overflow and Roundoff Error Analysis via Model Checking,"This paper proposes a framework for statically analyzing overflow and roundoff errors of C programs. First, a new range representation, ""extended affine interval"", is proposed to estimate overflow and roundoff errors. Second, the overflow and roundoff error analysis problem is encoded as a weighted model checking problem. To avoid widening, currently we focus on programs with bounded loops, which typically appear in encoder/decoder reference algorithms. Last, we implement the proposed framework as a static analysis tool CANA. Experimental results on small programs show that the extended affine interval is much more precise than classical interval.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5368110,no
Reliability and Safety Modeling of Fault Tolerant Control System,"This paper proposes a generalized approach of reliability and safety modeling for fault tolerant control system based on Markov model. The reliability and safety function, computed from the transition probability of the Markov process, provides a proper quantitative measure of the fault tolerant control system because it incorporates the deadline, failure detection and fault isolation, permanent and correlated fault. State transition diagram was established based on the state transition of the system. State transition equation could be obtained by state transition diagram. Different state probability diagrams were acquired with different parameters of failure rate, recovery rate from transient fault, failure detection rate and fault isolation rate.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722384,no
Specifying and Constructing a Fault-Tolerant Composite Service,"This paper proposes a means to specify the semantics of fault tolerant Web services at an abstract level using semantics adapted from queuing system theory. A framework that supports the implementation of specified fault-tolerance is also described. Based on our work, we show how the redundancy and diversity characteristics of a service-oriented system can be expressed and implemented in a Web-service application.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4711657,no
A Method of Detecting Vulnerability Defects Based on Static Analysis,"This paper proposes a method for detecting vulnerability defects caused by tainted data based on state machine. It first uses state machine to define various defect patterns. If the states of state machine is considered as the value propagated in dataflow analysis and the union operation of the state sets as the aggregation operation of dataflow analysis, the defect detection can be treated as a forward dataflow analysis problem. To reduce the false positives caused by intraprocedural analysis, the dynamic information of program was represented approximately by abstract value of variables, and then infeasible path can be identified when some variable's abstract value is empty in the state condition. A function summary method is proposed to get the information needed for performing interprocedural defect detection. The method proposed has been implemented in a defect testing tools.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634685,no
A Method for Detecting Defects in Source Codes Using Model Checking Techniques,This paper proposes a method of detecting troublesome defects in the Java source codes for enterprise systems using a model checking technique. A supporting tool also provides a function to automatically translate source code into a model which is simulated by UPPAAL model checker.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676307,no
Determination of sag disturbing and sag vulnerable zones in a distribution network using stochastic fault simulation,"This paper proposes a methodology to predict the sags level caused by faults that may affect users in a distribution network. The methodology determines the trend of the possible fault location, the fault type and failed phases by analyzing historical data. These trends are modeled using probability densities and are simulated using Monte Carlo techniques (Gibbs algorithm). With the simulation results, a statistical analysis is performed to determine the average sag depth in each user as well as the most vulnerable areas against this type of disturbance. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is achieved with the aim of identifying zones where these disturbances cause a great impact on the average sag depth (disturbing areas) in order to implement the required solutions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4596217,no
Fault-tolerant dynamically reconfigurable NoC-based SoC,"This paper proposes a network-on-chip (NoC)-based dynamically reconfigurable platform which can perform multiple applications, simultaneously. A tile attached to a router in the NoC consists of a core container which can host a core permanently or temporarily. The tile also has a hardwired controller and a cache like memory to control the hosted cores. A core, which runs a task, may be described by a bitstream (called hardware core) or a programme code (called software core). Because of the dynamic behaviour of the proposed platform, using task identifier, a stochastic dynamic routing algorithm will find (or map) the task in the platform. Because of using the task identifier in routing algorithm and the reconfigurability of tiles, the proposed platform can tolerate probable faults. The proposed SoC architecture is easily able to run new protocols and tasks. Our results show that, the proposed platform follows the user interests such that runs tasks with higher temporal locality much faster than the tasks with lower temporal locality.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4580150,no
A Fault Tolerant Wired/Wireless Sensor Network Architecture for Monitoring Pipeline Infrastructures,"This paper proposes a new fault-tolerant sensor network architecture for monitoring pipeline infrastructures. This architecture is an integrated wired and wireless network. The wired part of the network is considered the primary network while the wireless part is used as a backup among sensor nodes when there is any failure in the wired network. This architecture solves the current reliability issues of wired networks for pipelines monitoring and control. This includes the problem of disabling the network by disconnecting the network cables due to artificial or natural reasons. In addition, it solves the issues raised in recently proposed network architectures using wireless sensor networks for pipeline monitoring. These issues include the issues of power management and efficient routing for wireless sensor nodes to extend the life of the network. Detailed advantages of the proposed integrated network architecture are discussed under different application and fault scenarios.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4622659,no
Forward error protection for robust video streaming based on distributed video coding principles,"This paper proposes an error resilient coding scheme that employs distributed video coding tools. A bitstream, produced by any standard motion-compensated predictive codec (MPEG-x, H.26x), is sent over an error-prone channel. In addition, a Wyner-Ziv encoded auxiliary bitstream is sent as redundant information to serve as a forward error correction code. At the decoder side, error concealed reconstructed frames are used as side information by the Wyner-Ziv decoder, and the corrected frame is used as a reference by future frames, thus reducing drift. We explicitly target the problem of rate allocation at the encoder side, by estimating the channel induced distortion in the transform domain. Experimental results conducted over a simulated error-prone channel reveal that the proposed scheme has comparable or better performance than a scheme where forward error correction codes are used. Moreover the proposed solution shows good performance when compared to a scheme that uses the intra-macroblock refresh procedure.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4743519,no
SIMPREBAL: An expert system for real-time fault diagnosis of hydrogenerators machinery,"This paper proposes an expert system to aid plant maintainers and operators personnel for solving hydroelectric equipments troubleshootings. The expert system was implemented into intelligent maintenance system called SIMPREBAL (Predictive Maintenance System of Balbina). The SIMPREBAL knowledge base, the architecture and the inference machine are presented in detail. The knowledge base is based on experts empirical knowledge, work orders, manuals, technical documents and operation procedures. The predictive maintenance system architecture is based on the OSA-CBM framework that has seven layers. The software application has been successfully implemented in client-server computational framework. The data acquisition and intelligent processing tasks were develop in the server side and the user interface in the client side. The intelligent processing task is an expert system that use JESS inference machine. During two years, the SIMPREBAL has been used for monitoring and diagnosing hydrogenerators machinery malfunctions. The industrial application of the SIMPREBAL proved its high reliability and accuracy. Finally, satisfactory fault diagnostics have been verified using maintenance indicators before and after the SIMPREBAL installation in the hydroelectric power plant. These valuable results are been used in the decision support layer to pre-schedule maintenance work, reduce inventory costs for spare parts and minimize the risk of catastrophic failure.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5641302,no
Video quality prediction in the presence of MAC contention and wireless channel error,"This paper proposes an integrated model to predict the quality of video, expressed in terms of mean square error (MSE) of the received video frames, in an IEEE 802.1 le wireless network. The proposed system takes into account contention at the MAC layer, wireless channel error, queueing at the MAC layer, parameters of different 802.1 le access categories (ACs), and video characteristics of different H.264 data partitions (DPs). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first system that takes these network and video characteristics into consideration to predict video quality in an IEEE 802.1 le network. The proposed system consists of two components. The first component predicts the packet loss rate of each H.264 data partition by using a multi-dimensional discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC) coupled to a M/G/l queue. The second component uses these packet loss rates and the video characteristics to predict the MSE of each received video frames. We verify the accuracy of our combination system by using discrete event simulation and real H.264 coded video sequences.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5534895,no
New resonance type Fault Current Limiter,"This paper proposes a new parallel LC resonance type Fault Current Limiter (FCL). This structure has low cast because of using dry capacitor and non-superconducting inductor and fast operation. The proposed FCL is able to limit fault current in constant value near to pre-fault condition value against series resonance type FCL. In this way, the voltage of point of common coupling (PCC) will not change during fault. Analytical analysis is presented in detail and simulation results are involved to validate the effectiveness of this structure.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5697635,no
New Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) based fault isolation system for low voltage distribution systems,"This paper proposes a new supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) based fault isolation system on the low voltage (415/240 V) distribution system. It presents a customized distribution automation system (DAS) for automatic operation and secure fault isolation tested in the Malaysian utility distribution system; Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) distribution system. It presents the first research work on customer side automation for operating and controlling between the consumer and the substation in an automated manner. The paper focuses on the development of very secure automated fault isolation work tested to TNB distribution operating principles as the fault is detected, identified, isolated and cleared in few seconds by just clicking the mouse of laptop or desktop connected to the system. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) technique has been developed and utilized to build Human Machine Interface (HMI) that provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) functions for the engineers and technicians to monitor and control the system. Microprocessor based Remote Monitoring Devices have been used for customized software integrated to the hardware. Power Line Carrier (PLC) has been used as communication media between the consumer and the substation. As a result, complete DAS and fault isolation system has been developed for remote automated operation, cost reduction, maintenance time saving and less human intervention during faults conditions.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5556777,no
Novel fault diagnostic technique for permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines using electromagnetic signature analysis,"This paper proposes a novel alternative scheme for permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) health monitoring and multi-faults detection using direct flux measurement with search coils. Phase current spectrum is not used for analysis and therefore it is not influenced by power supply introduced harmonics any more. In addition, it is also not necessary to specify load condition for accurate diagnosis. In this study, numerical models of a healthy machine and of machines with various faults are developed and examined. Simulation by means of a two-dimensional finite-element analysis (FEA) software package is presented to verify the application of the proposed method over different motor operation conditions.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5729130,no
Fault tolerant adaptive mission planning with semantic knowledge representation for autonomous underwater vehicles,"This paper proposes a novel approach for autonomous mission plan recovery for maintaining operability of unmanned underwater vehicles. It combines the benefits of knowledge-based ontology representation, autonomous partial ordering plan repair and robust mission execution. The approach uses the potential of ontology reasoning in order to orient the planning algorithms adapting the mission plan of the vehicle. It can handle uncertainty and action scheduling in order to maximize mission efficiency and minimise mission failures due to external unexpected factors. Its performance is presented in a set of simulated scenarios for different concepts of operations for the underwater domain. The paper concludes by showing the results of a trial demonstration carried out on a real underwater platform. The results of this paper are readily applicable to land and air robotics.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4650836,no
A novel fault tolerant design and an algorithm for tolerating faults in digital circuits,"This paper proposes a novel fault tolerant algorithm for tolerating stuck-at-faults in digital circuits. We consider in this paper single stuck-at type faults, occurring either at a gate input or at a gate output. A stuck-at-fault may adversely affect on the functionality of the user implemented design. A novel fault tolerant design based on hardware redundancy (replication) is presented here for single fault model to tolerate transient as well as permanent faults. The design is also suitable to be used for highly dependable systems implemented by means of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) at RTL level. This approach offers the possibility of using larger and more cost effective devices that contain interconnect defects without compromising on performance or configurability. The algorithm presented here demonstrates the fault tolerance capability of the design and is implemented for a full adder circuit but can be generalized for any other digital circuit. Using exhaustive testing the functioning of all the three full adders can be easily verified. In case of occurrence of stuck-at-faults; the circuit will configure itself to select the other fault free outputs. We have evaluated our novel fault tolerant technique (NFT) in five different circuits: full adder, encoder, counter, shift register and microprocessor. The proposed design approach scales well to larger digital circuits also and does not require fault detection. We have also presented and compared the results of triple modular redundancy (TMR) method with our technique. All possible faults are tested by injecting the faults using a multiplexer.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4802486,no
Fault-Tolerant Optimal Neurocontrol for a Static Synchronous Series Compensator Connected to a Power Network,"This paper proposes a novel fault-tolerant optimal neurocontrol scheme (FTONC) for a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) connected to a multimachine benchmark power system. The dual heuristic programming technique and radial basis function neural networks are used to design a nonlinear optimal neurocontroller (NONC) for the external control of the SSSC. Compared to the conventional external linear controller, the NONC improves the damping performance of the SSSC. The internal control of the SSSC is achieved by a conventional linear controller. A sensor evaluation and (missing sensor) restoration scheme (SERS) is designed by using the autoassociative neural networks and particle swarm optimization. This SERS provides a set of fault-tolerant measurements to the SSSC controllers, and therefore, guarantees a fault-tolerant control for the SSSC. The proposed FTONC is verified by simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4439783,no
Intelligent Wireless System to Monitoring Mechanical Fault in Power Transmission Lines,"This paper presents the development of an intelligent wireless system to monitoring mechanical fault in electric power transmission lines under oscillating movement, collapse, overheating or short circuit faults in the cable; caused by natural or induced man effects. The system has a remote module hanging on a cable and a central operation module communicated via wireless. The remote module has data acquisition, is capable to add the location where is going to be installed with a GPS receiver (Global Position System), is capable to sensing temperature, electric current and acceleration of the cable; the last one is an integrate circuit based in MEMS technology (micro electromechanical system), all of these operations are controlled and processed with a microcontroller. The central operation module is connected to serial port in a personal computer. The user can survey the remote module, ask the historic stored data, assign an identification number and assign global positioning coordinates via wireless, with the system-user software created in LabVIEW.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641054,no
Research of BMP and PCB Image-position in the Digital Circuit Fault Diagnosis System,"This paper presents the different methods and processes of the implement of image-position technique, by which the user can locate the probe quickly and accurately during the process of circuit-fault-diagnosis. The article introduces the fault diagnosis program that can retrieves information from fault dictionary, presents the image-position technique of BMP and PCB and proposes the usage of the significant function and controls are given which can used to locate the probe accurately. During the test, the real circuit graph guides the user and points out the fault location, thus raising the efficiency of fault removal.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5232341,no
Image-Position Technology of the Digital Circuit Fault Diagnosis Based on Lab Windows/CVI,"This paper presents the different methods and processes of the implement of image-positioning technique, by which the user can locate the probe quickly and accurately during the process of circuit-fault diagnosis.The article introduces the fault diagnosis program that can retrieves information from fault dictionary, presents the image-position technique of BMP and PCB and proposes the usage of the significant function and controls are given which can used to locate the probe accurately. During the test, the real circuit graph guides the user and points out the fault location, thus raising the efficiency of fault removal.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4740123,no
Steward: Scaling Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Replication to Wide Area Networks,"This paper presents the first hierarchical byzantine fault-tolerant replication architecture suitable to systems that span multiple wide-area sites. The architecture confines the effects of any malicious replica to its local site, reduces message complexity of wide-area communication, and allows read-only queries to be performed locally within a site for the price of additional standard hardware. We present proofs that our algorithm provides safety and liveness properties. A prototype implementation is evaluated over several network topologies and is compared with a flat byzantine fault-tolerant approach. The experimental results show considerable improvement over flat byzantine replication algorithms, bringing the performance of byzantine replication closer to existing benign fault-tolerant replication techniques over wide area networks.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4620120,no
Fault detection methods for wireless sensor networks using neural networks,This paper presents the implementation of a neural network-based fault detection for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). There are discussed two proposed approaches: both a centralized and respectively distributed fault detection. The methods are validated using a wireless sensor network that takes environmental measurements every 60 seconds. There were considered various fault scenarios that were detected and corrected by the implemented structure. Neural networks (NNs) are used to model the environmental parameter's dynamics. The physical measurement is compared against the predicted value and a given threshold of error to determine sensor fault.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5491263,no
Applying Dynamic Reconfiguration for Fault Tolerance in Fine-Grained Logic Arrays,"This paper presents the realization of a fault tolerance technique for a dynamically reconfigurable array of programmable cells. The three parts of the technique, fault detection, fault reconfiguration, and fault recovery, are implemented completely in hardware and form a self-contained system. Each of the parts can be exchanged by an alternative implementation without affecting the remaining parts too much, thus making the concept adaptable to different reconfigurable circuits. A hardware realization for the core mechanism is discussed and a prototypical design of a field-programmable gate array implementing the complete system is described. The technological development towards nanoscale feature sizes and the growing influence of deep-submicrometer effects will result in an inherent unreliability of the individual components of future circuit implementations and a higher vulnerability towards external influences. The technique discussed can be used to exploit dynamic reconfiguration capabilities of programmable arrays to alleviate system vulnerability towards these effects and thus to enhance their overall reliability.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4408631,no
CARP: Handling Silent Data Errors and Site Failures in an Integrated Program and Storage Replication Mechanism,"This paper presents CARP, an integrated program and storage replication solution. CARP extends program replication systems which do not currently address storage errors, builds upon a record-and-replay scheme that handles nondeterminism in program execution, and uses a scheme based on recorded program state and I/O logs to enable efficient detection of silent data errors and efficient recovery from such errors. CARP is designed to be transparent to applications with minimal run-time impact and is general enough to be implemented on commodity machines. We implemented CARP as a prototype on the Linux operating system and conducted extensive sensitivity analysis of its overhead with different application profiles and system parameters. In particular, we evaluated CARP with standard unmodified email, database, and web server benchmarks and showed that it imposes acceptable overhead while providing sub-second program state recovery times on detecting a silent data error.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5158448,no
An alternative fault location algorithm based on Wavelet Transforms for three-terminal lines,"This paper presents the study and development of a complete fault location scheme for three-terminal transmission lines using wavelet transforms (WT). The methodology is based on the low and high frequency components of the transient signals originated from a fault situation registered in the terminals of a system. By processing these signals and using the WT, it is possible to determine the time of traveling waves of voltages and/or currents from the fault point to the terminals, as well as to estimate the fundamental frequency components. As a consequence, both faulted leg and fault location can be estimated with reference to one of the system terminals. A new approach is presented to develop a reliable and accurate fault location scheme combining the best the methods can offer. The main idea is to have a decision routine in order to select which method should be used in each situation presented to the algorithm. The algorithm was tested for different fault conditions by simulations using ATP (alternative transients program) software. The results obtained are promising and demonstrate a highly satisfactory degree of accuracy and reliability of the proposed method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4596274,no
Research and Realization of Digital Circuit Fault Probe Location Process,"This paper presents three core files relating to circuit fault diagnosis which is generated by LASAR (logic automated stimulus response), i.e. fault dictionary, node truth table and pin connection table, analyses the content of fault dictionary, pin connection table and node truth table, finds the necessary information for fault location, summarizes the procedure of circuit test and fault location. Finally the digital circuit diagnosis system which can locate the fault on the pin of components is designed. With the help of probe, fault location of component pins can be accurately pinpointed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4659892,no
Multi-frame error concealment for H.264/AVC frames with complexity adaptation,"This paper proposes a novel multi-frame error concealment algorithm for the whole-frame losses in video transmission based on H.264/AVC. In order to minimize the error propagation, the proposed algorithm estimates the distortion of both the lost frame and its succeeding frame, and determines the modes for recovering the motion vectors of the lost frame. In addition, based on the analysis of the computational complexity and the distortion of concealed frames, we introduce complexity adaptation into the proposed algorithm to achieve optimal complexity-distortion under different real-time constraints and different decoder computational power. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms conventional algorithms in both objective and subjective quality of the concealed frames.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4637636,no
A 160120-pixels range camera with on-pixel correlated double sampling and nonuniformity correction in 29.1m pitch,"This paper presents the design and test of a CMOS integrated circuit implementing a 160120-pixels 3D camera. The on-pixel processing allows the use of Indirect Time-Of-Flight technique for distance measurement with reset noise removal through Correlated Double Sampling and embedded fixed-pattern noise reduction, while a fast readout operation allows to stream out the pixels values at a maximum rate of 10MSample/s. The imager can operate as a fast 2D camera up to 458fps, a 3D camera up to 80fps or both. The chip has been fabricated using a standard 0.18m 1P4M 1.8V CMOS technology with MIM capacitors. The resulting pixel has a pitch of 29.1m with a fill-factor of 34% and consists of 66 transistors. Distance measurements up to 4.5m have been performed with pulsed laser light, achieving 2.5cm precision at 2m in real-time.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5619836,no
Analysis and modeling on the induction machine faults,"To obtain high performance and high safety degree in induction machine operation, the researchers' attention is directed through monitoring and evaluating their reliability. This paper analyzes the connection between the failure causes and their effects on induction machine, by using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). The first method identifies possible faults in induction machine operation and assesses their consequences on the entire electric system, while the second one is a logical and graphical method used to assess the failure probability. These methods are applied in a case study on the induction machines produced by a Romanian company. The faults that appear in the manufacturing phase for the induction machine with powers in the range of 0.75-1.5 kW are monitored and analyzed. Based on experimental data, the faults space for the induction machine is modeled and the failure rate & probability of failure for this electrical system are established. The case study is useful for determining weaknesses of the induction machine, based on which the optimization of manufacturing procedures can be done.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5628479,no
Fault Diagnosis for Engine Based on EMD and Wavelet Packet BP Neural Network,"To solve the problem of fault diagnosis for engine, due to the complexity of the equipments and the particularity of the operating environments, generally speaking, there is no one-to-one correspondence between the characteristic parameters and status, so, the methods of diagnosis are very complicated. A novel fault diagnosis method based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and wavelet packet BP neural network is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the given signal is analyzed by wavelet packet to remove the noise; Then the de-noised data is decomposed into a number of IMFs by EMD and extract their frequency eigenvectors, then using these eigenvectors as the training samples of the BP network, training the BP network to identify the faults. Finally, the simulation experiments shows that the proposed method for fault diagnosis of engine is effective and the de-nosing process using wavelet packet transform is essential.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5370048,no
Hybrid intelligent fault diagnosis based on granular computing,"To solve the problem of lacking hybrid modes and common algorithms in hybrid intelligent diagnosis, this paper presents a new approach to hybrid intelligent fault diagnosis of the mechanical equipment based on granular computing. The hybrid intelligent diagnosis model based on neighborhood rough set is constructed in different granular levels, and the results of support vector machines (SVMS) and artificial neural network (ANN) in granular levels are combined by criterion matrix algorithm as output of hybrid intelligent diagnosis. Finally, the proposed model is applied to fault diagnosis in roller bearings of high-speed locomotive. The applied results show that the classification accuracy of hybrid model reaches to 97.96%, which is 8.49% and 39.12% higher than the classification accuracy of SVMS and ANN respectively. It shows that the proposed model as a new common algorithm can reliably recognize different fault categories and effectively enhance robustness of the hybrid intelligent diagnosis model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5255127,no
Research on Framework of Error Handling and Controlling Protocol in Mobile Payment,"To study and solve the mobile payment problems based on MPTP in China, this paper proposed to put forward Error Handling and Controlling Protocol (EHCP) and described the framework of this protocol and the execution process. EHCP is aimed to perfect mobile payment communication mechanism and further solve mobile payment security issues; in order to make mobile payment becomes more widely accepted.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634751,no
A Dynamic Fault Tolerant Algorithm Based on Active Replication,"To the wide area network oriented distributed computing such as Web services, a slow service is equivalent to an unavailable service. It makes demands of effectively improving the performance without damaging availability to the replication algorithms. Aim for improving the performance of the active replication algorithm, we propose a new replication algorithm named AAR (adaptive active replication). Its basic idea is: all replicas receive requests, but only the fastest one returns the response. Its main advantages are: (1) The response is returned by the fastest replica; (2) The algorithm is based on the active replication algorithm, but it avoids the redundant nested invocation problem. We prove the advantages by analyzing and experiments.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4662916,no
An Effective Error Concealment for H.264/AVC,"To transmit video bit stream over low bandwidth such as mobile channel, high bit rate algorithm like H.264/AVC codec is exploited. In transmitting high compressed video bit-stream over low bandwidth, packet loss causes severe degradation in image quality. In this paper, a new error concealment algorithm for recovery of missing or erroneous motion vector is proposed. Considering that the missing or erroneous motion vectors in blocks are closely correlated with those of neighboring blocks. The proposed approach is that missing or erroneous motion vector is recovered by grouping the movements of neighboring blocks by their homogeneity. Motion vectors of neighboring block are grouped according to average linkage algorithm clustering and a representative value for each group is determined to obtain the candidate motion vector sets. As a test result, simulation results show that the proposed method dramatically improves complex time compared to existing H.264/AVC error concealment method. Also the proposed method is similar to existing H.264/AVC in terms of visual quality.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4568534,no
A Fault Propagation Approach for Highly Distributed Service Compositions,"Today, the techniques for realizing service compositions (e.g. WS-BPEL) have become mature. Nevertheless, when it comes to execution faults within service compositions, many problems are still unsolved. Especially the propagation and global handling of errors in service compositions yet remains an open issue. In this paper, we describe some preliminary results of our ongoing work in the field of fault propagation and exception handling in service compositions. We provide some service classification criteria and show how they relate to service composition fault handling. Further, we present a fault propagation approach for service compositions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4578566,no
High-Value Design Techniques for Mitigating Random Defect Sensitivities,"Today's sophisticated design-for-manufacturability (DFM) methodologies provide a designer with an overwhelming amount of choices, many with significant costs and unclear value. The technology challenges of subwavelength lithography, new materials, device types/sizes, etc., can mask the underlying random defect yield contribution which ultimately dominates mature manufacturing, and the distinction between technology limitations and process excursions must also be understood. The best DFM strategy fully exploits all of the available techniques that mitigate a design's sensitivity to random defects where the value is clearly quantifiable, yet few designers seize this opportunity. This paper provides a roadmap through the entire design flow and gives an overview of the various options.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4589039,no
Mutual-Aid: Diskless Checkpointing Scheme for Tolerating Double Faults,"Tolerating double faults is an important issue for diskless checkpointing due to the size and increase of the executing time. This is why Mutual-Aid checkpointing has become the first scheme to achieve the goal. Mutual-aid checkpointing combines the advantages of neighbor-based, with parity-based diskless approaches. This also tolerates all double processor faults by bitwising exclusive-or snapshots from its neighbor processors in its virtual assistant ring. In view of the fact that checkpointing and recovery of mutual-aid are so simple and efficient, this increases the performance, reduces application running time, and allows more frequent checkpoints. Moreover, it could be employed towards a very largescale and high performance computing field because of its distributed methods as well as localized operations. The degree of fault tolerance has achieved higher success than other schemes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4637744,no
A fault location and protection scheme for distribution systems in presence of dg using MLP neural networks,"Traditional electric distribution systems are radial in nature. These networks are protected by very simple protection devices such as over-current relays, fuses, and re-closers. Recent trends in distributed generation (DG) and its useful advantages perfectly can be achieved while the relevant concerns are deliberately taken into account. For example, penetration of DG disturbs the radial nature of conventional distribution networks. Therefore, protection coordination will be changed in some cases, and in some other cases it will be lost. The penetration of DG into distribution networks reinforces the necessity of designing new protection systems for these networks. One of the main capabilities that can improve the efficiency of new protection relays in distribution systems is exact fault locating. In this paper, a novel fault location and protection scheme has been presented to provide the distribution networks with DG. The suggested approach is able to determine the accurate type and location of faults using MLP neural networks. As case study, the proposed scheme has been assessed using a MATLAB based developed software and DIgSILENT Power Factory 13.2 on a sample distribution network.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275863,no
Intelligent Fault Diagnosis System in Large Industrial Networks,"Traditional fault diagnosis system in large industrial networks is not intelligent enough and cannot predict faults. It is too expensive for industrial corporations. This paper brings forward an intelligent fault diagnosis system-IFDS, which uses new types of intelligent database technology, and has the ability of effectively solving the fault diagnosis and prediction issue of current industrial Ethernet network. In addition, this paper discusses some methods which can be implemented in IBM DB2 database.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4770033,no
Application of time series analysis to fault management in MANETs,"Traditional network management systems are not usually able to differentiate between mobility and other causes of communication degradation in wireless mobile ad hoc networks. A fault management system needs the ability to not only detect changes in performance but also reason about their possible causes and how to fix the problems. We propose a system called TimeSAFE (Time Series Analyzer Front End) that performs time series analysis as a front end input to a central fault management system. We show how such an analysis can help to distinguish between motion, obstacles, and interference as possible causes of changes in SINR (Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio). We propose three different methods of time series analysis and also methods for dynamic order selection and dynamic window selection. We describe our implementation of TimeSAFE and provide some preliminary results of detecting changes in SINR and identifying their causes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5691315,no
Fault diagnosis and recovery from structural failures (icing) in unmanned aerial vehicles,"This paper tackles the problem of fault diagnosis and recovery of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) resulting from structural failures (icing). The proposed system consists of two units one for fault diagnosis and another for fault recovery. The goal of the fault diagnosis unit is to detect and estimate the severity of a fault. The recovery unit utilizes information on the estimated fault and adjusts the controller parameters to recover the system from the faulty condition. This methodology is useful mostly for small UAVs, where the available methods for structural fault detection and recovery are too expensive to be applied. Icing problem, which is a well-known structural problem in aerospace industry is considered as a demonstration of this method. Our proposed approach takes advantage of control theory to detect and recover faults within the flight control unit. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and practical use of our proposed approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4815816,no
Perspective correction for improved visual registration using natural features.,"This research proposes a perspective invariant registration algorithm which improves on popular registration algorithms such as SIFT and SURF by correcting for perspective distortion using optical flow. A novel addition to the natural feature based registration process is proposed, which uses orientation information from previously correctly registered frames to attempt perspective correction. This process is evaluated when applied to the Natural Feature algorithms described. This research overcomes the cause of registration failings based on perspective distortion in Natural Feature Tracking, and attempts to find a better resolution than just pruning invalid matches. The results show that the proposed algorithm improved registration on two prominent Natural Feature based Registration algorithms, SIFT and SURF.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4762073,no
Applying Decision Tree in Fault Pattern Analysis for HGA Manufacturing,"This research proposes the design of a fault pattern analysis algorithm based on the C4.5 decision tree technique. We study the actual data collected from a disk drive manufacturing company. Our work emphasizes the HGA manufacturing data. However, the data from the Wafer and the Slider processes are also explored as they may affect the yield of the HGA production. In our algorithm, the data is first retrieved from the data warehouse, and then pre-processed using the regular data cleaning techniques. The critical external and internal data from all operations that are related to the HGA production (machine parameters and product attributes) are used as inputs in our algorithm. The data preparation steps are added to improve the raw data quality. Subsequently, our decision tree technique is employed to categorize decision options that indicate problems on the actual manufacturing environment. Finally, the root causes of the yield degradation will be identified in three categories of attributes (machine, material and method). The data analysts in a HDD company can use this tool to automatically summarize the problems on the manufacturing line. Yield can then be improved by adjusting parameters and/or attributes as suggested by the algorithm. In this paper, we also describe the algorithm through a simple example. Further study will be performed and the experiments will be elaborated in the near future.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5066772,no
Wavelet-based switching faults detection in direct torque control induction motor drives,"This study describes a method of detection and identification of IGBT-based drive open-circuit faults in direct torque control (DTC) induction motor drives. The detection mechanism is based on wavelet decomposition. The Symlet2 wavelet was selected as the wavelet base to perform stator current analysis during transients. In this method, the stator currents will be used as an input to the system. The MATLAB program was used to process discreet wavelet transform (DWT) of the signals. The stator current was used for the detection of the fault. When an open-circuit fault appears in an inverter IGBT, the signal fault information is included in each frequency region. There are spikes in the sixth level detail for incipient faults. The time of the spikes in the DWT is correlated with the time of fault. As a result of time domain studies, a faulty system can be easily discriminated from a healthy one. In this study the analysis of electrical transients arising during switch open-circuit faults in a three-phase power inverter feeding DTC induction motor drives was decomposed using the wavelet transform. The results demonstrate that the proposed fault detection and diagnosis system has very good capabilities.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5586668,no
A verification of fault tree for safety integrity level evaluation,"This study focuses on a novel approach which automatically proves the correctness and completeness of fault trees based on a formal model by model checking. This study represents that the model checking technique is useful when validating the correctness of informal safety analysis such as FTA. The benefits of this study are that it provides the probability of formally validating FTA by proving correctness and completeness of the fault trees. In addition to this benefit, it is possible that the CTL technique proves the FTA based SIL.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5334238,no
Power System Fault Data Compression Wavelet Parametric Investigation,"This work presents a performance comparison method for wavelet based compression of three-phase signals. Input signals are simulated on ATP software, while the mother wavelets, compression thresholds and transform detail levels are changed. Thousands of compressed output signals are thus obtained, and the compression rate and error are calculated. These performance indicators are analyzed, based on which a group of wavelet compression parameters is obtained.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5352824,no
Fault detection and diagnosis for stand alone system based on induction generator,"This work presents an intelligent stand-alone system that is monitoring and analyzing results with the insertion of faults in this system. To fault detection it is used root mean square value combined with neural network. To ensure the fault signature, it was made different harmonic analysis simulations. The results obtained so far indicated that is possible detect the failure in the stand-alone system, so that, improving the repair of this system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5347719,no
Fast motion estimation based on adaptive search range adjustment and matching error prediction,"This work presents fast motion estimation (ME) by using both an adaptive search range adjustment and a matching error prediction. The basic idea of the proposed scheme is based on adjusting a given search range adaptively and predicting a block matching errors effectively. The adaptive search range adjustment is first performed by analyzing the contents of a scene. Next, the total block matching error is estimated by using partial errors of sub-sampled blocks to eliminate invalid blocks earlier for ME. In order to evaluate the proposed scheme, several baseline approaches are described and compared. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the computational cost more than 81% for ME at the cost of 0.01 dB image quality degradation versus the conventional PDE algorithm1. The main contributions of the proposed approach are that 1) it can reduce the computational cost considerably; 2) it can be applied to conventional PDE algorithms without significant changes; and 3) it can be a useful tool for fast ME in the consumer electronics-related field.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5174458,no
Phase Characterization and Classification for Micro-architecture Soft Error,"Transient faults have become a key challenge to modern processor design. Processor designers take Architectural Vulnerability Factor (AVF) as an estimation method of micro-architectures soft error rate. Dynamic, phase-based system reliability management, which tunes system hardware and software parameters at runtime for different phases, has become a focus in the field of processor design. Phase characterization technique (PCT) and phase classification algorithm (PCA) determine the accuracy of phase identification, which is the foundation of dynamic, phase-based system management. To our knowledge, this paper is the first to give a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of PCTs and PCAs for micro-architecture soft error. We first compare the efficiency of basic block vectors (BBV) and performance metric counters (PMC) based PCTs in reliability-oriented phase characterization on three micro-architectural structures (i.e. instruction queue, function unit and reorder buffer). Experimental results show that PMC based PCT performs better than BBV based PCT for most programs studied. Also, we compare the accuracy of three clustering algorithms (i.e. hierarchical clustering, k-means clustering and regression tree) in reliability-oriented phase classification. Regression tree method is demonstrated to improve the accuracy of classification by 30% compared with other two PCAs on average. Furthermore, based on the comparisons of PCTs and PCAs, we propose the optimal combination of PCT and PCA for soft error reliability-oriented phase identification - the combination of PMC and regression tree. In addition, we quantify the upper bound of predictability of AVF using BBV/PMC. Overall, an average of 82% AVF can be explained by PMC, while BBV can explain 78% AVF averagely.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5703596,no
Side match distortion based adaptive error concealment order for 1Seg video broadcasting application,"Transmission of compressed video over error prone channels may result in packet losses or errors, which can significantly degrade the image quality. Such degradation even becomes worse in 1Seg video broadcasting application, which is widely used in Japan and Brazil for mobile phone TV service, where errors are drastically increased and huge conjunctive areas inside a picture may be corrupted. In this case the error concealment order -to decide which MB should be concealed earlier -may highly influence image quality. Aimed this problem, this paper proposes an adaptive concealment order based on well-known boundary matching algorithm (BMA). The concealment order is carefully chosen according to a lost MB's priority, which is formulated considering a concealed MB's side match distortion: an MB with smaller distortion should be concealed earlier compared with an MB with larger distortion. As for formulation of side match distortion, not only the current corrupted MB's, but also the neighboring MB's, which is caused by error propagation, are included. Compared with reference work [10], the experiments show our proposal achieves better performance of video recovery under different error rate channel in 1Seg application.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5117703,no
Error concealment considering error propagation inside a frame,"Transmission of compressed video over error prone channels may result in packet losses or errors, which can significantly degrade the image quality. Such degradation even becomes worse in 1Seg video broadcasting, which is widely used in Japan and Brazil for mobile phone TV service recently, where errors are drastically increased and lost areas are contiguous. Therefore the errors in earlier concealed MBs (macro blocks) may propagate to the MBs later to be concealed inside the same frame (spatial domain). The error concealment (EC) is used to recover the lost data by the redundancy in videos. Aiming at spatial error propagation (SEP) reduction, this paper proposes a SEP reduction based EC (SEPEC). In SEPEC, besides the mismatch distortion in current MB, the potential propagated mismatch distortion in the following to be concealed MBs is also minimized. Also, 2 extensions of SEPEC, that SEPEC with refined search and SEPEC with multiple layer match are discussed. Compared with previous work, the experiments show SEPEC achieves much better performance of video recovery and excellent trade-off between quality and computation in 1Seg broadcasting in terms of computation cost.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5662053,no
Implementing Probabilistic Risk Assessment with Fault Trees to support space exploration missions,This paper seeks to illustrate the implementation of a Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) methodology as a foundation for space mission support risk assessment and management process. Identifying the risks to delivering expected spacecraft data services to a mission is only the first part of the risk assessment. Arriving at a quantified probability (Likelihood) of the manifestation of these risks is the desired outcome of the process.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5446863,no
Formal Fault Tolerant Architecture,"This paper shows the need of development by refinement: from most abstract specification to the implementation, in order to ensure 1) the traceability of the needs and requirements, 2) a good management of the development and 3) a reliable and fault-tolerant design of systems. We propose a formal architecture of models and methods for critical requirements and fault-tolerance. System complexity increases and the choices of their implementation are numerous. So the architecture verification achieves a prominent role in the system design cycle. Fault detecting at this early level decreases the time and costs of correction. We show how a formal method, B method, may be used to write the abstract specification of a system then to product correct-by-construction architecture through many steps of formal refinement. During these steps, a fault scenario is injected with a suitable introspective reaction by the system. All refinement steps, including the introspective correction, should be proven to be correct and satisfy the initial specification of the system. At the lower levels, design is separated between hardware and software communities. But even at these levels many design traces could be captured to prove not only the consistency of each design unit but the coherence between the different sub-parts: software, digital or other technologies",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5532782,no
Fault diagnosis of water hydraulic motor by Hilbert transform and adaptive spectrogram,This paper studied the fault diagnosis of fluid machines by the analysis of the periodic impulse vibration signal. The method is based on Hilbert transform and adaptive wavelet analysis. We apply the Hilbert transform to present the characteristic envelope of the periodic impulsive signal to show the fundamental frequencies. The Gaussian functions are optimized to get the optimal parameters to show the characteristic frequencies of the Hilbert transform-based envelope of the vibration signals. The simulated signal and experimental signal are used to test the method. The results show it is applicable and effective to fault diagnosis of fluid machines by analyzing the periodic impulsive signal.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5413494,no
Detecting Defects in Golden Surfaces of Flexible Printed Circuits Using Optimal Gabor Filters,"This paper studies the application of advanced computer image processing techniques for solving the problem of automated defect detection for golden surfaces of flexible printed circuits (FPC). A special defect detection scheme based on semi-supervised mechanism is proposed, which consists of an optimal Gabor filter and a smoothing filter. The aim is to automatically discriminate between ""known"" non-defective background textures and ""unknown"" defective textures of golden surfaces of FPC. In developing the scheme, the parameters of the optimal Gabor filter are searched with the help of the genetic algorithm based on constrained minimization of a Fisher cost function. The performance of the proposed defect detection scheme is evaluated off-line by using a set of golden images acquired from CCD. The results exhibit accurate defect detection with low false alarms, thus showing the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed scheme.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4739587,no
Scheduling for energy efficiency and fault tolerance in hard real-time systems,"This paper studies the dilemma between fault tolerance and energy efficiency in frame-based real-time systems. Given a set of K tasks to be executed on a system that supports L voltage levels, the proposed heuristic-based scheduling technique minimizes the energy consumption of tasks execution when faults are absent, and preserves feasibility under the worst case of fault occurrences. The proposed technique first finds out the optimal solution in a comparable system that supports continuous voltage scaling, then converts the solution to the original system. The runtime complexity is only (LK<sup>2</sup>). Experimental results show that the proposed approach produces near-optimal results in polynomial time.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5457039,no
Analysis and comparison of several fault line selective methods in small current grounding power system,"Through a small current grounding system of single-phase grounding to steady state and transient analysis and the existing line selection methods are analyzed and compared, their advantages and shortcomings can be gotten. The line of the selection method in the future was pointed out. The wavelet analysis was introduced to selection methods of faults and the fault lines can be selected in the wavelet analysis method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5211736,no
Switching-based fault-tolerant control for an F-16 aircraft with thrust vectoring,"Thrust vectoring technique enables aircraft to perform various maneuvers not available to conventional-engined planes. This paper presents an application of switching control concepts to fault-tolerant control design for an F-16 aircraft model augmented with thrust vectoring. Two controllers are synthesized using a switching logic, and they are switched on a fault parameter. During normal flight conditions, the F-16 aircraft relies on no vectored thrust and the elevator. The thrust vectoring nozzle is only turned on in the presence of elevator failures. Two elevator fault scenarios, lock and loss of effectiveness, are considered. Nonlinear simulation results show that the switching control can guarantee the stability and performance of the faulted system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5400385,no
Optimizing Joint Erasure- and Error-Correction Coding for Wireless Packet Transmissions,"To achieve reliable packet transmission over a wireless link without feedback, we propose a layered coding approach that uses error-correction coding within each packet and erasure-correction coding across the packets. This layered approach is also applicable to an end-to-end data transport over a network where a wireless link is the performance bottleneck. We investigate how to optimally combine the strengths of error- and erasure-correction coding to optimize the system performance with a given resource constraint, or to maximize the resource utilization efficiency subject to a prescribed performance. Our results determine the optimum tradeoff in splitting redundancy between error-correction coding and erasure-correction codes, which depends on the fading statistics and the average signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the wireless channel. For severe fading channels, such as Rayleigh fading channels, the tradeoff leans towards more redundancy on erasure-correction coding across packets, and less so on error-correction coding within each packet. For channels with better fading conditions, more redundancy can be spent on error-correction coding. The analysis has been extended to a limiting case with a large number of packets, and a scenario where only discrete rates are available via a finite number of transmission modes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4686840,no
Cost drivers of software corrective maintenance: An empirical study in two companies,"To estimate the corrective software maintenance effort, we must know the factors that have the strongest influence on corrective maintenance activities. In this study, we have analyzed activities and effort of correcting 810 software defects in one Norwegian software company and 577 software defects in another. We compared the defect profiles according to the defect correction effort. We also analyzed defect descriptions and recorded discussions between developers in the course of correcting defects in order to understand what led to the high cost of correcting some types of defects. The study shows that size and complexity of the software to be maintained, maintainers' experience, and tool and process support are the most influential cost drivers of corrective maintenance in one company, while domain knowledge is one of the main cost drivers of corrective maintenance in the other company. This illustrates that models for estimating software corrective maintenance effort have to be customized based on the defect profiles and cost drivers of each company and project to be useful.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609538,no
Synthesis of Fault-Tolerant Embedded Systems,"This work addresses the issue of design optimization for fault- tolerant hard real-time systems. In particular, our focus is on the handling of transient faults using both checkpointing with rollback recovery and active replication. Fault tolerant schedules are generated based on a conditional process graph representation. The formulated system synthesis approaches decide the assignment of fault-tolerance policies to processes, the optimal placement of checkpoints and the mapping of processes to processors, such that multiple transient faults are tolerated, transparency requirements are considered, and the timing constraints of the application are satisfied.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4484825,no
Fast algebraic fault diagnosis for the electrolytic filter capacitor of buck converter,"This work focuses on fault detection applied to static converters. A new method for estimating parameters of dynamic model of the buck converter is proposed, based on recent algebraic parameters estimators. The diagnosis scheme developed in this paper computes online the filter capacitor aging by determining the equivalent series resistance (ESR). The capacitance and inductance value are also estimated by this method. Finally, the estimators detailed in this study are validated experimentally on a prototype of buck converter.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676079,no
Transfomer fault diagnosis based on rough sets theory and artificial neural networks,"Transformer fault diagnosis based on artificial neural networks (ANN) is widely used, because ANN has essential nonlinear character, parallel processing ability and the ability of self organize and self learning. But there exist problems if we use traditional ANN method alone to diagnose transformer fault, the large input vector dimension and complex training database will cause the computation complexity and the space increase greatly, lead to long training time, slow convergence and low judgement accuracy. In this paper, a hybrid fault diagnosis method combining rough set (RS) theory and ANN (RS-ANN) is presented. Taking advantage of the strong ability of RS theory in processing large data and eliminating redundant information, this method can remove irrelevant factors from the original data and reduce the amount of training data which helps to overcome ANN's defect when process large database. A number of simulation results show that RS-ANN simplifies the networks' structure, reduces the networks' training epochs, improves the judgement accuracy.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4580517,no
Goal trees and fault trees for root cause analysis,"Typical enterprise applications are built upon different platforms, operate in a heterogeneous, distributed environment, and utilize different technologies, such as middleware, databases and Web services. Diagnosing the root causes of problems in such systems is difficult in part due to the number of possible configuration and tuning parameters. Today a variety of tools are used to aid operators of enterprise applications identify root causes. For example, a user input validation tool detects and prevents Website intrusions or a log analysis tool identifies malfunctioning components. Searching for the root causes of such failures in a myriad of functional and non-functional requirements poses significant challenges-not only for users, but also for experienced operators when monitoring, auditing, and diagnosing systems. We propose the notion of a guide map-a set of goal trees and fault trees-to aid users in the process of choosing (supported by high level goal trees) and applying (supported by low level fault trees) suitable diagnostic tools. In this paper we discuss two case studies to illustrate how the guide map aids users to apply two home grown diagnostic tools.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4658098,no
An Ultrasonic System for Detecting Channel Defects in Flexible Packages,"Ultrasonic system was developed for detecting channel defects embedded in bonded 2-sheet flexible packages film. This hardware system consisted of spherically focused 22.66-MHz ultrasonic transducer, four-axis precision positioning system, NI PXI-bus embedded controller and ultrasonic pulser-receiver. The software system was designed based on the modularization, realized the echo signal on-line processing using ultrasonic backscattered echo envelope integral (BEEI) imaging method. Some experimental results were presented, and the BEEI-mode imaging of channel defect was shown. The system can be easily used to detect the channel defects in flexible packages.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4659633,no
Fast Single-Turn Sensitive Stator Inter-Turn Fault Detection of Induction Machines Based on Positive and Negative Sequence Third Harmonic Components of Line Currents,"Unambiguous detection of stator inter-turn faults for induction machines at their incipient stage, i.e., few turns' fault, has recently received great attention. Traditionally, inter- turn faults are detected using negative sequence current and impedance. However, their effectiveness under supply unbalance conditions is questionable. Recently line current third harmonic (+3f) has also been used in an attempt to achieve this goal. But, issues such as inherent structural asymmetry and voltage unbalance also influence the +3f. In this paper, positive and negative sequence third harmonics (plusmn3f) of line current under different operating conditions have been explored by combining space and time harmonics. The suggested fault signature was obtained by removing residual components from tested quantities. Simulation and experimental results using one second of data indicate proposed plusmn3f signatures are capable of very effectively detecting even single turn fault and distinguish it from voltage unbalance and structural asymmetry.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4658813,no
Enhancing the low quality images using Unsupervised Colour Correction Method,"Underwater images are affected by reduced contrast and non-uniform colour cast due to the absorption and scattering of light in the aquatic environment. This affects the quality and reliability of image processing and therefore colour correction is a necessary pre-processing stage. In this paper, we propose an Unsupervised Colour Correction Method (UCM) for underwater image enhancement. UCM is based on colour balancing, contrast correction of RGB colour model and contrast correction of HSI colour model. Firstly, the colour cast is reduced by equalizing the colour values. Secondly, an enhancement to a contrast correction method is applied to increase the Red colour by stretching red histogram towards the maximum (i.e., right side), similarly the Blue colour is reduced by stretching the blue histogram towards the minimum (i.e., left side). Thirdly, the Saturation and Intensity components of the HSI colour model have been applied for contrast correction to increase the true colour using Saturation and to address the illumination problem through Intensity. We compare our results with three well known methods, namely Gray World, White Patch and Histogram Equalisation using Adobe Photoshop. The proposed method has produced better results than the existing methods.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5642311,no
Software Assumptions Lead to Preventable Errors,"Undocumented assumptions are often the cause of serious software system failure. Thus, to reduce such failures, developers must become better at discovering and documenting their assumptions. In this article, we focus on common categories of assumptions in software, discuss methods for recognizing when developers are making them, and recommend techniques for documenting them.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5189570,no
Unequal Error Protection Schema for Wireless H.264 Video Transmission Based on Perceived Motion Energy Model,"Unequal error protection on video transmission is widely used to combat with bit errors in the wireless channel. However, current UEP schemas are based on heuristic approaches and taking no account of the characteristics of human visual system. In this paper, a novel unequal error protection schema for wireless H.264 video transmission based on a modified perceived motion energy (PME) model is presented. According to the sensitive characteristics to video motions of human eyes, the proposed modified PME model taking account to the encoding features of H.264/AVC standard to analyze and model the motions in H.264/AVC encoded video. Based on this model, the video bitstream is divided into several quality layers and unequal error protection is designed to protect the layered bitstream for the transmission over wireless channels. Experiment results show that higher video transmission quality is obtained.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4813570,no
Fault-Tolerance in Universal Middleware Bridge,Universal middleware bridge (UMB) provides seamless interoperation among heterogeneous home network middleware. There have been high demands for the UMB components (UMB core and adaptors) to have fault- tolerance capabilities. This paper presents a TMO structuring approach together with new implementation techniques for the fault-tolerant TMO-replica structuring scheme called PSTR. PSTR implementations of UMB components provide fault tolerance capabilities essential in realizing high reliability for the UMB facility.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4519619,no
Fault Behavior in Fire Control System Based on Extendable Petri Net,"Use the Petri net theory and studied out a synthetical expression method of static state and trends behavior in fire control system fault diagnose. The method may be convenient and succinct for fault phenomenon of multilayer rank order and many route. Amount of work is simplified in the fault diagnose system. The fault information characteristic, fault information molde and propagation behavior fashion are expounded. The algorithm for system fault information characteristic is put. The Petri net molde of fault diagnose administrative levels and mixed fault is set up. The fault information propagation route is gained in system analysis. The trends transition of fault behavior is analyzed, to find the solution of system the smallest cut set and path.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635914,no
Study on Computer-Aided Fault Tree Construction for Geological Disasters,"Using the object-oriented plat software OEC, an expert system for aiding construction of fault trees for geological disasters is developed. The friendly user interface is provided by the system. This system also affords user some other functions, such as knowledge base maintenance, following up the scent and help function. By means of the computer expert system for aiding fault tree construction, the common people can construct fault tree for geological disasters at the level of an expert, and analyzes the cause of the accidents subsequently. The principle, process of the construction and important functions of computer-aided fault tree construction were discussed in this paper.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5207687,no
Improvement of myocardial perfusion defect severity quantitation in cardiac SPECT: A simulation study,"We aim at improving the quantitative assessment of the severity of myocardial perfusion defects in cardiac SPECT imaging. The idea of a numerical heart template is utilized, which enables a patient specific measurement of defect severity as opposed to the more traditional population-based approaches. Using NCAT we developed three male thorax phantoms with different orientations and sizes of the left ventricle. Each heart contained a small (5%) inferior wall defect with a severity of 20-80%. The SimSET code was used to perform 21 simulations modeling cardiac SPECT acquisitions with a Tc-99m radiotracer, LEHR collimator, 64A64 matrix, and 60 camera stops. A conventional method (CM) of defect severity assessment included the MLEM reconstruction with 40 iterations and a calculation of the ratio, RCM, of the average activity concentrations in the defect and the normal heart. Our template method (TM) calculates a new ratio, RTM, which is a correction to RCM by rescaling it between two reference levels corresponding to a completely non-perfused defect and a healthy myocardium. These levels are calculated by projecting and reconstructing two numerical heart templates (may be based on CT in clinical studies) with activity ratios in defect to normal heart set to zero and unity, respectively. The proposed TM method was more accurate and more sensitive to small changes in defect severity than CM. While CM showed no defect (RCM was equal to 0.98-1.02) in the case with 20% severity (true ratio is 0.8), TM led to RTM values of 0.84-0.92. On average, our TM technique exhibited a 17% improvement in defect to normal ratios relative the CM method. Our proposed method offers a patient-specific assessment of perfusion defect severity in SPECT without the limitations intrinsic to traditional methodologies (e.g. extreme heart geometries).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5401640,no
Impact of channel estimation errors in amplify-and-forward cooperative transmission,"We analyze the impact of the channel estimation errors in amplify-and-forward (AF) cooperative communication systems over Rayleigh fading channels with multi-relays assisted. We derive the exact closed-form and the approximate expressions of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the received signal-noise-ratio (SNR) for each link. The variance of channel estimation errors varies for different values of the transmit SNR, dominated by the channel estimation quality order. We also present the approximate expression of the average symbol error rate (SER) under different levels of channel estimation errors by using the moment-generating function (MGF) based approach. Numerical results confirm that our theoretical analysis for SER is very accurate.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5633486,no
Development of component-based normalization correction for the Clear-PEM system,We are developing a component-based normalization correction for the Clear-PEM positron emission mammography system. This system consists of two opposing parallel planar detectors that rotate around the breast. The distance between detector plates can vary to adapt to the patient and scintillation light is read at two ends of the crystals for Depth of Interaction (DOI) information. The normalization model currently accounts for intrinsic and geometric efficiencies using new methods specifically developed for this purpose. Both efficiencies are calculated from data obtained with a planar source that is parallel to the two detector plates. Support for other components (deadtime and DOI) is currently being developed. The whole normalization scheme is in the process of being assessed with real data using planar and cylindrical sources.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5401637,no
Real-Time Distributed Discrete-Event Execution with Fault Tolerance,"We build on PTIDES, a programming model for distributed embedded systems that uses discrete-event (DE) models as program specifications. PTIDES improves on distributed DE execution by allowing more concurrent event processing without backtracking. This paper discusses the general execution strategy for PTIDES, and provides two feasible implementations. This execution strategy is then extended with tolerance for hardware errors. We take a program transformation approach to automatically enhance DE models with incremental checkpointing and state recovery functionality. Our fault tolerance mechanism is lightweight and has low overhead. It requires very little human intervention. We incorporate this mechanism into PTIDES for efficient execution of fault- tolerant real-time distributed DE systems.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4550793,no
Correction of in-band self-interference due to imperfect frequency synthesizer,"We consider a synthesizer proposed for multiband OFDM. This paper presents a simple way to correct the in-band default caused by the non-ideal frequency synthesizer, in the case of one user. This compensation is a first step toward the possibility of a conception of a less constrained synthesizer.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5290886,no
Multi-error-correcting amplitude damping codes,"We construct new families of multi-error-correcting quantum codes for the amplitude damping channel. Our key observation is that, with proper encoding, two uses of the amplitude damping channel simulate a quantum erasure channel. This allows us to use concatenated codes with quantum erasure-correcting codes as outer codes for correcting multiple amplitude damping errors. Our new codes are degenerate stabilizer codes and have parameters which are better than the amplitude damping codes obtained by any previously known construction.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5513648,no
Traveling wave-based fault location experiences,"Transmission utility companies continuously strive for high availability of their lines. When a line is off service following a permanent fault, a significant amount of the time during the restore the line can be attributed to locating the point of the fault. This paper shows how this time can be significantly reduced using highly accurate traveling wave (TW) fault locators. It describes location results of several faults in three separated transmissions lines. The collected data are compared to those obtained by considering one- and two-end impedance location algorithms for the same faults. It also highlights the unique characteristics of Reason fault locators to overcome common problems of other TW solutions existing in the market.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5469508,no
Assessment and implementation of NOAA NWP-based tropospheric correction model,"Tropospheric delay is one of the dominant Global Positioning System (GPS) errors, which degrades the positioning accuracy. Recent developments in tropospheric modeling rely on implementation of more accurate Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. In North America one of the NWP-based tropospheric correction models is the NOAA model, which has been developed by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Because of its potential to improve the GPS positioning accuracy, the NOAA tropospheric correction model became the focus of many researchers. In this paper, we analyzed the performance of the NOAA tropospheric correction model and examined its effect on precise point positioning (PPP) solution. We generated a three-year-long tropospheric zenith total delay (ZTD) data series for the NOAA, Hopfield, and the IGS final tropospheric correction product, respectively. These data sets were generated at ten IGS reference stations spanning Canada and the United States. We analyzed the NOAA ZTD data series and compared them with those of the Hopfield model. The IGS final tropospheric product was used as a reference. The analysis shows that the performance of the NOAA model is a function of both season (time of the year) and geographical location. However, its performance was superior to the Hopfield model in all cases. We further investigated the effect of implementing the NOAA model on the PPP solution convergence and accuracy, which again showed superior performance in comparison with the Hopfield model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5444484,no
A Trustworthy Network Fault Diagnosis Approach,"Trustworthy network fault diagnosis approach is one critical management item to enhance network trustworthiness. Aiming at gaining highly trustworthy of fault diagnosis in Internet, we present a trustworthy fault diagnosis approach based on integration of Artificial Neural Network and Rule-based Reasoning. Supported by the topology of hierarchical and distributed in multi-domains, reasoning rule matrix and its operation are studied to acquire parallel reasoning capability. Moreover, the quantitative trustworthy degree is defined and information entropy is applied to define threshold function marked on arcs and nodes in the Artificial Neural Network. Our approach possesses higher parallel capability guaranteeing by matrix operation and trustworthiness by trustworthy degree definition and calculation using Artificial Neural Network. Further, it is general so that it can be transplanted into various application fields.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5455077,no
Distributed fault diagnostics for tactical networks,"We present a design and an evaluation of a distributed fault diagnostic system (FDS) that copes with changing wireless network topology, complexity and size of fault propagation patterns, constrained bandwidth, and limited computing power of the mobile devices. The presented FDS consists of several components: run-time synthesis algorithm to generate network-wide fault dependency model (FPM), scalable Bayesian inference algorithms, and novel techniques for optimally distributing inference to ensure the scalability of our approach. We describe three algorithms for distributing inference, each of them using different technique for maximizing the fault-symptom locality: Fault-based Adaptive algorithm, Topology-based Adaptive algorithm, and Topology-based Probabilistic algorithm. We have evaluated the performance of the proposed approach in a simulated environment using abstract models of a real-life tactical network, and compared it to a centralized approach. We found that our techniques allows for a significant gain in the processing time (30 times improvement for the best performing technique), and exhibit only a minimal reduction (3% percentage points) in the accuracy of the fault diagnostics.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5680133,no
Uncertainty of Timebase Corrections,We develop a covariance matrix describing the uncertainty of a new timebase for waveform measurements determined with the National Institute of Standards and Technology's timebase correction algorithm. This covariance matrix is used with covariance matrices associated with other random and systematic effects in the propagation of uncertainty for the measured waveform.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5229286,no
Dynamic Causality Diagram in Vehicular Engine's Fault Diagnosis,"We discuss the knowledge expression, reasoning and probability computing in dynamic causality diagram, which is developed from the belief network and overcomes some shortages of belief network. The model of causality diagram used for vehicular enginepsilas fault diagnosis is brought forward, and the model constructing method and reasoning algorithm are also presented. At last, an application example in the vehicular enginepsilas fault diagnosis is given which shows that the method is effective.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5208976,no
Design on the Fault Diagnostic System Based on Virtual Instrument Technique,"Virtual instrument (VI) is one of the most prevalent technologies in the domain of testing, control and fault diagnosis systems, etc. In order to update entirely the means of the equipment testing for shipboard equipment, the fault diagnostic system for shipboard equipment is developed, based on VI technology, Delphi and database. The performance and constitutes of VI are introduced briefly. The modularization and universalization are proposed in its database-based design concept, realizing the design of software and hardware. The ODBC technique is applied for the interconnection of databases to ensure the generality and flexibility of the system. The aim of this design is to resolve the problems existing in the usage of testing equipments. The system mode the best of VI platform and grey diagnosis method, broke through conventional check diagnosis patterns for warships equipment, solved the problems of state prediction and trouble-mode recognition of warships equipment. It has been proved from the application that the system has merits both the testing speed and high accuracy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4771937,no
Extended Minimum Classification Error Training in Voice Activity Detection,"Voice activity detection (VAD) is a fundamental part of speech processing. Combination of multiple acoustic features is an effective approach to make VAD more robust against various noise conditions. There have been proposed several feature combination methods, in which weights for feature values are optimized based on minimum classification error (MCE) training. We improve these MCE-based methods by introducing a novel discriminative function for whole frames. The proposed method optimizes combination weights taking into account the ratio between false acceptance and false rejection rates as well as the effect of the use of shaping procedures such as hangover.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5373251,no
Self-Organizing Map-Based Fault Dictionary Application Research on Rolling Bearing Faults,"Vibration signal resulting from rolling bearing defects presents a rich content of physical information, the appropriate analysis methods of which can lead to the clear identification of the nature of the fault. A novel procedure is presented for construction of fault diagnosis dictionary through self-organization map (SOM). The experiments show that the bearing faults diagnosis dictionary could be effectively applied in the vibration pattern recognition for a roller bearing system.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4667152,no
An Efficient Technique for Error-Free Implementation of H.264 Using Algebraic Integer Encoding,"Video coding technology plays a key role in various multimedia applications. H.264 is the newest video coding standard and has achieved a significant improvement in coding efficiency. The 4*4 integer transform, as one of the key techniques in H.264 video compression standard, is very important for the whole performance of H.264 codec. In this paper we propose a novel algorithm for fast and error-free (infinite-precision) implementation of H.264 based on algebraic integer-encoding scheme. The proposed algorithm has regular structure. Simulation results show that this algorithm will result in reduction of computation complexity while enhancing the quality of obtained image simultaneously. Determining the quality of an image is an open problem that is highly dependent on the specific application that this image will be used for. We propose new measuring quantities for image quality.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5432686,no
On-line sensor calibration and error modeling using single actuator stimulus,"We have developed an on-line in-field nonparametric calibration and error modeling approach. The approach employs a single excitation source as the external stimulus to create differential sensor readings. Under very mild assumptions imposed on the calibration functions, error model and the environment model, the technique utilizes the maximal likelihood principle and a nonlinear function minimization to derive both simultaneously the calibration function and the error model of a specified accuracy. Resubstitution is then used in order to establish the interval of confidence. The approach is intrinsically localized and we present two variants: i) one where only pairs of neighboring sensors communicate in order to conduct calibration and construct error model; ii) one where a provably minimum amount of communication is achieved. While the idea of employing external actuators to conduct calibration is generic in the sense that it can be applied to any sensor modality, in this paper we demonstrate and evaluate the approach using traces from light sensors and acoustic signal-based distance measurements recorded by in-field deployed sensors.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4839484,no
Web Services for Automated Fault Analysis in Electrical Power System,"Web Services for Automated Fault Analysis (WS-AFA) in Electrical Power System is described in this paper. WS-AFA is a new solution to investigate and analyze fault and disturbance records from Digital Fault Recorders (DFRs) or other Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) in substations. The paper describes the overall system architecture as well as the implementation of the services. C# and Dot NET technology has been successfully used for efficient implementation of the Web services. WS-AFA is composed of signal segmentation, signal analysis, fault type classification, fault recorded viewer and fault location services. Such services are designed to enhance manual investigation performed by engineers in power utility.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5331649,no
An Analytic Model for Fault Diagnosis in Power Systems Considering Malfunctions of Protective Relays and Circuit Breakers,"When a fault occurs on a section or a component in a given power system, if one or more protective relays (PRs) and/or circuit breakers (CBs) associated do not work properly, or in other words, a malfunction or malfunctions happen with these PRs and/or CBs, the outage area could be extended. As a result, the complexity of the fault diagnosis could be greatly increased. The existing analytic models for power system fault diagnosis do not systematically address the possible malfunctions of PRs and/or CBs, and hence may lead to incorrect diagnosis results if such malfunctions do occur. Given this background, based on the existing analytic models, an effort is made to develop a new analytic model to well take into account of the possible malfunctions of PRs and/or CBs, and further to improve the accuracy of fault diagnosis results. The developed model does not only estimate the faulted section(s), but also identify the malfunctioned PRs and/or CBs as well as the missing and/or false alarms. A software system is developed for practical applications, and realistic fault scenarios from an actual power system are served for demonstrating the correctness of the presented model and the efficiency of the developed software system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5471043,no
Fast vignetting correction and color matching for panoramic image stitching,"When images are stitched together to form a panorama there is often color mismatch between the source images due to vignetting and differences in exposure and white balance between images. In this paper a low complexity method is proposed to correct vignetting and differences in color between images, producing panoramas that look consistent across all source images. Unlike most previous methods which require complex non-linear optimization to solve for correction parameters, our method requires only linear regressions with a low number of parameters, resulting in a fast, computationally efficient method. Experimental results show the proposed method effectively removes vignetting effects and produces images that are highly visually consistent in color and brightness.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5414326,no
Fault Diagnosis for Analogy Circuits Based on Support Vector Machines,"When it is hard to obtain training samples, the fault classifier based on support vector machine (SVM) can diagnose faults with high accuracy. It can easily be generalized and put to practical use. In this paper, a fault classifier based on support vector machine (SVM) is proposed for analog circuits. It can classify the faults in the target circuit effectively and accurately. In order to test the algorithm, an analog circuit fault diagnosis system based on SVM is designed for the measurement circuit that approximates the square curve with a broken line. After being trained with practical measurement data, the system is shown to be capable of diagnosing faults hidden in real measurement data accurately. Therefore, the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381893,no
Dynamic Test Compaction for Transition Faults in Broadside Scan Testing Based on an Influence Cone Measure,"We propose a compact test generation method for transition faults, which is driven by a conflict-avoidance scheme employed during test generation. Based on an influence-cone function for transition faults in broadside scan testing, two dynamic test compaction schemes, named selfish test compaction and unselfish test compaction respectively, are proposed. The selfish test compaction tries to compact as many faults as possible into the current test, while the unselfish scheme attempts to compact the tests of the hard-to-compact faults into the current test. Potential conflicts produced by the signal requirements at the pseudo-primary outputs in the first frame are avoided through the use of an input dependency graph. Experimental results and comparison with existing approaches demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5116643,no
Proxy-Based Reference Picture Selection for Error Resilient Conversational Video in Mobile Networks,We propose a frame dependency management strategy for error robust transmission of conversational video in mobile networks. We consider an end-to-end video transmission scenario that involves both a wireless uplink as well as a wireless downlink plus some intermediate wireline network transmission. We also investigate the special cases of an end-to-end scenario where only a wireless uplink or a wireless downlink is present. We cope with packet loss on the downlink by retransmitting lost packets from the base station to the receiver for error recovery. Retransmissions are enabled by using fixed-distance reference picture selection during encoding with a prediction distance that corresponds to the round-trip time of the downlink combined with accelerated decoding. We deal with transmission errors on the uplink by sending acknowledgments and predicting the next frame to encode from those slices that have been correctly received by the base station. We show that these two separate approaches for uplink and downlink efficiently complement one another and the resulting end-to-end scheme is characterized by very low computational complexity. We compare our scheme to several state-of-the-art error resiliency approaches and report significant improvements.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4703227,no
Error concealment for spatially Scalable Video Coding using hallucination,"We propose a new error concealment method based on hallucination for Scalable Video Coding with spatial scalability. In this method, parts of the frames which lose the enhancement layer are up-sampled from base layer and ldquohallucinatedrdquo as concealment frames. The database for hallucination is generated from the high-resolution and low-resolution frame-pairs near the lost frames in the video sequence. The effectiveness of hallucination here lies in the similarity between the nearby frames in the video sequence. Experiments show that the proposed method has superior results over the state-of-the-art error concealment method for spatially Scalable Video Coding.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5117702,no
Keynote: Hierarchical Fault Detection in Embedded Control Software,"We propose a two-tiered hierarchical approach for detecting faults in embedded control software during their runtime operation: The observed behavior is monitored against the appropriate specifications at two different levels, namely, the software level and the controlled-system level. (The additional controlled- system level monitoring safeguards against any possible incompleteness at the software level monitoring.) A software fault is immediately detected when an observed behavior is rejected by a software level monitor. In contrast, when a system level monitor rejects an observed behavior it indicates a system level failure, and an additional isolation step is required to conclude whether a software fault occurred. This is done by tracking the executed behavior in the system model comprising of the models for the software and those for the nonfaulty hardware components: An acceptance by such a model indicates the presence of a software fault. The design of both the software-level and system-level monitors is modular and hence scalable (there exists one monitor for each property), and further the monitors are constructed directly from the property specifications and do not require any software or system model. Such models are required only for the fault isolation step when the detection occurs at the system level. We use input-output extended finite automata (I/O- EFA) for software as well as system level modeling, and also for modeling the property monitors. Note since the control changes only at the discrete times when the system/environment states are sampled, the controlled- system has a discrete-time hybrid dynamics which can be modeled as an I/O-EFA.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4591674,no
"A Distributed (Constant of R, 2)-Approximation Algorithm for Fault-Tolerant Facility Location","We propose an approximation algorithm for the problem of Fault-Tolerant Facility Location which is implemented in a distributed and asynchronous manner within O(n) rounds of communication. Here n is the number of vertices in the network. As far as we know, the performance guarantee of similar algorithms (centralized) remains unknown except a special case where all cities have a uniform connectivity requirement. In this paper, we assume the shortest-path routing scheme deployed, as well as a constant (given) size of R, which represents the distinct levels of fault-tolerant capability provided by the system (i. e distinct connectivity requirements), and prove that the cost of our solution is no more than |R| A F* + 2 A C* in the general case, where F* and C* are respectively the facility cost and connection cost in an optimal solution. Further more, extensive numerical experiments showed that the quality of our solutions is comparable to the optimal solutions when |R| is no more than 10.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5372818,no
ConfErr: A tool for assessing resilience to human configuration errors,"We present ConfErr, a tool for testing and quantifying the resilience of software systems to human-induced configuration errors. ConfErr uses human error models rooted in psychology and linguistics to generate realistic configuration mistakes; it then injects these mistakes and measures their effects, producing a resilience profile of the system under test. The resilience profile, capturing succinctly how sensitive the target software is to different classes of configuration errors, can be used for improving the software or to compare systems to each other. ConfErr is highly portable, because all mutations are performed on abstract representations of the configuration files. Using ConfErr, we found several serious flaws in the MySQL and Postgres databases, Apache web server, and BIND and djbdns name servers; we were also able to directly compare the resilience of functionally-equivalent systems, such as MySQL and Postgres.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630084,no
Evaluation of replication and fault detection in P2P-MPI,"We present in this paper an evaluation of fault management in the grid middleware P2P-MPI. One of P2P-MPI's objective is to support environments using commodity hardware. Hence, running programs is failure prone and a particular attention must be paid to fault management. The fault management covers two issues: fault-tolerance and fault detection. P2P-MPI provides a transparent fault tolerance facility based on replication of computations. Fault detection concerns the monitoring of the program execution by the system. The monitoring is done through a distributed set of modules called failure detectors. In this paper, we report results from several experiments which show the overhead of replication, and the cost of fault detection.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5160969,no
Monitoring a tunneling in an urbanized area with Terrasar-X interferometry  Surface deformation measurements and atmospheric error treatment,"We present results from a deformation monitoring to demonstrate potential and limitations of TerraSAR-X interferometry to measure vertical displacements due to the tunneling of main sewerage pipes along the river Emscher in Germany. In spite of higher sensitivity for deformation gradients the potential for deformation monitoring benefits from high spatial and temporal resolution of the TerraSAR-X data. We analyzed a large stack of TerraSAR-X stripmap scenes to derive regional pattern of vertical displacements with differential SAR Interferometry and small-scale displacements and deformation of objects (infrastructure and houses) in time series of SAR-scenes with Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI). First results from PSI are promising with a great number of detected PS. We show deformation measurements with Artificial Corner Reflectors. Short-time interferograms (11 or 22 days) show high coherence for large areas and therefore are likely less infected by unwrapping errors. Atmospheric errors are important for X-Band SAR. Expected deformation in our application is in the range of mm to cm, similar to tropospheric delay features in their spatial and temporal extent. The atmospheric phase screen in PSI and stacking procedures are smoothing the nonuniform deformation history of progressing tunneling.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5417990,no
The effect of 3D building reconstruction errors on propagation prediction using geospatial data in cyberspace,"When the 3D building structures visualized in Google Earth are reconstructed using photogrametric method, errors or inaccuracies will occur to the building vertices and the building heights. In this paper the statistics of these errors are discussed and the effect of these errors on the propagation prediction results is examined in detail. It is found that our reconstruction method introduces distance errors to the building vertices and height errors to the building heights. These errors are less than 0.5 meters in 95% of the cases. The vertex error will cause an average mean error of -0.2 dB and an average standard deviation of 5.1 dB to the predicted path gains compared to the reference case. And the height error, in the cases investigated in this paper, is very small and can be ignored. These results match the observations in the literature for different propagation environments. The 3D reconstruction method is then shown to be of satisfactory accuracy in terms of propagation prediction.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5171829,no
Content-Adaptive Interpolation for Spatial Error Concealment,"When transmitting encoded images over a communication channel, the reconstructed image quality can be substantially degraded by channel errors. This paper presents a spatial error concealment algorithm that utilizes variance of surrounding pixels, and then classifies each error block (EB) into two categories: uniform block and edge block. For uniform block, nearest border prior spatial interpolation is adopted to restore missing pixels. We use the Wiener interpolation algorithm and special interpolation sequence for edge block. Experimental results indicate the proposed algorithm can attain well restored quality of intra-frames both subjectively and objectively. Meanwhile, the computational cost of the proposed algorithm can be significantly reduced, compared to Lipsilas method. And the restored quality is almost the same, sometimes even much better.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5169591,no
The GPS Contribution to the Error Budget of Surface Elevations Derived From Airborne LIDAR,"When using airborne LIDAR to produce digital elevation models, the global positioning system (GPS) positioning of the LIDAR instrument is often the limiting factor, with accuracies typically quoted as being 10-30 cm. However, a comprehensive analysis of the accuracy and precision of GPS positioning of aircraft over large temporal and spatial scales is lacking from the literature. Here, an assessment is made of the likely GPS contribution to the airborne LIDAR measurement error budget by analyzing more than 500 days of continuous GPS data over a range of baseline lengths (3-960 km) and elevation differences (400-2000 m). Height errors corresponding to the 95th percentile are <0.15 m when using algorithms commonly applied in commercial software over 3-km baselines. These errors increase to 0.25 m at 45 km and <0.5 m at 250 km. At aircraft altitudes, relative heights are shown to be potentially biased by additional errors approaching 0.2 m, partly due to unmodeled tropospheric zenith total delay (ZTD). The application of advanced algorithms, including parameterization of the residual ZTD, gives error budgets that are largely constant despite baseline length and elevation differences. In this case, height errors corresponding to the 95th percentile are <0.22 m out to 960 km, and similar levels are shown for one randomly chosen day over a 2300-km baseline.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4711118,no
Red-eye detection and correction using inpainting in digital photographs,"When we take pictures with flash, red-eye effect often appears in photographs. Flash light passing through pupil is reflected on the blood vessels, and arrives at a camera lens. This phenomenon makes red-eyes in photographs. Several algorithms have been proposed for removal of red-eyes in digital photographs. This paper proposes a red-eye removal algorithm using inpainting and eye-metric information, which is largely composed of two parts: red-eye detection and red-eye correction. For red-eye detection, face regions are detected first. Next, red-eye regions are segmented in the face regions using multi-cues such as redness, shape, and color information. By region growing, we select regions, which are to be completed with iris texture by an exemplar-based inpainting method. Then, for red-eye correction, pupils are painted with the appropriate radii calculated from the iris size and size ratio. Experimental results with a large number of test photographs with red-eye effect show that the proposed algorithm is effective and the corrected eyes look more natural than those processed by the conventional algorithms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5277948,no
Identifying the root causes of memory bugs using corrupted memory location suppression,"We present a general approach for automatically isolating the root causes of memory-related bugs in software. Our approach is based on the observation that most memory bugs involve uses of corrupted memory locations. By iteratively suppressing (nullifying) the effects of these corrupted memory locations during program execution, our approach gradually isolates the root cause of a memory bug. Our approach can work for common memory bugs such as buffer overflows, uninitialized reads, and double frees. However, our approach is particularly effective in finding root causes for memory bugs in which memory corruption propagates during execution until an observable failure such as a program crash occurs.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4658084,no
Real-word spelling correction using Google Web 1T n-gram with backoff,We present a method for correcting real-word spelling errors using the Google Web 1T n-gram data set and a normalized and modified version of the longest common subsequence (LCS) string matching algorithm. Our method is focused mainly on how to improve the correction recall (the fraction of errors corrected) while keeping the correction precision (the fraction of suggestions that are correct) as high as possible. Evaluation results on a standard data set show that our method performs very well.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5313823,no
Frame loss error concealment for spatial scalability using hallucination,"We present a new error concealment algorithm for spatially scalable video coding with frame loss in the enhancement layer, based on the technique of hallucination. For a lost enhancement layer frame, the error concealment is done as hallucinating its base layer frame, using the database trained from previously decoded frames nearby to the lost one. Simulation results show that the proposed method could out-perform the state-of-the-art error concealment algorithms of SVC significantly.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5152146,no
A New Approach of Fault Localization Using Value Replacement,"We present a new method that bases on value replacement which considers both the control dependence and the data dependence. The key idea of value replacement is to see which program statements exercised during a failing run use values that can be altered so that the execution instead produces correct output. This approach is effective in locating statements that either faulty statements or directly effecting the faulty statements. Our approach also analyze the possibility of the statements that are faulty, this can be applied to more areas.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5458629,no
Automatic Fault Localization for Property Checking,"We present an efficient fully automatic approach to fault localization for safety properties stated in linear temporal logic. We view the failure as a contradiction between the specification and the actual behavior and look for components that explain this discrepancy. We find these components by solving the satisfiability of a propositional Boolean formula. We show how to construct this formula and how to extend it so that we find exactly those components that can be used to repair the circuit for a given set of counterexamples. Furthermore, we discuss how to efficiently solve the formula by using the proper decision heuristics and simulation-based preprocessing. We demonstrate the quality and efficiency of our approach by experimental results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526741,no
Using an RBF Neural Network to Locate Program Bugs,"We propose an RBF (radial basis function) neural network-based fault localization method to help programmers locate bugs in a more effective way. An RBF neural network with a three-layer feed-forward structure is employed to learn the relationship between the statement coverage of a test case and its corresponding execution result. The trained network is then given as input a set of virtual test cases, each covering only a single statement. The output of the network for each test case is considered to be the suspiciousness of the corresponding statement; a statement with a higher suspiciousness has a higher likelihood of containing a bug. The set of statements ranked in descending order by their suspiciousness are then examined by programmers one by one until a bug is located. Three case studies on different programs (space, grep and make) were conducted with each faulty version having exactly one bug. An additional program gcc was also used to demonstrate the concept of extending the proposed method to programs with multiple bugs. Our experimental data suggest that an RBF neural network-based fault localization method is more effective in locating a program bug (by examining less code before the first faulty statement containing the bug is identified) than another popular method, Tarantula, which also uses the coverage and execution results to compute the suspiciousness of each statement.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700307,no
Lowering Error Floors Using Dithered Belief Propagation,"We propose dithered belief propagation decoding algorithms to reduce the number of decoding failures of a belief propagation decoder and lower the error floor. The random nature of the algorithms enables a low hardware complexity compared to previously reported techniques. We introduce two dithering methods that target check node operations and channel input values, respectively. We present simulation results that confirm the error rate gains in the floor region, and that relate those gains with the maximum number of decoding iterations. The results show that the first algorithm can achieve good error rate gains with a low iteration limit. For the second algorithm, results show that with a large iteration limit, high FER gains are possible. Furthermore the average time complexity remains the same as that of a standard belief propagation algorithm.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5683799,no
Propagating Bug Fixes with Fast Subgraph Matching,"We present a powerful and efficient approach to the problem of propagating a bug fix to all the locations in a code base to which it applies. Our approach represents bug and fix patterns as subgraphs of a system dependence graph, and it employs a fast, index-based subgraph matching algorithm to discover unfixed bug-pattern instances remaining in a code base. We have also developed a graphical tool to help programmers specify bug patterns and fix patterns easily. We evaluated our approach by applying it to bug fixes in four large open-source projects. The results indicate that the approach exhibits good recall and precision and excellent efficiency.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635109,no
Software Fault Prediction Model Based on Adaptive Dynamical and Median Particle Swarm Optimization,"Software quality prediction can play a role of importance in software management, and thus in improve the quality of software systems. By mining software with data mining technique, predictive models can be induced that software managers the insights they need to tackle these quality problems in an efficient way. This paper deals with the adaptive dynamic and median particle swarm optimization (ADMPSO) based on the PSO classification technique. ADMPSO can act as a valid data mining technique to predict erroneous software modules. The predictive model in this paper extracts the relationship rules of software quality and metrics. Information entropy approach is applied to simplify the extraction rule set. The empirical result shows that this method set of rules can be streamlined and the forecast accuracy can be improved.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5474404,yes
Towards logistic regression models for predicting fault-prone code across software projects,"In this paper, we discuss the challenge of making logistic regression models able to predict fault-prone object-oriented classes across software projects. Several studies have obtained successful results in using design-complexity metrics for such a purpose. However, our data exploration indicates that the distribution of these metrics varies from project to project, making the task of predicting across projects difficult to achieve. As a first attempt to solve this problem, we employed simple log transformations for making design-complexity measures more comparable among projects. We found these transformations useful in projects which data is not as spread as the data used for building the prediction model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5316002,yes
On the Relationship Between Change Coupling and Software Defects,"Change coupling is the implicit relationship between two or more software artifacts that have been observed to frequently change together during the evolution of a software system. Researchers have studied this dependency and have observed that it points to design issues such as architectural decay. It is still unknown whether change coupling correlates with a tangible effect of design issues, i.e., software defects.In this paper we analyze the relationship between change coupling and software defects on three large software systems. We investigate whether change coupling correlates with defects, and if the performance of bug prediction models based on software metrics can be improved with change coupling information.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5328803,yes
Software defect prediction using static code metrics underestimates defect-proneness,"Many studies have been carried out to predict the presence of software code defects using static code metrics. Such studies typically report how a classifier performs with real world data, but usually no analysis of the predictions is carried out. An analysis of this kind may be worthwhile as it can illuminate the motivation behind the predictions and the severity of the misclassifications. This investigation involves a manual analysis of the predictions made by Support Vector Machine classifiers using data from the NASA Metrics Data Program repository. The findings show that the predictions are generally well motivated and that the classifiers were, on average, more confident in the predictions they made which were correct.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5596650,yes
Predicting defects in SAP Java code: An experience report,"Which components of a large software system are the most defect-prone? In a study on a large SAP Java system, we evaluated and compared a number of defect predictors, based on code features such as complexity metrics, static error detectors, change frequency, or component imports, thus replicating a number of earlier case studies in an industrial context. We found the overall predictive power to be lower than expected; still, the resulting regression models successfully predicted 50-60% of the 20% most defect-prone components.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5070975,yes
Variance Analysis in Software Fault Prediction Models,"Software fault prediction models play an important role in software quality assurance. They identify software subsystems (modules,components, classes, or files) which are likely to contain faults. These subsystems, in turn, receive additional resources for verification and validation activities. Fault prediction models are binary classifiers typically developed using one of the supervised learning techniques from either a subset of the fault data from the current project or from a similar past project. In practice, it is critical that such models provide a reliable prediction performance on the data not used in training. Variance is an important reliability indicator of software fault prediction models. However, variance is often ignored or barely mentioned in many published studies. In this paper, through the analysis of twelve data sets from a public software engineering repository from the perspective of variance, we explore the following five questions regarding fault prediction models: (1) Do different types ofclassification performance measures exhibit different variance? (2) Does the size of the data set imply a more (or less) accurate prediction performance? (3) Does the size of training subset impact model's stability? (4) Do different classifiers consistently exhibit different performance in terms of model's variance? (5) Are there differences between variance from 1000 runs and 10 runs of 10-fold cross validation experiments? Our results indicate that variance is a very important factor in understanding fault prediction models and we recommend the best practice for reporting variance in empirical software engineering studies.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5362090,yes
Evaluating Defect Prediction Models for a Large Evolving Software System,"A plethora of defect prediction models has been proposed and empirically evaluated, often using standard classification performance measures. In this paper, we explore defect prediction models for a large, multi-release software system from the telecommunications domain. A history of roughly 3 years is analyzed to extract process and static code metrics that are used to build several defect prediction models with random forests. The performance of the resulting models is comparable to previously published work. Furthermore, we develop a new evaluation measure based on the comparison to an optimal model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4812760,yes
Change Bursts as Defect Predictors,"In software development, every change induces a risk. What happens if code changes again and again in some period of time? In an empirical study on Windows Vista, we found that the features of such change bursts have the highest predictive power for defect-prone components. With precision and recall values well above 90%, change bursts significantly improve upon earlier predictors such as complexity metrics, code churn, or organizational structure. As they only rely on version history and a controlled change process, change bursts are straight-forward to detect and deploy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635057,yes
Assessing UML design metrics for predicting fault-prone classes in a Java system,"Identifying and fixing software problems before implementation are believed to be much cheaper than after implementation. Hence, it follows that predicting fault-proneness of software modules based on early software artifacts like software design is beneficial as it allows software engineers to perform early predictions to anticipate and avoid faults early enough. Taking this motivation into consideration, in this paper we evaluate the usefulness of UML design metrics to predict fault-proneness of Java classes. We use historical data of a significant industrial Java system to build and validate a UML-based prediction model. Based on the case study we have found that level of detail of messages and import coupling-both measured from sequence diagrams, are significant predictors of class fault-proneness. We also learn that the prediction model built exclusively using the UML design metrics demonstrates a better accuracy than the one built exclusively using code metrics.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463285,yes
Efficient techniques for reducing error latency in on-line periodic BIST,"With transient and intermittent operational faults becoming a dominant failure mode in modern digital systems, the deployment of on-line test technology is becoming a major design objective. On-line periodic BIST is a testing method for the detection of operational faults in digital systems. The method applies a near-minimal deterministic test sequence periodically to the circuit under test and checks the circuit responses to detect the existence of operational faults. On-line periodic BIST is characterized by full error coverage, bounded error latency, moderate space and time redundancy. In this paper, we present various techniques to minimize the error latency without sacrificing the full error coverage. These techniques are primarily based on the reordering the test vectors or the selective repetition of test vectors. Our analytical and preliminary experimental results demonstrate that our techniques lead to a significant reduction in the error latency.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5314051,no
Applying multifractal spectrum combined with fractal discrete brownian motion model to wood defects recognition for sawing,"Wood nondestructive testing technology is a new and comprehensive subject. In recent years it has achieved fast development. X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning technology has been applied to the detection of internal defects in the logs for the purpose of obtaining prior information, which can be used to arrive at better wood sawing decision. Fractal geometry and its multifractal extension are new tools which can be used for describing, modeling, analyzing and processing different complex shapes and images. A method in CT image edge detection by using multifractal theory combined with fractal Brownian motion is applied in the paper. First its multifractal spectrum is estimated. Then different types of pixels are classified by the spectrum, smoothing edge point and singular edge point.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5262908,no
Efficient computation of confidence intervals forword error rates,"Word error rate is a standard measure of quality for different tasks such as speech recognition, OCR or machine translation. As such, it is important to compute it together with confidence intervals. Previous works in the literature employ Monte Carlo methods in order to compute those intervals. We show how to compute them without simulations. We also adapt a method that compares two systems over the same test data so that it can be used without simulations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4518806,no
Joint write policy and fault-tolerance mechanism selection for caches in DSM technologies: Energy-reliability trade-off,"Write-through caches potentially have higher reliability than write-back caches. However, write-back caches are more energy efficient. This paper provides a comparison between the write-back and write-through policies based on the combination of reliability and energy consumption criteria. In the experiments, SIMPLESCALAR tool and CACTI model are used to evaluate the characteristics of the caches. The results show that a write-through cache with one parity bit per word is as reliable as a write-back cache with SEC-DED code per word. Furthermore, the results show that the energy saving of the write-through cache over the write-back cache increases if any of the following changes happens: i) a decrease in the feature size, ii) a decrease in the L2 cache size, and iii) an increase in the L1 cache size. The results also show that when feature size is bigger than 32 nm, the write-back cache is usually more energy efficient. However, for 32 nm and smaller feature sizes the write-through cache can be more energy efficient.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4810401,no
Comparison of different ANN techniques for automatic defect detection in X-Ray images,"X-ray imaging is extensively used in the NDT. In the conventional method, interpretation of the large number of radiographs for defect detection and evaluation is carried out manually by operator or expert, which makes the system subjective. Also interpretation of large number of images is tedious and may lead to misinterpretation. Automation of Non-Destructive evaluation techniques is gaining greater relevance but automatic analysis of X-Ray images is still a complex problem, as the images are noisy, low contrast with a number of artifacts. ANN's are systems which can be trained to analyze input data based on conditions provided to derive required output. This makes the system automatic reducing the subjective interference in analysis of data. Artificial neural network based systems are thus a feasible solution to this problem of X-Ray NDT. Due to complex nature of input images and noise present, Noise removal becomes a problem in X-Ray images. Preprocessing techniques based on statistical analysis have shown improvement in image noise reduction. Pixels/group of pixels, which deviate from the general structural pattern and grey scale distribution are located. The statistically processed pixel values are used to obtain the features vector from defective as well as from non-defective areas. Software for pre-processing and analyzing NDT images has been developed. Software allows user to train neural networks for defect detection. Once trained satisfactorily, the software scans the new input image and uses the trained ANN for defect detection. The final image with defect regions marked will be displayed. This system can be used to obtain the probable defective areas in a given input image. This paper presents performance of MLP and RBF for detection of defect. The effect of different types of input viz. template and moments on performance of ANN is discussed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5441138,no
Anshan: Wireless Sensor Networks for Equipment Fault Diagnosis in the Process Industry,"Wireless sensor networks provide an opportunity to enhance the current equipment diagnosis systems in the process industry, which have been based so far on wired networks. In this paper, we use our experience in the Anshan Iron and Steel Factory, China, as an example to present the issues from the real field of process industry, and our solutions. The challenges are three fold: First, very high reliability is required; second, energy consumption is constrained; and third, the environment is very challenging and constrained. To address these issues, it is necessary to put systematic efforts on network topology and node placement, network protocols, embedded software, and hardware. In this paper, we propose two technologies i.e. design for reliability and energy efficiency (DRE), and design for reconfiguration (DRC). Using these techniques we developed Anshan, a wireless sensor network for monitoring the temperature of rollers in a continuously annealing line and detecting equipment failures. Project Anshan includes 406 sensor nodes and has been running for four months continuously.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4557769,no
A Probabilistic Characterization of Fault Rings in Adaptively-Routed Mesh Interconnection Networks,"With increase in concern for reliability in the current and next generation of multiprocessors system-on-chip (MP-SoCs), multi-computers, cluster computers, and peer-to-peer communication networks, fault-tolerance has become an integral part of these systems. One of the fundamental issues regarding fault-tolerance is how to efficiently route a faulty network where each component is associated with some probability of failure. Adaptive fault-tolerant routing algorithms have been frequently suggested in the literature as means of improving communication performance and fault-tolerant demands in computer systems. Also, several results have been reported on usage of fault rings in providing detours to messages blocked by faults and in routing messages adaptively around the rectangular faulty regions. In order to analyze the performance of such routing schemes, one must investigate the characteristics of fault rings. In this paper, we derive mathematical expressions to compute the probability of message facing the fault rings in the well-known mesh interconnection network. We also conduct extensive simulation experiments using a variety of faults, the results of which are used to confirm the accuracy of the proposed models.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4520221,no
Design and analysis of a reduced phase error digital carrier recovery architecture for high-order quadrature amplitude modulation signals,"With increasing order of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), the bandwidth efficiency is improved in digital communication. However, in practice, the modulation order is limited, since conventional digital carrier recovery (CR) algorithms give rise to unacceptable phase error. The authors present an efficient software-aided technique for phase error reduction in CR for high-order QAM, based on the simple and well-known fourth power CR loop. Analytical and simulation results indicate that the new technique has several attractive features such as approximate of invariance of phase error improvement over modulation order and low hardware complexity for modulation orders as high as 256-QAM. Experimental results for 64 and 256-QAM illustrate phase error variance of less than -110-dBc/Hz at the frequency offset of 10-kHz, that is, 30-dB reduction of phase error variance or 3-dB increase in system processing gain compared to the conventional fourth power CR loop. This allows a significant improvement of bandwidth efficiency by increasing the modulation order, at the cost of slight complexity overhead.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5664824,no
IVF: Characterizing the vulnerability of microprocessor structures to intermittent faults,"With the advancement of CMOS manufacturing process to nano-scale, future shipped microprocessors will be increasingly vulnerable to intermittent faults. Quantitatively characterizing the vulnerability of microprocessor structures to intermittent faults at early design stage is significantly helpful to balance system performance and reliability. Prior researches have proposed several metrics to characterize the vulnerability of microprocessor structures to soft errors and permanent faults, however, the vulnerability of these structures to intermittent faults are still rarely considered. In this work, we propose a metric intermittent vulnerability factor (IVF) to characterize the vulnerability of microprocessor structures to intermittent faults. A structure's IVF is the probability an intermittent fault in that structure causes an external visible error. We instrument a cycle-accurate execution-driven simulator Sim-Alpha to compute IVFs for reorder buffer and register file. Experimental results show that the IVF of reorder buffer is much higher than that of register file. Besides, IVF varies significantly across different structures and workloads, which implies partial protection to the most vulnerable structures to improve system reliability with less overhead.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5457206,no
Designing quantum adder circuits and evaluating their error performance,"With the advent of efficient quantum algorithms and technological advances, design of quantum circuits has gained importance. Minimization of the gate count and the number of gate levels are the two major objectives in quantum circuit design. The peculiar nature of quantum decoherence that leads to quantum errors mandates completion of all the quantum gate operations within a time bound, hence reduction in the gate count and the number of circuit levels leads to lowering the errors and the overall cost in quantum circuits. In this paper, we propose the design of adder circuits using CNOT and C<sup>k</sup>NOT gates, with significant reduction in gate count and number of gate levels over their existing counterparts in the literature. We then present a software model for evaluating errors in quantum computing circuits and employ it for evaluating the error performance of our proposed quantum adder circuits.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4786689,no
Does calling structure information improve the accuracy of fault prediction?,"Previous studies have shown that software code attributes, such as lines of source code, and history information, such as the number of code changes and the number of faults in prior releases of software, are useful for predicting where faults will occur. In this study of an industrial software system, we investigate the effectiveness of adding information about calling structure to fault prediction models. The addition of calling structure information to a model based solely on non-calling structure code attributes provided noticeable improvement in prediction accuracy, but only marginally improved the best model based on history and non-calling structure code attributes. The best model based on history and non-calling structure code attributes outperformed the best model based on calling and non-calling structure code attributes.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5069481,yes
Using search-based metric selection and oversampling to predict fault prone modules,"Predictive models can be used in the detection of fault prone modules using source code metrics as inputs for the classifier. However, there exist numerous structural measures that capture different aspects of size, coupling and complexity. Identifying a metric subset that enhances the performance for the predictive objective would not only improve the model but also provide insights into the structural properties that lead to problematic modules. Another difficulty in building predictive models comes from unbalanced datasets, which are common in empirical software engineering as a majority of the modules are not likely to be faulty. Oversampling attempts to overcome this deficiency by generating new training instances from the faulty modules. We present the results of applying search-based metric selection and oversampling to three NASA datasets. For these datasets, oversampling results in the largest improvement. Metric subset selection was able to reduce up to 52% of the metrics without decreasing the predictive performance gained with oversampling.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5575249,yes
A Rough Set Model for Software Defect Prediction,High assurance software requires extensive and expensive assessment. Many software organizations frequently do not allocate enough resources for software quality. We research the defect detectors focusing on the data sets of software defect prediction. A rough set model is presented to deal with the attributes of data sets of software defect prediction in this paper. Appling this model to the most famous public domain data set created by the NASA's metrics data program shows its splendid performance.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4659587,yes
An in-site system based-on ARM of faults diagnostic with the amplitude recovery method,"A new harmonic analysis method - the amplitude recovery method - is addressed and is used in the in-site faults diagnostic in induction motors. To practice this method, an in-site and portable system of faults diagnostic in induction motors on ARM (advanced RISC machines) is also addressed. S3C2410 ARM is chosen as the core of this system. Its faster and multi-channel ADC subsystem and small size can meet the needs of the real-time and in-situation test on induction motors. With the help of the PC and the current spectrum analysis, this ARM system can be used to diagnose the faults in induction motors. Even better, having the aid of the small-sized PC, Vortex86-6082, a reliable and portable system can be realized to meet the purpose of testing and diagnosing the faults of induction motors in-situation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4770806,yes
High Continuous Availability Digital Information System Based on Stratus Fault-Tolerant Server,"With the construction of harmonious society, health improvement and the rapid development of information technology, People put forward higher requirements for the hospital. Hospital information system as an online services system requires continuous operation. Server system is the key to support hospital operations. System paralyzed accident caused by Server system failure is also not uncommon. Aiming at the problem of insufficient reliability of the traditional Cluster cluster server system, The article made a in-depth technical analysis on the performance of the Stratus fault-tolerant server. Combing with the characteristics of hospital information system, it proposed the digital hospital information system structure based on Stratus fault-tolerant server and explored and analyzed the economic and technical advantages of the program. The application effect demonstrates that the program is of the economic good and can realize continuous availability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634863,no
Infrared technology in the fault diagnosis of substation equipment,"With the development of infrared technology and the further application in electric power system, it plays a more and more important role in electrical equipment fault diagnosis. Improving the accuracy of infrared diagnosis technology and its application effect is of important practicality value to the research of infrared diagnosis application technology. From the point of electric power system daily patrol, the paper expatiates how to diagnose the most popular radiation fault and trouble using the infrared imaging equipment, the operation process of obtaining infrared images of electrical equipment and the analysis of infrared images. In addition, the paper presents a series of management methods associating with infrared diagnosis daily work.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5211654,no
1<sup>st</sup> workshop on fault-tolerance for HPC at extreme scale FTXS 2010,"With the emergence of many-core processors, accelerators, and alternative/heterogeneous architectures, the HPC community faces a new challenge: a scaling in number of processing elements that supersedes the historical trend of scaling in processor frequencies. The attendant increase in system complexity has first-order implications for fault tolerance. Mounting evidence invalidates traditional assumptions of HPC fault tolerance: faults are increasingly multiple-point instead of single-point and interdependent instead of independent; silent failures and silent data corruption are no longer rare enough to discount; stabilization time consumes a larger fraction of useful system lifetime, with failure rates projected to exceed one per hour on the largest systems; and application interrupt rates are apparently diverging from system failure rates.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5542628,no
Research on calibration system error of 6-axis force/torque sensor integrated in humanoid robot foot,"With the fast development of humanoid robot with high intelligence and accuracy, the improvement of comprehensive performance of 6-axis force/toque sensor(F/T sensor) has been constantly emphasized and further put forward to a higher demand. Except that a good proper mechanical design to guarantee the precision of the F/T sensor, the calibration quality is one of the most important factors of influencing the precision of F/T sensor too. The influencing factor of the precision of F/T sensor and system error source have been analysed from the view point of the calibration in this correspondence for the improvement of optimization design of sensor structure and calibration system in order to reduce or eliminate the error effects, which offers the theoretical foundation for improving the comprehensive performance and measurement accuracy of the F/T sensor.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5554239,no
Defect Tracing System Based on Orthogonal Defect Classification,"With the increase of the software complexity, the defect measurement becomes a task of high priority. We give a new software defect analytical methodology based on orthogonal classification. This method has two folds. Then a set of orthogonal defect classification (ODC) reference model is given which includes activity, trigger, severity, origin, content and type of defect. In the end, it gives a support tool and concrete workflow of defect tracing. In contrast with the traditional method, this method not only has the advantages of popularity, haleness and low cost, but also improves the accuracy of identifying defects notably. Thus it offers a strong support for the prevention of defects in software products.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722117,no
Nova: A Robustness-oriented Byzantine Fault Tolerance Protocol,"With the increased complexity, malicious faults have become an important reasons that affect the reliability of the distributed system, especially the web-scale infrastructures, i.e. Amazon S3, Google AppEngine etc. Most such systems assume benign fault model which can't depict the malicious actions. The goal of Byzantine Fault Tolerance protocol (BFT for short) is to mask the malicious behaviors and it has been proved that some new proposed BFTs are suitable to support practical applications. But these BFTs still lack in robustness, a simple fault injection may cause significantly decrease in throughput or run in low throughput without violating the BFT safety property. We propose a new robustness-oriented BFT named Nova. Experiments show Nova has comparable throughput as PBFT in normal case and behave stably under the malicious attack. Compared with other BFTs, Nova can support practical applications more effectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5662512,no
Design and Implementation of Failover Federates Supporting Fault Tolerance for HLA Based Simulations,"With the increasing scale and complexity of HLA based simulations, fault tolerance is gradually becoming a pressing problem. This paper addresses the challenges in realizing a failover federate to support fault tolerance for HLA based simulations. Based on the analysis of the fault tolerance problem, the failover federate is described firstly. It comprises a primary federate and a standby federate. Next, the failover federate is designed through exploiting the fault detection problem and fault tolerance dispatching method. Additionally, the implementation detail is explained. Through some testing, it proves that the reliability of the whole simulation systems can be promoted through the introduction of the standby federates.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5458633,no
System RAS implications of DRAM soft errors,"While attention in the realm of computer design has shifted away from the classic DRAM soft-error rate (SER) and focused instead on SRAM and microprocessor latch sensitivities as sources of potential errors, DRAM SER nonetheless remains a challenging problem. This is true even though both cosmic ray-induced and alpha-particle-induced DRAM soft errors have been well modeled and, to a certain degree, well understood. However, the often-overlooked alignment of a DRAM hard error and a random soft error can have major reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) implications for systems that require an extremely long mean time between failures. The net of this effect is that what appears to be a well-behaved, single-bit soft error ends up overwhelming a seemingly state-of-the-art mitigation technique. This paper describes some of the history of DRAM soft-error discovery and the subsequent development of mitigation strategies. It then examines some architectural considerations that can exacerbate the effect of DRAM soft errors and may have system-level implications for today's standard fault-tolerance schemes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5388592,no
Zapmem: A Framework for Testing the Effect of Memory Corruption Errors on Operating System Kernel Reliability,"While monolithic operating system kernels are composed of many subsystems, during runtime they all share a common address space, making fault propagation a serious issue. The code quality of each subsystem is different, as OS development is a complex task commonly divided by different groups with different degrees of expertise. Since the memory space into which this code runs is shared, the occurrence of bugs or errors in one of the subsystems may propagate to others and affect general OS reliability. It is necessary, then, to test how errors propagate between the different kernel subsystems and how they affect reliability. This work presents a simple new technique to inject memory corruption faults and Zapmem, a fault injection tool which uses such technique to test the effect on reliability from memory corruption of statically allocated kernel data. Zapmem associates the runtime memory addresses to the corresponding high level (source code) memory structure definitions, which indicate which kernel subsystem allocated that memory region, and the tool has minimal intrusiveness, as our technique does not require kernel instrumentation. The efficacy of our approach and preliminary results are also presented.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5369146,no
Speeding up Fault Injection for Asynchronous Logic by FPGA-Based Emulation,"While stability and robustness of synchronous circuits becomes increasingly problematic due to shrinking feature sizes, delay-insensitive asynchronous circuits are supposed to provide inherent protection against various fault types. However, results on experimental evaluation and analysis of these fault tolerance properties are scarce, mainly due to the lack of suitable prototyping platforms. Using a soft-core processor as an example, this paper shows how an off-the-shelf FPGA can be used for asynchronous four state logic designs, on which future fault injection experiments will be conducted.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5382029,no
Fault-Tolerant Tension Allocation of Ship Mobile Mooring System under Sea Wind,"A fault-tolerant tension allocation framework is suggested for ship mobile system consisting of eight anchor windlasses. The fault-tolerant performance is evaluated under sea wind disturbance. The simulation results indicate that ship mobile mooring systems have certain fault-tolerant ability. When one windlass failed, the ship is able to completely counteract the sea wind disturbance. When two windlasses failed, the ship fault-tolerant ability becomes worse, and the remaining six windlasses are able to roughly balance the wind disturbance. When three windlasses failed, the ship fault-tolerant ability becomes even worse, and the remaining five windlasses are unable to counteract the lateral force from the sea wind. In summary, more windlasses failed, more performance degradation of the mooring system is resulted.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5203061,no
Error Analysis on Top-Surface-Flatness of Diesel Engine Body Using FEM,"A four-cylinder diesel engine model is established using Pro/Engineer 3D modeling software. The model is loaded by ANSYS software. Grids meshes are imposed to the model with contact-settings and boundary conditions. Finite element analysis is performed on the contact-state of the diesel engine body. According to the minimum-zone principle for the flatness error analysis, Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO) is applied, and the mathematical model and method of the engine body top-surface-flatness error analysis is established. Based on the established method, the engine body top-surface-flatness errors can be obtained under the maximum preload working conditions, providing an accurate and effective way for further improvement of the engine tightness and body design.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5513986,no
A Fuzzy Neural Network Based Fault Detection Scheme for Synchronous Generator with Internal Fault,"A fuzzy neural network (FNN) based inter-turn short circuit fault detection scheme for generator is proposed. The second harmonic magnitude of field current and the negative sequence components of voltages and currents are used as inputs for the FNN fault detector. The negative sequence voltage and current are obtained from the phase voltages and currents using the symmetrical component analysis method. And the second harmonic magnitude of field current is achieved by the FFT technique. The FNN fault detector with Gauss membership functions is trained off-line using the training data which comes from the Multi-Loop simulation program. The proposed fault detection scheme can perform the inter-turn short circuit fault detection, the fault type classification, and the fault location identification. Experimental results corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, which is implemented on a TI's DSP.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5359206,no
An Agent-Based Migration Transparency and Fault Tolerance in Computational Grid,"A Grid is a large-scale, geographically distributed hardware and software infrastructure for flexible, secure, and coordinated sharing of vast amounts of heterogeneous resources within large, dynamic and distributed communities of users belonging to virtual organizations, to enable solving of complex scientific problems. From the perspective of one computer, such network partitioning may appear as a failure to other computers. These types of failures may lead to major impact on whole application which is executing on Grid for many days. Thus, failures in the grid computing environment can be solved to some extent by performing migration of application through node agents. As executing applications in nodes have contiguous service features, it becomes important to handle and mask fault and migrate the current job to another grid node without stopping the on-going processes. In this paper, we use agents to provide communication between grid nodes and handle failure tolerant techniques on grid. The agent is dynamically reallocated to Grid nodes though a transparent migration mechanism, as a way to provide fault tolerance in computational grids.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5331753,no
Fault Tolerance Virtual Router for Linux Virtual Server,"A growing variety of edge network access devices appear on the marketplace that perform various functions which are meant to complement generic routerspsila capabilities, such as firewalling, intrusion detection, virus scanning, network address translation, traffic shaping, route optimization. Because these edge network access devices are deployed on the critical path between a user site and its Internet service provider. Nowadays the availability of network services is very important for many businesses and it is extremely important that overload or failure of one network can not prevent the normal usage of all other services. This paper focuses on analysis of various protocols and an implementation of RGP (redundant gateway protocol), that can treat the above problem. It runs in user-space for Linux operating system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5189942,no
Automatic Software Bug Triage System (BTS) Based on Latent Semantic Indexing and Support Vector Machine,"A bug triage system is used for validation and allocation of bug reports to the most appropriate developers. An automatic bug triage system may reduce the software maintenance time and improve its quality by correct and timely assignment of new bug reports to the appropriate developers. In this paper, we present the techniques behind an automatic bug triage system, which is based on the categorization of bug reports. In order to obtain an automatic bug triage system we used these techniques and performed comparative experiments. We downloaded 1,983 resolved bug reports along with the developer activity data from the Mozilla open source project. We extracted the relevant features like report title, report summary etc., from each bug report, and extracted developer's name who resolved the bug reports from the developers activity data. We processed the extracted textual data, and obtained the term-to-document matrix using parsing, filtering and term weighting methods. For term weighting methods we used simple term frequency and TFtimesIDF (term frequency inverse document frequency) methods. Furthermore, we reduced the dimensionality of the obtained term-to-document matrix by applying feature selection and latent semantic indexing methods. Finally we used seven different machine learning methods for the classification of bug reports. The best obtained bug triage system is based on latent semantic indexing and support vector machine having 44.4% classification accuracy. The average precision and recall values are 30% and 28%, respectively.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5298419,no
A parallel implementation of fault simulation on a cluster of workstations,"A cluster of workstations may be employed for reducing fault simulation time greatly. Fault simulation can be parallelized by partitioning fault list, the test vector or both. In this study, parallel fault simulation algorithm called PAUSIM has been developed by parallelizing AUSUM which consists of logic simulation and two steps of fault simulation for sequential logic circuits. Compared to other algorithms, PAUSIM-CY avoids redundant work by a judicious task decomposition. Also, it adopts a cyclic fault partitioning method based on the LOG partitioning and local redistribution, resulting in a well-balanced load distribution. The results from the parallel implementation using MPI show a significant speed-up by PAUSIM-CY over other existing parallel algorithms.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536469,no
"The Perfect Binary One-Error-Correcting Codes of Length <formula formulatype=""inline""> <img src=""/images/tex/17145.gif"" alt=""15""> </formula>: Part IClassification","A complete classification of the perfect binary one-error-correcting codes of length 15 as well as their extensions of length 16 is presented. There are 5983 such inequivalent perfect codes and 2165 extended perfect codes. Efficient generation of these codes relies on the recent classification of Steiner quadruple systems of order 16. Utilizing a result of Blackmore, the optimal binary one-error-correcting codes of length 14 and the <i>(15,</i> <i>1024,</i> <i>4)</i> codes are also classified; there are 38 408 and 5983 such codes, respectively.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5238744,no
"Fault detection, isolation and restoration using a multiagent-based Distribution Automation System","A multiagent-based Distribution Automation System (DAS) is developed for service restoration of distribution systems after a fault contingency. In this system, Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) agents, Main Transformer (MTR) agents, Feeder Circuit Breaker (FCB) agents, and Feeder Terminal Unit (FTU) agents of the Multiagent System (MAS) are used to derive the proper restoration plan after the faulted location is identified and isolated. To assure the restoration plan complies with operation regulation, heuristic rules based on standard operation procedures of Taipower's distribution system are included in the best first search of the MAS. For fault contingency during summer peak season when the capacity reserves of supporting feeders and main transformer are not enough to cover the fault restoration, load shedding scheme is derived for the MAS to restore service to as many key customers and loads as possible. A Taipower distribution system with 43 feeders is selected for computer simulation to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The results show that by applying the proposed multiagent-based DAS, service of distribution systems can be efficiently restored.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5138663,no
Multi-agents Based Fault Diagnosis Systems in MSW Incineration Process,"A Multi-agents based fault diagnosis reference model for MSW incineration process is important for high speed and automation The desired high levels of incineration efficiency as well as plant facility reliability. Fault diagnosis and maintenance are vital aspects in MSW incineration process, in this sense, diagnosis and maintenance systems should support decision-making tools, new maintenance approaches and techniques, the enterprise thinking and flexibility. In this paper a Multi-agents based fault diagnosis reference model for MSW incineration process is presented which combines the existing models and multi-agents. This model is based on a generic framework using multi-agent systems for MSW on-line monitoring system; in this sense, the Fault diagnosis problem is viewed like a feedback control process and the actions are related to the decision-making in the scheduling of the preventive maintenance task and the running of preventive and corrective specific maintenance tasks. The result of an evaluation of the Multi-agents based fault diagnosis reference model for MSW incineration process are presented. This new model is compared to some important existing models and applied to a real investigation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5459793,no
Fuzzy logic based fault detection of PMSM stator winding short under load fluctuation using negative sequence analysis,"A negative sequence analysis coupled with a fuzzy logic based approach is applied to fault detection of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). First, the fundamental components of the motor terminal currents and voltages are separated effectively, based on which the negative sequence components are calculated. A fuzzy logic based approach is implemented to generate a robust detection using the adjusted negative sequence current and negative sequence impedance. The adjusted negative sequence current is obtained by separating the high frequency components caused by the load fluctuation from the total negative sequence current. The adjusted negative sequence current provides a qualitative evaluation on severity of the stator fault. Validation of the method is performed online using a PMSM experimental setup with dSPACE<sup>reg</sup> and Matlab<sup>reg</sup>/Simulink<sup>reg</sup> environment. The use of fuzzy logic improves the sensitivity of fault detection while reducing false alarm rate under load fluctuations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4587163,no
Error Analysis of Explosion-Height Controlling Method Based on Geomagnetism Information,"A new explosion-height controlling scheme of the ballistic missile based on geomagnetism information was put forward aiming at the deficiency of the traditional explosion-height controlling method. The simplified geomagnetism model was presented in this study for the error analysis and precision calculating. Although the scheme was not feasible yet, it could provide the beneficial reference for the explosion-height controlling system design of the ballistic missile.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5367102,no
A fast forward error correction allocation algorithm for unequal error protection of video transmission over wireless channels,"A new fast forward error correction (FEC) allocation algorithm for unequal error protection (UEP) of video transmission over wireless channels is proposed in this paper. First, an UEP scheme, which takes into consideration the non-uniformly distributed importance of frames in a group of pictures (GOP) and macroblocks in a video frame, is proposed. An enhanced video error propagation model, namely expected number of macroblocks error propagation (ENMEP) is also proposed in this paper to measure the amount of error propagation caused by transmission errors. Finally, by making use of our proposed ENMEP error propagation model, a fast FEC allocation algorithm for our proposed UEP scheme is also proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that our scheme outperforms the previous UEP scheme and the classical equal error protection (EEP) scheme.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4637589,no
A new impedance-based fault location method for radial distribution systems,"A new impedance-based fault location method suitable for radial distribution systems is presented in this paper. The method uses the fundamental phasor components of voltage and current signals available at the distribution substation end only. Considering the unbalanced nature of the distribution network with single-phase and two-phase laterals, and unbalanced loads the fault location algorithm is derived using phase-component analysis. The multiple-estimation problem which is one of the main drawbacks of the one-end impedance based algorithms is solved in the present method using the estimated current information in the healthy phases. The methodology is based on the during-fault and pure-fault values of current phasors at the measuring end of the feeder and the distribution matrix derived using the pure-fault equivalent circuit. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated by simulating different distribution system configurations with different source impedances and fault types. The limitation of the proposed method is also discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5588189,no
Design of the distributed fault recorder based on TCP/IP,"A new kind of fault recorder is presented to overcome the shortcomings of existing fault recorders in power system, such as unreasonable structure design, low communication speed, small data storage capacity, low reliability and so on. The recorder, with MC68332 as kernel, adopts high speed synchro-sampling and computer network communication techniques. The network communication based on TCP/IP between the master station and recording modules is adopted. The principles, hardware and software design are introduced in detail. A RTOS, named Vxworks and modular design are applied, which make the system functions easy to be expanded and maintained. The recorder has been put into practical operation in some substations. The operation results show that it has the advantages of easy to be extended, convenient to be installed, better anti-interference, high reliability, etc.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4594069,no
Research on a New Fabric Defect Identification Method,"A new method of recognition the fabric defects features is proposed for alleviating the difficulties of extracting to complicated fabric defects features. First, fast Fourier transform and self-adaptive power spectrum decomposition are performed. Sector-regional energy of spectrum is extracted and its mean and standard deviations is calculated as fabric features. Then, the spectral energy distribution was objected to direction Y, and local peak was extracted as defects recognition features after objection. Fabric defects recognition using the proposed method shows a high performance in the on-line detection.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722173,no
Dynamic displacement control error of multifunction and all-electric rheometer,"A new multi-function and all-electric rheometer (MAR) is designed by the authors. A sine vibration displacement is superimposed on the steady-state displacement of the piston in parallel. In order to study the dynamic displacement control error of MAR, its frequency and amplitude was obtained through decomposing the measured resultant displacement into steady-state displacement and the dynamic displacement, and transforming the time-domain signal into frequency-domain presentation. The results show that both the frequency and amplitude control errors of MAR are small enough for the test requirement. However, the repeatability of measured values of amplitude is not as well as the frequency. And they are always smaller than the set values. The mean values of amplitude relative errors are about 2%, so it may be a useful way to set the amplitude 2% higher than the wanted values. The relative errors of amplitude in 5 Hz are slightly larger than the errors in the other cases. It may caused by the reason that 5 Hz is closed to the lower limitation of the vibration table rated frequency.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5535391,no
Fault diagnosis of high voltage direct current system based on particle filter,"A new particle filter based fault diagnosis method for nonlinear stochastic system with non-Gaussian noise and disturbances is proposed by combining particle filter algorithm and fault diagnosis theory. One of the appealing advantages of the new approach is that the complete probability distribution information of the state estimates from particle filter is utilized for fault detection, another is its applicability to general non-linear system with non-Gaussian noise and disturbances. Experimental results show the method is efficient and applicable to HVDC system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5262702,no
Recursive prediction error identification and scaling of non-linear systems with midpoint numerical integration,"A new recursive prediction error algorithm (RPEM) based on a non-linear ordinary differential equation (ODE) model of black-box state space form is presented. The selected model is discretised by a midpoint integration algorithm and compared to an Euler forward algorithm. When the algorithm is applied, scaling of the sampling time is used to improve performance further. This affects the state vector, the parameter vector and the Hessian. This impact is analysed and described in three Theorems. Numerical examples are provided to verify the theoretical results obtained.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5530861,no
Traveling Wave Based Distribution Lines Fault Location Using Hilbert-Huang Transform,"A new traveling wave based distribution line fault location method using Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) is presented in this paper. The intrinsic mode function (IMF) components of the fault generated traveling wave are extracted by empirical mode decomposition (EMD), and the instantaneous frequency changing time of each IMF component is obtained through Hilbert transform. The traveling wave arrival time in global position system (GPS) can thus be detected according to its high frequency sudden change point which is extracted in the instantaneous frequency diagram. The HHT based fault location scheme is comparing with that based on wavelet transform. ATP simulation results show that the HHT method can more effectively extract the characteristics of traveling wave, and the fault location error is not more than plusmn150 m.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4659171,no
Fault Tolerant Dynamic Antenna Array in Smart Antenna System Using Evolved Virtual Reconfigurable Circuit,"A majority of applications require cooperation of two or more independently designed, separately located, but mutually affecting subsystems. In addition to good behavior of each of the subsystems, an effective coordination is very important to achieve the desired overall performance. However, such a co-ordination is very difficult to attain mainly due to the lack of precise system models and/or dynamic parameters. In such situations, the evolvable hardware (EHW) techniques, which can achieve the sophisticated level of information processing the brain is capable of, can excel. In this paper, a new virtual reconfigurable circuit based drive circuit for array elements in smart antenna using the techniques of evolved operators is presented. The idea of this work is to develop a system that is tolerant to array element failure (fault tolerance) by utilizing phased array input programmer connected to a programmable VLSI chip. The approach chosen here is based on functional level evolution whose architecture contains many nonlinear functions and uses an evolutionary algorithm to evolve the best configuration. The system is tested for its effectiveness by choosing a real-time phase control in three element array of smart antenna with three input phases and introducing different element failures such as: element fails as open circuit, sensor fails as short circuit, noise added to individual element, multiple element failure etc.. In each case the mean square error is computed and used as the performance index.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4450484,no
Research on location of single-phase earth fault based on pulse injection method in distribution network,"A method of fault location based on pulse signal injection has been promoted in this paper, which is not only independent of the following factors, such as system operating mode, topology, neutral grounding and random fault, but also the site of signal injection, the width and period of pulse are flexible and adjustable. In this paper the design scheme of software and hardware for signal source is proposed, high-pressure pulse generator is carried out by adopting C8051F310 MCU, and signal detector is designed based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5274777,no
Research on fault diagnosis expert system based on VXI bus for charger I circuit board,"A fault diagnose expert system base on VXI is designed to proceed automatically a certain type high-tech information electronic equipment fault detection and improve its efficiency and accuracy of diagnosis. This paper mainly introduces the research on algorithm and realization of the fault diagnose expert system of the charger I of such equipment, and example proving on the hardware platform is described as well. By use of such method, it's quicker and more convenient to locate fault on the circuit boards on this equipment. It's proved that this expert system can solve the problems of high cost and long intervals of maintenance and keep the equipment in a stable status.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5371477,no
Diagnosis of Multiple Scan Chain Timing Faults,"A diagnosis technique is presented to locate multiple timing faults in scan chains. Jump simulation is a novel parallel simulation technique which quickly searches for the upper and the lower bounds of every individual fault. The proposed technique takes into account the interaction of multiple faults so the diagnosis results are deterministic, not probabilistic. This technique is very useful in the production test environment because it requires only regular automated test pattern generator patterns, not specialized diagnosis patterns. Experiments on ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits show that this technique can successfully pinpoint almost every single one of 16 hold-time faults in a scan chain of more than 800 scan cells. The proposed technique is still effective when failure data are limited or faults are clustered.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526737,no
Low-Complexity Mobile Video Error Concealment Using OBMA,A low-complexity error concealment technique called the outer boundary matching algorithm (OBMA) for mobile video applications is studied extensively in this work. The OBMA technique is shown to provide an excellent tradeoff between the complexity and the quality of concealed video for a wide range of test video sequences.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4587861,no
VirtCFT: A Transparent VM-Level Fault-Tolerant System for Virtual Clusters,"A virtual cluster consists of a multitude of virtual machines and software components that are doomed to fail eventually. In many environments, such failures can result in unanticipated, potentially devastating failure behavior and in service unavailability. The ability of failover is essential to the virtual cluster's availability, reliability, and manageability. Most of the existing methods have several common disadvantages: requiring modifications to the target processes or their OSes, which is usually error prone and sometimes impractical; only targeting at taking checkpoints of processes, not whole entire OS images, which limits the areas to be applied. In this paper we present VirtCFT, an innovative and practical system of fault tolerance for virtual cluster. VirtCFT is a system-level, coordinated distributed checkpointing fault tolerant system. It coordinates the distributed VMs to periodically reach the globally consistent state and take the checkpoint of the whole virtual cluster including states of CPU, memory, disk of each VM as well as the network communications. When faults occur, VirtCFT will automatically recover the entire virtual cluster to the correct state within a few seconds and keep it running. Superior to all the existing fault tolerance mechanisms, VirtCFT provides a simpler and totally transparent fault tolerant platform that allows existing, unmodified software and operating system (version unawareness) to be protected from the failure of the physical machine on which it runs. We have implemented this system based on the Xen virtualization platform. Our experiments with real-world benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness and correctness of VirtCFT.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5695597,no
Agent-based wide area protection with high fault tolerance,"A wide area protection agent with high degree of fault tolerance is designed in this paper by using fault direction information and distance action information. The working principle of the proposed agent is to first locate the fault by making a comparison between different fault direction information, and then conduct fault-tolerance processing by utilizing fault confirmation ring and distance action information. After giving an introduction to the fault location algorithm and fault tolerance identification algorithm, the paper designs the structure for the proposed protection agent and presents the dynamic cooperation mechanism that connect protection agents by use of wide area protection algorithm. Finally, the cooperation process and the performance of the proposed protection agents are analyzed through simulation tests. Test results manifest that the proposed wide area protection agent is equipped with good fault tolerance capability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5553470,no
Prediction of service life of pre-stressed concrete bridge by Fault Tree Analysis model,"Fault Tree Analysis uses the logical model and mapping methods to analyse, calculate or estimate the probability of phylogenetic. Thus, the reliability of the system, safety and risk could be assessed. They have been widely used in system's reliability study and to quantify the correlation of potential risk of the system. In the existing of reliability analysis, the time factor generally doesn't need to be taken into account. However, composition properties of the materials decrease would lead to the reduction of the level of structural reliability. Therefore, structure's reliability is actually an amount of time-varying. Comprehensive consideration of the above factors, the analysis of a variety of factors will impact on the service life of pre-stressed concrete girder bridge, to build bridge structure analysis model. From the calculation of time-varying structure system's reliability, the service life of bridge could be evaluated to find safety and reliability of structure.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5674392,no
"A Generic Model, and its Validation, for the Translational Systematic Errors in Synchronous Drive Robots","AbstractSynchronous Drive Robots (SDR) are seeing increasing use as service robots in dynamic environments. Due to the changing scenery in dynamic environments, the accuracy of proprioceptive sensors such as odometry is of greater importance. This paper proposes a generic kinematic model for the translational systematic odometry error in an n-wheeled SDR (n 3). An unexpected behaviour of SDR is the curved path when commanded to translate, which varies with wheel orientation (which changes when commanded to rotate.) This is caused by the traction force of each wheel around the centre of mass of the robot acting as a moment. There is a further odometry error due to wheel misalignment, which does not affect the path curvature, but creates a yaw. Compared to existing works, the proposed model is explicitly validated in the instance of a 3-wheeled SDR.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5489652,no
Effectiveness of a new inductive fault current limiter model in MV networks,"A realistic model for a novel saturable core superconducting FCL (SCFCL) prototype is presented, and incorporated into time-domain power simulation software PSCADTM/EMTDCTM. The present work incorporates non-linear material properties data of the magnetic core with inductance to produce a limiting effect on the line current in real time. The novelty of this core design is the inclusion of a superconducting material as the magnetisation DC coil to saturate the core, instead of using the superconductor directly within the magnetic circuit. The FCL model's accuracy was validated against experimental test results, and its performance analysed by its placement in a UK generic network at MV level. Implementation simulations showed the device could achieve a 50% current clipping capacity, when placed in an MV network. Other standard FCL tests were performed on this model and their results are presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5648996,no
WiMAX bandpass filter using hybrid microstrip Defected-Ground-Structure,"A novel and compact WiMAX microstrip bandpass filter is proposed. The filter employs a very wide bandwidth from 2 to 11 GHz under NLOS environment of the IEEE 802.16-2004 standard, and with a 3-dB fractional bandwidth of greater than 138%. The proposed hybrid WiMAX band-pass filter had return loss more than 17 dB in the passband, and also demonstrated a reject band from 12.4 GHz to more than 20 GHz at -20 dB.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5461893,no
Study on flue gas turbine fault diagnosis technology based on EMD and VPRS,"A novel intelligent fault diagnosis model for flue gas turbine based on EMD (Empirical mode decomposition) and VPRS (Variable precision rough set) theories, is proposed in order to solve the difficult problems of knowledge information acquisition and improve fault diagnosis accuracy in practice. This model combines EMD and VPRS techniques. First EMD signal processing technique is employed to excavate the underlying fault information from dynamic signals. The features that reflect the equipment operation conditions from the EMD analysis of the dynamic original vibration signals are extracted and the series of IMFs (intrinsic mode function) feature sets are obtained. Then the energy features of the calculated IMFs are using as the condition attributes of the knowledge acquisition decision table while the fault modes are using as the decision attributes respectively. The decision table is deal with through the attributes' reduction, attributes' value reduction and the rules' reduction based on VPRS theory. The system fault diagnosis rules are extracted on the condition that the model classification ability remains and the redundancy information is removed. The model is applied for the flue gas turbine diagnosis knowledge acquisition and fault diagnosis in Yanshan. The desired diagnosis effect is obtained via the fault diagnosis model based on EMD and VPRS. Moreover, the application result also validates the power and the practice of the model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270077,no
Compact multilayer coupled stripline LTCC filter with defected ground structure,"A novel multilayer coupled stripline resonator structure is introduced to realize miniature broadband band-pass filter using low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) process with defected ground structure (DGS). Wide bandwidth and good selectivity are obtained by exploiting four resonators and the filter exhibits a high rejection in stopband by adopting the tapered DGS. Moreover, an inductance feed back between the output and input is introduced to produce transmission zeros. Filter with size of <sub>0</sub> /12  <sub>0</sub> /12  h (<sub>0</sub> is the wavelength at the midband frequency; h is the substrate height) is designed, fabricated and measured. The measured responses agree well with simulation results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5529771,no
Reduction of mutual coupling between closely-packed antenna elements using defected ground structure,A simple ground plane structure that can reduce mutual coupling between closely-packed antenna elements is proposed. The structure consists of a dumb-bell-like pattern etched in a single ground plane. It is found that isolation of more than -40-dB can be achieved between two parallel individual planar inverted F antennas sharing a common ground plane. Influence of the designed defected ground plane structure on the radiation pattern is also investigated.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5069761,no
Formal Analysis of a Distributed Fault Tolerant Clock Synchronization Algorithm for Automotive Communication Systems,"A synchronized time base is indispensable for a time- triggered system since all activities in such a system are triggered by the passage of time. Distributed fault-tolerant clock synchronization algorithms are normally used to achieve the synchronized time base. As a state-of-the-art representative of the time-triggered systems for automotive applications, FlexRay uses a fault-tolerant mid-point algorithm to achieve the synchronized time base. Correctness of the algorithm plays a crucial role as most of the protocol services rely on the fact that there exists a synchronized time base in the system. Due to the distinguished characteristics of the algorithm, we propose a case-analysis based technique for the formal analysis of the algorithm. We show that the case analysis technique can greatly facilitate our formal analysis of the algorithm. Mechanical support with Isabelle/HOL, a theorem prover, is also discussed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725746,no
Introducing residual errors in accuracy assessment for remotely sensed change detection,"Accuracy assessment for map comparison is commonly found in urban planning research, especially for detecting error in remotely sensed imagery data. It is to compare two sources of spatial information. In analyzing such information quantitatively, the two datasets are summarized in a confusion matrix, which is represented in a form of percentage of predicted value against its actual data (ground truth). The common acceptable percentage is eighty percent and above. In this paper, we present a new way of accuracy assessment by introducing an additional value called residual error (or predicted error). The residual error is the percentage of error exists when two sources of major errors called mis-classification and mis-location are integrated. Such residual error is incorporated into the assessment so that the results are more accurate and comprehensive. As a case study, we calculate the residual errors of five independent image classifications from six different datasets. Therefore, the accuracy assessment is performed with more details that include not only the confusion matrix, but also the residual errors. In this way, the results of the change detection process can help in doing further analysis for urban growth and land development, particularly for town area.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5069194,no
Atmospheric Corrections of Low Altitude Thermal Infrared Airborne Images Acquired over a Tropical Cropped Area,"Accurate corrections of atmospheric effects on thermal infrared remote sensing data are an essential pre-requisite for the development of thermal infrared airborne-derived crop water stress indices. These corrections can be performed using ground surface temperature measurements, which are time consuming and expensive. Atmospheric effects can also be corrected using radiative transfer models that require knowledge of atmospheric status. The latter can be accurately characterized from radiosoundings, but these are usually unavailable. It can also be derived from meteorological model simulations, but spatial and temporal resolution are often too coarse. This study proposes performing atmospheric corrections by using temperature and relative humidity profiles acquired in flight from on board sensors during data collection. Such measurements are used to document the atmospheric radiative transfer model MATISSE. First results from an experimentation over a tropical cropped area show that corrections are made with a 1.46deg K accuracy.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4779437,no
Improving the Accuracy of Software Effort Estimation Based on Multiple Least Square Regression Models by Estimation Error-Based Data Partitioning,"Accurate software effort estimation is one of the key factors to a successful project by making a better software project plan. To improve the estimation accuracy of software effort, many studies usually aimed at proposing novel effort estimation methods or combining several approaches of the existing effort estimation methods. However, those researches did not consider the distribution of historical software project data which is an important part impacting to the effort estimation accuracy. In this paper, to improve effort estimation accuracy by least squares regression, we propose a data partitioning method by the accuracy measures, MRE and MER which are usually used to measure the effort estimation accuracy. Furthermore, the empirical experimentations are performed by using two industry data sets (the ISBSG Release 9 and the Bank data set which consists of the project data performed in a bank in Korea).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5358880,no
Handling Crash and Software Faults Efficiently in Distributed Event Stream Processing,"Active replication is a common approach to handle failures in distributed systems, including Event Stream Processing (ESP) systems. However, one weakness of conventional active replication is that replicas, being equal and in the same state, are susceptible to common-mode crashes due to software bugs. We propose a new approach to active replication that assumes a failure model stronger than fail-stop but weaker than models permitting arbitrary failures. We combine transactional memory and extended runtime checking to achieve: (i) low processing latency in failure-free runs by allowing downstream nodes to use speculative results and, thus, to circumvent the overhead added by the extended runtime checks; (ii) reduce the MTTR by enabling localized rollbacks (with word granularity) in several cases. We show that major limitations of n-variant active replication (e.g., multi-threading support, complex and slow recovery) can be overcome and tolerance to software bugs is orthogonal to Byzantine fault tolerance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562833,no
A Case Study: A Model-Based Approach to Retrofit a Network Fault Management System with Self-Healing Functionality,"Adding self-healing capabilities to network management systems holds great promise for delivering important goals, such as QoS, while simultaneously lowering capital expenditure, operation cost, and maintenance cost. In this paper, we present a model-based approach to add self-healing capabilities to a fault management system for cellular networks. We propose a generic modeling framework to categorize software failures and specify their dispositions at the model level for the target system. This facilitates the deployment of a control loop for adding autonomic capabilities into the system architecture, which include self-monitoring, self-healing, and self-adjusting functionality. While self- monitoring oversees the environmental conditions and system behavior, self-healing is accomplished by instrumenting the system with self-adjusting operations. We include a case study on a prototype intelligent network fault management system to illustrate this approach by showing how these autonomic capabilities can be added and deployed. Specifically, these autonomic capabilities are derived from self-model specifications, and are used to mitigate the risk of specified failures and maintain the health of the system in response to different types of faults encountered.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4492382,no
Efficient Fault-Tolerant Addition by Operand Width Considerat,"Addition is a central operation in microcontrollers and hence faults should be detected for safety reasons. We extend the principle of recomputing with shifted operands (RESO) by doing the re-computation concurrently to the computation in the case of small operands. Thus, we generate a solution cheaper than two adders and faster than simple repetition. To extend RESO, we consider the actual bit-widths of the operands. We validate our method with data from static code analysis of two application kernels.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5755250,no
Automatic fault detection and execution monitoring for AUV missions,"Advanced AUV's, particularly those capable of long duration missions, need increasing amounts of autonomy in order to carry out sophisticated missions without requiring constant support from a ship. One important aspect of this autonomy is fault detection and execution monitoring. In this paper we describe the application of the Livingstone 2 diagnosis system on Autosub 6000 and examine in particular the issue of ensuring the mission is being executed correctly. Most AUV operations require a fast turnaround between retrieving the vehicle and redeploying it, typically constrained only by the time required to charge batteries. In many circumstances missions are planned very quickly so an automatic way to monitor mission execution is required. We describe an approach to automatically generate diagnosis models that correspond to the mission instructions which can then be combined with pre-built models of the physical components of the AUV to improve fault detection and monitor execution. We show that by incorporating this program model we are able to diagnose faults that were previously undiagnosable, and demonstrate that an actual fault that occurred on Autosub 6000 can successfully be detected.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5779660,no
Convergency and Error Estimate of Nonlinear Fredholm Fuzzy Integral Equations of the Second Kind by Homotopy Analysis Method,"A powerful, easy-to-use analytic tool for nonlinear problems in general, namely the homotopy analysis method, is further improved and systematically described through a typical nonlinear problem. In this paper, a Nonlinear Fredholm fuzzy integral equations is solved by using the homotopy analysis method(HAM). The approximate solution of this equation is calculated in the form of a series which its components are computed easily. The convergence and error estimate of the proposed method are proved.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5445598,no
Proactive service migration for long-running Byzantine fault-tolerant systems,"A proactive recovery scheme based on service migration for long-running Byzantine fault-tolerant systems is described. Proactive recovery is an essential method for ensuring the long-term reliability of fault-tolerant systems that are under continuous threats from malicious adversaries. The primary benefit of our proactive recovery scheme is a reduced vulnerability window under normal operation. This is achieved in two ways. First, the time-consuming reboot step is removed from the critical path of proactive recovery. Second, the response time and the service migration latency are continuously profiled and an optimal service migration interval is dynamically determined during runtime based on the observed system load and the user-specified availability requirement.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4811932,no
Design and implementation of inference engine for fault prognosis in Power System,"According to the device fault and line fault that exist in power system, a componentized inference engine which combines forward inference and backward inference is designed based on the analysis of the categories and characteristics of the fault in this paper. Besides, a knowledge base which supports the inference engine is also designed. The engine and knowledge base are implemented based on the .Net framework and MySQL separately.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5448686,no
RI2N: High-bandwidth and fault-tolerant network with multi-link Ethernet for PC clusters,"Although recent high-end interconnection network devices and switches provide a high performance/cost ratio, most of the small to medium sized PC clusters are still built on the commodity network, Ethernet. To enhance performance on commonly used gigabit Ethernet networks, link aggregation or binding technology is used. Currently, a Linux kernel is equipped with a software solution named linux channel bonding (LCB), which is based on IEEE802.3ad Link Aggregation technology. However, standard LCB has the problem of mismatching with the commonly used TCP protocol, which consequently implies several problems of both large latency and instability on bandwidth improvement. The fault-tolerant feature is also supported, but the usability is not sufficient. We have developed a new implementation similar to LCB named RI2N/DRV (redundant interconnection with inexpensive network with driver) for use on a gigabit Ethernet with a complete software stack that is very compatible with the TCP protocol. Our algorithm suppresses unnecessary ACK packets and retransmission of packets even in imbalanced network traffic and link failures on multiple links. It provides both high-bandwidth and fault-tolerant communication on multi-link gigabit Ethernet. We confirmed that this system improves the performance and reliability of the network, and our system can be applied to ordinary UNIX services such as NFS, without any modification of other modules.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4663781,no
Physical design oriented DRAM Neighborhood Pattern Sensitive Fault testing,"Although the Neighborhood Pattern Sensitive Fault (NPSF) model is recognized as a high quality fault model for memory arrays, the excessive test application time cost associated with it, compared to other fault models, restricts its wide adoption for memory testing. In this work we exploit the physical design (layout) of folded DRAM memory arrays to introduce a new neighborhood type for NPSF testing and a pertinent test and locate algorithm. This algorithm reduces drastically the test application time (about 58% with respect to the well known Type-1 neighborhood) aiming to make the NPSF model also a cost attractive choice. In addition, we introduce the Neighborhood Word-Line Sensitive Fault model and the corresponding test algorithm to cover those faults along with NPSFs, achieving test application time cost reduction from 33% to 41%, depending on various assumptions, with respect to the Type-1 neighborhood.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5012108,no
Waveform matching approach for fault diagnosis of a high-voltage transmission line employing harmony search algorithm,"An accurate and effective technology for fault diagnosis of a high-voltage transmission line plays an important role in supporting rapid system restoration. The fault diagnosis of a high-voltage transmission line involves three major tasks, namely fault-type identification, fault location and fault time estimation. The diagnosis problem is formulated as an optimisation problem in this work: the variables involved in the fault diagnosis problem, such as the fault location, and the unknown variables such as ground resistance, are taken into account as optimisation variables; the sum of the discrepancy of the approximation components of the actual and expected waveforms is taken as the optimisation objective. Then, according to the characteristics of the formulated optimisation problem, the harmony search, an effective heuristic optimisation algorithm developed in recent years, is employed to solve this problem. Test results for a sample power system have shown that the developed fault diagnosis model and method are correct and efficient.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5491712,no
An analytic model and optimization technique based methods for fault diagnosis in power systems,"An analytic model for fault diagnosis of power system using optimization technique is expressed as unconstrained 0-1 integer programming problem, and consequently faulty equipment identification can be solved by refined mathematical operation. Considering the configuration of automatic devices in modern power systems, such as protective relays and reclosing relays, an improved analytic model and optimization technique-based method for fault diagnosis of power system is proposed in this paper. The evaluation criteria of the presented model is improved considering the relationship of multiple main protective relays, backup protective relays, malfunctioning protective relays and reclosing relays. Improvements of analytic model for fault diagnosis of electric power system based on optimization techniques are presented firstly. A brief description about the modulars and functions of the online fault diagnosis software which is developed by the authors for Jiangsu Provincial Power Company is given. The adopted EMS data acquisition method and simulated online test results for the power system of Jiangsu Power Company are described.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4523623,no
Fault Tolerant Algorithm for Functional and Data Flow Parallel Programs Performance on Clusters,An approach and algorithm providing fault tolerant performance of functional and data flow parallel processes on clusters is presented in the paper. Main accent in the paper is on decentralized solution supporting of the fault tolerant computations and minimization of time and resources of the recovery process.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4573044,no
Effect of fiducial configuration on target registration error in intraoperative cone-beam CT guidance of head and neck surgery,"Advances in image-guided surgery have led to minimally-invasive, high-precision procedures that increase the efficacy of treatment, minimize surgical complications, and reduce patient recovery time. A recent advance in intraoperative 3D imaging includes cone-beam CT (CBCT) implemented on a mobile C-arm. This paper investigates the effect of the number and configuration of fiducials on target registration error (TRE) and identifies fiducial configurations that minimize TRE for rigid point-based registration in CBCT-guided head and neck surgery. Best configurations were those that minimized the distance between the centroid of fiducials and the surgical target while maximizing fiducial separation (distance from principal axes). Configurations with as few as 4 fiducials could be identified that minimized TRE (e.g., TRE < 0.3 mm for the pituitary, cochlea, and nasion), with more fiducials (6 or more) providing improved TRE uniformity throughout the volume of clinical interest. If possible, fiducials affixed to the skin or cranium (e.g., 46 markers) should include a majority about the target (to minimize centroid-to-target distance) with others at a distance (to maximize separation). A greater number of fiducials distributed evenly can provide low, uniform TRE for all targets - e.g., 8 markers, TRE 0.20.6 mm throughout the volume of interest. Such work helps guide the implementation of C-arm CBCT in head and neck surgery in a manner that maximizes surgical precision and exploits intraoperative image guidance to its full potential.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4649997,no
Estimation and prediction for tracking trajectories in cellular networks using the recursive prediction error method,"After considering the intrinsically erratic behavior of nodes in mobile networks, mobility prediction has been extensively used to improve the quality of services. Many methods have been proposed, inherited from technologies developed for signal processing and self-learning techniques and/or stochastic methods. Among the latter the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), using the received power as a measurement, is the most used. However, because the measure is not linear with distance, the EKF loses stability under certain circumstances and must be reset. Moreover, it requires the a priori knowledge of disturbances and measurement noise covariance matrices which are difficult to obtain. In this work, from the non-linear model, we derive a stable time-variant first order auto-regressive and moving average model (ARMA), and propose a prediction mechanism based on the well-known Recursive Prediction Error Method (RPEM) to predict the mobile location and then compare it with (EKF). Simulation results show that RPEM has a lower prediction error variance in most cases and similar in others to that obtained with EKF with the additional advantages that it has guaranteed stability and does not require the a priori knowledge of disturbances and measurement noise covariance matrices as in EKF.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5534918,no
Rebars and defects detection by a GPR survey at a L'Aquila school damaged by the earthquake of April 2009,"After the earthquake of L'Aquila (Abruzzo Region, Italy) occurred on the 6th April 2009, Ground Penetrating Radar investigations of public infrastructures were performed in order to provide an early damage assessment about structural elements such as beams and pillars. In particular, here we present the results of a 1500 MHz GPR survey on a cracked beam of a public building of L'Aquila to verify the goodness of a restoration work by means of epoxy resin injections. First a classical processing routine has been performed in order to focus the rebars hyperbolas and possible reflections coming by the injections; a data volume was built and several depth-slices are here presented. The survey allowed to check the rebars geometry and the reliability of the intervention based on the epoxy resin injections. Limitations of the classical data processing approach are a great complication in imaging the scene also due to the risk of introducing subjectiveness elements in the data by the operator and to the poor resolution achieved for the deeper rebar layer. The possibility of repeating the measurements on the opposite face of the beam in order to detect the second rebar layer was here adopted as a solution of the problem; however this way of operating becomes unacceptable during an earthquake post-crisis phase. The possibility of overcoming these drawbacks was offered by the microwave-tomography (MT) technique. The MT technique were first tested by processing one of the collected profiles acquired on the joist and the result confirmed the ability of the technique to achieve good focusing also of the deeper layer of rebars.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5550139,no
Fault tolerant PVFS2 based on data replication,"Aggregating the capacity and bandwidth of the commodity disks in the nodes of a cluster provides cost effective and high performance storage systems. Nevertheless, this strategy could be a feasible approach only if the mean time to failure of disks and nodes is faced. The number of failures increases with the nodes and it is especially important in parallel file systems, like PVFS, because having a file striped over server disks increases the probability of failures. This work proposes a strategy to include data replication in the second version of PVFS in order to provide fault tolerance. We also analyze the performance of the implementation of this approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5679880,no
Intermittent Fault Detection and Isolation System,"Aging aircraft electronic boxes often pose a maintenance challenge in that often after malfunctioning during flight in the aircraft, they test good, or ldquoNo Fault Foundrdquo (NFF) during ground test. The reason many of these boxes behave in this manner is that they have intermittent faults, which are momentary opens in one or more circuits due to a cracked solder joint, corroded contact, sprung connector receptacle, or any number of other reasons. These NFF boxes often account for a substantial number of boxes processed through a maintenance facility, where no repair can be performed, because no problem can be detected. Conventional test equipment is designed to test the electronic box for nominal operation, and usually ldquoaverages out,rdquo and hence hides, any short term anomalous event. This paper describes a tester that was specifically designed to detect and isolate the intermittent circuits in an electronic box chassis. This new and innovative tester has been designated the intermittent fault detection and isolation system (IFDIS). The IFDIS very effectively compliments conventional testers. The IFDIS includes an environmental chamber and shake table to subject the box to simulated operational conditions, which greatly enhances the probability the intermittent circuit will manifest itself. The IFDIS also includes an intermittent fault detector which continuously and simultaneously monitors every electrical path in the chassis under test, while the box is exposed to a simulated operational environment. To determine the effectiveness of this new tester in detecting and isolating intermittent circuits, several dozen electronic boxes, identified by serial number, that had been to the repair facility and tested NFF multiple times were selected for IFDIS testing. One or more intermittent faults were detected, isolated and repaired in nearly every box. These boxes were then tested on the conventional tester and returned to service. We are currently monitoring th- - eir performance to determine their increased service life and reduced number of NFF incidents.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4662580,no
Design of intelligent fault diagnosis system based on naval vessel's cooling system of diesel engine,"Aimed at the defect of low veracity and inefficient tradition fault diagnosis, an intelligent fault diagnosis system of a naval vessel's cooling system for diesel engine is designed. Based on improved Back Propagation neural network algorithm and realized by Visual Basic loading Dynamic Link Library which by C++. Application results show that it has the more strong ability of self learning and self adaptation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5554776,no
Implementation of a Distributed Fault-Tolerant Computer for UAV,"Aiming at flight safety of high-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a distributed fault-tolerant computer (FTC) was designed based on controller area network(CAN). According to the requirements of UAV control and the system structure of FTC, solutions of key issues (redundancy management, synchronization technology, scheduling strategy, CAN communication and software implementation technology) were given. Special testing and simulation results showed that the FTC was well-functioning and met the requirements of UAV flight control system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5631405,no
Recognition and Extraction Algorithm Design for Defect Characteristics of Armor-plate Flaw Detection Image,"Aiming at the detection image of strip steel which rolled on the 15 mm plate production line in a steel plant, the defect characteristics recognition and extraction algorithm had been analyzed and designed, based on the computer image processing and pattern recognition theory. And the corresponding defect characteristics recognition and processing program had been programmed by VC++6.0 computer language. In the paper, the 8 direction pixel gray value search algorithm had been compiled based on the computer image color grading theory firstly, then to extract every gray level pixel information of the armor-plate detection image, and to carry out the corresponding every gray level pixel distribution probability statistic. Based on the statistical results, the two-dimension histogram Fish evaluation function algorithm for the armor-plate CCD image processing had been designed, and the result of practical application shows that the defect characteristics recognition system which programmed based on the algorithm ahead can accurately recognize and extract the defect characteristics data from the armor-plate rolled detection image, and can effectively satisfy the industrial production requirement of plate rolled.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5514076,no
Support Vector Machine for Mechanical Faults Diagnosis,"Aiming at the difficulty that Support Vector Machine (SVM) model selection of classification algorithm affect classification accuracy, it research relevant factors that influence the precision of fault classifiers based on the typical fault data samples obtained by experimental setup of rotor-bearing systems. The results show that different SVM classifiers, in which different kernel functions and different kernel functions parameters are adopted, will influence the precision of fault classifiers in conditions that fault data samples is small. It can be conveniently applied to choose appropriate kernel functions and kernel functions parameters in engineering application.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5459108,no
Bug Mining Model Based on Event-Component Similarity to Discover Similar and Duplicate GUI Bugs,"All most all of the bugs related to graphical user interface (GUI) module of applications and are described in terms of events associated with GUI components. In this paper, a bug mining model for discovering duplicate and similar GUI bugs is presented and approach for detecting the similar and duplicate GUI bugs is described. Resolution of similar and duplicate bugs are almost identical, so if similar and duplicates are identified it will optimize the time for fixing reported GUI bugs and it can also help in achieving the faster development. A GUI bug can be transformed into a sequence of events, components and expected implementation requirements for each GUI event. This transformation is used in this paper to discover the similar and duplicate GUI bugs. First all the GUI bugs are transformed into events, components and requirements sequence, then these sequences are pair wise matched and common subsequence is generated which will indicate the similarity for the GUI bugs.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4809219,no
A Novel Method of Fault Diagnosis in Wind Power Generation System,"Along with environmental consciousness enhancement, conventional energy depletion, wind energy exploitation is expanding gradually due to the renewable merit, clean without any pollution and vast reserve features. Therefore, wind power generation (WPG) system equipped with Doubly Fed Induction Generators is emerging as mushroom. Larger rated capacity of power unit, the higher tower and the variable pitch are the main scope in WPG system. However, latent trouble will bring about likewise. If a fault occurred, it will be catastrophic for WPG system. Consequently, the technology of fault detection will play a more important role in WPG system. Based on the present status, a novel method is proposed in this paper after summarizing and analyzing the lack of previous methods. Then an example for detecting the inverter fault is studied using PSCAD software. Results indicated that the proposed method is effective and feasible.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5448346,no
FACTS: A Framework for Fault-Tolerant Composition of Transactional Web Services,"Along with the standardization of Web services composition language and the widespread acceptance of composition technologies, Web services composition is becoming an efficient and cost-effective way to develop modern business applications. As Web services are inherently unreliable, how to deliver reliable Web services composition over unreliable Web services is a significant and challenging problem. In this paper, we propose FACTS, a framework for fault-tolerant composition of transactional Web services. We identify a set of high-level exception handling strategies and a new taxonomy of transactional Web services to devise a fault-tolerant mechanism that combines exception handling and transaction techniques. We also devise a specification module and a verification module to assist service designers to construct fault-handling logic conveniently and correctly. Furthermore, we design an implementation module to automatically implement fault-handling logic in WS-BPEL. A case study demonstrates the viability of our framework and experimental results show that FACTS can improve fault tolerance of composite services with acceptable overheads.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5255224,no
Automated Bug Neighborhood Analysis for Identifying Incomplete Bug Fixes,"Although many static-analysis techniques have been developed for automatically detecting bugs, such as null dereferences, fewer automated approaches have been presented for analyzing whether and how such bugs are fixed. Attempted bug fixes may be incomplete in that a related manifestation of the bug remains unfixed. In this paper, we characterize the completeness of attempted bug fixes that involve the flow of invalid values from one program point to another, such as null dereferences, in Java programs. Our characterization is based on the definition of a bug neighborhood, which is a scope of flows of invalid values. We present an automated analysis that, given two versions P and P' of a program, identifies the bugs in P that have been fixed in P', and classifies each fix as complete or incomplete. We implemented our technique for null-dereference bugs and conducted empirical studies using open-source projects. Our results indicate that, for the projects we studied, many bug fixes are not complete, and thus, may cause failures in subsequent executions of the program.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5477063,no
Extraction of the basic feature points of handwriting data by auto translation error map,"Analysis of online-handwritten time series, acquired by pen tablet system, is valuable in various fields such as handwriting recognition, person verification or skill analysis. Generally, online handwriting data is a multidimensional time series comprises of time series of pen-tips position (x, y), pressure, altitude, azimuth etc.. In case of person verification application, use of such multivariate data improves verification accuracy. However increase of data volume increases computational cost for analysis. In this study, in order to reduce data volume , we propose a new method for extraction of the basic feature points of multidimensional handwriting time series from the view point of testing determinism in the underlying dynamics behind handwriting. Proposed method is based on two-dimensional recurrence map of translation error. Basic feature points denote the principal points in the trajectory of handwriting dynamics to preserve the rough form of the individual's handwriting speciality. The simulation experiment has been done with SVC 2004 online handwriting signature data. The result shows that the basic feature point series is quite sufficient for analyzing the data for identity detection while the raw handwriting time series includes redundancy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5250789,no
Business-oriented fault localization based on probabilistic neural networks,"Analyzed here is a business-oriented fault localization algorithm based on transitive closure fault propagation model and probability neural networks (PNN). Business-oriented fault localization is to construct a fault propagation model for each large complex software business. This strategy focuses on availability of key business other than scattered fault information. Because of the complex dependent relations between software, hardware, and middleware, fault of one component may propagate into correlated components and produce multiple alarms (symptoms). Transitive closure is possible symptoms domain of faults. Fault diagnosis can be transformed into a classification problem. In practice, PNN is often an excellent pattern classifier, outperforming other classifiers including back propagation (BP). It trains quickly since the training is done in one pass of each training vector, rather than several iterations. In our fault localization algorithm FLPNN, conditional probability of symptom is used as weight of hidden layer, and probability of fault is used as weight of output layer. Input of FLPNN is binary vector which represents the occurrence of symptom or not. In order to adapt the change of fault pattern, incremental learning algorithm of DFLPNN is also investigated. The simulation results show the validity and efficiency of FLPNN compared with MCA+ under lost and spurious symptom circumstances.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5410347,no
Evergreen: A fault-tolerant application streaming technique,"Application streaming is technology to stream the code of an application from a central server and run it on a client computer without downloading and installation. The application can be executed while streaming of the application code may still be in progress. However, since the software streaming is based on networks, its service is affected by network failures. Network failures may cause the streamed application to stop, and to make it worse, the client system may crash. This paper proposes a network fault-tolerant application streaming technique named Evergreen. This technique enables a client to work with the application continuously during a network failure by using the downloaded code of the previously used function. We also discuss the implementation details of the evergreen model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4809539,no
ATP-Based Automated Fault Simulation,"As a free Electromagnetic Transient (EMT) simulation program, the Alternative Transient Program (ATP) cannot simulate in batch mode. Manual operation is very boring and prone to error when thousands of faults are to be simulated. In order to automate the process, based on close observation and analysis of the operation mechanism of the ATP, the letter concludes some useful rules and develops a software package to automate the ATP-based EMT simulation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4529108,no
Research on immune reconstruction application technology for fault diagnosis,"As a kind of applied systems of AI in fault diagnosis, the intelligent fault diagnosis system has got very good effect in practice, but with the gradual complication of the equipment and function of systems which leads to more complicated and exceptional faults, it is often difficult to study all faultspsila cause real-timely in some complex systems if adopting traditional intelligent reasoning methods. After analyzing on the immune mechanism, some fault diagnosis multi-agents is presented, with characteristics of evolution and reconfiguration, the relation between agents is named as the immune co-evolution and discussed, the basic process about reconstruction on a diagnosis model is also described, and an algorithm is designed to reconstruct diagnosis models, at last the feasibility of this research is initially verified in the test by simulation results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4593907,no
Research on high-speed fuzzy reasoning with FPGA for fault diagnosis expert system,"As an effective method for diagnosis reasoning, fuzzy reasoning is hard to meet the real-time challenge for its complex process and time-consuming. Traditionally, using software to implement fuzzy reasoning need to consume much more time, so a new method to design expert system fuzzy reasoning with FPGA for fault diagnosis is presented in this paper. In the new method, fuzzy operating is realized by function transform with ROM, and FPGA provides logic control and process coordination for fuzzy reasoning. The whole fuzzy reasoning is finished with hardware instead of software. Many experiments indicate that the speed of fuzzy reasoning with this method is faster than traditional modes, and it can be applicable to many on-line diagnosis systems based on single-chip controller or DSP (Digital Signal Processor).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5245988,no
Experimental investigation and analysis for gearbox fault,"As an important component of a wind turbine drive chain, the high failure rate of the gearbox can have a serious impact on the operation of wind turbine units. The fault diagnosis of the gearbox is therefore important for the safety of wind turbine units. In this paper, a gearbox experiment rig was built, experiments on the gear surface spalling fault were held on the rig under laboratory conditions, the shaft vibration displacement signals were collected, related vibration signals were analyzed by time domain, amplitude domain, frequency domain and wavelet analysis, and the results of different analysis methods were compared. The results show that the waveform of normal and fault signals are similar, the amplitude of the signals will change while the fault happens, and the wavelet analysis is more effective than frequency domain analysis on gearbox fault features extraction.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5673173,no
Analyzing the soft error resilience of linear solvers on multicore multiprocessors,"As chip transistor densities continue to increase, soft errors (bit flips) are becoming a significant concern in networked multiprocessors with multicore nodes. Large cache structures in multicore processors are especially susceptible to soft errors as they occupy a significant portion of the chip area. In this paper, we consider the impacts of soft errors in caches on the resilience and energy efficiency of sparse linear solvers. In particular, we focus on two widely used sparse iterative solvers, namely Conjugate Gradient (CG) and Generalized Minimum Residuals (GMRES). We propose two adaptive schemes, (i) a Write Eviction Hybrid ECC (WEH-ECC) scheme for the L1 cache and (ii) a Prefetcher Based Adaptive ECC (PBA-ECC) scheme for the L2 cache, and evaluate the energy and reliability trade-offs they bring in the context of GMRES and CG solvers. Our evaluations indicate that WEH-ECC reduces the CG and GMRES soft error vulnerability by a factor of 18 to 220 in L1 cache, relative to an unprotected L1 cache, and energy consumption by 16%, relative to a cache with strong protection. The PBA-ECC scheme reduces the CG and GMRES soft error vulnerability by a factor of 9 A 10<sup>3</sup> to 8.6 A 10<sup>9</sup>, relative to an unprotected L2 cache, and reduces the energy consumption by 8.5%, relative to a cache with strong ECC protection. Our energy overheads over unprotected L1 and L2 caches are 5% and 14% respectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5470411,no
Replication-Based Fault Tolerance for MPI Applications,"As computational clusters increase in size, their mean time to failure reduces drastically. Typically, checkpointing is used to minimize the loss of computation. Most checkpointing techniques, however, require central storage for storing checkpoints. This results in a bottleneck and severely limits the scalability of checkpointing, while also proving to be too expensive for dedicated checkpointing networks and storage systems. We propose a scalable replication-based MPI checkpointing facility. Our reference implementation is based on LAM/MPI; however, it is directly applicable to any MPI implementation. We extend the existing state of fault-tolerant MPI with asynchronous replication, eliminating the need for central or network storage. We evaluate centralized storage, a Sun-X4500-based solution, an EMC storage area network (SAN), and the Ibrix commercial parallel file system and show that they are not scalable, particularly after 64 CPUs. We demonstrate the low overhead of our checkpointing and replication scheme with the NAS Parallel Benchmarks and the High-Performance LINPACK benchmark with tests up to 256 nodes while demonstrating that checkpointing and replication can be achieved with a much lower overhead than that provided by current techniques. Finally, we show that the monetary cost of our solution is as low as 25 percent of that of a typical SAN/parallel-file-system-equipped storage system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4633353,no
Design and Analysis of Synchronizable Error-Resilient Arithmetic Codes,"An error-resilient variable-length arithmetic code is presented whose codewords are represented by binary digits. The input sequence is partitioned in subsequences, each of which is individually encoded using an arithmetic coding scheme with an integrated bit-stuffing technique that restricts the number of consecutive ones in the output sequence. An all-ones sequence of fixed length is appended to serve as a sync marker when the codewords are concatenated. The bit-stuffing technique ensures that the sync markers do not occur anywhere except at the boundaries between the codewords. Expressions for the optimal choice of the marker length and the block length are derived. The performance of the proposed code is determined in terms of redundancy and error resilience. An upper bound on the average error rate is derived and its tightness is confirmed with computer simulations. The proposed code shows to significantly suppress the error rate at the expense of a minimum increase in redundancy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5425548,no
A Fault Tolerant Adaptive Method for the Scheduling of Tasks in Dynamic Grids,"An essential issue in distributed high-performance computing is how to allocate efficiently the workload among the processors. This is specially important in a computational Grid where its resources are heterogeneous and dynamic. Algorithms like Quadratic Self-Scheduling (QSS) and Exponential Self-Scheduling (ESS) are useful to obtain a good load balance, reducing the communication overhead. Here, it is proposed a fault tolerant adaptive approach to schedule tasks in dynamic Grid environments. The aim of this approach is to optimize the list of chunks that QSS and ESS generates, that is, the way to schedule the tasks. For that, when the environment changes, new optimal QSS and ESS parameters are obtained to schedule the remaining tasks in an optimal way, maintaining a good load balance. Moreover, failed tasks are rescheduled. The results show that the adaptive approach obtains a good performance of both QSS and ESS even in a highly dynamic environment.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5359617,no
Residual Generators for Fault Diagnosis Using Computation Sequences With Mixed Causality Applied to Automotive Systems,"An essential step in the design of a model-based diagnosis system is to find a set of residual generators fulfilling stated fault detection and isolation requirements. To be able to find a good set, it is desirable that the method used for residual generation gives as many candidate residual generators as possible, given a model. This paper presents a novel residual generation method that enables simultaneous use of integral and derivative causality, i.e., mixed causality, and also handles equation sets corresponding to algebraic and differential loops in a systematic manner. The method relies on a formal framework for computing unknown variables according to a computation sequence. In this framework, mixed causality is utilized, and the analytical properties of the equations in the model, as well as the available tools for algebraic equation solving, are taken into account. The proposed method is applied to two models of automotive systems, a Scania diesel engine, and a hydraulic braking system. Significantly more residual generators are found with the proposed method in comparison with methods using solely integral or derivative causality.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5491118,no
Evanescent Field Absorption Sensor Using a Pure-Silica Defected-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber,"An evanescent field absorption sensing technique in liquid solutions is demonstrated using a microstructured photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Aqueous solution of cobalt chloride was infiltrated into all air holes of the PCF. The defected-core with a central hole in the PCF together with an increase in the surface volume with the evanescent field penetration into the air holes enhanced the liquid absorption sensitivity. The effects of solution concentration, detection directions, and PCF length on the absorption sensitivity are investigated experimentally. We have obtained a linear relationship between the evanescent field absorption and liquid concentration and also between the evanescent field absorption and PCF length. The absorption sensitivity using the longitudinal detection method is increased by more than 60 times compared with that using perpendicular measurement technique.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4447294,no
Error Rate Expression for Perpendicular Magnetic Recording,"An expression for estimating error rate in a perpendicular magnetic recording system is developed. The probability of error is estimated for a dominant dibit error event. Noise includes stationary white Gaussian head/electronics noise and nonstationary colored medium transition noise. Error rate is determined for a variety of parameter changes. In particular, it is shown how two systems with the same total signal-to-noise ratio can have different error rates. Expansion of the model to include additional signal and noise effects as well as the evaluation of different error events is discussed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4629420,no
A Simulation Environment for the On-Line Monitoring of a Fault Tolerant Flight Control Computer,"An approach of designing a simulation environment for the on-line monitoring of a fault tolerant flight control computer is presented in this paper. The simulation environment is designed to evaluate an improved on-line monitoring technique for processors with a built-in cache. This technique assumes that a monitor checks on-line whether the execution of a program is in accordance with the control flow graph created for the program off-line by a preprocessor. The simulation environment consists of the target processor and the monitor, but also includes carefully chosen benchmark programs, fault injection modules and the preprocessor.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5290985,no
A Roadmap for Autonomous Fault-Tolerant Systems,"An Autonomous Fault-Tolerant System (AFTS) refers to a system that is able to configure its own resources in the presence of permanent defects and spontaneous random faults occurring in its silicon substrate in order to maintain its functionality. This work analyzes how AFTS could be built, specifically focusing on hardware platform dependant issues, and gives an overview of the state-of-the-art in this field, which is still in its infancy. Three technological levels are used for classifying the research efforts conducted to date. By describing the current state-of-the-art and the constraints imposed by current technology, this work tries to envision future trends towards the ultimate objective of achieving a fully-adaptive system capable of modifying its architecture on-the-fly as needed. Finally, the general structure and organization of a Reliable Reconfigurable Real-Time Operating System (R3TOS) is presented. This OS aims at making the aforementioned adaptability easily exploitable by future commercial applications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5706281,no
A Method to Evaluate Voltages to Earth During an Earth Fault in an HV Network in a System of Interconnected Earth Electrodes of MV/LV Substations,"An easy and swift method to evaluate, in a system of interconnected earth electrodes, earth potentials on earthing systems of medium-voltage/low-voltage (MV/LV) substations, in an event of single-line-to-earth fault inside a high-voltage/medium- voltage (HV/MV) station, is presented. The advantage of the method is the simplicity of the mathematical model for solving complex systems of any size with a sufficient accuracy for practical purposes. This paper shows the results of simulations, performed on networks with different extensions and characteristics, organized in easy-to-read graphs and tables. A comparison of these results with the values obtained according to the procedure explained in the IEC-Standard 60909-3, and a study on the accuracy of the method has been made. Moreover, some considerations on the inclusion of earth electrodes of HV/MV stations within global earthing systems are done.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4560040,no
Analog Circuits Fault Diagnosis Based on SVMs,"Analog circuit fault diagnosis problem can be modeled as a pattern recognition problem and solved by machine learning algorithm. SVM is often chosen as the learning machine because of its good generalization ability in small sample decision problem. However, in practical applications, because the fault samples are hard to acquire, the number of fault sample is far less than that for normal samples, which makes fault diagnosis a typical imbalanced problem. And it is found that traditional SVM can not ensure good performance in this situation. So in this paper, we propose an improved SVM-muSVM. In the new method, a parameter mu was introduced into the decision function, so that weight for fault class can be adjusted, and consequently the influence of fault class in decision function can be enlarged. Simulation experiments show that this method is effective in solving the problem of analog circuit fault diagnosis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4960779,no
Adaptive Fault Management of Parallel Applications for High-Performance Computing,"As the scale of high-performance computing (HPC) continues to grow, failure resilience of parallel applications becomes crucial. In this paper, we present FT-Pro, an adaptive fault management approach that combines proactive migration with reactive checkpointing. It aims to enable parallel applications to avoid anticipated failures via preventive migration and, in the case of unforeseeable failures, to minimize their impact through selective checkpointing. An adaptation manager is designed to make runtime decisions in response to failure prediction. Extensive experiments, by means of stochastic modeling and case studies with real applications, indicate that FT-Pro outperforms periodic checkpointing, in terms of reducing application completion times and improving resource utilization, by up to 43 percent.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4531733,no
Fault-Aware Runtime Strategies for High-Performance Computing,"As the scale of parallel systems continues to grow, fault management of these systems is becoming a critical challenge. While existing research mainly focuses on developing or improving fault tolerance techniques, a number of key issues remain open. In this paper, we propose runtime strategies for spare node allocation and job rescheduling in response to failure prediction. These strategies, together with failure predictor and fault tolerance techniques, construct a runtime system called FARS (Fault-Aware Runtime System). In particular, we propose a 0-1 knapsack model and demonstrate its flexibility and effectiveness for reallocating running jobs to avoid failures. Experiments, by means of synthetic data and real traces from production systems, show that FARS has the potential to significantly improve system productivity (i.e., performance and reliability).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4569836,no
Thread Relocation: A Runtime Architecture for Tolerating Hard Errors in Chip Multiprocessors,"As the semiconductor industry continues its relentless push for nano-CMOS technologies, device reliability and occurrence of hard errors have emerged as a dominant concern in multicores. Although regular memory structures are protected against hard errors using error correcting codes or spare rows and columns, many of the structures within the cores are left unprotected. Even if the location of hard errors is known a priori, disabling faulty cores results in a substantial performance loss. Several proposed techniques use microarchitectural redundancy to allow defective cores to continue operation. These techniques are attractive, but limited due to either added cost of additional redundancy that offers no benefits to an error-free core, or limited coverage, due to the natural redundancy offered by the microarchitecture. We propose to exploit the intercore redundancy in chip multiprocessors for hard-error tolerance. Our scheme combines hardware reconfiguration to ensure reduced functionality of cores, and a runtime layer of software (microvisor) to manage mapping of threads to cores. Microvisor observes the changing phase behavior of threads and initiates thread relocation to match the computational demands of threads to the capabilities of cores. Our results show that in the presence of degraded cores, microvisor mitigates performance losses by an average of two percent.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5010431,no
Impact of intrinsic parameter fluctuation on the fault tolerance of L1 data cache,"As the semiconductor process technology continues to scale deeper into the nanometer region, the intrinsic parameter fluctuations will aggressively affect the performance and reliability of future microprocessors and System-on-Chip (SoC) applications. These system requires large SRAM arrays that occupy an increasing fraction of the chip real estate. To investigate the impact various source of intrinsic parameter fluctuation (IPF) from systems point of view, a framework to bridge architecture-level and device-level simulation will be utilized for data cache built from transistors with 25 nm, 18 nm and 13 nm technology node. This study found that the IPF will not have any significant impacts on data cache memory systems build with 25 nm while increasing the memory cell ratio, (A) to two will overcome the IPF impacts for the 18 nm. However, the 13 nm technology data cache could not operate even with higher cell ratio. Common, cache memory fault detection and correction such as ECC and redundancy can only partially remove the transaction error caused by these fluctuation sources.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5418676,no
Research on domestic PV module structure based on fault detection,"As to detecting the location of fault in photovoltaic (PV) module structure, this paper presents a new type of PV arrays connection: CTCT structure (complex-total-cross-tied array). In the array of CTCT-type PV cells, by adding a certain number of current sensors and comparing the detected current, the Hot Spot cells can be located to avoid their damage to PV panels. This paper derives a formula to demonstrate the relationship between the total number of PV panels in parallel, the resolution and the total number of current sensors in the PV systems. And the algorithm has been verified correctly in a 3*9 board of PV panel. With the certain number of PV panels, selecting the reasonable value of resolution for determining the number of sensors needed, we can detect the precise location of PV cells that have Hot Spot by using current sensors as few as possible.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5553914,no
Adaptive order-statistics multi-shell filtering for bad pixel correction within CFA demosaicking,"As today's digital cameras contain millions of image sensors, it is highly probable that the image sensors will contain a few defective pixels due to errors in the fabrication process. While these bad pixels would normally be mapped out in the manufacturing process, more defective pixels, known as hot pixels, could appear over time with camera usage. Since some hot pixels can still function at normal settings, they need not be permanently mapped out because they will only appear on a long exposure and/or at high ISO settings. In this paper, we apply an adaptive order-statistics multi-shell filter within CFA demosaicking to filter out only bad pixels whilst preserving the rest of the image. The CFA image containing bad pixels is first demosaicked to produce a full colour image. The adaptive filter is then only applied to the actual sensor pixels within the colour image for bad pixel correction. Demosaicking is then re-applied at those bad pixel locations to produce the final full colour image free of defective pixels. It has been shown that our proposed method outperforms a separate process of CFA demosaicking followed by bad pixel removal.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5395817,no
High availability and fault management in Objective Architecture systems,"At the heart of many real-time and near real-time distributed computing systems, such as radar, navigational, missile defense, and command and control, you find mission critical requirements. This designation demands continuous system availability even in the face of system faults. Lives are at stake and mission success is at risk. Standards-based high availability and computing resource management solutions with well defined functional boundaries and interfaces are gaining traction. This is seen in such Navy examples as Aegis Modernization, Littoral Combat Ship, Common Processing System, and more recently within the PEO-IWS Objective Architecture DoD Information Technology Standards Registry (DISR). As implemented, Objective Architectures hold the promise of providing a path to meet current and future demands placed on these system designs. Examples of these demands include: increased functional density and complexity, resource consolidation, mixed criticality systems and the ever present size, weight and power concerns. The architectural approach must be both flexible and scalable to fit the broadest set of cases, minimizing or eliminating special-case solutions. There are a set of standards published by the Service Availability (SA) Forum that address these issues. SA Forum standards are currently being used in the programs mentioned above. We will also consider how SA Forum specifications can be used to support operational availability in legacy systems while laying the groundwork for evolution of the objective architecture. This paper reviews the above issues and the specific benefits brought about by a SA Forum-based solution.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5680373,no
Crystal defects and charge collection in CZT x-ray and gamma detectors,"Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) is one of the most exploited materials for x-ray and gamma ray radiation detection. Nevertheless CZT ingots are still affected by many defects, the most common features are Te inclusions, dislocations and grain boundaries. In this work the results of many investigation techniques are put together and compared in order to have a better understanding of the role of each defect in the degradation of the detector performances. A CZT ingot grown by low pressure Bridgman technique in IMEM Institute, Parma, was analyzed. The material was studied by means of the IR microscopy, for the identification of Te inclusions and then studied with the use of the synchrotron light source (NSLS National Synchrotron Light Source) for the analysis of the crystalline structure and uniformity of the x-ray response.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5874498,no
A high-performance application protocol for fault-tolerant CAN networks,"CAN is a communication protocol largely used in automotive and industrial appliances because of the simple procedure for its parameterization and the low cost of its circuitry. The native CAN, however, does not assure the fault-tolerance level required by safety-critical appliances and somewhat sophisticated protocols have been introduced for their networking. In an attempt to keep on the advantages of CAN, several application protocols have been developed to supplement the native CAN with the aim of giving the CAN networks safety features. This paper continues such a research trend by proposing a CAN application protocol termed time-triggered bus-redundant CAN (TTBR-CAN) that outdoes the performance of the existing ones. After describing the architecture of TTBR-CAN, details are given on its implementation and experimental results are reported to demonstrate its effectiveness.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5637587,no
Proactive fault management based on risk-augmented routing,"Carrier networks need to provide their customers with high availability of communication services. Unfortunately, failures are managed by recovery mechanisms getting involved only after the failure occurrence to limit the impact on traffic flows. However, there are often forewarning signs that a network device will stop working properly. We propose to take into account this risk exposure in order to improve the performance of the existing restoration mechanisms, in particular for IP networks. Based on an embedded and real-time risk-level assessment, we can perform a proactive fault-management and isolate the failing routers out of the routed topology, and thus totally avoid service unavailability. Our novel approach enables routers to preventively steer traffic away from risky paths by temporally tuning OSPF link cost.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5700366,no
Based on the Phonetic Spelling Correction System Research and Implementation,"Based on English phonetic spelling correction algorithm, this paper is to solve common spelling errors such as missing letters, extra letters, disordered letters, as well as phonetic spelling errors in the perspective of from the same pronunciation, similar pronunciation. Through the analysis of the causes of the spelling errors, an algorithm of combination of phonetic spelling correction, phonetic spelling regulations, edit-distance and habit-distance is put forward, thereby overall exposition about spelling correction system is proposed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5365351,no
Knowledge Model Based on Error Logic for Intelligent System,"Based on error logic, a new knowledge discovery method is presented in this paper. We uses error matrix that is built on error logic to represent knowledge. Error matrix is a useful method of modeling for scene. By means of solution of error matrix equation, we can get error logic transformation equation that can be used in reasoning about question. Combining the elements such as discussing domain, the things of u, space, characteristic, value of characteristic, error value and rules of object with decomposed transformation, similarity transformation, increased transformation, replacement transformation, vanishing transformation and unit transformation, we can obtain several useful alternative change paths by permutations and combinations. This paper present a general solution of the equation of X&and;A=B based on the decomposed transformation of the things of u. Finally, the future works that are going to study farther is given.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5170528,no
Monitoring and fault diagnosing system design for power transformer based on temperature field model and DGA feature extraction,"Based on support vector machine, a new fault diagnosis model for power transformer combining on-line extracting dissolved gases analysis (DGA) data with its three-dimensional temperature field information is proposed, which can realize fusion of the multivariate fault characteristic information. The finite element method is applied into establishing a three-dimensional temperature field for power transformer. Some issues about applying support vector machine (SVM) into power transformer fault diagnosis are further analyzed. In order to realize its state on-line monitoring and the measuring data remote communication, an embedded on-line monitoring system composed of ARM and general packet radio service is designed for the power transformer in this paper. Simulation experimental results show that the proposed fault diagnosis model has an excellent performance on training speed and correct ratio, and the developed embedded system can effectively monitor power transformerpsilas state during its running. Therefore, it will change the existing maintenance and repair pattern for power transformer and realizes accurate fault diagnosis or forecasts.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4593195,no
Immune Population Network Algorithm and Its Application in Fault Diagnosis,"Based on the biological immune system, the authors propose a new immune population network algorithm which combines population immune algorithm and network immune algorithm in this paper. This algorithm could execute multi-point parallel search from local to global searching field, increasing the diversity of antigen population and the ability of searching maximum. At last, we apply this algorithm to the fault diagnosis system and simulation results indicate that the algorithm could recognize the fault correctly.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4667917,no
Design and Verification of Internet Service Automatic Fault-Heal System,"Based on the current situation of Internet service management, we put forward an Internet service automatic fault-heal system. Combined with autonomic computing and services probes components, we put forward organization model and autonomic computing model of the system. Simultaneously, with the use of timed automata and UPPAAL - a model checking tool for timed automatons, we modeled the system and simulated it. Then we made a detailed description and analysis of each component of this model. Finally, combined with the verifier of UPPAAL and the TCTL formula, we verified the deadlock, safety and feasibility of the system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5455422,no
Research on the Remote Monitoring and Intelligent Fault Diagnosis System,"Based on the techniques of power electronics, fault diagnosis and network, a remote monitoring and fault diagnosis system with combination of a three-layer C/S structure and Internet is presented, which achieves with high compatibility between different equipment. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the discussion about the structure of compatibility between systems, the compatibility design of remote monitoring and the realization of field control equipment, such as the data collection sub-system, the real-time monitoring sub-system, the fault diagnosis sub-system and the data disposal and management sub-system, and the design of the data transferring sub-system and the data disposal and management sub-system, and the design of the data transferring sub-system and the communication protocol format.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4678931,no
Research on the Remote Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis System for Equipment,"Based on the techniques of power electronics, fault diagnosis and network, a remote monitoring and fault diagnosis system with combination of a three-layer C/S structure and Internet is presented, which achieves with high compatibility between different equipment. Furthermore, the paper focuses on the discussion about the structure of compatibility between systems, the compatibility design of remote monitoring and the realization of field control equipment, such as the data collection sub-system, the real-time monitoring sub-system, the fault diagnosis sub-system and the data disposal and management subsystem, and the design of the data transferring sub-system and the data disposal and management sub-system, and the design of the data transferring sub-system and the communication protocol format.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4679072,no
Co-Integration Analysis and an Error Correction Model for Urban Land Use Structure and Economic Growth in China,"Based on the theories of the information entropy of urban land use structure, co-integration and error correction model, this thesis analyses the relationship between economic growth, urbanization level and the information entropy of urban land use structure. The information entropy values of China's urban land use structure from 1981 to 2004 have been calculated in this paper. The relationship between China's GDP and the information entropy of urban land use structure is investigated in details. The results indicate a co-integration relationship between GDP and the information entropy of urban land use structure. However, there is no co-integration relationship between urbanization and the information entropy of urban land use structure. On the basis of the above analyses, the error correction model on GDP and the information entropy of urban land use structure is instituted. The application of the model shows that every 1% decrease in the information entropy value of urban land use structure demands a 59.53% growth in GDP. Because of the existing co-integration relationship between the economic growth and the information entropy of urban land use structure, the order degree of China's urban land use structure has relied heavily on the economic growth for a long time. The economic growth will significantly affect the optimal regulation of urban land use structure in the future. Further investigation also shows that economic growth and urbanization act as the direct driving force of the optimization of urban land use structure, but the optimization of urban land use structure can't promote the economic growth and the urbanization. Therefore, it becomes a very pressing strategic issue to adjust the economic structure and industrial distribution to optimize the distribution of urban land use and to optimize the structure of urban land use to improve the efficiency and promote the socio-economic development.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5303315,no
Fault-tolerant inverter with real-time monitoring for aerospace applications,"Because of its great interest, the power systems reliability has been widely investigated in military, industrial and space applications. This paper is presenting an improved fault-tolerant inverter topology with its associated control strategy. This topology has been designed for aerospace industry that puts hard constraints on system reactivity and testability. In addition to the nominal and faulty mode steady-state analysis, the study emphasizes on the transient analysis when switching from one to another. Simulations and experimental results are presented to validate the operation of the proposed solution.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5606827,no
A scalable rule-based Reasoning Algorithm for fault diagnosis,"Because of network connection and the relations among services and network devices, a network fault usually happens with a series of related faults. These conditions bring complications to find out the exact root fault that leads fault storms. We have proposed a knowledge-based fault diagnosis model and a rule-based reasoning algorithm in our previous work. As we all know, control strategy and rules are often expanded or changed in fault reasoning. Based on the previous work, this paper proposes an Optimized Fault Reasoning Algorithm(OFRA) that can be scalable and maintainable based on two design patterns. We also implement OFRA in a real network and use real fault cases to validate the efficiency of the scalability and maintenance of OFRA.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5620465,no
Gear Fault Diagnosis with Neural Network Based on Niche Genetic Algorithm,"Because of the complexity of gear working condition, there are non-linear relationship between characteristic parameters and fault types. This paper proposes to apply the artificial neural network theory and the genetic algorithm to solve the difficulties of gear fault diagnosis. Niche technique based on crowding mechanism is used in genetic algorithm, and punishing function is adopted to adjust individual fitness, so as to promote global search capability. Taking a certain gearbox fault signal acquisition experimental system for an example, Matlab software and its neural network toolbox are used to model and simulate. The experiment result shows that the founded network model has good performance for the common gear fault diagnosis and it can identify various types of faults stably and accurately.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5532567,no
An online scheme for the isolation of BGP misconfiguration errors,"Being the primary interdomain routing protocol, border gateway protocol (BGP) is the singular means of path establishment across the Internet. Therefore, misconfiguration errors in BGP routers result in failure to establish paths which in turn can cause several networks to become unreachable. In this paper, we first analyze data from recent BGP tables to show that misconfiguration errors occur very frequently in the Internet today. We then show theoretically and using real-world events the impact of these errors on routing stability. A scheme for real-time isolation of large-scale BGP misconfiguration events is then proposed in this paper. Our methodology is based on statistical techniques and is evaluated using data from past wellknown misconfiguration events. We show the effectiveness of our method as compared to the current state-of-the-art.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4694133,no
Soft Errors in SRAM-FPGAs: A Comparison of Two Complementary Approaches,"As SRAM-based field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are introduced in safety- or mission-critical applications, the availability of suitable Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools for predicting systems dependability becomes mandatory for designers. Nowadays designers can opt either for workload-independent EDA tools, which provide information about system's dependability disregarding the workload the system is supposed to elaborate when deployed in the mission, or workload-dependent approaches. In this paper, we compare two tools for predicting the effects of soft errors in circuits implemented using SRAM-based FPGAs, a workload-independent one (STAR) and a workload-dependent one (FLIPPER). Experimental results show that the two tools are complementary and can be used fruitfully for obtaining accurate predictions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4636939,no
Fault tolerant switched reluctance machine for fuel pump drive in aircraft,"As switched reluctance motors (SRM) generally offer a simple and robust design, they are very suitable for an aircraft main engine fuel pump drive which needs to be actuated by fault tolerant drives. Based on analytical comparison the merits and demerits of some different machine topologies including redundancies, a six phase 12/8 fault-tolerant SRM is proposed and designed for fuel pump drive application. The finite element model based on field-circuit coupling is established, results indicate that this machine meets the needs of demanding fuel pump drive system in aerospace environments.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5138617,no
System-Bus Fault Injection Framework in SystemC Design Platform,"As system-on-chip (SoC) becomes prevalent in the intelligent system applications, the reliability issue of SoC is getting more attention in the design industry while the SoC fabrication enters the very deep submicron technology. In this study, we present a new approach of system-bus fault injection in SystemC design platform, which can be used to assist us in performing the FMEA procedure during the SoC design phase. We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed fault injection mechanism with an experimental ARM-based system.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4579829,no
Fault injection technique approach for testbench analysis,"As the chips complexity continues to grow, the importance of functional verification in the design flow increased, together with the time consumed for developing the verification environment and verifying the design. Creating reliable environments and reduced time for their debug increase the verification productivity. Verification environments have complex testbenches surrounding the digital design but these testbenches often contain undetected errors. This paper describes the usage of fault-injection technique applied to SystemVerilog language constructs used in testbenches, to identify such hidden errors. The testbench implementation can be analyzed using fault-injection techniques, leading to a better overview of its functionality and improving the design verification process. Possible faults to be injected by altering language constructs are presented, highlighting their impact on simulation results an how they can be used to detect potential testbench problems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5520824,no
Atmospheric Correction of the Hyperion Imagery for Turbid Estuary Water,"Atmospheric correction of Hyperion imagery over aquatic environments is generally more demanding than over land because the signal from the water column is small. In this paper, an atmospheric correction algorithm designed for the Hyperion hyper spectral imagery based on the analysis of the atmospheric correction algorithm of FLAASH and the algorithm adopted by MODIS imagery. It makes use of band 111 and band 149 of the Hyperion hyper-spectral imagery to obtain the type of aerosol, then applied it to the near-infrared and visible light wave bands, thereby the atmospheric correction of the whole imagery is realized. The Hyperion hyper-spectral imagery applied the algorithm referred above is suitable to monitor the turbid estuary water.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4566493,no
Is SPECT or CT based attenuation correction more quantitatively accurate for dedicated breast SPECT acquired with non-traditional trajectories?,"Attenuation correction is necessary for SPECT quantification. There are a variety of methods to create attenuation maps. For dedicated breast SPECT-CT imaging, it is unclear if either a SPECT- or CT-based attenuation map would provide the most accurate quantification and whether or not segmenting the different tissue types will have an effect on the quantification. For these experiments, <sup>99m</sup>Tc diluted in methanol and water filled geometric and anthropomorphic breast phantoms was imaged with a dedicated dual-modality SPECT-CT breast scanner. SPECT images were collected using a compact CZT camera with various 3D acquisition trajectories including vertical and 30 tilted parallel beam, and complex sinusoidal trajectories. CT images were acquired using a quasi-monochromatic x-ray source and CsI(Tl) digital flat panel detector in a half-cone beam geometry. Measured scatter correction for SPECT and CT were implemented. To compare photon attenuation correction in the reconstructed SPECT images, various volumetric attenuation maps were derived from 1) uniform SPECT, 2) uniform CT, and 3) segmented CT, populated with different attenuation coefficient values. Comparisons between attenuation masks using phantoms consisting of materials with different attenuation values show that at 140 keV the differences in the attenuation between materials do not affect the quantification as much as the size and alignment of the attenuation map. The CT-based attenuation maps give quantitative values 30% below the actual value, but are consistent. The SPECT-based attenuation maps can provide within 10% accurate quantitative values, but are less consistent.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5874198,no
Error-enhanced augmented proprioceptive feedback in stroke rehabilitation training: A pilot study,"Augmented feedback plays an essential role in stroke rehabilitation therapy. When a force is applied to the arm, an augmented sensory (proprioceptive) cue is provided. The question was to find out if stroke patients can learn reach-and retrieval movements with error-enhanced augmented sensory feedback. The movements were performed over a predefined path, and when deviating of the path a force is provided, as colliding to a wall of a tunnel. Two chronic stroke survivors (FM of 53 and 49) performed reach and retrieval movements in a virtual tunnel. When two consecutive series of 15 repetitions of the same movements were performed, there was a consistent decrease of collisions to the wall in the second series of movements. This indicates that these patients were able to learn the predefined trajectory by means of augmented proprioceptive feedback. Despite the small number of patients tested, this finding is promising for the usage of error-enhanced augmented proprioceptive feedback in rehabilitation therapy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5209604,no
SCEMIT: A SystemC error and mutation injection tool,"As high-level models in C and SystemC are increasingly used for verification and even design (through high-level synthesis) of electronic systems, there is a growing need for compatible error injection tools to facilitate further development of coverage metrics and automated diagnosis. This paper introduces SCEMIT, a tool for the automated injection of errors into C/C++/SystemC models. A selection of `mutation' style errors are supported, and injection is performed though a plugin interface in the GCC compiler, which minimizes the impact of SCEMIT on existing simulation flows. Experimental injected error detection results are presented for the set of OSCI SystemC Example Models as well as the CHStone C High-Level-Synthesis benchmark set. Aside from demonstrating compatibility with these models, the results show the value of high-level error injection as a coverage measure compared to conventional code coverage measures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5522627,no
An enhancement of fault-tolerant routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Network,"As more and more real Wireless Sensor Network's (WSN) applications have been tested and deployed over the last decade, the research community of WSN realizes that several issues need to be revisited from practical angles, such as reliability and availability. Furthermore, fault-tolerance is one of the main issues in WSNs since it becomes critical in real deployed environments where network stability and reduced inaccessibility times are important. Basically, wireless sensor networks suffer from resource limitations, high failure rates and faults caused by the defective nature of wireless communication and the wireless sensor itself. This can lead to situations, where nodes are often interrupted during data transmission and blind spots occur in the network by isolating some of the devices. In this paper, we address the reliability issue by designing an enhanced fault-tolerant mechanism for Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol applied in WSN called the ENhanced FAult-Tolerant AODV (ENFAT-AODV) routing protocol. We apply a backup route technique by creating a backup path for every node on a main path of data transmission. When a node gets failure to deliver a data packet through the main path, it immediately utilizes its backup route to become a new main path for the next coming data packet delivery to reduce a number of data packets dropped and to maintain the continuity of data packet transmission in presence of some faults (node or link failures). Furthermore, with increased failure rate, this proposed routing protocol improves the throughput, reduces the average jitter, provides low control overhead and decreases the number of data packets dropped in the network. As a result, the reliability, availability and maintainability of the network are achieved. The simulation results show that our proposed routing protocol is better than the original AODV routing.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5556790,no
Shape watermarking based on minimizing the quadric error metric,"Blind and robust watermarking of 3D object aims to embed codes into a 3D object such that the object is not visually distorted from the original shape. An essential condition is that the message should be securely extracted even after the graphical object was processed. In this paper, we propose a novel blind and robust mesh watermarking method based on the quadric error metric. The vertices are firstly grouped into bins using a secret key according to their distances to the object center. The statistics of the distances in each bin is modified when embedding the message. A novel quadric selective vertex placement scheme is proposed for finding the best location of each vertex, following watermark embedding, such that the resulting shape distortion is minimal. Experimental results show that the proposed method reduces the distortion to a minimum in the 3D shape.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5170170,no
Revisiting common bug prediction findings using effort-aware models,"Bug prediction models are often used to help allocate software quality assurance efforts (e.g. testing and code reviews). Mende and Koschke have recently proposed bug prediction models that are effort-aware. These models factor in the effort needed to review or test code when evaluating the effectiveness of prediction models, leading to more realistic performance evaluations. In this paper, we revisit two common findings in the bug prediction literature: 1) Process metrics (e.g., change history) outperform product metrics (e.g., LOC), 2) Package-level predictions outperform file-level predictions. Through a case study on three projects from the Eclipse Foundation, we find that the first finding holds when effort is considered, while the second finding does not hold. These findings validate the practical significance of prior findings in the bug prediction literature and encourage their adoption in practice.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609530,no
Study of Superconducting Fault Current Limiters for System Integration of Wind Farms,"As electrical energy will be provided from renewable sources, the connection of a large number of wind farms to existing distribution networks may lead to the increasing fault levels beyond the capacity of existing switchgear, especially in urban areas. Fault current limiters (FCLs) are essentially expected to control the prospective short circuit currents. In this paper, investigations were carried out to assess the effectiveness of the resistive superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) for fault level management in wind power system. System studies confirmed that the superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) could not only control the fault currents but also suppress the inrush currents, when wind farm has adopted in the case of the system interconnection. As a result, the highly efficient operation of the wind power system becomes more possible by introducing the superconducting fault current limiters.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5438841,no
Fault detection and prognosis methods for a monitoring system of rotating electrical machines,"Companies are involved in a high competition for reducing the cost of production in order to maintain their market shares. Since the costs of maintenance contribute a substantial portion of the production costs, companies must budget maintenance effectively. Machine deterioration prognosis can decrease the costs of maintenance by minimizing the loss of production due to machine breakdown and avoiding the overstocking of spare parts. This paper gives a review of some fault detection and prognosis methods to diagnose faults and failure on rotating electrical machines. To develop the monitoring system accelerometers have been used to acquire vibration measurements. Performance are studied on a laboratory-scale experimental system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5637762,no
Adaptive upsampling with shift method for windmill artifact correction in multislice helical CT,"Compared to data-domain z-filtering, the proposed up-sampling with shift method provides stronger artifact suppression. On the other hand, it has a potential to preserve image z-resolution by incorporating adaptive techniques. The proposed method has some similarities with zFFS techniques described in [6],[7]. The difference of our approach is that it is simple to implement and does not require hardware changes, like FFS, or changes in the backprojection module. It does not require reconstruction of several image slices for each final image, like image-domain z-filtering, so reconstruction speed is not sacrificed. In this work we apply the proposed upsampling method before reconstruction. However, for improved efficiency we suggest applying the proposed method after the convolution, just before the backprojection.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4774233,no
Performance management via adaptive thresholds with separate control of false positive and false negative errors,"Component level performance thresholds are widely used as a basic means for performance management. As the complexity of managed systems increases, manual threshold maintenance becomes a difficult task. This may result from a) a large number of system components and their operational metrics, b) dynamically changing workloads, and c) complex dependencies between system components. To alleviate this problem, we advocate that component level thresholds should be computed, managed and optimized automatically and autonomously. To this end, we have designed and implemented a performance threshold management sub-system that automatically and dynamically computes two separate component level thresholds: one for controlling Type I errors and another for controlling Type II errors. We present the theoretical foundation for this autonomic threshold management system, describe a specific algorithm and its implementation, and evaluate it using real-life scenarios and production data sets. As our present study shows, with proper parameter tuning, our on-line dynamic solution is capable of nearly optimal performance thresholds calculation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5188810,no
Error Modeling in Dependable Component-Based Systems,"Component-based development (CBD) of software, with its successes in enterprise computing, has the promise of being a good development model due to its cost effectiveness and potential for achieving high quality of components by virtue of reuse. However, for systems with dependability concerns, such as real-time systems, a major challenge in using CBD consists of predicting dependability attributes, or providing dependability assertions, based on the individual component properties and architectural aspects. In this paper, we propose a framework which aims to address this challenge. Specifically, we present a revised error classification together with error propagation aspects, and briefly sketch how to compose error models within the context of component-based systems (CBS). The ultimate goal is to perform the analysis on a given CBS, in order to find bottlenecks in achieving dependability requirements and to provide guidelines to the designer on the usage of appropriate error detection and fault tolerance mechanisms.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4591772,no
Automated PET/CT brain registration for accurate attenuation correction,"Computed tomography (CT) is used for the attenuation correction of positron emission tomography (PET) to enhance the efficiency of data acquisition process and to improve the quality of the reconstructed PET data in the brain. Due to the use of two different modalities, chances of misalignment between PET and CT images are quite significant. The main cause of this misregistration is the motion of the patient during the PET scan and between the PET and CT scans. This misalignment produces an erroneous CT attenuation map that can project the bone and water attenuation parameters onto the brain, thereby under- or over-estimating the attenuation. To avoid the misregistration artifact and potential diagnostic misinterpretation, automated software for PET/CT brain registration has been developed. This software extracts the brain surface information from the CT and PET images and compensates for the translational and rotational misalignment between the two scans. This procedure has been applied to the dataset of a patient with visible perfusion defect in the brain, and the results show that the CTAC produced after the image registration eliminates that hypoperfusion artifact caused by the erroneous attenuation of the PET images.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5335188,no
Intelligent agent-based system using dissolved gas analysis to detect incipient faults in power transformers,Condition monitoring and software-based diagnosis tools are central to the implementation of efficient maintenance management strategies for many engineering applications including power transformers.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5599977,no
Research on remote intelligent fault-diagnosis of CNC lathe based on bayesian networks,"Considering the development of smart machine tools and Internet-based manufacturing and in order to manage the manufacturing process more efficiently, a unit of remote intelligent fault-diagnosis based on Bayesian Networks (BN) was designed and software based on internet was realized as well as the case study concerning CNC lathe. It is a compensation of machine tool's self-detection whose major job is to find the fault of hardware and programming. The case study proved the reliability and advantages of the intelligent model based on BN.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5536523,no
Project Pathogens: The Anatomy of Omission Errors in Construction and Resource Engineering Project,"Construction and engineering projects are typically complex in nature and are prone to cost and schedule overruns. A significant factor that often contributes to these overruns is rework. Omissions errors, in particular, have been found to account for as much as 38% of the total rework costs experienced. To date, there has been limited research that has sought to determine the underlying factors that contribute to omission errors in construction and engineering projects. Using data derived from 59 in-depth interviews undertaken with various project participants, a generic systemic causal model of the key factors that contributed to omission errors is presented. The developed causal model can improve understanding of the archetypal nature and underlying dynamics of omission errors. Error management strategies that can be considered for implementation in projects are also discussed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5166564,no
mSWAT: Low-cost hardware fault detection and diagnosis for multicore systems,"Continued technology scaling is resulting in systems with billions of devices. Unfortunately, these devices are prone to failures from various sources, resulting in even commodity systems being affected by the growing reliability threat. Thus, traditional solutions involving high redundancy or piecemeal solutions targeting specific failure modes will no longer be viable owing to their high overheads. Recent reliability solutions have explored using low-cost monitors that watch for anomalous software behavior as a symptom of hardware faults. We previously proposed the SWAT system that uses such low-cost detectors to detect hardware faults, and a higher cost mechanism for diagnosis. However, all of the prior work in this context, including SWAT, assumes single-threaded applications and has not been demonstrated for multithreaded applications running on multicore systems. This paper presents mSWAT, the first work to apply symptom based detection and diagnosis for faults in multicore architectures running multithreaded software. For detection, we extend the symptom-based detectors in SWAT and show that they result in a very low silent data corruption (SDC) rate for both permanent and transient hardware faults. For diagnosis, the multicore environment poses significant new challenges. First, deterministic replay required for SWAT's single-threaded diagnosis incurs higher overheads for multithreaded workloads. Second, the fault may propagate to fault-free cores resulting in symptoms from fault-free cores and no available known-good core, breaking fundamental assumptions of SWAT's diagnosis algorithm. We propose a novel permanent fault diagnosis algorithm for multithreaded applications running on multicore systems that uses a lightweight isolated deterministic replay to diagnose the faulty core with no prior knowledge of a known good core. Our results show that this technique successfully diagnoses over 95% of the detected permanent faults while incurring low hardware ov- erheads. mSWAT thus offers an affordable solution to protect future multicore systems from hardware faults.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5375342,no
Error propagation suppression in Self-servo Track Writer by time-domain control design,"Control design of self-servo track writer (SSTW) has become an important issue in hard disk drive research. This paper discusses the error propagation problem in SSTW control. Although the iterative learning control (ILC) has been suggested as a solution to suppress the error propagation in SSTW, existing suggestions design controllers in the iteration domain requiring considerable computation and complicated optimization algorithm. For this reason, this paper suggests SSTW control design in the time domain. First, reference correction to suppress the error propagation is suggested based on the error propagation study and a novel reference correction is suggested to control the amount of the converged error. Then, a state space approach is suggested developing a Kalman filter to estimate the absolute head position. The state space based design is extended and provides a formulation for a more general time-domain design of SSTW control.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4795611,no
"A router for improved fault isolation, scalability and diagnosis in CAN","Controller Area Network (CAN) provides an inexpensive and robust network technology in many application domains. However, the use of CAN is constrained by limitations with respect to fault isolation, bandwidth, wire length, namespaces and diagnosis. This paper presents a solution to overcome these limitations by replacing the CAN bus with a star topology. We introduce a CAN router that detects and isolates node failures in the value and time domain. The CAN router ensures that minimum message interarrival times are satisfied and reserves CAN identifiers for individual CAN nodes. In addition, the CAN router exploits knowledge about communication relationships for a more efficient use of communication bandwidth through multicast messaging. An implementation of the CAN router based on a Multi-Processor System-on-a-Chip (MPSoC) shows the feasibility of the proposed solution.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5549449,no
Ultrasonic Waveguides Detection-based approach to locate defect on workpiece,"Conventional ultrasonic techniques, such as pulse-echo, has been limited to testing relatively simple geometries or interrogating the region in the immediate vicinity of the transducer. A novel, efficiency methodology uses ultrasonic waveguides to examine structural components. The advantages of this technique include: its ability to detect the entire structure in a single measurement through long distance with little attenuation; and its capacity to test inaccessible regions of complex components. However, in practical work, this technique exists dispersion and mode conversion phenomena which makes poor signal to noise ratio, thereby, influences the actual application of this technique. In order to solve this problem, simulation with experiments can not only verifies the feasibility of this technique, but also has guiding significant for actual work. This paper reports on a novel approach in the simplification of the simulation of Ultrasonic Waveguides Detection. The first step is the selection of the frequency of signal which has the fastest group velocity and relatively small dispersion. The second step is the decision of  and l<sub>e</sub>. As the numerical analysis characteristics of general-purpose software ANSYS, two key parameters: time step t and mesh element size l<sub>e</sub> need to be carefully selected. This report finds the balance point between the accuracy of results and calculation time to determine two key parameters which significantly influence the result of the simulation result. Finally, this report show the experiment results on two-dimensional flat panel structure and three-dimensional triangle-iron structure respectively. From the result shown, the error between the simulation and actual value is less than 0.4%, perfectly prove the feasibility of this approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5498125,no
Dependability Evaluation with Dynamic Reliability Block Diagrams and Dynamic Fault Trees,"Dependability evaluation is an important often-mandatory step in designing and analyzing (critical) systems. Introducing control and/or computing devices to automate processes increases the system complexity, with an impact on the overall dependability. This occurs as a consequence of interferences, dependencies, and other similar effects that cannot be adequately managed through formalisms such as reliability block diagrams (RBDs), fault trees (FTs), and reliability graphs (RGs), since the statistical independence assumption is not satisfied. In addition, more enhanced notations such as dynamic FTs (DFTs) might not be adequate to represent all the behavioral aspects of dynamic systems. To overcome these problems, we developed a new formalism derived from RBD: the dynamic RBD (DRBD). DRBD exploits the concept of dependence as the building block to represent dynamic behaviors, allowing us to compose the dependencies and adequately manage the arising conflicts by means of a priority algorithm. In this paper, we explain how we can use the DRBD notation by specifying a practical methodology. Starting from the system knowledge, the proposed methodology drives to the overall system reliability evaluation through the entire phases of modeling and analysis. Such a technique is applied to an example taken from the literature, consisting of a distributed computing system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4385723,no
An Effective RM-Based Scheduling Algorithm for Fault-Tolerant Real-Time Systems,"Dependability is the representative property that predominantly distinguishes a hard real-time system from other computer systems besides timeliness. Primary/alternate version technique is a cost-effective means which trades the quality of computation results for promptness to tolerate the software faults. The kernel algorithm proposed in this paper employs the off-line backwards-RM scheme to pre-allocate time intervals to the alternate version and the on-line RM scheme to dispatch the primary version. The methodology is a dual-purpose strategy, which aims to (1) tolerate potential software faults by ensuring the accomplishment of the alternate version once its primary fails to execute or re-execute and (2) achieve better quality of service by maximizing the success rate of primary version.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5283008,no
The application of the root causes of human error analysis method based on HAZOP analysis in using process of weapon,"Cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM) is one of the most representative second-generation human reliability analysis methods. By using the CREAM, the retrospective analysis of the root causes of human error is given. There are no accordant standards of the determination of event sequences caused by the human errors in the root causes analysis in using process of weapon in CREAM. This paper presents the root causes of human error analysis method based on HAZOP analysis in using process of weapon. And according to the deficiency of CREAM, the improvement measures are put forwards as follows: (1) According to the HAZOP method, using process of the weapon is divided into parts according to the different operation steps. And the operation by human is defined as the characteristic parameters; (2) According to the deviations analysis, the event-order diagram should be achieved based on the correct operation steps and the deviations. Using the improved method, the event sequence which is end in failure and caused by human error can be gained. After choosing the human error event, the root causes can be obtained by retrospective analysis. An example of diesel engine underwater starting is discussed in this paper. And the root causes of human error leading to water intake are obtained. This example validates the correctness of the improved method in this paper.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270146,no
Multi-view video color correction using dynamic programming,"Color inconsistency between views is an important problem to be solved in multi-view video systems. A multi-view video color correction method using dynamic programming is proposed. Three-dimensional histograms are constructed with sequential conditional probability in HSI color space. Then, dynamic programming is used to seek the best color mapping relation with the minimum cost path between target image histogram and source image histogram. Finally, video tracking technique is performed to correct multi-view video. Experimental results show that the proposed method can obtain better subjective and objective performance in color correction.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6072444,no
Introducing fault-based combinatorial testing to web services,"Combinatorial testing is considered effective for finding software faults. It is also efficient, since it keeps the number of tests relatively small. However, there seems to be very little research that considers combinatorial testing as a testing approach for web services. They are commonly tested by injecting fault-causing data perturbations into the network. It may be worthwhile to see if combinatorial testing can complement existing perturbations with the benefits of combinatorial testing. The approach proposed in this paper is called combinatorial fault-based testing. This type of testing combines existing fault-based testing techniques, such as fault injection, with combinatorial testing to attempt to find faults of varying strength within a web service. Combinatorial fault-based testing uses fault injection and helps reduce the problem with combinatorial explosion by focusing solely on fault-based combinations. This raises the following research question: Is there a way to take advantage of the benefits of combinatorial testing for web services assuming that source code will not be available, while minimizing the possibility of a combinatorial explosion? Combinatorial fault-based testing looks very promising for answering this question. As a side effect, it could potentially offer a way to determine the maximum strength of interactions to test for web services.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5453905,no
Software-Implemented Hardware Error Detection: Costs and Gains,"Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware is becoming less and less reliable because of the continuously decreasing feature sizes of integrated circuits. But due to economic constraints, more and more critical systems will be based on basically unreliable COTS hardware. Usually in such systems redundant execution is used to detect erroneous executions. However, arithmetic codes promise much higher error detection rates. Yet, they are generally assumed to generate very large slowdowns. In this paper, we assess and compare the runtime overhead and error detection capabilities of redundancy and several arithmetic codes. Our results demonstrate a clear trade-off between runtime costs and gained safety. However, unexpectedly the runtime costs for arithmetic codes compared to redundancy increase only linearly, while the gained safety increases exponentially.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562849,no
Reconfigurable fault tolerance: A framework for environmentally adaptive fault mitigation in space,"Commercial SRAM-based FPGAs have the potential to provide aerospace applications with the necessary performance to meet next generation mission requirements. However, the susceptibility of these devices to radiation in the form of single-event upsets is a significant drawback. TMR techniques are traditionally used to mitigate these effects, but with an overwhelming amount of extra area and power. We propose a framework for reconfigurable fault tolerance which enables systems engineers to dynamically change the amount of redundancy and fault mitigation that is used in an FPGA design. This approach leverages the reconfigurable nature of the FPGA to allow significant processing to be performed safely and reliably when environmental factors permit. Phased-mission Markov modeling is used to estimate performability gains that can be achieved using the framework for two case-study orbits.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5272313,no
A Full- and Half-Cycle DFT-based technique for fault current filtering,"Decaying DC components in fault currents will make the digital filter to obtain inaccurate phasors and cause the false operations of a relay system. Many studies have put their focuses for removing the decaying DC components from fault currents. Generally, they need extra samples or phasors to obtain the parameters of the decaying DC component. In order to accelerate the filter response, this paper presents a new Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)-based algorithm which does not need extra sample to remove the decaying DC component. To achieve this, the samples used for a traditional DFT computation are split to four groups. Both the Full-Cycle DFT (FCDFT) and the Half-Cycle DFT (HCDFT)-based computations have been developed in this paper. The proposed algorithm is evaluated by MATLAB/SIMULINK generated data to show its effectiveness.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5472598,no
Optimized assignment of developers for fixing bugs an initial evaluation for eclipse projects,"Decisions on ldquoWho should fix this bugrdquo have substantial impact on the duration of the process and its results. In this paper, optimized strategies for the assignment of the ldquorightrdquo developers for doing the ldquorightrdquo task are studied and the results are compared to manual (called ad hoc) assignment. The quality of assignment is measured by the match between requested (from bugs) and available (from developers) competence profile. Different variants of Greedy search with varying parameter of look-ahead time are studied. The quality of the results has been evaluated for nine milestones of the open source Eclipse JDT project. The optimized strategies with largest look ahead time are demonstrated to be substantially better than the ad hoc solutions in terms of the quality of the assignment and the number of bugs which can be fixed within the given time interval.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5316025,no
Enhancement of Fault Injection Techniques Based on the Modification of VHDL Code,"Deep submicrometer devices are expected to be increasingly sensitive to physical faults. For this reason, fault-tolerance mechanisms are more and more required in VLSI circuits. So, validating their dependability is a prior concern in the design process. Fault injection techniques based on the use of hardware description languages offer important advantages with regard to other techniques. First, as this type of techniques can be applied during the design phase of the system, they permit reducing the time-to-market. Second, they present high controllability and reachability. Among the different techniques, those based on the use of saboteurs and mutants are especially attractive due to their high fault modeling capability. However, implementing automatically these techniques in a fault injection tool is difficult. Especially complex are the insertion of saboteurs and the generation of mutants. In this paper, we present new proposals to implement saboteurs and mutants for models in VHDL which are easy-to-automate, and whose philosophy can be generalized to other hardware description languages.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4515957,no
Towards a Defect Prevention Based Process Improvement Approach,"Defect causal analysis (DCA) is a means of product focused software process improvement. A systematic literature review to identify the DCA state of the art has been undertaken. The systematic review gathered unbiased knowledge and evidence and identified opportunities for further investigation. Moreover, some guidance on how to efficiently implement DCA in software organizations could be elaborated. This paper describes the initial concept of the DBPI (Defect Based Process Improvement) approach. It represents a DCA based approach for process improvement, designed considering the results of the systematic review and the obtained guidance. Its main contributions are tailoring support for DCA based process improvement and addressing an identified opportunity for further investigation by integrating organizational learning mechanisms regarding cause-effect relations into the conduct of DCA.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725723,no
Colour Correction and Matching between Scenes Using 3D LUT,"Correct colour reproduction is an important factor in digital cinema. To do that, this paper proposes methods of colour correction by means of look-up-table (LUT) interpolations. Reference colour patches are taken by movie camera like taking a clapperboard shot which is generally used for sound synchronisation. Once the shooting is completed, device characterisation is performed to generate the 3D LUT for correct colour reproduction. By using the LUTs, any colours taken from camera under any illumination conditions can be converted to the colours under any preferred illumination conditions by means of a tri-linear interpolation. Finally, the real scenes can be colour changed to any illumination conditions without visual discrepancies. This paper also presents another 3D LUT type in which input RGB colours can be directly converted to output RGB colours without device characterisation. This LUT can be easily adapted to the stereoscopic cameras so that pairs of stereo images may match each other",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7269072,no
Approximating Deployment Metrics to Predict Field Defects and Plan Corrective Maintenance Activities,"Corrective maintenance activities are a common cause of schedule delays in software development projects. Organizations frequently fail to properly plan the effort required to fix field defects. This study aims to provide relevant guidance to software development organizations on planning for these corrective maintenance activities by correlating metrics that are available prior to release with parameters of the selected software reliability model that has historically best fit the product's field defect data. Many organizations do not have adequate historical data, especially historical deployment and field usage information. The study identifies a set of metrics calculable from available data to approximate these missing predictor categories. Two key metrics estimable prior to release surfaced with potentially useful correlations, (1) the number of periods until the next release and (2) the peak deployment percentage. Finally, these metrics were used in a case study to plan corrective maintenance efforts on current development releases.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5362089,no
Weibull distribution in modeling component faults,"Cost efficiency and the issue of quality are pushing software companies to constantly invest in efforts to produce enough quality applications that will arrive in time, with good enough quality to the customer. Quality is not for free, it has a price. Using the different methods of prediction, characteristic parameters will be obtained and will lead to the conclusions about quality even prior the beginning of the project. The Weibull distribution is by far the world's most popular statistical model for life data. On the other hand, exponential distribution and Rayleigh distribution are special cases of Weibull distribution. If we want to model and predict software component quality with mentioned distribution we should take some assumption regarding them. Prediction of component quality will take us to preventive and corrective action in the organization. Based on the results of prediction and modeling of software components faults prior the project start, during project execution and finally during maintenance stage of the component lifecycle some conclusion can be made. In this paper software component prediction using different mathematical models will be presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5606115,no
Expert software development estimation with uncertainty correction,"Creation of an effective metrics and estimation program is an important but daunting step for the maturing software development organization This paper outlines a roadmap for implementing a process that establishes a program that will reap a large portion of the benefits early in the process with a minimum of implementation effort and cost This process includes a mechanism to improve software estimation accuracy as historical data becomes available for more sophisticated methods. Furthermore, we present a practical proposal for software estimation in industry based on software task size, complexity, and uncertainty.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5542847,no
A Hybrid Approach for Detection and Correction of Transient Faults in SoCs,"Critical applications based on Systems-on-Chip (SoCs) require suitable techniques that are able to ensure a sufficient level of reliability. Several techniques have been proposed to improve fault detection and correction capabilities of faults affecting SoCs. This paper proposes a hybrid approach able to detect and correct the effects of transient faults in SoC data memories and caches. The proposed solution combines some software modifications, which are easy to automate, with the introduction of a hardware module, which is independent of the specific application. The method is particularly suitable to fit in a typical SoC design flow and is shown to achieve a better trade-off between the achieved results and the required costs than corresponding purely hardware or software techniques. In fact, the proposed approach offers the same fault-detection and -correction capabilities as a purely software-based approach, while it introduces nearly the same low memory and performance overhead of a purely hardware-based one.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5551155,no
Blinded Fault Resistant Exponentiation Revisited,"Cryptographic algorithm implementations are subject to specific attacks, called side channel attacks, focusing on the analysis of their power consumption or execution time or on the analysis of faulty computations. At FDTC06, Fumaroli and Vigilant presented a generic method to compute an exponentiation resistant against different side channel attacks. However, even if this algorithm does not reveal information on the secrets in case of a fault attack, it can not be used to safely implement a crypto-system involving an exponentiation. In this paper, we propose a new exponentiation method without this drawback and give a security proof of resistance to fault attacks. As an application, we propose an RSA algorithm implemented using the Chinese Remainder Theorem protected against side channel attacks. The exponentiation algorithm is also 33% faster than the previous method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5412862,no
A highly resilient routing algorithm for fault-tolerant NoCs,"Current trends in technology scaling foreshadow worsening transistor reliability as well as greater numbers of transistors in each system. The combination of these factors will soon make long-term product reliability extremely difficult in complex modern systems such as systems on a chip (SoC) and chip multiprocessor (CMP) designs, where even a single device failure can cause fatal system errors. Resiliency to device failure will be a necessary condition at future technology nodes. In this work, we present a network-on-chip (NoC) routing algorithm to boost the robustness in interconnect networks, by reconfiguring them to avoid faulty components while maintaining connectivity and correct operation. This distributed algorithm can be implemented in hardware with less than 300 gates per network router. Experimental results over a broad range of 2D-mesh and 2D-torus networks demonstrate 99.99% reliability on average when 10% of the interconnect links have failed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5090627,no
A Robust Error Detection Mechanism for H.264/AVC Coded Video Sequences Based on Support Vector Machines,"Current trends in wireless communications provide fast and location-independent access to multimedia services. Due to its high compression efficiency, H.264/AVC is expected to become the dominant underlying technology in the delivery of future wireless video applications. The error resilient mechanisms adopted by this standard alleviate the problem of spatio-temporal propagation of visual artifacts caused by transmission errors by dropping and concealing all macroblocks (MBs) contained within corrupted segments, including uncorrupted MBs. Concealing these uncorrupted MBs generally causes a reduction in quality of the reconstructed video sequence.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4627414,no
Automated Fault Analysis in the Indonesian power utility: A case study of South Sulawesi transmission system,"Data recorded during faults in transmission network are used by control centre personnel to analyze the protection system and to decide on remedial actions that will restore normal network operation as fast as possible. The increasing number of installed digital fault recorders (DFRs) and other intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) in substations has resulted in a large number of fault records to be analyzed by the power system engineer. Manual analysis of these records is both time-consuming and complex and for these reasons, many records may not be examined and much of their potential value would be lost. Determining how to make effective analysis of these records is a challenge being faced by many power utilities. The main purpose of this paper is to propose enhancements to the manual investigation of faults and disturbances that currently are performed by engineers in the Indonesian power utilities. In this paper, a new software framework for Automated Fault Analysis is proposed based on Application Service Provider (ASP) technology, which has lately received special attention in the development of distributed systems. Demonstrations of the following services currently implemented in the ASP are presented: signal pre-processing, fault analysis and protection performance analysis. The fault scenario from South Sulawesi transmission system is investigated to test the feature of the services.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5356640,no
Early Error Detection and Classification in Data Transfer Scheduling,"Data transfer in distributed environment is prone to frequent failures resulting from back-end system level problems, like connectivity failure which is technically untraceable by users.Error messages are not logged efficiently, and sometimes are not relevant/useful from users' point-of-view.Our study explores the possibility of an efficient error detection and reporting system for such environments.Besides, early error detection and error classification have great importance in organizing data placement jobs.It is necessary to have well defined error detection and error reporting methods to increase the usability and serviceability of existing data transfer protocols and data management systems. Prior knowledge about the environment and awareness of the actual reason behind a failure would enable data placement scheduler to make better and accurate decisions.We investigate the applicability of proposed early error detection and error classification techniques to improve arrangement of data placement jobs and to enhance decision making of data placement schedulers.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5066824,no
Online assessment of fault current considering substation topologies,"Changes to the power system, especially the installation of new generation sources and new operating conditions, result in higher fault currents. Circuit breakers, which are previously designed and coordinated for the power systems before the appearances of new generation sources and new operating conditions, may have inadequate fault current interruption capability. This paper discusses those operating conditions that result in interruption capability violations of circuit breakers, based on substation topologies/circuit breaker connections. An online application of fault current assessment is proposed to identify those unsafe operating conditions limited by circuit breaker interruption capabilities. Based on the findings of the paper, this application can give system operators suggestions of remedy actions that eliminate unsafe operating conditions by changing substation topologies. The design of such an online application is described and a MATLAB version is tested on IEEE 14-bus system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5590024,no
Study on pre-correction method for LED chip declination in sorting system,"Chip declination correction is a difficult problem in LED chip sorting process. Usually use real-time vision to correct chip declination. In this way, once correction may need several adjustments. It may cause great reduction for die production rate. Aiming at an effective solution of this problem, a declination pre-correcting method is proposed in this paper. Techniques including least-squares method to fit location of rotation center, computational method of positions to be corrected. Paper also proposed an iterative formula to revise the fitting rotation center position to ensure the accuracy, and discussed the over-quadrant phenomenon in chip declination pre-correction process. Experimental results show that the final deviation which includes image recognition error is less than 12m. It is acceptable for chip sorting. By contrast with traditional method, pre-correction method needs only one adjustment in most cases, it is more effective and efficient.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5589423,no
Identification of Cross-Country Fault of Power Transformer for Fast Unblocking of Differential Protection,"Due to the different ratings of the current transformers (CT) located on different sides of power transformer, only the CT of low ratings will saturate when the power transformer experiences a heavy through fault, leading to false differential current. Such type of external fault can be identified from the internal one if the differential protection is equipped with the percentage restraint characteristic together with the method using operation time difference between pickup element and differential protection. However, the differential protection will be wrongly blocked as well if a cross-country fault occurs. According to the investigations in this paper, in the event of an external fault accompanied by the CT saturation, the variation of most samples of the secondary current of the saturated CT is inversely proportional to the variation of the differential current. Comparatively, this law cannot be followed on the occasion of an internal fault. In this case, the locus of the variation of the saturated secondary current with the differential current can be used to dynamically discriminate if an external fault develops to an internal fault. With the method proposed in this paper, the ability of the differential protection immune to cross-country fault can be improved further. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified with the simulation tests.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5109883,no
Increasing System Availability with Local Recovery Based on Fault Localization,"Due to the fact that software systems cannot be tested exhaustively, software systems must cope with residual defects at run-time. Local recovery is an approach for recovering from errors, in which only the defective parts of the system are recovered while the other parts are kept operational. To be efficient, local recovery must be aware of which component is at fault. In this paper, we combine a fault localization technique (spectrum-based fault localization, SFL) with local recovery techniques to achieve fully autonomous fault detection, isolation, and recovery. A framework is used for decomposing the system into separate units that can be recovered in isolation, while SFL is used for monitoring the activities of these units and diagnose the faulty one whenever an error is detected. We have applied our approach to MPlayer, a large open-source software. We have observed that SFL can increase the system availability by 23.4% on average.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562970,no
A Practical Framework of Realizing Actuators for Autonomous Fault Management in SOA,"Due to the key features of service-oriented architecture (SOA); blackbox-nature of services, heterogeneity, service dynamism, and service evolvability, fault management in SOA is known to be more challenging than conventional system management. An efficient way of managing faults in SOA is to apply principles of autonomic computing (AC), of which process is specified in MAPE. The first two phases of MAPE are to monitor target systems and diagnose faults to determine underlying cause. The other two phases are to plan healing/actuation methods and to execute them. Devising methods to remedy service faults which can run in autonomous manner is a hard problem, mainly due to the remoteness and the limited visibility and controllability. In this paper, we present a practical framework to design actuators which can be invoked autonomously. By considering the relationships among fault, cause, and actuator, we derive the abstract and concrete actuators. For some essential concrete actuators, we present their algorithms which can be implemented in practice. We believe our proposed service actuation framework makes the realization of autonomous service management more feasible.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5190663,no
A hybrid between region-based and voxel-based methods for Partial Volume correction in PET,"Due to the limited resolution of Positron Emission Tomography (PET), loss of signal through Partial Volume is significant for small structures. Consequently, Partial Volume Correction (PVC) is often used in PET imaging to recover this lost signal within images. Numerous methods have been proposed, and can be divided in multiple ways. One division is the separation of methods utilising image based segmentation and those that perform image based deconvolution to recover resolution. We propose a new method for PVC, PARtially-Segmented Lucy-Richardson (PARSLR), that combines the image based deconvolution approach of the Lucy-Richardson (LR) Iterative Deconvolution Algorithm with a partial segmentation of homogenous regions. Such an approach is of value where reliable segmentation is possible for part but not all of the image volume or sub-volume. We evaluated the performance of PARSLR with respect to a region-based method (Rousset's method) and a deconvolution voxel-based method (LR) for partial volume correction by comparing how each method behaves in an environment of complete and accurate segmentation, and partial segmentation, on a 3D simulated medial temporal brain area including the hippocampus, as well as on a 2D physical brain phantom. Under complete and accurate segmentation, PARSLR showed agreement in recovery with the other methods. In an environment of partial segmentation, PARSLR recovered the hippocampus intensity with the most accuracy, with Rousset's method showing errors when too many regions were defined. With only one homogeneous background identified, errors were also observed when using Rousset, with the recovered value being smaller than the measured uncorrected data in these particular evaluations. In the 2D measured data for the brain phantom, PARSLR recovered with an error of -0.91%, with LR recovering to -5.23%, for a selected region of cortex. Rousset with a homogeneous background recovered with an error of -6.50%. With the remaining pixels - - set as individual regions, Rousset's method became ill-conditioned with an error of -157.00%. The method therefore showed good recovery in regions that are only partly segmentable. We propose that the approach is of particular importance for: studies with pathological abnormalities where complete and accurate segmentation across or with a sub-volume of the image volume is challenging; and regions of the brain containing heterogeneous structures which cannot be accurately segmented from co-registered images.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5874365,no
On the Threat of Metastability in an Asynchronous Fault-Tolerant Clock Generation Scheme,"Due to their handshake-based flow control, asynchronous circuits generally do not suffer from metastability issues as much as synchronous circuits do. We will show, however, that fault effects like single-event transients can force (sequential) asynchronous building blocks such as Muller C-Elements into a metastable state. At the example of a fault-tolerant clock generation scheme, we will illustrate that metastability could overcome conventional error containment boundaries, and that, ultimately, a single metastable upset could cause even a multiple Byzantine fault-tolerant system to fail. In order to quantify this threat, we performed analytic modeling and simulation of the elastic pipelines, which are at the heart of our physical implementation of the fault-tolerant clocks. Our analysis results reveal that only transient pulses of some very specific width can trigger metastable behavior. So even without consideration of other masking effects the probability of a metastable upset to propagate through a pipeline is fairly small. Still, however, a thorough metastability analysis is mandatory for circuits employed in high-dependability applications.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5010343,no
Downhole Pressure Gauge Temperature Correction Model Design,"During the pressure measurement, the measured value may drift with the changing temperature; therefore a special mathematical model should be established to correct the measurement. Several temperature points were selected when calibrating, and the line fitting with least square method was used for test data of pressure at every temperature point. Between the two adjacent temperature points, the piecewise linear interpolation function was used, thus the original curve was replaced with a polyline. A slicing plane fitting was constructed in a three-dimensional space constructed from the values of pressure, temperature and measurement; a three-dimensional graphics of the slicing plane fitting was built by Matlab. Generated from the actual test data and corrected according to the mathematical model, the results coincided with the facts. This model can also be applied to amend pressure in general application situation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5678414,no
On Bypassing Blocking Bugs during Post-Silicon Validation,"Design errors (or bugs) inadvertently escape the pre- silicon verification process. Before committing to a re-spin, it is expected that the escaped bugs have been identified during post-silicon validation. This is however hindered by the presence of blocking bugs in one erroneous module that inhibit the search for bugs in other parts of the chip that process data received from the erroneous module. In this paper we discuss how to design a novel embedded debug module that can bypass blocking bugs and aid the designer in validating the first silicon.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4556030,no
Relationship between design patterns defects and crosscutting concern scattering degree: an empirical study,"Design patterns are solutions to recurring design problems, aimed at increasing reuse, code quality and, above all, maintainability and resilience to changes. Despite such advantages, the usage of design patterns implies the presence of crosscutting code implementing the pattern usage and access from other system components. When the system evolves, the presence of crosscutting code can cause repeated changes, possibly introducing defects. This study reports an empirical study, in which it is showed that, for three open source projects, the number of defects in design-pattern classes is in several cases correlated with the scattering degree of their induced crosscutting concerns, and also varies among different kinds of patterns.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5273792,no
Aspects of the Development of Secure and Fault-Resistant Hardware,"Designing ""secure hardware"" like a chip card controller, is a challenging task for hardware manufacturers: More and more attacks that are also more and more sophisticated generate a need for more and more countermeasures. Developers of these devices have to live with certain additional constraints and this does not make their life easier. The difficulties that the designer of such a system is confronted with, are pointed out. This might give the scientific community some impression of the problems that would be interesting to be solved.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4599553,no
Representativeness analysis of injected software faults in complex software,"Despite of the existence of several techniques for emulating software faults, there are still open issues regarding representativeness of the faults being injected. An important aspect, not considered by existing techniques, is the non-trivial activation condition (trigger) of real faults, which causes them to elude testing and remain hidden until operation. In this paper, we investigate how the representativeness of injected software faults can be improved regarding the representativeness of triggers, by proposing a set of generic criteria to select representative faults from afaultload. We used the G-SWFIT technique to inject software faults in a DBMS, resulting in over 40 thousands faults and 2 million runs of a real test suite. We analyzed faults with respect to their triggers, and concluded that a non-negligible share (15%) would not realistically elude testing. Our proposed criteria decreased the percentage of non-elusive faults in the faultload, improving its representativeness.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544282,no
Router group monitoring: making traffic trajectory error detection more efficient,"Detecting errors in traffic trajectories (i.e., packet forwarding paths) is important to operational networks. Several different traffic monitoring algorithms such as Trajectory Sampling, PSAMP, and Fatih can be used for traffic trajectory error detection. However, a straight-forward application of these algorithms will incur the overhead of simultaneously monitoring all network interfaces in a network for the packets of interest. In this paper, we propose a novel technique called router group monitoring to improve the efficiency of trajectory error detection by only monitoring the periphery interfaces of a set of selected router groups. We analyze a large number of real network topologies and show that effective router groups with high trajectory error detection rates exist in all cases. However, for router group monitoring to be practical, those effective router groups must be identified efficiently. To this end, we develop an analytical model for quickly and accurately estimating the detection rates of different router groups. Based on this model, we propose an algorithm to select a set of router groups that can achieve complete error detection and low monitoring overhead. Finally, we show that the router group monitoring technique can significantly improve the efficiency of trajectory error detection based on Trajectory Sampling or Fatih.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5560571,no
Fault-Tolerant Algoritms for Detecting Event Regions in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Statistical Hypothesis Test,"Detecting event regions in a monitored environment is a canonical task of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It is a hard problem because sensor nodes are prone to failures and have scarce energy. In this paper, we seek distributed and localized algorithms for fault-tolerant event region detection. Most existing algorithms only assume that events are spatially correlated, but we argue that events are usually both spatially and temporally correlated. By examining the temporal correlation of sensor measurements, we propose two detection algorithms by applying statistical hypothesis test (SHT). Our analyses show that SHT-based algorithm is more accurate in detecting event regions. Moreover, it is more energy efficient since it gets rid of frequent measurement exchanges. In order to improve the capability of fault recognition, we extend SHT-based algorithm by examining both spatial and temporal correlations of sensor measurements, and our analyses show that extended SHT-based algorithm can recognize almost all faults when sensor network is densely deployed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4724374,no
Statistical software debugging: From bug predictors to the main causes of failure,"Detecting latent errors is a key challenging issue in the software testing process. Latent errors could be best detected by bug predictors. A bug predictor manifests the effect of a bug on the program execution state. The aim has been to find the smallest reasonable subset of the bug predictors, manifesting all possible bugs within a program. In this paper, a new algorithm for finding the smallest subset of bug predictors is presented. The algorithm, firstly, applies a LASSO method to detect program predicates which have relatively higher effect on the termination status of the program. Then, a ridge regression method is applied to select a subset of the detected predicates as independent representatives of all the program predicates. Program control and data dependency graphs can be best applied to find the causes of bugs represented by the selected bug predictors. Our proposed approach has been evaluated on two well-known test suites. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5273934,no
Detecting Malicious Packet Dropping in the Presence of Collisions and Channel Errors in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks,"Detecting malicious packet dropping is important in ad hoc networks to combat a variety of security attacks such as blackhole, greyhole, and wormhole attacks. We consider the detection of malicious packet drops in the presence of collisions and channel errors and describe a method to distinguish between these types. We present a simple analytical model for packet loss that helps a monitoring node to detect malicious packet dropping attacks. The model is analyzed and evaluated using simulations. The results show that it is possible to detect malicious packet drops in the presence of collisions and channel errors.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5198910,no
GPS cycle slip detection and correction based on high order difference and lagrange interpolation,"Detection and correction of cycle slip is one of key problems of GPS carrier phase measurement in the GPS data processing. In this paper, it takes the carrier phase observation data of L1 as the research object on the platform of MATLAB making an advanced study for detection and correction of cycle slip. It brought forward a combinational algorithm that takes the high order time difference to detect and correct the large cycle slip which is more than two cycle slips and then makes the Lagrange interpolation correct the small cycle slip. It got a conclusion from the experiment that the combinational algorithm is very perfect, which could correct small cycle slip within the error of one cycle slip.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5406991,no
Error analysis of free-form surfaces for manufacturing applications,"Error analysis of free-form surfaces is a requirement to assure quality and to reduce manufacturing costs and rework. This paper proposes a new approach and algorithms for the error analysis of free-form surfaces. Given the measured surface as an input the approach first uses a statistical method to determine the number of test-points with suitable sample size for shape error analysis. Then, the system applies a robust mathematic model, Implicit polynomials (IP), to construct the model of the test-points. To perform detailed comparison of the shapes, the CAD model is geometrically adjusted with the input using model-based matching algorithm developed in this paper. Once the CAD model is adjusted, it is compared with input to reveal the errors between their shapes. To accomplish this task a new shape matching algorithm is developed. Experimental results on error analysis of a variety of the machined metal skin of aircraft are reported to show the validity of the proposed methodology.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5138217,no
Video Error Concealment Using Spatio-Temporal Boundary Matching and Partial Differential Equation,"Error concealment techniques are very important for video communication since compressed video sequences may be corrupted or lost when transmitted over error-prone networks. In this paper, we propose a novel two-stage error concealment scheme for erroneously received video sequences. In the first stage, we propose a novel spatio-temporal boundary matching algorithm (STBMA) to reconstruct the lost motion vectors (MV). A well defined cost function is introduced which exploits both spatial and temporal smoothness properties of video signals. By minimizing the cost function, the MV of each lost macroblock (MB) is recovered and the corresponding reference MB in the reference frame is obtained using this MV. In the second stage, instead of directly copying the reference MB as the final recovered pixel values, we use a novel partial differential equation (PDE) based algorithm to refine the reconstruction. We minimize, in a weighted manner, the difference between the gradient field of the reconstructed MB in current frame and that of the reference MB in the reference frame under given boundary condition. A weighting factor is used to control the regulation level according to the local blockiness degree. With this algorithm, the annoying blocking artifacts are effectively reduced while the structures of the reference MB are well preserved. Compared with the error concealment feature implemented in the H.264 reference software, our algorithm is able to achieve significantly higher PSNR as well as better visual quality.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4407506,no
A Fast and Efficient Spatial Error Concealment for Intra-coded Frames,"Error concealment with good restored video quality and low computational cost is significantly required for video streams transmitted in error-prone channels, especially for real-time applications. A fast and efficient spatial error concealment algorithm is proposed for intra-frames in the decoding phase, which utilizes a new matching criterion and avoids computational intensive tasks, such as edge detection and motion estimation. Moreover, this algorithm is capable of representing main edges in the image in light of the consistency with the spatial neighboring information. Experimental results indicate the proposed algorithm can attain well restored quality of intra-frames both subjectively and objectively. Meanwhile, the computational cost of the proposed algorithm can be significantly reduced, compared to temporal error concealment method, yet the restored quality is subjectively almost the same.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4566160,no
On-line Monitoring of Real Time Applications for Early Error Detection,"Error confinement technologies have proven their efficiency to improve software dependability. Such mechanisms usually require efficient error detectors to swiftly signal any misbehaviour. Real-time systems, due to their timing constraints, require a richer description of correct and/or erroneous states that includes timing aspects. This paper presents real-time error detectors that can be automatically generated from formal models of the expected behaviours of software applications. The considered specifications provide the means to define quantitative temporal constraints on the execution of the application. These detectors check at run-time that the current execution matches its specification. The paper contribution is twofold. Firstly, at the theoretical level, we provide a formal definition of the expected behaviour of such detectors, ensuring a predictable behaviour of the detector system. Secondly, at a practical level, we provide a description of the complete generation process, from the models to the code of the detector.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725275,no
Performance Analysis of Selected Error Control Protocols in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks,"Error control is an important mechanism for providing robust multimedia communication in wireless sensor networks. Although there have been several research works in analysis of error control mechanisms in wireless multimedia networks and wireless sensor networks, but none of them are directly applicable to the wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) which has resource and performance constraints of WSNs as well as QoS requirements of multimedia communications. In this paper, we comprehensively evaluate the performance of several error control mechanisms in WMSNs. The results of our analysis provide an extensive comparison between automatic repeat request (ARQ), forward error correction (FEC), and hybrid FEC/ARQ error control mechanisms in terms of frame loss rate, frame peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and energy efficiency.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5581361,no
Modularizing error recovery,"Error recovery in compilers often involves significant amounts of cognitive effort to identify the code and execution points in the compiler that are related to identifying and handling input-program errors. This is because current implementations fail to explicitly identify error-related control dependencies, and to separately characterize the actions to take when programming errors are detected. As a result, compiler writers need to navigate and understand much of the compiler source in order to replace or extend error recovery actions. In the context of AspectJ compiler (ajc), this paper encapsulates error concerns as aspects yielding improved modularity through: pointcuts that explicitly declare the loci of error detection, and advice that expose the extension points for error handling.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5306328,no
An error resilience method for depth in stereoscopic 3D video,"Error resilience stereoscopic 3D video can ensure robust 3D video communication especially in high error rate wireless channel. In this paper, an error resilience method is proposed for the depth data of the stereoscopic 3D video using data partitioning. Although data partitioning method is available for 2D video, its extension to depth information has not been investigated in the context of stereoscopic 3D video. Simulation results show that the depth data is less sensitive to error and should be partitioned towards the end of the data partitions block. The partitioned depth data is then applied to an error resilience method namely multiple description coding (MDC) to code the 2D video and the depth information. Simulation results show improved performance using the proposed depth partitioning on MDC compared to the original MDC in an error prone environment.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5478630,no
Error vector magnitude to SNR conversion for nondata-aided receivers,"Error vector magnitude (EVM) is one of the widely accepted figure of merits used to evaluate the quality of communication systems. In the literature, EVM has been related to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for data-aided receivers, where preamble sequences or pilots are used to measure the EVM, or under the assumption of high SNR values. In this paper, this relation is examined for nondata-aided receivers and is shown to perform poorly, especially for low SNR values or high modulation orders. The EVM for nondata-aided receivers is then evaluated and its value is related to the SNR for quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) signals over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels and Rayleigh fading channels, and for systems with IQ imbalances. The results show that derived equations can be used to reliably estimate SNR values using EVM measurements that are made based on detected data symbols. Thus, presented work can be quite useful for measurement devices such as vector signal analyzers (VSA), where EVM measurements are readily available.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4927484,no
The Study of Elevator Fault Diagnosis Based on Multi-Agent System,"Elevator is a kind of special complex mechanical and electrical equipment, its faults are complex and dispersed. It is unable to satisfy the requirements that fast and generality of fault diagnosis only rely on a single failure matching mode. Focusing on this problem, in this paper, the intelligent agent technology is applied in fault diagnosis system based on the traditional fault diagnosis method. The thesis made elevator door system (EDS) the target of comparative research. Firstly, the MAS (multi-agent system) elevator door system fault diagnosis system based on BDI agent is constructed. Then this paper expatiate the framework and diagnosis process of the MAS model. Finally analyzes the methods and process of the EDS fault diagnosis based on MAS.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5363218,no
A New Mitigation Approach for Soft Errors in Embedded Processors,"Embedded processors, like for example processor macros inside modern FPGAs, are becoming widely used in many applications. As soon as these devices are deployed in radioactive environments, designers need hardening solutions to mitigate radiation-induced errors. When low-cost applications have to be developed, the traditional hardware redundancy-based approaches exploiting m-way replication and voting are no longer viable as too expensive, and new mitigation techniques have to be developed. In this paper we present a new approach, based on processor duplication, checkpoint and rollback, to detect and correct soft errors affecting the memory elements of embedded processors. Preliminary fault injection results performed on a PowerPC-based system confirmed the efficiency of the approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4636948,no
SES-based framework for fault-tolerant systems,"Embedded real-time systems are often used in harsh environments, for example engine control systems in automotive vehicles. In such ECUs (Engine Control Unit) faults can lead to serious accidents. In this paper we propose a safety embedded architecture based on coded processing. This framework only needs two channels to provide fault tolerance and allows the detection and identification of permanent and transient faults. Once a fault is detected by an observer unit the SES guard makes it visible and initiates a suitable failure reaction.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5548427,no
Accelerating error correction in high-throughput short-read DNA sequencing data with CUDA,"Emerging DNA sequencing technologies open up exciting new opportunities for genome sequencing by generating read data with a massive throughput. However, produced reads are significantly shorter and more error-prone compared to the traditional Sanger shotgun sequencing method. This poses challenges for de-novo DNA fragment assembly algorithms in terms of both accuracy (to deal with short, error-prone reads) and scalability (to deal with very large input data sets). In this paper we present a scalable parallel algorithm for correcting sequencing errors in high-throughput short-read data. It is based on spectral alignment and uses the CUDA programming model. Our computational experiments on a GTX 280 GPU show runtime savings between 10 and 19 times (for different error-rates using simulated datasets as well as real Solexa/Illumina datasets).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5160924,no
Limitations of the Linux Fault Injection Framework to Test Direct Memory Access Address Errors,"Device drivers can be traced as the source of most operating system (OS) bugs. The Linux kernel includes a fault injection framework which developers can use to implement simple fault injection tools to test device drivers. This paper presents our results in applying the fault injection framework to inject DMA address errors. Our experiments show that while the injected errors reach the device driver, the asynchronous nature of DMA makes the framework an ill-suited approach if the fault injection campaign expects the errors to reach the hardware I/O devices, as when trying to test IOMMU implementations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725290,no
Spatial correction of echo planar imaging deformation for subject specific diffusion tensor MRI analysis,"Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI or DTI) is a specialized mode of MRI, used for functional imaging of the body's internal structures. Echo planar imaging (EPI), the currently accepted protocol for acquiring DTI, suffers from severe image artefact, which complicates analysis of the data. We present our current progress in registration of T2-weighted MRI acquired with EPI and conventional protocols. The reported algorithm uses a multiresolution registration method with B-spline transform to correct for spatial deformation. This is the first step in registration of a full DTI dataset. It was found that direct application of a popular B- spline algorithm can correct some deformation in the images but further refinements are required to achieve more accurate results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4743957,no
MPE-IFEC: An enhanced burst error protection for DVB-SH systems,"Digital video broadcasting-satellite services to handhelds (DVB-SH) is a new hybrid satellite/terrestrial system for the broadcasting of multimedia services to mobile receivers. To improve the link budget, DVB-SH uses a long interleaver to cope with land mobile satellite (LMS) channel impairments. Multi-protocol encapsulation-inter-burst forward error correction (MPE-IFEC) is an attractive alternative to the long physical interleaving option of the standard and is suited for terminal receivers with limited de-interleaving memory. In this paper, we present a tutorial overview of this powerful error-correcting technique and report new simulation results that show MPE-IFEC improves the quality of broadcast mobile television (TV) reception.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6781223,no
Fault tolerant MPEG-4 Digital Video Recorder,"Digital video recorder (DVR), the security device that records video onto storage devices like hard disks or DVR systems, becomes more and more popular nowadays. Currently, many companies try to develop advanced DVR systems and add new state-of-the-art functions to them like motion detection, image enhancement, etc. One of the most important factors of the DVR systems is fault-tolerant, which is the ability to record, playback and store video data into a storage device without interruption or data loosing. In this paper, we propose a fault-tolerant DVR system that supports the MPEG-4 codec for high video compression ratio on the embedded PowerPC processor. Our fault- tolerant DVR system guarantees consumers against losing recorded video data by applying our new file system and overwriting policy. And a graphic user interface with various functionalities can well satisfy consumers' demands.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4559515,no
Supporting Reconfigurable Fault Tolerance on Application Servers,"Dynamic reconfiguration support in application servers is a solution to meet the demands for flexible and adaptive component-based applications. However, when an application is reconfigured, its fault-tolerant mechanism should be reconfigured either. This is one of the crucial problems we have to solve before a fault-tolerant application is dynamically reconfigured at runtime. This paper proposes a fault-tolerant sandbox to support the reconfigurable fault-tolerant mechanisms on application servers. We present how the sandbox integrates multiple error detection and recovery mechanisms, and how to reconfigure these mechanisms at runtime, especially for coordinated recovery mechanisms. We implement a prototype and perform a set of controlled experiments to demonstrate the sandboxpsilas capabilities.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5207926,no
A Comparative Study into Architecture-Based Safety Evaluation Methodologies Using AADL's Error Annex and Failure Propagation Models,"Early quality evaluation and support for decisions that affect quality characteristics are among the key incentives to formally specify the architecture of a software intensive system. The Architecture Analysis and Description Language (AADL) with its error annex is a new and promising architecture modeling language that supports analysis of safety and other dependability properties. This paper reviews the key concepts that are introduced by the error annex, and compares it to the existing safety evaluation techniques regarding its ability in providing modeling, process and tool support. Based on this review and the comparison, its strengths and weaknesses are identified and possible improvements for the model-driven safety evaluation methodology based on AADLpsilas error annex are highlighted.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4708886,no
Unequal Error Protection for Robust Streaming of Scalable Video Over Packet Lossy Networks,"Efficient bit stream adaptation and resilience to packet losses are two critical requirements in scalable video coding for transmission over packet-lossy networks. Various scalable layers have highly distinct importance, measured by their contribution to the overall video quality. This distinction is especially more significant in the scalable H.264/advanced video coding (AVC) video, due to the employed prediction hierarchy and the drift propagation when quality refinements are missing. Therefore, efficient bit stream adaptation and unequal protection of these layers are of special interest in the scalable H.264/AVC video. This paper proposes an algorithm to accurately estimate the overall distortion of decoder reconstructed frames due to enhancement layer truncation, drift/error propagation, and error concealment in the scalable H.264/AVC video. The method recursively computes the total decoder expected distortion at the picture-level for each layer in the prediction hierarchy. This ensures low computational cost since it bypasses highly complex pixel-level motion compensation operations. Simulation results show an accurate distortion estimation at various channel loss rates. The estimate is further integrated into a cross-layer optimization framework for optimized bit extraction and content-aware channel rate allocation. Experimental results demonstrate that precise distortion estimation enables our proposed transmission system to achieve a significantly higher average video peak signal-to-noise ratio compared to a conventional content independent system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5308439,no
Study of the effect of beam spreading on systematic Doppler flow measurement errors,"Doppler ultrasonic flowmeters are based on a single ray approximation. We have studied the effect of beam spreading on the systematic Doppler flow measurement by developing a theoretical ray tracing model and validating the same with experiments. This paper will discuss experimental work and the use of ray tracing and finite element models to investigate this effect. This paper indicates some early trends which we have identified, but should be treated as ""work in progress"".",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5935748,no
Minimum-Threshold Crowbar for a Fault-Ride-Through Grid-Code-Compliant DFIG Wind Turbine,"Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) technology is the dominant technology in the growing global market for wind power generation, due to the combination of variable-speed operation and a cost-effective partially rated power converter. However, the DFIG is sensitive to dips in supply voltage and without specific protection to ride-through grid faults, a DFIG risks damage to its power converter due to overcurrent and/or overvoltage. Conventional converter protection via a sustained period of rotor-crowbar closed circuit leads to poor power output and sustained suppression of the stator voltages. A new minimum-threshold rotor-crowbar method is presented in this paper, improving fault response by reducing crowbar application periods to 11-16 ms, successfully diverting transient overcurrents, and restoring good power control within 45 ms of both fault initiation and clearance, thus enabling the DFIG to meet grid-code fault-ride-through requirements. The new method is experimentally verified and evaluated using a 7.5-kW test facility.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484719,no
Research of Refractive Correction Forecasting Software Technology Based on WEB Database,"DTK (Diode Thermal Keratoplasty) technology is a new type of laser refractive technology. This thesis adopts web-based database for the multi-layer architecture mode, ADO.NET technology for the realization of data access, and B/S (Browser /Server) mode for the resolution of network method to accumulate large samples data and improve forecast accuracy of refractive laser correction. The thesis also develops refractive correction prediction software based on Web database to fulfill the publishing, updating of and access to information through web so that a more flexible device management tool can adapt to the information age, and it gives the achievement results, including data management interface, the results of data analysis and so on. Refractive correction prediction software based on Web database has realized data accumulation of laser refractive and improvement of prediction accuracy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5454687,no
Control of the matrix converter based WECS for fault ride-through enhancement,"Due to steadily increased in wind power penetration, regulatory standards for grid interconnection have evolved to require that wind generation systems ride-through disturbances such as faults and support the grid during such events. Keeping the converter online during and after short-circuit faults, and guaranteeing the actual standards of the converter connected to the grid, is becoming a very critical issue. From these goals, in this paper, an optimal control of matrix converter (MC) based wind turbine have been developed, where adaptive fuzzy logic controls along with improved SVPWM switching have been used extensively to ensure that current levels remain within design limits, even at greatly reduced voltage levels, thus enhancing the fault ride-through capability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5712505,no
Middleware for Resource-Aware Deployment and Configuration of Fault-Tolerant Real-time Systems,"Developing large-scale distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems is hard in part due to complex deployment and configuration issues involved in satisfying multiple quality for service (QoS) properties, such as real-timeliness and fault tolerance. This paper makes three contributions to the study of deployment and configuration middleware for DRE systems that satisfy multiple QoS properties. First, it describes a novel task allocation algorithm for passively replicated DRE systems to meet their real-time and fault-tolerance QoS properties while consuming significantly less resources. Second, it presents the design of a strategizable allocation engine that enables application developers to evaluate different allocation algorithms. Third, it presents the design of a middleware agnostic configuration framework that uses allocation decisions to deploy application components/replicas and configure the underlying middleware automatically on the chosen nodes. These contributions are realized in the DeCoRAM (Deployment and Configuration Reasoning and Analysis via Modeling) middleware. Empirical results on a distributed testbed demonstrate DeCoRAM's ability to handle multiple failures and provide efficient and predictable real-time performance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5465967,no
Selection of Tripping Times for Distance Protection Using Probabilistic Fault Trees with Time Dependencies,"Distance protection of electrical power system is analyzed. This protection is based on local and remote relays. Hazard is the event: remote circuit breaker tripping provided the local circuit breaker can be opened. Coordination of operation of protection relays in time domain is important and difficult problem. Incorrect values of delay times of protection relays can cause the hazard. In the paper, the impact of delay time settings on performance of protective scheme is analyzed using probabilistic fault trees with time dependencies (PFTTD). PFTTD are introduced in the paper and used for the above-mentioned hazard analyzes. The outcomes are hazard probabilities as a function of delay time values.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5261001,no
Transparent Fault-Tolerance Based on Asynchronous Virtual Machine Replication,"Fault-tolerance of services has received great attention for years, yet it is not clear how this can be done efficiently for different types of services. Current research focuses on finding strategies to provide fault-tolerance using commodity hardware and as independent of the service and transparent to clients as possible. We propose a replication system to provide fault-tolerance for any type of service by running the service instance into a virtual machine and replicate the entire virtual machine using an asynchronous replication strategy. The testing prototype was implemented using Xen hyper visor and an asynchronous replication strategy that gives better replication time than the synchronous one.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5715321,no
Power supply induced common cause faults-experimental assessment of potential countermeasures,"Fault-tolerant architectures based on physical replication of components are vulnerable to faults that cause the same effect in all replica. Short outages in a power supply shared by all replica are a prominent example for such common cause faults. For systems in which the provision of a replicated power supply would cause prohibitive efforts the identification of reliable countermeasures against these effects is vital to maintain the required dependability level. In this paper we propose several of such countermeasures, namely parity protection, voltage monitoring and time diversity of the replica. We perform extensive fault injection experiments on three fault-tolerant dual core processor designs, one FPGA based and two commercial ASICs. These experiments provide evidence for the vulnerability of a completely unprotected dual core solution, while time diversity and voltage monitoring in combination with increased timing margins turn out particularly effective for eliminating common cause effects.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270308,no
"Fault tolerance for highly available internet services: concepts, approaches, and issues","Fault-tolerant frameworks provide highly available services by means of fault detection and fault recovery mechanisms. These frameworks need to meet different constraints related to the fault model strength, performance, and resource consumption. One of the factors that led to this work is the observation that current fault-tolerant frameworks are not always adapted to existing Internet services. In fact, most of the proposed frameworks are not transport-level- or session-level-aware, although the concerned services range from regular services like HTTP and FTP to more recent Internet services such as multimodal conferencing and voice over IP. In this work we give a comprehensive overview of fault tolerance concepts, approaches, and issues. We show how the redundancy of application servers can be invested to ensure efficient failover of Internet services when the legitimate processing server goes down.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4564478,no
Novel Classifier Fusion Approaches for Fault Diagnosis in Automotive Systems,"Faulty automotive systems significantly degrade the performance and efficiency of vehicles and are often major contributors of vehicle breakdown; they result in large expenditures for repair and maintenance. Therefore, intelligent vehicle health-monitoring schemes are needed for effective fault diagnosis in automotive systems. Previously, we developed a data-driven approach using a data-reduction technique, coupled with a variety of classifiers, for fault diagnosis in automotive systems. In this paper, we consider the problem of fusing classifier decisions to reduce diagnostic errors. Specifically, we develop three novel classifier fusion approaches: 1. class-specific Bayesian fusion; 2. joint optimization of the fusion center and individual classifiers; and 3. dynamic fusion. We evaluate the efficacies of these fusion approaches on an automotive engine data. The results demonstrate that the proposed fusion techniques outperform traditional fusion approaches. We also show that learning the parameters of individual classifiers as part of the fusion architecture can provide better classification performance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4627449,no
Improving robustness of gene ranking by resampling and permutation based score correction and normalization,"Feature ranking, which ranks features via their individual importance, is one of the frequently used feature selection techniques. Traditional feature ranking criteria are apt to produce inconsistent ranking results even with light perturbations in training samples when applied to high dimensional and small-sized gene expression data. A widely used strategy for solving the inconsistencies is the multi-criterion combination. But one problem encountered in combining multiple criteria is the score normalization. In this paper, problems in existing methods are first analyzed, and a new gene importance transformation algorithm is then proposed. Experimental studies on three popular gene expression datasets show that the multi-criterion combination based on the proposed score correction and normalization produces gene rankings with improved robustness.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5706607,no
Selecting Discrete and Continuous Features Based on Neighborhood Decision Error Minimization,"Feature selection plays an important role in pattern recognition and machine learning. Feature evaluation and classification complexity estimation arise as key issues in the construction of selection algorithms. To estimate classification complexity in different feature subspaces, a novel feature evaluation measure, called the neighborhood decision error rate (NDER), is proposed, which is applicable to both categorical and numerical features. We first introduce a neighborhood rough-set model to divide the sample set into decision positive regions and decision boundary regions. Then, the samples that fall within decision boundary regions are further grouped into recognizable and misclassified subsets based on class probabilities that occur in neighborhoods. The percentage of misclassified samples is viewed as the estimate of classification complexity of the corresponding feature subspaces. We present a forward greedy strategy for searching the feature subset, which minimizes the NDER and, correspondingly, minimizes the classification complexity of the selected feature subset. Both theoretical and experimental comparison with other feature selection algorithms shows that the proposed algorithm is effective for discrete and continuous features, as well as their mixture.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5166487,no
On the Evaluation of Radiation-Induced Transient Faults in Flash-Based FPGAs,"Field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are getting more and more attractive for military and aerospace applications, among others devices. The usage of non volatile FPGAs, like Flash-based ones, reduces permanent radiation effects but transient faults are still a concern. In this paper we propose a new methodology for effectively measuring the width of radiation-induced transient faults thus allowing tuning known mitigation techniques accordingly. Radiation experiments results are presented and commented demonstrating that the proposed methodology is a viable solution to measure the transient pulses width.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4567075,no
Research about Software Fault Injection Technology Based on Distributed System,"Firstly, the paper made a contrast between the current domestic and international research condition, and introduced the basic concept of fault injection and distributed system. secondly, it discussed the classification and requirements of fault injection. There are mainly three types of distributed fault, namely the memory fault, CPU fault and correspondence fault. Besides, it discussed the method of distributed software fault injection about DOCTOR and illustrated the comprehensive structure and its respective parts of DOCTOR in detail. Thirdly, it reached a conclusion about the fault model of distributed system of fault injection and its realization method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5532621,no
Real-Time Fisheye Lens Distortion Correction Using Automatically Generated Streaming Accelerators,"Fisheye lenses are often used in scientific or virtual reality applications to enlarge the field of view of a conventional camera. Fisheye lens distortion correction is an image processing application which transforms the distorted fisheye images back to the natural-looking perspective space. This application is characterized by non-linear streaming memory access patterns that make main memory bandwidth a key performance limiter. We have developed a fisheye lens distortion correction system on a custom board that includes a Xilinx Virtex-4 FPGA. We express the application in a high level streaming language, and we utilize Proteus, an architectural synthesis tool, to quickly explore the design space and generate the streaming accelerator best suited for our cost and performance constraints. This paper shows that appropriate ESL tools enable rapid prototyping and design of real-life, performance critical and cost sensitive systems with complex memory access patterns and hardware-software interaction mechanisms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5290935,no
Categorizing and Analysis of Activated Faults in the FlexRay Communication Controller Registers,"FlexRay communication protocol is expected becoming the de-facto standard for distributed safety-critical systems. In this paper, transient single bit-flip faults were injected into the FlexRay communication controller to categorize and analyze the activated faults. In this protocol, an activated fault results in one or more error types which are boundary violation, conflict, content, freeze, synchronization, and syntax. To study the activated faults, a FlexRay bus network, composed of four nodes, was modeled by verilog HDL; and a total of 135,600 transient faults were injected in only one node, where 9,342 (6.9%) of the faults were activated. The results show that the synchronization error is the widespread error with the occurrence ratio of about 70.1%. The Boundary violation and the syntax errors have the occurrence ratios of 32.4% and 24.6%, respectively. The results also show that the Freeze error which more frequent resulted system failures has the occurrence ratio of about 17.3%.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5170469,no
Denoising fluorescence endoscopy - A motion compensated temporal recursive video filter with an optimal minimum mean square error parameterization,"Fluorescence endoscopy is an emerging technique for the detection of bladder cancer. A marker substance is brought into the patient's bladder which accumulates at cancer tissue. If a suitable narrow band light source is used for illumination, a red fluorescence of the marker substance is observable. Because of the low fluorescence photon count and because of the narrow band light source, only a small amount of light is detected by the camera's CCD sensor. This, in turn, leads to strong noise in the recorded video sequence. To overcome this problem, we apply a temporal recursive filter to the video sequence. The derivation of a filter function is presented, which leads to an optimal filter in the minimum mean square error sense. The algorithm is implemented as plug-in for the real-time capable clinical demonstrator platform RealTimeFrame and it is capable to process color videos with a resolution of 768times576 pixels at 50 frames per second.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5193047,no
Simulation of fault injection of microprocessor system using VLSI architecture system,Evaluating and possibly improving the fault tolerance and error detecting mechanisms is becoming a key issue when designing safety-critical electronic systems. The proposed approach is based on simulation-based fault injection and allows the analysis of the system behavior when faults occur. The paper describes how a microprocessor board employed in an automated light-metro control system has been modeled in VHDL and a Fault Injection Environment has been set up using a commercial simulator. Preliminary results about the effectiveness of the hardware fault-detection mechanisms are also reported. Such results will address the activity of experimental evaluation in subsequent phases of the validation process.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5396241,no
A Novel Error Classification Simulation Method for Rayleigh Fading Channel,"Evaluation of bit error rate (BER) for digital communication system is usually done via simulations using Monte Carlo (MC) method. For low BER, MC method requires huge sample sizes to achieve certain efficiency. To overcome this limitation, many variance reduction techniques such as importance sampling (IS) have been proposed. In this paper, we put forward a novel simulation method - Monte Carlo simulation with error classification (EC-MC). This method can reduce the estimation variance through dividing the total errors into many sub-categories and optimizing the simulation samples for each sub-category. We apply this method in simulations of single-path Rayleigh fading channel. The simulation results demonstrate EC-MC method can achieve the same accuracy at smaller sample sizes and shorter simulation runtime, comparing with both conventional MC and IS methods, especially at high signal to noise ratios.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5076907,no
A New Fault Tolerance Heuristic for Scientific Workflows in Highly Distributed Environments Based on Resubmission Impact,"Even though highly distributed environments such as Clouds and Grids are increasingly used for e-science high performance applications, they still cannot deliver the robustness and reliability needed for widespread acceptance as ubiquitous scientific tools. To overcome this problem, existing systems resort to fault tolerance mechanisms such as task replication and task resubmission. In this paper we propose a new heuristic called resubmission impact to enhance the fault tolerance support for scientific workflows in highly distributed systems. In contrast to related approaches, our method can be used effectively on systems even in the absence of historic failure trace data. Simulated experiments of three real scientific workflows in the Austrian Grid environment show that our algorithm drastically reduces the resource waste compared to conservative task replication and resubmission techniques, while having a comparable execution performance and only a slight decrease in the success probability.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5380852,no
Practical considerations for implementing intrinsic fault recovery in embedded systems,Evolvable hardware provides a viable fault recovery technique for embedded systems already deployed into an operational environment. Typically the fitness of each evolved configuration in such systems must be intrinsically determined because imprecise information about faults makes extrinsic methods impractical. Most work on intrinsic circuit evolution is conducted in laboratory environments where sophisticated measurement equipment is readily available and frequency domain analysis poses no real problems. In this paper we argue intrinsic fault recovery for embedded systems has to be done in the time domain. We report the results of several experiments conducted to identify potential problems with determining fitness in the time domain for embedded systems. We also discuss the limitations embedded systems impose on GAs used for evolvable hardware applications and suggest some possible solutions.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630881,no
A trust-based distributed data fault detection algorithm for wireless sensor networks,"Fault detection is a difficult and complex task in WSN because of there are many factors that influence data and could cause faults. Large-scale sensor networks impose energy and communication constraints, thus it is difficult to collect data from each individual sensor node and process it at the sink to detect faulty sensors. The proposed approach saves energy and improves network lifetime by detecting data faults locally in cluster head and therefore reducing the number of transmissions required to convey relevant information to the sink. This paper presents a novel approach for detecting sensors which produce faulty data in a distributed way as well as identifying the type of data faults using trust concepts to gain a high degree of confidence. We validate our method with simulations results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4803118,no
"A Survey of Fault Detection, Isolation, and Reconfiguration Methods","Fault detection, isolation, and reconfiguration (FDIR) is an important and challenging problem in many engineering applications and continues to be an active area of research in the control community. This paper presents a survey of the various model-based FDIR methods developed in the last decade. In the paper, the FDIR problem is divided into the fault detection and isolation (FDI) step, and the controller reconfiguration step. For FDI, we discuss various model-based techniques to generate residuals that are robust to noise, unknown disturbance, and model uncertainties, as well as various statistical techniques of testing the residuals for abrupt changes (or faults). We then discuss various techniques of implementing reconfigurable control strategy in response to faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5282515,no
A Method of Building the Fault Propogation Model of Distributed Application Systems Based on Bayesian Network,"Fault diagnosis is a key research part in the field of network fault management. In order to make effective fault diagnosis to the increasingly complicated distributed application systems(DAS) which are based on the computer network, Building an accurate and practicable fault propagation model(FPM) is generally the necessary prerequisite of the subsequent tasks such as probabilistic reasoning, fault recovery and failure prediction. In this paper, a method of constructing the FPM which combined sample datas and the expert knowledge was put forward based on Bayesian network. Firstly, an initial tree(T) including all the service nodes on the specific DAS was generated by the maximum weight spanning tree(MWST) algorithm with sample datas. Secondly, the initial tree(T) was revised according to expert experiences. Finally, the FPM of the DAS was learned using greedy search structure-learning algorithm with the revised structure(T') as its initial input model. In the end, the learned FPM using the proposed method was evaluated by calculating its BIC-score and comparing to the actual one. And the results show that the proposed method can give an accurate FPM of the distributed application system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5403430,no
Fault daignosis based on AGA-LS-SVM for analog circuit,"Fault diagnosis is very important for development and maintenance of safe and reliable electronic circuits and systems. This paper describes an approach of soft fault diagnosis for analog circuits based on least square support vector machines (LS-SVM) and adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA), known as AGA-LS-SVM. AGA is applied to optimize the parameters of LS-SVM, and fault features are extracted from the frequency domain response of circuit under test (CUT) and the LS-SVM which trained by the fault features is used to recognize the unknown faults. The experimental results demonstrate that LS-SVM optimized by AGA performs better forecast accuracy and successful modeling of diagnosing analog circuits fault.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246373,no
Fault injection in mixed-signal environment using behavioral fault modeling in Verilog-A,"Fault injection methods have been used for analyzing dependability characteristics of systems for years. In this paper we propose a practical mixed-signal fault injection flow that is fast as well as accurate. We described three classes of most common faults: i) Single event transients, ii) Electro-Magnetic interference and iii) Power disturbance faults. Fault models are implemented directly into circuit's devices using behavioral fault description in Verilog-A language. As an example for dependability evaluation, some test circuits have been prepared and the results of fault injection on their designs have been reported.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6156601,no
Fault-Tolerant Routing Schemes for Wormhole Mesh,"Fault tolerance is an important issue for the design of interconnection networks. In this paper, a new fault tolerant routing algorithm is presented and is applied in mesh networks employing wormhole switching. Due to its low routing restrictions, the presented routing algorithm is so highly adaptive that it is connected and deadlock free in spite of the various fault regions in mesh networks. Due to the minimal virtual channels it uses, the presented routing algorithm only employs as few buffers as possible and is suitable for fault-tolerant interconnection networks with low cost. Since it chooses the path around fault regions according to the local fault information, the presented routing algorithm takes routing decisions quickly and is applicable in interconnection networks. Moreover, a simulation is conducted for the proposed routing algorithm and the results show that the algorithm exhibits a graceful degradation in performance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5207922,no
Fault Tolerent Context Aware Mobile Computing,Fault tolerance is the main focus of design of new paradigms like context aware mobile computing. In situations where computing must be dependable require new engineering approaches and better understanding of paradigm. This paper discusses the fault tolerance approaches from the perspective of layers of context aware system architecture. An approach to make hardware level fault tolerant has been discussed.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5189857,no
A Hardware Accelerated Semi Analytic Approach for Fault Trees with Repairable Components,"Fault tree analysis of complex systems with repairable components can easily be quite complicated and usually requires significant computer time and power despite significant simplifications. Invariably, software-based solutions, particularly those involving Monte Carlo simulation methods, have been used in practice to compute the top event probability. However, these methods require significant computer power and time. In this paper, a hardware-based solution is presented for solving fault trees. The methodology developed uses a new semi analytic approach embedded in a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) using accelerators. Unlike previous attempts, the methodology developed properly handles repairable components in fault trees. Results from a specially written software-based simulation program confirm the accuracy and validate the efficacy of the hardware-oriented approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4809753,no
Application-Aware diagnosis of runtime hardware faults,"Extreme technology scaling in silicon devices drastically affects reliability, particularly because of runtime failures induced by transistor wearout. Current online testing mechanisms focus on testing all components in a microprocessor, including hardware that has not been exercised, and thus have high performance penalties. We propose a hybrid hardware/software online testing solution where components that are heavily utilized by the software application are tested more thoroughly and frequently. Thus, our online testing approach focuses on the processor units that affect application correctness the most, and it achieves high coverage while incurring minimal performance overhead. We also introduce a new metric, Application-Aware Fault Coverage, measuring a test's capability to detect faults that might have corrupted the state or the output of an application. Test coverage is further improved through the insertion of observation points that augment the coverage of the testing system. By evaluating our technique on a Sun OpenSPARC T1, we show that our solution maintains high Application-Aware Fault Coverage while reducing the performance overhead of online testing by more than a factor of 2 when compared to solutions oblivious to application's behavior. Specifically, we found that our solution can achieve 95% fault coverage while maintaining a minimal performance overhead (1.3%) and area impact (0.4%).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5653788,no
Fault-tolerant on-board evolutionary platform for adaptive allocation of hardware and software tasks,"Fails in aerospace missions, caused by broken communication and unexpected situation, have generated a pressing need for intelligent adaptation, repairing and upgrading capabilities in on-board maintenance (OBM) applications. In this paper, we present a fault-tolerant on-board evolutionary platform for aerospace applications which utilizes FPGA technology. To avoid complex evolution process of circuit and function, we take tasks as our basic chromosome and implement relocation of hardware and software tasks in spaceborne computing systems. Tasks can run in software space or be put into hardware task slots according to energy-efficient or real-time requirements. The allocation of hardware and software tasks will adapt to the requirement of current condition to meet real-time, energy-efficient or environment requirements. The process is transparent to users so that there is no need to explicitly specify reconfiguration commands. Sleeping tasks, redundant FPGAs and version switching control are combined together to achieve fault-tolerance in the on-board evolutionary platform. Design theories and strategies of FOEP are described in detail. System performance is also evaluated using simulated experiments.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4592908,no
ORTEGA: An Efficient and Flexible Online Fault Tolerance Architecture for Real-Time Control Systems,"Fault tolerance is an important aspect in real-time computing. In real-time control systems, tasks could be faulty due to various reasons. Faulty tasks may compromise the performance and safety of the whole system and even cause disastrous consequences. In this paper, we describe On-demand real-time guard (ORTEGA), a new software fault tolerance architecture for real-time control systems. ORTEGA has high fault coverage and reliability. Compared with existing real-time fault tolerance architectures, such as Simplex, ORTEGA allows more efficient resource utilizations and enhances flexibility. These advantages are achieved through the on-demand detection and recovery of faulty tasks. ORTEGA is applicable to most industrial control applications where both efficient resource usage and high fault coverage are desired.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4753900,no
Fault Localization with Non-parametric Program Behavior Model,"Fault localization is a major activity in software debugging. Many existing statistical fault localization techniques compare feature spectra of successful and failed runs. Some approaches, such as SOBER, test the similarity of the feature spectra through parametric self-proposed hypothesis testing models. Our finding shows, however, that the assumption on feature spectra forming known distributions is not well-supported by empirical data. Instead, having a simple, robust, and explanatory model is an essential move toward establishing a debugging theory. This paper proposes a non-parametric approach to measuring the similarity of the feature spectra of successful and failed runs, and picks a general hypothesis testing model, namely the Mann-Whitney test, as the core. The empirical results on the Siemens suite show that our technique can outperform existing predicate-based statistical fault localization techniques in locating faulty statements.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4601568,no
Age-related Neural Changes during Memory Conjunction Errors,"Human behavioral studies demonstrate that healthy aging is often accompanied by increases in memory distortions or errors. Here we used event-related fMRI to examine the neural basis of age-related memory distortions. We used the memory conjunction error paradigm, a laboratory procedure known to elicit high levels of memory errors. For older adults, right parahippocampal gyrus showed significantly greater activity during false than during accurate retrieval. We observed no regions in which activity was greater during false than during accurate retrieval for young adults. Young adults, however, showed significantly greater activity than old adults during accurate retrieval in right hippocampus. By contrast, older adults demonstrated greater activity than young adults during accurate retrieval in right inferior and middle prefrontal cortex. These data are consistent with the notion that age-related memory conjunction errors arise from dysfunction of hippocampal system mechanisms, rather than impairments in frontally mediated monitoring processes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6793362,no
Detection and correction of current transformer saturation effects in secondary current signals,Ideally a current transformer transduces the primary current linearly. In reality the transmission behaviour is non-linear at very high primary currents or at high burden i. e. the current transformer saturates. If saturation takes place the measured secondary current signals are distorted so that protection devices operate delayed or blocked (e. g. differential protection). For post processing issues of the recorded secondary signals one needs to correct the current waveforms. This paper presents a combined and robust method for detection of current transformer saturation effects even for low sampling frequencies. If saturation is present in the analysed current waveform a curve fitting algorithm is used to correct and estimate the unsaturated secondary current. All proposed methods do not require any electrical parameters of the current transformer. The proposed methods are tested on simulated disturbance records and the results are presented in this paper.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275211,no
Testing methods and error budge analysis of a software defined radio,"Ideally a software defined radio (SDR) is designed to accept a multitude of waveforms at any carrier frequency. This paper will discuss the importance of PHY layer measurements made in both the digital and analog domains including the additive effects impairments can have on BER. The paper will consider interoperability of a SDR with respect to three different modulation formats; OFDM, CDMA, and QAM. The importance of BER budgeting and a multitude of critical measurements including EVM, CCDF, ACP, spectrum mask, constellation displays, noise figure, and phase noise will be discussed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4753438,no
Fault-Tolerant Indirect Adaptive Neurocontrol for a Static Synchronous Series Compensator in a Power Network With Missing Sensor Measurements,"Identification and control of nonlinear systems depend on the availability and quality of sensor measurements. Measurements can be corrupted or interrupted due to sensor failure, broken or bad connections, bad communication, or malfunction of some hardware or software (referred to as missing sensor measurements in this paper). This paper proposes a novel fault-tolerant indirect adaptive neurocontroller (FTIANC) for controlling a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), which is connected to a power network. The FTIANC consists of a sensor evaluation and (missing sensor) restoration scheme (SERS), a radial basis function neuroidentifier (RBFNI), and a radial basis function neurocontroller (RBFNC). The SERS provides a set of fault-tolerant measurements to the RBFNI and RBFNC. The resulting FTIANC is able to provide fault-tolerant effective control to the SSSC when some crucial time-varying sensor measurements are not available. Simulation studies are carried out on a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) as well as on the IEEE 10-machine 39-bus power system, for the SSSC equipped with conventional PI controllers (CONVC) and the FTIANC without any missing sensors, as well as for the FTIANC with multiple missing sensors. Results show that the transient performances of the proposed FTIANC with and without missing sensors are both superior to the CONVC used by the SSSC (without any missing sensors) over a wide range of system operating conditions. The proposed fault-tolerant control is readily applicable to other plant models in power systems.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4470007,no
Biometric enhancements: Template aging error score analysis,"Identity capabilities are being modernized through biometric technology and systems. With maturing biometrics in full, rapid development, a higher accuracy of identity verification is required. Improvements to the security of biometric verification systems is provided through higher accuracy; ultimately reducing fraud, theft, and loss of resources from unauthorized personnel. With trivial biometric systems, a higher acceptance threshold to obtain higher accuracy rates increased false rejection rates and user unacceptability. However, maintaining the higher accuracy rate enhances the security of the system. Through the methods presented in this paper, higher accuracy rates are obtained without lowering the acceptance threshold, therefore improving the security level, false rejection rates, and user acceptability. An area of biometrics with a paucity of research is template aging, specifically in regards to facial aging. This paper presents methods of modeling and predicting facial template aging based on matching score analysis. A novel foundational framework for facial template aging is presented and provides a methodological framework. The groundwork discusses new techniques used in the template aging framework, to include the ldquoerror score matrixrdquo and ldquodecay error estimaterdquo concepts. The matching scores are calculated using commercially available facial matching algorithms/SDKs against publicly available facial databases. Improved performance error rates while maintaining or improving upon the overall matching and/or rejection levels is accomplished with the new framework. Using such scores, prediction of a timeframe if or when an individual needs to be re-enrolled with a new template is feasible.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4813331,no
Optimal Object Configurations to Minimize the Positioning Error in Visual Servoing,"Image noise unavoidably affects the available image points that are used in visual-servoing schemes to steer a robot end-effector toward a desired location. As a consequence, letting the image points in the current view converge to those in the desired view does not ensure that the camera converges accurately to the desired location. This paper investigates the selection of object configurations to minimize the worst-case positioning error due to the presence of image noise. In particular, a strategy based on linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and barrier functions is proposed to compute upper and lower bounds of this error for a given maximum error of the image points. This strategy can be applied to problems such as selecting an optimal subset of object points or determining an optimal position of an object in the scene. Some examples illustrate the use of the proposed strategy in such problems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5446340,no
Compensation of Requantization and Interpolation Errors in MPEG-2 to H.264 Transcoding,"Implementing MPEG-2 to H.264 transcoding schemes in the pixel domain introduces a high degree of computational complexity. In the transform domain, this transcoding is more computationally efficient, and several methods have been developed to address that approach. However, incompatibilities between the two standards, such as the mismatches between the MPEG-2 and H.264 motion compensation processes, cause several distortions that may affect the overall picture quality. In this study, we address the main distortions that result from requantization errors: luminance half-pixel and chrominance quarter/three-quarter interpolation errors. Then, we propose algorithms that compensate for these errors. The traditional requantization error compensation algorithm for DCT coefficients is updated so that it can be applied to the H.264 integer transform coefficients. Equations that compensate for the luminance half-pixel and chrominance quarter/three-quarter pixel interpolation errors are derived. To remove the interpolation errors, the previous H.264 frame is needed. Thus, the compensation scheme includes a closed-loop H.264 motion compensation process, which is implemented in the pixel domain. To evaluate the performance of the proposed compensation algorithms in terms of picture quality, our scheme is compared with two different cascaded pixel-domain transcoding structures. The first structure reuses the MPEG-2 motion vectors, and the other implements plusmn2 pixels motion vector refinement, but each one has an H.264 deblocking filter. The experimental results show that the proposed compensation algorithms achieve 5-dB quality improvement over the open-loop transform-domain-based transcoding and almost the same picture quality (0.3-0.6 dB) as the cascaded structures. An additional advantage is the reduction in computational complexity that ranges from 13% to 69% compared with the two cascaded methods.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4449085,no
Introspection-Based Fault Tolerance for COTS-Based High-Capability Computation in Space,"Future missions of deep space exploration face the challenge of designing, building,and operating progressively more capable autonomous spacecraft and planetary rovers. Given the communication latencies and bandwidth limitations for such missions, the need for increased autonomy becomes mandatory, along with the requirement for enhanced on-board computational capabilities while in deep space or time-critical situations. This will result in dramatic changes in the way missions will be conducted and supported by on-board computing systems. Specifically, the traditional approach of relying exclusively on radiation-hardened hardware and modular redundancy will not be able to deliver the required computational power. As a consequence, such systems are expected to include high-capability low-power components based on emerging Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) multi-core technology. This paper describes the design of a generic framework for introspection that supports runtime monitoring and analysis of program execution as well as a feedback-oriented recovery from faults. One of the first applications of this framework will be to provide flexible software fault tolerance matched to the requirements and properties of applications by exploiting knowledge that is either contained in an application knowledge base, provided by users, or automatically derived from specifications. A prototype implementation is currently in progress at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, targeting a cluster of Cell Broadband Engines.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5453556,no
Managing fault-induced delayed voltage recovery in Metro Atlanta with the Barrow County SVC,"Georgia Transmission Corporation (GTC) commissioned the Barrow County Static Var Compensator (SVC) with a continuous rating of 0 to +260 Mvar in June of 2008. This paper presents the northern Metro Atlanta Georgia area transmission system, the requirements for voltage and var support, the dynamic performance study used to verify performance of the SVC, and provides an overview of the SVC design and control strategy, including the SVC's response to an actual power system disturbance. The Barrow County SVC is connected to the 230 kV bus at the Winder Primary Substation to effectively manage the exposure to fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR), where the system voltage remains low (<80%) for several seconds following a disturbance and potentially leading to voltage collapse. The SVC configuration includes two thyristor-switched capacitors for rapid insertion of reactive power following a disturbance to decrease voltage recovery time and control the system's dynamic performance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4840225,no
GIS reliability analysis based trapezoid fuzzy fault tree,"GIS reliability refers to the ability to complete the requirements under the specified conditions and time. In this paper, there are five elements including object, conditions of use, use of time, functions and capabilities, to evaluate GIS reliability proposed by the combination in a engineering GIS. The paper imported trapezoid fuzzy fault tree into GIS reliability analysis for the fist time. The paper discussed how GIS reliability analysis uses trapezoid fuzzy fault tree method, mainly researches two problems that are GIS trapezoid fuzzy fault tree establishing and analysis step of GIS trapezoid fuzzy fault tree; uses example to adopt trapezoid fuzzy fault tree method computing GIS reliability analysis; because the technique considers not only GIS random uncertainty but also GIS fuzzy uncertainty, the result is precise, scientific and reasonable; finally summarizes up and points out the problems to need solving.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5567634,no
Making defect-finding tools work for you,"Given the high costs of software testing and fixing bugs after release, early detection of bugs using static analysis can result in significant savings. However, despite their many benefits, recent availability of many such tools, and evidence of a positive return-on-investment, static-analysis tools are not used widely because of various usability and usefulness problems. The usability inhibitors include the lack of features, such as capabilities to merge reports from multiple tools and view warning deltas between two builds of a system. The usefulness problems are related primarily to the accuracy of the tools: identification of false positives (or, spurious bugs) and uninteresting bugs among the true positives. In this paper, we present the details of an online portal, developed at IBM Research, to address these problems and promote the adoption of static-analysis tools. We report our experience with the deployment of the portal within the IBM developer community. We also highlight the problems that we have learned are important to address, and present our approach toward solving some of those problems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062143,no
Register file exploration for a multi-standard wireless forward error correction ASIP,"Given the increase in the number of wireless standards, software defined radio has emerged as a cost effective way of supporting multiple standards on the same platform architecture. Embedded systems with such platforms need to power efficient and meet the real time constraints of these wireless standards. Register files are known to be power and performance bottlenecks in high performance low power embedded processors. Given the strict power constraints and real-time performance constraints of these applications a comprehensive study of the register file architecture is needed to reach the most optimal architecture. In this paper we perform an in depth analysis on different register file architectures and their configurations for wireless forward error correction algorithms of different wireless standards like 802.11n and 802.16e. We analyze the traditional clustered register file, hierarchical register file, stream register file as well as asymmetrical register files and show that there are various trade-offs between power and performance across these different architectures.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5336266,no
Error Correcting Graph Matching Application to Software Evolution,"Graph representations and graph algorithms are widely adopted to model and resolve problems in many different areas from telecommunications, to bio-informatics, to civil and software engineering. Many software artefacts such as the class diagram can be thought of as graphs and thus, many software evolution problems can be reformulated as a graph matching problem.In this paper, we investigate the applicability of an error-correcting graph matching algorithm to object-oriented software evolution and report results, obtained on a small system - the Latazza application -, supporting applicability and usefulness of our proposal.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4656420,no
Hard Data on Soft Errors: A Large-Scale Assessment of Real-World Error Rates in GPGPU,"Graphics processing units (GPUs) are gaining widespread use in high-performance computing because of their performance advantages relative to CPUs. However, the reliability of GPUs is largely unproven. In particular, current GPUs lack error checking and correcting (ECC) in their memory subsystems. The impact of this design has not been previously measured at a large enough scale to quantify soft error events. We present MemtestG80, our software for assessing memory error rates on NVIDIA graphics cards. Furthermore, we present a large-scale assessment of GPU error rate, conducted by running MemtestG80 on over 50,000 hosts on the Folding@home distributed computing network. Our control experiments on consumer-grade and dedicated-GPGPU hardware in a controlled environment found no errors. However, our survey on Folding@home finds that, in their installed environments, two-thirds of tested GPUs exhibit a detectable, pattern-sensitive rate of memory soft errors. We show that these errors persist after controlling for over clocking and environmental proxies for temperature, but depend strongly on board architecture.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5493404,no
Gravity measurement from moving platform by Kalman Filter and position and velocity corrections for earth layer monitoring to earthquake and volcano activity survey,"Gravity measurement responds to changes in subsurface density and characteristics and is a non-invasive and cost effective way to identify and characterize subsurface. Gravity measurement is an effective tool for earth layer monitoring to earthquake and volcano activity survey. It is particularly important for gravity observation from moving platforms, especially for remote and offshore areas by aircraft, boat, ship, submarine, vehicle, satellite, etc. The measurement is complicated by difficulty to discern gravity from platform accelerations, nonlinearity, drift and dynamic angular movement. Presented solution is second order Kalman Filter, a recursive estimator that is applied to highly nonlinear measurement problems. The filter optimally combines data of three-axis gyros, accelerometers and platform position and velocity signals to provide accurate attitude and gravity measurement. Extensive simulations verified accuracy and robustness of proposed method for measurement from different vehicles in various dynamic environments.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4740355,no
A method of slant correction of vehicle license plate based on watershed algorithm,"In a vehicle license plate recognition system, slant vehicle license plate has a bad effect on the character segmentation and recognition. A method of slant correction of vehicle license plate is proposed in this paper. The method consists of five main stages: (1) the extraction of the boundaries of characters using watershed algorithm; (2) dividing the boundaries of vehicle license plate into small segments using vertical differential method; (3) connection of the fracture characters using expansion and corrosion; (4) computing centroids of the left and the right part in the vehicle license plate respectively; (5) finding the slant angle by means of two centroids. Experimental results show that the error rate of using the method is 6.13%, which is lower than that of the principal component analysis. The running time of using this method is less than that of Hough transform. The method improves accuracy of the slant correction.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5538360,no
Mapping Web-Based Applications Failures to Faults,"In a world where software system is a daily need, system dependability has been a focus of interest. Nowadays, Web-based systems are more and more used and there is a lack of works about software fault representativeness for this platform. This work presents a field data study to analyze software faults found in real Java Web-based software during system test phase, performed by an independent software verification & validation team. The preliminary results allow us to conclude that previous classification partially fits Java Web-based software systems and must be extended to allow specific Web resources like JSP pages.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5234315,no
Research on Fault Diagnosis Method Based Rough Sets Theory and Neural Network,"In allusion to more indeterminate information and higher speed request characteristic in fault diagnosis system, on the basis of switch and relay protecting information of substation, according to the intelligence complementary strategy, a new fault diagnosis method based on rough sets theory-neural network-expert system is presented. Firstly, basis on data acquisition and pretreatment, the original fault diagnosis samples are discretized by using hybrid clustering method. Then the decision attribute is reduced to delete redundancy information for obtaining the minimum fault feature subset. In course of the identifying fault diagnosis through RBF neural network, Some output results of RBF neural network is modified by using the inference capability expert system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5231332,no
Research and realization of a network fault locating algorithm,"In complex IP networks, faults usually have various uncertain causes. Therefore, it is essential for the fault locating system to realize accurate and quick fault locating. This paper puts forward a new symptom-fault map as the fault locating method for the fault propagation model-a fault locating method based on the Bayesian network, and a fault locating system is designed based on this method. This system, capable of simultaneously utilizing the characterization network and symptom information on whether the service application is normal or abnormal, has good resistance to noise, and can not only locate usability faults at low layers of the protocol stack, but also well locate service application faults at upper layers of the protocol stack, capable of accurately and quickly locating faults in a large IP network.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5406394,no
Physical Layer Error Correction Based Cipher,"In conventional communication systems, error correction is carried out at the physical layer while data security is performed performed at an upper layer. As a result, these steps are done as separate steps. As opposed to this conventional system, we present a scheme that combines error correction and data security as one unit so that both encryption and encoding could be carried out at the physical layer. Hence, in this paper, we present an Error Correction Based Cipher (ECBC) that combines error correction and encryption/decryption in a single step. Encrypting and encoding or decoding and decrypting in a single step will lead to a faster and more efficient implementation. One of the challenges of using previous joint schemes in a communications channel is that there is a tradeoff between data reliability and security. However in ECBC, there is no trade off between reliability and security. Errors introduced at the transmitter for randomization are removed at the receiver. Hence ECBC can utilize its full capacity to correct channel errors. We show the result of randomization test on ECBC and its security against conventional attacks. We also present the result of the FPGA implementation of the ECBC encryption.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5683788,no
A non-invasive system for the measurement of the robustness of microprocessor-type architectures against radiation-induced soft errors,"In critical digital designs such as aerospace or safety equipment, radiation-induced upset events (SEE) can produce adverse effects, so the ability to compare the sensibility of various proposed solutions is desirable. As custom-hardened microprocessor solutions can be very costly, the reliability of various COTS (Commercial-Off-The-Shelf) processors can be evaluated, to see if there is a commercially available microprocessor or microprocessor-type IP (Intellectual Property) with adequate robustness for the specific application. Most existing approaches for the measurement of this robustness of the microprocessor involve diverting the program flow and timing to introduce the bit flips via interrupts and embedded handlers added to the application program. In this paper the tool FT-UNSHADES-uP is described, which provides an environment and methodology for the evaluation of the sensitivity of microprocessor architectures, using dynamic runtime fault injection. A case study is presented, where the robustness of a MicroBlaze and Leon3 uP systems executing a simple signal processing task written in C are evaluated and compared. A hardened version of the program where the key variables are protected has also been tested and its contributions to the system robustness have also been evaluated.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4547378,no
Modeling and test validation of a 15kV 24MVA Superconducting Fault Current Limiter,"High-power short-circuit test results and numerical simulations of a 15kV24MVA distribution-class High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Fault Current Limiters (FCL) are presented and compared in this paper. The FCL design was based on the nonlinear inductance model here described, and the device was tested at 13.1kV line-to-line voltage for prospective fault currents up to 23kArms, prior to its installation in the electric grid. Comparison between numerical simulations and fault test measurements show good agreement. Some simulations and field testing results are depicted. The FCL was energized in the Southern California Edison grid on March 9, 2009.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484412,no
Research on reliability evaluation of high-speed railway train control system based on fault injection,"High-speed railway train control system is one complex security system with lots of functions, which means that deep research on safety and reliability of high-speed railway train control system be carried out. According to characters of simulation of high-speed railway train control system and advantages of fault injection, method of control system reliability and safety based on fault injection is carried out. Main structure and detailed functions, structures of fault injection system is designed and realized. The conclusion could be obtained that application of fault injection could help to improve reliability and safety of high-speed railway train control system simulation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5568359,no
Aircraft fuel system diagnostic fault detection through expert system,"For the problem of fault diagnosis of aircraft fuel system, a new method using CLIPS to build expert system is presented in this paper. By building knowledge base, infer engine and using CB tool, the relevant software environment is set up. Consequently the fault diagnostic system of aircraft fuel system is successfully developed. The emulation results prove that the intelligence of expert system works perfectly and the faults of fuel system are diagnosed exactly and fast, furthermore, effective methods of reconstruction can be brought forward in the expert system. It is entirely practicable in aircraft fuel fault diagnosis system.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4594020,no
A Novel Robust Video Transmission Scheme for Error Resilient Transcoding,"For video transmission over wireless or highly congested networks, video transcoding is typically used to reduce the rate and change the format of the originally encoded video source to match network conditions and terminal capabilities. Error resilient video transcoding can insert error resilient tools in the compressed video to enhance error resilience of the video over wireless channels by increasing bit rate. This paper proposed a novel error resilient video transcoding and streaming transmission scheme specially designed for Mpeg2 to H.264 transcoded video to portable devices in wireless channel. Based on the rate-distortion models developed in this paper, an optimal transcoding marcoblock mode selection and bit allocation scheme is proposed. In order to improve the video quality in the presence of transmission error, this paper also investigated how to allocate redundant pictures more efficiently according to the content characteristics of the primary pictures. The experiment results demonstrated that the proposed transcoding scheme can enhance speed and improve the decode image quality, get better error resilience.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5369581,no
Multi-level fault diagnosis in satellite formations using fuzzy rule-based reasoning,"Formation flying is an emerging area in Earth and space science domain that utilizes multiple inexpensive spacecraft by distributing the functionalities of a single platform among miniature inexpensive platforms. Traditional spacecraft fault diagnosis and health monitoring practices that involve around-the-clock monitoring, threshold checking, and trend analysis of a large amount of telemetry data by human experts do not scale well for multiple space platforms. In this paper, a multi-level fault diagnosis methodology utilizing fuzzy rule-based reasoning is presented to enhance the level of autonomy in fault diagnosis at the ground stations. Effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis methodology is demonstrated by utilizing synthetic formation flying attitude control subsystem data. The proposed scheme has potential to serve as a prognostic tool when designed based on multiple fault severities, and hence can contribute in the overall health management process.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4776267,no
An improved template-based method for mining association rules from defect repositories,"Frequent pattern mining from defect repositories has started playing an important role in software defect detection and analysis. In this paper, we present a new improved template-based method to generate association rules from defect repositories. We aim to provide manager and tester with more efficient method of generating rules. The improved method optimizes the generation using rule templates firstly, then reduces unnecessary rule generation by the theorems described in Section III-A. The advantages of the improved method are validated by an experiment based on 1860 defect reports. The experimental results show the improved template-based method can significantly reduce the total number of the rules, and shorten the run time. The pruned association rule set makes it easier to find the interesting rules.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5593798,no
A cascaded correction method to reduce the contamination of ionospheric frequency modulation for HF skywave radars,"From the presented simulations and others not shown here, we conclude that the proposed cascaded correction method provides an efficient way to reduce the contamination of ionospheric frequency modulation for the HF skywave radar even in a serious case where the contaminated Bragg lines in Doppler domain overlap. The idea of the cascaded correction also implies the possibility that we can achieve correction gain from integration of the advantages of different correction methods.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5172385,no
Modeling and Fault Diagnosis of a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Using Electrical Equivalent Analysis,"Fuel cell systems are complex systems and a high degree of competence is needed in different areas of knowledge such as thermodynamics, fluid dynamics, electrochemistry, and others, for their comprehension. This paper is a contribution to global modeling and fault diagnosis of these systems. More precisely, the goal of this paper is twofold. First, an electrical equivalent model, which could be used as a unifying approach to fuel cell systems will be resented. Second, a methodology to use the electrical model for fuel cell system diagnosis will be introduced, making special emphasis on fuel cell flooding detection. In order to illustrate the relevance of the proposed approach, experimental validations of the model, and the diagnosis methodology are proposed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5353706,no
Transparent Fault Tolerance of Device Drivers for Virtual Machines,"In a consolidated server system using virtualization, physical device accesses from guest virtual machines (VMs) need to be coordinated. In this environment, a separate driver VM is usually assigned to this task to enhance reliability and to reuse existing device drivers. This driver VM needs to be highly reliable, since it handles all the I/O requests. This paper describes a mechanism to detect and recover the driver VM from faults to enhance the reliability of the whole system. The proposed mechanism is transparent in that guest VMs cannot recognize the fault and the driver VM can recover and continue its I/O operations. Our mechanism provides a progress monitoring-based fault detection that is isolated from fault contamination with low monitoring overhead. When a fault occurs, the system recovers by switching the faulted driver VM to another one. The recovery is performed without service disconnection or data loss and with negligible delay by fully exploiting the I/O structure of the virtualized system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5432158,no
Study on the impedance-frequency characteristic of HVDC converter under asymmetric faults in the AC system,"In a HVDC transmission system, faults occur in the AC system can result in the variation of impedance-frequency characteristic of the HVDC converter. In this paper, an advanced switching function model of HVDC converter, which considers the effect of the interactions between the AC and DC system and the unbalanced operating conditions of the converter, is presented. Based on this model, a method for calculation of the impedance-frequency characteristic of the HVDC converter under the asymmetric faults conditions is proposed. The method is verified by comparison with the results obtained from calculation and digital simulation using PSCAD/EMTDC.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275698,no
Using Defect Reports to Build Requirements Knowledge in Product Lines,"In a recent study of a product line, we found that the defect reports both (1) captured new requirements information and (2) implicated undocumented, tacit requirements information in the occurrence of the defects. We report four types of requirements knowledge revealed by software defect reports from integration and system testing for two products in this high-dependability product line. We argue that store-and-retrieve-based requirements management is insufficient to avoid recurrence of these types of defects on upcoming members of the product line. We then propose the use of two mechanisms not traditionally associated with requirements management, one formal and one informal, to improve communication of these types of requirements knowledge to developers of future products in the product line. We show how the two proposed mechanisms, namely feature models extended with assumption specifications (formal) and structured anecdotes of paradigmatic product-line defects (informal), can together improve propagation of the requirements knowledge exposed by these defects to future products in the product line.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5457345,no
Fault Tolerant Service Composition in Service Overlay Networks,"In a service overlay network, the services provided by different service providers might span multiple Internet domains. A service provider failure may cause significant performance deterioration. Thus, it is desirable to provide fault tolerant service composition solutions such that the service composition can be switched to the backup service composition solution in case of a service provider failure. To provide 100% protection against a single service provider failure, fault tolerant service composition essentially requires to partition service providers into two disjoint sets, each of them can provide a service composition solution. We study a generalized fault tolerant service composition which aims to find two service composition solutions for each request to minimize the number of shared service providers. Subject to such a primary objective, we also aim to minimize the total service composition cost. We firstly prove that the problem is NP-Complete, and formulate the problem as an integer linear program. We then propose heuristic algorithms to efficiently solve the problem. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed heuristic algorithms.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4698244,no
Bayesian probability of error under fine quantization,"In a variety of decision systems, processing is performed not on the underlying signal but on a quantized version. Accordingly, assuming fine quantization, Poor observed a quadratic variation in f-divergences with smooth f. In this paper, we derive a quadratic behavior in the Bayesian probability of error, which corresponds to a nonsmooth f, thereby advancing the state of the art. Unlike Poor's purely variational method, we solve a novel cube-slicing problem, and convert a volume integral to a surface integral in the course of our analysis.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4895441,no
A Novel Fault Observer Design and Application in Flight Control System,"For estimating the fault signals of the discrete flight control system with unknown senor faults and actuator faults simultaneously, a discrete proportional integral observer (PIO) is presented. The proposed PIO uses the augment states to estimate the sensor faults of the flight control system. Moreover, this observer uses an additionally introduced integral term of the output error to obtain the estimation of actuator faults. The convergence of the PIO is proved. The proposed fault observer is applied in flight control system. Simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fault observer.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5363612,no
Fault diagnosis of train-ground wireless communication unit based on Fuzzy Neural Network,"For making up the deficiency of fault diagnosis method of train-ground wireless communication unit of communication based train control (CBTC), a global fault diagnosis method based on model building is introduced. Global fault diagnosis model is mainly comprised of fault symptom, fault diagnosis rule and fault types. Fault symptom is seemed as input space and fault types are seemed as output space. Fault diagnosis rules have two sorts that can interconvert with each other. Firstly, single fault diagnosis rule was designed by fuzzy neural network. Secondly, regarding numerical value variation as vector characteristic, global fault diagnosis rule was designed depending on increasing values range transformation equation, decision matrix and logic algorithm. Lastly, applying global fault diagnosis model and Reworks software development language, fault diagnosis system of train-ground wireless communication (TGWC) unit was realized and correlating experiment validation was carried out. The experiment result indicates that global fault diagnosis model can provide high diagnosis precision of different fault types, had better to analyze cause and effect between fault symptom and fault types, avoid localization to single fault diagnosis method and collectivity precision is 93%.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5138226,no
Assigning bug reports using a vocabulary-based expertise model of developers,"For popular software systems, the number of daily submitted bug reports is high. Triaging these incoming reports is a time consuming task. Part of the bug triage is the assignment of a report to a developer with the appropriate expertise. In this paper, we present an approach to automatically suggest developers who have the appropriate expertise for handling a bug report. We model developer expertise using the vocabulary found in their source code contributions and compare this vocabulary to the vocabulary of bug reports. We evaluate our approach by comparing the suggested experts to the persons who eventually worked on the bug. Using eight years of Eclipse development as a case study, we achieve 33.6% top-1 precision and 71.0% top-10 recall.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5069491,no
Research Classification of Printing Fault Based on RSVM,"For the characteristics of malfunction diagnose system a model to classify fault printing based on reduced support vector machines (RSVM) is discussed. The printing malfunctions have many classes. There are massive datasets used in fraud detection. The support vector machines have been promising methods for classification because of their solid mathematical foundation. However they are not favored for large- scale because the training complexity ofSVMis highly dependent on the size of data set. This paper use RSVM with an improved nonlinear Kernel to reduced the size of the quadratic program to be solved and simplified the classification of the nonlinear separating surface. Computational results indicate the RSVM has a good efficiency for adjustable printing fault, and computational times as well as memory usage are much smaller for RSVM than that of conventional SVM.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4603604,no
Indirect Training with Error Backpropagation in Gray-Box Neural Model: Application to a Chemical Process,"Gray-box neural models mix differential equations, which act as white boxes, and neural networks, used as black boxes, to complete the phenomenological model. These models have been used in different researches proving their efficacy. The aim of this work is to show the training of the gray-box model through indirect back propagation and Levenberg-Marquardt. The gray-box neural model was tested in the simulation of a chemical process in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with 5% noise, responding successfully.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5750422,no
Error Detection in Grid Computing,"Grid computing is a distributed computing paradigm that differs from traditional distributed computing in that it is aimed toward large scale systems that even span organizational boundaries. Grid computing is a partnership between clients and servers. Grid clients have more responsibilities than do traditional clients and must be equipped with powerful mechanisms for dealing with and recovering from failures, whether they occur in the context of remote execution, work management, or data output. When clients fail to perform the task, the failure should be identified. We propose a novel method to detect an error in the client using voting technique.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5380333,no
Grid service reliability modeling on fault recovery and optimal task scheduling,"Grid computing is a newly developed technology. Although the developmental tools and techniques for the grid have been extensively studied, the reliability of grid service can not satisfy the real-world application requirements. To resolve this problem, this paper introduces a fault recovery mechanism into grid nodes and gives a constraint on recovery amount. Moreover, a multi-objective optimization model is presented to address the task scheduling problem and an ant colony optimization (ACO) is developed to solve the problem effectively. A numerical example is given to show the modeling procedures and efficiency of the ACO.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4914722,no
Adaptive Sampling Rate Correction for Acoustic Echo Control in Voice-Over-IP,"Hands-free terminals for speech communication employ adaptive filters to reduce echoes resulting from the acoustic coupling between loudspeaker and microphone. When using a personal computer with commercial audio hardware for teleconferencing, a sampling frequency offset between the loudspeaker output D/A converter and the microphone input A/D converter often occurs. In this case, state-of-the-art echo cancellation algorithms fail to track the correct room impulse response. In this paper, we present a novel least mean square (LMS-type) adaptive algorithm to estimate the frequency offset and resynchronize the signals using arbitrary sampling rate conversion. In conjunction with a normalized LMS-type adaptive filter for room impulse response tracking, the proposed system widely removes the deteriorating effects of a frequency offset up to several Hz and restores the functionality of echo cancellation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5170064,no
Research on Case Representation in Printing Machine Fault Diagnosis Expert System Based on Case-Based Reasoning,"Having depended on the analysis of case content characteristic and FTA (fault tree analysis) characteristic, the paper propounded a method to express printing machine fault case, which is called four elements method based on FTA. Finally, the paper took an example to explain how to express fault case by the method. From the example we could found that this method had a good hiberarchy and easy maintenance, and for necessary of the printing machine fault diagnosis.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4721733,no
Evaluation of attenuation and scatter correction requirements as a function of object size in PET small animal imaging,"In human emission tomography, an additional transmission scan is often required to obtain accurate attenuation maps for attenuation correction (AC) and scatter correction (SC). These methods have been translated to small animal imaging, although the impact of photon interactions on the reconstruction of mouse/rat images is substantially less than that in human imaging. In this study, we evaluate the requirement of these corrections for PET small animal imaging through Monte Carlo simulations of the Inveon PET scanner using MOBY voxelized phantoms scaled to different sizes (2.1-6.4 cm diameters). The 3D data were reconstructed in 6 different conditions depending on the attenuation map used: Accurate AC+SC, Simple AC+SC, Accurate AC only, Simple AC only, SC only and No correction. Mean error% for 8 different ROIs and 6 different MOBY sizes were obtained against the accurate reconstruction (first on the list). In addition, real mouse data obtained from an Inveon PET scanner were analyzed using similar methods. The results from simulations and real mouse data showed that attenuation correction based on solely emission data should be sufficient for imaging animals smaller than 4 cm diameter.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5874449,no
Application of Bayesian belief networks to fault detection and diagnosis of industrial processes,"In industrial processes, to confide the success of planed operation, implementing early and accurate method for recognizing abnormal operating conditions, known as faults, is essential. Effective method for fault detection and diagnosis helps reducing impact of these faults, extols the safety of operation, minimizes down time and reduces manufacturing costs. In this paper, application of BBNs is studied for a benchmark chemical industrial process, known as, Tennessee Eastman in order to achieve early fault detection and accurate probable diagnosis of their causes. Application of Bayesian belief networks for fault detection and diagnosis of Tennessee Eastman process in the graphical context description has not been tested yet. Success of this feature confirms capability and ease use of it as a diagnostic system in actual industrial processes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5560369,no
A Two-Stage Iterative Decoding of LDPC Codes for Lowering Error Floors,"In iterative decoding of LDPC codes, trapping sets often lead to high error floors. In this work, we propose a two-stage iterative decoding to break trapping sets. Simulation results show that the error floor performance can be significantly improved with this decoding scheme.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4697990,no
Using likely program invariants to detect hardware errors,"In the near future, hardware is expected to become increasingly vulnerable to faults due to continuously decreasing feature size. Software-level symptoms have previously been used to detect permanent hardware faults. However, they can not detect a small fraction of faults, which may lead to silent data corruptions(SDCs). In this paper, we present a system that uses invariants to improve the coverage and latency of existing detection techniques for permanent faults. The basic idea is to use training inputs to create likely invariants based on value ranges of selected program variables and then use them to identify faults at runtime. Likely invariants, however, can have false positives which makes them challenging to use for permanent faults. We use our on-line diagnosis framework for detecting false positives at runtime and limit the number of false positives to keep the associated overhead minimal. Experimental results using microarchitecture level fault injections in full-system simulation show 28.6% reduction in the number of undetected faults and 74.2% reduction in the number of SDCs over existing techniques, with reasonable overhead for checking code.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630072,no
Exploiting Redundancies to Enhance Schedulability in Fault-Tolerant and Real-Time Distributed Systems,"In the past decades, distributed systems have been widely applied to real-time applications, most of which have fault-tolerance requirements to assure high reliability. Due to the stringent space constraints of real-time systems, the issue of schedulability becomes a major concern in the design of fault-tolerant and real-time distributed systems. Most existing real-time and fault-tolerant scheduling algorithms, which are based on the primary-backup scheme for periodic real-time tasks, introduce unnecessary redundancies by aggressively using active-backup copies. To solve this problem, we propose two novel fault-tolerant techniques, which are seamlessly integrated with fixed-priority-based scheduling algorithms. These techniques leverage redundancies to enhance schedulability in fault-tolerant and real-time distributed systems. Our fault-tolerant techniques make use of the primary-backup scheme to tolerate permanent hardware failures. The first technique (referred to as Tercos) terminates the execution of active-backup copies, when corresponding primary copies are successfully completed. Tercos is designed to reduce scheduling lengths in fault-free scenarios to enhance schedulability by virtue of executing portions of active-backup copies in passive forms. The second technique (referred to as Debus) uses a deferred-active-backup scheme to further minimize schedule lengths to improve the schedulability performance. Debus schedules active-backup copies as late as possible, while terminating active-backup copies when their primary copies are completed. Experimental results show that, compared with existing algorithms in literature, Tercos can significantly improve schedulability by up to 17.0% (with an average of 9.7%). Furthermore, empirical results reveal that Debus can enhance schedulability over Tercos by up to 12% (with an average of 7.8%).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4785513,no
Spatial error concealment algorithm based on improved SUSAN operator,"In the transmission of real-time video compressed streams, error concealment method is to restore the damaged or lost data packets. This paper improves the existing spatial error concealment algorithm based on SUSAN detection operator. On the one hand, as recovering the error, the detection pixels were reduced by considering the relationship of nearby pixels. On the other hand, more associated pixels were fully considered. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm enhances the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio in the case of reducing 4%-8% computational complexity, and is more beneficial to real-time application.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544228,no
A proactive maintenance scheme for hardware fault diagnosis in wireless systems,"In the wireless sector maintenance costs form a large part of the total network operating cost. This paper presents a possible proactive maintenance scheme for wireless systems. The object of this paper is to reduce the high operational costs encountered in the wireless industry by decreasing maintenance costs and system downtime. An on-line monitoring system is suggested to identify performance degradation, as well as its possible sources via symbol frequency distribution analysis. In this paper a single fault mechanism is considered and the methodology to detect and diagnose the fault mechanism is presented. With similar analysis for other fault mechanisms, this system could ensure that maintenance occurs only when necessary and not at routine intervals.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4780955,no
Fault Tree Based Prediction of Software Systems Safety,"In our modern world, software controls much of the hardware (equipment, electronics, and instruments) around us. Sometimes hardware failure can lead to a loss of human life. When software controls, operates, or interacts with such hardware, software safety becomes a vital concern. To assure the safety of software controlling system, prediction of software safety should be done at the beginning of systempsilas design. The paper focused on safety prediction using the key node property of fault trees. This metric use parameter ""s"" related to the fault tree to predict the safety of the software control systems. This metric allow designers to measure and the safety of software systems early in the design process. An applied example is shown in the paper.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722141,no
A Pervasive Temporal Error Concealment Algorithm for H.264/AVC Decoder,"In real-time video transmission over error-prone network, the packet loss cannot be avoided which causes the video quality reduction in the destination. In this paper, we propose a pervasive temporal error concealment (PTEC) algorithm for H.264/AVC Inter frame decoding to eliminate the error effect for Human Visual System (HVS). To increase the error concealment (EC) accuracy, the 4x4 block size is used as the basic motion vector (MV) recovery unit, and the MV of the lost macroblock (MB) is recovered by employing the MV information of the neighboring intact MBs. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve better EC performance compared with the existing TEC methods. Because of its simple composition, it is pervasive to be used in the real-time multimedia communication systems with the video coding standard H.264/AVC.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5578294,no
Experimental performance evaluation of error estimation and compensation technique for quadrature modulators and demodulators,"In recent mobile communication systems, impairments in analog circuits cannot be disregarded owing to the need to achieve high performance. Errors in analog circuits consist of a distortion of a power amplifier(PA), gain and phase imbalance in a quadrature modulator(QMOD) and a quadrature demodulator(QDEMOD), dc offset, frequency offset, and so on. Because of high accuracy of compensation, many techniques of error compensation by using digital signal processing have been studied recently. Digital predistorter(DPD), which can eliminate odd-order distortion caused by PA nonlinearity, is one of the compensation techniques. However, in the case that direct conversion architecture is used in a loop-back path, errors in a QMOD and a QDEMOD affect the performance of DPD. Previously, we proposed an error estimation technique for a QMOD and a QDEMDO by using a variable phase shifter and evaluated the performance through computer simulation. In this paper, we evaluate the performance through an experiment by image rejection ratio(IRR) and error vector magnitude(EVM) in the case that the output of a QMOD is directly connected to the input of a QDEMOD. The results show that IRR improvement after compensation is 10 dB at the output of the QMOD and EVM improvement after compensation is 10 dB at the output of the QMOD and 20 dB at the output of the QDEMOD.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4463449,no
Performance Analysis of Forward Error Correcting Codes in IPTV,In recent years the forward error correction (FEC) schemes at the binary erasure channel have been researched for many applications including DVB-H and IPTV systems. In most cases the packet-level FEC strategies are implemented by either Reed-Solomon (RS) codes at the link layer or Raptor codes at the application layer. Recently an enhanced decoding method for RS codes was presented. In this paper we consider the performance comparison of the enhanced-decoding RS code at the link layer and Raptor code at the application layer in the burst transmission environment to give a guidance of FEC schemes for IPTV application. It is noted that the efficient Raptor decoding algorithm makes it possible to broadcast multimedia data more reliable and faster.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4587947,no
Managing Faults in the Service Delivery Process of Service Provider Coalitions,"In recent years, IT Service Management (ITSM) has become one of the most researched areas of IT. Incident Management and Problem Management form the basis of the tooling provided by an Incident Ticket System (ITS). As more compound or interdependent services are collaboratively offered by providers, the delivery of a service therefore becomes a responsibility of more than one provider's organization. In the ITS systems of various providers seemingly unrelated tickets are created and the connection between them is not realized automatically. The introduction of automation will reduce human involvement and time required for incident resolution.In this paper we consider a collaborative service delivery model that supports both per-request services and continuous high-availability services. In the case of high availability service the information stored in the ITS of the provider often includes information on the outage of a particular service rather than on the failure of a particular request. In this paper we offer an information model that consolidates and supports inter-organizational incident management and probabilistic model for fault discovery.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5284022,no
Design of an Experimental System for Digital Circuit Fault Diagnosis Based on Support Vector Machine,"In order to combine the theory and practice of support vector machine (SVM) in the field of fault diagnosis, a novel universal experimental system for digital circuitspsila fault diagnosis is designed for the application study of SVM. The circuit is simulated in FPGA and its input and output pins are assigned to the DO and DI channels automatically by matrix switch. The faults and test points can be set easily. The algorithms of SVM and test vector generation etc. can be carried out in different software modules. The overall design and experimentation are discussed in detail. A practical example is given also. The experimental system is very convenient for the study of SVM and the efficiency is improved observably.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5209106,no
Research on fault diagnosis system base on output waveform of high voltage inverter,"In order to economize power energy, the high voltage inverter is used widely in the production of industry and agriculture. The security and reliability problem is more and more important. However, the high voltage inverters controller system can check the base problem, such as under voltage protection, open-phase protection, IGBT over current, IGBT over voltage, IGBT over heat etc. Therefore, it is very necessary to research a deep fault diagnosis system. The paper gives a wavelet transform method of the fault diagnosis of high voltage inverter, and introduces the hardware structure and software flow of the fault diagnosis system.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4597373,no
Dynamic Polling Scheme of Network Fault Management Based on Cloud Model,"In order to enhance the real time operability and efficiency of polling which are both crucial for network fault management, the current network polling schemes based on SNMP are discussed, and a novel dynamic polling scheme is put forward. By soft partition of variation amplitude concept and uncertainty reasoning based on cloud model, this scheme realizes the fine dynamic adjustment of polling intervals according to the qualitative rules. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can display data in detail more accurately, and the distortion in data collection can effectively be minimized with the network bandwidth used rationally.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5072840,no
Image distortion correction algorithm based on lattice array coordinate projection,"In order to improve the accuracy of image detection and target recognition, this paper presents an image distortion correction algorithm based on quadrilateral fractal approach controlling points. This method uses standard lattice image to be the measuring target, determines the coordinate by combining mathematical morphology and sliding neighborhood operation, and then Adopt simple linear regression analysis for optical center and establish coordinate system, finally proposes Two-step and one-dimensional gray linear interpolation backward mapping algorithm to define the pixel intensity. An image acquisition hardware system is designed contains TMS320DM6437 and taking a building as target. Experiments with above method have shown that this algorithm can correct distortion in short time without loss edge information.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5579608,no
Study on Method of Game Software Fault Management Based on MSC,"In order to improve the efficiency of the game fault management, we provided a method of games software fault management on MSC and achieved the editing and storage techniques about MSC; based on TTCN-3 test techniques, we used model-driven approach to activate MSC. The experimental results show that the method of fault management can reduce the workload, and improve the efficiency of the test.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5365779,no
Tree Topology Based Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor Networks,"In order to improve the energy efficiency of the fault diagnosis in wireless sensor networks, we propose a tree topology based distributed fault diagnosis algorithm. The algorithm maintains high node fault detection rate and low fault alarm rate in wireless sensor networks under low node distribution density. First, the algorithm finds a good node with a multi-layer detection method, then, detects the status of other nodes by means of the status relation with the good node which is inferred by the parent-child relation in the tree topology, and up to achieves fault detection of the whole network. In ZigBee tree network, the simulation results show that the algorithm performs better in energy efficiency, and identify the faulty sensors with high accuracy and robustness.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381584,no
Master-Slave TMR Inspired Technique for Fault Tolerance of SRAM-Based FPGA,"In order to increase reliability and availability of Static-RAM based field programmable gate arrays (SRAM-based FPGAs), several methods of tolerating defects and permanent faults have been developed and applied. These methods are not well adapted for handling high fault rates for SRAM based FPGAs. In this paper, both single and double faults affecting configurable logic blocks (CLBs) are addressed. We have developed a new fault-tolerance technique that capitalizes on the partial reconfiguration capabilities of SRAM-based FPGA. The proposed fault-tolerance method is based on triple modular redundancy (TMR) combined with master-slave technique, and exploiting partial reconfiguration to tolerate permanent faults. Simulation results on reliability improvement corroborate the efficiency of the proposed method and prove that it compares favorably to previous methods.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5571811,no
Research on the design of software fault tolerance based on RTEMS,"In order to overcome the shortage that RTEMS lacks effective software fault-tolerant mechanism, this paper proposes an approach to add a task fault-tolerant module into application service layer. Based on the task scheduling algorithm of RTEMS, the proposed approach achieves fault-tolerant function by arranging the rescheduling time of fault tasks, which can recover the tasks from transient faults and degrade the system when permanent faults happen. The validity of this proposed approach applied to RTEMS is verified in Markov analyzing theoretically and case study.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5610523,no
Automated fault tree generation and risk-based testing of networked automation systems,"In manufacturing automation domain safety and availability are the most important factors to ensure productivity. In modern software intensive networked automation systems it became quite hard to ensure which non-functional requirements are related to these factors as well as whether these are satisfied or not. This is due to the prevalence of manual efforts in several analyses phases where complexity of the system often makes it hard to obtain comprehensive overview and thus makes it difficult to ascertain the presence of certain undesired consequences. Since design, development and following verification and validation activities are largely dependent upon the result of the analyses the product is largely affected. To address these problems automated fault tree generation is presented in this paper. It uses distinct modeling artifacts and information to automatically compose formal models of the system. Embedding hardware and network failures it is then ascertained through model checking whether the system satisfies certain safety and availability properties or not. This information is used to compose the fault tree. Proposed approach will improve completeness and correctness in fault trees and will consequently help in improving the quality of the system. Furthermore, it is also shown how the artifacts of this analysis can be used to produce test goals and test cases to validate the software constituents of the system and assure traceability between testing activity and safety requirements.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5641309,no
Improving Bug Assignment with Bug Tossing Graphs and Bug Similarities,"In open-source software development the bug report is usually assigned to a developer for bug fixing. A large number of bug reports are tossed (reassigned) to other developers, for example because the bugs have been assigned by mistake. The tossing events increase bug-fix time. In order to quickly identify the fixer to bug reports we present an approach based on the bug tossing history and textual similarities between bug reports. This proposed approach is evaluated on Eclipse and Mozilla. The results show that our approach can significantly improve the efficiency of bug assignment: the bug resolver is often identified with fewer tossing events.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5462287,no
Study on large-scale rotating machinery fault intelligent diagnosis multi-agent system,"In order to adapt the complex equipment intelligent diagnosis task, based on advantages of multi-agent system, study on large-scale rotating machinery fault intelligent diagnosis multi-agent system is proposed. In the study, the system has broken through traditional unalterable multi algorithm fusion model and shows the social intelligence of multiple agents through the ability which is organizational, self-study and able to resolve diagnosis problems through dynamically negotiating among multiple agents according to the actual characteristics of device signal. The main contributions are as follows: Firstly, how to decompose the diagnosis task rationally is proposed. From this part, a distinctive diagnosis task decomposition method is proposed and which intelligent diagnosis methods adapted to achieving diagnosis successfully can be known; Secondly, how to design the large-scale rotating machinery intelligent diagnosis multi-agent system is introduced, From this part, how to design the system structure and how the system complete the dynamically negotiating and self-study process efficiently can be known. Thirdly, an example of the system is proposed and proves the system can complete the function efficiently.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4608007,no
Angle Domain Average and Autoregressive Spectrum Analysis Based Gear Faults Diagnosis,"In order to process the non-stationary vibration signals during run-up of gearbox, the method based on angle domain average and autoregressive spectrum analysis is presented. This new method combines angle domain average with angle domain average technique. Firstly, the vibration signal is sampled at constant time increments and then uses software to resample the data at constant angle increments.Secondly, the angle domain signal is preprocessed using angle domain average technique in order to eliminate the unrelated noise. In the end, the averaged signals are processed by autoregressive spectrum analysis. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively detect the gear crack faults.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5159089,no
Information entropy-based Clustering Algorithm for Rapid Software Fault Diagnosis,"In order to rapidly diagnose and locate the fault, we present ICARSFD (information entropy-based clustering algorithm for rapid software fault diagnosis). In this paper, the average entropy and the total entropy are defined to guide the clustering operation over fault modes. This algorithm firstly stores the related information of existing faults in the form of fault tree, and deems each fault as an initial cluster. By calculating the information entropy between clusters and comparing them with the average entropy and the total entropy, fault clustering is completed. For the faults inappropriate to their located clusters, we take a retrospective approach to cluster them. Thereby the clustering effect related with the fault order could be addressed. Secondly, according to the ascending order of information entropy, the fault to be analyzed is matched to each cluster. Lastly, both the fault diagnosis results and fault paths are put out. In addition, if the fault match isn't successful, the fault path will be identified through fault tree, and the clustering results will be updated later. The experimental results demonstrate that ICARSFD has both good clustering effect and detection effect.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5212119,no
Researche on Neugebauer equation correction algorithm,"In order to realize accurate colorimetric characterization for a output device, several different correction algorithm models were evaluated. There are three Neugebauer equation correction methods in common use, namely: The dot gain correction, the Yule-Nielsen exponential correction and the Cellular correction. This article analyzes these correction methods of Neugebauer equation, and put forward a new correction method that is using exponential correction method with considering the impact of dot gain. An identical output device was colorimetrically characterized with these algorithm models utilizing IT8.7/3 as color targets. Experimental results showed that this new correction method can improve the accuracy of calculation of Neugebauer equation, When using to creating output profile, It can significantly improve the accuracy of output profile, and the process of calculation is simple and convenient to actualize.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5648147,no
Comprehensive fault evaluation on maglev train based on ensemble learning algorithm,"In order to realize comprehensive fault evaluation on faults occurred in maglev train, aim at the difficulty in establishing the evaluation weight matrix and subjection matrix parameter, faint comprehensive evaluation method based on ensemble learning algorithm is proposed. First, the structure of the suspension system of maglev train is analyzed and a fault diagnosis model is built. Then ensemble learning is introduced to the train model with learning ability. At last, this method is applied to fault evaluation on maglev train suspension system. In comparison to single and integration classification method, the emulational results prove that the ensemble method works better on the problem, the advantage of the ensemble learning algorithm is manifested, and practice has proved that this method is competent for precision demand.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5262716,no
Content adaptive intra error concealment method,"In order to restore the information loss in video communication, a content adaptive intra error concealment method is proposed in this paper. Different images and different packet loss rates of the video sequences are used in the experiment. The experimental results show that the improved method has the better subjective quality and the higher PSNR than the bilinear interpolation and the semi-adaptive error concealment method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5689111,no
The Vibration Parameter Fault Diagnosis Cloud Model for Automobile Engine Based on ANFIS,"In order to solve the fault diagnosis problem of Vibration Parameter, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was applied to build a fault diagnosis model of automobile engine and induce cloud model of fan-out, outputting results are continued. Through verification of the built diagnosis model with data of engine tests, it has been found that the recognition accuracy increase from 88.75% to 99.68%, training error falling from 0.001683 to 0.0011526. Simulation results show that the fitting ability, convergence speed and recognition accuracy of improved ANFIS model are all superior to ANFIS. So a contingent fault of automobile engine can be identified effectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5677006,no
Design of Intelligentized Examination System on Fault Detection of Home Appliances,"In order to solve the various shortcomings of the traditional approaches, this paper proposes a fault detection and examination system on intelligentized home appliances. The main idea is: by using RS-485 network technology, simulation and database technology, embedded control technology etc. and through machine integration, the training and examination on learning home appliances maintenance is achieved. The system, which is characterized by high efficiency, low cost and fairness in the examination, provides a good platform for teachers as well as students in the training.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4739980,no
Studying Experiment Teaching in Error Theory and Data Processing with MATLAB,"In order to strengthen practice, MATLAB software is introduced in the course of error theory and data processing as the teaching assistance method. Based on its ability formidable calculating function, graph handling ability and the rich toolbox, the computer-experiment has been set up. It improves the studentspsila creative capability and stimulates learning activity, because the abstract theory becomes direct-viewing and vivid, so the teaching effect is improved.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4959250,no
Installation Error Dynamic Correction Based on Quasi-Linear Model,"In order to suppress the installation errors of photoelectric payload and increase the precision of target location using photoelectric payload equipped on the aerial mobile platform, a new method of calibrating fixing errors dynamically is proposed based on quasi-linear model. The method analyzes the relationship between measurement data and true value and comes to a quasi-linear conclusion between them under some conditions. The new method is used to real-time dynamically calibrating installation errors of photoelectric payload, which improves the precision of target location effectively. Both the simulation and the experiment prove the validity of the method. It is easy to calculate and be put into practice. Furthermore, the new method could meet the real-time need and is of high value to application.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5514029,no
A Fault Tolerant Control strategy for an unmanned aerial vehicle based on a Sequential Quadratic Programming algorithm,"In this paper a fault tolerant control strategy for the nonlinear model of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with numerous redundant controls is proposed. Asymmetric actuator failures are considered and, in order to accommodate them, a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm which takes into account nonlinearities, aerodynamic and gyroscopic couplings, state and control limitations is implemented. This algorithm computes new trims such that around the new operating point, the faulty linearized model remains nearby from the fault free model. For the faulty linearized models, linear state feedback controllers based on an eigenstructure assignment method are designed to obtain soft transients during accommodation. Real time implementation of the SQP algorithm is also discussed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4738946,no
A decision tree based method for fault classification in transmission lines,"In this paper a novel and accurate method is proposed for fault classification in transmission lines. The method is based on decision tree and gets the 50 up to 950 Hz phasors of voltages and currents from one end of the line, as the inputs. The method is applied to a 400 kV transmission line, and the results showed the highest possible accuracy within less than quarter of a cycle after fault inception.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4517258,no
Case study: How analysis of customer found defects can be used by system test to improve quality,"In the context of long-term, large-scale, industrial software development, process improvement and measurement to support process improvement is a necessity. Our software projects face the ongoing challenge, ldquoHow can we reduce the number of customer found defects in a cost-effective manner?rdquo This paper describes how the system test team of a large telecommunications company approached this challenge. Customer found defects were analyzed in a systematic way to provide information that system testers could turn into actionable activities in a test lab. Our findings indicated that most defects found by customers were associated with existing feature usage in various configurations while our test focus had primarily been on new feature operation. We categorized the information from our analysis using a technique called minimum conditions. Then, these data, together with an exploratory test method, were used to supplement existing test processes. The effort resulted in a $750,000 savings over two product releases.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5070970,no
Mean squared error: Love it or leave it? A new look at Signal Fidelity Measures,"In this article, we have reviewed the reasons why we (collectively) want to love or leave the venerable (but perhaps hoary) MSE. We have also reviewed emerging alternative signal fidelity measures and discussed their potential application to a wide variety of problems. The message we are trying to send here is not that one should abandon use of the MSE nor to blindly switch to any other particular signal fidelity measure. Rather, we hope to make the point that there are powerful, easy-to-use, and easy-to-understand alternatives that might be deployed depending on the application environment and needs. While we expect (and indeed, hope) that the MSE will continue to be widely used as a signal fidelity measure, it is our greater desire to see more advanced signal fidelity measures being used, especially in applications where perceptual criteria might be relevant. Ideally, the performance of a new signal processing algorithm might be compared to other algorithms using several fidelity criteria. Lastly, we hope that we have given further motivation to the community to consider recent advanced signal fidelity measures as design criteria for optimizing signal processing algorithms and systems. It is in this direction that we believe that the greatest benefit eventually lies.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4775883,no
A reconfigurable routing algorithm for a fault-tolerant 2D-Mesh Network-on-Chip,"In this paper we present a reconfigurable routing algorithm for a 2D-mesh network-on-chip (NoC) dedicated to fault- tolerant, massively parallel multi-processors systems on chip (MP2-SoC). The routing algorithm can be dynamically reconfigured, to adapt to the modification of the micro-network topology caused by a faulty router. This algorithm has been implemented in a reconfigurable version of the DSPIN micro-network, and evaluated from the point of view of performance (penalty on the network saturation threshold), and cost (extra silicon area occupied by the reconfigurable version of the router).",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4555858,no
Scheduling of Fault-Tolerant Embedded Systems with Soft and Hard Timing Constraints,"In this paper we present an approach to the synthesis of fault-tolerant schedules for embedded applications with soft and hard real-time constraints. We are interested to guarantee the deadlines for the hard processes even in the case of faults, while maximizing the overall utility. We use time/utility functions to capture the utility of soft processes. Process re-execution is employed to recover from multiple faults. A single static schedule computed off-line is not fault tolerant and is pessimistic in terms of utility, while a purely online approach, which computes a new schedule every time a process fails or completes, incurs an unacceptable overhead. Thus, we use a quasi-static scheduling strategy, where a set of schedules is synthesized off-line and, at run time, the scheduler will select the right schedule based on the occurrence of faults and the actual execution times of processes. The proposed schedule synthesis heuristics have been evaluated using extensive experiments.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4484791,no
Adaptive noise canceller using LMS algorithm with codified error in a DSP,"In this paper we present an implementation of a digital adaptive filter on the digital signal processor TMS320C6713, using a variant of the LMS algorithm, which consists in error codification, thus the speed of convergence is increased and the complexity of design for its implementation in digital adaptive filters is reduced, because the resulting codified error is composed of integer values. The LMS Algorithm with codified error (ECLMS), was tested in an environmental noise canceller and the results demonstrate an increase in the convergence speed, and a reduction of processing time.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5236009,no
Fault tolerance through automatic cell isolation using three-dimensional cellular genetic algorithms,"In this paper we propose a new algorithmic approach to achieve fault tolerance based on three dimensional cellular genetic algorithms (3D-cGAs). Herein, 3D architecture is targeted due to its amenability to implementation with current advanced custom silicon chip technology. The proposed approach is designed to exploit the inherent features of a cGA in which the genetic diversity is used as the key factor in identifying and isolating faulty individuals. A new migration schema is proposed as a mitigation technique. Several configurations concerning migration and selection intensity are considered. The approach is tested using four benchmark test functions and two real world problems which present different levels of difficulty. The overall results show that the proposed approach is able to cope with up to 40% soft errors (SEUs).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5586209,no
Error concealment for MVC and 3D video coding,"In this paper we propose a novel approach to error concealment that can be applied to MVC and other 3D video coding technologies. The image content, that is lost due to errors, is recovered with use of multiple error-concealment techniques. In our work we have used three techniques: well-known temporal- and intra-based techniques and a novel inter-view technique. Proposed inter-view recovery employs Depth Image Based Rendering (DIBR), which requires neighboring views and corresponding depth maps. Those depth maps can be delivered in the bit-stream or estimated in the receiver. In order to obtain the final reconstruction, the best technique is selected locally. For that, an original recovery quality measurement method, based on cross-checking, has been proposed. The idea has been implemented and assessed experimentally, with use of 3D video test sequences. The objective and subjective results show that the proposed approach provide good quality of reconstructed video.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5702546,no
Analysis and optimization of fault-tolerant embedded systems with hardened processors,"In this paper we propose an approach to the design optimization of fault-tolerant hard real-time embedded systems, which combines hardware and software fault tolerance techniques. We trade-off between selective hardening in hardware and process re-execution in software to provide the required levels of fault tolerance against transient faults with the lowest-possible system costs. We propose a system failure probability (SFP) analysis that connects the hardening level with the maximum number of re-executions in software. We present design optimization heuristics, to select the fault-tolerant architecture and decide process mapping such that the system cost is minimized, deadlines are satisfied, and the reliability requirements are fulfilled.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5090752,no
Edge-Directed Error Concealment,"In this paper we propose an edge-directed error concealment (EDEC) algorithm, to recover lost slices in video sequences encoded by flexible macroblock ordering. First, the strong edges in a corrupted frame are estimated based on the edges in the neighboring frames and the received area of the current frame. Next, the lost regions along these estimated edges are recovered using both spatial and temporal neighboring pixels. Finally, the remaining parts of the lost regions are estimated. Simulation results show that compared to the existing boundary matching algorithm [1] and the exemplar-based inpainting approach [2] , the proposed EDEC algorithm can reconstruct the corrupted frame with both a better visual quality and a higher decoder peak signal-to-noise ratio.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5308422,no
Defect tolerance in hybrid nano/CMOS architecture using tagging mechanism,In this paper we propose two efficient repair techniques for hybrid nano/CMOS architecture to provide high level of defect tolerance at a modest cost. We have applied the proposed techniques to a lookup table(LUT) based Boolean logic approach. The proposed repair techniques are efficient in utilization of spare units and viable for various Boolean logic implementations. We show that the proposed techniques are capable of handling upto 20% defect ratess in hybrid nano/CMOS architecture and upto 14% defect rates for large ISCAS'85 benchmark circuits synthesized into smaller sized LUTs.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5226354,no
New results for fault detection of untimed continuous Petri nets,"In this paper we study fault diagnosis of systems modeled by untimed continuous Petri nets. In particular, we generalize our previous works in this framework where we solved this problem only for special classes of continuous Petri nets, namely state machines and backward conflict free nets. We show that the price to pay for this generalization is that only three diagnosis states can be defined, rather than four. However, this is not a significant restriction because it is in accordance with all the literature on finite state automata.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5400035,no
Toward accurate modeling of the IEEE 802.11e EDCA under finite load and error-prone channel,"In this paper we study the performance of IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) priority schemes under finite load and error-prone channel. We introduce a multi-dimensional Markov Chain model that includes all the mandatory differentiation mechanisms of the standard: QoS parameters, CW<sub>MIN</sub>, CW<sub>MAX</sub> arbitration inter-frame space (AIFS), and the virtual collision handler. The model faithfully represents the functionality of the EDCA access mechanisms, including lesser known details of the standard such as the management of the backoff counter which is technically different from the one used in the legacy DCF. We study the priority schemes under both finite load and saturation conditions. Our analysis also takes into consideration channel conditions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4570222,no
A geometrical approach for online error compensation of industrial manipulators,"In this paper, a comprehensive online error compensation approach using offline calibration results is proposed for industrial manipulators (with closed control architecture), in order to improve its accuracy. The contents in this paper include a calibration algorithm based on the product-of-exponential formula, an online error compensation procedure for implementing the calibration results on industrial manipulators, and an experimental study that is conducted on a 6-DOF industrial manipulator from ABB (Model: IRB-4400) with a laser tracker system from Leica (Model: AT901-MR) and its Tracker-Machine control sensor. After implementing the proposed online error compensation approach, the accuracy of the ABB industrial manipulator improved to 0.3 mm, thus verifying the effectiveness of the proposed error compensation approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5695784,no
A D-shaped defected patch antenna with enhanced bandwidth,"In this paper, a D-shaped defected patch antenna printed on a microwave substrate for increasing the bandwidth of a microstrip antenna is proposed. A second resonant frequency is introduced to achieve a wider impedance bandwidth with D-shaped defected structure. The effects of the proposed antenna structure parameters are studied in details. By simulation software, we obtained the size of an antenna operating around at 2.4 GHz. The measured parameters and simulation results show that the proposed antenna can attain the impedance bandwidth that is much broader than the traditional rectangular patch antenna.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5355654,no
Dual-mode bandpass filter using defected ground structures for coupling enhancement and harmonic suppression,"In this paper, a dual-mode square ring bandpass filters with defected-ground structures (DGS) is proposed. By employing the DGS, the coupling is enhanced and the insertion loss is reduced effectively. The harmonic suppression is achieved by loading DGS structures under the input/output lines. Good agreement between the experimental and simulation results is observed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4540391,no
Reversible Data Hiding Based on Histogram Shifting of Prediction Errors,"In this paper, a reversible data hiding scheme based on histogram-shifting of prediction errors (HSPE) is proposed. Two-stage structures, the prediction stage and the error modification stage, are employed in our scheme. In the prediction stage, value of each pixel is predicted, and the error of the predicted value is obtained. In the error modification stage, histogram-shifting technique is used to prepare vacant positions for embedding data. The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the stego image produced by HSPE is guaranteed to be above 48 dB, while the embedding capacity is, in average, 4.74 times higher than that of the well known Ni et al.psilas technique with the same PSNR. Besides, the stego image quality produced by HSPE gains 7.99 dB higher than that of Ni et al.psilas method under the same embedding capacity. Experimental results indicate that the proposed data hiding scheme outperforms the prior works not only in terms of larger payload, but also in terms of stego image quality.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4731936,no
A Robust Fault Detection and Isolation Method in Load Frequency Control Loops,"In this paper, a robust sensor and actuator fault detection and isolation (FDI) method based on unknown input observers (UIO) is adopted and applied to the load frequency control loops of interconnected power systems. Changes in load demand are regarded as the unknown disturbances in the system and the designed UIOs and thus the proposed method are robust to these disturbances. Using selected different sets of measured variables in the UIO design, simulations are performed for the dynamical model of a power control system composed of two areas. As we distinguish the cases for successful and unsuccessful sensor and controller FDI, it is shown that the proposed scheme is able to detect and isolate sensor and controller faults for proper selections of measured variables. By using residuals generated by the UIOs, the designed ldquofault detection and isolation logicrdquo system shows the operator which sensor or controller is faulty. Hence the faulty sensor or controller can be replaced by a healthy one for a more reliable operation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4652582,no
A ZigBee wireless sensor network for fault diagnosis of pump,"In this paper, a ZigBee wireless sensor network (WSN) is constructed for vibration signal acquisition of pump. And WiFi is used for connecting this network to Ethernet. Vibration sensor of intrinsic safety with double modes is applied in intelligent node, which has function of signal acquisition, state recognition, and data transmission. If the equipment is in abnormal state, original data is sent to field server for further analysis and diagnosis, else only data of symptom parameters is sent. So the load and energy consumption of wireless sensor network is decreased. A prototype of this system is established for performance test. Experimental results show that the system can implement signal acquisition and transmission, recognize abnormal state of rotating machinery timely and effectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5583233,no
An Algorithm Based Fault Tolerant Scheme for Elliptic Curve Public-Key Cryptography,"In this paper, an algorithm based fault tolerant (ABFT) scheme for Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) public-key cipher is presented. By adding 2n+1 check sums, the proposed scheme is able to detect and correct up to three errors which may occur during the massive computation process or/and data transmission process for total n<sup>2</sup> groups of data. The other advantage of the proposed fault tolerant scheme include: (1). It maintains almost the same throughput when there is no error detected. (2). It does not require additional arithmetic units to create check sums and error detection. (3). It can be easily implemented by software or hardware.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5211100,no
Torque based selection of ANN for fault diagnosis of wound rotor asynchronous motor-converter association,"In this paper, an automatic system of diagnosis was developed to detect and locate in real time the defects of the wound rotor asynchronous machine associated to electronic converter. For this purpose, we have treated the signals of the measured parameters (current and speed) to use them firstly, as indicating variables of the machine defects under study and, secondly, as inputs to the Artificial Neuron Network (ANN) for their classification in order to detect the defect type in progress. Once a defect is detected, the interpretation system of information will give the type of the defect and its place of appearance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5698134,no
Magnetic equivalent circuit modeling of induction machines under stator and rotor fault conditions,"In this paper, stator and rotor failures in squirrel-cage induction machines are modeled using the magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) approach. Failures associated with stator winding and rotor cage are considered. More specifically, stator inter-turn short circuit and broken rotor bar failures are modeled. When compared to conventional modeling techniques, the MEC modeling approach offers two main advantages: 1) relatively high speed of execution, and 2) high accuracy. The developed MEC model is validated here with respect to the experimental tests and time-stepping finite-element simulations for healthy and various faulty conditions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5075193,no
An evaluation of the MCSA method when applied to detect faults in motor driven loads,"In this paper, an evaluation of the MCSA method when applied to detect faults in motor driven loads is presented. The evaluation is based on transfer functions obtained from small signal model of the induction motor. The inherent behavior of the induction motor as a torque transducer is explored to explain some of the characteristic features of its application to monitoring the driven load connected to its shaft. The influence of the electrical and mechanical parameters on its performance as a load fault detector is investigated. Mathematical relationships among these parameters which allow establish the nature of the frequency response are obtained. It is shown that, although the MCSA (Motor Current Signature Analysis) is a simple and effective method to detect faults on the driven load, care must be taken on its usage. This is due to the non-ideal transducer behavior of the induction motor. Simulation and Experimental results validating the studies are presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675028,no
Efficient residual prediction with error concealment in extended spatial scalability,"In this paper, inter-layer residual prediction's trade-off between concealing lost macroblock (MB) and removing visual artifact in extended spatial scalability (ESS) is investigated. In order to improve visual artifacts, various schemes are proposed in the literature, including higher distortion to make residual prediction less preferable in ESS enhancement layer for non matching residuals. Whereas, residual prediction is also used to conceal lost MBs in inter-layer error concealment methods. We propose an efficient use of residual prediction to prevent those artifacts as well as to conceal lost MBs, exploiting features in homogenous characteristics in video objects for error resilient coding. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves up to 0.29 dB PSNR gain, with overall average of 0.1 dB PSNR gain at the decoder for various tested sequences compared to JVT-W123 under testing conditions specified in JVT-V302.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5546599,no
Defects Detection in Web Inspection Based on DM642 DSP,"In this paper, a novel approach for defects detection in web inspection based on TMS320DM642 DSP development board is proposed. The whole commercial web inspection system can be divided into three major function units: image capture, real-time processing of line-scanned images and the networking transmission. An innovative line-analysis based threshold detection algorithm is presented. The experimental results corroborate that this real-time method implements efficiently in the limited resources on a single DSP with high detection accuracy and robustness to the linear grayscale change. Though the analysis, we can see the total process ability of this algorithm finally achieves 22.51 M/s, which is nearly five to ten times as large as the other algorithms such as SOM based on statistics running on general processor without any obvious decline of the detection accuracy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5385047,no
Design of compact planar three-way dual-band power divider using defected ground structure,"In this paper, a novel compact planar three-way dual-band power divider using defected ground structure (DGS) is proposed. Based on this method, the power divider is reduced half of its original size. And it achieves a good performance. To verify the validity, a 915/2400 MHz power divider is fabricated, which could be applied in radio frequency identification (RFID) system. The experimental results show good agreement with the simulated responses.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5525287,no
A hybrid method for whole-frame error concealment,"In this paper, a novel hybrid method for whole-frame error concealment is proposed. The proposed method effectively combines results of various EC methods using the Kalman filter algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method improves PSNR performance with acceptable additional bits.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5478687,no
A novel soft-switching boost power factor correction converter with an active snubber,"In this paper, a novel soft switching transition technique in power factor correction (PFC) 1- AC-DC converter operating in a continuous conduction mode (CCM) with fixed switching frequency is presented. All of the semiconductor devices of the proposed converter are turned on and off under exact or near zero voltage switching and/or zero current switching. No additional voltage and current stresses on the main switch and main diode occur. The operating modes and analysis for the proposed converter are explained. To evaluate the performance of the suggested converter, simulation results for a 400V, 500W 1-phase AC-DC converter are presented. The simulated results confirm that the converter operates at almost unity power factor with reduced switching losses in a proposed converter. The output voltage is regulated without affecting zero voltage switching even under step change in input voltage.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5523741,no
Minimum-error quantum state discrimination based on semidefinite programming,"In this paper we consider the general problem of designing the optimal quantum detection for minimum-error quantum state discrimination. Since it is hard to get an explicit solution and we must resort to numerical methods for the general case. We show the problem can be cast into a semidefinite programming(SDP) problem, we use the theory of SDP to solve it. Based on the idea, we propose a method for minimum-error discrimination by formulating the design of optimal quantum detection as a standard SDP problem; furthermore, based on the optimality conditions for SDP, we derive a set of optimality conditions for quantum detection. It is exemplified that this method is simple to implement and can be used to design optimum detection operators for minimum-error discrimination efficiently.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4605546,no
Design of compact microstrip lowpass filters using coupled half-circle defected ground structures (DGSs),"In this paper we have proposed a new half-circle resonators and investigated different coupling effects in order to realize a compact structure. The use of DGS in form of halfcircle shape improves the stop band characteristics. The new DGS-form allows a compact slot with a double coupling, thus a controlled of the resonance pole. The new filter has been designed, fabricated and measured. Good agreement between simulated and measured results has been achieved.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4619550,no
A Fault-Tolerant Attitude Determination System Based on COTS Devices,"In this paper we present a low cost fault-tolerant attitude determination system to a scientific satellite using COTS devices. We related our experience in developing the attitude determination system, where we combine proven fault tolerance techniques to protect the whole system composed only by COTS from the effects produced by transient faults. We detailed the failure cases and the detection, reconfiguration and recovery schemes that assure the fault-tolerant condition. A testbed system was used to inject faults, evaluate the recovery capability of the fault-tolerant system and validate the solution proposed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4567067,no
Application of methods of 3D surface reconstruction for characterization of pitting defects,In this paper a possibility of application of two different methods of pitting visualization is discussed.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4839882,no
Experimental studies on faults detection using residual generator,"In this paper one will develop the faults detection and localization method using residual vectors, in order to emphasize the noises, disturbances and faults on the outputs L<inf>1</inf> and L<inf>2</inf> of the control level plant with two coupled tanks Quanser Water Level Control Two Tank Module. The proposed method was theoretically developed and experimentally verified in this plant and allowed detection and localization of two faults created in a real plant. The experiments presented were realized using Matlab Simulink program.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5520823,no
Architectural plan for constructing fault tolerable workflow engines based on grid service,"In this paper the design and implementation of fault tolerable architecture for scientific workflow engines is presented. The engines are assumed to be implemented as composite web services. Current architectures for workflow engines do not make any considerations for substituting faulty web services with correct ones at run time. The difficulty is to rollback the execution state of the workflow engine to its state before the invocation of the faulty web service. To achieve this, three components for fault diagnosis, recording the execution state of the workflow and substitution of faulty web services, at run time, are considered in our proposed architecture. The applicability of the proposed architecture is practically evaluated by applying it to design three different scientific workflow engines.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5529657,no
Selective detection of simple grounding faults in medium voltage power networks with resonant earthed neutral system,"In this paper the influence of the medium voltage lines insulation ageing on some network parameters, namely the capacitive zero-sequence impedance of the network, the zero-sequence impedance of the grounding and arc-suppression coils taken together, as well as the equivalent zero-sequence impedance as seen from the grounding fault location, is analyzed. As a result of the analysis useful criteria to selectively detect faulty lines during a single grounding fault are formulated. These criteria are implemented by a digital protection block BYCD - 2. Measurements done in a real medium voltage network, during purposely provoked faults, validate the concepts the block is based on.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5510512,no
Design of fuzzy feed-forward decoupling controller based on error,"In this paper, a kind of multi-channel fuzzy feedforward decoupling controller based on error is designed by adopting a kind of fuzzy feed-forward decoupling algorithm. The paper introduces the decoupling algorithm firstly, then designs the decoupling circuit, on this basis it analyzes the simulation and experimental results. With the smaller size, it can be embedded in other control systems conveniently, and good effect has been attained in the experiments.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4592870,no
Mobile Filter: Exploring Filter Migration for Error-Bounded Continuous Sensor Data Collection,"In wireless sensor networks, filters that suppress data update reports within predefined error bounds effectively reduce the traffic volume for continuous data collection. All prior filter designs, however, are stationary in the sense that each filter is attached to a specific sensor node and remains stationary over its lifetime. In this paper, we propose a mobile filter, i.e., a novel design that explores the migration of filters to maximize overall traffic reduction. A mobile filter moves upstream along the data-collection path, with its residual size being updated according to the collected data. Intuitively, this migration extracts and relays unused filters, leading to more proactive suppression of update reports. While extra communications are needed to move filters, we show through probabilistic analysis that the overhead is outrun by the gain from suppressing more data updates. We present an optimal filter-migration algorithm for a chain topology. The algorithm is then extended to general multichain and tree topologies. Extensive simulations demonstrate that, for both synthetic and real data traces, the mobile filtering scheme significantly reduces data traffic and extends network lifetime against a state-of-the-art stationary filtering scheme. Such results are also observed from experiments over a Mica-2 sensor network testbed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5547010,no
Finding concurrency bugs with context-aware communication graphs,"Incorrect thread synchronization often leads to concurrency bugs that manifest nondeterministically and are difficult to detect and fix. Past work on detecting concurrency bugs has addressed the general problem in an ad-hoc fashion, focusing mostly on data races and atomicity violations. Using graphs to represent a multithreaded program execution is very natural, nodes represent static instructions and edges represent communication via shared memory. In this paper we make the fundamental observation that such basic context-oblivious graphs do not encode enough information to enable accurate bug detection. We propose context-aware communication graphs, a new kind of communication graph that encodes global ordering information by embedding communication contexts. We then build Bugaboo, a simple and generic framework that accurately detects complex concurrency bugs. Our framework collects communication graphs from multiple executions and uses invariant-based techniques to detect anomalies in the graphs. We built two versions of Bugaboo: BB-SW, which is fully implemented in software but suffers from significant slowdowns; and BB-HW, which relies on custom architecture support but has negligible performance degradation. BB-HW requires modest extensions to a commodity multicore processor and can be used in deployment settings. We evaluate both versions using applications such as MySQL, Apache, PARSEC, and several others. Our results show that Bugaboo identifies a wide variety of concurrency bugs, including challenging multivariable bugs, with few (often zero) unnecessary code inspections.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5374975,no
Fault detection in IP-based process control networks using data mining,"Industrial process control IP networks support communications between process control applications and devices. Communication faults in any stage of these control networks can cause delays or even shutdown of the entire manufacturing process. The current process of detecting and diagnosing communication faults is mostly manual, cumbersome, and inefficient. Detecting early symptoms of potential problems is very important but automated solutions do not yet exist. Our research goal is to automate the process of detecting and diagnosing the communication faults as well as to prevent problems by detecting early symptoms of potential problems. To achieve our goal, we have first investigated real-world fault cases and summarized control network failures. We have also defined network metrics and their alarm conditions to detect early symptoms for communication failures between process control servers and devices. In particular, we leverage data mining techniques to train the system to learn the rules of network faults in control networks and our testing results show that these rules are very effective. In our earlier work, we presented a design of a process control network monitoring and fault diagnosis system. In this paper, we focus on how the fault detection part of this system can be improved using data mining techniques.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5188812,no
Vibration Fault Diagnosis of Steam Turbine Shafting Based on Probability Neural Networks,"Information entropy is an effective description for the uncertainty of a system, and could be used for the symptom to detect the vibration changes of steam turbine. Based on the faulty signals collected from rotor test rig, three information entropy: singular spectrum entropy, power spectrum entropy, wavelet energy spectrum entropy were calculated as information entropy data. Probability neural networks(PNNs) was explored to fuse the three information entropy. Research shows that with the advantages of Bayes classifier and neural networks, PNNs has good classification ability to typical vibration faults of turbine, the classification accuracy is 100% for training data, 80% for unseen data. Compared with the classification accuracy of minimum distance classifier(MDC) and improved MDC, PNNs has higher classification accuracy. It can be deduced that PNNs is a practical fusion diagnosis method for typical fault identification of turbine rotor.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4566895,no
Dynamic fault-tolerant design for array processors based on immunology,"Inspired by the biological immunology principle and using its property of autonomy, learning and memory for reference, this paper focuses on the fault-tolerant design method of array processors which has real-time detection and dynamic configuration capabilities, to improve the chip's reliability by ensuring that when fault occurs in one or more of processor elements the chip can also work normally. This paper discusses the heterogeneous features of array processors, the structure of resource node and communication node. Research the fault-tolerance strategy of array processor, and the immune response mechanism of array processor, to achieve the real-time immune process of perception, training, response and feedback. This paper focuses on researching the structure and the algorithm of router switch unit with 90 mm technology which has the dynamic fault-tolerant function. It has the guiding significance on R & D of array processors for industry circles.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5487226,no
Multi-Layer Immune Model for Fault Diagnosis,"Inspired by the multi-layer defense mechanism and incorporates the feedback mechanism in the nature immune system, the paper proposes a multi-layer immune model for fault diagnosis. In the multi-layer model, inherent immune layer direct recognition of known fault that could not cause influence to other nodes; propagation immune layer adopt the structure of the B- lymphocyte network to construct the fault propagation network for the fault localization; Adaptive immune layer learn the unknown fault pattern. Simulation results show that the multilayer immune diagnosis system has the properties of recognition, learning and memory.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4535694,no
An Efficient Secure Shared Storage Service with Fault and Investigative Disruption Tolerance,"In this work we focus on solutions to an emerging threat to cloud-based services namely that of data seizures within a shared multiple customer architecture. We focus on the problem of securing distributed data storage in a cloud computing environment by designing a specialized multi-tenant data-storage architecture. The architecture we present not only provides high degrees of availability and confidentiality of customer data but is also able to offer these properties even after seizures of various parts of the infrastructure have been carried out through a judicial process. Our solution uses a novel way of storing customer data - combining the cryptographic scheme of secret sharing and combinatorial design theory, to ensure that the requirements of the architecture are met. Furthermore, we show that our proposed solution is efficient with respect to the amount of hardware infrastructure required, thus making the implementation and use of our proposed architecture cost-efficient for adoption by IT enterprises.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5599147,no
Performance of watermarking as an error detection mechanism for corrupted H.264/AVC video sequences,"In this work we investigate the performance of watermarking as an error detection method for H.264/AVC encoded videos. The efficiency of a previously proposed forced even watermarking is evaluated in a more realistic error-prone transmission scenario. A less invasive watermarking scheme, the force odd watermarking, is proposed as alternative. In order to handle possible decoding desynchronization at the receiver, we implement a syntax check error detection mechanism together with watermarking and evaluate its performance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7077504,no
Limited view reconstruction of three-dimensional defect distribution for computed radiography system,In this work we present limited angle reconstruction algorithms combined with procedure for defect detection in three dimensions. A computer radiography system is utilized for radiographic images acquisition. Image quality of the reconstruction was investigated and results obtained for simulated radiographs are provided. Numerical evaluation as well as the images and the profile show improvement in contrast recovery of defects in all range of original contrast. This provides better input for defect detection algorithms due to better contrast between background and inclusion.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5760657,no
Using Hardware Performance Counters for Fault Localization,"In this work, we leverage hardware performance counters-collected data as abstraction mechanisms for program executions and use these abstractions to identify likely causes of failures. Our approach can be summarized as follows: Hardware counters-based data is collected from both successful and failed executions, the data collected from the successful executions is used to create normal behavior models of programs, and deviations from these models observed in failed executions are scored and reported as likely causes of failures. The results of our experiments conducted on three open source projects suggest that the proposed approach can effectively prioritize the space of likely causes of failures, which can in turn improve the turn around time for defect fixes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5617207,no
FTDIS: A Fault Tolerant Dynamic Instruction Scheduling,"In this work, we target the robustness for controller scheduler of type Tomasulo for SEU faults model. The proposed fault-tolerant dynamic scheduling unit is named FTDIS, in which critical control data of scheduler is protected from driving to an unwanted stage using Triple Modular Redundancy and majority voting approaches. Moreover, the feedbacks in voters produce recovery capability for detected faults in the FTDIS, enabling both fault mask and recovery for system. As the results of analytical evaluations demonstrate, the implemented FTDIS unit has over 99% fault detection coverage in the condition of existing less than 4 faults in critical bits. Furthermore, based on experiments, the FTDIS has a 200% hardware overhead comparing to the primitive dynamic scheduling control unit and about 50% overhead in comparision to a full CPU core. The proposed unit also has no performance penalty during simulation. In addition, the experiments show that FTDIS consumes 98% more power than the primitive unit.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562850,no
A New Fault-Information Model for Adaptive & Minimal Routing in 3-D Meshes,"In this paper, we rewrite the minimal-connected-component (MCC) model in 2-D meshes in a fully-distributed manner without using global information so that not only can the existence of a Manhattan-distance-path be ensured at the source, but also such a path can be formed by routing-decisions made at intermediate nodes along the path. We propose the MCC model in 3-D meshes, and extend the corresponding routing in 2-D meshes to 3-D meshes. We consider the positions of source & destination when the new faulty components are constructed. Specifically, all faulty nodes will be contained in some disjoint fault-components, and a healthy node will be included in a faulty component only if using it in the routing will definitely cause a non-minimal routing-path. A distributed process is provided to collect & distribute MCC information to a limited number of nodes along so-called boundaries. Moreover, a sufficient & necessary condition is provided for the existence of a Manhattan-distance-path in the presence of our faulty components. As a result, only the routing having a Manhattan-distance-path will be activated at the source, and its success can be guaranteed by using the information of boundary in routing-decisions at the intermediate nodes. The results of our Monte-Carlo-estimate show substantial improvement of the new fault-information model in the percentage of successful Manhattan-routing conducted in 3-D meshes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4387786,no
Nonlinear Amplification Effects on OFDM Error Rate Performance in Fading Environment,"In this paper, we study the impact of nonlinear amplification on average error rate of OFDM in Nakagami-m fading. We consider the conventional receiver (separate detection of each subcarrier) without any countermeasures against the nonlinearity to assess the pure joint effect of fading and nonlinear amplification. We present an approximate technique that allows to evaluate the average error rate in Nakagami-m fading in a closed form.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5073715,no
"Towards quantitative SPECT: Error estimation of SPECT OSEM with 3D resolution recovery, attenuation correction and scatter correction","In this study we systematically investigate biases relevant to quantitative SPECT if OSEM with isotropic (3D) depth dependent resolution recovery (OSEM-3D), attenuation and scatter correction is used. We focus on the dependencies of activity estimation errors on the projection operator, structure size, pixel size, count density and reconstruction parameters. We use Tc-99m to establish a base line. Four Siemens low energy collimators (Low Energy Ultra High Resolution, Low Energy High Resolution, Low Energy All Purpose, Low Energy High Sensitivity) with geometric resolution between 4.4 mm and 13.1 mm at 10 cm distance and sensitivity between 100 cpm/Ci and 1020 cpm/Ci are tested with simulations of spheres with diameters between 9.8 mm and 168 mm in background. Pixel sizes and total counts are varied between 2.4 mm and 9.6 mm and 0.125 and 32 million counts. Images are reconstructed with OSEM-3D (Flash3D) with attenuation and scatter correction. Emission recovery is quantitatively measured for different reconstruction parameter settings. In addition, physical measurements of standard quality control phantoms are performed using an actual SPECT/CT system (Symbia T6). Cross calibration of the imaging system with a well counter and results from simulations are used to quantitatively estimate the true activity concentration in the physical phantoms. Results show variations of emission recovery between 13.8% and 104.5% depending on sphere volume and number of OSEM-3D updates. After correction for the emission recovery errors and cross calibration of the imaging system the errors in absolute quantitation using the physical sphere phantom are between +0.010.61% for the largest (16 ml) and 5.871.00% for the smallest (0.5 ml) sphere. As a conclusion, the emission recovery varies over a wide range and is highly dependent on imaging parameters when using OSEM-3D reconstruction. Accurate quantitation in phantoms is possible gi- - ven that errors at the specific imaging operation point can be estimated. In a clinical setup this is a nontrivial task, and perhaps too cumbersome for routine clinical use.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4774185,no
Transformer Fault Diagnosis Utilizing Rough Set and Support Vector Machine,"In this study, we are concerned with fault diagnosis of power transformer. The objective is to explore the use of some advanced techniques such as rough set (RS), support vector machine model (SVM) and quantify their effectiveness when dealing with dissolved gases extracted from power transformers. In order to increase data quality and decrease scalability of input data, we utilize the strong ability of RS theory in processing large data and eliminating redundant information, SVM is performed to separate various fault types of power transformer. As the simulation results to verify the effectiveness, the proposed method showed more improved classification results than artificial neural network (ANN).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4918940,no
Probability of error analysis of BPSK OFDM systems with random residual frequency offset,"In this paper, we derive closed form bit error rate (BER) expressions for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with residual carrier frequency offset (CFO). Most of the published work treats CFO as a nonrandom parameter. But in our study we consider it as a random parameter. The BER performance of binary phase shift keying (BPSK) OFDM system is analyzed in the cases of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), frequency-flat and frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels.We further discuss how these expressions can be related to systems with practical estimators. The simulation results are provided to verify the accuracy of these error rate expressions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4768577,no
An improved error concealment scheme for entire frame loss of H.264/AVC,"In this paper, we develop an improved error concealment scheme for entire frame loss of H.264/AVC by using variable-size block motion vector extrapolation. At first, the proposed algorithm extrapolates MVs from available neighboring frames onto the lost frame and determines the MV of each 8times8 block, for those blocks with dissimilar candidate MVs, they are divided into four sub-blocks and an re-estimation method is implemented on every sub-blocks. Then, a more complete motion vector field is obtained by using median filtering. At last, the blocks without extrapolation MVs are concealed by using linear interpolation algorithm. Experimental results show that this method can alleviate the shortcomings of the fixed-size method effectively and provide better performance than other concealment methods.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5256715,no
A comparative exploration of FreeBSD bug lifetimes,"In this paper, we explore the viability of mining the basic data provided in bug repositories to predict bug lifetimes. We follow the method of Lucas D. Panjer as described in his paper, Predicting Eclipse Bug Lifetimes. However, in place of Eclipse data, the FreeBSD bug repository is used. We compare the predictive accuracy of five different classification algorithms applied to the two data sets. In addition, we propose future work on whether there is a more informative way of classifying bugs than is considered by current bug tracking systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463291,no
A coupled factorial hidden Markov model (CFHMM) for diagnosing coupled faults,"In this paper, we formulate a coupled factorial hidden Markov model-based framework to diagnose dependent faults occurring over time. In our previous research, the problem of diagnosing dynamic multiple faults (DMFD) is solved by assuming that the faults are independent. Here, we extend this formulation to determine the most likely evolution of dependent fault states (NP-hard problem), the one that best explains the observed test outcomes over time. An iterative Gauss-Seidel coordinate ascent optimization method along with the coupling assumptions (mixed memory Markov model) is proposed for solving the dynamic coupled fault diagnosis (DCFD) problem. A soft Viterbi algorithm is also implemented within the framework for decoding dependent fault states over time. We demonstrate the algorithm on small-scale and real-world systems and the simulation results show that this approach improves the correct isolation rate as compared to the formulation with independent fault states (DMFD).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5446826,no
A Survey on Fault-Tolerance in Distributed Network Systems,"In this paper, we give a survey on fault tolerant issue in distributed systems. More specially speaking, we talk about one important and basic component called failure detection, which is to detect the failure of the process quickly and accurately. Thus, a good failure detection method will avoid the further system lost due to process crash. This survey provides the related research results and also explored the future directions about failure detection, and it is a good reference for researcher on this topic.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5283520,no
Statistical feature representations for automatic wood defects recognition research and applications,"In this paper, we introduce the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to decompose the wood images and structure the feature spaces. Local binary pattern (LBP) is used to extract the original spatial local structure features, such as curly edges, etc. and they have better luminance adaptability. Simultaneously, dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DTCWT) is used to extract the energy based statistical features from different directions and frequencies and they can maintain better time-frequency localized characteristics and finite data redundancy. We integrate the features together to choose the proper features to describe the discrepancies between sound woods and defects and then propose an automatic detection system for wood defects recognition. After many cross experiments, we received a better identification rate of more than 90% with good research values and potential applications.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5406462,no
Main defects of LC-based  modulators,"In this paper, the main defects of LC-based  modulators due to process variations are presented. Resonance frequency shift of LC tank circuit, which was discussed is some publications, is shown to be one among many other possible defects that are discussed in this paper. The effect of each defect on modulator output spectrum is shown and discussed. It is suggested that the information extracted from the output spectrum can be used to calibrate the modulator main blocks.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5548654,no
Delay-dependent robust fault detection for a class of nonlinear time-delay systems,"In this paper, the robust fault detection filter (RFDF) design problem is investigated for a class of nonlinear time-delay systems with unknown inputs. Firstly, a reference residual model is introduced to formulate the robust fault detection filter design problem as an H<sub>infin</sub> optimization control problem. The reference residual model designed according to the performance index is an optimal residual generator, which takes into account the robustness against disturbances and sensitivity to faults simultaneously. Then, applying robust H<sub>infin</sub> optimization control technique, the novel criteria of the robust fault detection filter for a class of nonlinear time-delay systems with unknown inputs is presented in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI), which depends on the size of time delays. Finally, a numerical example is used to demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4776232,no
Analysis and Application of Novel Microstrip Line With Combinatorial Non-Periodic Defected Ground Structure,"In this paper, two different shape of defected ground structure (DGS) units are presented and their frequency characters are analyzed. Then the dual-frequency microstrip antenna integrated with these two different shapes of Combinatorial non-periodic DGS is designed. Simulated and measured results compared with conventional dual-frequency microstrip antenna show that high order harmonics are suppressed and the port isolation is enhanced .",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4534582,no
A Linear Programming Approach for Automated Localization of Multiple Faults,"In this paper, we address the problem of localizing faults by analyzing execution traces of successful and unsuccessful invocations of the application when run against a suite of tests. We present a new algorithm, based on a linear programming model, which is designed to be particularly effective for the case where multiple faults are present in the application under investigation. Through an extensive empirical study, we show that in the case of both single and multiple faults, our approach outperforms a host of prominent fault localization methods from the literature.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5431719,no
A method for impact assessment of faults on the performance of field-oriented control drives: A first step to reliability modeling,"In this paper, the effects of certain component faults on the performance of three-phase inverter-fed induction motors are analyzed under indirect field-oriented control. Simulations of faults in the current sensors, speed encoder, three-phase inverter, and motor are presented. Sample hardware faults verifying the simulation results are also presented. Performance requirements are set based on typical performance measures of electric vehicles. These requirements are then used to determine whether or not the system survives a fault. A simple fault detection and isolation scheme using multiple speed encoders is also tested. The construction of a Markov reliability model of the overall system is a direct application of the results, and allows quantifying global reliability measures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5433661,no
Defect-oriented BIST quality analysis,"In this paper, the efficiency of the built-in self-test pseudorandom patterns generated by an LFSR is investigated and compared for different fault classes. In particular, the need for defect-oriented testing is taken into account. Experimental research showed that the quality of BIST estimated using the SAF model can be too optimistic, and that extended fault classes for evaluation of BIST and determining the acceptable length of BIST sequences are needed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5629724,no
Fault detection for NARMAX stochastic systems using entropy optimization principle,"In this paper, the fault detection (FD) problem is studied for a class of NARMAX models with non-Gaussian disturbances and faults, as well as a time delay. Since generally (extended) Kalman filtering approaches are insufficient to characterize the non-Gaussian variables, entropy is adopted to describe the uncertainty of the error system. After a filter is constructed to generate the detected error, the FD problem is reduced to an entropy optimization problem. The design objective is to maximize the entropies of the stochastic detection errors when the faults occur, and to minimize the entropies of the stochastic estimation errors resulting from other stochastic noises. To improve the FD performance, a multi-step-ahead predictive nonlinear cumulative cost function is adopted rather than the instantaneous performance index. Following the formulation of the probability density function of the stochastic error in terms of those of both of the disturbances and the faults via a constructed mapping, new recursive approaches are established to calculate the entropies of the detection errors. Renyi's entropy has also been used to simplify the cost function. Finally, simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5191878,no
Neural network fault prediction and its application,"In this paper, the forecasting algorithm employs wavelet function to replace sigmoid function in the hidden layer of Back-Propagation Neural Network. And a Wavelet Neural Network prediction model is established to predict Anode Effect (the most typical fault) through forecasting the change rate of cell resistance. The authors have developed forecasting software based on platform of Visual Basic 6.0. The simulation results show that the proposed method not only has greatly improved fault prediction precision and real-time, but also improved the operation efficiency. That means we can increase energy efficiency and the safety of aluminum production process.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5554056,no
Joint media-channel aware unequal error protection for wireless scalable video streaming,"In this paper, we propose a joint source-channel unequal error protection scheme for scalable video streaming over capacity constrained high speed packet access (HSPA) networks. Conventional link adaptation schemes in HSPA networks use the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) that achieves a preset channel frame error rate. Our scheme utilizes video priority information along with channel quality information to set the channel coding rate that maximizes the cumulative coding rate of channel coding and application layer unequal error protection. Performance evaluations show that that under the same constraints our scheme results in an average performance improvement of 0.5dB in video PSNR for different channel conditions and different video sequences.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4517813,no
Modeling and Analysis of Fault Detection Based on Time Petri Net,"In this paper, we propose a method for modeling and analysis of fault detection in real-time systems. This approach is based on the model of time petri net (TPN), which derives from the timing analysis of the TPN models with guarded transitions. With the reachability analysis of each mark of TPN model, some finite length of test sequences are generated through computing the shortest path from the initial mark to each leaf node. Then we carry out input in the proper time intervals and check out whether the system satisfies the requirements for real time and the functions of software that according to the output results. This approach is well illustrated by means of modeling and analysis of a safety-critical system: Interlock Logic System.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676860,no
Characterization and 3D correction of geometric distortion in low-field open-magnet MRI,"In this paper, we present a method to characterize and correct geometric image distortion in 0.2 T MR images. A large 3D phantom with spherical balls was used to characterize geometric distortion on an AIRIS Mate 0.2 T MR Scanner (Hitachi). MR images of the phantom were acquired in axial, sagittal and coronal planes using 2D Fast Spin Echo (FSE) sequence and distortions were measured at each control point. Two piecewise interpolation methods were then applied to correct geometric distortion. Distortion was characterized and corrected in any axial, sagittal or coronal slice within an effective FOV of 330(LR) x 180(AP) x 210(HF) mm<sup>3</sup>. The distortion was reduced from 16 mm to 1.2 mm at 180 mm from the magnet center. A fast and accurate method for correction of geometric distortion was performed within large distances from the magnet isocenter.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4649998,no
Syntax error repair with dynamic valid length in LR-based parsers,"In this paper, we present a syntax error repair to decide spurious errors using dynamic valid length. When the compiler encounters a syntax error, it usually attempts to restart parsing to check the remainder of the input for any further errors. One common method of error repair is to repair the input by insertion or deletion or substitution. After repair, the repair method should decide whether the error is a spurious error or not. In order to decide this, Conventional methods adopt a fixed valid length. However it is insufficient. In our method, valid length isnpsilat fixed on ahead. Our method tries all candidates for an error and decides that the one which has longest length is not a spurious error. Since the effectivity of our method was shown, the benchmark program was executed by our method and the conventional method using a fixed valid length. Compared with the conventional method, the proposed method can reduce approximately 90% of non-correcting errors and increase 23.1% of correcting errors.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4694256,no
A Test Pattern Generation Method Based on Fault Injection for Logic Elements of FPGA,"In this paper, we present a test pattern generation method based on fault injection for logic elements of FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays). This method is able to perform fault diagnosis for stuck-at-0 and stuck-at-1 faults, which can locate logic resource faults in the logic elements of FPGA. We use EP2C8Q208C8N's LE (Logic Element) of Altera as the object to generate the test pattern, work out the test circuit and synthesis them by Quartus II. Finally, the test circuit is injected with stuck-at-0 and stuck-at-1 faults and the test patterns are generated by using SPICE.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5462358,no
Error concealment using block-based scale-invariant features,"In this paper, we propose a scale-invariant block-based bilateral filter (SI-BBF) for spatial error concealment. The SI-BBF extends block-based bilateral filter (BBF) and takes advantage of both non-corrupted data and scale-invariant space data in restoring missing pixels, while operates in a block wise manner. In order to reduce the computational complexity, we introduce a novel weight adaptive selection scheme in our algorithm. Extensive experiments show favorable results of the proposed algorithm against several competitors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463113,no
Performance evaluation of color correction approaches for automatic multi-view image and video stitching,"Many different automatic color correction approaches have been proposed by different research communities in the past decade. However, these approaches are seldom compared, so their relative performance and applicability are unclear. For multi-view image and video stitching applications, an ideal color correction approach should be effective at transferring the color palette of the source image to the target image, and meanwhile be able to extend the transferred color from the overlapped area to the full target image without creating visual artifacts. In this paper we evaluate the performance of color correction approaches for automatic multi-view image and video stitching. We consider nine color correction algorithms from the literature applied to 40 synthetic image pairs and 30 real mosaic image pairs selected from different applications. Experimental results show that both parametric and non-parametric approaches have members that are effective at transferring colors, while parametric approaches are generally better than non-parametric approaches in extendability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5540202,no
Detecting faults in technical indicator computations for financial market analysis,"Many financial trading and charting software packages provide users with technical indicators to analyze and predict price movements in financial markets. Any computation fault in technical indicator may lead to wrong trading decisions and cause substantial financial losses. Testing is a major software engineering activity to detect computation faults in software. However, there are two problems in testing technical indicators in these software packages. Firstly, the indicator values are updated with real-time market data that cannot be generated arbitrarily. Secondly, technical indicators are computed based on a large amount of market data. Thus, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to derive the expected indicator values to check the correctness of the computed indicator values. In this paper, we address the above problems by proposing a new testing technique to detect faults in computation of technical indicators. We show that the proposed technique is effective in detecting computation faults in faulty technical indicators on the MetaTrader 4 Client Terminal.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5689221,no
FlowChecker: Detecting Bugs in MPI Libraries via Message Flow Checking,"Many MPI libraries have suffered from software bugs, which severely impact the productivity of a large number of users. This paper presents a new method called FlowChecker for detecting communication-related bugs inMPI libraries. The main idea is to extract program intentions of message passing (MPintentions), and to check whether theseMP-intentions are fulfilled correctly by the underlying MPI libraries, i.e., whether messages are delivered correctly from specified sources to specified destinations. If not, FlowChecker reports the bugs and provides diagnostic information. We have built a FlowChecker prototype on Linux and evaluated it with five real-world bug cases in three widely-used MPI libraries, including Open MPI, MPICH2, and MVAPICH2. Our experimental results show that FlowChecker effectively detects all five evaluated bug cases and provides useful diagnostic information. Additionally, our experiments with HPL and NPB show that FlowChecker incurs low runtime overhead (0.9-9.7% on three MPI libraries).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5644886,no
Adaptive and Fault Tolerant Simulation of Relativistic Particle Transport with Data-Level Checkpointing,"Many scientific applications exhibit high demands on memory storage and computing capability. Improvements in commodity processors and networks have provided an opportunity to support such scientific applications within an everyday computing infrastructure. Good applications need the ability to work in constantly changing environments. Adaptability and fault tolerance are essential. Based on simulation of relativistic particle transport, this paper proposes a data-level checkpointing scheme for common scientific applications. This scheme takes advantage of the regular program layout, dominant computing loops, and fine-grained iterations. Without handling stack and heap segments directly, only application data is saved and restored as the computation state. Checkpointing interval can be dynamically adjusted to satisfy sensitivity and efficiency requirements for feasible fault tolerance. With this periodic but fixed-location checkpointing scheme, the MPI- based simulation system can be reconfigured by being shut down first and then restarted on same or different computer clusters. Application data can be redistributed for the new configuration. Experimental results have demonstrated this scheme's efficiency and effectiveness.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4578252,no
An Improved Fault Petri Net for Knowledge Representation,"Knowledge representation is the necessary process to build an autonomous fault diagnosis expert system for satellites. In order to enhance the knowledge representation ability of time-related rules and r-of-n rules, an improved fault Petri net model for knowledge representation is proposed on the basis theory of fault Petri net model. The alarming threshold function and the fire threshold function is introduced, the alarming conditions and result is given in the form of definition, similarly, the fire conditions and result is redefined. A transition gives an alarm for some time and then could fire, the improved fault Petri net model could present the time-related rules while the fault Petri net model couldn t. Further more, the improved fault Petri net model could present the r-of-n rules much more conveniently than the fault Petri net model, it needs much fewer transitions to present the same rule. The improved fault Petri net model upgrades the knowledge representation abilities and provides basic conditions for the knowledge representation of the diagnosis expert system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5364129,no
A method for reduction of TDOA measurement error in UWB leading edge detection receiver,Leading edge detection receivers are the simplest devices intended for reception of ultra-wideband pulses. However they application for time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements can be a source of errors which values depend on the amplitudes of received pulses. The paper describes a method for reduction of these errors. It presents necessary receiver modifications and an algorithm for TDOA value correction. The method was experimentally tested with a positioning UWB receiver. The paper contains results of measurements made in indoor environment.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5616277,no
On errors-in-variables regression with arbitrary covariance and its application to optical flow estimation,"Linear inverse problems in computer vision, including motion estimation, shape fitting and image reconstruction, give rise to parameter estimation problems with highly correlated errors in variables. Established total least squares methods estimate the most likely corrections Acirc and bcirc to a given data matrix [A, b] perturbed by additive Gaussian noise, such that there exists a solution y with [A + Acirc, b +bcirc]y = 0. In practice, regression imposes a more restrictive constraint namely the existence of a solution x with [A + Acirc]x = [b + bcirc]. In addition, more complicated correlations arise canonically from the use of linear filters. We, therefore, propose a maximum likelihood estimator for regression in the general case of arbitrary positive definite covariance matrices. We show that Acirc, bcirc and x can be found simultaneously by the unconstrained minimization of a multivariate polynomial which can, in principle, be carried out by means of a Grobner basis. Results for plane fitting and optical flow computation indicate the superiority of the proposed method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4587571,no
Efficient Diagnosis of Scan Chains with Single Stuck-at Faults,"Locating the scan chain fault is a critical step for IC manufacturers to analyze failure for yield improvement. In this paper, we propose a diagnosis scheme to locate the single stuck-at fault in scan chains. Our diagnosis scheme is an improved design to a previously proposed scheme which can diagnose the output of each cell flip-flop in the scan chain. With our scheme, not only the output of each cell flip-flop can be diagnosed, but also the inverse output of each cell flip-flop and the serial input of the scan chain as well. Our proposed diagnosis scheme is efficient and takes (4n+6) clock cycles in the worst case for an n-bit scan chain.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5328167,no
QED: Quick Error Detection tests for effective post-silicon validation,"Long error detection latency, the time elapsed between the occurrence of an error caused by a bug and its manifestation as a system-level failure, is a major challenge in post-silicon validation of robust systems. In this paper, we present a new technique called Quick Error Detection (QED), which transforms existing post-silicon validation tests into new validation tests that significantly reduce error detection latency. QED transformations allow flexible tradeoffs between error detection latency, coverage, and complexity, and can be implemented in software with little or no hardware changes. Results obtained from hardware experiments on quad-core Intel<sup></sup> CoreTM i7 hardware platforms and from simulations on a multi-core MIPS processor design demonstrate that: 1. QED significantly improves error detection latencies by six orders of magnitude, i.e., from billions of cycles to a few thousand cycles or less. 2. QED transformations do not degrade the coverage of validation tests as estimated empirically by measuring the maximum operating frequencies over a wide range of operating voltage points. 3. QED tests improve coverage by detecting errors that escape the original non-QED tests.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5699215,no
Effectiveness of machine checks for error diagnostics,"Machine Check Architecture (MCA) is a processor internal architecture subsystem that detects and logs correctable and uncorrectable errors in the data or control paths in each CPU core and the Northbridge. These errors include parity errors associated with caches, TLBs, ECC errors associated with caches and DRAM, and system bus errors. This paper reports on an experimental study on: (i) monitoring a computing cluster for machine checks and using this data to identify patterns that can be employed for error diagnostics and (ii) introducing faults into the machine to understand the resulting machine checks and correlate this data with relevant performance metrics.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270290,no
Fault-tree analysis on computer security system using intuitionistic fuzzy sets,Intuitionistic fuzzy set is a useful tool to express experts' uncertain knowledge and experience information. Most computer security systems have abnormal states and their failure behaviors are always characterized in uncertainty and inaccuracy. How to calculate fault interval of system components is an interesting and important issue in intuitionistic fuzzy fault-tree analysis (IFFTA). Intuitionistic fuzzy fault diagnosis models are proposed in this paper to analyze fuzzy system reliability and to find the most critical system component for the decision-making based on some basic definitions. The proposed method is applied for the failure analysis problem of computer security systems and comparative studies are conducted to show its flexibility and effectiveness with the other fault tree analysis models.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5228390,no
A Proactive Fault Resilient Overlay Multicast for Media Streaming,"IP multicast has been suffering from a large scale deployment due to various issues such as upgrading of routers, policy making, negotiation and so on. To overcome problems of IP multicast, overlay multicast in which multicast functionalities are implemented at end hosts has been proposed. However, unlike IP multicast non-leaf nodes in the multicast delivery tree are normal end hosts which can join and leave the tree freely. This causes the multicast tree unstable and disrupted nodes to rejoin the tree. In this paper, we propose that each node when joining the multicast tree sets its leaving time, i.e. how long it will stay in the tree, and sends join request to a number of nodes which are already on the tree. Using the leaving time of nodes, new nodes are joined at the tree such that a child's leaving time is earlier than its parent, i.e. the child will leave the tree earlier than its parent. This makes the tree more stable than joining at random nodes in the tree. Furthermore, we propose a proactive recovery mechanism so that even if a parent leaves the tree and children do not, children can rejoin at predetermined nodes immediately, so that the recovery time of the disrupted nodes is minimum. We have shown by simulation that there is less overhead when joining the multicast tree and the recovery time of the disrupted nodes is much less than the previous works.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5350189,no
Network-Processor-Based IPv4/IPv6 Translator: Implementation and Fault Tolarence,"IPv6 is a new version protocol for next generation Internet, which has the advantages of supporting scalability, mobility and security better than current IPv4 Internet. However, IPv4 and IPv6 are not directly compatible. IPv4/IPv6 translator with high performance and reliability can facilitate the seamless coexistence of IPv4 and IPv6 networks during the transition period. In this paper, we proposed a design and implementation of IPv4/IPv6 translator using network processors. The challenges of this work lie in three areas: (1) effective use of network processor resources, (2) design and implementation of an advanced control plane on a commodity OS, and (3) fault tolerance to improve reliability of the whole system. We discuss our solutions to these challenges and presented analytic models to investigate the fault tolerance issue of our approaches. Our work provided guidelines and insights into design, implementation and configuration of the IPv4/IPv6 translator.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4493808,no
The Non-Uniformity Correction for IRFPA,"IRFPA (infrared focal plane) detector, which has low-cost, small size and non-refrigeration characteristics compared with traditional infrared detectors, has broad application prospects. However, non-uniformity issue of IRFPA detector has always been the fundamental constraint of its application, and also the current hotspot of infrared imaging studies. By analyzing actual noise characteristics of infrared image, at the view of image restoration, this paper point out specific methods of non-uniformity correction of infrared image, and selects two different image restoration methods for comparing actual effects of image restoration. Finally, point out possible research and development directions for non-uniformity correction algorithm of infrared image.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5367188,no
Computation Error Analysis in Digital Signal Processing Systems With Overscaled Supply Voltage,"It has been recently demonstrated that digital signal processing systems may possibly leverage unconventional voltage overscaling (VOS) to reduce energy consumption while maintaining satisfactory signal processing performance. Due to the computation-intensive nature of most signal processing algorithms, the energy saving potential largely depends on the behavior of computer arithmetic units in response to overscaled supply voltage. This paper shows that different hardware implementations of the same computer arithmetic function may respond to VOS very differently and result in different energy saving potentials. Therefore, the selection of appropriate computer arithmetic architecture is an important issue in voltage-overscaled signal processing system design. This paper presents an analytical method to estimate the statistics of computer arithmetic computation errors due to supply voltage overscaling. Compared with computation-intensive circuit simulations, this analytical approach can be several orders of magnitude faster and can achieve a reasonable accuracy. This approach can be used to choose the appropriate computer arithmetic architecture in voltage-overscaled signal processing systems. Finally, we carry out case studies on a coordinate rotation digital computer processor and a finite-impulse-response filter to further demonstrate the importance of choosing proper computer arithmetic implementations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5075518,no
Self-adaptive multi-scale weight morphological operator applied to wood products defects testing by using computed tomography,"Mathematical morphology is the emerging theory and method in digital image processing now. Based on the basic theory and algorithm of mathematical morphology, self-adaptive multi-scale weight morphological operator was advanced and used in the defect identification of wood products X-ray computed tomography image. As can be seen in the experimental analysis, compared with the traditional edge detection algorithm, self-adaptive multi-scale weight morphological operator had the characteristics of a high degree of detection and identification accuracy in wood products edge detection. Wood Products non-destructive testing real-time imaging hardware and wood products real-time imaging image processing software system were built in the study. And self-adaptive multi-scale weight morphological operator was used to edge detection of wood products X-ray image. The achievements in the study realized the real-time online detection of wood products X-ray computed tomography image, and improved the detection accuracy of defects in the image. They have a wide range of applications in the quality identification of wood board and defects detection in the logs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5585373,no
Error analysis on spinal motion measurement using skin mounted sensors,"Measurement errors of skin-mounted sensors in measuring forward bending movement of the lumbar spines are investigated. In this investigation, radiographic images capturing the entire lumbar spines' positions were acquired and used as a gold standard. Seventeen young male volunteers (21 (SD 1) years old) agreed to participate in the study. Light-weight miniature sensors of the electromagnetic tracking systems-Fastrak were attached to the skin overlying the spinous processes of the lumbar spine. With the sensors attached, the subjects were requested to take lateral radiographs in two postures: neutral upright and full flexion. The ranges of motions of lumbar spine were calculated from two sets of digitized data: the bony markers of vertebral bodies and the sensors and compared. The differences between the two sets of results were then analyzed. The relative movement between sensor and vertebrae was decomposed into sensor sliding and titling, from which sliding error and titling error were introduced. Gross motion range of forward bending of lumbar spine measured from bony markers of vertebrae is 67.8 (SD 10.6) and that from sensors is 62.8 (SD 12.8). The error and absolute error for gross motion range were 5.0 (SD 7.2) and 7.7 (SD 3.9). The contributions of sensors placed on S1 and L1 to the absolute error were 3.9 (SD 2.9) and 4.4 (SD 2.8), respectively.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4650272,no
A method to handle CRC errors on the basis of FlexRay,"It is very important to communicate between the many electronic components in automobiles. If any component has an error, is possible for the error to affect other components. We propose a method of handling cyclic redundancy check (CRC) errors in the network using FlexRay. The FlexRay vehicle network protocol features fault-tolerance and guaranteed message latency. According to the FlexRay specification, each node in the FlexRay network decodes received messages and checks for various errors. However, if error occurs to any node, other nodes on the network do not know that a particular node generated an error. In this case, the node that did not receive the critical message cannot be guaranteed to demonstrate correct behavior. In order to solve this problem, we suggest a solution using dynamic messages supported by the FlexRay protocol.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5213765,no
"Fault-aware, utility-based job scheduling on Blue, Gene/P systems","Job scheduling on large-scale systems is an increasingly complicated affair, with numerous factors influencing scheduling policy. Addressing these concerns results in sophisticated scheduling policies that can be difficult to reason about. In this paper, we present a general utility-based scheduling framework to balance various scheduling requirements and priorities. It enables system owners to customize scheduling policies under different circumstances without changing the scheduling code. We also develop a fault-aware job allocation strategy for Blue Gene/P systems to address the increasing concern of system failures. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these facilities by means of event-driven simulations with real job traces collected from the production Blue Gene/P system at Argonne National Laboratory.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5289206,no
Design and Implementation of Intelligent Fault Diagnosis System,"Method of analog circuit fault diagnosis based on ANN (artificial neural network) and ES (expert system) is proposed according to the recent development of modern electronic testing technology and artificial intelligence. The structure and organizing of fault diagnosis system on analog circuit and its feasibility is mainly illustrated, and the platform of software based on Labview and Matlab is developed. Through the software, the system can manage its two main function module which are auto measurement module and fault diagnosis module working on an environment orderly. If a test program is loaded into the software platform, the corresponding circuit will be measured automatically. It is shown that the software platform has friendly interface, complete function and content with the need of intelligent fault diagnosis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5455176,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>Material inner defect detection by a vibration spectrum analysis,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>In this paper is described possibility of non-destructive diagnostics of solid objects by software analysis of vibration spectrum. With using platform MATLAB, we can process and evaluate information from accelerometer, which is placed on the measured object. The analog signal is digitized by special I/O device dSAPCE CP-1104 and then processed offline with FFT (Fast Fourier Transform). The power spectrum is then examined by developed evaluating procedures and individual results are displayed in bar graph. When we take a look on results, there is an evidently correlation between spectrum and examining object (inner defects).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5558523,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>A unique approach to multi-factor decision making by combining hierarchical analysis with error analysis,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>The object of this research is to enhance effectiveness, and obtain more logical output data from the multi-criteria decision-making methodology through mixing the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with the failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). In the analytic hierarchy process method, the parameters of interest are ranked through specific matrix vectors after compiling and defining the objectives, alternatives and weighting for each parameter by pairwise comparison. All of the many ranking methods that have been designed on the basis of mathematical logic put the emphasis on the weight of each factor. What distinguishes the order analysis method from the others is the use of quantitative rather than qualitative parameters and pairwise comparison, in which the ranking accuracy is confirmed by the analyst. In this research, we succeeded to generate a favorable combination from the two mentioned methods, and rank the criteria of FMEA within the mold of AHP, and observe that the achieved results fully conform to the actual system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5552872,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>A novel weighted voting algorithm based on neural networks for fault-tolerant systems,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>Voting algorithms are used in a wide area of control systems from real-time and safety-critical control systems to pattern recognition, image processing and human organization systems in order to arbitrating among redundant results of processing in redundant hardware modules or software versions. From a point of view, voting algorithms can be categorized to agreement-based voters like plurality and majority or some voters which produce output regardless to agreement existence among the results of redundant variants. In some applications it is necessary to use second type voters including median and weighted average. Although both of median and weighted average voters are the choicest voters for highly available application, weighted average voting is often more trustable than median. Meanwhile median voter simply selects the mid-value of results; weighted average voter assigns weight to each input, based on their pre-determined priority or their differences, so that the share of more trustable inputs will increase rather than the inputs with low probable correctness. This paper introduces a novel weighted average voting algorithm based on neural networks that is capable of improving the rate of system reliability. Our experimental results showed that the neural weighted average voter has increases the reliability 116.63% in general and 309.82%, 130.27% and 9.37% respectively for large, medium and small errors in comparison with weighted average, and 73.87% in general and 160.44%, 83.59% and 7.52% respectively for- large, medium and small errors in comparison with median voter.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5565122,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>IVC fault diagnosis based on the improved BP neural network,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>The improved BP neural network is researched. It is the first time to present the method of IVC fault diagnosis based on the improved BP neural network.. First, the maulti-faults integral diagnostics model will be used to diagnose and then the single-fault parallel diagnosis model is introduced according to the fault characters of IVC. The result of the research shows that the later method is apparently better than the former with its higher validity.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5565699,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>A channel quality based unequal error protection method for wireless video transmission,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>A channel quality based unequal error protection (UEP) method for wireless video transmission is proposed in this paper. The importance of different partitions of the compressed video bitstream is classified by the corresponding impact on the decoding quality, and has been taken into consideration in designing the transmission system. In order to avoid mapping the important parts into the subcarrier in deep fading, a subcarrier mapping rule combined with the hierarchical QAM (HQAM) is also proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed UEP method outperforms the equal error protection method (EEP) and the previously developed UEP methods by an average improvement of the received video of 4.0 dB.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5543409,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>Diagnosis method for connection-related faults in motion system based on SVM,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>In order to arising the safety and reliability, and monitoring the working states of numerical control system, aiming at the multi-kinds of potential connection-related faults, the construction and the principle of the system were analyzed, and the systemic diagnosis framework was developed. Using the position signal and the torque monitoring one, the parameters of support vector machine were trained where the Gaussian function was employed as nonlinear kernel. The mentioned faults were diagnosed benefiting from the decision function where the parameters were from the trained results. Above method was applied to an X-Y motion platform where data acquisitions, training of support vector machine and fault diagnosis were carried out. The results validate the feasibility of the SVM method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5212383,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>The study of expert system in rolling bearing faults diagnosis,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>In this paper, rolling bearing fault is diagnosed by using of expert system. Failure phenomenon and causes of the relevant faults are entered into the knowledge base, which have been gotten from the experienced maintenance staff by seeing, hearing, touching and measuring. Meantime, the knowledge base and inference engine have been written basing on the expert system which only provides the text environment. But it have unfriendly human-computer interface and lacks the ability to develop human-computer interface. VC++ is adopted and make up the deficiency by CLIPS dynamic linking to the VC++. The combination of software can scheme out efficient operation and friendly human-computer interaction expert system. Rolling element bearing fault can be fast find out and exclude, the efficiency of the expert system is greatly enhanced.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5532152,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>Fault diagnosis in cracked rotor based on fractal box counting dimension,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>The vibration of large rotating machinery rotor system with a free-cracked shaft and cracked Shafts were simulated by the experiments on rotor experiment platform. According to the fractal characteristics of vibration signal about cracked rotor and free-cracked rotor shaft, fractal box counting dimensions of test data were calculated. The orbit of free-cracked shaft shows as an elliptic, and the corresponding fractal box counting dimension is small. The orbit of cracked shaft becomes more complex and its corresponding fractal box counting dimension is larger than that of free-cracked shafts. Vertical crack has less impact on the vibration of rotor while horizontal cracks have obvious impact. Therefore, the fractal box counting dimension can be used to fault diagnosis of cracked rotor.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5610317,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>A research on atlas of slope-correction derived from DEM with different spatial resolutions,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>Three typical landforms,Liaohe plain, middle of Shandong low mountain hills, southwest of Sichuan alpine, were selected as studying areas, the national 1:50000 DEM were chosen as Data source, got DEM of 100m resolution by resampling DEM of 5m at every area. The slope extract by DEM with different resolutions were classified and superposed to get the atlas of slope-correction from different terrains. Then the accuracy of atlas of slope-correction were evaluated according to choose testing areas. The result shows that there is a lot of difference in atlas of slope-correction of different areas, but when referred to a special landform, there will be a perfect result according to transforming the slope extracted by low resolution DEM by atlas of slope-correction which can be represented by given landform.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5603101,no
Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles<BR>Exploring Fault-tolerant Distributed Storage System using GE code,"Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles<BR><BR>""Exploring Fault-tolerant Distributed Storage System using GE code""<BR>by Zheng Chen, Xiaojing Wang, Yili Jin, Honglei Zhou<BR>in the Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems, July 2008, pp. 142-148<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content and authorship of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>This paper contains portions of original text from the paper cited below. The original text was copied without attribution (including appropriate references to the original author(s) and/or paper title) and without permission.<BR><BR>""Exploring High Performance Distributed File Storage using LDPC Codes""<BR>by Benjamin Gaidioz, Birger Koblitz and Nuno Santos<BR> in Parallel Computer, Vol 33, Issue 4-5, Elsevier, May 2007, pp. 264-274<BR><BR>On the basis of introducing GE code, we explore the feasibility of implementing a reliable distributed storage system, with high performance and low spending, which is very suitable for embedded systems. Files are distributed across storage nodes using erasure coding with GE code which provides high-reliability with small storage and performance overhead. We present efficient measurements done on a series of prototype systems, and the tests results corroborate our expectation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4595550,no
Intelligent fault detection and diagnostics system on rule-based neural network approach,"Modern industrial systems can't exist without fault detection and diagnostics subsystem. Creation of such subsystem becomes a challenging task. Often it's more difficult than creation of the rest system's parts. This paper provides an approach for building fault detection and diagnostics system based on artificial neural networks, automatic training method for such systems and investigates different aspects of this method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5281003,no
Faulted phase selection on double circuit transmission line using wavelet transform and neural network,"Modern numerical relays often incorporate the logic for combined single and three-phase auto-reclosing scheme; single phase to earth faults initiate single-phase tripping and reclosure, and all the other faults initiate three-phase tripping and reclosure. Accurate faulted phase selection is required for such a scheme. This paper presents a novel scheme for detection and classification of faults on double circuit transmission line. The proposed approach uses combination of wavelet transform and neural network, to solve the problem. While wavelet transform is a powerful mathematical tool which can be employed as a fast and very effective means of analyzing power system transient signals, artificial neural network has a ability to classify non-linear relationship between measured signals by identifying different patterns of the associated signals. The proposed algorithm consists of time-frequency analysis of fault generated transients using wavelet transform, followed by pattern recognition using artificial neural network to identify the faulted phase. MATLAB/Simulink software is used to generate fault signals and verify the correctness of the algorithm. The adaptive discrimination scheme is tested by simulating different types of fault and varying fault resistance, fault location and fault inception time, on a given power system model. The simulation results show that the proposed phase selector scheme is able to identify faulted phase on the double circuit transmission line rapidly and correctly.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5442736,no
An Online Model Checking Tool for Safety and Liveness Bugs,"Modern software model checkers are usually used to find safety violations. However, checking liveness properties can offer a more natural and effective way to detect errors, particularly in complex concurrent and distributed e-business systems. Specifying global liveness properties which should always eventually be true proves to be more desirable, but it is hard for existing software model checkers to verify liveness in real codes because doing so requires finding an infinite execution. For solving such a challenge, this paper proposes an online checking tool to verify the safety and liveness properties of complex systems. We adopt the linear temporal logic to describe the semantics of the finite model checking, use binary instrumentation to obtain the distribute states and apply a checking engine to dynamically verify the finite trace linear temporal logic properties. At last, we demonstrate the method in a distributed system using distributed protocol Paxos and achieve good results by experiments.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4724357,no
Stateful tmr for transient faults,"Module redundancy is often used as a method of construction a reliable system. TMR is used as the method of improving reliability by module redundancy. However, TMR does not decide correct result when two of three modules fail. Therefore, we proposed a new architecture of voting termed as Stateful TMR. It uses the result of TMR and State of the history, to select the most reliable module. By the simulation, we evaluate reliability of module with TMR and Stateful TMR in case of TMR obtained higher reliability than TMR for both failures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5665329,no
Supporting software evolution analysis with historical dependencies and defect information,"More than 90% of the cost of software is due to maintenance and evolution. Understanding the evolution of large software systems is a complex problem, which requires the use of various techniques and the support of tools. Several software evolution approaches put the emphasis on structural entities such as packages, classes and structural relationships. However, software evolution is not only about the history of software artifacts, but it also includes other types of data such as problem reports, mailing list archives etc. We propose an approach which focuses on historical dependencies and defects. We claim that they play an important role in software evolution and they are complementary to techniques based on structural information. We use historical dependencies and defect information to learn about a software system and detect potential problems in the source code. Moreover, based on design flaws detected in the source code, we predict the location of future bugs to focus maintenance activities on the buggy parts of the system. We validated our defect prediction by comparing it with the actual defects reported in the bug tracking system.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4658092,no
SWPM: An Incremental Fault Localization Algorithm Based on Sliding Window with Preprocessing Mechanism,"Most fault localization techniques are based on time windows. The sizes of time windows impact on the accuracy of fault localization greatly. This paper takes weighted bipartite graph as fault propagation model and proposes a heuristic fault localization approach based on sliding window with preprocessing mechanism (SWPM) to alleviate the shortcomings. First, SWPM defines the concept of symptom extension ratio and partitions observed symptoms into three segments: analyzed segment, analyzing segment, preprocessing segment. Then it determines the most probable fault set through incrementally computing Bayesian suspected degree (BSD) of the three segments and combining their results. Simulations show that the algorithm can reduce the impacts on the accuracy affected by improper window sizes. The algorithm which has a polynomial computational complexity can be applied to large scale communication network.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4710986,no
On Signal Tracing for Debugging Speedpath-Related Electrical Errors in Post-Silicon Validation,"One of the most challenging problems in post-silicon validation is to identify those errors that cause prohibitive extra delay on speed paths in the circuit under debug (CUD) and only expose themselves in a certain electrical environment. To address this problem, we propose a trace-based silicon debug solution, which provides real-time visibility to the speed paths in the CUD during normal operation. Since tracing all speed path-related signals can cause prohibited design for debug (DfD) overhead, we present an automated trace signal selection methodology that maximizes error detection probability under a given constraint. In addition, we develop a novel trace qualification technique that reduces the storage requirement in trace buffers. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is verified with large benchmark circuits.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5692254,no
Online monitoring and fault diagnose system of STATCOM,"Online monitoring and fault diagnose system of electrical device is one of the main research directions in the electric field. It is also one of the key technologies for settling the decision problems of reliability, safety and maintenance. STATCOM is a kind of large Flexible AC Transmission System device which is used more and more widely. As its cost and complicated degree are high, it is especially important to build an OMFDS for STATCOM. However, as it is not a hot study problem, the current relative research work is a little. This paper states the basic theory of OMFDS and emphasizes three kinds of key technology, analyzes the particular characteristics for OMFDS application on STATCOM, concludes common fault types of STATCOM, such as power capacitor fault on DC side, bridge arm shoot-through fault, power electronics switch devices fault and so on. Finally it introduces the basic configuration and construction of hardware and software of OMFDS in STATCOM.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5157795,no
Broadband measurements of nanofiber devices: Repeatability and random error analysis,"On-wafer, broadband measurements of two-port nanofiber devices were made in order to test the short-term repeatability of a widely used measurement approach that builds on established on-wafer calibration techniques. The test devices used in this study consist of Pt nanowire and Au microbridge structures incorporated into two-port coplanar waveguides. Based on repeated measurements of these test structures, we computed statistical (Type A) uncertainties. The standard deviation (k=1) of five repeated measurements of a Pt nanowire device was less than 50 S. The analysis suggests refinements to the measurement process depending on the desired output of the measurements, e.g. the broadband response itself or the extraction of circuit model parameters.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5700058,no
A Framework for Error-Tolerant Scheme in Pervasive Computing,"Open and dynamic pervasive computing environments make fault detection and error recovery challenging. In this paper, we present a policy based framework for error-tolerant scheme in pervasive computing. As policy-based scheme can separate the business logic (rules) from the controls (programming code) of the implementations, it is typically more flexible and adaptable than non-policy-based approach. Moreover, the policy mechanism is based on not only event-condition-action rules, but also the-Separation-of-Concerns-principle for easily extensible to support the error recovery scheme.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5169454,no
Finding Error Handling Bugs in OpenSSL Using Coccinelle,"OpenSSL is a library providing various functionalities relating to secure network communication. Detecting and fixing bugs in OpenSSL code is thus essential, particularly when such bugs can lead to malicious attacks. In previous work, we have proposed a methodology for finding API usage protocols in Linux kernel code using the program matching and transformation engine Coccinelle. In this work, we report on our experience in applying this methodology to OpenSSL, focusing on API usage protocols related to error handling. We have detected over 30 bugs in a recent OpenSSL snapshot, and in many cases it was possible to correct the bugs automatically. Our patches correcting these bugs have been accepted by the OpenSSL developers. This work furthermore confirms the applicability of our methodology to user-level code.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5474182,no
Multiple acquisition frame-based motion correction for awake monkey PET imaging,"Motion correction for PET brain imaging of awake non-human primates (NHP) is necessary if head fixation is not used. Previous studies have used multiple acquisition frame-based motion correction methods for human and small animal studies. Due to rapid motions, this method was extended to awake NHP imaging with the addition of attenuation correction and re-grouping of sub-frames in the algorithm to achieve comparable qualitative and quantitative image quality as in an anesthetized scan. Motion data were acquired with the Vicra system with a synchronization technique that improves the time precision between the list-mode data and the motion data. Using the motion data, the raw list-mode data were framed based on an intra-frame motion threshold (IFMT), above which a new sub-frame begins. Also, a minimal-frame duration threshold was set to eliminate undesirable short sub-frames. Each sub-frame was first reconstructed without attenuation correction, transformed to a reference position, and to this animal's MR template. A transmission image from an anesthetized scan of the same subject was resliced to the reference orientation of the current study, via reslicing to the same MR template, and then transformed to the orientation of each sub-frame. Finally, each sub-frame was re-reconstructed with attenuation correction, and re-grouped into standard time frames. Our work shows that this algorithm is able to generate comparable image quality and quantitative results as in an anesthetized study.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5874329,no
Dependability consequences of fault-tolerant technique integrated in stack processor emulator using information flow approach,"Nowadays, electronic systems are becoming increasingly attractive for many applications. Such systems should be more and more dependable and require the evaluation and the improvement of their dependability parameters. In the continuity of the CETIM project [1], the principal objective is to define an integrated design of dependable mechatronic systems. In addition, the presence of programmable electronics imposes the existence of hardware/software interactions for the evaluation of dependability parameters. In this work we apply the informational flow approach [2] to evaluate some dependability parameters of a stack processor architecture in order to make adjustment during the co-design step. A VHDL- RTL modeling of the processor instruction set is done in order to carry on the information flow modeling. The probability of existence on different functional mode is estimated and discussed for 2 instructions. The first study concerns the instruction models without taking into account a fault-tolerant method. The second study concerns the same models but with taking into account this fault-tolerant method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4540256,no
Transmission line fault location estimation by Fourier & wavelet transforms using ANN,"Nowadays, power supply has become a business commodity. The quality and reliability of power needs to be maintained in order to obtain optimum performance. Therefore, it is extremely important that transmission line faults from various sources be identified accurately, reliably and be corrected as soon as possible. In this paper, a comparative study of the performance of Fourier transform and wavelet transform based methods combined with Neural Network (NN) for location estimation of faults on high voltage transmission lines is presented. A new location method is proposed for decreasing training time and dimensions of NN. The proposed algorithms are based on Fourier transform analysis of fundamental frequency of current and voltage signals in the event of a short circuit on a transmission line. Similar analysis is performed on transient current and voltage signals using multi-resolution Daubchies-9 wavelet transform, and comparative characteristics of the two methods are discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5559253,no
Improving Classification Efficiency of Orthogonal Defect Classification via a Bayesian Network Approach,"Orthogonal defect classification (ODC) is a kind of defect analysis method invented by IBM. ODC classifies software defects by eight orthogonal attributes. By analyzing these attributes' distribution and increasing trend the software process information could be obtained. It has been used widely in many companies and organizations. In this paper, we focus on the ODC records collected in a company, and research to use these data to provide guidance in actual defect management to improve the efficiency of the classification. We study the relationships of these attributes and give a Bayesian network model, then with the help of the ODC records we got, a Bayesian network for ODC is presented. It shows great help in actual work for both the developers and the testers.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5363694,no
Supporting fault tolerance in a data-intensive computing middleware,"Over the last 2-3 years, the importance of data-intensive computing has increasingly been recognized, closely coupled with the emergence and popularity of map-reduce for developing this class of applications. Besides programmability and ease of parallelization, fault tolerance is clearly important for data-intensive applications, because of their long running nature, and because of the potential for using a large number of nodes for processing massive amounts of data. Fault-tolerance has been an important attribute of map-reduce as well in its Hadoop implementation, where it is based on replication of data in the file system. Two important goals in supporting fault-tolerance are low overheads and efficient recovery. With these goals, this paper describes a different approach for enabling data-intensive computing with fault-tolerance. Our approach is based on an API for developing data-intensive computations that is a variation of map-reduce, and it involves an explicit programmer-declared reduction object. We show how more efficient fault-tolerance support can be developed using this API. Particularly, as the reduction object represents the state of the computation on a node, we can periodically cache the reduction object from every node at another location and use it to support failure-recovery. We have extensively evaluated our approach using two data-intensive applications. Our results show that the overheads of our scheme are extremely low, and our system outperforms Hadoop both in absence and presence of failures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5470462,no
Selection of optimal fault location algorithm,"Once fault event in power system occurs different intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) automatically recognize the fault as abnormality. With technological development many IEDs available today are capable of recording, executing analysis automatically and communicating results to different locations. Although recording capabilities are drastically increased applications that would fully utilize recorded data are still not available. In this paper, automated fault location (FL) procedure and usage of different intelligent algorithms is presented. Data is retrieved from various data sources, processed using expert system, neural networks, and genetic algorithm in order to provide data for optimal FL algorithm selection.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4596775,no
Fan Fault Diagnosis System Based on Virtual Prototyping Technology,"One fault diagnosis system is proposed to monitor the fan system condition based on virtual prototyping technology. According to the real fan system structure and its foundation condition, the three-dimensional model is built. Under virtual environment, the components are assembled, and the constraints and driver are added. After validate the model, the typical mechanical faults of fans (unbalance, misalignment etc.) are simulated. By virtual sensors, the acquired fan data are used to establish the corresponding fan condition database. The real fan condition can be identified through comparing measured signal with virtual data. Pattern recognition and early prediction are feasible for dynamic operation of the equipment during the process of incipient fault. The contribution of this paper is to propose a new approach to equipment maintenance that makes the maintenance process ""low consumption and high efficiency"".",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4666562,no
Adaptive algorithm for error correction from sensor measurement,"One of the essential problems of sensor acquisition systems is the correction of measurement affected by nonsystematic error. This paper continues the problem of error correction from, and is focused on a digital method used in signal processing for correction of temperature measurement from inside of dam. The temperature measurements are done in a long time by same year. The measurements from inside of dam depend by ambient temperature of environment, so the temperature evolution respects the ambient temperature variation in good condition The purpose of this article is to interpret the temperature evolution as a signal and for correction is used an adaptive filtering method. The systematic error is a high frequency noise that affects the sensor measurement. The adaptive filter process two signals one is the utile signal (the sensor measurement) and the second is the reference signal (the environment temperature). This method consists in obtaining an estimate value for error and eliminates errors from sensor measurements. This method use the discreet time signal, the advantage is that this adaptive algorithm can be implemented with digital programmable circuit such as microcontroller, DSP. This algorithm can be implemented in data acquisition system, so the correction data will be done in real time.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5276632,no
Distribution system grounding impacts on fault responses,"One of the main concerns of utilities, nowadays, is grounding the distribution systems. Distribution systems are usually three phase systems with a returning current neutral wire. Grounding the neutral wire will affect the power quality and characteristics of distribution systems during unbalanced conditions, specially phase to ground faults. In this paper several case studies have been done to investigate the impacts of different types of grounding the distribution systems on fault responses. The fault responses are fault current, voltage swell, substation ground potential rise and neutral wire voltages and currents. Some sensitivity studies are also performed to see the effects of grounding parameters on fault responses. The results are presented in graphical and tabular forms.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4668781,no
Using Spectrum-Based Fault Localization for Test Case Grouping,"Model-based test case generation allows one to derive almost arbitrary numbers of test cases from models. If resulting test suites are executed against real implementations, there are often huge numbers of failed test cases. Thus, the analysis of the test execution, i.e. the identification of failures for error reporting, becomes a tedious and time consuming task. In this paper we investigate a technique for grouping test runs that most likely reveal the same failure. This reduces the post analysis time and enables the generation of small regression test suites. The test case grouping is implemented by means of spectrum-based fault localization at the level of the specification. We calculate the grouping by relating the spectra of the test cases. Besides a brief discussion of our approach we present results of applying our approach to the Session Initiation Protocol.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5431721,no
A DDS-compliant infrastructure for fault-tolerant and scalable data dissemination,"Recent trends in data-centric systems have motivated significant standardization efforts, such as the Data Distribution Service (DDS) to enable data dissemination with guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS). However, clear design guidelines and techniques for the support of reliable and scalable DDS-based deployments, especially for (mobile) data intensive services, such as Internet-wide information dissemination for breaking news or financial analysis services, are still missing. After an analysis of main DDS fault-tolerance and scalability deployment issues, this paper proposes a novel solution with two core original contributions: i) DDS-compliant routing substrate to facilitate reliable data dissemination between mobile devices; ii) relay-based DDS support infrastructure with limited overhead to enable scalable Internet-wide data dissemination. Our solution, especially tailored for mobile computing scenarios, is lightweight and requires neither persistency nor heavy operations at mobile device side. Reported experimental results confirm that our proposal can guarantee desired scalability requirements with a limited network, CPU, and memory resource overhead.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5546756,no
Simple switch open fault detection method of voltage source inverter,"Recently, permanent magnet synchronous motors are applied to various applications such as electric vehicle, aerospace, medical service, and military applications due to several outstanding characteristics. Because of the importance of high reliable operation in these areas, many researches which are related to the fault detection and diagnosis of inverter systems are conducted. In this paper, a new simple fault detection method of voltage source inverter for permanent magnet synchronous motor is proposed. The feasibility of the proposed method is proved by simulation and experiment. By the simulation and experiments, rapid detection characteristic of the proposed method has been proved without any additional voltage sensor.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5316260,no
Configurative Service Engineering - A Rule-Based Configuration Approach for Versatile Service Processes in Corrective Maintenance,"Recently, service orientation has increasingly been debated both in research and practice. While researchers postulate a paradigm shift towards services as the basic unit of exchange in economies, companies strive to efficiently provide a wide array of business services to their customers. To accomplish this, companies (a) are required to consciously design the services in their portfolio with respect to a structured engineering approach and (b) also have to flexibly adapt the engineered service processes to individual customer needs, wants, and demands. Hence, services shall be supplied efficiently and in consistent quality without sacrificing customization for customers. Supporting this mass-customization strategy for business services, we present a configurative service engineering approach. After engineering a configurable process model for business services, customized service processes can efficiently be derived from the model by applying configuration mechanisms. The process of configuration is aided by the software tool Adapt(X). We present the concept and tool support by applying them on business services for corrective maintenance in the mechanical engineering sector.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4755474,no
Evaluating Performance and Fault Tolerance in a Virtual Large-Scale Disk,"Recently, the exchange of data has increased with progress in information technology. The capacity of for storing data is also increasing. However, even if the capacity of global storage becomes extremely large, the capacity of local storage is always limited. Moreover, storage of files larger then the available local storage is impossible. This paper discusses use of a network to construct a cheap, high trust and PB class, decentralized storage system using many hundreds of PCs in an educational environment. The performance of this 'large-scale virtual disk' is investigated both during normal operation and in instances of failure.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4482805,no
Minimization of Product Utility Estimation Errors in Recommender Result Set Evaluations,"Recommender systems are wide-spread web applications which can effectively support users in finding suitable products in a large and/or complex product domain. Although state-of-the-art systems manage to accomplish the task of finding and presenting suitable products they show big deficits in the applied model of human behavior. Time limitations, cognitive capacities, and willingness to cognitive effort bound rational decision taking which can lead to unforeseen side effects and furthermore to sub-optimal decisions. Decoy effects are cognitive phenomenons which are omni-present on result pages. State-of-the-art recommender systems are completely unaware of such effects. Due to the fact that such effects constitute one source of irrational decisions their identification and, if necessary, the neutralization of their biasing potential is extremely important. This paper introduces an approach for identifying and minimizing decoy effects on recommender result pages. To undergird the presented approach we present the results of a corresponding user study which clearly proofs the concept.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5284921,no
Fault tolerance and reliability in field-programmable gate arrays,"Reduced device-level reliability and increased within-die process variability will become serious issues for future field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and will result in faults developing dynamically during the lifetime of the integrated circuit. Fortunately, FPGAs have the ability to reconfigure in the field and at runtime, thus providing opportunities to overcome such degradation-induced faults. This study provides a comprehensive survey of fault detection methods and fault-tolerance schemes specifically for FPGAs and in the context of device degradation, with the goal of laying a strong foundation for future research in this field. All methods and schemes are quantitatively compared and some particularly promising approaches are highlighted.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5461838,no
Fast and Accurate Automatic Defect CLuster Extraction for Semiconductor Wafers,"Reduction in integrated circuit (IC) half technology, which will no longer be sustainable by traditional fault isolation and failure analysis techniques. There is an urgent need for diagnostic software tools with (which manifest as clusters) observed from manufacturing defects can be traced back to a specific process, equipment or technology, a novel data mining algorithm defects from test data logs. This algorithm and provides accurate detection of 99%.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5438675,no
On the Impact of Atmospheric Correction on Lossy Compression of Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imagery,"Reflectance data are often preferred to radiance data in applications of multispectral and hyperspectral imagery in which subtle spectral features are analyzed. In such applications, atmospheric correction, the process which provides radiance-to-reflectance conversion, plays a prominent role in the data-distribution and archiving pipeline. Lossy compression, often in the form of the JPEG2000 standard, will also likely factor into the distribution and archiving data flow. The relative position of data compression with respect to atmospheric correction is considered and evaluated with experimental results on both multispectral and hyperspectral imagery, and recommendations on an appropriate order for compression in the data-flow chain are made.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4694064,no
Fault ride-through versus anti-islanding in distributed generation,"Owing to the increasing number and power rating of static power converter (SPC) based systems the need arises for distributed power generation systems to take part in the control-related issues of power generation. The requirements for large and small power generation systems differ from the aspect of utility interaction. Measures to avoid and compensate the appearance of, and to reduce the possibility of unwanted, avalanche-like spreading, stability increasing behavioral states of the utility are added to the already existing requisition of having as little impact on utility operation as possible. Two different control approaches are introduced, compared and evaluated with respect of utility interaction requirements.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5606652,no
Design of Bipolar Odd-Even Method for Immediately Correction of Information Errors,"Packet losses and errors are common through current wireless transmission due to signal decay, barriers in-between and other environmental related reasons. Although there are many ways to correct these errors, there is no one can deal with them immediately. For the efficient use of energy to achieve the purpose of energy conservation, and use the smallest energy to implement monitoring more, rapid implementation of parallel processing, a division of cooperation can be real-time monitoring without individual inquiries. If data are sent in hardware method, safer transmission can be reached by simply modify the hardware. Adopted the principle of variable packet, each single-chip can act as transceiver at any time, automatically send or emergency call by turns. The use of searching the initial symbols and the suspension symbols of the interpretation of the way to transmit the information and the related content. Signals can be sent to the extensions by monitoring and management of the host, also can be transferred to another host through cross-regional, as well as the transmitting DATA can be mounted other messages without wasting time. By checking the connection between any two adjacent bytes, problems like signal decay can be solved. At the meantime, it can correct errors automatically, to prevent interferences, and fortify the safety and encryption of wireless transmission.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5578488,no
Differential Fault Analysis on PRESENT Key Schedule,"PRESENT is a lightweight block cipher designed by A. Bogdanov et al. in 2007 for extremely constrained environments such as RFID tags and sensor networks, where the AES is not suitable for. In this paper, the strength of PRESENT against the differential fault attack on the key schedule is explored. Our attack adopts the nibble oriented model of random faults and assumes that the attacker can induce a single nibble fault on the round key. The attack can efficiently recover the secret key with the computational complexity of 2<sup>29</sup>, and sixty-four pairs of correct and faulty ciphertexts on average.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5696299,no
Enhancing the Success Rate of Primary Version While Guaranteeing Fault-Tolerant Capability for Real-Time Systems,"Primary/alternate version technique is a cost-effective means which trades the quality of computation results for promptness to tolerate the software faults. Generally speaking, this method requires that each real-time periodic task has two versions: primary and alternate. The primary version provides a result that is in some sense more desirable, but it may be subject to timing failure due to its complexity. On the contrary, the alternate version simply affords an acceptable service, but it could guarantee the timeliness owing to its simplicity. The kernel algorithm proposed in this paper employs the off-line backwards-RM scheme to pre-allocate time intervals to the alternate version and the on-line RM scheme to dispatch the primary version. Simulation results show that kernel algorithm provides higher success rate of primary version.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5368197,no
Quantification of in vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy signals with baseline and lineshape corrections,"Quantification of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) signals is a method to estimate metabolite concentrations of the tissue under investigation. Estimation of these concentrations provides information about the biochemical characteristics of the tissue and are finally used as a complementary information in the diagnosis of cancer, epilepsy and metabolic diseases. Obtaining reliable metabolite concentrations is still a challenge due to the experimental conditions affecting the spectral quality. The decay of MRS signals (lineshape of MR spectra), for instance, is affected by inhomogeneities in the magnetic field caused by shimming problems and tissue heterogeneities. To handle this type of distortions, we study a method where the unsuppressed water is used to correct lineshape distortions, an inversion recovery signal is used to account for macromolecules and lipids present in the tissue and splines are used to correct additional baseline distortions. In this study, we consider rat brain in vivo signals and quantify them taking into account both lineshape distortions and the background signal.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5548503,no
Feasibility study of the quantitative corrections for the brain input function imaging from the carotid artery images by an ultra-high resolution dedicated brain PET,"Quantitative PET imaging usually requires the arterial blood sampling, which is an invasive measure and may introduce risks or other complications to patients. People are trying several non-invasive methods to obtain the quantitative tracer concentrations by measuring the reconstructed intensity of the artery in the PET imaging. However, all these methods have certain limitations for brain study due to difficulties such as the partial-volume-effect (PVE), no artery big enough in the FOV for obtaining the required data as the cardiology does, etc. Here we carried a simulation study on the feasibility of the quantitative corrections by carotid artery with an ultra-high resolution, large axial FOV dedicated brain PET system. This brain PET has a detector ring diameter of 48 cm and the axial length of 25 cm. The large AFOV ensures that the camera could cover both the brain and the carotid artery region at the same time for dynamic study. The detectors are the 1.41.411 mm<sup>3</sup> LYSO crystals. The conservative estimation of the resolution is 1.7 to 2.0 mm, which is about 1/3 of the human carotid artery inner diameter. To evaluate the PVE on the quantitative results, a head-and-neck phantom with different-sized sources (5 to 20 mm) embedded that has a 6:1 concentration ratio between source and background is studied using Monte Carlo simulations. As the comparison, a whole-body PET - Siemens TruePoint scanner is also studied. From the reconstructed source intensities we find that with this brain PET, the recovery coefficient could reach 76% to 86% for a typical human carotid artery size source with the diameter between 5 to 7 mm; with the TruePoint scanner the recovery coefficient is only 34% to 54%. The simulation shows that with the help of an ultra-high resolution large axial FOV brain PET camera, the goal of non-invasive quantitative corrections by carotid artery for the brain dynamic study is feasible, which is not possible with other commercial- - whole-body scanners current available.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5874337,no
Improved scatterer property estimates from ultrasound backscatter using gate-edge correction and a Pseudo-Welch technique,"Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) techniques have been widely used to estimate the size, shape and mechanical properties of tissue microstructure for specified regions of interest (ROIs). For conventional methods, an ROI size of 4 to 5 beamwidths laterally and 15 to 20 spatial pulse lengths axially has been suggested to estimate accuracy and precision better than 10% and 5%, respectively. A new method is developed to decrease the standard deviation of the quantitative ultrasound parameter estimate in terms of effective scatterer diameter (ESD) for small ROIs. The new method yielded estimates of the ESD within 10% of actual values at an ROI size of five spatial pulse lengths axially by two beamwidths laterally, and the estimates from all the ROIs had a standard deviation of 15% of the mean value. Such accuracy and precision cannot be achieved using conventional techniques with similar ROI sizes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5610568,no
Single Electron Fault in QCA Inverter Gate,Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA) represents an emerging technology at the nanotechnology level. There are various faults which may occur in QCA cells. One of these faults is the Single Electron Fault (SEF) that can happen during manufacturing or operation of QCA circuits. A detailed simulation based logic level modeling of Single Electron Fault for QCA Inverter gate is represented in this paper.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5489386,no
The induced overvoltage between UHV AC and DC transmission lines built on the same tower under fault conditions,"Rapid increase of the transmission capacity and environmental limit of the power transmission passage have indispensably promoted development of the AC/DC hybrid transmission lines on the same tower, especially for UHV systems being established in China. Unfortunately, severe electromagnetic coupling effects will inevitably exist between the UHV AC and DC transmission lines built on the same tower. The generating mechanisms, as well as the computational methodology, of both the inductive and capacitive coupling effects within the hybrid transmission lines are elucidated in the paper, then an equivalent circuitry model is established as to analyze the induced overvoltage within the hybrid transmission lines under different fault conditions. Further, the impacts on the induced overvoltage on the healthy line from key influential factors, such as the grounding fault resistance, the collocation and layout of DC filters and fault type, are accounted for in details. Specifically, phase-mode transform method is adopted to theoretically analyze the effect of transposition mode of the UHV AC transmission line as how to reduce the induced overvoltage within the hybrid transmission lines. The proposed method and analyzed results present reliable reference for realizing optimal design of the UHV AC/DC hybrid transmission lines.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5429371,no
FPGA-based Ultra-Low Latency HIL Fault Testing of a Permanent Magnet Motor Drive using RT-LAB-XSG,"Real-time simulation of PMSM drives enables thorough testing of control strategies & software protection routines and therefore allows rapid deployment of vehicular or industrial applications. The proposed PMSM model is a phase domain model with sinusoidal flux induction. A 3-phase IGBT inverter drives the PMSM machine. Both models are implemented on an FPGA chip, without any VHDL coding, with the RT-LAB real-time simulation platform of Opal-RT Technologies using a Simulink blockset called Xilinx System Generator (XSG). The paper explains various aspects of the design of the motor drive models in fixed-point representation in XSG, as well as simulation validation against a standard PMSM drive model built in Simulink. The phase-domain PMSM drive model runs with an equivalent 10 nanosecond time step (100 MHz FPGA card) and has a latency of 300 nanoseconds (PMSM machine and inverter). The motor drive has a resulting total hardware-in-the-loop latency of 1.3 microseconds.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4745355,no
Acceleration of a model based scatter correction technique for Positron Emission Tomography using high performance computing technique,"Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a widely used and powerful metabolic imaging technique for functional diagnosis of organs. Compton scattering is a physical effect that results in distortions in the reconstructed image. The model based, so-called, Scatter Simulation (SSS) algorithm is an appropriate solution for scatter correction. However, the SSS algorithm is extremely computation intensive. The application of the SSS algorithm in clinical environment requires the application of high performance computing (HPC) techniques. In this work we give a survey about different high performance computing techniques and introduce the selection process of optimal HPC platform for the implementation of the Single Scatter Simulation algorithm.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5491299,no
Incipient fault detection in 33/11kV power transformers by using combined Dissolved Gas Analysis technique and acoustic partial discharge measurement and validated through untanking,"Power transformer consists of components which are under consistent thermal and electrical stresses. The major component which degrades under these stresses is the paper insulation of the power transformer. The electrical fault can develop into thermal fault such as localized insulation burning or hot-spots. Any fault in the transformer can be detected by using Dissolved Gas Analysis technique. In this paper, the detection of electrical and thermal faults in 14 units of 33/11kV, 30 MVA and 15MVA transformers were done by using Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA). Then, the acoustic partial discharge test was carried out to detect the activity and locate the source of the electrical fault. All the transformers were untanked and the inspection was done. From the inspection done, there were a few incipient faults detected such as overheating due to loose connection, sharp edges, insulation burning, choking effect due to moisture and surface tracking in On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC) compartment. As a conclusion, the combination of the acoustic partial discharge technique and DGA technique have proved to be a useful tool in detecting and locating incipient faults in the power transformer.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6007229,no
Modeling and fault simulation of propellant filling system based on Modelica/Dymola,"Propellant filling system is one of the key components of liquid rocket engine test bed and improving its reliability and security is very necessary. However because of the shortage of failure data and high expense and risk of test experiments, modeling and fault simulation are urgently needed. Based on the modular modeling, a new method using the objected-oriented language Modelica in Dymola is proposed for modeling the filling system in this paper. After that, fault simulation is processed by modifying the models or resetting their parameters, and the results demonstrate that it can not only take less time to model the system, but also gain available simulation results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4776271,no
Fault tolerant application execution model in computing grid,"Performance and availability of resources cannot be guaranteed in the highly distributed and decentralized grid environment. For a reliable application execution in grid, mechanisms are needed to minimize or neutralize the effects of resource related faults and their volunteer leaving or joining the grid. In this paper a fault tolerant application execution model for grid has been investigated. The proposed model is an efficient solution towards resource usage and application execution cost. Analytical study of the reliability for the proposed model is specified. Illustrative examples are also presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5422939,no
Average symbol error rate of cooperative spatial multiplexing in composite channels,"Performance of cooperative spatial multiplexing systems over composite channels is presented. In particular, we derive the closed-form average symbol error rate (SER) expression for cooperative spatial multiplexing systems with linear equalization receiver (e.g. Zero-Forcing) and M-ary modulation scheme in the composite channel of log-normal shadowing and Rayleigh fading. Using the Gauss-Hermite quadrature integration, the average SER is expressed in the form of the Appell hypergeometric function. Applying the series representation of the Appell hypergeometric function, we derive a very tight approximation for the average SER. We also perform Monte-Carlo simulations to validate our analysis. Subsequently, we apply the obtained analytical SER expression to evaluate some representative cooperative spatial multiplexing scenarios in composite channels.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4726072,no
"Transistor Count, Chip Area and Cost Optimization of Fault Tolerant Active Pixel Sensors (FTAPS) by Modified Sensor Architecture and T-spice Based Verification of Proposed Architecture","Pixel defects are unavoidable in many solid-state image sensors, especially, CMOS image sensors. The pixel defects includes Hot pixels, Partially-stuck pixels, Fully-stuck pixels, Abnormal sensitivity defects, Random Telegraph Signal defects. Among them the most common and significant is hot pixel defect. Many approaches have been proposed to counter the effects of hot pixel defect. They include the dark frame subtraction and Fault Tolerant Active Pixel Sensor (FTAPS). This paper focuses on transistor count optimization of fault tolerant APS to achieve Chip Area And Cost Optimization by proposing a new architecture for FTAPS. It also includes verification of the response of proposed pixel architecture using TSPICE based simulations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5460535,no
A comparison of CT-based attenuation correction strategies for PET data of moving structures,"Respiratory motion can introduce image artefacts not only in 3D PET but also in 4D PET due to incorrect attenuation correction. In this work the influence of different attenuation correction strategies on 3D and 4D PET has been investigated. An extensive phantom study was carried out, using a normal 3D CT (pitch 1.5), a slow 3D CT (pitch 0.5), an ultraslow 3D CT (pitch 0.15), an average CT and a maximum intensity projection calculated from a 4D CT (pitch 0.1) for attenuation correction of both a 3D and 4D PET of a respiratory motion phantom. Additionally, the 4D PET was corrected phase-wise with a 4D CT (phase-correlated attenuation correction). The reconstructed PET images were analyzed concerning the reconstructed volume, motion amplitude (for 4D PET), activity concentration and activity distribution. Moreover a patient study was carried out investigating the influence of the different attenuation correction strategies for 4D PET to patient data. Therefore 4D PET data from six patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was alternatively attenuation corrected with a normal 3D CT, an average CT and with phase-correlated attenuation correction. The tumor volume was analyzed and the motion amplitude of the tumor was obtained from the 4D PET data sets. For the phantom data the attenuation correction with the slow CT results in the best agreement between expected and measured values of the examined quantities in 3D PET, whereas in 4D PET this was the case for the phase-correlated attenuation correction. In the patient study only small differences between the 4D PET attenuation correction methods were found. This can be explained by the relative small tumor motion in the patient population investigated (peak to peak amplitude below 5 mm except for one patient).",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4774459,no
Respiratory motion correction of PET using motion parameters from MR,"Respiratory motion during PET acquisition from the chest/abdomen leads to significant image degradation. Combined PET/MR scanners open up the opportunity to correct motion using MR data acquired simultaneously with PET. As simultaneous human chest/abdomen PET/MR images are currently unobtainable, in this preliminary study we determined motion parameters from respiratory-gated MR and then used these to correct pseudo-PET images generated from the MR. The gated MR images were segmented to typical organ FDG SUV values, smoothed to mimic PET resolution, forward projected into the GE advance geometry and reconstructed separately using OSEM. The MR images were registered using a combined affine and non-rigid B-splines algorithm, with mutual information used as the cost function in a multi-resolution approach. Motion corrected images from both post-reconstruction registration and 4D image reconstruction are shown to be superior to those without motion compensation for most organs.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5401652,no
The effect of real-time software reuse in FPGAs and microcontrollers with respect to software faults,"Reuse is considered as an important aspect in software design, but certain challenges have to be met if software reuse is applied in embedded systems. In these systems, specific requirements, as for example safety or real-time requirements, have to be considered, which typically complicate the reuse of software. Moreover, a large variety of hardware platforms is present in embedded systems. Those hardware platforms have different properties, which might affect the reuse of the corresponding software. In this paper, the different impacts of microcontrollers and FPGAs on software reuse are considered by empirical investigations. In particular, the investigations focus on the effect of this reuse on faults in real-time software. As a result, different benefits and drawbacks of software reuse were identified for microcontrollers and FPGAs.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4577692,no
Rotogravure Printing Press Fault Diagnosis System,"Rotogravure printing press becomes more and more complicated, integrated, high-speed and intellectualized. To insure rotogravure printing press in its good conditions, the function of fault diagnosis gets more important than before in the process of repairing. This paper designed and developed a network fault diagnosis system based on PROFIBUS and B/S (browser/server) frame through the analysis of the need of fault diagnosis. Taking good use of testing information and diagnosis rules, the system realized open and distributed diagnosing process, and provided a flat of sharing information, which is the technique basis of combining testing and diagnosing. During design, we use Kingview as developing software. It is proved in LAN that the system can utilize present diagnosis rules in database to diagnose fault distributed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4810489,no
Web shop user error detection based on rule based expert system,"Rule based systems (RBS) have been recognized as probably the best solution for knowledge based expert systems. This article tries to provide the overview of the architecture and basic characteristics of the RBS, focusing on both their weaknesses and strengths. Based on a theory, rule based expert system for web shop error detection has been proposed. The RBS builds on the available application knowledge base and focuses on a problem of detecting the possible error in the shortest possible timeframe. The formalization of the whole process has a potential to significantly reduce the time required to detect the possible error.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5533470,no
A Field Analysis of System-level Effects of Soft Errors Occurring in Microprocessors used in Information Systems,"Soft errors due to alpha and cosmic particles are a growing reliability threat to information systems. In this work, a methodology is developed to analyze the effects of single event upsets (SEU) and obtain FIT rates for commercial microprocessors in live information systems. Our methodology is based on data collected from error logs and error traces of the information systems present globally in the field. We also compare the system effects of errors that are suspected to be due to SEUs as compared with non-SEU errors. Soft errors are further localized within specific microprocessor resources with the assistance of the machine check architecture. The analyzed field data represents a world-wide population of microprocessors installed in the field. In total, several thousands systems and thirty-six months of field data were analyzed. The methodology used in carrying out this field analysis is discussed in detail and results are presented.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700615,no
Zero-Hardened SRAM Cells to Improve Soft Error Tolerance in FPGA,"Soft errors due to charged particle strikes at the sensitive cell nodes could modify the functionality of the design by changing the configuration bits of an SRAM based FPGA. However, with the development of very-deep-sub-micron (VDSM) or even the nano-technologies, aggressive device size has impacted severely the soft error rate of integrated circuits. In this paper, three new SRAM cell designs are proposed which mainly aim at reducing the soft error rate in FPGA. We verify the soft error tolerance and the power dissipation of these three designs using HSPICE simulation with Berkeley Predictive Technology Model (PTM) of the 65 nm, 1.0 V technology. The simulation results of our three designs are compared with that of standard 6-transistor SRAM cell and an existing increased soft error tolerance cell - ASRAM0. Comparison result shows that our new cells, especially the 0-hardened SRAM cell, have triple the critical charge of the standard 6-transistor SRAM cell, when the cell is storing 0.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4739771,no
Soft errors  Past history and recent discoveries,"Soft errors from alpha particles and terrestrial neutrons have been an issue in commercial electronic systems for over three decades. Measurement and mitigation techniques are well developed, but recent work highlights new issues that will need to be addressed for deep sub-micrometer technologies. The contribution of thermal neutrons does not appear to be eliminated with BPSG-free processing. In addition, neutrons in the spectral range of 1-10 MeV appear to be significant for soft error rates. Charge sharing and multi-node effects will negate some of the redundant circuit designs. As low power devices gain in applications, the impact of soft errors in the sub-threshold region of operation will be important.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5706479,no
A Quasi-experiment for Effort and Defect Estimation Using Least Square Linear Regression and Function Points,"Software companies are currently investing large amounts of money in software process improvement initiatives in order to enhance their products' quality. These initiatives are based on software quality models, thus achieving products with guaranteed quality levels. In spite of the growing interest in the development of precise prediction models to estimate effort, cost, defects and other project's parameters, to develop a certain software product, a gap remains between the estimations generated and the corresponding data collected in the project's execution. This paper presents a quasi-experiment reporting the adoption of effort and defect estimation techniques in a large worldwide IT company. Our contributions are the lessons learned during (a) extraction and preparation of project historical data, (b) the use of estimation techniques on these data, and (c) the analysis of the results obtained. We believe such lessons can contribute to the improvement of the state-of-the-art in prediction models for software development.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5328367,no
A Data Mining Model to Predict Software Bug Complexity Using Bug Estimation and Clustering,"Software defect(bug) repositories are great source of knowledge. Data mining can be applied on these repositories to explore useful interesting patterns. Complexity of a bug helps the development team to plan future software build and releases. In this paper a prediction model is proposed to predict the bug's complexity. The proposed technique is a three step method. In the first step, fix duration for all the bugs stored in bug repository is calculated and complexity clusters are created based on the calculated bug fix duration. In second step, bug for which complexity is required its estimated fix time is calculated using bug estimation techniques. And in the third step based on the estimated fix time of bug it is mapped to a complexity cluster, which defines the complexity of the bug. The proposed model is implemented using open source technologies and is explained with the help of illustrative example.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5460784,no
Mining Frequent Patterns from Software Defect Repositories for Black-Box Testing,"Software defects are usually detected by inspection, black-box testing or white-box testing. Current software defect mining work focuses on mining frequent patterns without distinguishing these different kinds of defects, and mining with respect to defect type can only give limited guidance on software development due to overly broad classification of defect type. In this paper, we present four kinds of frequent patterns from defects detected by black-box testing (called black-box defect) based on a kind of detailed classification named ODC-BD (Orthogonal Defect Classification for Blackbox Defect). The frequent patterns include the top 10 conditions (data or operation) which most easily result in defects or severe defects, the top 10 defect phenomena which most frequently occur and have a great impact on users, association rules between function modules and defect types. We aim to help project managers, black-box testers and developers improve the efficiency of software defect detection and analysis using these frequent patterns. Our study is based on 5023 defect reports from 56 large industrial projects and 2 open source projects.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5473578,no
Fault Localization Based on Dynamic Slicing and Hitting-Set Computation,"Slicing is an effective method for focusing on relevant parts of a program in case of a detected misbehavior. Its application to fault localization alone and in combination with other methods has been reported. In this paper we combine dynamic slicing with model-based diagnosis, a method for fault localization, which originates from Artificial Intelligence. In particular, we show how diagnosis, i.e., root causes, can be extracted from the slices for erroneous variables detected when executing a program on a test suite. We use these diagnoses for computing fault probabilities of statements that give additional information to the user. Moreover, we present an empirical study based on our implementation JSDiagnosis and a set of Java programs of various size from 40 to more than 1,000 lines of code.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562955,no
Smoothing Algorithm for Tetrahedral Meshes by Error-Based Quality Metric,"Smoothing or geometrical optimization is one of basic procedures to improve the quality of mesh. This paper first introduces an error-based mesh quality metric based on the concept of optimal Delaunay triangulations, and then examines the smoothing scheme which minimizes the interpolation error among all triangulations with the same number of vertices. Facing to its deficiency, a modified smoothing scheme and corresponding optimization model for tetrahedral mesh that avoid illegal elements are proposed. The optimization model is solved by integrating chaos search and BFGS (Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno) algorithm efficiently. Quality improvement for tetrahedral mesh is realized through alternately applying the smoothing approach suggested and topological optimization technique. Testing results show that the proposed approach is effective to improve mesh quality and suitable for combining with topological technique.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676713,no
FREP: A soft error resilient pipelined RISC architecture,"Soft error has become one of the major areas of attention with the device scaling and large scale integration. Lot of variants for superscalar architecture were proposed with focus on program re-execution, thread re-execution and instruction re-execution. In this paper we proposed a fault tolerant micro-architecture of pipelined RISC. The proposed architecture, Floating Resources Extended pipeline (FREP), re-executes the instructions using extended pipeline stages. The instructions are re-executed by hybrid architecture with a suitable combination of space and time redundancy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5742103,no
AVF Stressmark: Towards an Automated Methodology for Bounding the Worst-Case Vulnerability to Soft Errors,"Soft error reliability is increasingly becoming a first-order design concern for microprocessors, as a result of higher transistor counts, shrinking device geometries and lowering of operating voltages. It is important for designers to be able to validate whether the Soft Error Rate (SER) targets of their design have been met, and help end users select the processor best suited to their reliability goals. The knowledge of the observable worst-case SER allows designers to select their design point, and bound the worst-case vulnerability at that design point. We highlight the lack of a methodology for evaluation of the overall observable worst-case SER. Hence, there is a clear need for a so called stress mark that can demonstrably approach the observable worst-case SER. The worst-case thus obtained can be used to identify reliability bottlenecks, validate safety margins used for reliability design and identify inadequacies in benchmark suites used to evaluate SER. Starting from a comprehensive study about how micro architecture-dependent program characteristics affect soft errors, we derive the insights needed to develop an automated and flexible methodology for generating a stress mark that approaches the maximum SER of an out-of-order processor. We demonstrate how our methodology enables architects to quantify the impact of SER-mitigation mechanisms on the worst-case SER of the processor. The stress mark achieves 1.4X higher SER in the core, 2.5X higher SER in DL1 and DTLB, and 1.5X higher SER in L2 as compared to the highest SER induced by SPEC CPU2006 and MiBench programs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5695531,no
A novel soft error sensitivity characterization technique based on simulated fault injection and constrained association analysis,"Soft error, a concern for space applications in the past, became a critical issue in deep sub-micron VLSI design for the continuous technology scaling. Automated fault injection technique is employed to characterize the soft error sensitivity of VHDL based design and association analysis algorithm is firstly introduced into this realm to explore the fault dependency of the components in the design. The association analysis technique makes the soft error characterization more systematic and methodic. An automated simulation based fault injector HSECT (HIT Soft Error Characterization Toolkit) is designed and a simple RISC processor, DP32-processor is selected as the research prototype. By using HSECT, 30,000 soft errors are injected to the DP32-processor with good statistical significance. The soft error sensitivity of the processor and the fault dependency of its components are also further investigated to direct the future design of the fault-tolerant and dependable circuits.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4674966,no
Efficient Soft Error-Tolerant Adaptive Equalizers,"Soft errors are becoming an increasingly important issue for circuit reliability. Traditional techniques to protect against soft errors, like triple modular redundancy (TMR), have a large cost in terms of area and power. This has motivated the development of specific protection techniques for various types of circuits. In this paper, techniques to protect adaptive filters are presented, which provide reasonable reliability with reduced cost and power consumption. An adaptive equalizer case study is used to discuss and evaluate the proposed techniques in terms of both protection and cost.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5418885,no
Error Tracking Based Error Concealment Strategy for Scalable Video Coding,"Scalable video coding (SVC) is a new emerging video coding standard to be released as an amendment of the H.264/AVC The SVC standard adopts four post-processing EC methods to cope with frame loss caused by transmission error. In SVC, however, there have been few studies on burst errors by which several successive frames are corrupted in noisy channels. In this paper, we first propose an error tracking model with which the concealment error and the propagation error can be estimated. Then, in order to cope with the burst error in error-prone networks, we introduce a novel error concealment (EC) strategy based on the proposed error tracking model. For each lost frame, the proposed strategy selects one of four EC methods adopted in the SVC that minimizes the visual degradation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4587993,no
Deterministic Diagnostic Pattern Generation (DDPG) for Compound Defects,"Scan chain failure diagnosis has become an important means for silicon debug and yield improvement. Although plenty of prior work discussed how to perform scan chain diagnosis, most of the previously proposed techniques made an assumption that the system logic is fault-free, which could be an impractical assumption leading to incorrect diagnostic results. In this paper, we propose a scan chain deterministic diagnostic pattern generation (DDPG) method that can tolerate the faults in the system logic without degradation of chain diagnostic resolution and precision. The entire flow includes three steps. In the first step, patterns are created to propagate the state of a targeted scan cell to as many reliable observation points as possible. In the second step, the load error probability of each targeted scan cell is calculated based on the hamming distances between the observed responses and the expected good or faulty responses. In the last step, a suspect profile is plotted, which can be used to identify the suspect scan cell(s) based on ranking scores. Experimental results show that the diagnostic resolution and precision are not degraded even with dozens of faults injected into the system logic.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700587,no
"Scansar Differential Interferometry and Wet Delay Correction: Case Studies in Dangxiong, Tibet","ScanSAR is a synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which has a very wide image swath. This provides a new option for interferometric applications. It makes the large scale deformation observation easier to implement. In this paper, we applied ScanSAR differential interferometry in Dangxiong, Tibet to observe the crust deformation there. However, the accuracy of ScanSAR interferometry is also affected by water vapour in the atmosphere. In our work, we tried to correct the wet delay using synchronous MERIS integrated water vapour products. In the end of this paper, the advantages and problems of ScanSAR interferometry are concluded.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4779703,no
Schedulability Analysis for Fault-Tolerant Hard Real-Time Tasks with Arbitrary Large Deadlines,"Schedulability analysis based the worst-case response time is an important research issue in real-time systems. Due to the restriction that the traditional schedulability analysis for fault-tolerant real-time systems only considered that the deadline of each task must be no larger than its period, this paper extends the computation model that the deadline of each task can be longer than its period. Based on the worst-case response time schedulability analysis for fault-tolerant hard real-time task set, we present a fault-tolerant priority assignment algorithm for our proposed computation model. This algorithm can be useful, together with schedulability analysis, especially for the real-time communication systems and distribution systems.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4595551,no
Bit-slice logic interleaving for spatial multi-bit soft-error tolerance,"Semiconductor devices are becoming more susceptible to single event upsets (SEUs) as device dimensions, operating voltages and frequencies are scaled. The majority of architecture-, logic- and circuit-level techniques that have been developed to address SEUs in logic assume a single-point fault model. This will soon be insufficient as the occurrence of spatial multi-bit errors is becoming prevalent in highly scaled devices. In this paper, we explore this new fault model and evaluate the effectiveness of conventional fault tolerance techniques to mitigate such faults. We also extend the idea of bit interleaving in memory to logic bit slices and explore its utility as an approach to spatial multi-bit error mitigation in logic. We present a comparison of these techniques using a case study of a Brent-Kung adder at a 90-nm process.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544920,no
Hardware-based Reliability Tree (HRT) for fault tree analysis,"Reliability analysis of critical systems is performed using fault trees. Fault trees are then converted to their equivalent Binary Decision Diagram, Cut Set, Markov Chain or Bayesian Network. These approaches however are complex and time consuming if a continuous time reliability curve is aimed, particularly for large systems. This paper introduces Hardware-based Reliability Tree (HRT). The HRT can be implemented by hardware in order to decrease reliability calculation time of a complex system. In this method, from a given fault tree, an equivalent Reliability Tree is generated and an equivalent hardware using op-amp, adder, gain, and multiplier circuits, is constructed. After obtaining continuous reliability curve over time, an integrator is utilized for calculating time to failure of the system. In order to evaluate the model, two systems were evaluated. The first one is a security alarm system and the second consists of two processors which share a single spare. In the case of failure of each processor, the spare is activated. Evaluation of these benchmarks using hardware implemented HRT demonstrates an speed up of up to 3.4E+6.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5623587,no
A QoS-Aware Middleware for Fault Tolerant Web Services,"Reliability is a key issue of the service-oriented architecture (SOA) which is widely employed in critical domains such as e-commerce and e-government. Redundancy-based fault tolerance strategies are usually employed for building reliable SOA on top of unreliable remote Web services. Based on the idea of user-collaboration, this paper proposes a QoS-aware middleware for fault tolerant Web services. Based on this middleware, service-oriented applications can dynamically adjust their optimal fault tolerance strategy to achieve good service reliability as well as good overall performance. A dynamic fault tolerance replication strategy is designed and evaluated. Experiments are conducted to illustrate the advantage of the proposed middleware as well as the dynamic fault tolerance replication strategy. Comparison of the effectiveness of the proposed dynamic fault tolerance strategy and various traditional fault tolerance strategies are also provided.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700314,no
Monte Carlo Analysis of the Effects of Soft Errors Accumulation in SRAM-Based FPGAs,"Single event effects in SRAM-based FPGAs have been widely studied and there is a variety of mitigation techniques that can be used in order to achieve a complete fault tolerance. In this scenario, multiple faults are becoming a concern and new methodologies have to be developed in order to evaluate the effects of fault accumulation. In this paper a new Monte Carlo based methodology is used to evaluate soft errors accumulation in the configuration memory of triple modular redundancy designs implemented in SRAM-based FPGAs. Analytical predictions are confirmed by means of fault injection experiments.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4723772,no
Compiler-level implementation of single Event Upset errors mitigation algorithms,"Single event upset is a common source of failure in microprocessor-based systems working in environment with increased radiation level especially in places like accelerators and synchrotrons, where sophisticated digital devices operate closely to the radiation source. One of the possible solutions to increase the radiation immunity of the microprocessor systems is a strict programming approach known as the software implemented hardware fault tolerance. Unfortunately, a manual implementation of SIHFT algorithms is difficult and can introduce additional problems with program functionality caused by human errors. In this paper author presents new approach to this problem, that is based on the modifications of the source code of the C language compiler. Protection methods are applied automatically during source code processing at intermediate representation of the compiled program.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5289638,no
Reliability considerations and fault handling strategies for multi-MW modular drive systems,"Shunt-interleaved electrical drive systems consisting of several parallel medium-voltage back to back converters enable power ratings of tens of MVA, low current distortions and a very smooth airgap torque. In order to meet stringent reliability and availability goals despite the large parts count, the modularity of the drive system needs to be exploited and a suitable fault handling strategy that allows the exclusion and isolation of faulted threads is required. This avoids the shutdown of the complete system and enables the drive system to continue operating. If full power capability is also required in degraded mode operation, redundancy on a thread level needs to be added. Experimental results confirm that thread exclusion allows the isolation of the majority of faults without affecting the mechanical load. As the drive system continues to run, faulted threads can be repaired and then added on-the-fly to the running system by thread inclusion. As a result, the downtime of such a modular drive system is expected to not exceed a few hours per year.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5316422,no
Study of Fault detection device based on ARM in distribution networks,"Since currently in China the power supply distribution system adopts low current grounding system with indirect grounding of neutral, so the fault of single phase grounding in the system takes place frequently. With reference of actual conditions for single phase grounding fault, the paper designs a new real-time monitoring and fault diagnosis device based on ARM (S3C2410). On the one hand, the device can measure some elementary power parameters, such as the three-phase voltages, current, power, frequency etc. On the other hand, it can really monitor system status. Results of operation show that this device computing speed quickly, strong anti-jamming capability, stable operation, has the good performance-to-price ratio, is very practical in the small current grounding and the grid.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5567358,no
A robust and fault-tolerant distributed intrusion detection system,"Since it is impossible to predict and identify all the vulnerabilities of a network, and penetration into a system by malicious intruders cannot always be prevented, intrusion detection systems (IDSs) are essential entities for ensuring the security of a networked system. To be effective in carrying out their functions, the IDSs need to be accurate, adaptive, and extensible. Given these stringent requirements and the high level of vulnerabilities of the current days' networks, the design of an IDS has become a very challenging task. Although, an extensive research has been done on intrusion detection in a distributed environment, distributed IDSs suffer from a number of drawbacks e.g., high rates of false positives, low detection efficiency etc. In this paper, the design of a distributed IDS is proposed that consists of a group of autonomous and cooperating agents. In addition to its ability to detect attacks, the system is capable of identifying and isolating compromised nodes in the network thereby introducing fault-tolerance in its operations. The experiments conducted on the system have shown that it has high detection efficiency and low false positives compared to some of the currently existing systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5679879,no
Vertical quench furnace Hammerstein fault predicting model based on least squares support vector machine and its application,"Since large-scale vertical quench furnace is voluminous, whose working condition is a typically complex process with distributed parameter, nonlinear, multi-inputs/multi-outputs, close coupled variables, etc, Hammerstein model of the furnace is presented. Firstly, the nonlinear function of Hammerstein model is constructed by least squares support vector machines regression. A numerical algorithm for subspace system (singular value decomposition, SVD) is utilized to identify the Hammerstein model. Finally, the model is used to predict the furnace temperature. The simulation research shows this model provides accurate prediction and is with desirable application value.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5195113,no
Demagnetization Analysis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines under Short Circuit Fault,"Sudden symmetrical short circuit is a serious fault when the entire demagnetization or partial demagnetization of permanent magnet can occur. The aim of this paper is to analyze the demagnetization phenomenon of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) based on FEM and analytic method. Firstly, the transient FEM is utilized to analyze the demagnetization operating point of permanent magnet when symmetrical short circuit occurs. The computed time evolution of the maximum partial demagnetization operating point is derived. Secondly, the synthesized magnetomotive force (MMF) of the short circuit current is analyzed by analytical method. Through the analysis some characters are obtained. At last several factors that affect the demagnetization operating point are summarized and several measures are put forward to improve the max demagnetization operating point of permanent magnet.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5448459,no
Missing-sensor-fault-tolerant control for SSSC facts device with real-time implementation,"Summary form only given. Control of power systems relies on the availability and quality of sensor measurements. However, measurements are inevitably subjected to faults caused by sensor failure, broken or bad connections, bad communication, or malfunction of some hardware or software. These faults in turn may cause the failure of power system controllers and consequently severe contingencies in the power system. To avoid such contingencies, this paper presents a sensor evaluation and (missing sensor) restoration scheme (SERS) by using auto-associative neural networks (auto-encoders) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Based on the SERS, a missing-sensor-fault-tolerant control (MSFTC) is developed for controlling a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) connected to a power network. This MSFTC improves the reliability, maintainability and survivability of the SSSC and the power network. The effectiveness of the MSFTC is demonstrated by a real-time implementation of an SSSC connected to the IEEE 10-machine 39-bus system on the real time digital simulator (RTDS) and TMS320C6701 digital signal processor platform. The proposed fault-tolerant control can be readily applied to many existing controllers in power systems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275371,no
Event-based fault detection of manufacturing cell: Data inconsistencies between academic assumptions and industry practice,"Some problems with event-based faults in manufacturing systems cannot be handled by existing fault detection solutions, including finding faults in event-based data for systems for which limited information is known. A new fault detection solution that finds faults in event-based data using model generation is presented here. This solution assumes that some information is known about the system from its design information and data structure. An example application of this solution is presented for a Ford machining cell that has been experiencing a gantry waiting problem. In the course of this example application, five inconsistencies were found between relatively common academic assumptions made by this fault detection solution (as well as others) and the actual cell's set-up and data. These inconsistencies and possible means of addressing them are discussed. Some of these means to resolve the inconsistencies have been implemented, and preliminary results in generating models using the fault detection solution are presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5584595,no
Using Logic Criterion Feasibility to Reduce Test Set Size While Guaranteeing Fault Detection,"Some software testing logic coverage criteria demand inputs that guarantee detection of a large set of fault types. One powerful such criterion, MUMCUT, is composed of three criteria, where each constituent criterion ensures the detection of specific fault types. In practice, the criteria may overlap in terms of fault types detected, thereby leading to numerous redundant tests, but due to the unfortunate fact that infeasible test requirements don't result in tests, all the constituent criteria are needed. The key insight of this paper is that analysis of the feasibility of the constituent criteria can be used to reduce test set size without sacrificing fault detection. In other words, expensive criteria can be reserved for use only when they are actually necessary. This paper introduces a new logic criterion, Minimal-MUMCUT, based on this insight. Given a predicate in minimal DNF, a determination is made of which constituent criteria are feasible at the level of individual literals and terms. This in turn determines which criteria are necessary, again at the level of individual literals and terms. This paper presents an empirical study using predicates in avionics software. The study found that Minimal-MUMCUT reduces test set size -- without sacrificing fault detection -- to as little as a few percent of the test set size needed if feasibility is not considered.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4815369,no
Isolating Suspiciousness from Spectrum-Based Fault Localization Techniques,"Spectrum-based fault localization (SBFL) is one of the most promising fault localization approaches, which normally uses the failed and passed program spectrum to evaluate the risks for all program entities. However, it does not explicitly distinguish the different degree in definiteness between the information associated with the failed spectrum and the passed spectrum, which may result in an unreliable location of faults. Thus in this paper, we propose a refinement method to improve the accuracy of the predication by SBFL, through eliminating the indefinite information. Our method categorizes all statements into two groups according to their different suspiciousness, and then uses different evaluation schemes for these two groups. In this way, we can reduce the use of the unreliable information in the ranking list, and finally provide a more precise result. Experimental study shows that for some SBFL techniques, our method can significantly improve their performance in some situations, and in other cases, it can still remain the techniques' original performance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562991,no
An approach for analyzing and correcting spelling errors for non-native Arabic learners,"Spellcheckers are widely used in many software products for identifying errors in users' writings. However, they are not designed to address spelling errors made by non-native learners of a language. As a matter of fact, spelling errors made by non-native learners are more than just misspellings. Non-native learners' errors require special handling in terms of detection and correction, especially when it comes to morphologically rich languages such as Arabic, which have few related resources. In this paper, we address common error patterns made by non-native Arabic learners and suggest a two-layer spell-checking approach, including spelling error detection and correction. The proposed error detection mechanism is applied on top of Buckwalter's Arabic morphological analyzer in order to demonstrate the capability of our approach in detecting possible spelling errors. The correction mechanism adopts a rule-based edit distance algorithm. Rules are designed in accordance with common spelling error patterns made by Arabic learners. Error correction uses a multiple filtering mechanism to propose final corrections. The approach utilizes semantic information given in exercising questions in order to achieve highly accurate detection and correction of spelling errors made by non-native Arabic learners. Finally, the proposed approach was evaluated using real test data and promising results were achieved.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5461784,no
Errors in Operational Spreadsheets: A Review of the State of the Art,"Spreadsheets are thought to be highly prone to errors and misuse. In some documented instances, spreadsheet errors have cost organizations millions of dollars. Given the importance of spreadsheets, little research has been done on how they are used in organizations. We review the existing state of understanding of spreadsheet errors, concentrating on two studies. One analyzes errors in 50 operational spreadsheets; the other studies the quantitative impacts of errors in 25 spreadsheets from five organizations. These studies suggest that counts of error cells are not sufficient to understand the problem of errors. Average error cell counts reported in the literature range from 1 percent to 5 percent depending on definitions and methods used. However, some errors are benign while others are fatal. Furthermore, spreadsheets in some organizations appear to be error-free. Several types of new research are needed to understand the spreadsheet error problem more fully.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4755810,no
Study on software reliability design criteria based on defect patterns,"Software reliability design criteria, one of the primary means to improve software reliability, could help to summarize experience and lessons learned. Nowadays, more and more organizations are putting emphasis on the collection and utilization of software defects. Software defects are the root causes for software failures. Therefore, software reliability design criteria based on the analysis of the defects could avoid the occurrence of similar defects and improve software quality. This paper investigates the idea of studying software reliability design criteria on the basis of defect patterns. Through the analysis of defect data, we advance a defect classification suitable for each software development phase and the definition of software defect patterns. The software defect patterns in requirement analysis, design and coding phase are listed. One method to solve the problem of how to convert from defect patterns to reliability design criteria is proposed. Subsequently the reliability design criteria in requirement analysis, design and coding phase are expounded by using the method. The reliability design criteria are tested to be practical and valid in application examples.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270095,no
Quasi-Renewal Time-Delay Fault-Removal Consideration in Software Reliability Modeling,"Software reliability growth models based on a nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) have been considered as one of the most effective among various models since they integrate the information regarding testing and debugging activities observed in the testing phase into the software reliability model. Although most of the existing NHPP models have progressed successfully in their estimation/prediction accuracies by modifying the assumptions with regard to the testing process, these models were developed based on the instantaneous fault-removal assumption. In this paper, we develop a generalized NHPP software reliability model considering quasi-renewal time-delay fault removal. The quasi-renewal process is employed to estimate the time delay due to identifying and prioritizing the detected faults before actual code change in the software reliability assessment. Model formulation based on the quasi-renewal time-delay assumption is provided, and the generalized mean value function (MVF) for the proposed model is derived by using the method of steps. The general solution of the MVFs for the proposed model is also obtained for some specific existing models. The numerical examples, based on a software failure data set, show that the consideration of quasi-renewal time-delay fault-removal assumption improves the descriptive properties of the model, which means that the length of time delay is getting decreased since testers and programmers adapt themselves to the working environment as testing and debugging activities are in progress.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4694128,no
Consider of fault propagation in architecture-based software reliability analysis,"Software reliability models are used to estimation and prediction of software reliability. Existing models either use black-box approach that based on test data during software test phase or white-box approach that based on software architecture and individual component reliability, which is more suited to assess the reliability of modern software system. However, most of the reliability models based on architecture assumed that a failure occurring within one component will not cause any other component to fail, which is inconsistent with the facts. This paper introduces a reliability model and a reliability analysis technique for architecture-based reliability evaluation. Our approach extend existing reliability model by considering fault propagation. We believe that this model can be used to effectively improve software quality.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5069416,no
Application of SVM to engine parameter collector fault diagnosis,"Support Vector Machine (SVM), based on structural risk minimization principle, is now widely used in pattern recognition, classification and other research fields. It shows better generalization performance than traditional statistical learning theory, especially in small samples. In this paper, some dimensionless parameter is selected as SVM eigenvector, and then support vector machine is applied to fault diagnosis in engine parameter collector. Result shows that it has good ability in fault pattern classification of engine parameter collector.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4776259,no
A Hybrid Approach to Detecting Security Defects in Programs,"Static analysis works well at checking defects that clearly map to source code constructs. Model checking can find defects of deadlocks and routing loops that are not easily detected by static analysis, but faces the problem of state explosion. This paper proposes a hybrid approach to detecting security defects in programs. Fuzzy inference system is used to infer selection among the two detection approaches. A cluster algorithm is developed to divide a large system into several clusters in order to apply model checking. Ontology based static analysis employs logic reasoning to intelligently detect the defects. We also put forwards strategies to improve performance of the static analysis. At last, we perform experiments to evaluate the accuracy and performance of the hybrid approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381537,no
Static Detection of Disassembly Errors,"Static disassembly is a crucial first step in reverse engineering executable files, and there is a considerable body of work in reverse-engineering of binaries, as well as areas such as semantics-based security analysis, that assumes that the input executable has been correctly disassembled. However, disassembly errors, e.g., arising from binary obfuscations, can render this assumption invalid. This work describes a machine-learning-based approach, using decision trees, for statically identifying possible errors in a static disassembly; such potential errors may then be examined more closely, e.g., using dynamic analyses. Experimental results using a variety of input executables indicate that our approach performs well, correctly identifying most disassembly errors with relatively few false positives.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5328781,no
Improving testability and soft-error resilience through retiming,"State elements are increasingly vulnerable to soft errors due to their decreasing size, and the fact that latched errors cannot be completely eliminated by electrical or timing masking. Most prior methods of reducing the soft error rate (SER) involve combinational redesign, which tends to add area and decrease testability, the latter a concern due to the prevalence of manufacturing defects. Our work explores the fundamental relations between the SER of sequential circuits and their testability in scan mode, and appears to be the first to improve both through retiming. Our retiming methodology relocates registers so that [1] registers become less observable with respect to primary outputs, thereby decreasing overall SER, and [2] combinational nodes become more observable with respect to registers (but not with respect to primary outputs), thereby increasing scan testability. We present experimental results which show an average decrease of 42% in the SER of latches, and an average improvement of 31% random pattern testability.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5227049,no
Research on surface defect inspection for small magnetic rings,"Surface defect characters of the small magnetic ring is diversiform and the diameter of surface defect is usually about 0.1mm, thus the magnetic ring existing defects used in industrial production is great security risks. However, currently the disadvantages of artificial visual method are cost high, efficiency low and etc. Therefore, a new method is needed to detect small magnetic ring automatically. In this paper, the design of the automatic inspection system is illustrated, the modified BHPF filter is used for de-noising and eventually the defect is located and recognized.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246333,no
A Lightweight Fault-Tolerant Mechanism for Network-on-Chip,"Survival capability is becoming a crucial factor in designing multicore processors built with on-chip packet networks, or networks on chip (NoCs). In this paper, we propose a lightweight fault-tolerant mechanism for NoCs based on default backup paths (DBPs) designed to maintain, in the presence of failures, network connectivity of both non-faulty routers as well as healthy processor cores which may be connected to faulty routers. The mechanism provides default paths as backup between certain router ports which serve as alternative datapaths to circumvent failed components within a faulty router. Along with a minimal subset of normal network channels, the set of default backup paths internal to faulty routers form - in the worst case - a unidirectional ring topology that provides network-wide connectivity to all processor cores. Routing using the DBP mechanism is proved to be deadlock-free with only two virtual channels even for fault scenarios in which regular networks degrade to irregular (arbitrary) topologies. Evaluation results show that, for a 2-D mesh wormhole NoC, only 12.6% additional hardware resources are needed to implement the proposed DBP mechanism in order to provide graceful performance degradation without chip-wide failure as the number of faults increases to the maximum needed to form ring.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4492721,no
Search-Based Prediction of Fault Count Data,"Symbolic regression, an application domain of genetic programming (GP), aims to find a function whose output has some desired property, like matching target values of a particular data set. While typical regression involves finding the coefficients of a pre-defined function, symbolic regression finds a general function, with coefficients, fitting the given set of data points. The concepts of symbolic regression using genetic programming can be used to evolve a model for fault count predictions. Such a model has the advantages that the evolution is not dependent on a particular structure of the model and is also independent of any assumptions, which are common in traditional time-domain parametric software reliability growth models. This research aims at applying experiments targeting fault predictions using genetic programming and comparing the results with traditional approaches to compare efficiency gains.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5033177,no
Software fault detection for reliability using recurrent neural network modeling,"Software fault detection is an important factor for quantitatively characterizing software quality. One of the proposed methods for software fault detection is neural networks. Fault detection is actually a pattern recognition task. Faulty and fault free data are different patterns which must be recognized. In this paper we propose a new framework for modeling software testing and fault detection in applications. Recurrent neural network architecture is used to improve performance of the system. Based on the experiments performed on the software reliability data obtained from middle-sized application software, it is observed that the non-linear RNN can be effective and efficient for software faults detection.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5608831,no
Methodology of modeling applied to fault injection based on EDA,"The circuit fault injection based on EDA simulation is one of the efficient methods of testability analysis. In order to implement fault simulation, the first step is to establish the models that reflect the function or fault modes appropriately. Considering the various components of number systems in PHM system, although the prevalent software contains parts libraries, the symbols in the libraries and well-known modeling methods cannot meet the needs of simulation. Therefore, the analysis of integrated and practical methods of establishing function/performance models is of great necessity. In this paper, an integrated methodology of modeling is proposed. The methodology is introduced with several cases in avionics system. It provides general approach for modeling of the number systems and BITE in PHM system. The analysis of the methodology will be significant to implement the fault injection and testability analysis for PHM system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5413436,no
Code construction algorithm for architecture aware LDPC codes with low-error-floor,"The common approach for the design of an error correction system is first to construct a code and then to define the hardware structure of the encoder and decoder. However, in the case of LDPC codes (low-density parity-check) such a constructed code is generally not well suited for a hardware implementation. It has been recognized that the code construction and hardware design must be considered jointly to facilitate LDPC decoder and encoder implementation. In this paper, an efficient decoder structure for regular and irregular LDPC codes, based on TDMP (turbo-decoding message passing) scheme is designed first. The decoder has been implemented and verified in an FPGA device. Constraints for the parity check matrix of a code to be suitable for the decoder architecture are defined. Then an algorithm for LDPC parity check matrix construction subject to these constraints is presented. The algorithm aims at improving performance of the code in the low SNR region by employing irregular codes as well as in high SNR region by reducing the number of small Stopping Sets and Trapping Sets in the Tanner graph of the code making use of a computer search technique.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4602573,no
A novel Shared-Clock scheduling protocol for fault-confinement in CAN-based distributed systems,"The Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol is widely employed in the development of distributed embedded systems. Building on the CAN protocol, previous studies have illustrated how Shared-Clock (S-C) algorithms can be used in conjunction with off-the-shelf microcontrollers to create high-reliability distributed systems at low cost. In such studies, it has generally been assumed that S-C designs will be based on a bus topology: in the present paper, a novel S-C algorithm is introduced which is intended for use with star networks. Through a fault-injection case study and quantitative comparisons, it is demonstrated that the star-based design has a number of advantages when compared with a bus-based equivalent.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544029,no
The Optimized Combination of Fault Location Technology Based on Traveling Wave Principle,"The accuracy and the reliability of modern D-type double-ended and A-type single-ended traveling wave fault location principles used for transmission lines is comprehensively evaluated. Based on the evaluation, this paper presents the idea of optimized combination of location based on these two traveling wave principles, and successfully applies the idea in actual fault analysis of transient traveling waves. Compared with the traveling wave location schemes based on D-type or A-type principle alone, this scheme has the greatest advantages of utilizing the A-type traveling wave principle to verify and correct the location results obtained with the D-type traveling wave principle, so that both the location reliability and accuracy are enhanced. Practical applications showed that the optimized combination of traveling wave location schemes is feasible, and the location precision is improved significantly.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4918894,no
Gazing estimation and correction from elliptical features of one iris,"The accuracy of eye gaze estimation by image information is affected by several objective factors, including the image resolution, anatomical structure of eye, posture change, etc. Especially, the irregular movements of head and eye are the main problem and key technology being researched. We describe an effective way of estimating the eye gazing from the elliptical features of one iris under the conditions without auxiliary source, head fixing equipment or multiple-camera. Firstly, we give the preliminary estimations of the gazing direction and then obtain the vectors describing translation and rotation of eyeball movement using central projection on the cross section passing through the line-of-sight, which avoids the complex computations involved in known methods. We also disambiguate the solution on the basis of the experimental findings. Secondly, the error correction is carried on the BP neural network trained by a sample collection of the translation and rotation vectors. In our simulations, we achieve an accuracy of 0.8 on the test images which are different from the training images. The result is found to be better than that of the existing non-intrusive method with single-camera. The performance of the algorithm proves that the proposed method has excellent generalized abilities.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5647733,no
A Weaker Knowledge Connectivity Condition Sufficient for Fault-Tolerant Consensus with Unknown Participants,"The agreement problem is usually exploited to improve the fault-tolerant capability of software systems. For self-organized networks like cloud computing architectures that possess highly decentralized and self-organized natures, consensus, which is essential to solving the agreement problem, in such networks cannot be achieved in the ways for traditional fixed networks. To address this problem of Consensus with Unknown Participants (CUP), a variant of the traditional consensus problem was proposed in the literature. Correspondingly, the CUP problem considering process crashes was also introduced, called the Fault-Tolerant Consensus with Unknown Participants (FT-CUP) problem. In this paper, we propose a new knowledge connectivity condition sufficient for solving the FT-CUP problem. Our new condition is weaker and more viable than an existing one, which is hard to implement in practice.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676271,no
Evolutionary generation of test data for multiple paths coverage with faults detection,"The aim of software testing is to find faults in the program under test. Generating test data which can reveal faults is the core issue. Although existing methods of path-oriented testing can generate test data which traverse target paths, they cannot guarantee that the data find the faults in the program. In this paper, we transform the problem into a multi-objective optimization problem with constrains and propose a method of evolutionary generation of test data for multiple paths coverage with faults detection. First, we establish the mathematical model of this problem and then a strategy based on multi-objective genetic algorithms is given. Finally we apply the proposed method in some programs under test and the experimental results validate that our method can find specified faults effectively. Compared with other methods of test data generation for multiple paths coverage, our method has greater advantage in faults detection and testing efficiency.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5645159,no
Exploiting Memory Soft Redundancy for Joint Improvement of Error Tolerance and Access Efficiency,"Technology roadmap projects nanoscale multibillion- transistor integration in the coming years. However, on-chip memory becomes increasingly exposed to the dual challenges of device-level reliability degradation and architecture-level performance gap. In this paper, we propose to exploit the inherent memory soft (<i>transient</i>) <i>redundancy</i> for on-chip memory design. Due to the mismatch between fixed cache line size and runtime variations in memory spatial locality, many irrelevant data are fetched into the memory thereby wasting memory spaces. The proposed soft-redundancy allocated memory detects and utilizes these memory spaces for jointly achieving efficient memory access and effective error control. A runtime reconfiguration scheme is also proposed to further enhance the soft-redundancy allocation. Simulation results demonstrate 74.8% average error-control coverage ratio on the SPEC CPU2000 benchmarks with average of 59.5% and 41.3% reduction in memory miss rate and bandwidth usage, respectively, as compared to the existing memory techniques. Furthermore, the proposed technique is fully scalable with respect to various memory configurations.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4804675,no
A fast error correction technique for matrix multiplication algorithms,"Temporal redundancy techniques will no longer be able to cope with radiation induced soft errors in technologies beyond the 45 nm node, because transients will last longer than the cycle time of circuits. The use of spatial redundancy techniques will also be precluded, due to their intrinsic high power and area overheads. The use of algorithm level techniques to detect and correct errors with low cost has been proposed in previous works, using a matrix multiplication algorithm as the case study. In this paper, a new approach to deal with this problem is proposed, in which the time required to recompute the erroneous element when an error is detected is minimized.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5195995,no
PEDS: A Parallel Error Detection Scheme for TCAM Devices,"Ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) devices are increasingly used for performing high-speed packet classification. A TCAM consists of an associative memory that compares a search key in parallel against all entries. TCAMs may suffer from error events that cause ternary cells to change their value to any symbol in the ternary alphabet ""0"",""1"",""*"". Due to their parallel access feature, standard error detection schemes are not directly applicable to TCAMs; an additional difficulty is posed by the special semantic of the ""*"" symbol. This paper introduces PEDS, a novel parallel error detection scheme that locates the erroneous entries in a TCAM device. PEDS is based on applying an error-detection code to each TCAM entry, and utilizing the parallel capabilities of the TCAM, by simultaneously checking the correctness of multiple TCAM entries. A key feature of PEDS is that the number of TCAM lookup operations required to locate all errors depends on the number of symbols per entry rather than the (orders-of-magnitude larger) number of TCAM entries. For large TCAM devices, a specific instance of PEDS requires only 200 lookups for 100-symbol entries, while a naive approach may need hundreds of thousands lookups. PEDS allows flexible and dynamic selection of trade-off points between robustness, space complexity, and number of lookups.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5062044,no
Prioritizing Tests for Software Fault Localization,"Test prioritization techniques select test cases that maximize the confidence on the correctness of the system when the resources for quality assurance (QA) are limited. In the event of a test failing, the fault at the root of the failure has to be localized, adding an extra debugging cost that has to be taken into account as well. However, test suites that are prioritized for failure detection can reduce the amount of useful information for fault localization. This deteriorates the quality of the diagnosis provided, making the subsequent debugging phase more expensive, and defeating the purpose of the test cost minimization. In this paper we introduce a new test case prioritization approach that maximizes the improvement of the diagnostic information per test. Our approach minimizes the loss of diagnostic quality in the prioritized test suite. When considering QA cost as the combination of testing cost and debugging cost, on the Siemens set, the results of our test case prioritization approach show up to a 53% reduction of the overall QA cost, compared with the next best technique.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562943,no
Evolution and Search Based Metrics to Improve Defects Prediction,"Testing activity is the most widely adopted practice to ensure software quality. Testing effort should be focused on defect prone and critical resources i.e., on resources highly coupled with other entities of the software application.In this paper, we used search based techniques to define software metrics accounting for the role a class plays in the class diagram and for its evolution over time. We applied Chidamber and Kemerer and the newly defined metrics to Rhino, a Java ECMA script interpreter, to predict version 1.6R5 defect prone classes. Preliminary results show that the new metrics favorably compare with traditional object oriented metrics.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5033176,no
Compact Test Generation for Small-Delay Defects Using Testable-Path Information,"Testing for small-delay defects requires fault-effect propagation along the longest testable paths. However, the selection of the longest testable paths requires high CPU time and leads to large pattern counts. Dynamic test compaction for small-delay defects has remained largely unexplored thus far. We propose a path-selection scheme to accelerate ATPG based on stored testable critical-path information. A new dynamic test-compaction technique based on structural analysis is also introduced. Simulation results are presented for a set of ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5359286,no
Predicting and controlling FPGA Device Heat using System monitor and IBERT (internal bit error ratio tester),The aim of this paper is to present a new methodology and the tools used to predict and control the FPGA Device Heat before starting the design. Knowing that the FPGA silicon heat is crucial as they all have a temperature above and under which their functionalities is not longer guaranteed. The silicon temperature is linked to the different options and strategies used to implement the design. Many tools such ldquouse Xpowerrdquo from Xilinx allows the user to have an estimation of the power consumption. This paper will present a primitive called System monitor which is present in every Virtex 5 to monitor the environment around the FPGA. Monitoring the device environment maximises the probability of getting the FPGA work after implementing required design.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5289585,no
Comparison and analysis research on geometric correction of remote sensing images,"The algorithms of remote image approximate geometric correction are mainly based on the least squares method (LSM) about linear or nonlinear models. Their disadvantages lie in overfitting, poor generalizing ability, and enough amount samples demand, due to the principle of the empirical risk minimization (ERM). It is put forward that the geometric correction algorithm of remote image making's use of support vector machine, combined with the essence theory of image approximate geometric correction. One testing region is selected; the coordinates of the ground control points in the remote image and in the ground are measured. Varying number control points are selected to correct the remote image. Other control points serve as testing points, by the cluster algorithm. The approximate geometric correction algorithm, neural network, and support vector machines algorithm are applied to geometrically correct the images respectively, and the comparison analysis of the correction accuracy is obtained.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5476139,no
One-Dimensional Variational Retrieval of the Wet Tropospheric Correction for Altimetry in Coastal Regions,"The altimeter range is corrected for tropospheric humidity by means of microwave radiometer measurements (Envisat/MWR, Jason-1/JMR, Jason-2/AMR). Over an open ocean, the altimeter/radiometer combination is satisfactory. However, in coastal areas, radiometer measurements are contaminated by the surrounding land surfaces, and the humidity retrieval method is not appropriate anymore. In this paper, a variational assimilation technique is proposed to retrieve the wet tropospheric correction near coasts. The method is first developed on simulations using the data from a meteorological model. A performance assessment is performed, as well as a comparison with a standard algorithm. The method is then applied on actual measurements, thus evaluating its feasibility.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5308451,no
Sensor fault-tolerant vector control of induction motors,"The authors propose a multisensor switching strategy for fault-tolerant vector control of induction motors. The proposed strategy combines three current sensors and associated observers that estimate the rotor flux. The estimates provided by the observers are compared at each sampling time by a switching mechanism which selects the sensors-observer pair with the smallest error between the estimated flux magnitude and a desired flux reference. The estimates provided by the selected pair are used to implement a vector control law. The authors consider both field-oriented control and direct torque and flux control schemes. Pre-checkable conditions are derived that guarantee fault tolerance under an abrupt fault of a current sensor. These conditions are such that the observers that use measurements from the faulty sensor are automatically avoided by the switching mechanism, thus maintaining good performance levels even in the presence of a faulty sensor. Simulation results under realistic conditions illustrate the effectiveness of the scheme.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5570039,no
Improved Error Control for Real-Time Video Broadcasting Over CDMA2000 Networks,"The broadcast and multicast services (BCMCS) protocol is designed for real-time applications such as MPEG-4 video streaming, which requires successive frames to arrive within a specific time interval. We analyze the execution time of Reed-Solomon (RS) decoding, which is the medium access control (MAC)-layer forward error-correction (FEC) scheme used in CDMA2000 1xEV-DO BCMCS, under various air channel conditions. The results show that the timing constraints of MPEG-4 cannot always be met by RS decoding when the packet loss rate (PLR) is high, due to the limited processing power of current hardware. We therefore propose three error control schemes: First, we have our static scheme, which bypasses RS decoding at the mobile node to satisfy the MPEG-4 timing constraint when the PLR exceeds a given level. Second, we have the dynamic scheme, which corrects as many errors as possible within the timing constraint, instead of giving up altogether when the PLR is high; this improves quality. Third, we have the video-aware dynamic scheme, which fixes errors in a similar way to the dynamic scheme but in a priority-driven manner, yielding a further increment in video quality at mobile terminals. Extensive simulation results show the effectiveness of our schemes compared with the original FEC scheme.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4529093,no
Fault-tolerance properties and self-healing abilities implementation in FPGA-based embryonic hardware systems,"The cell-based structure, which makes up the majority of biological organisms offers the ability to grow with fault-tolerance abilities and self-repair. By adapting these mechanisms and capabilities from nature, scientific approaches have helped researches understand related phenomena and associated with principles to engine complex novel digital systems and improve their capability. Founded by these observations, the paper is focused on computer-aided modeling, simulation and experimental research of embryonic systems fault-tolerance and self-healing abilities, with the purpose to implement VLSI hardware structures which are able to imitate cells or artificial organism operation mode, with similar robustness properties like their biological equivalents from nature. The presented theoretical and simulation approaches were tested on a laboratory prototype embryonic system (embryonic machine), built with major purpose to implement self-healing properties of living organisms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5195795,no
The Extended Finite State Machine and Fault Tolerant Mechanism in Distributed Systems,"Synchronization and fault tolerance of processes are emphasis in the distributed systems research, but only a few people involves in the mathematics model used in processes synchronization and fault tolerance yet. This paper takes distributed system as an event driven system, classify the events that cause system state variety into four classes, and proposed an extended finite state machine (EFSM) with synchronization and fault tolerant message to the distributed system. Accordingly, a checkpoint set up algorithm based in this EFSM is proposed. During the establishing of the checkpoint, the consistency of checkpoint can be determined by calculating the number of sending and receiving messages. In case of lost message, sending and receiving process that lost message can be found by checking the number of sending and receiving messages, and the lost messages can be retransmitted and received. Thus the establishing of the distributed systems global state has been simplified.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381809,no
Mapping a Fault-Tolerant Distributed Algorithm to Systems on Chip,"Systems on chip (SoC) have much in common with traditional (networked) distributed systems in that they consist of largely independent components with dedicated communication interfaces. Therefore the adoption of classic distributed algorithms for SoCs suggests itself. The implementation complexity of these algorithms, however, significantly depends on the underlying failure models. In traditional software-based solutions this is normally not an issue, such that the most unconstrained, namely the Byzantine, failure model is often applied here. Our case study of a hardware implemented tick synchronization algorithm shows, however, that in an SoC-implementation substantial hardware savings can result from restricting the failure model to benign failures (omissions, crashes). On the downside, it turns out that such restricted failure models have a fairly poor coverage with respect to the hardware faults occurring in practice, and that additional measures to enforce these restrictions may entail an implementation overhead that outweighs the gain obtained in the implementation of a simpler algorithm. As a remedy we investigate the potential of failure transformation in this context and show that this technique may indeed yield an optimized overall solution.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4669243,no
Using Probabilistic Characterization to Reduce Runtime Faults in HPC Systems,"The current trend in high performance computing is to aggregate ever larger numbers of processing and interconnection elements in order to achieve desired levels of computational power, This, however, also comes with a decrease in the Mean Time To Interrupt because the elements comprising these systems are not becoming significantly more robust. There is substantial evidence that the Mean Time To Interrupt vs. number of processor elements involved is quite similar over a large number of platforms. In this paper we present a system that uses hardware level monitoring coupled with statistical analysis and modeling to select processing system elements based on where they lie in the statistical distribution of similar elements. These characterizations can be used by the scheduler/resource manager to deliver a close to optimal set of processing elements given the available pool and the reliability requirements of the application.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4534300,no
Reconfigurable architecture of ultrasonic defect detection based on wavelet packet and back propagation artificial neural network,"The defects detection based on algorithms of discrete wavelet packet transform and back propagation artificial neural network is described firstly. Then the reconfigurable architecture of the defects detection in embedded reconfigurable system is discussed. Upon the reconfigurable architecture, the algorithms of discrete wavelet packet transform and back propagation neural net work are rearranged. The reconfigurable architectures of both algorithms are carried out eventually. According to the experiments of ultrasonic signal processing, the reconfigurable architecture of the defect detection can provides a flexible and efficient solution to embedded reconfigurable signal processing system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544384,no
Error detection and unit conversion,"The article discusses the accuracy mathematical modeling languages (MML) for biomedicine, for example in cardiac electrophysiology. Unit balance checking is showed that it can be automated. The implemented example is JSim (http://www.physiome.org/ jsim/), which is general and can be applied to other systems in which units can be specified and checked. ODE-based simulator Physiome CellML Environment is also discussed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4939189,no
The Associative Memory Model with Expecting Fault-Tolerant Field on Multi-Value Information Space,The associative memory model with expecting fault-tolerant field on multi-value information space is proposed. The sample fault-tolerant field of the associative memory model memory has the hoped situation. The design method of the associative memory model with expecting fault-tolerant field on multi-value information space better solves the difficult synthesis problems of associative memory models.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4525207,no
On SINS for Rocket Bomb Trajectory Correction Based on MEMS,"Taken guided rocket bomb as the research object and aimed at trajectory correction, the kinematics model of guided rocket bomb is established and a strap down inertial navigation system(SINS) is designed using MEMS inertial sensors. According to the output data of guidance system, a differential geometry algorithm is proposed to calculate the curvature of the actual trajectory. Compared it with the which of the designed trajectory, deviate error is obtained to control rudder leaning angle to achieve trajectory correction. The simulation analysis shows that the method can greatly improve the accuracy of long-range rocket bomb.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5693738,no
Passive and Active Combined Attacks on AES Combining Fault Attacks and Side Channel Analysis,"Tamper resistance of hardware products is currently a very popular subject for researchers in the security domain. Since the first Kocher side-channel (passive)attack, the Bellcore researchers and Biham and Shamir fault (active) attacks, many other side-channel and fault attacks have been published. The design of efficient countermeasures still remains a difficult task for IC designers and manufacturers as they must also consider the attacks which combine active and passive threats. It has been shown previously that combined attacks can defeat RSA implementations if side-channel countermeasures and fault protections are developed separately instead of being designed together. This paper demonstrates that combined attacks are also effective on symmetric cryptosystems and shows how they may jeopardize a supposedly state of the art secure AES implementation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5577362,no
A Solution for Fault-Tolerance Based on Adaptive Replication in MonALISA,"The domains of usage of large-scale distributed systems have been extending during the past years from scientific to commercial applications. Together with the extension of the application domains, new requirements have emerged for large-scale distributed systems. Among these, fault tolerance is needed by more and more modern distributed applications, not only by the critical ones. In this paper we present a solution aiming at fault tolerant monitoring of the distributed systems within the MonALISA framework. Our approach uses replication and guarantees that all processing replicas achieve state consistency, both in the absence of failures and after failure recovery. We achieve consistency in the former case by implementing a module that ensures that the order of monitoring tuples is the same at all the replicas. To achieve consistency after failure recovery, we rely on check pointing techniques. We address the optimization problem of the replication architecture by dynamically monitoring and estimating inter-replica link throughputs and real-time replica status. We demonstrate the strengths of our solution using the MonALISA monitoring application in a distributed environment. Our tests show that the proposed approach outperforms previous solutions in terms of latency and that it uses system resources efficiently by carefully updating replicas, while keeping overhead very low.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5662762,no
Study for Performance Benchmark of Bank Intermediary Business on High-Performance Fault-Tolerant Computers,"The dominant position of High-Performance Fault-Tolerant (HPFT) computers in security and economics has advanced the studies on the performance benchmarks on the HPFT computers in the specific field, such as bank finance and telecommunication etc. Although TPC (Transaction Processing Council) has proposed some benchmarks models for different OLTP (On-Line Transaction Processing) complex business, such as TPC-C and TPC-E, there is still a lack of the performance benchmark model dedicated to the bank intermediary business on HPFT computers. This paper proposes a Bank Intermediary Business performance benchmark (BIBbench), and gives a solution to test and evaluate this benchmark on HPFT computers for bank intermediary business. In this paper, we present the architecture of BIBbench, defining the structures and attributes of the business model, the database model and the transaction/frame model, and illuminating the workload generation mechanism of the intermediary business system as well. The BIBbench testing environment architecture is also discussed in the paper, as well as the testing solutions and tools. Currently, this BIBbench has been partly implemented on the Oracle 10g database system, and some performance testing experiences based on the BIBbench for HPFT computers have been made.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634376,no
Research and Development of Thermal Error Compensation Embedded in CNC System,"The effective compensation upon machining error, which is given rise to by machine tool's thermal deformation, is an important fashion of improving machining efficiency in CNC system. The external thermal error compensation method is mostly adopted because of the closure in conventional CNC system. In order to solve embedded integral problem of real-time thermal error compensation function in CNC system, an concentrating approach is introduced by integral design. Of a concentrating manner, the thermal deformation error of X-axis screw is modeled and analyzed in THK6370 Horizontal processing centre. Not only is the inserted thermal error real-time compensation function realized in complete open CNC system, but also can the thermal error on-line real-time compensation be executed. Finally, the experiment validates the concentrating mode and the effective compensation of thermal deformation error can be implemented upon THK6370 horizontal machining centre X-axis screw.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5709224,no
Roundoff errors in fixed-point FFT,"The general assumptions made about roundoff noise are that its samples form a white sequence. and they are uniformly distributed between plusmnq/2, where q is the size of the LSB. While this is often true, strange cases may appear, e.g. misleading peaks can occur in the spectrum. This paper investigates the roundoff error of fixed-point FFT. It reproduces the results of Welch (1969) with modern tools, points at an error in his simulations, and investigates the consequences of the violation of the assumption for almost pure sine waves. The maximum amplitude of spurious peaks is determined and the reduced dynamic range is given.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5286573,no
Model of Reliability of the Software with Coxian Distribution of Length of Intervals between the Moments of Detection of Errors,"The generalized software reliability model on the basis of nonstationary Markovian system of service is proposed. Approximation by distribution of Cox allows investigating growth of software reliability for any kinds of distribution of time between the moments of detection of errors and exponential distributions of time of their correction. The model allows receiving the forecast of important characteristics: the number of the corrected and not corrected errors, required time of debugging, etc. The diagram of transitions between states of the generalized model and system of the differential equations are presented. The example of calculation with use of the offered model is considered, research of influence of variation coefficient of Cox distribution of duration of intervals between the error detection moments on values of look-ahead characteristics is executed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676262,no
"Processors for ALOS Optical Data: Deconvolution, DEM Generation, Orthorectification, and Atmospheric Correction","The German Aerospace Center (DLR) is responsible for the development of prototype processors for PRISM and AVNIR-2 data under a contract of the European Space Agency. The PRISM processor comprises the radiometric correction, an optional deconvolution to improve image quality, the generation of a digital elevation model, and orthorectification. The AVNIR-2 processor comprises radiometric correction, orthorectification, and atmospheric correction over land. Here, we present the methodologies applied during these processing steps as well as the results achieved using the processors.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4840375,no
Predicting identification errors in a multibiometric system based on ranks and scores,"The goal of a biometric identification system is to determine the identity of the input biometric data. In such a system, the input probe (e.g., a face image) is compared against the labeled gallery data (e.g., face images in a watch-list) resulting in a set of ranked scores pertaining to the different identities in the gallery database. The identity corresponding to the best score is then associated with that of the probe. The aim of this work is to predict identification errors and improve the recognition accuracy of the biometrie system. The method utilizes the rank and score information generated by the identification operation in order to validate the output. Further, we demonstrate the proposed predictor can be effectively applied in multimodal scenarios. Experiments performed on two multimodal databases show the effectiveness of our framework in improving identification performance of biometrie systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634471,no
Error propagation of the robotic system for liver cancer coagulation therapy,"The goal of this paper is to establish the error propagation model of the ultrasound-guided robot for liver cancer coagulation therapy, which consists of ultrasound machine, image-guided software subsystem, position tracking unit and needle-driven robot. The target of tumor is transformed to robot coordinate frame to let the robot move to the target. The transformation includes three dimension ultrasound construction, registration between pre-operative model and intra-operative physical body, coordinate transformation from position tracking unit to robot. The factors affecting the system accuracy can be expressed by the sum of target mapping error and robot positioning error. Then, the propagation model of target mapping error on the Euclidean motion group is established. At last, the simulations of the propagation model of target mapping error and the experiment of the system accuracy are carried out and the results show our proposed error propagation model is efficient and the system accuracy can satisfy the need of coagulation therapy for liver cancer.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246134,no
Reliability Estimation of Fault-Tolerant Wireless and Mobile Networks,"The environmental conditions along with user mobility obstruct the reliability analysis of mobile computing system. The methods to provide reliability rely on a modeling approach that recognizes the effects of node mobility. Consequently, a Monte Carlo simulation method is proposed in this paper that accounts for node mobility, node reliability and hence predicts the resultant all operating terminal reliability of the network as well as coverage. We have also considered recoverable faults at nodes as the computing potential of the wireless network is often hampered by failures. This approach also covers imperfect nodes, their handoff rates and uses tolerance of disconnection interval to distinguish between disconnection due to node failure and disconnection due to node movement (moving outside the network). Smooth Random Mobility Model is used to estimate node location in time showing the effect on overall system reliability. This paper discusses a reliability estimation model to calculate all operating terminal reliability (AOTR) and network coverage of fault tolerant wireless network. We have shown that the AOTR is a function of time, node mobility, and network infrastructure.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5532785,no
3D CMM strain-gauge triggering probe error characteristics modeling using fuzzy logic,The error values of CMMs depends on the probing direction; hence its spatial variation is a key part of the probe inaccuracy. This paper presents genetically-generated fuzzy knowledge bases (FKBs) to model the spatial error characteristics of a CMM module-changing probe. Two automatically generated FKBs based on two optimization paradigms are used for the reconstruction of the direction- dependent probe error w. The angles beta and gamma are used as input variables of the FKBs; they describe the spatial direction of probe triggering. The learning algorithm used to generate the FKBs is a real/ binary like coded genetic algorithm developed by the authors. The influence of the optimization criteria on the precision of the genetically-generated FKBs is presented.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4531237,no
Predicting error floors of structured LDPC codes: deterministic bounds and estimates,"The error-correcting performance of low-density parity check (LDPC) codes, when decoded using practical iterative decoding algorithms, is known to be close to Shannon limits for codes with suitably large blocklengths. A substantial limitation to the use of finite-length LDPC codes is the presence of an error floor in the low frame error rate (FER) region. This paper develops a deterministic method of predicting error floors, based on high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) asymptotics, applied to absorbing sets within structured LDPC codes. The approach is illustrated using a class of array-based LDPC codes, taken as exemplars of high-performance structured LDPC codes. The results are in very good agreement with a stochastic method based on importance sampling which, in turn, matches the hardware-based experimental results. The importance sampling scheme uses a mean-shifted version of the original Gaussian density, appropriately centered between a codeword and a dominant absorbing set, to produce an unbiased estimator of the FER with substantial computational savings over a standard Monte Carlo estimator. Our deterministic estimates are guaranteed to be a lower bound to the error probability in the high SNR regime, and extend the prediction of the error probability to as low as 10<sup>-30</sup>. By adopting a channel-independent viewpoint, the usefulness of these results is demonstrated for both the standard Gaussian channel and a channel with mixture noise.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5174520,no
Cross-layer fault tolerant data aggregation for improved network delay in healthcare management applications,"The escalation of American health care costs compels a new approach to manage chronic diseases. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have been applied successfully in remote monitoring in military, aerospace, civil structure, and healthcare. However, existing wireless network framework cannot provide required quality of service (QoS) due to communication device failure, message loss caused by link error, collision, and hidden terminal for personalized disease management applications. In this paper, we present scalable network architecture and an operating mechanism that tolerates network structure changes caused by failure, with the application level data aggregation algorithm able to heal from the failure. We provide close form solutions that can achieve optimized network delay. Performance analysis was done to evaluate the significance of different nodes' failure in both homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor network and the effects of sensing and communication speed on failure impact in heterogeneous sensor networks.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5333910,no
Using the Number of Faults to Improve Fault-Proneness Prediction of the Probability Models,"The existing fault-proneness prediction methods are based on unsampling and the training dataset does not contain the information on the number of faults of each module and the fault distributions among these modules. In this paper, we propose an oversampling method using the number of faults to improve fault-proneness prediction. Our method uses the information on the number of faults in the training dataset to support better prediction of fault-proneness. Our test illustrates that the difference between the predictions of oversampling and unsampling is statistically significant and our method can improve the prediction of two probability models, i.e. logistic regression and naive Bayes with kernel estimators.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5170411,no
A novel online diagnosis of brushless generator rotary rectifier fault,"The fault detection of rotary rectifier based on harmonic analysis has some deficiencies. A new fault diagnosis method is presented using fractal theory and dynamics. Firstly, the quantitative description of exciter field currentpsilas complexity and irregularity is performed by box dimension calculation. Then the exciter field current fluctuation range under noisy environments is obtained by dynamics. Finally, the fault detection and identification of rotary rectifier is implemented through fractal dimension-signal fluctuation range trajectory area. The analysis results of testing waveforms show that box dimension and dynamics can analyze the waveform characteristics of exciterpsilas field current synthetically, the diagnosis effect is remarkable. Because the arithmetic has a little working load, it is more feasible to realize online fault diagnosis.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4770825,no
Analysis and suppression for impact fault of hybrid machine tool based on preview control,"The impact fault of the hybrid machine tool were considered as the analysis object in this paper. The kinematics control principle of the hybrid machine tool was given as well as the causes of the impact based on the hybrid structure. The impact suppression method was given, which based on the preview-control algorithm. It was confirmed by experiment that the impact was reduced which was account for the application of preview-control algorithm and the performance of the control strategy was improved.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5554746,no
Implementation and verification of the Amplitude Recovery Method algorithm with the faults diagnostic system on induction motors,"The implementation and verification of the amplitude recovery method algorithm (A.R.M.), which was first presented in ICEMS2008, are displayed in this paper. The mathematics deduction, application and test results show that the A.R.M. can extract directly the energy of the harmonics of other orders (including high orders and fractional orders) in the tested original signals of three phase stator currents of induction motors even though the harmonics elements are much smaller than the fundamental one.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5382863,no
An Investigation into the Functional Form of the Size-Defect Relationship for Software Modules,"The importance of the relationship between size and defect proneness of software modules is well recognized. Understanding the nature of that relationship can facilitate various development decisions related to prioritization of quality assurance activities. Overall, the previous research only drew a general conclusion that there was a monotonically increasing relationship between module size and defect proneness. In this study, we analyzed class-level size and defect data in order to increase our understanding of this crucial relationship. In order to obtain validated and more generalizable results, we studied four large-scale object-oriented products, Mozilla, Cn3d, JBoss, and Eclipse. Our results consistently revealed a significant effect of size on defect proneness; however, contrary to common intuition, the size-defect relationship took a logarithmic form, indicating that smaller classes were proportionally more problematic than larger classes. Therefore, practitioners should consider giving higher priority to smaller modules when planning focused quality assurance activities with limited resources. For example, in Mozilla and Eclipse, an inspection strategy investing 80% of available resources on 100-LOC classes and the rest on 1,000-LOC classes would be more than twice as cost effective as the opposite strategy. These results should be immediately useful to guide focused quality assurance activities in large-scale software projects.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4693715,no
GPRS-based fault monitoring for distribution grid,"The GPRS is a useful mean to solve the communication problem in the automatic system of power distribution network system. This paper designs a GPRS-based real-time system to monitor the on-off states of the switching station in the power distribution system. The system is consisting of a low-power controller of MSP430F149, the module of GR64 from WAVECOM company and detection circuits of on-off states. The IEC60870-5-101 protocol is used in the system. Therefore, it can conveniently communicate with other SCADA systems. It is reliable and stable running on site.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5552092,no
Optimizing Issue Queue Reliability to Soft Errors on Simultaneous Multithreaded Architectures,"The issue queue (IQ) is a key microarchitecture structure for exploiting instruction-level and thread-level parallelism in dynamically scheduled simultaneous multithreaded (SMT) processors. However, exploiting more parallelism yields high susceptibility to transient faults on a conventional IQ. With the rapidly increasing soft error rates, the IQ is likely to be a reliability hot-spot on SMT processors fabricated with advanced technology nodes using smaller and denser transistors with lower threshold voltages and tighter noise margins. In this paper, we explore microarchitecture techniques to optimize IQ reliability to soft error on SMT architectures. We propose to use off-line instruction vulnerability profiling to identify reliability critical instructions. The gathered information is then used to guide reliability-aware instruction scheduling and resource allocation in multithreaded execution environments. We evaluate the efficiency of the proposed schemes across various SMT workload mixes. Extensive simulation results show that, on average, our microarchitecture level soft error mitigation techniques can significantly reduce IQ vulnerability by 42% with 1% performance improvement. To maintain runtime IQ reliability for pre-defined thresholds, we propose dynamic vulnerability management (DVM) mechanisms. Experimental results show that our DVM techniques can effectively achieve desired reliability/performance tradeoffs.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4625849,no
Fault-tolerant communication runtime support for data-centric programming models,"The largest supercomputers in the world today consist of hundreds of thousands of processing cores and many more other hardware components. At such scales, hardware faults are a commonplace, necessitating fault-resilient software systems. While different fault-resilient models are available, most focus on allowing the computational processes to survive faults. On the other hand, we have recently started investigating fault resilience techniques for data-centric programming models such as the partitioned global address space (PGAS) models. The primary difference in data-centric models is the decoupling of computation and data locality. That is, data placement is decoupled from the executing processes, allowing us to view process failure (a physical node hosting a process is dead) separately from data failure (a physical node hosting data is dead). In this paper, we take a first step toward data-centric fault resilience by designing and implementing a fault-resilient, one-sided communication runtime framework using Global Arrays and its communication system, ARMCI. The framework consists of a fault-resilient process manager; low-overhead and network-assisted remote-node fault detection module; non-data-moving collective communication primitives; and failure semantics and err or codes for one-sided communication runtime systems. Our performance evaluation indicates that the framework incurs little overhead compared to state-of-the-art designs and provides a fundamental framework of fault resiliency for PGAS models.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5713195,no
Neutron Soft Errors in Xilinx FPGAs at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory cyclotron offers broad-spectrum neutrons for single event effects testing. We discuss results from this beamline for neutron soft upsets in Xilinx Virtex-4 and -5 field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA) devices.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4638626,no
Ephemeris type a fault analysis and mitigation for LAAS,"The Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) has been developed by the FAA to enable precision approach and landing operations using the Global Positioning System (GPS). Each LAAS installation provides services through a LAAS Ground Facility (LGF) which is located at the airport it serves. By monitoring the GPS signals, measurements, and navigation messages, the LGF is able to exclude unhealthy satellites and broadcast real-time range-correction messages for healthy satellites to users via a VHF data link. Airborne users apply these corrections to remove errors that are common between the LGF and the aircraft. The LGF is also responsible for warning the aircraft of any potential integrity threats that cannot easily be resolved by excluding unhealthy satellites. One source of potential errors is the satellite broadcast ephemeris message, which users decode and use to compute GPS satellite positions. In LAAS, potential GPS ephemeris faults are categorized into two types, A and B, based upon whether or not the fault is associated with a satellite maneuver. This work focuses on aviation navigation threats caused by Type A faults. To detect and mitigate these threats, we investigate two LGF monitors based on comparing expected ranges and range rates (based on broadcast ephemeris) with those measured by the LGF. The effectiveness of these monitors is analyzed and verified in this paper.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5507218,no
Error Separation and Compensation of Inductosyn Angle Measuring System,"The long period error and short period error of the inductosyn have been studied. And the study result is that the long period error mainly includes the first order error and secondary error in the period of 360A and the short period error mainly includes first order, secondary, third, fifth harmonic error, and so on. A novel model of error separation and compensation is firstly presented according to the error characteristic of inductosyn. And the fourier transform are compared with least-squares in many aspects, The implement method of the error separation based on least-squares is also discussed in detail. One new measuring method is proposed, which can use less than test position to attain the long period error and the short period error. The experiments show that the error compensation method can improve the precision of the inductosyn.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5459946,no
Analytical Modeling Approach to Detect Magnet Defects in Permanent-Magnet Brushless Motors,The paper presents a novel approach to detect magnet faults such as local demagnetization in brushless permanent-magnet motors. We have developed a new form of analytical model that solves the Laplacian/quasi-Poissonian field equations in the machine's air-gap and magnet element regions. We verified the model by using finite-element software in which demagnetization faults were simulated and electromotive force was calculated as a function of rotor position. We then introduced the numerical data of electromotive force into a gradient-based algorithm that uses the analytical model to locate demagnetized regions in the magnet as simulated in the finite-element package. The fast and accurate convergence of the algorithm makes the model useful in magnet fault diagnostics.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4711289,no
"Modeling, analysis and detection of rotor field winding faults in synchronous generators","The paper presents an approach to modeling of shorted turns in rotor field winding of synchronous generator using finite element method. It enables detailed analysis of magnetic field at several operating conditions under healthy and faulty states which are difficult or even impossible to carry out by available measurement methods in industrial environment. Modeling of field winding faults are performed for both typical generator designs - turbo and hydro, and analysis reveals some differences, which are significant for practical use in fault detection procedures. It is confirmed that an extensive analysis should be performed to assure accurate healthy/faulty state predictions, since the level of diagnostic signal is considerably influenced by a combination of many machine and operating parameters. The scheme of developed on-line diagnostic system with its hardware and software concept is also presented and discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5608042,no
Correcting the influence of autocorrelated errors in linear regression models,"The paper presents the case often met in a regression model, the autocorrelated errors. In the first part of the paper are summarized some theoretical issues about the sources of appearance of autocorrelated errors, some statistic tests to identify the autocorrelation and there are presented in more detail three alternatives of the classical methods for estimating parameters, methods that are better suited to the given situation: the Cochrane-Orcutt method (with its variant Yule-Walker method), the Durbin method and the Hildreth-Lu method. The second part of the paper presents an example of a regression model with autocorrelated errors and uses a method for correcting the influence of the autocorrelation on the estimated parameters, using the statistical package SAS 9.1.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5541583,no
Improving fault handling software techniques,"The paper presents the new software library supporting development of the fault-robust applications. The main goals of the proposed software hardening mechanisms are: usage simplicity for the programmer, independence from the development tool, effectiveness in terms of fault coverage, low static and dynamic overheads. The paper describes implemented software mechanisms and discusses their effectiveness verified with fault injection experiments.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5560206,no
Study on fault tolerant switched reluctance machines,"The paper's goal is to compare a usual switched reluctance machine and a fault tolerant variant of it. By coupled Flux 2D and Simulink transient simulations the behaviour of the fault tolerant drive system under different winding fault conditions were studied. It was proved that using the proposed machine structure and converter topology same torque capability of the machine in faulty states as in healthy conditions can be assured. A short discussion on fault-tolerant converters is included in the paper, too.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4799994,no
Analysis and correction of the nonuniformity of light field in the high resolution X-ray digital radiography,"The nonuniformity of light field in the X-ray digital radiography will cause the sensitivity and resolution of the digital X-ray detection decline. And the causes of the nonuniformity of X-ray image light field are the nonuniformity of the X-ray source intensity, nonuniformity of the double proximity focusing X-ray image intensifier response and nonuniformity of the lens vignetting, CCD dark current and light response. A correction method is proposed based on this analysis, this method obtains correction matrix by experiment and bring forth proper correction parameters to the correction matrix to correct the digital image light field. An correction experiment was done to a step-like aluminum block under the microfocus X-ray source, the outcome indicated that the nonuniformity of the radiographic has been apparently proved and the inspection sensitive and resolution of the image has been proved.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5583016,no
The nullspace method - a unifying paradigm to fault detection,"The nullspace method is a powerful framework to solve the synthesis problem of fault detection filters in the most general setting. It is also well suited to address the least order synthesis problem. In the same time, the nullspace method represents an unifying paradigm for several methods, because popular approaches like parity space or observer based methods can be interpreted as special classes of nullspace method. The main differences among different methods lie in the numerical properties of the underlying computational algorithms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5400458,no
Practical Deadlock-Free Fault-Tolerant Routing in Meshes Based on the Planar Network Fault Model,"The number of virtual channels required for deadlock-free routing is important for cost-effective and high-performance system design. The planar adaptive routing scheme is an effective deadlock avoidance technique using only three virtual channels for each physical channel in 3D or higher dimensional mesh networks with a very simple deadlock avoidance scheme. However, there exist one idle virtual channel for all physical channels along the first dimension and two idle virtual channels for channels along the last dimension in a mesh network based on the planar adaptive routing algorithm. A new deadlock avoidance technique is proposed for 3D meshes using only two virtual channels by making full use of the idle channels. The deadlock-free adaptive routing scheme is then modified to a deadlock-free adaptive fault-tolerant routing scheme based on a planar network (PN) fault model. The proposed deadlock-free adaptive routing scheme is also extended to n-dimensional meshes still using two virtual channels. Sufficient simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4674344,no
IFRA: Instruction Footprint Recording and Analysis for post-silicon bug localization in processors,"The objective of IFRA, instruction footprint recording and analysis, is to overcome the challenges associated with a very expensive step in post-silicon validation of processors - bug localization in a system setup. IFRA consists of special design and analysis techniques required to bridge a major gap between system-level and circuit-level debug. Special hardware recorders, called footprint recording structures (FRS's), record semantic information about data and control flows of instructions passing through various design blocks of a processor. This information is recorded concurrently during normal operation of a processor in a post-silicon system validation setup. Upon detection of a problem, the recorded information is scanned out and analyzed for bug localization. Special program analysis techniques, together with the binary of the application executed during post-silicon validation, are used for the analysis. IFRA does not require full system-level reproduction of bugs or system-level simulation. Simulation results on a complex super-scalar processor demonstrate that IFRA is effective in accurately localizing bugs with very little impact on overall chip area.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4555846,no
The online prediction of the faults for integrated maintenance and reliability,"The objective of this paper is to realize analytic studies and applications in oriented engineering, especially in maintenance, reliability and security of the big technical installations, particularly for the nuclear domain. Software applications were developed to permit the online automatic computation of the reliability, maintenance, availability and predictive maintenance parameters. This paper presents a task of an integrated application that accomplishes structural and dynamic analysis computation, geometric simulation, software for monitoring on-line predictive maintenance for the installation meant to tritium elimination, all based on scientific methods.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4588734,no
An enhanced low-power high-speed Adder For Error-Tolerant application,"The occurrence of errors are inevitable in modern VLSI technology and to overcome all possible errors is an expensive task. It not only consumes a lot of power but degrades the speed performance. By adopting an emerging concept in VLSI design and test-error-tolerance (ET), we managed to develop a novel error-tolerant adder which we named the Type II (ETAII). The circuit to some extent is able to ease the strict restriction on accuracy to achieve tremendous improvements in both the power consumption and speed performance. When compared to its conventional counterparts, the proposed ETAII is able to achieve more than 60% improvement in the power-delay product (PDP). The proposed ETAII is an enhancement of our earlier design, the ETAI, which has problem adding small number inputs.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5403865,no
The study of single line to ground fault line selection in non-direct ground power system based on DSP device,"The middle-low voltage distribution networks mostly adopt neuter point not-valid grounding(be so called to the small current groundding system).The distribution wire fault particularly the fast and accurate location that the single grounding fault, not only to the repair wire and promise dependable power supply, and circulate to the safe stability and economy that promises the whole electric power system to all have a very important function. With reference of actual conditions for single phase earthing fault, the paper puts forward the principle on single phase earthing faulty line selection, and with the support of digital signal processing device(DSP)capable in floating point computation, to design a new type of low current single phase earthing faulty line selection device for power distribution system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5487030,no
Probabilistic fault diagnosis for IT services in noisy and dynamic environments,"The modern society has come to rely heavily on IT services. To improve the quality of IT services it is important to quickly and accurately detect and diagnose their faults which are usually detected as disruption of a set of dependent logical services affected by the failed IT resources. The task, depending on observed symptoms and knowledge about IT services, is always disturbed by noises and dynamic changing in the managed environments. We present a tool for analysis of IT services faults which, given a set of failed end-to-end services, discovers the underlying resources of faulty state. We demonstrate empirically that it applies in noisy and dynamic changing environments with bounded errors and high efficiency. We compare our algorithm with two prior approaches, Shrink and Max coverage, in two well-known types of network topologies. Experimental results show that our algorithm improves the overall performance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5188804,no
Fault tolerance on interleaved inverter with magnetic couplers,"The paper focuses on a new control strategy for improving the availability of power electronic converters based on interleaved structures. By using this strategy, the power electronic converters can continue to work (with reduced output power) in case of power component failure. The paper describes how to adapt the magnetic output filtering structure for this original control strategy. This structure is based on a monolithic coupler or a coupling transformer. Which are usually employed to minimize in a significant way the mass of the converters. They are normally sized to work with a fixed number of phases. Our control strategy induces new constraints on magnetic component, especially saturation problems. To reduce this problem some extra switch are added. Finally an experimental Power electronic converter driven by an FPGA is presented with the experimental results. It shows some experimental results with a 6 phases converter who work with 5 or 4 phases, to simulate one or two converter leg breakdown.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5433480,no
User-behavior based software fault detection for device,"The paper focuses on the Pre-Detection for device fault to ensure the reliability of the devices. A User-Behavior based software fault detection method was proposed, which imports User-Behavior analysis to select the high priority service set for Pre-Detection of the device software fault. The method is user oriented and could improve the efficiency of detection. The architecture and flow for the User-Behavior based software fault detection were introduced. In addition, the User-Behavior Analysis model and the User-Behavior Set-Selection model to reflect the dependence degree of the user to each service were given. At last, the method was validated by simulation and proved to be valid by comparing with other Pre-Detection methods.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5485543,no
Research of fault diagnosis system for pickling and cold-rolling electric drives based on BP neural network,"The Paper has exploited a system of on-line monitoring and fault diagnosis for pickling and cold-rolling electric drives, making use of configuration technologies, Matlab simulation tools and BP neural network. Based on the theory of BP neural network, a fault diagnosis model is designed, which is for electro-hydraulic servo valve, the key execute machine of pickling and cold-rolling electric drives. The model is directed at analyzing the fault possibility and fault type of electro-hydraulic servo valve. After tests on the well-trained BP-based fault diagnosis system, the system proves to have the ability of diagnosing any type of fault of electro-hydraulic servo valve accurately. The result of experiment gives the evidence that this method is very efficient for fault diagnosis system for pickling and cold-rolling electric drives.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5412971,no
Machine learning techniques for diagnosing and locating faults through the automated monitoring of power electronic components in shipboard power systems,"The management and control of shipboard medium voltage AC (MVAC) and medium voltage DC (MVDC) power system architectures under fault conditions present a number of challenges. The use and resulting interaction of multiple power electronic components in mesh-like power distribution architectures possibly result in the effects of faults being detectable throughout the system, for example, line-to-hull faults on DC systems with high resistive grounding.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4906553,no
Design of coal-mechanical online fault diagnosis based embedded system,"The operating status of coal machinery is related to the mining production and security directly. The embedded system and the principle of fuzzy fault tree diagnosiss were introduced into the coal machinery diagnosis. At the same time, the embedded system is used to accomplish a variety protocol conversion between field-bus and Internet to solve the problem which the equipment linked to Internet. At the other time,we use ACLinux operating system as the software platform to configure and migrate the Boa Web server. Experiments show this method is effective for remote monitoring and fault diagnosis of coal machinery.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5456873,no
Fault-Tolerant Policy for Optical Network Based Distributed Computing System,"The optical network based distributed computing system has been thought as a promising technology to support large-scale data-intensive distributed applications. For such a system with so many heterogeneous resources and middlewares involved, faults seem to be inevitable. However, for those applications that need to be finished before the given deadline, a fault in the system will lead to the failure of the application. Therefore, fault-tolerant policy is necessary to improve the performance of the system when faults could happen. In this paper, we address to the fault-tolerant problem for the optical network based distributed computing system. We first propose an overlay approach which applies the existing fault-tolerant policies for distributed computing and optical network. Then we present a joint fault-tolerant policy which takes into account the fault tolerance for computing resource and network resource in the same time. We compare the performances of different polices by simulation. The simulation results show that the joint fault-tolerant policy achieves much better performances compared to overlay approaches.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4534291,no
Defect detection for multithreaded programs with semaphore-based synchronization,"The solution to the problem of automatic defects detection in multithreaded programs is covered in this paper. General approaches for defect detection are considered. Static analysis is chosen because of its full automation and soundness properties. Overview of papers about static analysis usage for defect detection in parallel programs is presented. The approach for expansion of static analysis algorithms to multithreaded programs is suggested. This approach is based on Thread Analysis Algorithm. Thread analysis algorithm provides analysis of threads creation and thread-executed functions. This algorithm uses static analysis algorithm results in particular to identify semaphore objects. Thread analysis algorithm and static analysis algorithms are processing jointly. Thread analysis algorithm interprets thread control functions calls (create, join, etc.) and synchronization functions calls (wait, post, etc.). The algorithm determines program blocks which may execute in parallel and interaction pairs of synchronization functions calls. This information is taking into consideration to analyze threads cooperation and detect synchronization errors. To analyze threads cooperation this algorithm uses join of shared objects values in -functions. Basic rules of thread analysis algorithm are considered in the paper. Application of these rules to multithreaded program example is presented. The suggested approach allows us to detect all single-threaded program defect types and some synchronization errors such as Race condition or Deadlock. This approach gives sound results. It obtains analysis of programs with any number of semaphores and threads. It is possible to analyze dynamically created threads. The approach can be extended to other classes of parallel programs and other types of synchronization objects.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5783153,no
Research on the Gear Fault Diagnosis Using Order Envelope Spectrum,"The speed-up and speed-down of the gearbox are non-stationary process and the vibration signal can not be processed by traditional processing method. In order to process the non-stationary vibration signals such as speed-up or speed-down signals effectively, the order envelope analysis technique is presented. This new method combines order tracking technique with envelope spectrum analysis. Firstly, the vibration signal is sampled at constant time increments and then uses software to resample the data at constant angle increments. Therefore, the time domain non-stationary signal is changed into angle domain stationary signal. In the end, the resampled signals are processed by envelope spectrum analysis. The experimental results show that order envelope spectrum analysis can effectively diagnosis the faults of the gear crack.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5203072,no
ERCOT's experience in identifying parameter and topology errors using State Estimator,"The State Estimator is an important tool that ERCOT relies on to monitor the real time state of power grid. As the parameter and topology errors are critical to the quality of state estimator results, operations engineers in ERCOT are using multiple tools to detect and identify the topology and parameter errors in ERCOT EMS network model. This paper will present ERCOT experience in detecting and identifying the topology and parameter errors using state estimator monitoring tools and by analyzing SE results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5588066,no
Investigation of dependence distribution of statistics used for testing hypothesis about means on error's heterogeneity: Case of balanced design,The statistic distributions. of criteria used for testing hypothesis about means have been investigated by statistical simulation methods. The case of normality and heterogeneity assumptions failure has been considered. The errors of achieved significance levels evaluation under using ldquoclassicalrdquo Fisher's distribution in this conditions have been given.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4897172,no
A sensor fault tolerant drive for interior permanent-magnet synchronous motors,"The study reported in this paper deals with the problem of developing a controller with tolerance to current sensor faults. To achieve this goal, two control strategies are considered. In the first method, field oriented control and a developed observer are used in case of no fault. The second approach is concerned with fault tolerant strategy based on an observer for faulty conditions. Current sensors failures are detected and the current will be estimated successfully in order to allow continuous operation of the vector control. Based on the motor model, currents can be estimated using a nonlinear observer. A decoupling current vector control strategy is developed to ensure high performance operation by incorporating the maximum power factor per ampere operation. The simulation of the proposed scheme applied to the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor has been implemented in the Matlab environment. Simulation results illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4762485,no
Forward error correction strategies for media streaming over wireless networks,"The success of next-generation mobile communication systems depends on the ability of service providers to engineer new added-value multimedia-rich services, which impose stringent constraints on the underlying delivery/transport architecture. The reliability of real-time services is essential for the viability of any such service offering. The sporadic packet loss typical of wireless channels can be addressed using appropriate techniques such as the widely used packet-level forward error correction. In designing channel-aware media streaming applications, two interrelated and challenging issues should be tackled: accuracy of characterizing channel fluctuations and effectiveness of application-level adaptation. The first challenge requires thorough insight into channel fluctuations and their manifestations at the application level, while the second concerns the way those fluctuations are interpreted and dealt with by adaptive mechanisms such as FEC. In this article we review the major issues that arise when designing a reliable media streaming system for wireless networks.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4427233,no
The influence of inspection error on single screening procedure under onesided specification,"The screening problem, namely, observing the screening variable rather than directly observing the performance variable, has been studied for a long time. However, inspection error which frequently occurs in a screening process has not been investigated in previous research. In this paper, we proposed a two-stage single screening procedure under one-sided specification in order to gain insight into this issue. Stage I is the classic screening procedure, whilst in Stage II we developed an effective index of inspection to calculate the cutoff limit taking into account of the influence of inspection error. Additionally, we analysed the influence of inspection error if we ignore it, and it was demonstrated that once the true selection ratio (beta) is given, the effective index of inspection inversely changed with the ratio of sigma<sub>m</sub>/sigma<sub>x</sub> (a reflection of the precision level). The software simulation results showed that the inspection error should not be ignored in the screening problem.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5267882,no
Methodology to support laser-localized soft defects on analog and mixed-mode advanced ICs,"The soft defect localization on analog or mixed-mode ICs is becoming more and more challenging due to their increasing complexity and integration. New techniques based on dynamic laser stimulation are promising for analog and mixedmode ICs. Unfortunately, the considerable intrinsic sensitivity of this kind of devices under laser stimulation makes the defect localization results complex to analyze. As a matter of fact, the laser sensitivity mapping contains not only abnormal sensitive regions but also naturally sensitive ones. In order to overcome this issue by extracting the abnormal spots and therefore localize the defect, we propose in this paper a methodology that can improve the FA efficiency and accuracy. It consists on combining the mapping results with the electrical simulation of laser stimulation impact on the device. First, we will present the concept of the methodology. Then, we will show one case study on a mixed-mode IC illustrating the soft defect localization by using laser mapping technique & standard electrical simulations. Furthermore, we will argument the interest of a new methodology and we will show two simple examples from our experiments to validate it.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5173272,no
Memory reliability model for accumulated and clustered soft errors,"The soft error rate of memories is increased by high-energy particles as technology shrinks. Single-error correction codes (SEC), scrubbing techniques and interleaving schemes are the most common approaches for protecting memories from soft errors. It is essential to employ analytical models to guide the selection of interleaving distance; relying on rough estimates may lead to unreasonable design choices. The analytic model proposed in this paper includes row clustering effects of accumulated upsets and was able to estimate the failure probability with only a difference of 0.41% compared to the test data for a 45 nm SRAM design.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5706501,no
Two Mistakes and Error-Free Software: A Confession,"The software development process and the resulting product are so complex that no error-detecting approach will ever be able to produce error-free software. The test coverage analyzer was a wonderful tool for measuring how well-tested a piece of software. First, the software being tested is instrumented so that the tool would capture which of the software's logic segments had been executed. Then a suite of test cases are run against that software and learned which segments had been executed, and how many times. The Test Coverage Analyzer concept, in whatever form it takes today, is still important and useful. And so are all the other error- removal processes we've developed over the years. But it will take a pretty elaborate combination of testing approaches to even let us produce truly reliable software.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4548415,no
Application of a matched filter approach for finite aperture transducers for the synthetic aperture imaging of defects,"The suitability of the synthetic aperture imaging of defects using a matched filter approach on finite aperture transducers was investigated. The first part of the study involved the use a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm to simulate the phased array ultrasonic wave propagation in an aluminum block and its interaction with side-drilled hole-like defects. B-scans were generated using the FDTD method for three active aperture transducer configurations of the phased array (a) single element and (b) 16-element linear scan mode, and (c) 16-element steering mode. A matched filter algorithm (MFA) was developed using the delay laws and the spatial impulse response of a finite size rectangular phased array transducer. The conventional synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) algorithm and the MFA were independently applied on the FDTD signals simulated with the probe operating at a center frequency of 5 MHz and the processed B-scans were compared. The second part of the study investigated the capability of the MFA approach to improve the SNR. Gaussian white noise was added to the FDTD generated defect signals. The noisy B-scans were then processed using the SAFT and the MFA and the improvements in the SNR were estimated. The third part of the study investigated the application of the MFA to image and size surface-crack-like defects in pipe specimens obtained using a 45 steered beam from a phased array probe. These studies confirm that MFA is an alternative to SAFT with little additional computational burden. It can also be applied blindly, like SAFT, to effect synthetic focusing with distinct advantages in treating finite transducer effects, and in handling steered beam inspections. Finally, limitations of the MFA in dealing with larger-sized transducers are discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5480179,no
Comparative study on Switched Reluctance Machine based fault-tolerant electrical drive systems,"The switched reluctance machine (SRM) based electrical drive systems are ideal for critical applications (aerospace, automotive, defense, medical, etc.) where the fault tolerance is a basic requirement. The phase independence characteristics of the SRM enable it to operate also under partial phase failure conditions also in its classical construction. Its reliability can be improved by applying special fault-tolerant designs, respectively monitoring its condition and applying fault detection techniques. The SRMs used in such safe electrical drive systems has to be fed from power converters having also fault-tolerant capability. In the paper two SRMs are proposed together with their converters. The fault tolerance capacities of the two electrical drive systems are compared by means of simulations. Two advanced simulation platforms were coupled together to simulate the drive system. The results of the comparative study emphasize the usefulness of the proposed fault-tolerant electrical drive system. The conclusions of study help the users to select the best fitted variant for they specific application.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5075324,no
Development of the TanDEM-X Calibration Concept: Analysis of Systematic Errors,"The TanDEM-X mission, result of the partnership between the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Astrium GmbH, opens a new era in spaceborne radar remote sensing. The first bistatic satellite synthetic aperture radar mission is formed by flying TanDEM-X and TerraSAR-X in a closely controlled helix formation. The primary mission goal is the derivation of a high-precision global digital elevation model (DEM) according to High-Resolution Terrain Information (HRTI) level 3 accuracy. The finite precision of the baseline knowledge and uncompensated radar instrument drifts introduce errors that may compromise the height accuracy requirements. By means of a DEM calibration, which uses absolute height references, and the information provided by adjacent interferogram overlaps, these height errors can be minimized. This paper summarizes the exhaustive studies of the nature of the residual-error sources that have been carried out during the development of the DEM calibration concept. Models for these errors are set up and simulations of the resulting DEM height error for different scenarios provide the basis for the development of a successful DEM calibration strategy for the TanDEM-X mission.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5353668,no
Detecting type errors and secure coding in C/C++ applications,"The programming languages such as C/C++ suffer from memory management and security of code especially when their codes are used in critical systems. Therefore, we need an efficient mechanism to detect memory and type errors. Some researches have been done and many tools have been developed to detect these errors and to secure C/C++ code. However, theses tools have some drawbacks such as memory management and leak, and type errors in static and dynamic analysis. Generally speaking, this paper proposes a dynamic analysis mechanism to detect type errors in modules of C/C++ code using aspect-oriented programming. We illustrate problems by examples and discuss their solutions.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5587027,no
"An automated fault analysis system for SP energy networks: Requirements, design and implementation","The proliferation of monitoring equipment on modern electrical power transmission networks is causing an increasing amount of monitoring data to be captured by transmission network operators. Traditional manual data analysis techniques fail to meet the analysis and reporting requirements of the utilities which have chosen to invest in monitoring. The volume of monitoring data, the complexities in analysing multiple related data sources and the preparation of internal reports based on that analysis, render timely manual analysis impractical, if not intractable. In 2006, the authors reported on the first online trials of the protection engineering diagnostics agents (PEDA) system, an automated fault diagnosis system which integrated legacy intelligent systems for the analysis of SCADA and digital fault recorder (DFR) data in order to provide automatic post fault assessment of protection system performance. In this paper the authors revisit the requirements of the TNO where PEDA was trialled. Based on a new formal specification of requirements carried out in 2008, the authors discuss the requirements met by the current version of PEDA and how PEDA could be augmented to meet these new requirements highlighted in this latest analysis of the utilities' requirements.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275427,no
Supporting Composite Smart Home Services with Semantic Fault Management,"The proliferation of smart home technologies providing home users with digital services presents an interoperability problem. This paper asserts that the value of these services can be greatly extended by enabling technology-neutral compositions of these home services, and furthermore that the reliability of such composite services will be of paramount importance to ensuring widespread deployment. Therefore fault management capabilities must accompany the composition capabilities in order to increase the robustness and reliability of such services. This paper proposes a web services-based abstraction layer for home area network service composition and a semantically informed fault management system for composed services, which can assist in diagnosis and correction of problems with composite services in smart homes of the future. Prototyping work and use cases are also described and initial metrics are presented that investigate the overhead of introducing the technology neutral abstraction layer.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5482708,no
New informative features for fault diagnosis of industrial systems by supervised classification,The purpose of this article is to present a method for industrial process diagnosis. We are interested in fault diagnosis considered as a supervised classification task. The interest of the proposed method is to take into account new features (and so new informations) in the classifier. These new features are probabilities extracted from a Bayesian network comparing the faulty observations to the normal operating conditions. The performances of this method are evaluated on the data of a benchmark example: the Tennessee Eastman Process. Three kinds of fault are taken into account on this complex process. We show on this example that the addition of these new features allows to decrease the misclassification rate.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5547710,no
Fault detection of univariate non-Gaussian data with Bayesian network,"The purpose of this article is to present a new method for fault detection with Bayesian network. The interest of this method is to propose a new structure of Bayesian network allowing to detect a fault in the case of a non-Gaussian signal. For that, a structure based on Gaussian mixture model is proposed. This particular structure allows to take into account the non-normality of the data. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated on a simple process corrupted by different faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5472659,no
Modeling and performance considerations for automated fault isolation in complex systems,"The purpose of this paper is to document the modeling considerations and performance metrics that were examined in the development of a large-scale Fault Detection, Isolation and Recovery (FDIR) system. The FDIR system is envisioned to perform health management functions for both a launch vehicle and the ground systems that support the vehicle during checkout and launch countdown by using a suite of complimentary software tools that alert operators to anomalies and failures in real-time. The FDIR team members developed a set of operational requirements for the models that would be used for fault isolation and worked closely with the vendor of the software tools selected for fault isolation to ensure that the software was able to meet the requirements. Once the requirements were established, example models of sufficient complexity were used to test the performance of the software. The results of the performance testing demonstrated the need for enhancements to the software in order to meet the demands of the full-scale ground and vehicle FDIR system. The paper highlights the importance of the development of operational requirements and preliminary performance testing as a strategy for identifying deficiencies in highly scalable systems and rectifying those deficiencies before they imperil the success of the project.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5446817,no
Thermal Switching Error Versus Delay Tradeoffs in Clocked QCA Circuits,"The quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) model offers a novel nano-domain computing architecture by mapping the intended logic onto the lowest energy configuration of a collection of QCA cells, each with two possible ground states. A four-phased clocking scheme has been suggested to keep the computations at the ground state throughout the circuit. This clocking scheme, however, induces latency or delay in the transmission of information from input to output. In this paper, we study the interplay of computing error behavior with delay or latency of computation induced by the clocking scheme. Computing errors in QCA circuits can arise due to the failure of the clocking scheme to switch portions of the circuit to the ground state with change in input. Some of these non-ground states will result in output errors and some will not. The larger the size of each clocking zone, i.e., the greater the number of cells in each zone, the more the probability of computing errors. However, larger clocking zones imply faster propagation of information from input to output, i.e., reduced delay. Current QCA simulators compute just the ground state configuration of a QCA arrangement. In this paper, we offer an efficient method to compute the N-lowest energy modes of a clocked QCA circuit. We model the QCA cell arrangement in each zone using a graph-based probabilistic model, which is then transformed into a Markov tree structure defined over subsets of QCA cells. This tree structure allows us to compute the N-lowest energy configurations in an efficient manner by local message passing. We analyze the complexity of the model and show it to be polynomial in terms of the number of cells, assuming a finite neighborhood of influence for each QCA cell, which is usually the case. The overall low-energy spectrum of multiple clocking zones is constructed by concatenating the low-energy spectra of the individual clocking zones. We demonstrate how the model can be used to study the tradeoff betwee- - n switching errors and clocking zones.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4459693,no
Computation and analysis of output error probability for C17 benchmark circuit using bayesian networks error modeling,"The reliability of digital circuits is in question since the new scaled transistor technologies continue to emerge. The major factor deteriorating the circuit performance is the random and dynamic nature of errors encountered during its operation. Output-error probability is the direct measure of circuit's reliability. Bayesian networks error modeling is the approach used to compute error probability of digital circuits. In our paper, we have used this technique to compute and analyze the output error probability of LGSynth's C17 benchmark circuit. The simulations are based on MATLAB and show important relationships among output-error probability, execution time and number of priors involved in the analysis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5704037,no
The method study of fault diagnosis for grounding grid adopting the near degree,"The reliable characters of grounding grid influence the safe and steady operations of the power system, but the grounding grid are mostly buried under the earth. It is very difficult to diagnose the fault of the grounding grid in this instance of no excavating the grounding grid. For settling the problem, a new method adopting the near degree for diagnosing the fault of grounding grid is put forward. Firstly, the calculative theory adopting the near degree for diagnosing the fault of the grounding grid is described. Secondly, using the software of CDEGS and ANSYS analyzes and computes the theory, and a model of gullet stimulant test is established. Making up of all kinds of fault grounding grid to simulate the spot instance, using the probe to measure the potential, using the theory of degree of nearness to diagnose the fault of the grounding grid, it is feasible and exact to diagnose the fault of the grounding grid adopting the fuzzy degree of nearness experimentally and theoretically.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666433,no
Fully Distributed and Fault Tolerant Task Management Based on Diffusions,"The task management is a critical component for the computational grids. The aim is to assign tasks on nodes according to a global scheduling policy and a view of local resources of nodes. A peer-to-peer approach for the task management involves a better scalability for the grid and higher fault tolerance. But some mechanisms have to be proposed to avoid the computation of replicated tasks that can reduce the efficiency and increase the load of nodes. In the same way, these mechanisms have to limit the number of exchanged messages to avoid the overload of the network.In previous work, we have proposed two methods for the task management called active and passive. These methods rebased on a random walk: they are fully distributed and fault tolerant. Each node owns a local tasks states set updated thanks to a random walk and each node is in charge of the local assignment. Here, we propose three methods to improve the efficiency of the active method. These new methods are based on a circulating word. The nodes local tasks states sets are updated thanks to periodical diffusions along trees built from the circulating word. Particularly, we show that these methods increase the efficiency of the active method: they produce less replicated tasks. These three methods are also fully distributed and fault tolerant. On the other way, the circulating word can be exploited for other applications like the resources management or the nodes synchronization.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4912954,no
"Low-Cost Digital Detection of Parametric Faults in Cascaded <formula formulatype=""inline""> <img src=""/images/tex/16713.gif"" alt=""\Sigma \Delta ""> </formula> Modulators","The test of SigmaDelta modulators is cumbersome due to the high performance that they reach. Moreover, technology scaling trends raise serious doubts on the intradie repeatability of devices. An increase of variability will lead to an increase in parametric faults that are difficult to detect. In this paper, a design-oriented testing approach is proposed to perform a simple and low-cost detection of variations in important design variables of cascaded SigmaDelta modulators. The digital tests could be integrated in a production test flow to improve fault coverage and bring data for silicon debug. A study is presented to tailor signature generation, with test-time minimization in mind, as a function of the desired measurement precision. The developments are supported by experimental results that validate the proposal.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4671067,no
The fault-tolerant technique in the Rotor Current Controller in Induction Wind Generator,"The thesis expounds the importance of the rotor current controller in induction wind generator in wind generator sets. The topic analyses the kind and the source of the faults of the rotor current controller. Also it design the method of the technology of tolerating faults in the rotor current controller. Some kinds of the technology of tolerating faults are used in hardware and software. So the system can identify the kinds of the fault and eliminate the fault, then making the system can control itself and achieve the best work state again. Using mix redundant methods in software part in order to protect the program running reliably and disposing dates correctly. The system which can be controlled remotely and showed communicates with the computer and can send the result of diagnosis to it in time.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5228642,no
Impacts of TCSC on Switching Transients of HV transmission lines due to fault clearing,"The thyristor Controlled series capacitor (TCSC) is one of the most promising components in flexible AC transmission system (FACTS).It can adjust the power flow and improve the stability of power system . TCSC's different advantages can be classified as steady-state and transient ones. During a fault, TCSC can enhance power quality by limiting the current and help to keep the voltage as high as possible. In the operation of TCSCs, it is necessary to study side effects of their integration in power system. One of these studies is the effect of series compensation on Transients of line circuit breaker due to clearing a fault, here specially transient recovery voltage (TRV) is considered. The amplitude and rate of rise of TRV are two parameters which affect the CB's capability to interrupt a fault current . It is important to evaluate the impact of series compensation on operation of circuit breaker (CB) and Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) when clearing a fault because Circuit breakers can fail to interrupt fault currents when power systems have Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) characteristics, which exceed their ratings. In other hand large and sharp TRV may be lead to damaging switch and capacitor . In this paper, first, different factors and conditions which can affect TRV in the line CB of a HV line including TCSC, is analyzed and then, the influence of protective operation of TCSC on TRV in different fault conditions is depicted and discussed Through time domain simulations. Digital simulations are carried out with PSCAD/EMTDC to analysis of transient behavior of power system. In the Transient analysis of power system TCSC is simulated considering its protection devices.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5407026,no
A Parallel Perceptron network for classification with direct calculation of the weights optimizing error and margin,"The Parallel Perceptron (PP) is a simple neural network which has been shown to be a universal approximator, and it can be trained using the Parallel Delta (P-Delta) rule. This rule tries to maximize the distance between the perceptron activations and their decision hyperplanes in order to increase its generalization ability, following the principles of the Statistical Learning Theory. In this paper we propose a closed-form analytical expression to calculate, without iterations, the PP weights for classification tasks. The calculated weights globally optimize a cost function which takes simultaneously into account the training error and the perceptron margin, similarly to the P-Delta rule. Our approach, called Direct Parallel Perceptron (DPP) has a linear computational complexity in the number of inputs, being very interesting for high-dimensional problems. DPP is competitive with SVM and other approaches (included P-Delta) for two-class classification problems but, as opposed to most of them, the tunable parameters of DPP do not influence the results very much. Besides, the absence of an iterative training stage gives to DPP the ability of on-line learning.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5596941,no
Improving Fault Tolerance by Virtualization and Software Rejuvenation,"The phenomenon that the state of software degrades with time is known as software aging. The primary method to fight aging is software rejuvenation. This paper presents new ways of effective software rejuvenation using virtualization for addressing software aging. This new approach is meant to be the less disruptive as possible for the running service and to get a zero downtime in most of the cases. We construct the state transition models to describe the behaviors of virtualized and non- virtualized application server. We map through the rejuvenation actions to this transition model with stochastic process and express availability, downtime and downtime costs in terms of the parameters in our models. Our results show that virtualization and software rejuvenation can be used to prolong the availability of the services.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4530587,no
Image Defect Recognition Based on Rough Set,"This paper applies rough set theory to recognition system for image defect, and designs a decision algorithm on rough set suitable for image defect recognition. Firstly, the image is made regionalization and sequential discrete set is proposed, the continuous attributes of image is discretized. Then the decision table model on discrete condition attributes and decision attributes is constructed. Further the condition attributes significance function and reduction algorithm is given. A novel approach for decision rule analysis and rough set recognition is proposed. Finally, this paper takes the example for fabric defect recognition to validate these algorithms. The result shows the rough set algorithm is effective for image defect recognition with less calculation and fast speed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5116349,no
A New Algorithm for Fabric Defect Detection Based on Image Distance Difference,"This paper brings forward a new method of detection of fabric defect, namely image distance difference arithmetic. The system permit user to set appropriate control parameter of fabric defect defection based on the type of the fabric. It can detect more than 30 kinds of common defects, which has advantages of high identification correctness and fast inspection speed. Finally, using some image processing technology to score the grade of piece to satisfy the quality and elevate the finished product ratio.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5369042,no
Control-oriented errors quantification under measurement disturbance,"This paper considers the problem of control-oriented errors quantification for a known linear discrete-time SISO model under coprime factor perturbations and measurement disturbance. Upper bounds on exogenous disturbance, measurement disturbance and perturbations in output and control are assumed to be unknown to the controller designer. The problem under consideration is to compute data-consistent upper bounds on steady-state tracking errors in the framework of the lscr<sub>1</sub> robust control theory.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5281088,no
Verifying architectural variabilities in software fault tolerance techniques,"This paper considers the representation of different software fault tolerance techniques as a product line architecture (PLA) for promoting the reuse of software artifact. The proposed PLA enables to specify a series of closely related architectural applications, which is obtained by identifying variation points associated with design decisions regarding software fault tolerance. These decisions are used to choose the appropriate technique depending on the features selected, e.g, the number of redundant resources, or the type of adjudicator. The proposed approach also comprises the formalisation of the PLA, using B-method and CSP, for systematising the verification of fault-tolerant software systems at the architectural level. The properties verified cover two complementary contexts: the selection of the correct architectural variabilities for instantiating the PLA, and also the properties of the chosen fault tolerance techniques.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5290809,no
Analysis of the Dynamic Behavior of a Self-Commutated BTB System During Line Faults,"This paper deals with a 50-MW self-commutated back-to-back (BTB) system intended for power-flow control between two ac transmission networks. It focuses on the dynamic behavior of the BTB system during single-line-to-ground and double-line-to-ground faults. Attention is particularly paid to the dc magnetic flux deviation in the grid and converter transformers, and the circulating current inside the grid transformers, which would produce undesirable effects on the system. Theoretical equations related to the amount of circulating current and the dc magnetic flux deviation are derived. The theoretical results developed in this paper are confirmed by computer simulation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5200526,no
Influences of Inter-Stream Synchronization Error on Collaborative Work in Haptic and Visual Environments,"This paper deals with a haptic media and video transfer system in which users can touch and move a real object located at a remote place by using haptic interface devices while watching video of the object. Making use of the system, the users can do collaborative work in which the users lift and move the object by holding it between the styluses of the haptic interface devices. In the system, we investigate the influences of inter-stream synchronization error between haptic media and video on the media synchronization quality and the easiness of the collaborative work by subjective assessment. Assessment results show that as the synchronization error increases, the media synchronization quality and the easiness of the collaborative work become worse.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4479925,no
Digital terrestrial television broadcasting error rate measurement,"This paper deals with a measurement of bit error rates in the DVB - T transmission system. Both non- hierarchical and hierarchical modulations are examined as well as basic transmission channel models (Gaussian, Rice and Rayleigh). Measured bit error rate before Viterbi error correction (channel error rate) and after Viterbi error correction, with varying C/N ratio, are graphically expressed and compared to the values mentioned in the DVB - T specification. A broadcast test system ""SFU"" developed by Rohde& Schwarz and a test receiver ""MSK 33"" by Kathrein were used for the measurement. Finally, obtained results are evaluated and discussed with the theory.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4542723,no
Improving Fault Tolerance in High-Precision Clock Synchronization,"The very popular Precision Time Protocol (PTP or IEEE 1588) is widely used to synchronize distributed systems with high precision. The underlying principle is a master/slave concept based on the regular exchange of synchronization messages. This paper investigates an approach to enhance PTP with fault tolerance and to overcome the transient deterioration of synchronization accuracy during a recovery from a master failure. To this end, a concept is proposed where a group of masters negotiates a fault-tolerant agreement on the system-wide time and transparently synchronizes the associated IEEE 1588 slaves. Experimental verification on the basis of an Ethernet implementation shows that the approach is feasible and indeed improves the overall synchronization accuracy in terms of fault tolerance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5437187,no
"Performance, Fault-Tolerance and Scalability Analysis of Virtual Infrastructure Management System","The virtual infrastructure has become more and more popular in the grid and cloud computing. With the aggrandizement scale, the management of the resources in virtual infrastructure faces a great technical challenge. To support the upper services effectively, it raises higher requirements for the performance, fault-tolerance and scalability of virtual infrastructure management systems. In this paper, we study the performance, fault-tolerance and scalability of virtual infrastructure management systems with the three typical structures, including centralized, hierarchical and peer-to-peer structures. We give the mathematical definition of the evaluation metrics and give detailed quantitative analysis, and then get several useful conclusions for enhancing the performance, fault-tolerance and scalability, based on the quantitative analysis. We believe that the results of this work will help system architects make informed choices for building virtual infrastructure.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5207924,no
Automated fault localization based on unified Web service and NGN benchmarking,"The wide adoption of web-based distributed systems and consequently their complexity leads to an increasing demand for performance and QoS testing tools for these systems. Pushing forward open NGN protocols has resulted in a proliferation of benchmarking, interoperability and prototyping tools, yet there is still no solid strategy for integrating these efforts, collecting test information and processing it at higher levels. We propose a thin management layer able to consume real-time test data from existing tools, using it for statistics collection and fault management based on an extensible policy system. The results of validating the proposed system in connection with a unified web service and NGN performance testing tool are discussed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5202413,no
Position Measurement and Wireless Measurement System of Straightness Error Based on Two-Dimensional PSD,"The wireless measurement system of straightness error based on two-dimensional PSD, C8051F330 and PTR4000 was designed. The principle of PSD, the signal processing circuit, and the wireless straightness error data transmission system were introduced in detail. An accuracy algorithm meeting the least condition which constructed the characteristic polygon and calculated the maximum intercepts of the measuring points in the characteristic polygon as straightness error was proposed. The system has features of high precision and fast speed. Combination with the two types of measurement methods of straightness error, the evaluation software of straightness error was designed. It can be used with other straightness measuring instruments such as level-meter, autocollimator.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5630153,no
Optimized Spacecraft Fault Protection for the WISE Mission,"The WISE project is a NASA-funded medium- class Explorer mission to map the entire sky in four infrared bands during the course of a 6-month survey. Because of the mission's limited financial resources, a traditional robustness strategy of full block-redundancy was not feasible. By leveraging aspects of the mission design that tend to reduce the risk associated with certain failures, the project has been able to adopt a robustness strategy of mitigating high-risk failures, while accepting the risk of low-impact faults or unlikely faults in heritage equipment with proven reliability. The resulting WISE flight system design is primarily single-string with some select functional- and block-redundancy and includes fault tolerance measures targeted at achieving the most cost- effective risk reduction possible for the system design. The fault protection team has been challenged with balancing the risk of faults, cost, and down-time with Ground Segment capabilities, heritage, and effectively designed fault mitigations. Faults were identified via a collection of analyses, and a criticality rating was applied to each fault to assess its impact to the mission. Taking into consideration each fault's impact and time criticality, mitigations to each possible fault were considered in areas such as on-board autonomy, the addition or use of functional and block redundancy, and ground system detection. Through this exercise, the project has realized a robust and reliable system design in line with the project's risk posture and cost constraints.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526482,no
Study on modern spectrum analysis system for mechanical fault diagnosis,There are few modern spectrum analysis systems available on the literature for mechanical fault diagnosis. In this paper we develop a modern spectrum analysis system to identification fault characteristic from vibration signal of complex mechanical systems. The system is tested on several typically examples in engineering. It is shown that the presented system can be performance well in actual engineering structures and may also be applied to the signal processing in electronic or communication systems.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5657121,no
An optimization to automatic Fault Tree Analysis and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis approaches for processes,"There are two issues to be addressed in the automatic Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) approaches: resource fault and channel fault are not considered when generating the artifact flow graph (AFG) from Little-JIL processes. The AFG is incomplete, thus the fault trees and FMEA reports automatically generated partially based on AFG is incomplete. In this paper, we put forward to an approach of introducing resource instances and channel instances into fault propagation in Little-JIL processes. Thus, it makes the FTA and FMEA for Little-JIL processes to be much more effective. That is to say, how resource instances and channel instances might affect the fault propagation in Little-JIL processes is taken into account while performing these two automatic safety analysis techniques.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5541008,no
A numerical optimization-based methodology for application robustification: Transforming applications for error tolerance,"There have been several attempts at correcting process variation induced errors by identifying and masking these errors at the circuit and architecture level. These approaches take up valuable die area and power on the chip. As an alternative, we explore the feasibility of an approach that allows these errors to occur freely, and handle them in software, at the algorithmic level. In this paper, we present a general approach to converting applications into an error tolerant form by recasting these applications as numerical optimization problems, which can then be solved reliably via stochastic optimization. We evaluate the potential robustness and energy benefits of the proposed approach using an FPGA-based framework that emulates timing errors in the floating point unit (FPU) of a Leon3 processor. We show that stochastic versions of applications have the potential to produce good quality outputs in the face of timing errors under certain assumptions. We also show that good quality results are possible for both intrinsically robust algorithms as well as fragile applications under these assumptions.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544923,no
Fault detection of Air Intake Systems of SI gasoline engines using mean value and within cycle models,"This paper addresses the detection of faults in Air Intake Systems (AIS) of SI gasoline engines based on realtime measurements. It presents comparison of two classes of models for fault detection, namely those using a Mean Value Engine Model (MVEM) involving variables averaged over cycles and Within Cycle Crank-angle-based Model (WCCM) involving instantaneous values of variables changing with crank angle. Numerical simulation results of intake manifold leak and mass air flow sensor gain faults, obtained using the industry standard software called AMESim<sup>TM</sup>, have been used to demonstrate the fault detection capabilities of individual approaches. Based on these results it is clear that the method using WCCM has a higher fault detection sensitivity compared to one that uses MVEM, albeit at the expense of increased computational and modeling complexity.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5234095,no
Path Splicing with Guaranteed Fault Tolerance,"This paper addresses the problem of exploring the fault tolerance potential of the routing primitive called path splicing. This routing mechanism has been recently introduced in order to improve the reliability level of networks. The idea is to provide for each destination node in a network several different routing trees, called slices, by running different routing protocols simultaneously. The possibility for the traffic to switch between different slices at any hop on the way to the destination makes it possible to achieve a level of reliability that is close to the ideal level achieved by the underlying network. In this work we show that there is a method for computing just two slices that achieves fault tolerance against all single-link failures that do not disconnect the underlying network. We present an experimental evaluation of our approach, showing that for a number of realistic topologies our method of computing the slices achieves the same level of fault tolerance that is achieved by a much larger number of slices using the previously proposed method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5425984,no
Design and implementation of MW-class wind turbine fault monitoring system based on GSM short message,"This article discusses the development and implementation of megawatt-class wind turbine fault monitoring system. This system merges the GSM communication technology, DSP control technology, computer networking technology, integrated display technology and information management technology into one organic, and has carried on a comprehensive wireless remote monitoring and control to the wind turbine. The paper emphatically introduces the structure composition of the fault monitoring system, the design and implementation of GSM short message module and other technological problems, analyzes the hardware circuit design of entire GSM module, short message encoding method and the methods of transmitting and reading short message, and has given the related realized procedures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609920,no
Research on Precise Synchronization for TMR Fault-Tolerant Embedded Computer,"This article presents a precise synchronization algorithm based on status tracking and locking mechanism. Tracking execution state of triple computer and running state of time base counter through dual state machine not only can implement precise synchronization of TMR computer, making status synchronization precision and time-base synchronization precision below 30ns, but also save valuable interconnection resource, reduce implementation cost and other overhead of system resources.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5369055,no
GNSS-Derived Path Delay: An Approach to Compute the Wet Tropospheric Correction for Coastal Altimetry,"This letter presents an innovative method for computing the wet tropospheric correction for altimetry measurements in the coastal regions, where the measurements from the microwave radiometers (MWRs) onboard altimetric missions become invalid. The method, called Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-derived Path Delay, gives an estimation of the correction, along with the associated mapping error, from the combination of independent zenith wet delay (ZWD) values obtained from the tropospheric delays derived at a network of coastal GNSS stations, from the MWR measurements acquired before land degradation, and from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Deterministic Atmospheric Model. The wet tropospheric correction is estimated at each altimeter point with an invalid MWR value using a linear space-time objective analysis technique that takes into account the spatial and temporal variability of the ZWD field and the accuracy of each data set used. The method was applied in the South West European region for the whole Envisat data series, and the results are presented here. The uncertainty of the wet-delay estimates is below 1 cm, provided they are obtained for points at distances shorter than ~ 50 km from a GNSS station, and/or valid MWR measurements are available for the estimation. The method can be implemented globally and foster the use of satellite altimetry in coastal studies.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5454315,no
A Novel Frame Error Concealment Algorithm Based on Dynamic Texture Synthesis,"The traditional frame error concealment methods primarily predict the motion trend for the corrupted pixel or block, which would generate edge fragmentation and object deformation. When the damaged images contain the contents of the non-linear motion and the global illumination change, these methods would have bad effects. In order to improve the efficiency of frame error concealment, we propose an improved frame error concealment method using dynamic texture extrapolation. First, we give an improved solution of the dynamic texture model, which is good for video coding.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5453505,no
Fault Diagnosis Way Based on RELAX Algorithms in Frequency Domain for the Squirrel Cage Induction Motors,"The traditional method of spectrum analysis on the current signal via FFT is hard to diagnose the fault of the broken rotor bars. This paper presents a fault diagnosis method using the RELAX algorithm in frequency domain. It can estimate the amplitude and phase values of various frequency components using coarse and fine estimation according to the criterion of minimum energy. Finally the fundamental component can be eliminated in frequency domain after the expressions of the above frequency components are constructed. Compared with the method of eliminating the fundamental component in time domain, this method has the advantage of computing faster although less accurate. However, it has been proved that the algorithm can highlight the fault characteristic and value a lot early in the motor fault diagnosis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676765,no
A SysML model for code correction and detection systems,"The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a well known approach for specifying and designing software components. UML for hardware designs of embedded systems is also possible in the simulation process, when the hardware is in the software form. The large number of tools for UML, the generl adoption of this technology for heterogeneous system design and verification, makes UML a very powerful and robust design instrument. Based on UML, the SysML [1] language has been developed in order to support all the details of system designs. SysML extends UML towards the systems engineering domain. As a good example, a SysML model for hardware components that perform error detection and correction, based on polynomial registers mod p(x), will be presented. The approach is justified as efficient and flexible.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5533366,no
New progressive method suitable for the exposure optimization of large and complex defect-free chips direct written by ZBA 21 e-beam tool,The use of a new progressive method suitable for the exposure optimization is investigated for large and complex defect-free chips direct written by ZBA 21 electron beam pattern generator together with all corresponding microprocesses. Well controlled and resolved details (spaces) between individual quasi-square structures of the final large area neural holography chip were achieved in the range of about 50 nm.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4743316,no
Multiband simultaneous reception front-end with adaptive mismatches correction algorithm,"This paper addresses the architecture of multistandard simultaneous reception receivers and aims at improving the performance-power-complexity trade-off of the front-end. To this end we propose a single front-end architecture offering lower complexity and therefore lower power consumption. In order to obtain the same performance as the state of the art receivers, a light weight adaptive method is designed and implemented. It uses a mix of two digital implemented algorithms dedicated to the correction of the front-end IQ mismatches. A study case concerning the simultaneous reception of 802.11g and UMTS signals is developed in this article.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5450258,no
A Model-Based Approach to Fault Diagnosis in Service Oriented Architectures,"This paper aims to present a method of creating architectures which allow monitoring occurrence of failure in Service oriented Architectures (SoA). The presented approach extends Discrete Event Systems techniques to produce a method of automated creation of Diagnoser Service which monitors interaction between the services to identify if a failure has happened and the type of failure. To do so, a formal representation of business processes is introduced, which allows modeling of Observable/Unobservable events, failure and the type of failure.The paper puts forward a set of algorithms for creating models of Diagnoser Service. Such models are then transformed into new Services implemented in BPEL, which interact with the existing services to identify if a failure has happened and the type of failure. The approach has been applied to an example of diagnosis of Right-first-time failure in Services used in telecommunications.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5341657,no
A Novel Method for Geometric Correction of Multi-cameras in Panoramic Video System,"This paper describes a novel method based on self-adaptive subdivision mesh for geometry correction of multi-cameras in a panoramic video system. The system hardware consists of an array of six board cameras pointing outwardly. Digitally combining synchronized frames from each camera, a wide-field panoramic video can be created. Using sparse initial corresponding points between the ideal target surface and camera image, the proposed method can subdivide the grid into a dense one in arbitrary precision. Hence, the bijection between camera image and projection surface can be established in pixel level. This mapping can be used to warp a camera image to ideal panorama surface. The method is robust to lens distortion and camera relative position, and can seamlessly integrate with image matting processing. With the GPU processing, the real time frame rate panoramic video can be available. The experiment proves the effectiveness and simpleness of the method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5460270,no
Fault detection and visualization through micron-resolution X-ray imaging,"This paper describes a novel, non-intrusive method for the detection of faults within printed circuit boards (PCBs) and their components using digital imaging and image analysis techniques. High-resolution X-ray imaging systems provide a means to detect and analyze failures and degradations down to micron-levels both within the PCB itself and the components that populate the board. Further, software tools can aid in the analysis of circuit features to determine whether a failure has occurred, and to obtain positive visual confirmation that a failure has occurred. Many PCB and component failures previously undetectable through todaypsilas test methodologies are now detectable using this approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4662635,no
Defect Prevention and Detection in Software for Automated Test Equipment,"This paper describes a test application development tool designed with a high degree of defect prevention and detection built-in. While this tool is specific to a particular tester, the PT3800, the approach that it uses may be employed for other ATE. The PT3800 tester is the successor of a more than 20 year-old tester, the PT3300. The development of the PT3800 provided an opportunity to improve the test application development experience. The result was the creation of a test application development tool known as the PT3800 AM creation, revision and archiving tool, or PACRAT (AM refers to automated media, specifically test application source code). This paper details the built-in defect prevention and detection techniques employed by PACRAT.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4579267,no
Atmospheric Correction at AERONET Locations: A New Science and Validation Data Set,"This paper describes an Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET)-based Surface Reflectance Validation Network (ASRVN) and its data set of spectral surface bidirectional reflectance and albedo based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) TERRA and AQUA data. The ASRVN is an operational data collection and processing system. It receives 50 times 50 km<sup>2</sup> subsets of MODIS level 1B (L1B) data from MODIS adaptive processing system and AERONET aerosol and water-vapor information. Then, it performs an atmospheric correction (AC) for about 100 AERONET sites based on accurate radiative-transfer theory with complex quality control of the input data. The ASRVN processing software consists of an L1B data gridding algorithm, a new cloud-mask (CM) algorithm based on a time-series analysis, and an AC algorithm using ancillary AERONET aerosol and water-vapor data. The AC is achieved by fitting the MODIS top-of-atmosphere measurements, accumulated for a 16-day interval, with theoretical reflectance parameterized in terms of the coefficients of the Li Sparse-Ross Thick (LSRT) model of the bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF). The ASRVN takes several steps to ensure high quality of results: 1) the filtering of opaque clouds by a CM algorithm; 2) the development of an aerosol filter to filter residual semitransparent and subpixel clouds, as well as cases with high inhomogeneity of aerosols in the processing area; 3) imposing the requirement of the consistency of the new solution with previously retrieved BRF and albedo; 4) rapid adjustment of the 16-day retrieval to the surface changes using the last day of measurements; and 5) development of a seasonal backup spectral BRF database to increase data coverage. The ASRVN provides a gapless or near-gapless coverage for the processing area. The gaps, caused by clouds, are filled most naturally with the latest solution for a given pixel. The ASRVN products include three parameters of the LSRT model (k<sup>L</sup>, k<sup- - >G</sup>, and k<sup>V</sup>), surface albedo, normalized BRF (computed for a standard viewing geometry, VZA = 0deg, SZA = 45deg), and instantaneous BRF (or one-angle BRF value derived from the last day of MODIS measurement for specific viewing geometry) for the MODIS 500-m bands 1-7. The results are produced daily at a resolution of 1 km in gridded format. We also provide a cloud mask, a quality flag, and a browse bitmap image. The ASRVN data set, including 6 years of MODIS TERRA and 1.5 years of MODIS AQUA data, is available now as a standard MODIS product (MODASRVN) which can be accessed through the Level 1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System website ((http://ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov/data/search.html).). It can be used for a wide range of applications including validation analysis and science research.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4912410,no
A power converter for fault tolerant machine development in aerospace applications,"This paper describes an experimental tool to evaluate and support the development of fault tolerant machines designed for aerospace motor drives. Aerospace applications involve essentially safety critical systems which should be able to overcome hardware or software faults and therefore need to be fault tolerant. A way of achieving this is to introduce variable degrees of redundancy into the system by duplicating one or all of the operations within the system itself. Looking at motor drives, multiphase machines such as multiphase brushless DC machines are considered to be good candidates in the design of fault tolerant aerospace motor drives. The paper introduces a multi-phase two level inverter using a flexible and reliable FPGA/DSP controller for data acquisition, motor control and fault monitoring to study the fault tolerance of such systems.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4635296,no
Estimation of faults in DC electrical power system,"This paper demonstrates a novel optimization-based approach to estimating fault states in a DC power system. The model includes faults changing the circuit topology along with sensor faults. Our approach can be considered as a relaxation of the mixed estimation problem. We develop a linear model of the circuit and pose a convex problem for estimating the faults and other hidden states. A sparse fault vector solution is computed by using l<sub>1</sub> regularization. The solution is computed reliably and efficiently, and gives accurate diagnostics on the faults. We demonstrate a real-time implementation of the approach for an instrumented electrical power system testbed at NASA. Accurate estimates of multiple faults are computed in milliseconds on a PC. The approach performs well despite unmodeled transients and other modeling uncertainties present in the system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5160301,no
Theoretical derivation of bit error rate in MB-OFDM UWB system,"This paper derives the theoretical bit error rate (BER) of the multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) system for ultra wideband (UWB) communication. The proposed derivation takes into account the fading correlation caused by time and frequency spreading, which is one of the most significant factors in MB-OFDM UWB system. Moreover, the proposed formula gives consideration to the frequency characteristics of propagation loss that are not negligible in UWB systems. The theoretical results by the proposed approach are compared with the computer simulation results in order to confirm the validity of the proposed derivation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5068949,no
Emulation of faults and remedial control strategies in a multiphase power converter drive used to analyse fault tolerant drive systems for Aerospace applications,"This paper describes how an experimental test rig, a multiphase power converter drive and its control have been used to emulate failures (of the converter and machine) and control strategies to study a way of achieving fault tolerant drive systems employed especially in Aerospace applications. Experimental results which validate simulation of the emulated faults are presented.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5279016,no
Error analysis in indoors localization using ZigBee wireless networks,"This paper describes indoors radio frequency (RF) localization using radio signal strength indication (RSSI) which is available in wireless communications networks. The main advantage of described methodology is taking as localization hardware the communications sub-system and developing dedicated software in order to obtain a location of mobile network nodes using trilateration algorithm. Accuracy is strongly dependent on quality of measured RSSI. Needing of post-processing of raw RSSI values in order to obtain good results in terms of mobile nodes location estimation is shown. In order to apply RSSI values from wireless communications hardware to localization sub-system, filtering is thus an approach to overcome limitations due to RSSI values fluctuations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675061,no
Research on Digital Circuit Fault Location Procedure Based on LASAR,"This paper describes LASAR V6 (logic automated stimulus response) that is the software for digital test program to generate fault dictionary used as a diagnosis database of fault isolation for a tested circuit based on fault simulation, presents three core files relating to circuit fault diagnosis which is generated by LASAR, i.e. fault dictionary, node truth table and pin connection table, analyses the content of fault dictionary, pin connection table and node truth table, finds the necessary information for fault location, summarizes the procedure of circuit test and fault location. Finally the digital circuit diagnosis system which can locate the fault on the pin of components is designed. With the help of probe, fault location of component pins can be accurately pinpointed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4609699,no
Efficient Test Pattern Compression Method Using Hard Fault Preferring,"This paper describes new compression method that is used for test pattern compaction and compression in algorithm called COMPAS, which utilizes a test data compression method based on pattern overlapping. This algorithm reorders and compresses deterministic test patterns previously generated in an ATPG by overlapping them. Independency of COMPAS on used ATPG is discussed and verified. New method improves compression ratio by preprocessing input data to determine the degree of random test resistance for each fault. This information allows the algorithm to reorder test patterns more efficiently and results to 10% compression ratio improvement in average. Compressed data sequence is well suited for decompression by the scan chains in the embedded tester cores.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4669305,no
Transient stability assessment using artificial neural network considering fault location,"This paper describes the capability of artificial neural network for predicting the critical clearing time of power system. It combines the advantages of time domain integration schemes with artificial neural network for real time transient stability assessment. The training of ANN is done using selected features as input and critical fault clearing time (CCT) as desire target. A single contingency was applied and the target CCT was found using time domain simulation. Multi layer feed forward neural network trained with Levenberg Marquardt (LM) back propagation algorithm is used to provide the estimated CCT. The effectiveness of ANN, the method is demonstrated on single machine infinite bus system (SMIB). The simulation shows that ANN can provide fast and accurate mapping which makes it applicable to real time scenario.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5767351,no
The Digital Circuit Fault Diagnosis Interface Design and Realization Based on VXI,"This paper discusses in detail the development process of general interface adapter in the digital circuit fault diagnosis system based on VXI. After introducing VXI bus, the paper gives overall description of fault diagnosis system, presents a method of solving the problem about load matching and interface matching, and realizes the function of identification to read and write on the memory of interface circuit and to control chip selection. The method of identity installation in interface circuit to be selected is to give an ID number and add a memory to interface circuit to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness. The paper also describes the method of self diagnosis in the interface circuit that is the key to whole fault diagnosis system.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4609676,no
A multivariate statistical analysis technique for on-line fault prediction,"This paper describes a generalized multivariate statistical analysis technique for prediction of impending failures in electronic and electromechanical equipment. This data-driven prognostic technique is useful in health-monitoring situations where equipment physical models are unavailable or of limited fidelity. Statistical analysis algorithms, integrated into a predictive fault detection (PFD) statistical analysis engine, operate on heterogeneous streams of data from sensors that monitor selected equipment structural and functional parameters. The statistical analysis engine processes input data in two stages - similarity testing followed by trend determination. The input stage algorithm extracts multidimensional feature data samples from the arriving sensor data streams. It then performs statistical comparisons of the feature data samples to corresponding feature patterns from equipment considered to be in nominal operating condition. The nominal-condition data may be obtained from equipment specifications, or it may be derived in situ from the sensor data streams. The algorithm maintains a set of scalar similarity metrics for the equipment being monitored, which it periodically compares with pre-computed thresholds. The thresholds may be adaptive, with values typically functions of the amount and variability of the feature data. The trend determination stage is triggered when a threshold value is exceeded. The trend determination algorithm projects trends of feature data from the similarity analysis onto the future. The automatic data trending computation for a given feature is performed by statistically analyzing a window of the feature data. This analysis addresses a collection of different characteristics of a well-fitting trend, which are then fused into a single trend result per data window. The statistical analysis engine applies the trending results to determine the most probable trend, which in the PFD context is related to the requirements for schedulin- - g of equipment maintenance actions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4711447,no
Dynamic Error Recovery in the<newline/>ATLAS TDAQ System,"This paper describes the new dynamic recovery mechanisms in the ATLAS Trigger and DataAcQuisition (TDAQ) system. The purpose of the new recovery mechanism is to minimize the impact certain errors and failures have on the system. The new recovery mechanisms are capable of analyzing and recovering from a variety of errors, both software and hardware, without stopping the data-gathering operations. An expert system is incorporated to perform the analysis of the errors and to decide what measures are needed. Due to the wide array of sub-systems there is also a need to optimize the way similar errors are handled for the different sub-systems. The main focus of the paper is to consider the design and implementation of the new recovery mechanisms and how expert knowledge is gathered from the different sub-systems and implemented in the recovery procedures.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4448537,no
TTIPP3 - A fault-tolerant time-triggered platooning demonstrator,"This paper describes the realization of a model truck which fully autonomously follows another vehicle using stereo vision. In addition to the pair of cameras needed, a set of further sensors for measuring speed, steering angle, and avoiding collisions are used. For communication and task execution/synchronization, a time-triggered architecture is used. All necessary equipment, together with power supply for thirty minutes of operation, has been installed on a model truck of about 40 cm length.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4623293,no
Weighted least-squares design of IIR all-pass filters using a Lyapunov error criterion,"This paper extends a neural network based architecture for the weighted least-squares design of IIR all-pass filters. The error difference between the desired phase response and the phase of the designed all-pass filter is formulated as a Lyapunov error criterion. The filter coefficients are obtained when neural network achieves convergence by using the corresponding dynamic function. Furthermore, a weighted updating function is proposed to achieve good approximation to the minimax solution. Simulation results indicate that the proposed technique is able to achieve good performance in a parallelism manner.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5774853,no
Probabilistic Algebraic Analysis of Fault Trees With Priority Dynamic Gates and Repeated Events,"This paper focuses on a sub-class of Dynamic Fault Trees (DFTs), called Priority Dynamic Fault Trees (PDFTs), containing only static gates, and Priority Dynamic Gates (Priority-AND, and Functional Dependency) for which a priority relation among the input nodes completely determines the output behavior. We define events as temporal variables, and we show that, by adding to the usual Boolean operators new temporal operators denoted BEFORE and SIMULTANEOUS, it is possible to derive the structure function of the Top Event with any cascade of Priority Dynamic Gates, and repetition of basic events. A set of theorems are provided to express the structure function in a sum-of-product canonical form, where each product represents a set of cut sequences for the system. We finally show through some examples that the canonical form can be exploited to determine directly and algebraically the failure probability of the Top Event of the PDFT without resorting to the corresponding Markov model. The advantage of the approach is that it provides a complete qualitative description of the system, and that any failure distribution can be accommodated.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5361394,no
A signature-based approach for diagnosis of dynamic faults in SRAMs,"This paper focuses on diagnosis of dynamic faults in SRAMs. The current techniques for fault diagnosis are mainly based on the signature method. Here, we introduce an extension of the signature scheme by taking in account additional information related to the addressing order during March test execution. A first advantage of the proposed approach is its capability to distinguish between static and dynamic faults. Another main feature is the correct identification of the location of the failure in a given memory component: the core-cell array, write drivers, sense amplifiers, address decoders and pre- charge circuits. Moreover, since this approach does not modify the March test, there is no increase of test complexity, conversely to other existing diagnosis techniques.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4540243,no
A Fault-Tolerant Target Location Detection Algorithm in Sensor Networks,"This paper focuses on the fault-tolerant target detection and localization in sensor networks. Typical applications include the habitat monitoring and roadway safety warning. We propose an algorithm for target detection and localization to improve the target position accuracy. Our algorithm is purely localized and thus is suitable for large scale of sensor networks. The computational overhead is low since the detection algorithm is based on a simple clustering technique which only simple numerical operations are involved. Simulation results show that our algorithm can decrease the false alarm rate and improve the target localization accuracy when as many as 30% sensors become faulty. Therefore, our algorithm achieves a great improvement over the previous algorithms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5210834,no
Study on a Closed-Loop Fire Correction Algorithm in Vehicle Close-In Weapon System,"This paper forms the integrated structure for the vehicle close-in weapon system and study on closed-loop fire correction algorithm. Through the analysis of different kinds of error factors which lead to miss distance, a mathematical model of miss distance is established to solve the problem of miss distance measuring by using equivalent principle. A feasible closed-loop fire correction model is built and a simulation is made by using the vehicle close-in weapon system. Both the simulation and experiment prove that this algorithm could improve the firing accuracy of the vehicle close-in weapon system effectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676756,no
Mechanical fault diagnosis using wireless sensor networks and a two-stage neural network classifier,"This paper has three contributions. First, we develop a low-cost test-bed for simulating bearing faults in a motor. In Aerospace applications, it is important that motor fault signatures are identified before a failure occurs. It is known that 40% of mechanical failures occur due to bearing faults. Bearing faults can be identified from the motor vibration signatures. Second, we develop a wireless sensor module for collection of vibration data from the test-bed. Wireless sensors have been used because of their advantages over wired sensors in remote sensing. Finally, we use a novel two-stage neural network to classify various bearing faults. The first stage neural network estimates the principal components using the generalized Hebbian algorithm (GHA). Principal component analysis is used to reduce the dimensionality of the data and to extract the fault features. The second stage neural network uses a supervised learning vector quantization network (SLVQ) utilizing a self organizing map approach. This stage is used to classify various fault modes. Neural networks have been used because of their flexibility in terms of online adaptive reformulation. At the end, we discuss the performance of the proposed classification method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4839671,no
Implement fault diagnosis high speed reasoning expert system with FPGA,"This paper introduces a new method to design expert system reasoning with FPGA for fault diagnosis. Firstly, detailed analysis the reasoning process of normal expert system; Secondly, the experiences and knowledge of experts are transformed to multi-valued or binary reasoning with fault tree, and the processes are realized with simple gate circuits; Lastly, the new scheme is used in fault diagnosis for HV circuit breakers instead of primary reasoning with software. The experiment indicates that the reasoning speed using this scheme is faster than traditional reasoning modes, and it can be applicable to many expert systems based on single-chip controller or DSP (Digital Signal Processor).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246194,no
"Predicting Future States With <formula formulatype=""inline""> <img src=""/images/tex/388.gif"" alt=""n""> </formula> -Dimensional Markov Chains for Fault Diagnosis","This paper introduces a novel method of predicting future concentrations of elements in lubrication oil, for the aim of identifying possible anomalies in continued operation aboard a large marine vessel. The research carried out is supported by a discussion of previous work in the field of fault detection in tribological mechanisms, although with a focus upon two stroke marine diesel engines. The approach taken implements an <i>n</i>-dimensional Markov chain model with a singular weighted connection between layers. The approach leverages the computational simplicity of the Markov chain and combines this with a weighted decision calculated from the correlational coefficients between variables, with the notable assumption that interconnectivity between elements is not constant. The approach is compared to an established method, which is the Kalman filter, with promising results for future work and extension of the method to include expert knowledge in the decision making process.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4738342,no
Integrating system health management into the early design of aerospace systems using Functional Fault Analysis,"This paper introduces a systematic design methodology, namely the functional fault analysis (FFA), developed with the goal of integrating SHM into early design of aerospace systems. The basis for the FFA methodology is a high-level, functional model of a system that captures the physical architecture, including the physical connectivity of energy, material, and data flows within the system. The model also contains all sensory information, failure modes associated with each component of the system, the propagation of the effects of these failure modes, and the characteristic timing by which fault effects propagate along the modeled physical paths. Using this integrated model, the designers and system analysts can assess the sensor suitepsilas diagnostic functionality and analyze the ldquoracerdquo between the propagation of fault effects and the fault detection isolation and response (FDIR) mechanisms designed to compensate and respond to them. The Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle has been introduced as a case example to illustrate the use of the Functional Fault Analysis (FFA) methodology during system design.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4711425,no
Iterative learning control based on a hybrid tracking and contour error algorithm,This paper presents a learning algorithm which is based on the iterative learning control (ILC) and tracking/contour error formulation. The contour errors of the free form curve are computed and feedback as the correction signal to generate a new command. It is shown that learning using the tracking error can result in different performance for the free form curve. A modified ILC method is proposed to overcome the problem. It shows that the convergence rate and error performance can be improved by choosing the appropriate weighting during the iteration. Simulations are conducted to validate the proposed ILC scheme. The results show that the modified ILC can perform better than the traditional ILC using the tracking error alone.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5229937,no
A Machine Learning Approach to Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearings,"This paper presents a method based on classification techniques for automatic fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings. Experimental results achieved on vibration signals collected by an accelerometer on an experimental test rig show that the method can automatically detect different types of faults. Furthermore, the method is able, once trained on an appropriate representative set of basic faults, to recognize more serious faults, provided they are of the same type. We also analyzed the trend of correct classification of bearing faults on variation of the signal-to-noise ratio achieving high levels of robustness.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4721407,no
Specification and Verification of Soft Error Performance in Reliable Internet Core Routers,This paper presents a methodology for developing a specification for soft error performance of an integrated hardware/software system that must achieve highly reliable operation. The methodology enables tradeoffs between reliability and cost to be made during the early silicon design and SW architecture phase. An accelerated measurement technique using neutron beam irradiation is also described that ties the final system performance to the reliability model and specification. The methodology is illustrated for the design of a line card for an internet core router.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4636892,no
Motion vector recovery for error concealment based on angular similarity,"This paper presents a motion vector (MV) recovery using the similarity of the angle of the corresponding surrounded MVs. The approach is based on the assumption that a group of macroblocks (MBs) which belongs to the same object and resides in the same region likely to move in the same direction. Hence, those corresponded MVs that move in the same direction likely to have similar angle. As a result a lost motion vector can be estimated using a set of candidate MVs selected from the neighbouring MVs on the left, top-left, top, top-right, right, bottom-right, bottom and bottom-left. The experimental results for several test video sequences are compared with conventional error concealment methods and higher performance is achieved in both objective peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) measurements and subjective visual quality.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5201219,no
Network Fault Model for Dependability Assessment of Networked Embedded Systems,"This paper presents a network-based fault model for dependability assessment of distributed applications built over networked embedded systems. This fault model represents global failures in terms of wrong behavior of packet-based asynchronous data transmissions. Packets are subject to different faults, i.e., drop, cut, bit errors, and duplication; these events can model either HW/SW failures of the networked embedded systems or problems in the channel among them. The paper describes 1) the proposed fault model in relation with existing ones, 2) its possible application scenarios, and 3) a SystemC tool for the simulation of both fault-free and faulty wireless sensor networks. Experimental results show the validity of the approach in the verification of communication protocols and its support to determine the optimal number of nodes in a wireless sensor network based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Part of the software is available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/scnsl/.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641157,no
Thermal analysis of a winding turn-to-turn fault in PM synchronous machine,"This paper presents a detailed lumped parameter (LP) thermal model of an armature slot in a permanent magnet synchronous machine for traction applications. The model is used to investigate the temperature distribution in the slot after a turn-to-turn failure occurs. Steady-state analyses are conducted and a good agreement is found with FEM thermal simulations. The LP model is modified into a transient model and transient thermal analysis are conducted to predict the processing damage in the slot, which eventually might lead to a turn-to-tooth (ground) failure.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5608010,no
Hierarchical fault detection and diagnosis for unmanned ground vehicles,"This paper presents a fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) method for unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) operating in multi agent systems. The hierarchical FDD method consisting of three layered software agents is proposed: Decentralized FDD (DFDD), centralized FDD (CFDD), and supervisory FDD (SFDD). Whereas the DFDD is based on modular characteristics of sensors, actuators, and controllers connected or embedded to a single DSP, the CFDD is to analyze the performance of vehicle control system and/or compare information between different DSPs or connected modules. The SFDD is designed to monitor the performance of UGV and compare it with local goal transmitted from a ground station via wireless communications. Then, all software agents for DFDD, CFDD, and SFDD interact with each other to detect a fault and diagnose its characteristics. Finally, the proposed method will be validated experimentally via hardware-in-the-loop simulations.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5276202,no
Robust actuator fault reconstruction for LPV systems using sliding mode observers,"This paper presents a fault reconstruction method for LPV systems which is robust against uncertainty and corrupted measurements. The design is analyzed based on a virtual system resulting from factorizing the input distribution matrix associated with the monitored actuators. The key observer parameter (which is used to define the observer gains) is designed using LMIs to minimize the effect of the uncertainty and measurement corruption on the fault reconstruction. The output error injection signals are used to reconstruct the virtual faults, and the input distribution matrix factorization is used to map back to the actual faults. Simulations using an LPV model of a large transport aircraft are presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5718014,no
A framework for finding minimal test vectors for stuck-at-faults,"This paper presents a framework that utilizes Boolean difference theory to find test vectors for stuck-at-fault detection. The framework reads in structural-style Verilog models, and automatically injects single stuck-at-faults (either stuck-at-zero or stuck-at-one) into the models. The simulations are then performed to find minimal sets of test vectors. Using this setup, we conducted experiments on more than 4000 different circuits. The results show that an appreciable savings in test time and effort can be achieved using the method. The same setup can also be used for didactic purposes, specifically for digital design and test courses.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5267180,no
Fault detection and isolation for nonlinear F16 models using a gain-varying UIO approach,"This paper presents a gain-varying UIO (unknown input observer) method for actuator FDI (fault detection and isolation) problems. A novel residual scheme together with a piecewise threshold and a moving horizon threshold is proposed. This design methodology is applied to a nonlinear F16 system with polynomial coefficient models, where the F16 plant and UIOs may use different aerodynamics coefficient models. The simulation results show that a satisfactory FDI performance can be achieved even when the system is under the environment of model uncertainties, exogenous noise and measurement errors.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5410624,no
A Modified Error Concealment Algorithm Designed for P Frame of H.264,"This paper introduces an error concealment algorithm for P frame in video images that based on the error concealment algorithm in the reference software of H.264, which makes it extremely easy and flexible to obtain the best performance of error concealment at the decoder, and describes the theoretical foundation and realization in detail. External boundary matching algorithm (EBMA) based on calculate the difference of external nearby pixel between reference block and lost block which could better adapts to the characteristics of alterable blocks in motion estimation and improve the effect of error concealment of lost MB. The result of the proposed algorithm implemented on JM version 8.6 shows that have some advantages and practicality.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4678675,no
The offline fault diagnosis of FCV powertrain based on CAN bus,"This paper introduces an offline fault diagnosis method based on CAN bus for fuel cell vehicles powertrain, which synthetically applies CAN bus communication technology, embedded system development technology, hierarchical fault processing technology and computer technology. Meanwhile, PC was applied as upper machine while the vehicle management system controller (VMS) based on MPC555 as lower machine. The upper machine and under-bit machine realize communication through CANdela protocol to record, upload and statistics analyses the fault. Such fault diagnosis system, which successfully complete the online fault record and offline fault diagnosis for powertrain, has been applied to ldquoSTART IIIrdquo fuel cell car developed by shanghai FCV powertrain Co., Ltd.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5164379,no
Application of BP neural network fault diagnosis in solar photovoltaic system,"This paper introduces fault diagnosis modes and points out the source of trouble in grid-connected solar photovoltaic systems. It analyses and researches the structure and algorithm of BP neural network. After that, the paper brings forward fault diagnosis method based on BP neural network for the grid-connected solar photovoltaic system. It shows this method is efficacious and earthly and attains the expected results, it can be applied to fault diagnosis of grid-connected solar photovoltaic system definitely.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246742,no
SymPLFIED: Symbolic program-level fault injection and error detection framework,"This paper introduces SymPLFIED, a program-level framework that allows specification of arbitrary error detectors and the verification of their efficacy against hardware errors. SymPLFIED comprehensively enumerates all transient hardware errors in registers, memory, and computation (expressed as value errors) that potentially evade detection and cause program failure. The framework uses symbolic execution to abstract the state of erroneous values in the program and model checking to comprehensively find all errors that evade detection. We demonstrate the use of SymPLFIED on a widely deployed aircraft collision avoidance application, tcas. Our results show that the SymPLFIED framework can be used to uncover hard-to-detect corner cases caused by transient errors in programs that may not be exposed by random fault-injection based validation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630118,no
Fault Diagnosis Expert System of the Electrical Traction Shearer Type 3LS,"This paper introduces the C language-based expert system development platform-CLIPS, discusses the CLIPS expert system as a platform shearer 3LS fault diagnosis tool necessity and its concrete realization, and discusses fault diagnosis expert system of the system structure, tectonic theory, the difficulties and at the same time give the implementation program of system based on fault tree.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5572710,no
LMI-based approach to robust fault detection for uncertain discrete-time piecewise affine slab systems,"This paper investigates the problem of fault detection for a class of uncertain discrete-time piecewise affine systems. The objective is to design an admissible fault detection filter guaranteeing the asymptotic stability of the resulting residual system with prescribed performances. It is assumed that the piecewise affine systems are partitioned based on the state space instead of the measurable output space so that the filter implementations may not be synchronized with the plant state trajectory transitions. Based on a piecewise quadratic Lyapunov function combined with S-procedure and some matrix inequality convexifying techniques, the results are formulated in the form of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, a simulation example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5632892,no
Fault tolerant detection and tracking of multiple sources in WSNs using binary data,"This paper investigates the use of a Wireless Sensor Network for detecting and tracking the location of multiple event sources (targets) using only binary data. Due to the simple nature of the sensor nodes, sensing can be tampered (accidentally or maliciously), resulting in a significant number of sensor nodes reporting erroneous observations. Therefore, it is essential that any event tracking algorithm used in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) exhibits fault tolerant behavior in order to tolerate misbehaving nodes. The main contribution of this paper is the development of a simple and decentralized algorithm that uses the binary observations of the sensors for tracking multiple targets in a fault-tolerant way. Furthermore, tracking is performed in real-time by the alarmed sensor nodes that are elected as leaders, utilizing only information from their neighbors.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5399739,no
A Fast and Flexible Platform for Fault Injection and Evaluation in Verilog-Based Simulations,"This paper presents a complete framework for Verilog-based fault injection and evaluation. In contrast to existing approaches, the proposed solution is the first one based on the Verilog programming interface (VPI). Due to standardization of the VPI, the framework is-in contrast to simulator command based techniques-independent from the used simulator. Additionally, it does not require recompilation for different fault injection experiments like techniques modifying the Verilog code for fault injection. The feasibility of the VPI-based approach is shown in a case study.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5325359,no
Overload Alleviation With Preventive-Corrective Static Security Using Fuzzy Logic,"This paper presents a concept overview of an automatic operator of electrical networks (AOEN) for real-time alleviation of component overloads and increase of system static loadability, based on state-estimator data only. The control used for this purpose is real-power generation rescheduling, although any other control input could fit the new framework. The key performance metrics are the vulnerability index of a generation unit (VIGS) and its sensitivity (SVIGS), accurately computed using a realistic ac power flow incorporating the AGC model (AGC-PF). Transmission overloads, vulnerability indices and their sensitivities with respect to generation control are translated into fuzzy-set notations to formulate, transparently, the relationships between incremental line flows and the active power output of each controllable generator. A fuzzy-rule-based system is formed to select the best controllers, their movement and step-size, so as to minimize the overall vulnerability of the generating system while eliminating overflows. The controller performance is illustrated on the IEEE 39-bus (New England) network and the three-area IEEE-RTS96 network subjected to severe line outage contingencies. A key result is that minimizing the proposed vulnerability metric in real-time results in increased substantial loadability (prevention) in addition to overload elimination (correction).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4762172,no
On the integration of software product management with software defect management in distributed environments,"This paper presents a conceptual model for integrating software product management (SPM) and defect management in a distributed environment. Two case studies are carried out to identify SPM and defect management processes and the relation between them. From these case studies and from SPM and defect management theory, domain concepts are deducted that are used to create our conceptual model. An expert interview indicated that SPM practitioners and experts agreed that that managing software defects differs from managing requirements. In addition, 90% of the interviewees indicated that the proposed conceptual model is a good way to handle requirements and defects.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5501167,no
Research on fault detection for satellite attitude control systems based on sliding mode observers,"This paper investigates the design and application of a sliding mode observer (SMO) strategy for fault detection problem for satellite attitude control systems. A particular design of sliding mode observer is presented for which the parameters can be obtained by a linear change of coordinates under some conditions. Instead of generating residuals for other observer-based fault detection methods, the sliding mode observer discussed is designed based on the so-called equivalent output estimation error injection concept to reconstruct the faults. Both the actuator and sensor fault detection and reconstruct for satellite attitude control systems are taken into account. A mathematical simulation is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246647,no
Analysis of Error-Agnostic Time- and Frequency-Domain Features Extracted From Measurements of 3-D Accelerometer Sensors,"This paper investigates the expressive power of several time- and frequency-domain features extracted from 3-D accelerometer sensors. The raw data represent movements of humans and cars. The aim is to obtain a quantitative as well as a qualitative expression of the uncertainty associated with random placement of sensors in wireless sensor networks. Random placement causes calibration, location and orientation errors to occur. Different type of movements are considered-slow and fast movements; horizontal, vertical, and lateral movements; smooth and jerky movements, etc. Particular attention is given to the analysis of the existence of correlation between sets of raw data which should represent similar or correlated movements. The investigation demonstrates that while frequency-domain features are generally robust, there are also computationally less intensive time-domain features which have low to moderate uncertainty. Moreover, features extracted from slow movements are generally error prone, regardless of their specific domain.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5405068,no
Towards high-precision lens distortion correction,"This paper points out and attempts to remedy a serious discrepancy in results obtained by global calibration methods: The re-projection error can be rendered very small by these methods, but we show that the optical distortion correction is far less accurate. This discrepancy can only be explained by internal error compensations in the global methods that leave undetected the inadequacy of the distortion model. This fact led us to design a model-free distortion correction method where the distortion can be any image domain diffeomorphism. The obtained precision compares favorably to the distortion given by state of the art global calibration and reaches a RMSE of 0.08 pixels. Nonetheless, we also show that this accuracy can still be improved.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5651928,no
Demagnetization fault detection by means of Hilbert Huang transform of the stator current decomposition in PMSM,"This paper presents a study of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) running under demagnetization. The simulation has been carried out by means of two dimensional (2-D) finite element analysis (FEA), and simulations results were compared with experimental results. The demagnetization fault is analyzed by means of decomposition of stator currents obtained at different speeds for torque change.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4677217,no
Wind plant collector system fault protection and coordination,"This paper presents a summary of the most important protection and coordination considerations for wind power plants. Short-circuit characteristics of both aggregate wind plant and individual wind turbine generators, as well as general interconnection protection requirements are discussed. Many factors such as security, reliability, and safety are considered for proper conservative protection of the wind power plant and individual turbines.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484316,no
Locating fault using voltage sags profile for underground distribution system,This paper presents an alternative fault location algorithm to estimate short-circuit faults location in electrical distribution networks using only voltage sags data. The proposed algorithm uses voltage sags profile as a means to locate fault. The possible fault locations is estimated by incorporating the measured voltage sags magnitude and its corresponding phase angle into an equation of voltage sag as a function of fault distance. A ranking procedure is also introduced to rank possible fault locations due the same electrical distance. The uncertainty of fault resistance is also considered in this algorithm. The performance of the technique is presented by testing it using an actual underground distribution network. The simulation results indicated a possibility of practical implementation.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666450,no
Identification of faulted section in TCSC transmission line based on DC component measurement,"This paper presents an analysis of possibility of detection of a fault position with respect to the compensating bank in a series compensating transmission line. The algorithm designed for this purpose is based on determining the contents of dc components in the distance relay input currents. Fuzzy logic technique is applied for making the decision whether a fault is in front of the compensating bank or behind it. The delivered algorithm has been tested and evaluated with use of the fault data obtained from versatile ATP-EMTP simulations of faults in the test power network containing the 400 kV, 300 km transmission line, compensated with the aid of TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) bank installed at mid-line. The results of the evaluation are reported and discussed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5429546,no
An Analysis of Fault Effects and Propagations in AVR Microcontroller ATmega103(L),"This paper presents an analysis of the effects and propagations of transient faults by simulation-based fault injection into the AVR microcontroller. This analysis is done by injecting 20000 transient faults into main components of the AVR microcontroller that is described in VHDL language. The sensitivity level of various points of the AVR microcontroller such as ALU, Instruction-Register, Program-Counter, Register-file and Flag Registers against fault manifestation is considered and evaluated. The behavior of AVR microcontroller against injected faults is reported and shown that about 41.46% of faults are recovered in simulation time, 53.84% of faults are effective faults and reminding 4.70% of faults are latent faults; moreover a comparison of the behavior of AVR microcontroller in fault injection experiments against some common microprocessors is done. Results of fault analyzing will be used in the future research to propose the fault-tolerant AVR microcontroller.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5066469,no
Analysis and modelling of novel band stop and band pass millimeter wave filters using defected microstrip structure (DMS),"This paper presents novel millimeter wave filter structures by creation of some slots on the strip. These slots perform a serious LC resonance property in certain frequency and suppress the spurious signals. In high frequencies and high density applications, the board area is seriously limited, so using these filters; the circuit area is minimized. The proposed filters are compact and very suitable for high density MMIC circuits.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5450468,no
Dynamic Testing of an SRAM-Based FPGA by Time-Resolved Laser Fault Injection,This paper presents principles and results of dynamic testing of an SRAM-based FPGA using time- resolved fault injection with a pulsed laser. The synchronization setup and experimental procedure are detailed. Fault injection results obtained with a DES crypto-core application implemented on a Xilinx Virtex II are discussed.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4567109,no
An Integrated Neural Fuzzy Approach for Fault Diagnosis of Transformers,"This paper presents a new and efficient integrated neural fuzzy approach for transformer fault diagnosis using dissolved gas analysis. The proposed approach formulates the modeling problem of higher dimensions into lower dimensions by using the input feature selection based on competitive learning and neural fuzzy model. Then, the fuzzy rule base for the identification of fault is designed by applying the subtractive clustering method which is very good at handling the noisy input data. Verification of the proposed approach has been carried out by testing on standard and practical data. In comparison to the results obtained from the existing conventional and neural fuzzy techniques, the proposed method has been shown to possess superior performance in identifying the transformer fault type.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4626362,no
A New Diagnostic Model for Identifying Parametric Faults,"This paper presents a new approach to failure detection and isolation (FDI) for systems modeled as an interconnection of subsystems that are each subject to parametric faults. This paper develops the concept of a diagnostic model and the concept of a fault emulator which are used to model and parameterize subsystem faults. There are two stages to the FDI scheme. In the first stage there is a requirement to identify the diagnostic model. Once identified, the diagnostic model is used in the second stage to generate a residual. Artifacts within the measured residual are then used as a basis for identifying parametric faults. The scheme is distinct from others as it does not require an online recursive least squares type identifier.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5208200,no
Low voltage fault attacks to AES,"This paper presents a new fault based attack on the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with any key length, together with its practical validation through the use of low voltage induced faults. The CPU running the attacked algorithm is the ARM926EJ-S: a 32-bit processor widely deployed in computer peripherals, telecommunication appliances and low power portable devices. We prove the practical feasibility of this attack through inducing faults in the computation of the AES algorithm running on a full fledged Linux 2.6 operating system targeted to two implementations of the ARM926EJ-S on commercial development boards.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5513121,no
A Fault Analysis and Classifier Framework for Reliability-Aware SRAM-Based FPGA Systems,"This paper presents a new framework for the analysis of SRAM-based FPGA systems with respect to their dependability properties against single, multiple and cumulative upsets errors. The aim is to offer an environment for performing fault classification and error propagation analyses for designed featuring fault detection or tolerance techniques against soft errors, where the focus is not only the overall achieved fault coverage, but an understanding of the fault/error relation inside the internal elements of the system. We propose a fault analyzer/classifier laying on top of a classical fault injection engine, used to monitor the evolution of the system after a fault as occurred, with respect to the applied reliability-oriented design technique. The paper introduces the framework and reports some experimental results of its application to a case study, to highlight the benefits of the proposed solution.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5372258,no
The research on a new fault wave recording device in generator-transformer units,"This paper presents a new kind of distributed fault recorder including the design of the system structure, the hardware and software design of the recorder. The recorder adopts NI CompaceRIO series programmable automation controller (PAC) in the hardware while virtual instrument technology in the software. The network communication based on TCP/IP between the client and the server is adopted in the power plant. Moreover, an improved frequency tracking algorithm is presented in the monitoring of the electric quantity to improve the detection precision and the processing speed. The detection and operation results show that it has improved the performance greatly and realized authenticity, integrity and reliability and so on.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5192126,no
Fault diagnosis with Coloured Petri Nets using Latent Nestling Method,"This paper presents a new methodology for permanent and intermittent fault diagnosis, named Faults Latent Nestling Method (FLNM), using Coloured Petri Nets (CPNs). CPNs and FLNM method allow for an enhanced capability for synthesis and modelling in contrast to the classical phenomena of combinational state explosion when using Finite State Machine based methods.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4677094,no
Electrical equipment fault diagnosis system based on the decomposition products of SF6,"This paper presents electrical equipment fault diagnosis system based on the decomposition products of SF6, and makes an introduction of a method that electrical equipment fault diagnosis system of hardware and software implementation. The hardware uses ATmega128 series single-chip platform, and the software uses advanced wavelet neural network fault diagnosis method. To prove the superiority of this algorithm, we make the simulation and comparison with others. A good synergy of hardware and software is used in SF<sub>6</sub> electrical equipment fault diagnosis, and analysis of SF<sub>6</sub> gas content of decomposition products to judge if the electrical equipment fault happens and to make a fault prediction. In this paper we will introduce the hardware design method and the detailed design of the software just because of strong electromagnetic interference environment and it is very important to the system design, finally by giving the experimental data to prove system reliability and practicality.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5410561,no
CCDA: Correcting control-flow and data errors automatically,"This paper presents an efficient software technique to detect and correct control-flow errors through addition of redundant codes in a given program. The key innovation performed in the proposed technique is detection and correction of the control-flow errors using both control-flow graph and data-flow graph. Using this technique, most of control-flow errors in the program are detected first, and next corrected, automatically; so, both errors in the control-flow and program data which is caused by control-flow errors can be corrected. In order to evaluate the proposed technique, a post compiler is used, so that the technique can be applied to every 8086 binaries, transparently. Three benchmarks quick sort, matrix multiplication and linked list are used, and a total of 5000 transient faults are injected on several executable points in each program. The experimental results demonstrate that at least 93% of the control-flow errors can be detected and corrected by the proposed technique automatically without any data error generation. Moreover, the performance and memory overheads of the technique are noticeably less than traditional techniques.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5623537,no
FPGA-Based Fault Injection into Synthesizable Verilog HDL Models,"This paper presents an FPGA-based fault injection tool, called FITO that supports several synthesizable fault models for dependability analysis of digital systems modeled by Verilog HDL. Using the FITO, experiments can be performed in real-time with good controllability and observability. As a case study, an OpenRISC 1200 microprocessor was evaluated using an FPGA circuit. About 4000 permanent, transient, and SEU faults were injected into this microprocessor. The results show that the FITO tool is more than 79 times faster than a pure simulation-based fault injection with only 2.5% FPGA area overhead.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4579806,no
Forward error correction for an enhanced SARSAT distress message,"This paper presents a proposed enhancement to the current SARSAT distress message that is backward-compatible with the existing local user terminals (LUT) (i.e., ground stations) receivers. Additional coding is appended to the current message to allow for better performance for the new LUTs, soft-decision decoding is used in the evaluation of the current and enhanced format. Performance results on the AWGN channel are presented. It is shown that near maximum-likelihood performance is achieved for the new code format.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4686707,no
Low-cost embedded system for the IM fault detection using neural networks,"This paper presents a realization of a low-cost, portable measurement system for induction motor fault diagnosis. The system is composed of a four-channel data acquisition recorder and laptop computer with specialized software. The diagnostic software takes advantage of the motor current signature analysis method (MCSA) for detection of rotor faults, voltage unbalance and mechanical misalignment. For diagnostics purposes the neural network technique is applied.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5607947,no
Soft error resilient VLSI architecture for signal processing,"This paper presents a reliability-configurable coarse-grained reconfigurable array for signal processing, which offers flexible reliability to soft error. A notion of cluster is introduced as a basic element of the proposed reconfigurable array, each of which can select one of four operation modes with different levels of spatial redundancy and area-efficiency. Evaluation of permanent error rates demonstrates that four different reliability levels can be achieved by a cluster of the reconfigurable array. A fault-tolerance evaluation of Viterbi decoder mapped on the proposed reconfigurable array demonstrates that there is a considerable trade-off between reliability and area overhead.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5383872,no
Robust and Efficient Rule Extraction Through Data Summarization and Its Application in Welding Fault Diagnosis,"This paper presents a robust and efficient method to discover knowledge for classification problems through data summarization. It discretizes continuous features and then summarizes the data using a contingency table. Inconsistency rate for different subsets of features can then be easily calculated from the contingency table. Sequential search is then used to find the best feature subset. After the number of features is reduced to a certain extent, easy-to-understand knowledge can be intuitively derived from data summary. Another desirable feature of the proposed method is its capability to learn incrementally; namely, knowledge can be updated quickly whenever new data are obtained. Moreover, the proposed method is capable of handling missing values when used for prediction. The method is applied on two benchmark data sets showing its effectiveness on selecting discriminative features. The practical usefulness of this method in manufacturing is demonstrated through an application on welding fault diagnosis.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4604676,no
Diagnostic and protection of inverter faults in IPM motor drives using wavelet transform,"This paper presents a novel faults diagnostic and protection technique for interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor drives using wavelet transform. The proposed wavelet based diagnostic and protection technique for inverter faults is developed and implemented in real-time for a voltage source inverter fed IPM motor. In the proposed technique, the motor currents of different faulted and unfaulted conditions of an IPM motor drive system are preprocessed by wavelet packet transform. The wavelet packet transformed coefficients of motor currents are used as inputs of a three-layer wavelet neural network. The performances of the proposed diagnostic and protection technique are investigated in simulation and experiments. The proposed technique is experimentally tested on a laboratory 1-hp IPM motor drive using the ds1102 digital signal processor board. The test results showed satisfactory performances of the proposed diagnostic and protection technique in terms of speed, accuracy and reliability.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4769195,no
A Method of simple adaptive control using neural networks with offset error reduction for an SISO magnetic levitation system,"This paper proposes the implementation of the method of SAC using neural network with offset error reduction to control an SISO magnetic levitation system. In this paper, the control input for the SISO magnetic levitation system is given by the sum of the output of a simple adaptive controller and the output of neural networks. The role of neural networks is to compensate for constructing a linearized model so as to minimize the output error caused by nonlinearities in the magnetic levitation system. The neural networks use the backpropagation algorithm for the learning process. The role of simple adaptive controller is to perform the model matching for the linear system with unknown structures to a given linear reference model. In this method, only part of the control input is fed to the PFC. Thus, the error will be reduced using this method, and the output of the magnetic levitation system can follow significantly closely the output of the reference model. Finally, the effectiveness of this method is confirmed through experiments to the real SISO magnetic levitation system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5553569,no
Two Efficient Software Techniques to Detect and Correct Control-Flow Errors,"This paper proposes two efficient software techniques, Control-flow and Data Errors Correction using Data-flow Graph Consideration (CDCC) and Miniaturized Check-Pointing (MCP), to detect and correct control-flow errors. These techniques have been implemented based on addition of redundant codes in a given program. The creativity applied in the methods for online detection and correction of the control-flow errors is using data-flow graph alongside of using control-flow graph. These techniques can detect most of the control-flow errors in the program firstly, and next can correct them, automatically. Therefore, both errors in the control-flow and program data which is caused by control-flow errors can be corrected, efficiently. In order to evaluate the proposed techniques, a post compiler is used, so that the techniques can be applied to every 8086 binaries, transparently. Three benchmarks quick sort, matrix multiplication and linked list are used, and a total of 5000 transient faults are injected on several executable points in each program. The experimental results demonstrate that at least 93% and 89% of the control-flow errors can be detected and corrected without any data error generation by the CDCC and MCP, respectively. Moreover, the strength of these techniques is significant reduction in the performance and memory overheads in compare to traditional methods, for as much as remarkable correction abilities.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5703238,no
The combination method for dependent evidence and its application for simultaneous faults diagnosis,"This paper provides a method based on Dezert-Smarandache theory (DSmT) for simultaneous faults diagnosis when evidence is dependent. Firstly, according to the characteristics of simultaneous faults, a frame of discernment is given for both single fault and simultaneous faults diagnosis, the DSmT combination rule applicable to simultaneous faults diagnosis is introduced. Secondly, the dependence of original evidence is classified according to three main factors in information acquisition and extraction, a method for evidence decorrelation is provided. On the other hand, the weights for measuring evidence credibility are given to modify independent evidence based on generalized ambiguity measure. Next, DSmT combination rule is used to aggregate the modified evidence. Finally, an example of rotor faults diagnosis is given to illustrate effectiveness of the proposed method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5207476,no
PLC Control Logic Error Monitoring and Prediction Using Neural Network,"This paper reviews monitoring and error prediction of PLC-program using Neural Network. In the PLC-device controlled manufacturing line, PLC-program holds place of underlying component. It becomes controlling mechanism. The level of automation in the production line relies on control mechanism practiced. In the modern manufacturing, PLC devices can handle whole production line given that structured and smart PLC-program is executed. In other words, PLC-program can manage whole process structure consisting set of procedures. We present a method to monitor PLC-program and PLC error prediction it using neural network. The neural network method being predictive in nature, it rigorously can monitor process signals from sensors, sensed during operation of PLC devices or execution of PLC-program. Subsequently, a neural network algorithm practiced for the analysis of signals. In this way, thorough monitoring of PLC-program can find possible errors from temporal parameters (e.g. Voltage, bias etc). In addition, possible alterations in program and irregularities can be minimized. That can result, easily to use in fault detection, maintenance, and decision support in manufacturing organization. Similarly, it can lessen down-time of machines and prevent possible risks.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4667042,no
Fault Anticipation Software System architecture for aircraft EMA,"This paper shows a Fault Anticipation Software System (FASS) architecture, for diagnosis and prognosis purposes, in order to be implemented in a FASS unit, that nowadays, is a necessary tool to diagnose aircraft Electro Mechanical Actuators which are been implemented in order to face up to ldquoMore Electric Aircraftrdquo (MEA) technologies. This work shows the requirements in a FAS system, and a fault diagnosis and prognosis structure purposed to solve this challenge.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5278910,no
The ATPG Conflict-Driven Scheme for High Transition Fault Coverage and Low Test Cost,"This paper presents two new conflict-driven techniques for improving transition fault coverage using multiple scan chains. These techniques are based on a novel test application scheme, in order to break the functional dependency of broadside testing. The two new techniques analyze the ATPG conflicts in broadside test generation, and try to control the flip-flops with most influence on the fault coverage.The conflict-driven method selects some flip-flops that work in the enhanced mode and distributes them into different chains. In the multiple scan chain architecture, to avoid too many scan-in pins, some chains are driven by the same scan-in pin to construct a tree-based architecture. Based on the architecture, the new test application scheme allows some flip-flops working in the enhanced mode, while most of others working in the traditional broadside mode. With the efficient conflict-driven selection method, fault coverage is improved greatly, which can also reduce test application time and compress test data volume. Experimental results show that fault coverage based on the proposed method is comparable to the enhanced scan.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5116625,no
Simple and effective techniques for core-region detection and slant correction in offline script recognition,"This paper presents two new preprocessing techniques for cursive script recognition. Enhanced algorithms for core-region detection and effective uniform slant angle estimation are proposed. Reference lines composed of core-region are usually obtained as the ones surrounding highest density peaks, but are strongly affected by the presence of long horizontal strokes and erratic characters in the word. Therefore, it caused confusion with the actual core-region and leads to decisive errors in normalizing the word. To overcome this problem in core-region detection quantile is introduced to make resulting process robust. On the other hand, research community has introduced computationally heavy approaches to remove slant in cursive script. Therefore, a simple formalized and effective method is presented for the detection and removal of slant angle for offline cursive handwritten words to avoid heavy experimental efforts. Additionally, already not-slanted words are not affected negatively by applying this algorithm. The core-region detection is based on statistical features, while slant angle estimation is based on structure features of the word image. The algorithms are tested on IAM benchmark database of cursive handwritten words. Promising results for core-region detection, slant angle estimation/removal are reported and compared with widely applied Bozinovic and Srihari method (BSM).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5478628,no
Wavelet criteria for identification of arc intermittent faults in medium voltage networks,"This paper presents two novel criteria for identification of arc earth faults in medium voltage (MV) networks. These criteria are based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The product of zero sequence current and voltage details is used to detect and to discriminate the internal faults from the external ones. New criteria ware tested in a MV network. The test results show that the new criteria are very selective, accurate and effective, especially during arc intermittent short-circuits in compensated networks.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6007197,no
Error detection For H.264/AVC coded video based on artifact characteristics,"This paper proposed a novel error detection algorithm of the H.264/AVC coded video stream based on the analysis of artifact characteristics. Firstly, the visual distortions caused by transmission are classified and construed. Then, two methods are implemented according to different kinds of visual artifact. Comparing with conventional ways, proposed algorithm not only considers the error happening on the boundary of the macroblocks(MBs), but also considers the error appears inside the MBs. Simulation results demonstrate that our algorithm shows a good performance for helping concealing the erroneous MBs to gain a high video quality.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5658703,no
On the outphasing power amplifier nonlinearity analysis and correction using digital predistortion technique,"This paper proposes a comprehensive theoretical and experimental analysis of the source of nonlinearity exhibited by outphasing based power amplifiers The important load-pulling effect engendered by the outphasing decomposition and the Chireix combiner is first investigated. Its effect on the two power amplifiers behavior is then identified as the dominant source of nonlinearity in the LINC system. In addition, this paper suggests the application of baseband predistortion technique to mitigate this nonlinear behavior.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4463601,no
A Merge Method for Decentralized Discrete-Event Fault Diagnosis,This paper proposes a generic component model (GCM) to give a functional representation of large scale systems. The GCM rests on the notion of services provided by components and their organization into operating modes. To each operating mode corresponds a behavior model uses as reference to diagnose fault. Faults are detected by local diagnosers built on subsystems using a merging procedure without any global model and global diagnoser.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4561336,no
A Distributed Approach to Autonomous Fault Treatment in Spread,"This paper presents the design and implementation of the distributed autonomous replication management (DARM) framework built on top of the Spread group communication system. The objective of DARM is to improve the dependability characteristics of systems through a fault treatment mechanism. Unlike many existing fault tolerance frameworks, DARM focuses on deployment and operational aspects, where the gain in terms of improved dependability is likely to be the greatest. DARM is novel in that recovery decisions are distributed to each individual group deployed in the system, eliminating the need for a centralized manager with global information about all groups. This scheme allows groups to perform fault treatment on themselves. A group leader in each group is responsible for fault treatment by means of replacing failed group members; the approach also tolerates failure of the group leader. The advantages of the distributed approach is: (i) no need to maintain globally centralized information about all groups which is costly and limits scalability, (ii) reduced infrastructure complexity, and (iii) less communication overhead. We evaluate the approach experimentally to validate its fault handling capability; the recovery performance of a system deployed in a local area network is evaluated. The results show that applications can recover to their initial system configuration in a very short period of time.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4555989,no
On Line Fault Detection and an Adaptive Algorithm to Fast Distance Relaying,"This paper presents the design of an hybrid scheme of wavelet transforms and an adaptive Fourier filtering technique for on line fault detection and phasor estimation to fast distance protection of transmission lines. The wavelet transform is used as a signal processing tool. The sampled voltage and current signals at the relay location are decomposed using wavelet transform-Multi Resolution Analysis (MRA). The decomposed signals are used for the fault detection and as input to the phasor estimation algorithm. The phasor estimation algorithm possesses the advantage of recursive computing and a decaying dc offset component is removed from fault signals by using an adaptive compensation method. Fault detection index and a variable data window scheme are embedded in the algorithm. The proposed scheme provides capability for fast tripping decision, taking accuracy into account. Extensive simulation tests and comparative evaluation presented prove the efficacy of the proposed scheme in distance protection.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4745350,no
Adatpive single phase fault identification and selection technique for maintaining continued operaton of distributed generation,This paper presents the development of an adaptive rule based fault identification and phase selection technique to be used in the implementation of single phase auto-reclosing (SPAR) in power distribution network with distributed generators (DGs). The proposed method uses only the three line currents measured at the relay point. The waveform pattern of phase angle and symmetrical components of the three line currents during transient period of fault condition are analyzed using conditioning rules with IF-THEN in order to determine the type of single phase to ground fault and initiate single pole auto-reclosing command or three phase reclosing command for other type of faults. The proposed method is implemented and verified in PSCAD/EMTDC power system software. The test results show that the proposed method can correctly detects the faulty phase within one cycle in power distribution network with DGs under various network operating conditions.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5522214,no
Development of customized distribution automation system (DAS) for secure fault isolation in low voltage distribution system,"This paper presents the development of customized distribution automation system (DAS) for secure fault isolation at the low voltage (LV) down stream, 415/240 V by using the Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) distribution system. It is the first DAS research work done on customer side substation for operating and controlling between the consumer side system and the substation in an automated manner. Most of the work is focused on developing very secure fault isolation whereby the fault is detected, identified, isolated and remedied in few seconds. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) techniques has been utilized to build Human Machine Interface (HMI) that provides a graphical operator interface functions to monitor and control the system. Microprocessor based Remote Monitoring Devices have been used for customized software to be downloaded to the hardware. Power Line Carrier (PLC) has been used as communication media between the consumer and the substation. As result, complete DAS fault isolation system has been developed for cost reduction, maintenance time saving and less human intervention during faults.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4595984,no
Soft error propagations and effects analysis on CAN controller,"This paper presents the evaluation of soft error effects and propagations on a Controller Area Network (CAN) controller using SINJECT fault injection tool. To do this, three main sub-modules of the core were selected for fault injection targets. The experimental results of fault injection sites show that the Register module is more fault tolerant than the other parts, since only 0.3% of the injected faults led to a system failure. On the other hand, the Bit Timing module is the most vulnerable part in the CAN controller, since the failure rate for this module is about 93%. The Bit Stream Processor is somehow in the middle, because from all injected faults in the Bit Stream Processor, 6.2% of them lead to system failure, 70.1% of them were detected and recovered during simulations, and 23.7% of them were remained latent in the controller.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5520803,no
Error Sector Inventory on Optical Disc for Defect Avoidance during Recording / Playback Digest of Technical Papers,"This paper proposes a method to create on-the-fly inventory of error sectors, so that subsequent recordings / playback are free from the audio-video hiccups and retries and still compliant with DVD-Video / DVD+RW logical standard. This will in-turn aid in creating good user experience (no audio-video hiccups) and helps in using processor MIPS efficiently (no retries).",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4587852,no
Stator Current and Motor Efficiency as Indicators for Different Types of Bearing Faults in Induction Motors,"This paper proposes a new approach to use stator current and efficiency of induction motors as indicators of rolling-bearing faults. After a presentation of the state of the art about condition monitoring of vibration and motor current for the diagnostics of bearings, this paper illustrates the experimental results on four different types of bearing defects: crack in the outer race, hole in the outer race, deformation of the seal, and corrosion. The first and third faults have not been previously considered in the literature, with the latter being analyzed in other research works, even if obtained in a different way. Another novelty introduced by this paper is the analysis of the decrease in efficiency of the motor with a double purpose: as alarm of incipient faults and as evaluation of the extent of energy waste resulting from the lasting of the fault condition before the breakdown of the machine.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5166499,no
State monitoring and fault diagnosis of the PWM converter using the magnetic field near the inductor components,"This paper proposes a new fault diagnostic method for the PWM converter. A loop magnetic near field probe is used to detect the magnetic field near the inductor components in the PWM converters, and the measured waveform is utilized as the diagnostic criterion. The features of the waveform are extracted by the Fast Fourier Transform, and the interested low and high order harmonic components are used to classify the states of the converters. The low order harmonic components are classified by the Back Propagation Neural Network and the high order harmonic components are classified by the simple mathematical method. Finally, by compromising both the two results, the detailed diagnostic conclusions are obtained.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5618317,no
A new method for automatic construction of fault propagation digraph based on OO models,"This paper proposes a new method for automatic construction of fault tree of control systems. The design of the knowledge base for the control systems are explained in details. An algorithm based on the OO models is presented for automatic generation of the digraph which describes the normal, failed and conditional propagation relations among the events in systems. This algorithm can also find the negative feedback and feedforward loops of control system automatically during the digraph construction. Simulation results show that the fault tree can then be simply constructed from the digraph by using a number of methods in the literatures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5552432,no
Syntactic Detection and Correction of Misrecognitions in Mathematical OCR,"This paper proposes a syntactic method for detection and correction of misrecognized mathematical formulae for a practical mathematical OCR system. Linear monadic context-free tree grammar (LM-CFTG) is employed as a formal framework to define syntactically acceptable mathematical formulae.For the purpose of practical evaluation, a verification system is developed, and the effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by using the ground-truthed mathematical document database InftyCDB-1 and a misrecognition database newly constructed for this study.A satisfactory number of misrecognitions are detected and delivered to the correction process.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5277755,no
An error messages clustering-based fault diagnosis framework in home networks,"This paper proposes an efficient fault detection and analysis framework based on clustering error messages. Most home network middleware provide simple rule-based fault processing mechanisms optimized only to handle error messages individually. The proposed architecture focuses on detecting and analyzing error messages generated by identical faults as collectively as possible. For this, three relation graphs are used to decide the fault range and to find error messages. Message filters are also used to omit analyzing the found messages.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5418937,no
A fault diagnosis method for power system based on multilayer information fusion structure,"This paper proposes an information fusion method for diagnosis. Multilayer structure of information fusion included data proposing, feature extraction and decision making, is constructed for dealing with the objects such as current, voltage and wave, etc. A Petri-network and a fault matching method of WAMS data are used in characteristic fusion. The application of this fame in the simulation resolves the problem of information loss which provides a way of the advanced applications in smart grid.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5589380,no
Verification of a Byzantine-Fault-Tolerant Self-Stabilizing Protocol for Clock Synchronization,"This paper presents the mechanical verification of a simplified model of a rapid byzantine-fault-tolerant self-stabilizing protocol for distributed clock synchronization systems. This protocol does not rely on any assumptions about the initial state of the system except for the presence of sufficient good nodes, thus making the weakest possible assumptions and producing the strongest results. This protocol tolerates bursts of transient failures, and deterministically converges within a time bound that is a linear function of the self-stabilization period. A simplified model of the protocol is verified using the symbolic model verifier (SMV). The system under study consists of 4 nodes, where at most one of the nodes is assumed to be Byzantine faulty. The model checking effort is focused on verifying correctness of the simplified model of the protocol in the presence of a permanent byzantine fault as well as confirmation of claims of determinism and linear convergence with respect to the self-stabilization period. Although model checking results of the simplified model of the protocol confirm the theoretical predictions, these results do not necessarily confirm that the protocol solves the general case of this problem. Modeling challenges of the protocol and the system are addressed. A number of abstractions are utilized in order to reduce the state space.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526337,no
Evaluating Alpha-induced soft errors in embedded microprocessors,"This paper presents the results of alpha single event upsets tests of an embedded 8051 microprocessor. Cross sections for the different memory resources (i.e., internal registers, code RAM, and user memory) are reported as well as the error rate for different codes implemented as test benchmarks. Test results are then discussed to find the contribution of each available resource to the overall device error rate.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5195985,no
An Image Enhancement Technique in Inspecting Visual Defects of Polarizers in TFT-LCD Industry,"This study develops an image-processing filter to enhance the visual defects such as particles, stains, and uneven intensity on polarizers in TFT-LCD industry. Each pixel in the subimage of a polarizer is initially processed to calculate its standard deviation (SD) of gray level, which is sampled by its neighbors within a window. The gray level of each pixel is re-scaled by the maximal and minimal SD values on entire subimage to determine its new gray level. Real polarizers with visual defects are tested in this study. Experimental results show that the proposed filter achieves better performance than conventional image enhancement filters do. Moreover, the proposed image enhancement scheme provides more information for potential defect detection and classification alternatives. The proposed filter is simple, straightforward, and requiring no high-resolution image. Therefore, it is practically suitable for large-polarizer manufacturers to increase inspection speed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4797393,no
A numerical simulation approach for reliability analysis of fault-tolerant repairable system,"This paper proposes a numerical simulation approach for reliability analysis of fault-tolerant system with repairable components. In the traditional method for the reliability analysis of fault-tolerant system, the system structure is described by means of binary decision diagram (BDD) and Markov process, and then the reliability indexes are calculated. However, as the size of system augments, the size of state space will increase exponentially. In addition, Markov approach requires that the failure and repair time of the components obey exponential distribution. In this paper, by combining dynamic fault tree (DFT) and numerical simulation based on the minimal sequence cut sets (MSCS), we propose a new method to evaluate reliability of fault-tolerant system with repairable components. The approach presented does not depend on Markov model, so that it can effectively solve the problem of the state-space combination explosion. Moreover, our method does not require the system to have Markov property, and it is suitable for systems whose failure and repair time obey arbitrary distributions. Therefore, our method is more flexible than traditional method. At last, one example is given to verify the method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270210,no
An improved method on the performance of hybrid filter banks of ADC due to realization errors,"This paper studies the error of the hybrid filter banks (HFB) due to analog realization errors. It is shown that the architecture of HFB is much more sensitive to even small analog imperfections. Therefore, the performance of HFB has a dramatic deterioration. In order to improve the performance, a method named central frequency is presented. The results show that the value of max aliasing function the main restricting source of resolution in HFB ADC (analog-to-digital converter) decreases about 50 dB. And the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of the whole system is enhanced above 30 dB.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4697480,no
A digital correction technique for channel mismatch in TI  ADCs,"Time interleaved sigma-delta analog to digital converter seems to be a potential solution for wide bandwidth analog to digital converter with the lowest hardware complexity compared to other solutions using parallel sigma-delta modulators. Its performance depends on the digital filter and is very sensitive to the channel mismatch. This paper summarizes our work on the digital signal processing for this kind of converter, including filtering, decimation and channel mismatch correction in order to reduce the implementation complexity while minimizing the channel mismatch effect.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5440993,no
UDP identification and error mitigation in toa-based indoor localization systems using neural network architecture,"Time-of-Arrival (ToA) based localization has attracted considerable attention for solving the very complex and challenging problem of indoor localization, mainly due to its fine range estimation process. However, ToA-based localization systems are very vulnerable to the blockage of the direct path (DP) and occurrence of undetected direct path (UDP) conditions. Erroneous detection of other multipath components as DP, which corresponds to the true distance between transmitter and receiver, introduces substantial ranging and localization error into ToA-based systems. Therefore, in order to enable robust and accurate ToA-based indoor localization, it is important to identify and mitigate occurrence of DP blockage. In this paper we present two methodologies to identify and mitigate the UDP conditions in indoor environments. We first introduce our identification technique which utilizes the statistics of radio propagation channel metrics along with binary hypothesis testing and then we introduce our novel identification technique which integrates the same statistics into a neural network architecture. We analyze each approach and the effects of neural network parameters on the accuracy of the localization system. We also compare the results of the two approaches in a sample indoor environment using both real-time measurement and ray tracing simulation. The identification metrics are extracted from wideband frequency-domain measurements conducted in a typical office building with a system bandwidth of 500 MHz, centered around 1 GHz. Then we show that with the knowledge of the channel condition, it is possible to improve the localization performance by mitigating those UDP-induced ranging errors. Finally, we compare the standard deviation of localization error of traditional localization system and UDP identification-enhanced localization system with their respective lower bound.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5165323,no
A fault-tolerant structure for reliable multi-core systems based on hardware-software co-design,"To cope with the soft errors and make full use of the multi-core system, this paper gives an efficient fault-tolerant hardware and software co-designed architecture for multi-core systems. And with a not large number of test patterns, it will use less than 33% hardware resources compared with the traditional hardware redundancy (TMR) and it will take less than 50% time compared with the traditional software redundancy (time redundant).Therefore, it will be a good choice for the fault-tolerant architecture for the future high-reliable multi-core systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5450458,no
Multiplication of Fault Tolerance for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System Using HILS,"To handle the complexity in avionic systems, the application software are large and becoming hard to meet the real-time capabilities. The proposed architecture for avionics control system meets the requirements of fault tolerance as a major issue. Fault tolerance proposed in this paper is based on redundancy; permanent faults are covered by hardware replication, transient faults, and fault detection which are processed by software techniques. In this paper, we propose the architecture which is flexible on distributed function and assured replication that can react to failures on real time in both hardware and software of UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle). This reliable architecture can enhance analysis capabilities for critical safety properties and reduce certification costs for such systems using hardware in loop simulation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5260926,no
Research of the on-line hydropower units fault diagnosis based on fuzzy theory and multi-Agent,"To improve existing defects of on-line monitoring of hydropower generating units, the paper designs a MAS-based fault diagnosis system model. In allusion to the classic model of MAS-based fault diagnosis system, it improves information interactive features between mission-controlled subsystems and diagnosis task decomposition subsystem to increase the rate of control signal transmission and makes status-monitored subsystem to get abnormal signals directly from factory to increase sensitivity of system. In fault diagnosis subsystem of real-time fault diagnosis system, an MAS-based interactive parallel working structure is designed to meet requirements of high reliability and good real-time. Java-based software so called as JAFMAS is used to build platform to construct a multi-Agent coordination mechanism. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609947,no
New algorithms for fault classification in Electrical Distribution Systems,"This work presents the basis of a new approach for fault diagnosis in Electrical Distribution Systems (EDS). This approach aims to classify different types of faults by means of the factor named as Negative Sequence Factor (F2). This factor is calculated from post-fault negative sequence and pre-fault positive sequence currents using Thevenin equivalents. Series, shunt and simultaneous faults with cable either on the source or on the load side are considered. A simple test case was used to show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5590166,no
Combined solution for fault location in three-terminal lines based on wavelet transforms,"This work presents the study and development of a combined fault location scheme for three-terminal transmission lines using wavelet transforms (WTs). The methodology is based on the low- and high-frequency components of the transient signals originated from fault situations registered in the terminals of a system. By processing these signals and using the WT, it is possible to determine the time of travelling waves of voltages and/or currents from the fault point to the terminals, as well as estimate the fundamental frequency components. A new approach presents a reliable and accurate fault location scheme combining some different solutions. The main idea is to have a decision routine in order to select which method should be used in each situation presented to the algorithm. The combined algorithm was tested for different fault conditions by simulations using the ATP (Alternative Transients Program) software. The results obtained are promising and demonstrate a highly satisfactory degree of accuracy and reliability of the proposed method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5357364,no
Alpha-emitter induced soft-errors in CMOS 130nm SRAM: Real-time underground experiment and Monte-Carlo simulation,"This work reports a long-duration (> 2 years) realtime characterization study of SRAM memories at the underground laboratory of Modane (LSM) to quantify alpha emitter radioactive impurities present in the circuit materials and responsible of soft-errors detected in absence of atmospheric neutrons. Experimental data have been obtained using ~3.5 Gbit of SRAMs manufactured in CMOS 130 nm technology. In a second part of this work, the underground experiment is simulated using a Monte-Carlo code to extract the contamination level related to the disintegration chain of uranium in silicon at secular equilibrium. Results are finally compared to data obtained from experimental counting experiments using an ultra low background alpha-particle gas proportional counter.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5510250,no
Real-time neutron and alpha soft-error rate testing of CMOS 130nm SRAM: Altitude versus underground measurements,"This work reports real-time soft-error rate (SER) testing of semiconductor static memories in both altitude and underground environments to separate the component of the SER induced by the cosmic rays (i.e. primarily by atmospheric neutrons) from that caused by on-chip radioactive impurities (alpha-particle emitters). Two European dedicated sites were used to perform long-term real-time measurements with the same setup: the Altitude SEE Test European Platform (ASTEP) at the altitude of 2252 m and the underground laboratory of Modane (LSM, CEA-CNRS) under 1700 m of rock (4800 meters water equivalent). Experimental data obtained using 3.6 Gbit of SRAMs manufactured in CMOS 130 nm technology are reported and analyzed. Comparison with accelerated and simulated SER is also discussed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4567284,no
Undetected disk errors in RAID arrays,"Though remarkably reliable, disk drives do fail occasionally. Most failures can be detected immediately; moreover, such failures can be modeled and addressed using technologies such as RAID (Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks). Unfortunately, disk drives can experience errors that are undetected by the drivewhich we refer to as undetected disk errors (UDEs). These errors can cause silent data corruption that may go completely undetected (until a system or application malfunction) or may be detected by software in the storage I/O stack. Continual increases in disk densities or in storage array sizes and more significantly the introduction of desktop-class drives in enterprise storage systems are increasing the likelihood of UDEs in a given system. Therefore, the incorporation of UDE detection (and correction) into storage systems is necessary to prevent increasing numbers of data corruption and data loss events. In this paper, we discuss the causes of UDEs and their effects on data integrity. We describe some of the basic techniques that have been applied to address this problem at various software layers in the I/O stack and describe a family of solutions that can be integrated into the RAID subsystem.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5388610,no
An Error Prediction Framework for Interferometric SAR Data,"Three of the major error sources in interferometric synthetic aperture radar measurements of terrain elevation and displacement are baseline errors, atmospheric path length errors, and phase unwrapping errors. In many processing schemes, these errors are calibrated out by using ground control points (GCPs) (or an external digital elevation model). In this paper, a simple framework for the prediction of error standard deviation is outlined and investigated. Inputs are GCP position, <i>a</i> <i>priori</i> GCP accuracy, baseline calibration method along with a closed-form model for the covariance of atmospheric path length disturbances, and a model for phase unwrapping errors. The procedure can be implemented as a stand-alone add-on to standard interferometric processors. It is validated by using a set of single-frame interferograms acquired over Rome, Italy, and a double difference data set over Flevoland, The Netherlands.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4505373,no
Enhancing Motion Picture Lens Performance by Digital Calibration and Correction,"To some degree, all lenses used by the motion picture industry exhibit certain distortions which can detract from the ideal viewing experience. This paper presents a lens calibration and correction system which enables these problems to be resolved digitally in post production.  For some time lenses such as the Cook 4i and now 5i provide the necessary metadata on focus and aperture settings to enable digital post corrections to be applied. Cameras such the Alexa and RED are capable of capturing this metadata. Many other lenses however may be adapted to provide the necessary metadata by means of a simple encoder. The paper presents how this is achieved followed by a presentation of the digital correction system for enhancing such scenarios as extreme focus pulls. Using digital high definition camera systems the calibration of each individual lens is presented along with the automatic derivation of the required lens database. The full post production work flow through to final image generation is presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7269069,no
Towards a Flexible Fault-Tolerant System-on-Chip,"TodayAs technology advances still lead to increased integration densities and higher clock rates. However, these advances are more and more accompanied by continuously increasing drawbacks such as intra-die-variation, temperature dependencies, and device degradation mechanisms. Besides the classic measure mips-per-watt, the overall system reliability is steadily becoming more important. In this context, device reliability has become a critical aspect of system-on-chip (SoC) design. To cope with this challenge, we divide the SoC itself into different architectural layers. Each layer is tailored individually to the specific SoC needs in terms of fault-tolerance. At the same time, we derive a comprehensive method of how to account for all layer dependencies in an efficient manner and yet enable error detection and correction mechanisms at system level. In particular, error detection is predominantly established at lower levels, whereas required error correction mechanisms are applied at higher system levels.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5755246,no
Forward error correction techniques suitable for the utilization in the PLC technology,"Todaypsilas PLC systems are mostly limited in transmission speeds to several kilobits per seconds. Such speeds are certainly not sufficient for running popular services like a broadband Internet, a teleworking or the Video on Demand. This fact is reducing a chance of the PLC technologypsilas deployment in a wide range. One way how to overcome this problem could be in introduction of optimal errors correcting techniques into the PLC technology. In this contribution, different types of coding techniques are discussed, including RS, Turbo or Convolutional codes. Theoretical analyses are focused on their positive and negative features visible in case of their deployment in the PLC transmission environment. Special attention is pointed to their robustness against noises, which is analyzed also practically in form of the simulations. Analyses and simulations are done for individual codes as well as combination of codes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4604362,no
Fault tolerant linear algebra: Recovering from fail-stop failures without checkpointing,"Today's long running high performance computing applications typically tolerate fail-stop failures by checkpointing. While checkpointing is a very general technique and can be applied in a wide range of applications, it often introduces a considerable overhead especially when applications modify a large amount of memory between checkpoints. In this research, we will design highly scalable low overhead fault tolerant schemes according to the specific characteristics of an application. We will focus on linear algebra operations and re-design selected algorithms to tolerate fail-stop failures without checkpointing. We will also incorporate the developed techniques into the widely used numerical linear algebra library package ScaLAPACK.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5470775,no
VGrADS: enabling e-Science workflows on grids and clouds with fault tolerance,"Today's scientific workflows use distributed heterogeneous resources through diverse grid and cloud interfaces that are often hard to program. In addition, especially for time-sensitive critical applications, predictable quality of service is necessary across these distributed resources. VGrADS' virtual grid execution system (vgES) provides an uniform qualitative resource abstraction over grid and cloud systems. We apply vgES for scheduling a set of deadline sensitive weather forecasting workflows. Specifically, this paper reports on our experiences with (1) virtualized reservations for batchqueue systems, (2) coordinated usage of TeraGrid (batch queue), Amazon EC2 (cloud), our own clusters (batch queue) and Eucalyptus (cloud) resources, and (3) fault tolerance through automated task replication. The combined effect of these techniques was to enable a new workflow planning method to balance performance, reliability and cost considerations. The results point toward improved resource selection and execution management support for a variety of e-Science applications over grids and cloud systems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6375523,no
An Open-Source Scaled Automobile Platform for Fault-Tolerant Electronic Stability Control,"Today's technology allows the construction of complex experimental apparatus with reasonable budget. This paper supplies detailed guidelines for constructing a low-cost scaled automobile platform for research and education in vehicle dynamics and control. It summarizes the knowledge gathered when designing, building, and evaluating a model car, which was deployed in a real-world environment for testing an electronic stability control (ESC) algorithm. The model car was built using off-the-shelf hardware and open-source software. Data from a variety of onboard sensors are fused in real time so as to deliver accurate measurements to the ESC algorithm, whereas sensor fault diagnosis is achieved at the same time through an innovative approach based on artificial neural networks (NNs). The detailed presentation of this case study provides a roadmap on how a researcher can build effective experimental automotive platforms for research and educational purposes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5398839,no
Full wafer defect analysis with time-of-flight secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry,"ToF-SIMS was used for defect and failure analysis on full wafers using KLA/Tencor maps for addressing selected defects for analysis. In the first case study, analysis of surface contamination is discussed. The analysis was performed in microscan mode for single particle analysis or in macroscan mode for large area analysis. In a second example, ToF-SIMS was used to identify particle type metallic defects from a P-type buried layer of BiCMOS transistors under 200 nm of SiO<sub>2</sub>. The last case study discusses the detection of unintentionally implanted P in micron-sized polysilicon lines in the active punch-through area of a wafer.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5551443,no
Performance-asymmetry-aware topology virtualization for defect-tolerant NoC-based many-core processors,"Topology virtualization techniques are proposed for NoC-based many-core processors with core-level redundancy to isolate hardware changes caused by on-chip defective cores. Prior work focuses on homogeneous cores with symmetric performance and optimizes on-chip communication only. However, core-to-core performance asymmetry due to manufacturing process variations poses new challenges for constructing virtual topologies. Lower performance cores may scatter over a virtual topology, while operating systems typically allocate tasks to continuous cores. As a result, parallel applications are probably assigned to a region containing many slower cores that become bottlenecks. To tackle the above problem, in this paper we present a novel performance-asymmetry-aware reconfiguration algorithm Bubble-Up based on a new metric called core fragmentation factor (CFF). Bubble-Up can arrange cores with similar performance closer, yet maintaining reasonable hop distances between virtual neighbors, thus accelerating applications with higher degree of parallelism, without changing existing allocation strategies for OS. Experimental results show its effectiveness.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5457060,no
Constructing Subtle Faults Using Higher Order Mutation Testing,"Traditional mutation testing considers only first order mutants, created by the injection of a single fault. Often these first order mutants denote trivial faults that are easily killed. This paper investigates higher order mutants (HOMs). It introduces the concept of a subsuming HOM; one that is harder to kill than the first order mutants from which it is constructed. By definition, subsuming HOMs denote subtle fault combinations. The paper reports the results of an empirical study into subsuming HOMs, using six benchmark programs. This is the largest study of mutation testing to date. To overcome the exponential explosion in the number of mutants considered, the paper introduces a search based approach to the identification of subsuming HOMs. Results are presented for a greedy algorithm, a genetic algorithm and a hill climbing algorithm.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4637557,no
Cluster fault-tolerance: An experimental evaluation of checkpointing and MapReduce through simulation,"Traditionally, cluster computing has employed checkpointing to address fault tolerance. Recently, new models for parallel applications have grown in popularity namely MapReduce and Dryad, with runtime systems providing their own re-execute based fault tolerance mechanisms, but with no analysis of their failure characteristics. Another development is the availability of failure data spanning years for systems of significant size at Los Alamos National Labs (LANL), but the time between failure (TBF) for these systems is a poor fit to the exponential distribution assumed by optimization work in checkpointing, bringing these results into question. The work in this paper describes a discrete event simulation driven by the LANL data and by models of parallel checkpointing and MapReduce tasks. The simulation allows us to then evaluate and assess the fault tolerance characteristics of these tasks with the goal of minimizing the expected running time of a parallel program in a cluster in the presence of faults for both fault tolerance models.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5289185,no
Fault Diagnosis of Partial Discharge in the Transformers Based on the Fuzzy Neural Networks,"Transformer is a very important equipment in the power system. In order to ensure security and stability of the work,it is an urgent demand to carry on a fault diagnosis of partial discharge. This paper presents an approach of combination of wavelet singularity detection theory and fuzzy neural network to carry on a fault diagnosis of partial discharge. The experimental results show that this method is an effective way in fault diagnosis of partial discharge.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5709509,no
Adaptive FEC error control scheme for wireless video transmission,"Transmission errors have detrimental impact on video quality in wireless network. Hence, this requires highly efficient error correction scheme to significantly improve the quality of the media content. Deploying error correction technique alone would not strategically eradicate the problem unless some adaptation mechanism has been included in order to make efficient decision while adding more redundant information base on the channel condition. Adapting with channel condition can significantly enhance the network performance and video quality as well. In this paper, we paper presents an approach using forward error correction and cross layer mechanism which dynamically adapts with the channel condition to recover the loss packets in order to enhance the perceived video quality. The scheme has been developed and tested on NS-2 simulator and it shows more dramatic improvement in video quality.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5440400,no
Trap Spectroscopy by Charge Injection and Sensing (TSCIS): A quantitative electrical technique for studying defects in dielectric stacks,"Trap spectroscopy by charge injection and sensing (TSCIS) is a new, fast and powerful material analysis technique that provides detailed information on the trap density profile and trap energy level in dielectric materials. We show the measurement principle and explain the data analysis. The technique is applied to a number of example materials: SiO<sub>2</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. We show that TSCIS has excellent resolution and is capable of distinguishing between different process-variations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4796812,no
Conflict driven scan chain configuration for high transition fault coverage and low test power,"Two conflict-driven schemes and a new scan architecture based on them are presented to improve fault coverage of transition fault. They make full use of the advantages of broadside, skewed-load and enhanced scan testing, and eliminate the disadvantages of them, such as low coverage, fast global scan enable signal and hardware overhead. Test power is also a challenge for delay testing, so our method tries to reduce the test power at the same time. By the analysis of the functional dependency between test vectors in broadside testing and the shift dependency between vectors in the skewed-load testing, some scan cells are selected to operate in the enhanced scan and skewed-load scan mode, while others operate in traditional broadside mode. In the architecture, scan cells with common successors are divided into one chain. With the efficient conflict driven selection methods and partition of scan cells, fault coverage can be improved greatly and test power can be reduced, without sacrificing the test time and test data. Experimental results show that the fault coverage of the proposed method can reach the level of enhanced scan design.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4796556,no
Optimizing the error recovery capabilities of LDPC-staircase codes featuring a Gaussian elimination decoding scheme,"This work focuses on the LDPC codes for the packet erasure channel, also called AL-FEC (application-level forward error correction codes). Previous work has shown that the erasure recovery capabilities of LDPC-triangle and LDPC-staircase AL-FEC codes can be greatly improved by means of a Gaussian elimination (GE) decoding scheme, possibly coupled to a preliminary Zyablov iterative decoding (ID) scheme. Thanks to the GE decoding, the LDPC-triangle codes were very close to an ideal code. If the LDPC-staircase performances were also improved, they were not as close to an ideal code as the LDPC-triangle codes were. The first goal of this work is to reduce the gap between the LDPC-staircase codes and the theoretical limit. We show that a simple modification of the parity check matrix can significantly improve their recovery capabilities when using a GE decoding. Unfortunately the performances of the same codes featuring an ID are negatively impacted, as well as the decoding complexity. The second goal of this work is therefore to find an appropriate balance between all these aspects.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4686723,no
Multi-Network-Feedback-Error-Learning in pelletizing plant control,"This work is devoted to present a control application in an industrial process of iron pellet cooking in an important mining company in Brazil. This work uses an adaptive control in order to improve the performance of the conventional controller already installed in the plant. The main strategy approached here is known Multi-Network-Feedback-Error-Learning (MNFEL), it uses multiple neural networks in the strategy Feedback-Error-Learning (FEL). EEL is a strategy control which a neural network (NN) learns to improve the control actuation of a Conventional Feedback Controller (CFC), in this case a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. The advantage of the FEL strategy is to provide cooperation between the adaptive controller and the conventional controller. The NN learns not only the actuation necessary for the control, but new actions can be acquired as consequence of changes in the process. The approach of MNFEL is to add a new neural network whenever the network's error stops decreasing, so that avoid the conventional approach, restart the learning of the NN. It is emphasized MNFEL can be used when wish to improve the results obtained with FEL strategy, just adding many neural networks in the system. That is good option because FEL improves the performance of the CFC and MNFEL is a improvement of FEL, so MNFEL improves more than FEL, the performance of the control system. In this work, due to the unknown mathematic model of the plant and, in order to simulate the control of the process, a neural model of the plant is also presented. In a simulation environment, PID, FEL and MNFEL strategies are compared and the results are discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5486658,no
PLR: A Software Approach to Transient Fault Tolerance for Multicore Architectures,"Transient faults are emerging as a critical concern in the reliability of general-purpose microprocessors. As architectural trends point toward multicore designs, there is substantial interest in adapting such parallel hardware resources for transient fault tolerance. This paper presents process-level redundancy (PLR), a software technique for transient fault tolerance, which leverages multiple cores for low overhead. PLR creates a set of redundant processes per application process and systematically compares the processes to guarantee correct execution. Redundancy at the process level allows the operating system to freely schedule the processes across all available hardware resources. PLR uses a software-centric approach to transient fault tolerance, which shifts the focus from ensuring correct hardware execution to ensuring correct software execution. As a result, many benign faults that do not propagate to affect program correctness can be safely ignored. A real prototype is presented that is designed to be transparent to the application and can run on general-purpose single-threaded programs without modifications to the program, operating system, or underlying hardware. The system is evaluated for fault coverage and performance on a four-way SMP machine and provides improved performance over existing software transient fault tolerance techniques with a 16.9 percent overhead for fault detection on a set of optimized SPEC2000 binaries.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4668353,no
Assisting Students with Typical Programming Errors During a Coding Session,"Typical programming errors that introductory students make are known to stall and frustrate them during their first few lab coding sessions. Traditionally, lab instructors help with the process of correcting these errors; however, with medium or large size computer labs, the degree of interaction between students and the instructor tends to decline; leaving some students feeling unattended and subsequently perhaps uninterested. To help automate the process of finding and correcting these errors we have devised a solution that collects periodical or on-compile time code snapshots which we analyze upon unsuccessful compilation or whenever a lengthy stall is detected. The analysis is then used to provide feedback to students directly into their Integrated Development Environment (IDE), and generate useful reports that can be perused by both instructors and students later on. This article describes the design and implementation of our solution in the context of BlueJ; a common first year IDE.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5501459,no
Hardware-based Error Rate Testing of Digital Baseband Communication Systems,"We present a flexible architecture for evaluating the bit-error-rate (BER) performance of prototype digital baseband communication systems. Using an efficient elastic buffer interface, an arbitrary baseband module can be added to the cascaded architecture of a digital baseband communication system, independent of the module's operating rate, its position in the cascade structure, and its latency. The proposed BER tester uses an accurate fading channel model and a Gaussian noise generator to provide a realistic and repeatable test environment in the laboratory. This evaluation environment should reduce the need for time-consuming field tests, hence reducing the time-to-market and increasing productivity.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700653,no
System-level hardware-based protection of memories against soft-errors,"We present a hardware-based approach to improve the resilience of a computer system against the errors occurred in the main memory with the help of error detecting and correcting (EDAC) codes. Checksums are placed in the same type of memory locations and addressed in the same way as normal data. Consequently, the checksums are accessible from the exterior of the main memory just as normal data and this enables implicit fault-tolerance for interconnection and solid-state secondary storage sub-systems. A small hardware module is used to manage the sequential retrieval of checksums each time the integrity of the data accessed by the processor sub-system needs to be verified. The proposed approach has the following properties: (a) it is cost efficient since it can be used with simple storage and interconnection sub-systems that do not possess any inherent EDAC mechanism, (b) it allows on-line modifications of the memory protection levels, and (c) no modification of the application software is required.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5090849,no
Collecting broken frames: Error statistics in IEEE 802.11b/g links,"We present a measurement method that allows to capture the complete set of all PSDU (PLCP Service Data Unit) transmissions and receptions in live IEEE 802.11b/g links with very high timing resolution. This tool provides an in-depth view of the statistics of frame-losses as it makes it possible to distinguish between different loss types such as complete miss, partial corruption and physical-layer capture. Getting access to this low-level statistics on nodes that actively participate in transmissions themselves is a challenging task since the software-interface provided to the network layer needs to remain untouched and cannot be used for tracing. In this contribution we describe in detail how to non-intrusively circumvent these restrictions and also present initial results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4586030,no
Asynchronous stochastic convex optimization over random networks: Error bounds,"We consider a distributed multi-agent network system where the goal is to minimize the sum of convex functions, each of which is known (with stochastic errors) to a specific network agent. We are interested in asynchronous algorithms for solving the problem over a connected network where the communications among the agent are random. At each time, a random set of agents communicate and update their information. When updating, an agent uses the (sub)gradient of its individual objective function and its own stepsize value. The algorithm is completely asynchronous as it neither requires the coordination of agent actions nor the coordination of the stepsize values. We investigate the asymptotic error bounds of the algorithm with a constant stepsize for strongly convex and just convex functions. Our error bounds capture the effects of agent stepsize choices and the structure of the agent connectivity graph. The error bound scales at best as m in the number m of agents when the agent objective functions are strongly convex.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5454103,no
Defect Identification in Large Area Electronic Backplanes,We describe a rapid testing system for active matrix thin-film transistor (TFT) backplanes which enables the identification of many common processing defects. The technique spatially maps the charge feedthrough from TFTs in the pixel and is suited for pixels with switched-capacitor architecture.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4749391,no
"Insect Population Inspired Wireless Sensor Networks: A Unified Architecture with Survival Analysis, Evolutionary Game Theory, and Hybrid Fault Models","We envision a wireless sensor network (WSN) as an entity analogous to a biological population with individual nodes mapping to individual organisms and the network architecture mapping to the biological population. In particular, a mobile wireless sensor network consisting of hundreds or more of microchip- driven nodes is analogous to a flying insect population in several important aspects. The notions of lifetime, space distribution and environment apply to both domains. The interactions between individuals, either insects or WSN sensors, can be captured with evolutionary game theory models, in which individuals are the players and reliability are the fitness (payoff) of the players. The evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) forms the basis of network survivability. Furthermore, we introduce hybrid fault models into the proposed architecture with the notion of ""Byzantine generals playing evolutionary games""[13J. This unified architecture makes it possible to dynamically (realtime) predict reliability, survivability, and fault tolerance capability of a WSN. On the node level, we introduce survival analysis to model lifetime, reliability and survivability of WSN nodes. By adopting survival analysis, rather than standard engineering reliability theory, we try to address four critical issues: (i) replacing unrealistic constant failure rates with general stochastic models, (ii) replacing unrealistic independent failures with shared frailty models that effectively address common risks or events-related dependence, and with multi-state modeling for common events dependence, (Hi) harnessing the censoring-modeling mechanisms to assess the influences of unpredictable malicious events on reliability and survivability, and (iv) addressing spatial aspects of failures with spatial survival analysis, spatial frailty.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4549252,no
Adopting SCTP and MPLS-TE mechanism in VoIP architecture for fault recovery and resource allocation,"VoIP application allows us to transmit the voice data over Internet. In this paper, a VoIP architecture with fault recovery and resource allocation by adopting Multi-homed Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) and Multi-Protocol Label Switching Traffic Engineering (MPLS-TE) mechanism was proposed. In the proposed architecture, SCTP was employed to transmit SIP messages while MPLS-TE mechanism was applied to set up the voice data transmitting path. With the multi-homing capability of SCTP, the voice call failure rate could be reduced and network resources could be utilized efficiently. Through MPLS-TE mechanism, traffic engineering functions such as network resources optimization, strict quality of service (QoS) voice data delivery, and fast recovery upon link or node failures could be ensured. We simulate three architectures in the network simulator (NS2) software and compare them under different network conditions. The simulation results reveal that the applicability of the proposed architecture.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4897302,no
A Fault Diagnosis and Security Framework for Water Systems,"Water resources management is a key challenge that will become even more crucial in the years ahead. From a system-theoretic viewpoint, there is a need to develop rigorous design and analysis tools for control, fault diagnosis and security of water distribution networks. This work develops a mathematical framework suitable for fault diagnosis and security in water systems; in addition it investigates the problem of determining a suitable set of locations for sensor placement in large-scale drinking water distribution networks such that contaminant detection is optimized. This work contributes to the research by presenting a problem formulation were the state-space representation of the propagation and reaction dynamics is coupled with the impact dynamics describing the damage caused by a contamination of the water distribution network. We propose a solution methodology for the sensor-placement problem by considering several risk-objectives, and by utilizing various optimization and evolutionary computation techniques. To illustrate the methodology, we present results of a simplified and a real water distribution network.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5350461,no
Sensors Fault Diagnosis of Hydraulic Automatic Gauge Control System Based on Wavelet Neural Network,"Wavelet neural network model is established, a sensor-online fault diagnosis method based on this model is proposed, fault diagnosis of multi-sensor is realized through the establishment of the separate neural network prediction model of every sensor. Simulation experiments are carried out with a large number of sensor data of modern strip mill HAGC (Hydraulic Automatic Gauge Control) system, The feasibility of the method is verified.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5629601,no
Mining the coherence of GNOME bug reports with statistical topic models,"We adapt latent Dirichlet allocation to the problem of mining bug reports in order to define a new information-theoretic measure of coherence. We then apply our technique to a snapshot of the GNOME Bugzilla database consisting of 431,863 bug reports for multiple software projects. In addition to providing an unsupervised means for modeling report content, our results indicate substantial promise in applying statistical text mining algorithms for estimating bug report quality. Complete results are available from our supplementary materials Web site at http://sourcerer.ics.uci.edu/msr2009/gnome_coherence.html.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5069486,no
Forward Error Correction for Multipath Media Streaming,"We address the problem of joint optimal rate allocation and scheduling between media source rate and error protection rate in scalable streaming applications over lossy multipath networks. Starting from a distortion representation of the received media information at the client, we propose a novel optimization framework in which we analyze the performance of the most relevant forward error correction and scheduling techniques. We describe both optimal and heuristic algorithms that find solutions to the rate allocation and scheduling problem, and emphasize the main characteristics of the compared techniques. Our results show that efficient unequal error protection schemes improve the quality of the streaming process. At the same time we emphasize the importance of priority scheduling of the information over the best available network paths, which outperforms traditional first-in-first-out models or network flooding mechanisms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4914862,no
Towards Optimal Resource Allocation in Partial-Fault Tolerant Applications,"We introduce Zen, a new resource allocation framework that assigns application components to node clusters to achieve high availability for partial-fault tolerant (PFT) applications. These applications have the characteristic that under partial failures, they can still produce useful output though the output quality may be reduced. Thus, the primary goal of resource allocation for PFT applications is to prevent, delay, or minimize the impact of failures on the application output quality. This paper is the first to approach this resource allocation problem from a theoretical perspective, and obtains a series of results regarding component assignments that provide the highest service availability under the constraints imposed by the application data flow graph and the hosting clusters. We show that (1) even simple versions of this resource allocation problem are NP-Hard, (2) a 2-approximate polynomial-time algorithm works for tree topologies, and (3) a simple greedy component placement performs well in practice for general application topologies. We implement a system prototype to study the application availability achieved by Zen compared to failure-oblivious placement, replication, and Zen+replication. Our experimental results show that three PFT applications achieve significant data output quality and availability benefits using Zen.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4509784,no
A Model of Bug Dynamics for Open Source Software,We present a model to describe open source software (OSS) bug dynamics. We validated the model using real world data and performed simulation experiments. The results show that the model has the ability to predict bug occurrences and failure rates. The results also reveal that there exists an optimal release cycle for effectively managing OSS quality.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4579816,no
Optimizing a highly fault tolerant software RAID for many core systems,We present a parallel software driver for a RAID architecture to detect and correct corrupted disk blocks in addition to tolerate disk failures. The necessary computations demand parallel execution to avoid the processor being the bottleneck for a RAID with high bandwidth. The driver employs the processing power of multicore and manycore systems. We report on the performance of a prototype implementation on a quadcore processor that indicates linear speedup and promises good scalability on larger machines. We use reordering of I/O orders to ensure balance between CPU and disk load.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5194712,no
Value-based scheduling of distributed fault-tolerant real-time systems with soft and hard timing constraints,We present an approach for scheduling of fault-tolerant embedded applications composed of soft and hard real-time processes running on distributed embedded systems. The hard processes are critical and must always complete on time. A soft process can complete after its deadline and its completion time is associated with a value function that characterizes its contribution to the quality-of-service of the application. We propose a quasi-static scheduling algorithm to generate a tree of fault-tolerant distributed schedules that maximize the application's quality value and guarantee hard deadlines.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666982,no
An Experimental Study of Packet Loss and Forward Error Correction in Video Multicast over IEEE 802.11b Network,"Video multicast over wireless local area networks (WLANs) faces many challenges due to varying channel conditions and limited bandwidth. A promising solution to this problem is the use of packet level forward error correction (FEC) mechanisms. However, the adjustment of the FEC rate is not a trivial issue due to the dynamic wireless environment. This decision becomes more complicated if we consider the multi-rate capability of the existing wireless LAN technology that adjusts the transmission rates based on the channel conditions and the coverage range. In order to explore the above issues we conducted an experimental study of the packet loss behavior of the IEEE 802.11b protocol. In our experiments we considered different transmission rates under the broadcast mode in indoor and outdoor environments. We further explored the effectiveness of packet level FEC for video multicast over wireless networks with multi-rate capability. In order to evaluate the system quantitatively, we implemented a prototype using open source drivers and socket programming. Based on the experimental results, we provide guidelines on how to efficiently use FEC for wireless video multicast in order to improve the overall system performance. We show that the Packet Error Rate (PER) increases exponentially with distance and using a higher transmission rate together with stronger FEC is more efficient than using a lower transmission rate with weaker FEC for video multicast.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4784759,no
A learning-based approach for fault tolerance on grid resources scheduling,"While Grid environment has developed increasingly, unfortunately the importance of fault tolerance has not been remarkable in Grid resource management. On the other hand, the cost of computing by grid is important because grid is an economy-based system. Most organizations intend to spend little on their own computations by grid. Therefore, using a better approach to resource scheduling to avoid fault is necessary. This paper presents a new approach on fault tolerance mechanisms for the resource scheduling on grid by using Case-Based Reasoning technique in a local fashion. This approach applies a specific structure in order to prepare fault tolerance between executer nodes to retain system in a safe state with minimum data transferring. Certainly, this algorithm increases fault tolerant confidence therefore, performance of grid will be high.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5734247,no
Fisheye lens distortion correction on multicore and hardware accelerator platforms,"Wide-angle (fisheye) lenses are often used in virtual reality and computer vision applications to widen the field of view of conventional cameras. Those lenses, however, distort images. For most real-world applications the video stream needs to be transformed, at real-time (20 frames/sec or better), back to the natural-looking, central perspective space. This paper presents the implementation, optimization and characterization of a fisheye lens distortion correction application on three platforms: a conventional, homogeneous multicore processor by Intel, a heterogeneous multicore (Cell BE), and an FPGA implementing an automatically generated streaming accelerator. We evaluate the interaction of the application with those architectures using both high- and low-level performance metrics. In macroscopic terms, we find that todays mainstream conventional multicores are not effective in supporting real-time distortion correction, at least not with the currently commercially available core counts. Architectures, such as the Cell BE and FPGAs, offer the necessary computational power and scalability, at the expense of significantly higher development effort. Among these three platforms, only the FPGA and a fully optimized version of the code running on the Cell processor can provide realtime processing speed. In general, FPGAs meet the expectations of performance, flexibility, and low overhead. General purpose multicores are, on the other hand, much easier to program.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5470360,no
The solution of the ground fault using GOOSE message in the wind farm system,"Wind farm systems presented some unique challenges for protection. Ground faults on feeders will result in unfaulted phase voltages rising to line levels and transient over voltages can be produced, which can degrade insulation, resulting in eventual equipment failure. This paper focused on the particular problem of feeder ground faults. A novel, yet simple solution is presented that makes use of a peer-to-peer fast message - GOOSE message. It designed and implemented information and communication model of the Wind-Turbine-Generator (WTG) IED. And it introduced the timing sequence for a feeder fault using the transfer trip solution. Finally GOOSE message is designed to transfer trip information. By Simulation test of GOOSE message and analyzing sequence diagram of IED's interaction for transfer trip, we know that wind turbine equipment can be avoided damage using GOOSE message, which is a good solution of the ground fault.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5348121,no
Sentomist: Unveiling Transient Sensor Network Bugs via Symptom Mining,"Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications are typically event-driven. While the source codes of these applications may look simple, they are executed with a complicated concurrency model, which frequently introduces software bugs, in particular, transient bugs. Such buggy logics may only be triggered by some occasionally interleaved events that bear implicit dependency, but can lead to fatal system failures. Unfortunately, these deeply-hidden bugs or even their symptoms can hardly be identified by state-of-the-art debugging tools, and manual identification from massive running traces can be prohibitively expensive. In this paper, we present Sentomist (Sensor application anatomist), a novel tool for identifying potential transient bugs in WSN applications. The Sentomist design is based on a key observation that transient bugs make the behaviors of a WSN system deviate from the normal, and thus outliers (i.e., abnormal behaviors) are good indicators of potential bugs. Sentomist introduces the notion of event-handling interval to systematically anatomize the long-term execution history of an event-driven WSN system into groups of intervals. It then applies a customized outlier detection algorithm to quickly identify and rank abnormal intervals. This dramatically reduces the human efforts of inspection (otherwise, we have to manually check tremendous data samples, typically with brute force inspection) and thus greatly speeds up debugging. We have implemented Sentomist based on the concurrency model of TinyOS. We apply Sentomist to test a series of representative real-life WSN applications that contain transient bugs. These bugs, though caused by complicated interactions that can hardly be predicted during the programming stage, are successfully confined by Sentomist.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5541625,no
A Causal Model Method for Fault Diagnosis in Wireless Sensor Networks,"Wireless sensor network are composed of many wireless sensing devices namely sensor nodes, they are small in size, limited in resources and randomly deployed in harsh environment. Therefore, it is not uncommon for sensor networks to have malfunction behaviour, power shortage or network failure. To address this issue, we proposed a new scheme based on Causal Model Method (CMM) which applies fault sources analyzer for component-level fault diagnosis in wireless sensor networks. Our new method consists of three phases to define the node failure sources as collect, classify, and correct. Once the fault source has been classified, CMM mechanism will enable reconfigure process to compensate for the erroneous sensor nodes impact. We have conducted a simulation study to our work using the Georgia Tech Network Simulator (GTNetS). Our simulation results show that CMM can improve wireless senor networks performance and reliability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5578448,no
Low Cost Differential GPS Receivers (LCD-GPS): The Differential Correction Function,"Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are used in many applications such as environmental data collection, smart home, smart care and intelligent transportation system. Sensor nodes composing the WSN cooperate together in order to monitor physical entities such as temperature, humidity, sound, atmospheric pressure, motion or pollutants at different locations. To have location information, it is possible to configure nodes with their locations, in small deployments, but in large-scale deployments or when the nodes are mobile, the use of GPS is very interesting. However, the current accuracy of standard civil GPS is not sufficient for all WSN applications. Indeed, GPS measurements suffer from many errors especially in city. To improve GPS accuracy the differential mode (DGPS) has been introduced. In this paper, we present a WSN used to provide a DGPS solution. It's consisting of a set of low cost standard civil GPS communicating receivers. We present the design, implementation and some experimental results of this solution.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4689112,no
Cluster-Based Error Messages Detecting and Processing for Wireless Sensor Networks,"Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged as a new technology about acquiring and processing messages for a variety of applications. Faults occurring to sensor nodes are common due to lack of power or environmental interference. In order to guarantee the network reliability of service, it is necessary for the WSN to be able to detect and processes the faults and take appropriate actions. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to distinguish and filter the error messages for cluter-based WSNs. The simulation results show that the proposed method not only can avoid frequent re-clustering but also can save the energy of sensor nodes, thus prolong the lifetime of sensor network.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722321,no
Neural fault isolator for Wireless Sensor Networks,"Wireless sensor networks are emerging as an innovative technology that can help to improve business processes. In such environments malfunctions and break-down states must be efficiently diagnosed to reduce to a minimum the economic losses. In this paper we present a fault isolation approach based on neural networks, which utilizes only a minimum set of information such as the sensor value, node ID and timestamp as inputs. We believe that this information set could be provided by any WSN regardless of its specific implementation. This abstraction makes the fault isolator generically applicable in enterprise business systems. The neural fault isolator was evaluated in a trial with 36 nodes and has proved to be highly efficient in the isolation of failed components.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4610895,no
Decentralized Fault Detection and Management for Wireless Sensor Networks,"Wireless Sensor Networks are increasingly being deployed in long-lived, challenging application scenarios which demand a high level of availability and reliability. To achieve these characteristics in inherently unreliable and resource constrained sensor network environments, fault tolerance is required. This paper presents a generic and efficient fault tolerance algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. In contrast to existing approaches, the algorithm presented in this paper is entirely decentralized and can thus be used to support fully autonomic fault tolerance in sensor network environments.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5482679,no
Mutation-based diagnostic test generation for hardware design error diagnosis,We propose the use of mutation-based error injection to guide the generation of high-quality diagnostic test patterns. A software-based fault localization technique is employed to derive a ranked candidate list of suspect statements. Experimental results for a set of Verilog designs demonstrate that a finer diagnostic resolution can be achieved by patterns generated by the proposed method.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5699307,no
Data-driven fault diagnosis of oil rig motor pumps applying automatic definition and selection of features,"We report about fault diagnosis experiments to improve the maintenance quality of motor pumps installed on oil rigs. We rely on the data-driven approach to the learning of the fault classes, i.e. supervised learning in pattern recognition. Features are extracted from the vibration signals to detect and diagnose misalignment and mechanical looseness problems. We show the results of automatic pattern recognition methods to define and select features that describe the faults of the provided examples. The support vector machine is chosen as the classification architecture.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5292765,no
Study on eliminating the quality defects of vulcanized products with large size rubber-belt vulcanizing machine,"With ANSYS software hot plate thermal fields are analyzed and based on the MATLAB software, the functional relationship between hot plate temperature and the length is plotted, and then the fitting curve is given; the vulcanization intensity of belt is calculated, and the three-dimensional model figure of vulcanization intensity over time is drawn; the vulcanization effect of belt is calculated, the hot plate curing effect and the length of the curve is drawn to address the tape when the quality of intermittent curing deficiencies, the hot plate the equivalent scope was summarized.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5654746,no
Adaptive online testing for efficient hard fault detection,"With growing semiconductor integration, the reliability of individual transistors is expected to rapidly decline in future technology generations. In such a scenario, processors would need to be equipped with fault tolerance mechanisms to tolerate in-field silicon defects. Periodic online testing is a popular technique to detect such failures; however, it tends to impose a heavy testing penalty. In this paper, we propose an adaptive online testing framework to significantly reduce the testing overhead. The proposed approach is unique in its ability to assess the hardware health and apply suitably detailed tests. Thus, a significant chunk of the testing time can be saved for the healthy components. We further extend the framework to work with the StageNet CMP fabric, which provides the flexibility to group together pipeline stages with similar health conditions, thereby reducing the overall testing burden. For a modest 2.6% sensor area overhead, the proposed scheme was able to achieve an 80% reduction in software test instructions over the lifetime of a 16-core CMP.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5413132,no
Fault-tolerant task scheduling in multiprocessor systems based on primary-backup scheme,"With multiprocessor systems, redundant scheduling is a technique that trades processing power for increased reliability through redundancy. One novel approach, called primary-backup task scheduling, is a large number of used in hard real-time multiprocessor systems to guarantee the deadlines of tasks faults. In this paper, we analysis and compare the scheduling algorithm based on primary-backup replication in current distributed system. Finally, the important features that fault-tolerant Task Scheduling in Multiprocessor Systems based on primary-backup are summarized, and the future research strategies and tends are given.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5633237,no
Temporal and Spatial Requirements for Optimized Fault Location,"With technological advancements data availability in power systems is drastically increased. Intelligent electronic devices are capable of communicating recorded data. Data can be stored, easily interfaced from different access points and, intelligent techniques can be used for automated fault analysis. After summarizing obstacles in the current framework of fault location analysis, this paper will explore temporal and spatial aspects of available data. This leads to introducing implementation framework of automated optimized fault location that is capable of taking advantage of both the time and space aspects of data.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4438872,no
A Multi-core Approach to Providing Fault Tolerance for Non-deterministic Services,"With the advent of multi- and many-core architectures, new opportunities in fault-tolerant computing have become available. In this paper we propose a novel process replication method that provides transparent failover of non-deterministic TCP services by utilizing spare CPU cores. Our method does not require any changes to the TCP protocol, does not require any changes to the client software, and unlike existing solutions, it does not require any changes to the server applications either. We measure performance overhead on two real-world applications, a multimedia streaming service and an Internet Relay Chat daemon and show that the imposed overhead is minimal as the price of seamless failover. Our prototype implementation consists of a kernel module for Linux 2.6 without any changes to the existing kernel code.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5598204,no
Optical Proximity Correction for 0.13 micrometer SiGe:C BiCMOS,"We present results for a rule based optical proximity (RB-OPC) and a model based optical proximity correction (MB-OPC) for 0.13 micrometer SiGe:C BiCMOS technology. The technology provides integrated high performance heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) with cut-off frequencies up to 300 GHz. This requires an optical proximity correction of critical layers with an excellent mask quality. This paper provides results of the MB-OPC and RB-OPC using the Mentor Calibre software in comparison to uncorrected structures (NO-OPC). We show RB- and MB-OPC methods for the shallow trench and gate layer, and the RB-OPC for the emitter window-, contact- and metal layers. We will discuss the impact of the RB- and MB-OPC rules on the process margin and yield in the 0.13 micrometer SiGe:C BiCMOS technology, based on CD-SEM data obtained from the evaluation of the RB- and MB-OPC corrected SRAM cells.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5755022,no
Fault Management in Functionally Distributed Transport Networking for Large Scale Networks,"We propose a fault management method in functionally distributed transport networking that separates the control-plane processing part (control element, CE) from the forwarding-plane processing part (forwarding element, FE) of the router. In this architecture, one path-control process in the CE consolidates and processes the path computations and the path settings for multiple routers. This leads to reduction in the path-control complexity and efficient operation of large scale networks. On the other hand, if faults occur in a CE and the CE become unable to serve a routing function, all of the FEs controlled by the CE will be affected. Therefore, it is absolutely critical to ensure the high reliability of the CE in this architecture. The proposed method takes the redundant configuration of N+m CEs and switches from a fault CE to a standby CE. Additionally, we describe the operation of each component in the proposed method and evaluate its feasibility by using software implementation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5369336,no
"An integrated decision, control and fault detection scheme for cooperating unmanned vehicle formations","We propose a hierarchical and decentralized scheme for integrated decision, control and fault detection in cooperating unmanned aerial systems flying in formations and operating in adversarial environments. To handle, in a cooperative fashion, events that may adversely affect the outcome of a multi-vehicle mission, events such as actuator faults, body damage, network interruption/delays, and vehicle loss, we present a decision-control system whose architecture comprises three main components: formation control and trajectory generation, abrupt and nonabrupt fault detection, and decision-making relying on optimization under uncertainty. The scheme seeks to provide the most effective team adaptation to contingencies despite partially known environments and limited available information. The integrated decision, control and fault detection scheme is demonstrated numerically by means of high-fidelity, nonlinear 6-DOF simulations of multiple formation flying airships. For a rendezvous mission, the paper shows that concurrent nonabrupt and abrupt type faults can be detected and effectively compensated for both at the formation control and at the decision-making levels, despite network mishaps, which represents a novelty in itself.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4586786,no
HAFT: A hybrid FPGA with amorphous and fault-tolerant architecture,"We propose a hybrid FPGA architecture with a dense and defective nano-crossbar serving as its configuration memory. An amorphous routing architecture is adopted to optimally allocate logic and routing resource on per-mapping basis and to achieve high logic density. This hybrid FPGA is designed to be efficient in using nano-crosspoints, highly tolerant to memory defects, and versatile to provide features such as variable-granularity logic blocks and variable-length bypassing interconnects. A new placement algorithm and a modified delay-based routing procedure are designed to match with many unconventional architectural features of the proposed FPGA. Assuming zero defect-rate in the nano-crossbar, an FPGA with the proposed architecture can achieve a 30% improvement in logic density, 12% improvement in average net delay, and 8% improvement in the critical-path delay for the largest 20 MCNC benchmark circuits over an island-style baseline with the same nano-scale memory. As the rate of defects in the memory increases from 0% to 50%, this hybrid FPGA remains fully functional and its improvement in logic density and delay performance only drops by approximately 23%.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4541676,no
Servo Performance Enhancement of Motion System via a Quantization Error Estimation MethodIntroduction to Nanoscale Servo Control,"When compared to the accuracy of nanoscale control, the resolution of current positioning sensors is relatively low. Because of this, the output from low-precision sensors normally includes quantization errors that could degrade control performance. As a result, in this paper, a method of quantization error estimation based on the least square method is examined. In the proposed method, estimation accuracy is improved by taking into account the effect of input disturbances. Furthermore, a bias adjustment method is proposed that is expected to satisfy the constraints on quantization error. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulations and experiments.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4796300,no
Accurate Rank Ordering of Error Candidates for Efficient HDL Design Debugging,"When hardware description languages (HDLs) are used in describing the behavior of a digital circuit, design errors (or bugs) almost inevitably appear in the HDL code of the circuit. Existing approaches attempt to reduce efforts involved in this debugging process by extracting a reduced set of error candidates. However, the derived set can still contain many error candidates, and finding true design errors among the candidates in the set may still consume much valuable time. A <i>debugging</i> <i>priority</i> method was proposed to speed up the error-searching process in the derived error candidate set. The idea is to display error candidates in an order that corresponds to an individual's degree of suspicion. With this method, error candidates are placed in a rank order based on their probability of being an error. The more likely an error candidate is a design error (or a bug), the higher the rank order that it has. With the displayed rank order, circuit designers should find design errors quicker than with blind searching when searching for design errors among all the derived candidates. However, the currently used confidence score (CS) for deriving the <i>debugging</i> <i>priority</i> has some flaws in estimating the likelihood of correctness of error candidates due to the <i>masking</i> <i>error</i> situation. This reduces the degree of accuracy in establishing a <i>debugging</i> <i>priority</i> . Therefore, the objective of this work is to develop a new probabilistic confidence score (PCS) that takes the <i>masking</i> <i>error</i> situation into consideration in order to provide a more reliable and accurate <i>debugging</i> <i>priority</i>. The experimental results show that our proposed PCS achieves better results in estimating the likelihood of correctness and can indeed suggest a <i>debugging</i> <i>priority</i> with better accuracy, as compared to the CS.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4757342,no
Impact of Spacecraft Shielding on Direct Ionization Soft Error Rates for Sub-130 nm Technologies,"We use ray tracing software to model various levels of spacecraft shielding complexity and energy deposition pulse height analysis to study how it affects the direct ionization soft error rate of microelectronic components in space. The analysis incorporates the galactic cosmic ray background, trapped proton, and solar heavy ion environments as well as the October 1989 and July 2000 solar particle events.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5658015,no
Automated Support for Propagating Bug Fixes,"We present empirical results indicating that when programmers fix bugs, they often fail to propagate the fixes to all of the locations in a code base where they are applicable, thereby leaving instances of the bugs in the code. We propose a practical approach to help programmers to propagate many bug fixes completely. This entails first extracting a programming rule from a bug fix, in the form of a graph minor of an enhanced procedure dependence graph. Our approach assists the programmer in specifying rules by automatically matching simple rule templates; the programmer may also edit rules or compose them from scratch. A graph matching algorithm for detecting rule violations is then used to locate the places in the code base where the bug fix is applicable. Our approach does not require that rules occur repeatedly in the code base. We present empirical results indicating that the approach nevertheless exhibits good precision.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700323,no
Self-Calibration Algorithm for the Amplitude and Phase Error of the Multiple Beam Antenna,"When we use the multiple beam antenna to estimate the direction of arrival (DOA) by using the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm, the uncertainty element's amplitude and phase will effect the DOA estimation performance of the beam antenna. So a universal technique for self-calibration based on the minimize cost function is introduced. By minimize the cost function it can get the array covariance matrix and compensate the array uncertainty without estimation. Therefore, the proposed method is advantage over the source calibration algorithm that resorts to computing the sample minimize cost function. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by using the actual parameter of multiple beam antenna, and the computer simulations show that the proposed method provide comparable performance that can not only self-calibrate its sensitivity to the array uncertainty with reduce complexity compute with resource, but also further increase its precision.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5363465,no
An investigation of the relationships between lines of code and defects,"It is always desirable to understand the quality of a software system based on static code metrics. In this paper, we analyze the relationships between lines of code (LOC) and defects (including both pre-release and post-release defects). We confirm the ranking ability of LOC discovered by Fenton and Ohlsson. Furthermore, we find that the ranking ability of LOC can be formally described using Weibull functions. We can use defect density values calculated from a small percentage of largest modules to predict the number of total defects accurately. We also find that, given LOC we can predict the number of defective components reasonably well using typical classification techniques. We perform an extensive experiment using the public Eclipse dataset, and replicate the study using the NASA dataset. Our results confirm that simple static code attributes such as LOC can be useful predictors of software quality.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5306304,yes
A defect prediction model for software based on service oriented architecture using EXPERT COCOMO,"Software that adopts service oriented architecture has specific features on project scope, lifecycle and technical methodology, therefore demands for specific defect management process to ensure quality. By leveraging recent best practices in projects that adopt service oriented architecture, this paper presents a defect prediction model for software based on service oriented architecture, and discusses the defect management process based on the presented model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5191800,yes
Application of Random Forest in Predicting Fault-Prone Classes,"There are available metrics for predicting fault prone classes, which may help software organizations for planning and performing testing activities. This may be possible due to proper allocation of resources on fault prone parts of the design and code of the software. Hence, importance and usefulness of such metrics is understandable, but empirical validation of these metrics is always a great challenge. Random forest (RF) algorithm has been successfully applied for solving regression and classification problems in many applications. This paper evaluates the capability of RF algorithm in predicting fault prone software classes using open source software. The results indicate that the prediction performance of random forest is good. However, similar types of studies are required to be carried out in order to establish the acceptability of the RF model.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4736919,yes
Early Software Fault Prediction Using Real Time Defect Data,"Quality of a software component can be measured in terms of fault proneness of data. Quality estimations are made using fault proneness data available from previously developed similar type of projects and the training data consisting of software measurements. To predict faulty modules in software data different techniques have been proposed which includes statistical method, machine learning methods, neural network techniques and clustering techniques. The aim of proposed approach is to investigate that whether metrics available in the early lifecycle (i.e. requirement metrics), metrics available in the late lifecycle (i.e. code metrics) and metrics available in the early lifecycle (i.e. requirement metrics) combined with metrics available in the late lifecycle (i.e. code metrics) can be used to identify fault prone modules by using clustering techniques. This approach has been tested with three real time defect datasets of NASA software projects, JM1, PC1 and CM1. Predicting faults early in the software life cycle can be used to improve software process control and achieve high software reliability. The results show that when all the prediction techniques are evaluated, the best prediction model is found to be the fusion of requirement and code metric model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381121,yes
Effort-Aware Defect Prediction Models,"Defect Prediction Models aim at identifying error-prone modules of a software system to guide quality assurance activities such as tests or code reviews. Such models have been actively researched for more than a decade, with more than 100 published research papers. However, most of the models proposed so far have assumed that the cost of applying quality assurance activities is the same for each module. In a recent paper, we have shown that this fact can be exploited by a trivial classifier ordering files just by their size: such a classifier performs surprisingly good, at least when effort is ignored during the evaluation. When effort is considered, many classifiers perform not significantly better than a random selection of modules. In this paper, we compare two different strategies to include treatment effort into the prediction process, and evaluate the predictive power of such models. Both models perform significantly better when the evaluation measure takes the effort into account.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5714425,yes
Test effort optimization by prediction and ranking of fault-prone software modules,"Identification of fault-prone or not fault-prone modules is very essential to improve the reliability and quality of a software system. Once modules are categorized as fault-prone or not fault-prone, test effort are allocated accordingly. Testing effort and efficiency are primary concern and can be optimized by prediction and ranking of fault-prone modules. This paper discusses a new model for prediction and ranking of fault-prone software modules for test effort optimization. Model utilizes the classification capability of data mining techniques and knowledge stored in software metrics to classify the software module as fault-prone or not fault-prone. A decision tree is constructed using ID3 algorithm for the existing project data. Rules are derived form the decision tree and integrated with fuzzy inference system to classify the modules as either fault-prone or not fault-prone for the target data. The model is also able to rank the fault-prone module on the basis of its degree of fault-proneness. The model accuracy are validated and compared with some other models by using the NASA projects data set of PROMOSE repository.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5779531,yes
"Yield Improvement, Fault-Tolerance to the Rescue?","With the technology entering the nano dimension, manufacturing processes are less and less reliable, thus drastically impacting the yield. A possible solution to alleviate this problem in the future could consist in using fault tolerant architectures to tolerate manufacturing defects. In this paper, we analyze the conditions that make the use of a classical triple modular redundancy (TMR) architecture interesting for a yield improvement purpose.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4567080,no
prediction of fault count data using genetic programming,"Software reliability growth modeling helps in deciding project release time and managing project resources. A large number of such models have been presented in the past. Due to the existence of many models, the models' inherent complexity, and their accompanying assumptions; the selection of suitable models becomes a challenging task. This paper presents empirical results of using genetic programming (GP) for modeling software reliability growth based on weekly fault count data of three different industrial projects. The goodness of fit (adaptability) and predictive accuracy of the evolved model is measured using five different measures in an attempt to present a fair evaluation. The results show that the GP evolved model has statistically significant goodness of fit and predictive accuracy.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4777762,yes
"Merging PMU, Operational, and Non-Operational Data for Interpreting Alarms, Locating Faults and Preventing Cascades","With the development of synchronized sampling technique and other advanced measurement approaches, the merging of various substation data to be used in new applications in the EMS solutions has not yet been explored adequately. This paper deals with the integration of time correlated information from Phasor Measurement Units, SCADA and non-operational data captured by other intelligent electronic devices such as protective relays and digital fault recorders, as well as their applications in alarm processing, fault location and cascading event analysis. A set of new control center visualization tools shows that the merging of PMU, operational and non-operational data could improve the effectiveness of alarm processing, accuracy of fault location and ability to detect cascades.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5428361,no
Research of the Middleware Based Fault Tolerance for the Complex Distributed Simulation Applications,"With the rapid development of computer simulation technology, the Radar simulation applications scale up increasingly. More and more Radar simulation applications adopt distributed structure to improve system performance and availability. Hence, how to enhance the robustness and efficiency of these complex distributed simulation systems is a hot point. At the same time, fault tolerance middleware makes the applications more robust, available and reliable. Therefore, we strengthen the functionalities of existing fault tolerant middleware and integrate our middleware with the complex distributed simulation systems to provide efficient fault tolerance with balanced workload allocation among different replicas for the distributed simulation applications.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5363843,no
Software Defect Prediction Using Call Graph Based Ranking (CGBR) Framework,"Recent research on static code attribute (SCA) based defect prediction suggests that a performance ceiling has been achieved and this barrier can be exceeded by increasing the information content in data. In this research we propose static call graph based ranking (CGBR) framework, which can be applied to any defect prediction model based on SCA. In this framework, we model both intra module properties and inter module relations. Our results show that defect predictors using CGBR framework can detect the same number of defective modules, while yielding significantly lower false alarm rates. On industrial public data, we also show that using CGBR framework can improve testing efforts by 23%.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725722,yes
Naive Bayes Software Defect Prediction Model,"Although the value of using static code attributes to learn defect predictor has been widely debated, there is no doubt that software defect predictions can effectively improve software quality and testing efficiency. Many data mining methods have already been introduced into defect predictions. We noted there have several versions of defect predictor based on Naive Bayes theory, and analyzed their difference estimation method and algorithm complexity. We found the best one which is Multi- variants Gauss Naive Bayes (MvGNB) by performing prediction performance evaluation, and we compared this model with decision tree learner J48. Experiment results on the benchmarking data sets of MDP made us believe that MvGNB would be useful for defect predictions.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5677057,yes
A Novel Evaluation Method for Defect Prediction in Software Systems,"In this paper, we propose a novel evaluation method for defect prediction in object-oriented software systems. For each metric to evaluate, we start by applying it to the dependency graph extracted from the target software system, and obtain a list of classes ordered by their predicted degree of defect under that metric. By utilizing the actual defect data mined from the subversion database, we evaluate the quality of each metric through means of a weighted reciprocal ranking mechanism. Our method can tell not only the overall quality of each evaluated metric, but also the quality of the prediction result for each class, especially those costly ones. Evaluation results and analysis show the efficiency and rationality of our method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676810,yes
Timing error detector design and analysis for orthogonal space-time block code receivers,"A general framework for the design of low complexity timing error detectors (TEDs) for orthogonal space-time block code (OSTBC) receivers is proposed. Specifically, we derive sufficient conditions for a difference-of-threshold-crossings timing error estimate to be robust to channel fading. General expressions for the S-curve, estimation error variance and the signal-to-noise ratio are also obtained. As the designed detectors inherently depend on the properties of the OSTBC under consideration, we derive and evaluate the properties of TEDs for a number of known codes. Simulations are used to assess the system performance with the proposed timing detectors incorporated into the receiver timing loop operating in tracking mode. While the theoretical derivations assume a receiver with perfect channel state information and symbol decisions, simulation results include performance for pilot-symbol-based channel estimation and data symbol detection errors. For the case of frequency-flat Rayleigh fading and QPSK modulation, symbol-error-rate results show timing synchronization loss of less than 0.3 dB for practical timing offsets. In addition it is shown that the receiver is able to track timing drift with a normalized bandwidth of up to 0.001.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4686276,no
Implementing fault hierarchy to trace failures in home gateways,"A home gateway (HG) acts as border router by selecting the correct route to different appliances using devices address and supervising resource assignment between the local and access networks. From the quality of service standpoint, minimizing the number of failures for this equipment is a way to gain customerpsilas confidence. To reach this goal, when a service terminates abnormally, the overall failure cause and impact need to be analyzed and quantified. This paper describes a fault hierarchy modeling for HGs: starting from test and field failure data, we analyzed the different failures gravity, their originpsilas correlation and their impact on the overall service architectural elements. The hierarchy interpreting the transition from faults to failures, a designer, or tester, can thus predict the consequences of a particular fault from this model. Our study yielded some test sets that help to trace potential failures, and to enhance the design specifications.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4559472,no
Fast error resilient H.263 to H.264 video transcoding using RD optimized intra fresh,"A key issue of error resilient transcoding using ldquointra freshrdquo algorithm is how to decide the intra coding rate and adjust corresponding bits for error resilience, so that jointly optimization between video source and error resilience bit can be achieved. To provide practical solution for this issue, we propose to use rate distortion (RD) optimization criterion to decide the application of intra coding mode at MB level. To reduce the implementation complexity of RD optimization intra fresh method, we also present a fast mode decision algorithm that takes advantage of error propagation distortion estimation as assistance to decide if an early termination of existing coding mode choices is necessary. The algorithm is implemented to realize fast error resilient H.263 to H.264 video transcoding. Compared with error resilient transcoding method using random intra update, the proposed algorithm can enhance speed up to 7.2 times while maintaining better picture quality.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4590220,no
Restoration of Directional Overcurrent Relay Coordination in Distributed Generation Systems Utilizing Fault Current Limiter,"A new approach is proposed to solve the directional overcurrent relay coordination problem, which arises from installing distributed generation (DG) in looped power delivery systems (PDS). This approach involves the implementation of a fault current limiter (FCL) to locally limit the DG fault current, and thus restore the original relay coordination. The proposed restoration approach is carried out without altering the original relay settings or disconnecting DGs from PDSs during fault. Therefore, it is applicable to both the current practice of disconnecting DGs from PDSs, and the emergent trend of keeping DGs in PDSs during fault. The process of selecting FCL impedance type (inductive or resistive) and its minimum value is illustrated. Three scenarios are discussed: no DG, the implementation of DG with FCL and without FCL. Various simulations are carried out for both single- and multi-DG existence, and different DG and fault locations. The obtained results are reported and discussed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4472157,no
Classification of faults in double circuit lines using Wavelet transforms,"A new approach using digital relays for double circuit transmission line protection is presented in this paper. The proposed technique consists of a preprocessing module based on time-frequency transforms in combination with an artificial neural network (ANN) for detecting and classifying fault events. The pre-processing module extracts distinctive features in the input signals at the relay location, and simplifies the information contained in the input vector of the ANN, improving it in speed and accuracy. The wavelet transform Daubechies 6 have been used as pre-processor.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4608397,no
A new Bug-type navigation algorithm considering practical implementation issues for mobile robots,"A new Bug-type algorithm is proposed in this paper for the navigation of mobile robots. Unlike the related works which mainly focus on the theoretical analysis while ignoring the implementation issues, the new method presents not only an abstract concept which shortens the path length comparing with some previous works in the premise of guaranteeing convergence by its new switching conditions, but also a lower layer approach to realize its concept by keeping a safe distance to obstacles for collision avoidance. Simulation studies show that the new method generates shorter path than the classical Bug2 algorithm and a recent work termed as Bug2+. Experiment results on a real Pioneer3-AT robot further verify its practicability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5723382,no
A new FPGA-based postprocessor architecture for channel mismatch correction of time interleaved ADCS,"A new hardware efficient, low power postprocessor architecture is presented in this paper to correct the mismatch errors in time interleaved ADCs. The Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm is utilized as correction algorithm to identify the offset and gain mismatches. The proposed architecture uses one processing core for calibrating all parallel channels output codes with reference channel. Increasing in the number of parallel channels in the time interleaved ADC does not considerably affect the required hardware for proposed postprocessor. FPGA synthesis results of the designed postprocessor for 4-channels 10 bit ADC show that in same throughput, 55% and 25% reduction in the resources usage and power consumption is achievable over conventional architecture.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5336252,no
Mechanical Fault Identification Method Based on Vector Power Spectrum Coupled with Radial Basis Probabilistic Networks,"A new mechanical fault identification method coupling vector power spectrum with radial basis probabilistic neural networks (RBPNN) is proposed in the paper. Vector power spectrum is used as eigenvectors, and radial basis probabilistic neural network (RBPNN) is used as a classifier in the new method. The method is used to identify the typical mechanical fault. The result shows that the new method is very effective to identify the fault diagnosis of rotating machinery, and has higher correct identification rate and faster training speed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5459494,no
Induction Machine Broken Bar and Stator Short-Circuit Fault Diagnostics Based on Three-Phase Stator Current Envelopes,"A new method for the fault diagnosis of a broken rotor bar and interturn short circuits in induction machines (IMs) is presented. The method is based on the analysis of the three-phase stator current envelopes of IMs using reconstructed phase space transforms. The signatures of each type of fault are created from the three-phase current envelope of each fault. The resulting fault signatures for the new so-called ldquounseen signalsrdquo are classified using Gaussian mixture models and a Bayesian maximum likelihood classifier. The presented method yields a high degree of accuracy in fault identification as evidenced by the given experimental results, which validate this method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4401123,no
A New Method for Dynamic Fault Diagnosis of Electric Appliance,"A new method of fault diagnosis by dynamic modeling is put forward to obtain the diagnosis parameters of intelligent appliance in different running stages. The model identification approach using support vector regression (SVR) and immune clone selection algorithm (ICSA) is presented in this paper. The relation between process status and the temperature change rate is analyzed in the paper. For appliance fault with uncertainty, the way of fuzzy inference is applied for actualizing inference engine of fault diagnosis. Experimental results prove that the fault diagnosis method for intelligent appliance is credible in the accuracy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5335953,no
Real-Time Fault Detection and Diagnostics Using FPGA-based Architectures,"A new methodology for radiation induced real-time fault detection and diagnosis, utilizing FPGA-based architectures was developed. The methodology includes a full test platform to evaluate a circuit while under radiation and an algorithm to detect and diagnose fault locations within a circuit using Triple Design Triple Modular Redundancy (TDTMR). An analysis of the system was established using a fault injection. Additionally a functional gamma irradiation analysis was performed to assess the effectiveness of the method. The detection and diagnosis algorithm was capable of detecting errors by switching dynamically during the analysis of an FPGA. However, only the injected fault test was able to properly diagnose the location of the fault. The results indicate that FPGA radiation induced fault production is dependent upon radiation dose rate. A fully interchangeable and operational testing platform has been established along with an algorithm that detects and diagnoses errors in real-time.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5694274,no
Fisher Discriminance of Fault Predict for Decision-Making Systems,"A new technology of fault prediction was presented based on the neural network and Fisher discriminance in statistics. First, many enough character of running situation of decision-making were extracted from the real-time observation data. Secondly, the FP software systems were designed and the algorithm of FP of decision-making systems was presented. Finally, a simply example indicated that the algorithm is effectively.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5362462,no
Turbo Coded Modulation for Unequal Error Protection,"A major concern in designing communication systems is to maintain quality of service for a wide range of channel conditions. This is an important issue particularly for the applications where precise characterization of the channel is impossible. For such applications, the source data can be classified into several classes and Unequal Error Protection (UEP) can be used to effectively protect the more important classes even in poor receiving conditions. This paper is focused on the study, design, and performance evaluation of unequal error protecting turbo coded modulation schemes. We first propose several schemes for unequal error protecting using turbo coded modulation. All these schemes provide high performance gains for more important classes that can hardly be achieved using conventional coded modulation schemes. We then study unequal error protecting turbo coded modulation schemes by deriving channel capacity and cutoff rates for different protection levels. We show that for more important classes more room is available for improvement.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4489628,no
Detection of wood defects from X-ray image by ANN,"A method for detection of wood defects based on ANN was studied in this paper. Because the intensity of X-ray that crosses the object changes, defects in wood were detected by the difference of X-ray absorption parameter, then computer was used to process and analyze the image. On the basis of image processing of nondestructive testing and characteristic construction, mathematic model of defects was established by using characteristic parameters. According to signal characters of nondestructive testing, artificial neural networks were set up. Meanwhile, adopt BP networks model to recognize all characteristic parameters, which reflected characters of wood defects. BP networks used coefficient matrix of each unit, including input layer, intermediate layer (concealed layer) and output layer, to get the model of input vector and finish networks recognition through the networks learning. The test results show that the method is very successful for detection and classification of wood defects.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4636113,no
Detection and Correction of Lip-Sync Errors Using Audio and Video Fingerprints,"A method for measuring and maintaining time synchronization between an A/V stream (A/V) is described. A/V fingerprints are used to create a combined A/V synchronization signature (A/V Sync Signature) at a known reference point. This signature is used at later points to measure A/V timing synchronization relative to the reference point. This method may be used, for example, to automatically detect and correct A/V synchronization (i.e., lip-sync) errors in broadcast systems and other applications. Advantages of the method described over other existing methods include that it does not require modification of the audio or video signals, it can respond to dynamically changing synchronization errors, and it is designed to be robust to modifications of the A/V signals. Although the system requires data to be conveyed to the detection point, this data does not need to be synchronized with, or directly attached to, the audio or video streams. This method uses fingerprints; it also enables other fingerprinting applications within systems, such as content identification and verification. In addition, it may be used to maintain synchronization of other metadata associated with A/V streams.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7269886,no
Statistical Fault Injection,"A method for statistical fault injection (SFI) into arbitrary latches within a full system hardware-emulated model is validated against particle-beam-accelerated SER testing for a modern microprocessor. As performed on the IBM POWER6 microprocessor, SFI is capable of distinguishing between error handling states associated with the injected bit flip. Methodologies to perform random and targeted fault injection are presented.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630080,no
Faults Coverage Improvement Based on Fault Simulation and Partial Duplication,"A method how to improve the coverage of single faults in combinational circuits is proposed. The method is based on Concurrent Error Detection, but uses a fault simulation to find Critical points - the places, where faults are difficult to detect. The partial duplication of the design with regard to these critical points is able to increase the faults coverage with a low area overhead cost. Due to higher fault coverage we can increase the dependability parameters. The proposed modification is tested on the railway station safety devices designs implemented in the FPGA.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5615583,no
3D Visualization of Stratum with Faults Based on VTK,"3D stratum can become one useful auxiliary geological tool. Based on this tool, geologist can analyze stratum more accurately and scientific. VTK is an object-oriented visualization class library. 3D stratum is interpolated with Kriging method. Faults are common geological phenomenon. In order to visualize stratum, with Faults, one new interpolation method is proposed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5366084,no
Calculation Studies of Operational Faults of Multielement Disk MCG,A calculation simulation of multielement disk magnetocumulative systems is carried out. Effect of failure of one or several detonators in a system of high-explosive (HE) charge initiation and axial shift of the detonators relative to a symmetry plane of the HE charges on the operation efficiency of the multielement disk magnetocumulative generator is considered. The considered models allow explaining the results of the experiments in the case of similar situations.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484459,no
Elimination of scan blindness with compact defected ground structures in microstrip phased array,"A compact <i>H</i>-shaped defected ground structure (DGS) is applied to reduce the mutual coupling between array elements and eliminate the scan blindness in a microstrip phased array design. The proposed DGS is inserted between the adjacent <i>E</i>-plane coupled elements in the array to suppress the pronounced surface waves. A two-element array is measured and the results show that a reduction in mutual coupling of 12 dB is obtained between elements at the operation frequency of the array. The scan properties of microstrip phased arrays with and without DGS are studied by the waveguide simulator method. The analysis indicates that the scan blindness of the microstrip phased array can be well eliminated because of the effect of the proposed DGS. Meanwhile, the active patterns of the array centre element in 7times3 element arrays with and without the <i>H</i>-shaped DGS are simulated, and the results agree with those obtained by the waveguide simulator method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4797770,no
Fault diagnosis approach of protective switching device based on support vector machines,"A fault diagnosis approach of protective switching device (PSD) is presented in this paper. The support vector machines (SVM) which is a new kind of fault diagnosis methods is used to classify the faults including short circuit, overload, ..., etc. By training and learning, the fault model is built, the faults are diagnosed quickly and exactly, and accordingly the protection feature of PSD is improved.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4771484,no
Analog IC Fault Diagnosis based on Wavelet Neural Network Ensemble,"A fault diagnosis method for analog IC diagnosis based on wavelet neural network ensemble (WNNE) and Adaboost algorithm, is proposed in this paper. This makes the way of the directory be of use in fault, and enhances the validity of the fault diagnosis. Using wavelet decomposition as a tool for extracting feature, Then, after training the WNNE by faulty feature vectors, the model of the circuit with fault diagnosis system is built. Simulation results have shown that this claim is more effective than wavelet neural network (WNN).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5209336,no
A Fault Recovery Approach in Fault-Tolerant Processor,"A fault recovery scheme of a fault-tolerant processor for embedded systems is introduced in this paper. The microarchitecture of the fault-tolerant processor called RSED is modified from superscalar processor architecture. The fault-tolerant mechanism of RSED is implemented mainly using temporal redundancy technique. Fault recovery scheme is an important part of the fault-tolerant mechanism. In order to resolve the problem of possible single point of failures, a novel TMR approach is adopted to generate re-execution instruction address. Compared with similar works, the fault recovery scheme proposed can recover processor execution more reliably.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5341592,no
Fault-tolerant router with built-in self-test/self-diagnosis and fault-isolation circuits for 2D-mesh based chip multiprocessor systems,"A fault-tolerant router design (20-path router) is proposed to reduce the impacts of faulty routers for 2D-mesh based chip multiprocessor systems. In our experiments, the OCNs using 20PRs can reduce 75.65% ~ 85.01% unreachable packets and 7.78% ~ 26.59% latency in comparison with the OCNs using generic XY routers.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5158098,no
A Unified Procedure for Fault Detection of Analog and Mixed-Mode Circuits Using Magnitude and Phase Components of the Power Supply Current Spectrum,"A method using the power supply current for fault detection in analog and mixed-mode circuits is presented. A new unified fault detection procedure is introduced, and its fault detection capability is estimated. The procedure combines the rms value and the magnitude and phase components of the power supply current. Certain required discrimination factors are defined, and their values are adjusted to include circuit parameter deviations and matching dependencies for the efficient application of the method. Representative results from the simulation of an operational amplifier (opamp) and a flash analog-to-digital converter circuit are given, showing the effectiveness of the proposed method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4534852,no
Realization of Fault-Tolerant Home Network Management Middleware with the TMO Structuring Approach and an Integration of Fault Detection and Reconfiguration Mechanisms,"A middleware model named ROAFTS (Real-time Object-oriented Adaptive Fault Tolerance Support) has been evolving in the UCI DREAM Lab. over the past decade as the core of a reliable execution engine model for fault-tolerant (FT) real-time (RT) distributed computing (DC) applications. It is meant to be an integration of various mechanisms for fault detection and recovery in a form that meshes well with high-level RT DC object-/component- based programming, in particular, TMO (Time-triggered Message-triggered Object) programming. Using ROAFTS as a backbone and low-layer middleware, we developed a model and a skeleton implementation for FT DC middleware providing efficient FT execution services for component-based home network applications. Capabilities for management of home information processing devices, including health monitoring of home devices, reconfiguration of device connections, and servicing queries on device status, were added to ROAFTS. Those additions were first designed as a network of high-level RT DC components, i.e., TMOs. Then the TMO network was extended into an FT TMO network by applying the replication scheme called the PSTR (Primary-Shadow TMO Replication) scheme and incorporating a component responsible for reconfiguring TMO replicas. This extension of ROAFTS is called ROAFTS-HNE (Home Network Extension) and its architecture is presented here. In addition, during the development of the ROAFTS-HNE model, we formulated a new approach for applying the PSTR scheme to RT DC components supported by ROAFTS. Finally, evaluations of the recovery times of a prototype implementation have been conducted.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5231993,no
Software life cycle-based defects prediction and diagnosis technique research,"A model based on Bayesian network is put forward to predict and diagnose software defects before project. In the model causes and effects inference is used to predict defects, and the Bayesian formula is introduced to analyze the prediction result that helps to find the root reason of bring defects. The model considers every phase of software life cycle, such as requirement, design, development and testing, maintenance. The model computes predict result through variational weight of affect-factor. The computation results of specifically affect-factor by model compared with practical defect in same condition which to indict that the model is validity. The model can predict and find defects early and effectively, it can control the software quality and the cost of development.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5619350,no
Fast Enhancement of Validation Test Sets for Improving the Stuck-at Fault Coverage of RTL Circuits,"A digital circuit usually comprises a controller and datapath. The time spent for determining a valid controller behavior to detect a fault usually dominates test generation time. A validation test set is used to verify controller behavior and, hence, it activates various controller behaviors. In this paper, we present a novel methodology wherein the controller behaviors exercised by test sequences in a validation test set are reused for detecting faults in the datapath. A heuristic is used to identify controller behaviors that can justify/propagate pre-computed test vectors/responses of datapath register-transfer level (RTL) modules. Such controller behaviors are said to be <i>compatible</i> with the corresponding precomputed test vectors/responses. The heuristic is fairly accurate, resulting in the detection of a majority of stuck-at faults in the datapath RTL modules. Also, since test generation is performed at the RTL and the controller behavior is predetermined, test generation time is reduced. For microprocessors, if the validation test set consists of instruction sequences then the proposed methodology also generates instruction-level test sequences.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4806115,no
Self-optimization of MPSoCs Targeting Resource Efficiency and Fault Tolerance,"A dynamically reconfigurable on-chip multiprocessor architecture is presented, which can be adapted to changing application demands and to faults detected at run-time. The scalable architecture comprises lightweight embedded RISC processors that are interconnected by a hierarchical network-on-chip (NoC). Reconfigurability is integrated into the processors as well as into the NoC with minimal area and performance overhead. Adaptability of the architecture relies on a self-optimizing reconfiguration of the MPSoC at run-time. The resource-efficiency of the proposed architecture is analyzed based on FPGA and ASIC prototypes.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5325417,no
Evaluating Throughput of a Wormhole-Switched Routing Algorithm in NoC with Faults,"A famous wormhole-switched routing algorithm for mesh interconnection network called f-cube3 uses three virtual channels to pass faulty blocks, while only one virtual channel is used when a message does not encounter by fault. Routing with faults usually uses virtual channels to conquer faulty regions. One of the key issues in the design of Network-on-Chips (NoC) is the development of a well-organized communication system to provide high throughput interconnection network. We have evaluated if-cube3 - a fault-tolerant routing algorithm based on f-cube3 - for increasing the throughput of the network. Moreover, simulation of both f-cube3 and if-cube3 algorithm for the same conditions presented. Modifications of the use of virtual channels per each physical link without adding new extra virtual channel illustrated by results obtained from simulation. As the simulation results show, if-cube3 has a higher performance than f-cube3. The results also show that if-cube3 has less exist packets in network with improved performance at high traffic load in Network-on-Chip.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5161658,no
An energy flow approach to fault propagation analysis,"A complex system such as an aircraft engine, is composed of several components or subsystems which interact with each other in several ways. These constituent components/subsystems and their interactions make up the whole system. When a fault condition arises in one of the components, not only that component behavior changes but the interaction of that component with the other system constituents may also change. This might result in spreading the effect of that fault to other components in a domino like effect, until the overall system fails. This paper presents a modular methodology to analyze propagation of faults from one subsystem to the other subsystems. The application domain focuses on an aero propulsion system of the turbofan type.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4839675,no
Multichamber Tunable Liquid Microlenses with Active Aberration Correction,"A design approach and new manufacturing technique for a novel type of stacked fluidic multi-chamber tunable lenses is presented. The design offers flexibility and extensibility, leading to fully functional miniature tunable optical lens systems with the ability for low order aberration control.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4805552,no
Fault Diagnosis of a SCARA Robot,"A new approach for fault detection of a robot manipulator was introduced in this paper. Unlike existing methods mounting varies sensors at every joints, the new technique applied only one accelerometer mounted at the tip of the robot. Based on dynamic analysis of the robot, the theoretical acceleration profile of the programmed motion was obtained, which was compared with the acceleration signals measured during working for fault diagnosis. Advanced detrending algorithm was adopted to extract programmed acceleration data from the tested noisy acceleration signals. Typical FFT-based spectrum analysis was applied for analyzing both the trended and detrended data for error detection. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was verified with experiments conducted on a four-joint SCARA manipulator.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4749558,no
Fuzzy Reasoning Based Temporal Error Concealment,"A novel temporal error concealment based on fuzzy reasoning is proposed in this paper. On temporal error concealment, motion vector (MV) of the lost block can be selected from candidate MVs. Generally, side match distortion (SMD) which reflects the continuity across the boundary and sum of absolute difference (SAD) which shows the degree of similarity of matching area are two widely used criterions to make the decision. Each criterion describes the status partly. Combining these two measures, a refined measure based on fuzzy reasoning is calculated to balance the effects of SMD and SAD. According to the experimental results, our method can perform better than the others.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5359078,no
Error-Pooling Empirical Bayes Model for Enhanced Statistical Discovery of Differential Expression in Microarray Data,"A number of statistical approaches have been proposed for evaluating the statistical significance of a differential expression in microarray data. The error estimation of these approaches is inaccurate when the number of replicated arrays is small. Consequently, their resulting statistics are often underpowered to detect important differential expression patterns in the microarray data with limited replication. In this paper, we propose an empirical Bayes (EB) heterogeneous error model (HEM) with error-pooling prior specifications for varying technical and biological errors in the microarray data. The error estimation of HEM is thus strengthened by and shrunk toward the EB priors that are obtained by the error-pooling estimation at each local intensity range. By using simulated and real data sets, we compared HEM with two widely used statistical approaches, significance analysis of microarray (SAM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA), to identify differential expression patterns across multiple conditions. The comparison showed that HEM is statistically more powerful than SAM and ANOVA, particularly when the sample size is smaller than five. We also suggest a resampling-based estimation of Bayesian false discovery rate to provide a biologically relevant cutoff criterion of HEM statistics.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4445760,no
Robust adaptive sliding-mode fault-tolerant control with L<sub>2</sub>-gain performance for flexible spacecraft using redundant reaction wheels,"A robust adaptive fault-tolerant control approach for attitude tracking of flexible spacecraft is proposed for use in situations when there are reaction wheels/actuator failures, external disturbances and time-varying inertia-parameter uncertainties. More specifically, a robust controller based on sliding-mode control scheme is first designed to ensure that the equilibrium point in the closed-loop system is uniform ultimate bounded stability, incorporating constraints on actuator failures, whose failure time instants, patterns and values are unknown, as motivated from a practical spacecraft control application. Then, this controller is redesigned such that an assumption on a bound required of the unknown and time-varying inertia matrix is released by using online estimation for this bound. The prescribed robust performance is also evaluated by L<sub>2</sub>-gain less than a given small level for the penalty output signal. Complete stability and performance analysis are presented, and illustrative simulation results of an application to flexible spacecraft show that the high precise attitudes control and vibration suppression are successfully achieved using various scenarios of control effect failures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5480251,no
Adaptive backstepping fault-tolerant control for flexible spacecraft with bounded unknown disturbances,"A robust adaptive fault-tolerant control approach to attitude tracking of flexible spacecraft is proposed for use in situations when there are actuator (reaction wheels) failures, external disturbances and unknown inertia-parameter uncertainties. The controller is designed based on a backstepping sliding mode control scheme. It ensures that the equilibrium points in the closed-loop system exhibits uniform ultimate bounded stability in the presence of unknown uncertainties and bounded disturbances, incorporating constraints on actuator failures, whose failure time instants, patterns and values are unknown, as motivated from a practical spacecraft control application. It is proved to be effective also in the presence of disturbance due to the flexibility, provided that appropriate robustness conditions on the controller gains are satisfied. Complete stability and performance analysis are presented and illustrative simulation results of an application to flexible spacecraft show that the high precise attitudes control and vibration suppression are successfully achieved when considering various scenarios of control effect failures.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5399703,no
Fault detection in Flexible Assembly Systems using Petri net,"A significant part of the activities in a manufacturing system involve assembly tasks. Nowadays, these tasks are object of automation due to the market increasing demand for quality, productivity and variety of the products. Consequently, the automation of assembly systems should consider flexibility to face product diversification, functionalities, delivery times, and volumes involved. However, these systems are vulnerable to faults due to the characteristic of their mechanism and the complex interaction among their control devices. In this context, the present work is focused on the modeling design of flexible assembly systems control, including the occurrence of faults. The proposed method structures a sequence of steps for the models construction of assembly processes and their fault detection, based on the theory of discrete events systems and Petri net. This work use in special, production flow schema/mark flow graph (PFS/MFG) technique to describe and model the flexible assembly systems control through a rational and systematic procedure, as well as, the processes data record based on quantitative techniques for fault detection. This approach is applied to a flexible assembly systems installed and in operation to compare the effectiveness of the developed procedure.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4917427,no
A fault section detection method using ZCT when a single phase to ground fault in ungrounded distribution system,"A single line to ground fault (SLG) detection in ungrounded network is very difficult, because fault current magnitude is very small. It is generated by a charging current between distribution line and ground. As it is very small, is not used for fault detection in case of SLG. So, SLG has normally been detected by switching sequence method which makes customers experience blackouts. A new fault detection algorithm based on comparison of zero-sequence current and line-to-line voltage phases is proposed. The algorithm uses ZCT installed to ungrounded distribution network. The proposed in this paper algorithm has the advantage that it can detect fault phase and distinguish a faulted section as well. The simulation tests of proposed algorithm were performed using Matlab Simulink and the results are presented in the paper.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484544,no
Study for the Scheme to Shut Valves and Topology Recomposition under Fault Conditions to Heat-Supply Network,"A sort of shutting valves scheme was brought forward when heat-supply network failed and a kind of network recomposition system of topology was suggested here. Based on the normal condition topology structure, this system could automatically recompose fault conditions topology structure according to the way of shutting valves scheme. Validity and effectiveness of this method was verified by a real case and this method provide a feasible way to hydraulic analysis of ring-shaped and non symmetrical heat-supply network under fault conditions.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5661183,no
Fault prediction technique based on hybrid verification,"A survey on fault prediction of new region of safety techniques study in petrochemical industry, a new technology is proposed which based on MPT software for fault prediction, this method which makes use of verification idea of hybrid system converts fault prediction into a new format through MPT software, then maintenance plan is worked out, it can promise that the devices can run in a max efficiency and the cost waste can reduce if it integrates with traditional maintenance plan. This approach is simple and reliable, and it is a new method of fault prediction.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5573683,no
An Optimized Simulation-Based Fault Injection and Test Vector Generation Using VHDL to Calculate Fault Coverage,"A technique is described for the automatic insertion of fault models into VHDL gate models, using a specific algorithm to calculate fault coverage. This procedure does not require any modification to the structural description of a circuit using these models. Additional optimized algorithms are added to illustrate better calculation of fault coverage of a VHDL based combinational logic circuit.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5460810,no
A novel fault-dependent-time-settings algorithm for overcurrent relays,"A typical structure of electric power distribution networks is radial or a normally open-loop structure with a single supply path between the high-voltage supply substation and the end-consumers. The selectivity of a protection scheme for the radial network is generally achieved through time-coordination of different protection devices (relays, reclosers and fuses). However, future distribution networks may become more meshed (normally closed-loop) in order to integrate distributed generators (DGs) and more active demand-side response. This will, in turn, require novel protection schemes since the current time-coordinated protection which assumes radial network structure may no longer be effective. Furthermore, it is also recognized that today's practice of automatically disconnecting DGs when a fault occurs in their vicinity may cause un-necessary generation shortages. It is, instead, desired to adjust protection so that a DG unit remains connected to the system when nearby faults occur as long as there are no related safety problems. This paper introduces a novel fault-dependent time settings algorithm for overcurrent relays which is capable of overcoming these problems. The implementation of the proposed algorithm on the existing protection scheme is enabled by using communications among the relays. The proposed algorithm ensured a reduced relay tripping time in the primary protection zone by enhancing the selectivity of the existing protection scheme. Consequently, it becomes possible to operate distributed generators during times when nearby faults occur. While the use of the proposed algorithm is illustrated in the distribution network, the same algorithm is also applicable to the transmission networks.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275192,no
N4ITK: Improved N3 Bias Correction,"A variant of the popular nonparametric nonuniform intensity normalization (N3) algorithm is proposed for bias field correction. Given the superb performance of N3 and its public availability, it has been the subject of several evaluation studies. These studies have demonstrated the importance of certain parameters associated with the <i>B</i>-spline least-squares fitting. We propose the substitution of a recently developed fast and robust B-spline approximation routine and a modified hierarchical optimization scheme for improved bias field correction over the original N3 algorithm. Similar to the N3 algorithm, we also make the source code, testing, and technical documentation of our contribution, which we denote as ??N4ITK,?? available to the public through the Insight Toolkit of the National Institutes of Health. Performance assessment is demonstrated using simulated data from the publicly available Brainweb database, hyperpolarized <sup>3</sup>He lung image data, and 9.4T postmortem hippocampus data.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5445030,no
Fast Fault-Tolerant Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks,"A wireless sensor network (WSN) typically consists of a large number of small-sized devices that have very low computational capability, small amounts of memory and the need to conserve energy as much as possible (most commonly by entering suspended mode for extended periods of time). Previous approaches for WSN time synchronization do not satisfactorily address all of the requirements of WSN environments. Thus, this paper proposes a new fault-tolerant WSN time sychronization algorithm that is extremely fast (when compared to previous algorithms), achieves a guaranteed level of time synchronization for all non-faulty nodes, can accommodate nodes that enter suspended mode and then wake up, utilizes very little communication and computation resources (thereby leaving those resources available for use by other applications), operates in a completely decentralized manner and tolerates up to f faulty nodes. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is shown using analysis and experimental results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4519576,no
Prediction Error Prioritizing Strategy for Fast Normalized Partial Distortion Motion Estimation Algorithm,"A prediction error prioritizing-based normalized partial distortion search algorithm for fast motion estimation is proposed in this letter. The distortion behavior of each pixel in a macroblock is first analyzed to point out the priority/order of sum of absolute difference calculation. Afterward, the normalized partial distortion search algorithm is applied for half-stop of the distortion calculation. In addition, a dynamic search range decision algorithm is adopted for automatically changing the size of the search range to further increase the motion estimation speed. The computational complexity can be reduced significantly through the proposed algorithm, though leaving a PSNR degradation that could be dismissed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5523915,no
Redundancy Design Strategy of DCS Based on Component's Fault Model,"A redundancy design strategy based on component's fault model of device was proposed for distributed control system (DCS). This paper analyzed component's fault model of typical device based on the characteristic of DCS, sorted the faults of components according to the feature which is individual and diagnostic online between the faults of redundancy devices, and put forward the invalidation rate equation of the redundancy system. Then proposed a redundancy design method and verify method of reliability based on the analysis of component's fault model in redundancy device. At last, the experiment data of field application were collected and these data have verified the conclusion above.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4960860,no
RFID-based information system for preventing medical errors,"A report by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences estimates that as many as 98,000 people die in U.S. hospitals each year because of medical errors. In this project, we propose an innovative IT-based approach to prevent errors in various medical processes by utilizing advances in radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless communications. The goal of the study is to perform an in-depth study of existing RFID technologies for patient care in medical facilities. In the paper, a new system architecture that integrates various wireless technologies such as RFID and Wi-Fi was proposed. In the pilot study, we primarily focused on the limitations and shortcomings of passive RFID technologies in medical settings. Our experimental results show the reliability challenge in the current passive EPC Gen 2 RFID systems for use in a dynamic medical environment.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5326382,no
Noise identification and fault diagnosis for the new products of the automobile gearbox,"A noise identification and fault diagnosis system for the new products of the automobile gearbox is introduced. The framework of the developed software is described, which includes function modules as data acquisition, feature extracting, time frequency transform, order analysis, learning and training, and so on. The prototype system has been partially put in practice in a certain automobile gear-box manufacture company.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5373019,no
Robust Counting Via Counter Braids: An Error-Resilient Network Measurement Architecture,"A novel counter architecture, called counter braids, has recently been proposed for accurate per-flow measurement on high-speed links. Inspired by sparse random graph codes, counter braids solves two central problems of per-flow measurement: one-to-one flow-to-counter association and large amount of unused counter space. It eliminates the one-to-one association by randomly hashing a flow label to multiple counters and minimizes counter space by incrementally compressing counts as they accumulate. The random hash values are reproduced offline from a list of flow labels, with which flow sizes are decoded using a fast message passing algorithm. The decoding of counter braids introduces the problem of collecting flow labels active in a measurement epoch. An exact solution to this problem is expensive. This paper complements the previous proposal with an approximate flow label collection scheme and a novel error-resilient decoder that decodes despite missing flow labels. The approximate flow label collection detects new flows with variable-length signature counting Bloom filters in SRAM, and stores flow labels in high-density DRAM. It provides a good trade-off between space and accuracy: more than 99 percent of the flows are captured with very little SRAM space. The decoding challenge posed by missing flow labels calls for a new algorithm as the original message passing decoder becomes error-prone. In terms of sparse random graph codes, the problem is equivalent to decoding with graph deficiency, a scenario beyond coding theory. The error-resilient decoder employs a new message passing algorithm that recovers most flow sizes exactly despite graph deficiency. Together, our solution achieves a 10-fold reduction in SRAM space compared to hash-table based implementations, as demonstrated with Internet trace evaluations.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5061958,no
A novel fault finding and identification strategy using pseudorandom binary sequences for multicore power cable troubleshooting,"A novel fault finding correlation methodology, using pseudorandom binary sequences (PRBS), is presented as an alternative to time domain reflectometry (TDR) for multi-core power cable fault location and identification. The fulcrum of this method is the cross correlation (CCR) of the fault echo response with the input pseudonoise (pN) test sequence which results in a unique signature for identification of the fault type, if any, or load termination present as well as its distance from the point of test stimulus insertion. This troubleshooting procedure can used in a number of key industrial scenarios embracing overhead power lines and underground cables in inaccessible locations. A key feature is the potential usage of pseudonoise sequences for long distance fault funding over several cycles at low amplitude levels online to reject normal mains voltage, communications signal traffic and extraneous noise pickup for the purpose of multiple fault coverage, resolution and identification. In this paper a single phase transmission line model is presented with PRBS stimulus injection under known load terminations to mimic fault conditions encountered in practice for proof of concept. Simulation results, for known resistive fault terminations, with measured CCR response demonstrate the effectiveness of the PRBS test method in fault type identification and location. Key experimental test results are also presented for pN fault finding using a four core SWA copper power cable, under laboratory controlled conditions, which substantiates the accuracy of PRBS diagnostic CCR method of fault recognition and location using a range of resistive fault terminations. The accuracy of the method is further validated through theoretical calculation via estimated fault reflection coefficients, voltage standing wave ratios and comparison with known fault resistance terminations, known apriori, and link distances in power line experimental testing.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5415049,no
Error Analysis of L1-Regularized Support Vector Machine for Beta-Mixing Sequence,"Abstract-In this paper, the extension work on the performance of l<sub>1</sub>-regularized support vector machine(l<sub>1</sub>-svm) from the classical independent and identically distributed input sequence to the stationary -mixing input sequence is considered. We establish the bound of generalization error for the l<sub>1</sub>-mixing stationary sequence. It is interesting that our result is available even the size of the dictionary considered is infinite, which is different from most previous results of l<sub>1</sub>-regularized methods. From the established bound of the generalization error of l<sub>1</sub>-svm, we develop a sparsity oracle inequality of l<sub>1</sub>-svm for -mixing input sequence. Following the sparsity oracle inequality, the sufficient condition for the consistency of l<sub>1</sub>-svm with stationary -mixing input sequence can be obtained.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5676979,no
Analysis - The terrors and the errors [IT Change Management],"According to last month??s Sophos `Security Threat Report??, concern is increasing that computer applications running critical national infrastructures are vulnerable to malevolent hacks. Such hacks could in theory switch control of power and gas supplies, say, to the keyboards of hostile entities, enabling them to wreak damage and disruption. Similar threats face crucial financial computer platforms that underpin national economies, and even emergency services communication channels.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5608692,no
A Combined Method Based on Expert System and BP Neural Network for UAV Systems Fault Diagnosis,"According to the complexity, variety and nonlinear mode of UAV system's faults, a combined method based on expert system and BP neural network was proposed for the diagnosis. Besides BP neural network, the design of the expert system based on BP neural network and its software implementation were depicted respectively. This method can overcome the insufficiency of traditional expert system such as lack of the mechanism of effective self-learning and self-adaption. Through the diagnosis example of telemetry & telecontrol system of UAV, the results show that the new expert system can diagnose UAV system effectively and have a good application prospect in the field of fault diagnosis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5655180,no
Distributed Application Service Fault Management Using Bayesian Network,"According to the features of the distributed application service fault management, we propose a hybrid fault propagation model for fault detection, which includes a multi-layer FPM model and a two-layer FPM model. And the diagnosis process is divided into two procedures: application service fault diagnosis and network service fault diagnosis. Because the observation of faults is uncertain, we map the fault diagnosis model to Bayesian network to carry out uncertainty reasoning. To improve the inference speed, we add the bucket elimination algorithm with minimum deficiency for better order. In addition, according to the sparse nature of the multi-layer FPM model graph, we use ancestral set to simplify the graph to improve the inference algorithm. As experiments shown, the optimized bucket elimination is improved a lot at speed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5365889,no
Bad Words: Finding Faults in Spirit's Syslogs,"Accurate fault detection is a key element of resilient computing. Syslogs provide key information regarding faults, and are found on nearly all computing systems. Discovering new fault types requires expert human effort, however, as no previous algorithm has been shown to localize faults in time and space with an operationally acceptable false positive rate. We present experiments on three weeks of syslogs from Sandia's 512-node ""Spirit"" Linux cluster, showing one algorithm that localizes 50% of faults with 75% precision, corresponding to an excellent false positive rate of 0.05%. The salient characteristics of this algorithm are (1) calculation of nodewise information entropy, and (2) encoding of word position. The key observation is that similar computers correctly executing similar work should produce similar logs.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4534301,no
A Fault Detection Service for Cluster-Based Ad Hoc Network,"Ad Hoc Network becomes widely used for many specific fields. In case of frequently happened node failures and message losses, in order to expedite the development of applications, we propose a middleware service for the failure detection to support these applications. Based on the hierarchical-based and Gossip-based detection techniques, a fault detection service for cluster-based Ad Hoc Network integrating the proposed adaptive fault detector is proposed. Simulations show that the proposed detection service achieves a preferable system performance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6076564,no
Identification of parameter errors,"Accuracy of the network parameters has significant impact on the performance of almost all energy management system applications. Network model is built based on these parameters which are stored in the company's data base and are not typically inspected unless they are flagged by the user or a software package. Hence, errors associated with network parameters are not easily and commonly detected leading to varying degrees of inaccuracies in the results of network applications that rely on the network data base. This paper reviews some recent methods that are proposed for automatic detection, identification and correction of parameter errors in network data bases.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5589668,no
Correction of Attitude Fluctuation of Terra Spacecraft Using ASTER/SWIR Imagery With Parallax Observation,"Accurate attitude estimation of spacecrafts is the main requirement to provide good geometric performance of remote-sensing imagery. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer/short-wave-infrared subsystem has six linear-array sensors arranged in parallel, and each line scans the same ground target with a time interval of 356.238 ms between neighboring bands. The registration performance between bands becomes worse when attitude fluctuation occurs during a time lag between observations. Since the time resolution of the line scan is higher than that of the attitude information provided from the satellite, attitude data are estimated with a high frequency. We succeeded in correcting the image-registration error using the revised attitude information. As a result, the image distortion of 0.2 pixels caused by spacecraft-attitude jitter is reduced to less than 0.08 pixels, showing that band-to-band registration errors of a sensor with parallax observation are available to improve the image distortion caused by attitude fluctuation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4389967,no
Accurate Measurement of Bone Mineral Density Using Clinical CT Imaging With Single Energy Beam Spectral Intensity Correction,"Although dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) offers an effective measurement of bone mineral density, it only provides a 2-D projected measurement of the bone mineral density. Clinical computed tomography (CT) imaging will have to be employed for measurement of 3-D bone mineral density. The typical dual energy process requires precise measurement of the beam spectral intensity at the 80 kVp and 120 kVp settings. However, this is not used clinically because of the extra radiation dosage and sophisticated hardware setup. We propose an accurate and fast approach to measure bone material properties with single energy scans. Beam hardening artifacts are eliminated by incorporating the polychromatic characteristics of the X-ray beam into the reconstruction process. Bone mineral measurement from single energy CT correction is compared with that of dual energy correction and the commonly used DXA. Experimental results show that single energy correction is compatible with dual energy CT correction in eliminating beam hardening artifacts and producing an accurate measurement of bone mineral density. We can then estimate Young's modulus, yield stress, yield strain and ultimate tensile stress of the bone, which are important data for patient specific therapy planning.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5431002,no
RI2N/DRV: Multi-link ethernet for high-bandwidth and fault-tolerant network on PC clusters,"Although recent high-end interconnection network devices and switches provide a high performance to cost ratio, most of the small to medium sized PC clusters are still built on the commodity network, Ethernet. To enhance performance on commonly used Gigabit Ethernet networks, link aggregation or binding technology is used. Currently, Linux kernels are equipped with software named Linux Channel Bonding (LCB), which is based IEEE802.3ad link aggregation technology. However, standard LCB has the disadvantage of mismatch with the TCP protocol; consequently, both large latency and bandwidth instability can occur. Fault-tolerance feature is supported by LCB, but the usability is not sufficient. We developed a new implementation similar to LCB named Redundant Interconnection with Inexpensive Network with Driver (RI2N/DRV) for use on Gigabit Ethernet. RI2N/DRV has a complete software stack that is very suitable for TCP, an upper layer protocol. Our algorithm suppresses unnecessary ACK packets and retransmission of packets, even in imbalanced network traffic and link failures on multiple links. It provides both high-bandwidth and fault-tolerant communication on multi-link Gigabit Ethernet. We confirmed that this system improves the performance and reliability of the network, and our system can be applied to ordinary UNIX services such as network file system (NFS), without any modification of other modules.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5160894,no
Genome-Wide Search for Splicing Defects Associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS),"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons. Although the cause of ALS is unknown, mutations in the gene that produces the SOD1 enzyme are associated with some cases of familial ALS. SOD1 is a powerful antioxidant that protects the body from damage caused by superoxide, a toxic free radical. It has been proposed that defects in splicing of some mRNAs, induced by oxidative stress, can play a role in ALS pathogenesis. Alterations of splicing patterns have also been observed in ALS patients and in ALS murine models, suggesting that alterations in the splicing events can contribute to ALS progression. Using Exon 1.0 ST GeneChips, which allow the definition of alternative splicing events (ASEs) , the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line has been profiled after treatment with paraquat, which by inducing oxidative stress alters the patterns of alternative splicing. Furthermore, the same cell line stably transfected with wt and ALS mutant SOD has also been profiled. The integration of the two ALS models efficiently moderates ASE false discovery rate, one of the most critical issues in high-throughput ASEs detection. This approach allowed the identification of a total of 14 splicing events affecting respectively both internal coding exons and 5' UTR of known gene isoforms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5066880,no
Cassini spacecraft's in-flight Fault Protection redesign for unexpected regulator malfunction,"After the launch of the Cassini ?Mission-to-Saturn? Spacecraft, the volume of subsequent mission design modifications was expected to be minimal due to the rigorous testing and verification of the Flight Hardware and Flight Software. For known areas of risk where faults could potentially occur, component redundancy and/or autonomous Fault Protection (FP) routines were implemented to ensure that the integrity of the mission was maintained. The goal of Cassini's FP strategy is to ensure that no credible Single Point Failure (SPF) prevents attainment of mission objectives or results in a significantly degraded mission, with the exception of the class of faults which are exempted due to low probability of occurrence. In the case of Cassini's Propulsion Module Subsystem (PMS) design, a waiver was approved prior to launch for failure of the prime regulator to properly close; a potentially mission catastrophic single point failure. However, one month after Cassini's launch when the fuel & oxidizer tanks were pressurized for the first time, the prime regulator was determined to be leaking at a rate significant enough to require a considerable change in Main Engine (ME) burn strategy for the remainder of the mission. Crucial mission events such as the Saturn Orbit Insertion (SOI) burn task which required a characterization exercise for the PMS system 30 days before the maneuver were now impossible to achieve. This paper details the steps that were necessary to support the unexpected malfunction of the prime regulator, the introduction of new failure modes which required new FP design changes consisting of new/modified under-pressure & over-pressure algorithms; all which must be accomplished during the operation phase of the spacecraft, as a result of a presumed low probability, waived failure which occurred after launch.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5446845,no
A fault detection and diagnosis system based on input and output residual generation scheme for a CSTR benchmark process,"Aim of this study is to propose fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) algorithm based on input and output residuals that consider both sensor and actuator faults separately. The existing methods which have capability of fault diagnosis and its magnitude estimation suffer from great computational complexity, so they would not be suitable for the real-time applications. The proposed method in this paper has the advantage of simple structure and straightforward computations but at the cost of losing precision. The introduced approach incorporates an auxiliary-PI controller in a feedback configuration with an extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm to constitute an actuator input-output residual generator (AIORG) unit. Similarly, a sensor output residual generator (SORG) unit is realized with an EKF-based algorithm to cover for simultaneous sensor possible faults. The generated residuals are then fed to a FDD unit to extract diagnostic and fault estimation results using a threshold-based inference mechanism. A set of test scenarios is conducted to demonstrate the performance capabilities of the proposed FDD methodology in a simulated continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) benchmark against sensor and actuator faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5588956,no
Fault Diagnosis Technology of Software-Intensive Equipment Based on Information Fusion,"Aiming at limitations of the current fault diagnosis of the software-intensive equipment (SIE), this paper presents a method of fault diagnosis for software-intensive equipment based on information fusion technology. The multi-resource fusion diagnosis structure and the fusion arithmetic are detailed in this paper. The method establishes system structure of fault diagnosis, realizes the feature level data fusion algorithm based on fuzzy integral, establishes the fuzzy phenomenon subset and subjection degree function corresponding with different fault type, carries on fuzzy synthesized judge of fault type, and then fuses fuzzy reasoning diagnosis result again using D-S fusion model and method. The method is proved to be effective for fault location by instance. It makes diagnosed information more definite and improves the accuracy of diagnosis.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4739609,no
Wavelet Codes for Algorithm-Based Fault Tolerance Applications,"Algorithm-based fault tolerance (ABFT) methods, which use real number parity values computed in two separate comparable ways to detect computer-induced errors in numerical processing operations, can employ wavelet codes for establishing the necessary redundancy. Wavelet codes, one form of real number convolutional codes, determine the required parity values in a continuous fashion and can be intertwined naturally with normal data processing. Such codes are the transform coefficients associated with an analysis uniform filter bank which employs downsampling, while parity-checking operations are performed by a syndrome synthesis filter bank that includes upsampling. The data processing operations are merged effectively with the parity generating function to provide one set of parity values. Good wavelet codes can be designed starting from standard convolutional codes over finite fields by relating the field elements with the integers in the real number space. ABFT techniques are most efficient when employing a systematic form and methods for developing systematic codes are detailed. Bounds on the ABFT overhead computations are given and ABFT protection methods for processing that contains feedback are outlined. Analyzing syndromes' variances guide the selection of thresholds for syndrome comparisons. Simulations demonstrate the detection and miss probabilities for some high-rate wavelet codes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4803849,no
A Dynamic Probability Fault Localization Algorithm Using Digraph,"Analyzed here is a probability learning fault localization algorithm based on directed graph and set-covering. The digraph is constituted as following: get the deployment graph of managed business from the topography of network and software environment; generate the adjacency matrix (M<sub>a</sub>); compute the transitive matrix (M<sub>a</sub> <sup>2</sup>) and transitive closure (M<sub>t</sub>) and obtain dependency matrix (R). When faults occur, the possible symptoms will be reflected in R with high probability in fault itself, less probability in Ma, much less in M<sub>a</sub> <sup>2</sup> and least in M<sub>t</sub>. MCA+ is a probability max covering algorithm taking lost and spurious symptom into account. DMCA+ is dynamic probability updating algorithm through learning run-time fault localization experience. When fail to localize the faults, probabilities of real faults will be updated with an increment. The simulation results show the validity and efficiency of DMCA+ under complex network. In order to promote detection rate, multi-recommendation strategy is also investigated in MCA+ and DMCA+.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5363617,no
API Fuzz Testing for Security of Libraries in Windows Systems: From Faults To Vulnerabilites,"Application programming interface (API) fuzz testing is used to insert unexpected data into the parameters of functions and to monitor for resulting program errors or exceptions in order to test the security of APIs. However, vulnerabilities through which a user cannot insert data into API parameters are not security threats, because attackers cannot exploit such vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose a methodology that can automatically find paths between inputs of programs and faulty APIs. Where such paths exist, faults in APIs represent security threats. We call our methodology Automated Windows API Fuzz Testing II (AWAFTII). This method extends our previous research for performing API fuzz testing into the AWAFTII process. The AWAFTII process consists of finding faults using API fuzz testing, analyzing those faults, and searching for input data related to parameters of APIs with faults. We implemented a practical tool for AWAFTII and applied it to programs in the system folder of Windows XP SP2. Experimental results show that AWAFTII can detect paths between input of programs and APIs with faults.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4682305,no
The design of an electrical fault-waveform regenerator,"An electrical fault-waveform regenerator (EFWG) is proposed in this paper originally, including its hardware structure and software flow chart. And the EFWG is mainly relying on a power amplifier (PA) to regenerate the electrical fault waveforms recorded by fault recorders (FR), so a digital closed-loop modification technique (DCLMT), which is distinct from the predistortion technique (PDT) widely used nowadays, is conceived to counteract the inherent nonlinear distortions of the PA. The EFWG is actually designed to serve as a novel and more effective alternative to the common used protection-relay testing apparatuses (PRTA).",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4770666,no
Evolutionary design of lifting scheme wavelet-packet adaptive filters for elevator fault detection,"An evolutionary-based procedure for designing adaptive filters based on second-generation wavelet (lifting scheme) packet decomposition for industrial fault detection is presented. The proposed procedure is validated by an experimental case study for induction motor fault diagnosis in an elevator system. Preliminary results on two typologies of faults, broken rotor bars and static air gap eccentricity, are discussed by showing encouraging performance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5488007,no
Error Rate Analysis of Band-Limited BPSK With Nakagami/Nakagami ACI Considering Nonlinear Amplifier and Diversity,"An exact expression of the average error rate is developed for a band-limited binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) system in the presence of adjacent channel interference (ACI) considering a Nakagami fading channel. The system employs a root-raised cosine (RRC) filter both in the transmitter and receiver sides and a transmitter power amplifier (PA) that may have nonlinear input/output characteristics. These practical considerations are accurately taken into account. By utilizing the characteristic function (CF) method of error-rate analysis, we interestingly blend the concepts of time and frequency domains and develop an error-rate expression that is simple and general for several system parameters, including adjacent channel separation, RRC filter roll-off factor, and PA output back-off (OBO). Hence, the error rate in the presence of cochannel interference (CCI) is obtained as a special case. The developed results for a single-branch receiver are then extended for diversity receivers, and several interesting observations are made.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5345871,no
Autonomous fault tolerant multi-robot coordination for object transportation based on Artificial Immune System,"An efficient coordination strategy is required in order to realize an efficient and autonomous multi-robot cooperative system. This paper presents an approach for coordination among robots prior to cooperative object transportation. This paper does not address the coordination that is required during cooperation, which has been researched by others. In the present paper, fault tolerant coordination is achieved using methodology of artificial immune system. The approach developed here is based on binding affinity between an antibody and an antigen, and the structure of antibody in a human immune system. The developed methodology is verified through physical experiments.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4957460,no
"Argus: Low-Cost, Comprehensive Error Detection in Simple Cores","Argus, a novel approach for detecting errors in simple processor cores, dynamically verifies the correctness of the four tasks performed by a von Neumann core: control flow, data flow, computation, and memory access. Argus detects transient and permanent errors, with far lower impact on performance and chip area than previous techniques.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4460512,no
Fault Emulation for Dependability Evaluation of VLSI Systems,"Advances in semiconductor technologies are greatly increasing the likelihood of fault occurrence in deep-submicrometer manufactured VLSI systems. The dependability assessment of VLSI critical systems is a hot topic that requires further research. Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been recently pro posed as a means for speeding-up the fault injection process in VLSI systems models (fault emulation) and for reducing the cost of fixing any error due to their applicability in the first steps of the development cycle. However, only a reduced set of fault models, mainly stuck-at and bit-flip, have been considered in fault emulation approaches. This paper describes the procedures to inject a wide set of faults representative of deep-submicrometer technology, like stuck-at, bit-flip, pulse, indetermination, stuck-open, delay, short, open-line, and bridging, using the best suitable FPGA- based technique. This paper also sets some basic guidelines for comparing VLSI systems in terms of their availability and safety, which is mandatory in mission and safety critical application contexts. This represents a step forward in the dependability benchmarking of VLSI systems and towards the definition of a framework for their evaluation and comparison in terms of performance, power consumption, and dependability.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4469913,no
Annealing of Irradiated-Induced defects in power MOSFETs,"An innovative method of device characterization is experimented to qualify annealing Gamma-ray damage in power MOSFETs. The degradation of structural parameters of the body-drain junction for a dose rate of 103.8 rad.mn<sup>-1</sup> is presented. Temperature annealing effects, at 100C, are discussed and analyzed against the evolution of the density trapped oxide and interface charges.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5418641,no
Automated Fault Diagnosis in Embedded Systems,"Automated fault diagnosis is emerging as an important factor in achieving an acceptable and competitive cost/dependability ratio for embedded systems. In this paper, we survey model-based diagnosis and spectrum-based fault localization, two state-of-the-art approaches to fault diagnosis that jointly cover the combination of hardware and control software typically found in embedded systems. We present an introduction to the field, discuss our recent research results, and report on the application on industrial test cases. In addition, we propose to combine the two techniques into a novel, dynamic modeling approach to software fault localization.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4579801,no
Update on distribution system fault location technologies and effectiveness,Automatic fault location is an area of significant interest and research in the industry. This paper provides an update on the work performed to date with various utilities and the fault location systems. Basic information on the techniques used to locate faults is provided as well as several examples of where these techniques have been deployed.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5255791,no
Correcting asr outputs: Specific solutions to specific errors in French,"Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems are used in a large number of applications, in spite of the inevitable recognition errors. In this study we propose a pragmatic approach to automatically repair ASR outputs by taking into account linguistic and acoustic information, using formal rules or stochastic methods. The proposed strategy consists in developing a specific correction solution for each specific kind of errors. In this paper, we apply this strategy on two case studies specific to French language. We show that it is possible, on automatic transcriptions of French broadcast news, to decrease the error rate of a specific error by 11.4% in one of two the case studies, and 86.4% in the other one. These results are encouraging and show the interest of developing more specific solutions to cover a wider set of errors in a future work.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4777878,no
A Fault Tolerance Optimal Neighbor Load Balancing Algorithm for Grid Environment,"Availability of grid resources is dynamic, which raises the need to develop robust and effective applications against changing circumstances. A major challenge in a distributed dynamic grid is fault tolerance. The more resources and components involved the more complicated and error-prone the system becomes. In a grid with potentially thousands of machines connected to each other, the reliability of individual resources cannot be guaranteed. Hence, the probability of failure is higher in grid computing and the failure of resources affects task execution fatally. Therefore, a fault tolerance model is essential in grid. Also grid services are often expected to meet some minimum levels of Quality of Service (QoS) for a desirable operation. Common fault tolerance techniques in computational grid are normally achieved with checkpoint-recovery and task replication on alternative resources in case of a system outrage. However, the load balancing with fault tolerance strategies applied for a grid suffer from several deficiencies: some load balancing with fault tolerance models use checkpoint-recovery techniques to tolerate failures which leads to increase in average wait time thereby increasing the mean response time, while other models depend on task replication to tolerate failures which reduces grid efficiency in terms of optimal resource utilization under varying load. To address these deficiencies, an efficient fault tolerant load balancing model named as Optimal Neighbour (OP) model has been proposed. The fault tolerant load balancing model is dynamic, decentralized and symmetric initiated. The simulation results show that the Optimal Neighbour (OP) fault tolerant load balancing model yields better results when compared with the novel fault tolerant load balancing model.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5702008,no
Application of compensation method in calculating symmetrical short circuit fault,"Based on compensation method, Symmetrical short-circuit fault current formula and nodal voltage formula are deduced in this paper. In the deduction process the time of calculating matrix inversion is eliminated for the node-admittance matrix being not modified when the fault occurs, however triangular matrix method is applied to calculate nodal impedance matrix at the program entrance in the process based on the original network nodal admittance matrix, thus the solution of the electrical network state variables is speed up with preparing data for fault calculation in advance. After further assumptions and simplification, short-circuit current formula is more efficient to estimate the size of short-circuit current, and it is very suitable for real-time online applications. At the same time, current coefficient power contributing which is different from power current distribution coefficient is put forward. A optimal node is found for new power supply to limit short-circuit current by judging the size of current coefficient power contributing.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5512314,no
An Advanced Study on Fault Location System for China Railway Automatic Blocking and Continuous Transmission Line,"Based on the analysis of the applicability of various fault location methods in railway automatic blocking and continuous transmission line (RABCTL), S-injection method is considered to be a feasible method. An advanced S- injection applied in fault location system is put forward. Based on the traditional S-injection, the technology of wireless sensor network is brought in. It can realize wireless detector to network automatically in certain range, and improve the flexibility of communication system. The theory of the fault location system is presented, some key problems in practical process of fault location are researched, and the design of wireless detector is briefly introduced in the paper.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4496993,no
Modeling and Error Analysis of Dynamically Tuned Gyroscope Based on Bond Graph,"Bond graph method is a unified graphic method for modelling of engineering systems in several different energy domain. The open loop system of a Dynamically Tuned Gyroscope (DTG) is modelled using bond graph according to its structure. Using the bond graph method drift error caused by 2N angular vibration of the driving shaft is analysed, which shows the validity and intuitional effect of this method to analyse the drift error, and is helpful to model the DTG more precisely and completely, and to realize the integrative design and simulation of structure and control.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5701310,no
JDF: detecting duplicate bug reports in Jazz,"Both developers and users submit bug reports to a bug repository. These reports can help reveal defects and improve software quality. As the number of bug reports in a bug repository increases, the number of the potential duplicate bug reports increases. Detecting duplicate bug reports helps reduce development efforts in fixing defects. However, it is challenging to manually detect all potential duplicates because of the large number of existing bug reports. This paper presents JDF (representing Jazz Duplicate Finder), a tool that helps users to find potential duplicates of bug reports on Jazz, which is a team collaboration platform for software development and process management. JDF finds potential duplicates for a given bug report using natural language and execution information.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062192,no
Boundary Value Testing Using Integrated Circuit Fault Detection Rule,"Boundary value testing is a widely used functional testing approach. This paper presents a new boundary value selection approach by applying fault detection rules for integrated circuits. Empirical studies based on Redundant Strapped-Down Inertial Measurement Unit of the 34 program versions and 426 mutants compare the new approach to the current boundary value testing methods. The results show that the approach proposed in this paper is remarkably effective in conquering test blindness, reducing test cost and improving fault coverage.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381653,no
Nonlinear Errors Correction of Pressure Sensor Based on BP Neural Network,"BP neutral network and its improved algorithms are applied to compensate sensor's performance. The defects of BP, for example, converging slowly, being easy to converge to minimum of one part are improved efficiently. Training programs are done. Results show that the performance of sensor is improved highly. Network has a high converging speed and good precision. The correction precision increases with the increasing number of nodes in the hidden layer. When the number of nodes in the hidden layer is 18 and the neural network model converges in average 28 iterations, the Error Index is less than 10<sup>-3</sup>.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5072977,no
Sensitivity of volumetric brain analysis to systematic and random errors,"Brain structures are subjected to changes caused by genetic, environmental factors or disease and gender, age related reasons. Different methods have been developed to capture these changes, but their agreement over the same data may significantly vary. These variations are attributed to the methodological differences of the employed methods. Popular tools for measuring brain atrophy are SIENA and SIENAX that have been compared in previous studies but no work has carefully weeded out the possible bias and confounding that can be easily introduced to such analyses. The present work tackles the problem of bias, confounding and random variation factors that are inserted in any volumetric analysis methods from the selection of the input data. Evidence showed that normalized brain volume and brain volume change can be used to characterize group differences between healthy and non-healthy subjects in cases where it is not possible to circumvent the studied confounds, which can be introduced in any similar case-control study.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6042648,no
ISOMAP Algorithm-Based Feature Extraction for Electromechanical Equipment Fault Prediction,"As for the difficult problem of sensitive feature extraction during fault prediction for nonlinear electromechanical equipment, nonlinear dimensionality reduction ISOMAP (isometric feature mapping) algorithm is introduced based on the comprehensive analysis of the operation state data to reduce the dimensionality of high dimensional operation data and acquire sensitive fault features, furthermore, the ISOMAP dimensionality reduction result is verified by compiling algorithm programs based on MATLAB platform. The suitability of applying ISOMAP algorithm to dimensionality reduction of high dimensional data is discussed in terms of algorithm principle in this paper, and calculation steps of the algorithm are provided. According to MATLAB tests, ISOMAP algorithm is able to reduce dimensionality greatly and find out the essential data structure so as to provide a new method for extracting sensitive features of electromechanical equipment fault from another point of view.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5304349,no
An evaluation of a slice fault aware tool chain,"As FPGA sizes and densities grow, their manufacturing yields decrease. This work looks toward reclaiming some of this lost yield. Several previous works have suggested fault aware CAD tools for intelligently routing around faults. In this work we evaluate such an approach quantitatively with respect to some standard benchmarks. We also quantify the trade-offs between performance and fault tolerance in such a method. Leveraging existing CAD tools, we show up to 30% of slices being faulty can be tolerated. Such approaches could potentially allow manufacturers to sell larger chips with manufacturing faults as smaller chips using a nomenclature that appropriately captures the reduction in logic resources.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5457106,no
A Systematic Approach for Integrating Fault Trees into System Statecharts,"As software systems are encompassing a wide range of fields and applications, software reliability becomes a crucial step. The need for safety analysis and test cases that have high probability to uncover plausible faults are necessities in proving software quality. System models that represent only the operational behavioral of a system are incomplete sources for deriving test cases and performing safety analysis before the implementation process. Therefore, a system model that encompasses faults is required. This paper presents a technique that formalizes a safety model through the incorporation of faults with system specifications. The technique focuses on introducing semantic faults through the integration of fault trees with system specifications or statechart. The method uses a set of systematic transformation rules that tries to maintain the semantics of both fault trees and statechart representations during the transformation of fault trees into statechart notations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4591544,no
Fault Tolerant Delay Insensitive Inter-chip Communication,"Asynchronous interconnect is a promising technology for communication systems. Delay Insensitive (DI) interconnect eliminates relative timing assumptions, offering a robust and flexible approach to on- and inter-chip communication. In the SpiNNaker system - a massively parallel computation platform -a DI system-wide communication infrastructure is employed which uses a 4-phase 3-of-6 code for on-chip communication and a 2-phase 2-of-7 code for inter-chip communication. Fault-tolerance has been evaluated by randomly injecting transient glitches into the off-chip wires. Fault simulation reveals that deadlock may occur in either the transmitter or the receiver as handshake protocols are disrupted. Various methods have been tested for reducing or eliminating deadlock, including a novel phase-insensitive 2-phase to 4-phase converter, a priority arbiter for reliable code conversion and a scheme that allows independent resetting of the transmitter and receiver to clear deadlocks. Simulation results confirm that these methods enhance the fault tolerance of the DI communication link, in particular making it significantly more resistant to deadlock.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5010338,no
The Application of Travelling Wave Fault Locators in China,"At present there are more than 1500 TWFL equipments in operation in China. The fault location accuracy obtained with TWFL equipment in practice has been better than 500 m. The TWFL systems and the methods of detecting the travelling waves used in China are described. Some typical fault location results from high voltage AC and DC transmission lines are presented. The ""seamless recording"" of transient signals to ensure the capture of fault transients during severe thunderstorm activity is introduced. The application of TWFL to distribution lines is also described.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4497042,no
Research on automatic detection for defect on bearing cylindrical surface,"At present, it is still by using manual method to detect the defects on micro bearing surface. The method is laborious and time consuming. Moreover, it has a low efficiency and high miss-detection rate. Due to the fact, an on-line automatic detection system is developed using linear CCD. The proposed system is composed of three subsystems: the detection environment setting subsystem, the automatic detection subsystem, and the data management subsystem. In order to lead the above subsystems to cooperate with each other, control software is developed with LabVIEW 8.5 as a platform. Experimental results indicate that the system realizes the predefined functions and caters to the requirements of stability, real-time performance, and accuracy. Thus it can be applied for actual production.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5565229,no
Temporal envelope correction for attack restoration in low bit-rate audio coding,"At reduced bit rates, the audio compression affects transient parts of signals, which results in pre-echo and loss of attack character. We propose in this paper an attacks restoration method based on the correction of the temporal envelope of the decoded signal, using a small set of coefficients transmitted through an auxiliary channel. The proposed approach is evaluated for single and multiple coding-decoding, using objective perceptual measures. The experimental results for MP3 and AAC coding exhibits an efficient restoration of the attacks and a significant improvement of the audio quality.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7077734,no
Integration of InSAR Time-Series Analysis and Water-Vapor Correction for Mapping Postseismic Motion After the 2003 Bam (Iran) Earthquake,"Atmospheric water-vapor effects represent a major limitation of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques, including InSAR time-series (TS) approaches (e.g., persistent or permanent scatterers and small-baseline subset). For the first time, this paper demonstrates the use of InSAR TS with precipitable water-vapor (InSAR TS + PWV) correction model for deformation mapping. We use MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) near-infrafred (NIR) water-vapor data for InSAR atmospheric correction when they are available. For the dates when the NIR data are blocked by clouds, an atmospheric phase screen (APS) model has been developed to estimate atmospheric effects using partially water-vapor-corrected interferograms. Cross validation reveals that the estimated APS agreed with MERIS-derived line-of-sight path delays with a small standard deviation (0.3-0.5 cm) and a high correlation coefficient (0.84-0.98). This paper shows that a better TS of postseismic motion after the 2003 Bam (Iran) earthquake is achievable after reduction of water-vapor effects using the InSAR TS + PWV technique with coincident MERIS NIR water-vapor data.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4914879,no
An empirical study on bug assignment automation using Chinese bug data,"Bug assignment is an important step in bug life-cycle management. In large projects, this task would consume a substantial amount of human effort. To compare with the previous studies on automatic bug assignment in FOSS (free/open source software) projects, we conduct a case study on a proprietary software project in China. Our study consists of two experiments of automatic bug assignment, using Chinese text and the other non-text information of bug data respectively. Based on text data of the bug repository, the first experiment uses SVM to predict bug assignments and achieve accuracy close to that by human triagers. The second one explores the usefulness of non-text data in making such prediction. The main results from our study includes that text data are most useful data in the bug tracking system to triage bugs, and automation based on text data could effectively reduce the manual effort.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5315994,no
A Framework of Bug Reporting System Based on Keywords Extraction and Auction Algorithm,"Bug report is becoming a main approach to improve and perfect a complicated piece of software, but analyzing the bug report is a tedious and time-consuming job, especially when the number of bug reports is huge and many duplicate reports are mixed within the incoming bug reports. In this paper, we present a framework to automatically triage and detect the duplicate bug reports by keywords extraction and combine those existing relative reports to form a more integrated and complete bug report, and then assign the report to appropriate developer based on auction rules and developer's experiences. After having fixed the bug, the developer can submit some new keywords related to the fixed bug to the system, in which we can complement the keywords repository.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5562866,no
Perspectives on bugs in the Debian bug tracking system,"Bugs in Debian differ from regular software bugs. They are usually associated with packages, instead of software modules. They are caused and fixed by source package uploads instead of code commits. The majority are reported by individuals who appear in the bug database once, and only once. There also exists a small group of bug reporters with over 1,000 bug reports each to their name. We also explore our idea that a high bug-frequency for an individual package might be an indicator of popularity instead of poor quality.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463288,no
Application of Computations with Calculation Error Exclusion for Computation Geometry Algorithms,"Calculation errors while using floating-point computation are considered as a source of computational geometry algorithms incorrect results. Methods of decreasing such errors influence on the algorithm are discussed. Computations with calculation error exclusion as a way of such errors elimination are proposed. Computations with calculation error exclusion defined as a kind of computation where results of certain arithmetic operations could be represented exactly (computations in rational numbers, for example). Algorithm of finding cases where floating-point computation causes incorrect results is proposed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5260998,no
Soft error propagation in floating-point programs,"As technology scales, VLSI performance has experienced an exponential growth. As feature sizes shrink, however, we will face new challenges such as soft errors (single-event upsets) to maintain the reliability of circuits. Recent studies have tried to address soft errors with error detection and correction techniques such as error correcting codes and redundant execution. However, these techniques come at a cost of additional storage or lower performance. In this paper, we present a different approach to address soft errors. We start from building a quantitative understanding of the error propagation in software and propose a systematic evaluation of the impact of bit flip caused by soft errors on floating-point operations. Furthermore, we introduce a novel model to deal with soft errors. More specifically, we assume soft errors have occurred in memory and try to know how the errors will manifest in the results of programs. Therefore, some soft errors can be tolerated if the error in results is smaller than the intrinsic inaccuracy of floating-point representations or within a predefined range. We focus on analyzing error propagation for floating-point arithmetic operations. Our approach is motivated by interval analysis. We model the rounding effect of floating-point numbers, which enable us to simulate and predict the error propagation for single floating-point arithmetic operations for specific soft errors. In other words, we model and simulate the relation between the bit flip rate, which is determined by soft errors in hardware, and the error of floating-point arithmetic operations. The simulation results enable us to tolerate certain types of soft errors without expensive error detection and correction processing.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5682305,no
Dynamic tracing screening system's research of the electronic key's surface defects,"As the machine vision finds application in the present industry widely, this paper proposes the dynamic tracing automatic screening (DTAS) algorithm. Aiming to detect the electronic button's surface, this DTAS algorithm can judge whether this key is damaged or not. Detection uses the image adaptive angle rotation algorithm, the threshold value law, variance law, and the region boundary law in the process. The experiment results show that the DTAS is feasible and simple, the localization is precision, the ability of anti-noise is strong very much, the speed of the computation is very quick, and the realtime is very good when the electronic button is detected.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5646437,no
Enhancing application robustness through adaptive fault tolerance,"As the scale of high performance computing (HPC) continues to grow, application fault resilience becomes crucial. To address this problem, we are working on the design of an adaptive fault tolerance system for HPC applications. It aims to enable parallel applications to avoid anticipated failures via preventive migration, and in the case of unforeseeable failures, to minimize their impact through selective checkpointing. Both prior and ongoing work are summarized in this paper.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536383,no
Nonstationary Motor Fault Detection Using Recent Quadratic TimeFrequency Representations,"As the use of electric motors increases in the aerospace and transportation industries where operating conditions continuously change with time, fault detection in electric motors has been gaining importance. Motor diagnostics in a nonstationary environment is difficult and often needs sophisticated signal processing techniques. In recent times, a plethora of new time-frequency distributions has appeared, which are inherently suited to the analysis of nonstationary signals while offering superior frequency resolution characteristics. The Zhao-Atlas-Marks distribution is one such distribution. This paper proposes the use of these new time-frequency distributions to enhance nonstationary fault diagnostics in electric motors. One common myth has been that the quadratic time-frequency distributions are not suitable for commercial implementation. This paper also addresses this issue in detail. Optimal discrete-time implementations of some of these quadratic time-frequency distributions are explained. These time-frequency representations have been implemented on a digital signal processing platform to demonstrate that the proposed methods can be implemented commercially.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4524002,no
Using Redundant Threads for Fault Tolerance of OpenMP Programs,"As the wide application of multi-core processor architecture in the domain of high performance computing, fault tolerance for shared memory parallel programs becomes a hot spot of research. For years, checkpointing has been the dominant fault tolerance technology in this field, and recently, many research works have been engaged with it. However, to those programs which deal with large amount of data, checkpointing may induce massive I/O transfer, which will adversely affect scalability. To deal with such a problem, this paper proposes a fault tolerance approach, making use of redundancy, for shared memory parallel programs. Our scheme avoids saving and restoring computational state during the program's execution, hence does not involve I/O operations, so presents explicit advantage over checkpointing in scalability. In this paper, we introduce our approach and the related compiler tool in detail, and give the experimental evaluation result.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5480321,no
Power-efficient and fault-tolerant circuits and systems,"As devices become smaller, circuits and systems are more vulnerable to soft errors caused by radiation and other environmental upsets. Fault tolerance measured by mean time to failure (MTTF) is desired, especially if no extra area, power and delay and little change of the existing design flow are introduced. Using FPGA as a testbed, this paper first presents fault tolerance techniques applying (1) logic don't care and path re-convergence (ROSE) and (2) in-place logic re-writing (IPR). Both increase MTTF by 2X with little or no overhead. Particularly, IPR does not change circuit placement and routing, and can be readily used with the existing industrial design flow. It also leads to a self evolution method to enhance fault tolerance for FPGA based circuits and systems. The ideas presented in the paper can be extend to handle regular logic fabrics, which are natural to nano-technologies and are also preferred by design for manufacturability (DFM) in scaled CMOS technologies.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5351304,no
The research on fault diagnosis of distribution network based on rough set theory,"Based on the rough set theory, a new distribution network fault diagnosis approach to deal with the imperfect alarm signals that caused by malfunction or failing operation of protection relays and circuit breakers, error in the communication equipment is proposed. Due to rough set theory can effectively handle the imprecise problems without any ancestor information except the data set itself, a decision table including all kinds of fault cases is established by considering the signals of protection relays and circuit breakers, and the approach can extract diagnosis rules from the set of fault samples directly. The inherent redundancy in the alarm information is exposed. Finally, a practical fault diagnosis program of the typical distribution network is proposed by using Visual C# language based on Visual Studio. NET developing platform. The result shows the validity of the proposed method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5267879,no
Pattern Recognition System of Optical Fiber Fusion Defect Based on Fuzzy Neural Network in EPON,"Because of having many advantages, optical fiber network is applied widely in high-tech fields. But the existence of optical fiber fusion defects will debase the quality of message transmission. A set of defect recognized system is established based on the compensatory fuzzy neural network of using wavelet and with fast algorithm in this paper. The dasiaenergy- defectpsila method to extract eigen value is used firstly, then defect classification is recognized by fuzzy neural network. The results of simulation show that the model established by making use of this algorithm has higher efficiency, and the possibility of wrap in local minimum value of the network during the training process is smaller, which can compare to approach the precision utmost steadily and classification recognize the defect precision.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4908543,no
Application of fuzzy neural network in optical fiber fusion defect recognition system by AS1773 protocol,"Because of having many advantages, optical fiber network is applied widely in high-tech fields. But the existence of optical fiber fusion defects will debase the quality of message transmission. A set of defect recognized system is established based on the compensatory fuzzy neural network of using wavelet and with fast algorithm in this paper. The `energy-defect' method to extract eigenvalue is used firstly, then defect classification is recognized by fuzzy neural network. The results of simulation show that the model established by making use of this algorithm has higher efficiency, and the possibility of wrap in local minimum value of the network during the training process is smaller, which can compare to approach the precision utmost steadily and classification recognize the defect precision. The experiment result can verify this system have very high accurate rate to forecast the fusion defects and satisfy the demand of the engineering application based on AS1773 protocol, which provide the technique guarantee for further realizing the optical fiber fusion quantity monitor system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5565645,no
Modeling and Simulation of Multi-operation Microcode-Based Built-In Self Test for Memory Fault Detection and Repair,"As embedded memory area on-chip is increasing and memory density is growing, problem of faults is growing exponentially. Newer test algorithms are developed for detecting these new faults. These new March algorithms have much more number of operations than the March algorithms existing earlier. An architecture implementing these new algorithms is presented here. This is illustrated by implementing the newly defined March SS algorithm. Along with the fault diagnosis a word-oriented memory Built-in Self Repair methodology, which supports on-the-fly memory repair, is employed to repair the faulty locations indicated by the MBIST controller presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5572810,no
Spread programming using orthogonal code for alleviating bit errors of NAND flash memory,"As flash memory requires higher density, bit error rate becomes more important. In this paper, we propose Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) based spread programming that makes flash based storage to be tolerant against errors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5418853,no
Adaptive Interaction Fault Location Based on Combinatorial Testing,"Combinatorial testing aims to detect interaction faults, which are triggered by interaction among parameters in system, by covering some specific combinations of parametric values. Most works about combinatorial testing focus on detecting such interaction faults rather than locating them. Based on the model of interaction fault schema, in which the interaction fault is described as a minimum fault schema and several corresponding parent-schemas, we propose an iterative adaptive interaction fault location technique for combinatorial testing. In order to locate interaction faults that detected in combinatorial testing, such technique utilizes delta debugging strategy to filtrate suspicious schemas by generating and running additional test cases iteratively. The properties, which include both recall and precision, of adaptive interaction fault location techniques are also analyzed in this paper. Analytical results suggest that the high scores in both recall and precision are guaranteed. It means that such technique can provide an efficient guidance for the applications of combinatorial testing.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5563006,no
Hypervisor-Based Virtual Hardware for Fault Tolerance in COTS Processors Targeting Space Applications,"Commercial off the shelf processors are becoming mandatory in space applications to satisfy the ever-growing demand for on-board computing power. As a result, architecture able to withstand the harshness of the space environment are needed to cope with the errors that may affect such processors, which are not specifically designed for being used in space. Beside design and implementation costs, validation of the obtained architecture is a very cost- and time-consuming operation. In this paper we propose an architecture to quickly develop dependable embedded systems using time redundancy. The main novelty of the approach lies in the usage of a hyper visor for implementing seamlessly time redundancy, consistency checking, temporal and spatial segregation of programs that are needed to guarantee a safe execution of the application software. The proposed architecture needs to be validated only once then, provided that the same hyper visor is available for different hardware platforms, it can be deployed without the need for re-validation. We describe a prototypical implementation of the approach and we provide experimental data that assess the effectiveness of the approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634983,no
Scalable fault tolerant architecture for complex event processing systems,"Complex Event Processing (CEP) is one of the fastest emerging fields in computer science. Modern CEP systems which are critical for organizations to maintain their business processes and to achieve excellence through operational responsiveness should be scalable and fault tolerant. The research project epZilla is to build a highly scalable, highly available, real time, fault tolerant distributed architecture for CEP systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5643265,no
Runtime Diversity against Quasirandom Faults,"Complex software based systems that have to be highly reliable, are increasingly confronted with fault types whose corresponding failures appear to be random, although they have a systematic cause. This paper introduces and defines these ""quasirandom"" faults. They have certain inconvenient common properties such as their difficulty to be reproduced, their strong state dependence and their likelihood to be found in operational systems after testing. However, these faults are also likely to be detected or tolerated with the help of diversity in software, and even low level diversity which can be achieved during runtime is a promising means against them. The result suggests, that runtime diversity can improve software reliability in complex systems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4976333,no
Silicon Wafer Defect Extraction Based on Morphological Filter and Watershed Algorithm,"Defect extraction techniques are studied regarding the silicon wafer surface defect. We design a new filter based on multiple structuring elements and suggest an improved marker-based and region merging watershed. To begin with, the filter which generalized close-opening and open-closing filter based on the morphological filter with multiple structuring elements is introduced to eliminate the noise and simplify the image and morphological gradient image while preserving the details. And then in order to reduce the over-segmentation of the watershed algorithm, this paper suggests an improved marker-based and region merging method, region average gray value and edge strength criterion is used in merging operation and has a good effect on segmentation. Finally, the improved watershed algorithm is applied to the filtered gradient image to get the defect contours. The experiments show that this method can eliminate the noises and extract accurately location and closed region contours, which lays a good foundation for defect feature extraction and selection.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4723216,no
Algorithms for efficient symbolic detection of faults in context-aware applications,"Context-aware and adaptive applications running on mobile devices pose new challenges for the verification community. Current verification techniques are tailored for different domains (mostly hardware) and the kind of faults that are typical of applications running on mobile devices are difficult (or impossible) to encode using the patterns of ldquotraditionalrdquo verification domains. In this paper we present how techniques similar to the ones used in symbolic model checking can be applied to the verification of context-aware and adaptive applications. More in detail, we show how a model of a context-aware application can be encoded by means of ordered binary decision diagrams and we introduce symbolic algorithms for the verification of a number of properties.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4686287,no
Computing Maximum Error and Reduced Threshold of Mining Frequent Patterns in Data Stream,"Controlling the space consumption and improving the precision of mining result is two challenges of frequent patterns mining in data stream. The parameter A which denotes the maximum error is widely used to reduce the space consumption. In this paper, we firstly propose a computational strategy for identifying maximum error, consist of resource awareness and polynomial approximate, and then propose a reduced threshold for improving mining accuracy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5363907,no
Coverage of a microarchitecture-level fault check regimen in a superscalar processor,"Conventional processor fault tolerance based on time/space redundancy is robust but prohibitively expensive for commodity processors. This paper explores an unconventional approach to designing a cost-effective fault-tolerant superscalar processor. The idea is to engage a regimen of microarchitecture-level fault checks. A few simple microarchitecture-level fault checks can detect many arbitrary faults in large units, by observing microarchitecture-level behavior and anomalies in this behavior. Previously, we separately proposed checks for the fetch and decode stages, rename stage, and issue stage of a contemporary superscalar processor. While each piece hinted at the possibility of a complete regimen - for an overall fault-tolerant superscalar processor - this totality was not explored. This paper provides the culmination by building a full regimen into a superscalar processor. We show for the first time that the regimen-based approach provides substantial coverage of an entire superscalar processor. Analysis reveals vulnerable areas which should be the focus for regimen additions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4630065,no
Hierarchical Analysis of Short Defects between Metal Lines in CMOS IC,"Current paper proposes a new hierarchical approach to defect-oriented testing of CMOS circuits. The method is based on critical area extraction for identifying the possible shorted pairs of nets on the basis of the chip layout information, combined with logic-level test pattern generation. The novel contributions of the paper are a new bridging fault simulator and a test pattern generator, which are able to handle defects creating feedbacks into the circuit. As a preprocessing step, a combined stuck-at test set from two different test pattern generators implementing alternative strategies (pseudorandom and deterministic) were created. Nevertheless, many short defects were not covered by this extended stuck-at approach. Analyses carried out in this paper show that the stuck-at tests are not covering up to 4% of the shorts (both testable and untestable). The test coverage (fault efficiency) can be increased by the new generator by up to 0.4% in comparison to full stuck-at test. Layout analysis for a set of benchmarks has been performed. The experiments indicate how the number of bridging faults of non-zero probability is dependent on the circuit size.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4669309,no
A case-based reasoning approach for fault detection state in bridges assessment,"Case-based reasoning (CBR) systems use previous knowledge stored in data bases to solve current issues. Nowadays, CBR approach is widely used in different areas with good results. Such an area is system diagnose and fault detection. In this paper, we suggest a new approach, based on CBR, for fault detection of reinforced concrete bridges on polluted area. Nowadays the bridge inspection and diagnose is usually performed by civil engineers mainly on visual inspections, action involving subjective judgments and uncertainties. So far, intelligent diagnose on bridges was made based on models approaches, like fuzzy models and neural networks models. This paper aims to present a new approach based on CBR paradigm, to solve the above mentioned issues. We suggest and implement the architecture for data gathering and data base storing. Also, the CBR paradigm is tested by using jCOLIBRI platform.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4588730,no
Definition and Extraction of Causal Relations for QA on Fault Diagnosis of Devices,"Causal relations in ontology should be defined based on the inference types necessary to solve the tasks specific to application, as well as domain. In this paper, we present a model to define and to extract causal relations for application ontology, which is targeted, as a case study, to serve a question-answering (QA) system on fault-diagnosis of electronic devices. In the first phase, causal categories are defined by identifying the generic inference patterns of QA on fault-diagnosis. In the second, the semantic relations between concepts in the corpus denoting the causal categories are defined as causal relations. In the third, instances of causal relations are extracted using the lexical patterns from the definitional statements of terms in domain, and extended with information from thesaurus. On the evaluation by domain experts, our model shows precision of 92.3% in classifying relations at the definition phase and precision of 80.7% in identifying causal relations at the extraction phase.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4669759,no
A Novel Red-Eye Correction Method Based on AdaBoost Algorithm for Mobile Phone and Digital Camera,"Caused by light reflected off the subject's retina, red-eye is a troublesome problem in consumer photography. Correction of red eyes without any human intervention is an important task. There are some algorithms existing for red-eye detection, but almost all of them have less accuracy, in addition, they cannot support both high pixel and single red-eye. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to eliminate red-eyes in the digital images automatically with a satisfactory result. This method gets the face region first by AdaBoost algorithm and then detects the red-eye on the top part of the face region, corrects the red-eye in the eye region for recovering the image's original color at last. Experiments in the platform of mobile phone and digital camera show that this method can eliminate the red-eye with high accuracy of 87%, which is higher than the best known technology of face detection base on complexion by 7%, and it can also support 8 million pixels image, moreover, the method has advantages of robustness and real-time computability.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4797192,no
An end-to-end approach for the automatic derivation of application-aware error detectors,"Critical Variable Recomputation (CVR) based error detection provides high coverage for data critical to an application while reducing the performance overhead associated with detecting benign errors. However, when implemented exclusively in software, the performance penalty associated with CVR based detection is unsuitably high. This paper addresses this limitation by providing a hybrid hardware/software tool chain which allows for the design of efficient error detectors while minimizing additional hardware. Detection mechanisms are automatically derived during compilation and mapped onto hardware where they are executed in parallel with the original task at runtime. When tested using an FPGA platform, results show that our approach incurs an area overhead of 53% while increasing execution time by 27% on average.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270291,no
Software Self-Testing of a Symmetric Cipher with Error Detection Capability,"Cryptographic devices are recently implemented with different countermeasures against side channel attacks and fault analysis. Moreover, some usual testing techniques, such as scan chains, are not allowed or restricted for security requirements. In this paper, we analyze the impact that error detecting schemes have on the testability of an implementation of the advanced encryption standard, in particular when software-based self-test techniques are envisioned. We show that protection schemes can improve concurrent error detection, but make initial testing more difficult.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4567066,no
Customizing Virtual Machine with Fault Injector by Integrating with SpecC Device Model for a Software Testing Environment D-Cloud,"D-Cloud is a software testing environment for dependable parallel and distributed systems using cloud computing technology. We use Eucalyptus as cloud management software to manage virtual machines designed based on QEMU, called FaultVM, which have a fault injection mechanism. D-Cloud enables the test procedures to be automated using a large amount of computing resources in the cloud by interpreting the system configuration and the test scenario written in XML in D-Cloud front end and enables tests including hardware faults by emulating hardware faults by FaultVM flexibly. In the present paper, we describe the customization facility of FaultVM used to add new device models. We use SpecC, which is a system description language, to describe the behavior of devices, and a simulator generated from the description by SpecC is linked and integrated into FaultVM. This also makes the definition and injection of faults flexible without the modification of the original QEMU source codes. This facility allows D-Cloud to be used to test distributed systems with customized devices.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5703226,no
Enhance Fault Localization Using a 3D Surface Representation,"Debugging is a difficult and time-consuming task in software engineering. To locate faults in programs, a statistical fault localization technique makes use of program execution statistics and employs a suspiciousness function to assess the relation between program elements and faults. In this paper, we develop a novel localization technique by using a 3D surface to visualize previous suspiciousness functions and using fault patterns to enhance such a 3D surface. By clustering realistic faults, we determine various fault patterns and use 3D points to represent them. We employ spline method to construct a 3D surface from those 3D points and build our suspiciousness function. Empirical evaluation on a common data set, Siemens suite, shows that the result of our technique is more effective than four existing representative such techniques.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5489519,no
A new approach for real time fault diagnosis in induction motors based on vibration measurement,"Condition monitoring is used to increase machinery availability and machinery performance, reducing consequential damage, increasing machine life, reducing spare parts inventories, and reducing breakdown maintenance. An efficient real time vibration measurement and analysis instruments is capable of providing warning and predicting faults at early stages. In this paper, a new methodology for the implementation of vibration measurement and analysis instruments in real time based on circuit architecture mapped from a MATLAB/Simulink model is presented. In this study, signal processing applications such as FIR filters and fast Fourier transform are treated as systems, which are implemented in hardware using a system generator toolbox, which translates a Simulink model in a hardware description language - HDL for FPGA implementations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5488039,no
Reliable online water quality monitoring as basis for fault tolerant control,"Clean data are essential for any kind of alarm or control system. To achieve the required level of data quality in online water quality monitoring, a system for fault tolerant control was developed. A modular approach was used, in which a sensor and station management module is combined with a data validation and an event detection module. The station management module assures that all relevant data, including operational data, is available and the state of the monitoring devices is fully documented. The data validation module assures that unreliable data is detected, marked as such, and that the need for sensor maintenance is timely indicated. Finally, the event detection module marks unusual system states and triggers measures and notifications. All these modules were combined into a new software package to be used on water quality monitoring stations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675985,no
Inter-frame error concealment using graph cut technique for video transmission,"Due to channel noise and congestion, video data packets can be lost during transmission in error-prone networks, which severely affects the quality of received video sequences. The conventional inter-frame error concealment (EC) methods estimate a motion vector (MV) for a corrupted block or reconstruct the corrupted pixel values using spatial and temporal weighted interpolation, which may result in boundary discontinuity and blurring artifacts of the reconstructed region. In this paper, we reconstruct corrupted macroblock (MB) by predicting sub-partitions and synthesizing the corrupted MB to reduce boundary discontinuity and avoid blurring artifacts. First, we select the optimal MV for each neighboring boundary using minimum side match distortion from a candidate MV set, and then we calculate the optimal cut path between the overlapping regions to synthesize the corrupted MB. The simulation results show that our proposed method is able to achieve significantly higher PSNR as well as better visual quality than using the H.264/AVC reference software.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5648292,no
A Novel Clock-Fault Detection and Self-Recovery Circuit for Reliable Nanoelectronics System,"Due to discrepancies in manufacturing process and the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanical phenomenon, fault-tolerant architectures are a prerequisite to build reliable nanoelectronic systems from unreliable nanoelectronic devices. Various defects and interference such as doping discrepancies, supply noise and cross-talks could lead to clock irregularity and malformed clock signals in nanoelectronic systems, thus resulting in faulty operations of sequential circuits. As a result, fault tolerance clock distribution is more and more important in nanoelectronic systems. In this paper, a novel architecture for clock recovery is delivered. Very simple circuit is designed for time-to-voltage converter with transforming the error of time to the error of voltage. In order to illustrate the fault-tolerance capability by the detection and recovery circuitry, a prototype CMOS design of this proposed circuit is presented. Simulation shows that the proposed architecture is very suite for integration to nanoelectronic circuit design to realize clock recovery.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5072657,no
"A unified model for timing speculation: Evaluating the impact of technology scaling, CMOS design style, and fault recovery mechanism","Due to fundamental device properties, energy efficiency from CMOS scaling is showing diminishing improvements. To overcome the energy efficiency challenges, timing speculation has been proposed to optimize for common-case timing conditions, with errors occurring under worst-case conditions detected and corrected in hardware. Although various timing speculation techniques have been proposed, no general framework exists for reasoning about the trade-offs and high-level design considerations of timing speculation. This paper develops two models to study the end-to-end behavior of timing speculation: a hardware-level efficiency model that considers the effects of process variations on path delays, and a complementary system-level recovery model. When combined, the models are used to assess the impact of technology scaling, CMOS design style, and fault recovery mechanism on the efficiency of timing speculation. Our results show that (1) efficiency gains from timing speculation do not improve as technology scales, (2) ultra-low power (sub-threshold) CMOS designs benefit most from timing speculation - we report a 47% potential energy-delay reduction, and (3) fine-grained fault recovery is key to significant energy improvements. The combined model uses only high-level inputs to derive quantitative energy efficiency benefits without any need for detailed simulation, making it a potentially useful tool for hardware developers.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544278,no
State of art of fault current limiters and their impact on overcurrent protection,"Due to increasing fault current levels in transmission and distribution level, considerable attention is given towards developing fault current limiter (FCL) devices in recent years. Most of the FCL technologies are in their initial stages of deployment and are being assessed before their use become more widespread. As the objective of FCL is to limit the fault current, it will have impact on protection system. This paper gives an overview of the different FCL technologies, improvements made in FCL devices and assesses their impacts on overcurrent relay protection. An analysis on overcurrent relay operating time and therefore co-ordination has been presented based on the results obtained from a network splitting model developed using PSCAD/EMTDC.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275284,no
Power module with solid state circuit breakers for fault-tolerant applications,"Due to safety reasons in some applications and especially in aerospace applications a fail safe operability is crucial. One solution for this operability is redundancy but size, weight and costs are doubled. Another approach is to design a fault tolerant system which ensures the fail safe operability. This paper describes the design of a fault tolerant system for a drive application. The fault tolerant inverter consists of four phase legs, three phase legs for the conventional inverter topology and a redundant one. Additionally there are solid state circuit breakers in the system in order to minimize the conduction losses during operation. In order to minimize the switching losses during normal operation newest IGBT and silicon carbide diodes are used. Two phase legs with circuit breakers are integrated in one power module. Due to the enhanced functionality the modules are called Enhanced Intelligent Power Modules (EIPM). Two of these power modules are used for the fault tolerant inverter topology. The results, simulations and first measurements are shown in order to demonstrate the functionality of the system. This work was done in the European funded project MOET together with Airbus.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5730633,no
Fault locaization mechanism using integrated resource information model in next generation network,"Due to the appearance of the next generation network, the network capabilities have been changed from network centric to service centric architecture, which is able to provide converged services such as voice and video services on the same platform. However, since the IP-based converged network is a complicated infrastructure to manage and operate using existing management systems, one of the major issues is how to ease the operational complexity to contribute to reduction of operational expenditure (OPEX) and improvement of customer satisfaction. To address this issue, this paper proposes an extension of an integrated resource information model that is capable of end-to-end resource management from network resource information to application resources and service/customer resources based on the information framework (SID) defined by the TeleManagement forum. In addition, we propose the next generation fault localization mechanism, which enables easy identification of not only the root cause of a failure, but also the extent of the impact of a failure due to both network failure and performance degradation, by utilizing interworking mechanism and scanning algorism, According to the concept, we have successfully demonstrated the proposed fault localization mechanism based on the integrated resource information model using a network testbed by cooperating the resource management system and the fault management system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5488376,no
A hierarchical fault tolerant architecture for component-based service robots,"Due to the benefits of reusability and productivity, component-based approach has become the primary technology in service robot system development. However, because component developer cannot foresee the integration and operating condition of the components, they cannot provide appropriate fault tolerance function, which is crucial for commercial success of service robots. The recently proposed robot software frames such as MSRDS (Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio), RTC (Robot Technology Component), and OPRoS (Open Platform for Robotic Services) are very limited in fault tolerance support. In this paper, we present a hierarchically-structured fault tolerant architecture for component-based robot systems. The framework integrates widely-used, representative fault tolerance measures for fault detection, isolation, and recovery. The system integrators can construct fault tolerance applications from non-fault-aware components, by declaring fault handling rules in configuration descriptors or/and adding simple helper components, considering the constraints of components and the operating environment. To demonstrate the feasibility and benefits, a fault tolerant framework engine and test robot systems are implemented for OPRoS. The experiment results with various simulated fault scenarios validate the feasibility, effectiveness and real-time performance of the proposed approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5549693,no
Fault detection in dynamic systems via decision fusion,"Due to the growing demands for system reliability and availability of large amounts of data, efficient fault detection techniques for dynamic systems are desired. In this paper, we consider fault detection in dynamic systems monitored by multiple sensors. Normal and faulty behaviors can be modeled as two hypotheses. Due to communication constraints, it is assumed that sensors can only send binary data to the fusion center. Under the assumption of independent and identically distributed (1ID) observations, we propose a distributed fault detection algorithm, including local detector design and decision fusion rule design, based on state estimation via particle filtering. Illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4517001,no
Combined Reconstruction and Motion Correction in SPECT Imaging,"Due to the long imaging times in SPECT, patient motion is inevitable and constitutes a serious problem for any reconstruction algorithm. The measured inconsistent projection data lead to reconstruction artifacts which can significantly affect the diagnostic accuracy of SPECT if not corrected. To address this problem a new approach for motion correction is introduced. It is purely based on the measured SPECT data and therefore belongs to the data-driven motion correction algorithm class. However, it does overcome some of the shortcomings of conventional methods. This is mainly due to the innovative idea to combine reconstruction and motion correction in one optimization problem. The scheme allows for the correction of abrupt and gradual patient motion. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme extensive 3D tests with numerical phantoms for 3D rigid motion are presented. In addition, a test with real patient data is shown. Each test shows an impressive improvement of the quality of the reconstructed image. In this note, only rigid movements are considered. The extension to non-linear motion, as for example breathing or cardiac motion, is straightforward and will be investigated in a forthcoming paper.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4782143,no
Correction algorithm for the proximity effect in e-beam lithography,"e-beam lithography is a technique capable of fabricate sub-micrometer planar structures. The ultimate resolution in this technique is limited mainly by the proximity effect where the dose accumulated in one spacial point is affected by the irradiated dose in its neighborhood. The relevance of this effect in one particular pattern strongly depends on its geometry, the sensitivity of the resist and the physical characteristics of the substrate. In this work we present a numerical algorithm to calculate the nominal dose needed to be applied in each point of the geometry that results in an optimal net dose for an efficient pattern transfer.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4638974,no
A GA-Based Effective Fault-Tolerant Model for Channel Allocation in Mobile Computing,"Efficient channel allocation to mobile hosts is of utmost importance in a cellular network. A genetic algorithm (GA), which is a useful tool in solving optimization problems, is explored to design a fault-tolerant cellular channel allocation model that allows a cell to continue communicating with its mobile hosts, even if there are insufficient channels available in the cell. Sometimes, the load over a cell may increase to the extent that it needs more channels than it actually has in order to handle the traffic. On the other hand, it is quite possible that the load in some other cell is less than its channel capacity, resulting in underutilization of the channels. This problem is solved by temporarily taking unutilized channels from cells that have lesser load and allocating them to the cells that are overloaded. We propose a model that reuses available channels more efficiently. The model also considers the handoff by using the reserved channel technique. A reserved pool of channels makes the model fault tolerant. Thus, the proposed work uses GA for fault-tolerant dynamic channel allocation to minimize the average number of blocked hosts and handoff failures in the mobile computing network. Simulation experiments evaluate the performance of the proposed model. Comparison of the results with the two recent earlier models reveals that the proposed model works better in serving mobile hosts.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4357446,no
Effect of voltage stability constraints and corrective control on pricing components,"Electricity markets that have adopted nodal locational marginal pricing schemes decompose prices into three components. These components relate to generation, congestion and losses. The usual scheme of pricing follows the mandate that when the market clears, every node is assigned the same value for the generation component. And so it follows that the difference in price across any pair of nodes is because of the congestion and loss component. In this paper we examine the congestion component in the light of new constraints that will arise because of the transfer limits imposed by voltage stability across critical interfaces.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4596033,no
The Largest Amount of Fault Information in Analog Circuit Fault Diagnosis Based on Multisim Circuit Simulation,"Electronic equipment analog circuit has high failure rate, factors cause failure are fuzzy, fault diagnosis is complex. This method use Multisim circuit simulation software for band-pass filter circuit simulation and analysis, setting the soft and hard failures to obtain simulation results. Using the largest amount of fault information diagnosis method to seek the greatest amount of fault informative feature groups and determine the failure source. This method of fault diagnosis provides a reference for the measured data.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5459564,no
"Fault Detection, Isolation, and Localization in Embedded Control Software","Embedded control software reacts to plant and environment conditions in order to enforce a desired functionality, and exhibit hybrid dynamics: control-loops together with switching logic. Control software can contain errors (faults), and fault-tolerance methods must be developed to enhance system safety and reliability. We present an approach for fault detection and isolation that is key to achieving fault-tolerance. Detection approach is hierarchical involving monitoring both the control software, and the controlled-system. The latter is necessary to safeguard against any incompleteness of software level properties. A model of the system being monitored is not required, and further the approach is modular and hence scalable. When fault is detected at the system level, an isolation of a software fault is achieved by using residue methods to rule out any hardware (plant) fault. We also proposed a method to localize a software fault (to those lines of code that contain the fault). The talk will be illustrated through a servo control application.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4635929,no
Decision Trees-Aided Self-Organized Maps for Corrective Dynamic Security,"Difficulties in expanding the generation and transmission system force modern power systems to operate often close to their stability limits, in order to meet the continuously growing demand. An effective way to face power system contingencies that can lead to instability is load shedding. This paper proposes a machine learning framework for the evaluation of load shedding for corrective dynamic security of the system. The proposed method employs a self-organized map with decision trees nested in some of its nodes in order to classify the load profiles of a power system. The method is applied on a realistic model of the Hellenic power system and its added value is shown by comparing results with the ones obtained from the application of simple self-organized maps and simple decision trees.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4483751,no
A Color Error Correction Mode for Digital Camera Based on Polynomial Curve Generation,"Digital camera is one of the main devices in computer and multimedia technology and its color management model is the key to guarantee color consistency in succedent image production and transfers. The paper presents a color conversion model for digital camera based on polynomial curve generation. Firstly, color rendering principle of digital camera is analyzed. Then digital camera data is pretreated to a unitary field to deduce final model. Thirdly, standard color target is taken for experimental sample and substitutes color blocks in color shade district for complete color space to solve the difficulties of experimental color blocks selecting; Fourthly, the model using polynomial curve generation algorithm to correct color error is deduced; Finally, the realization and experiment results show that, compared with some methods which have relatively high accuracy, the algorithm can improve color conversion accuracy and can satisfy the engineering requirement in digital camera color management .",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4609552,no
An Error Diffusion Based Algorithm for Hiding an Image in Distinct Two Images,"Digital halftoning is an important process to convert a continuous-tone image into a binary image with pure black and white pixels. This process is necessary when printing a monochrome or color image by a printer with limited number of ink colors. The main contribution of this paper is to present a halftoning method that conceals a binary image into two binary images. More specifically, three distinct gray scale images are given, such that one of them should be hidden in the other two gray scale images. Our halftoning method generates three binary images that reproduce the tone of the corresponding original three gray scale images. Quite surprisingly, the secret binary image can be seen by overlapping the other two binary images. In other words, the secret binary image is hidden in two public binary images. Also, it is very hard to guess the secret image using only one of the two public images, and these two public images are necessary to get the secret image. The resulting images show that our halftoning method hides and recovers the original images. Hence, our halftoning technique can be used for watermarking as well as amusement purpose.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722435,no
A Method of the Rules Extraction for Fault Diagnosis Based on Rough Set Theory and Decision Network,"Directing to the inconsistency of the fault diagnosis information, a method of the rules extraction for fault diagnosis based on rough set theory and decision network is proposed. The fault diagnosis decision system attributes are reduced through discernibility matrix and discernibility function firstly, and then a decision network with different reduced levels is constructed. Initialize the network's node with the attribute reduction sets and extract the decision rule sets according to the node of the decision network. In addition, the coverage degree based on confidence degree was applied to filter noise and evaluate the extraction rules. The availability of this method is proved by a fault diagnosis example of rotating machines.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722622,no
The system of copper strips surface defects inspection based on intelligent fusion,"Directing towards the characteristics and importance of copper strips surface inspection, this paper proposes a copper strips surface inspection system based on artificial intelligence from the standpoint of artificial intelligence. It uses computer vision to capture defects images, uses Hu invariant moments as the eigenvectors and uses BP neural network based on genetic algorithm combined with expert system to train and learn the samples. The trained weights are used to diagnose as the knowledge base and a copper surface defects inspection system based on intelligent fusion is constructed . The experimental results proved that intelligent fusion model can compliment all kinds of intelligent models and has a better performance than single model on copper strips surface inspection.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4636198,no
A novel approach to calculate the severity and priority of bugs in software projects,"Discovering and fixing software bugs is a difficult maintenance task, and a considerable amount of effort is devoted by software developers on this issue. In the world of software one cannot get rid of the bugs, fixes, patches etc. each of them have a severity and priority associated to it. There is not yet any formal relation between these components as both of these either depends on the developer and tester or on customer and project manger to be decided on. On one hand, the priority of a component depends on the cost and the efforts associated with it. While on the other, the severity depends on the efforts required to accomplish a particular task. This research paper proposes a formula that can draw a relationship among severity and priority.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5529438,no
Two Types of Action Error: Electrophysiological Evidence for Separable Inhibitory and Sustained Attention Neural Mechanisms Producing Error on Go/No-go Tasks,"Disentangling the component processes that contribute to human executive control is a key challenge for cognitive neuroscience. Here, we employ event-related potentials to provide electrophysiological evidence that action errors during a go/no-go task can result either from sustained attention failures or from failures of response inhibition, and that these two processes are temporally and physiologically dissociable, although the behavioral errora nonintended responseis the same. Thirteen right-handed participants performed a version of a go/no-go task in which stimuli were presented in a fixed and predictable order, thus encouraging attentional drift, and a second version in which an identical set of stimuli was presented in a random order, thus placing greater emphasis on response inhibition. Electrocortical markers associated with goal maintenance (late positivity, alpha synchronization) distinguished correct and incorrect performance in the fixed condition, whereas errors in the random condition were linked to a diminished N2P3 inhibitory complex. In addition, the amplitude of the error-related negativity did not differ between correct and incorrect responses in the fixed condition, consistent with the view that errors in this condition do not arise from a failure to resolve response competition. Our data provide an electrophysiological dissociation of sustained attention and response inhibition.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6793875,no
RAID Architecture with Correction of Corrupted Data in Faulty Disk Blocks,"Disk capacities and processor performances have increased dramatically ever since. With rising storage space the probability of failures gets higher. Reliability of storage systems is achieved by adding extra disks for redundancy, like RAID-Systems or separate backup space in general. These systems cover the case when disks fail but do not recognize corrupted data in faulty blocks. Especially new storage systems like Solid State Drives are more vulnerable to corrupted data as cells are AagingA over time. We propose to add error detection and correction of data to a RAID-system without increasing the amount of space needed to store redundancy information compared to the common implementation RAID 6. To overcome higher computation complexity the implementation uses parallel execution paths available in modern Multicore and Multiprocessor systems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5755247,no
Imaging for foundation defects using GPR,"During construction of an RCC structure over the reclaimed ground following collapse of old structure, severe difficulties to piling were encountered due to obstruction by debris of previously collapsed RCC structure buried in the foundation regime. Hence GPR profiling along series of lines were carried along several lines at the twin constructions sites. GPR survey revealed presence of RCC debris scattered at a depth of 7-8m along the line of pile foundations. By identifying these scatters, the most likely trouble free locations for piling were demarcated. This facilitated quick solution to foundation obstructions and the erection of new structure was completed without further complications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5550201,no
Defect Classification Algorithm for IC Photomask Based on PCA and SVM,"During IC photomask vision inspection, considering problem that fine image defectpsilas fineness, complex shape, extraction feature difficultly, and effect by noise easily, presented defect identification classification algorithm based on PCA (principal components analysis) and SVM (support vector machine). It resolved the problem that fine and complex defect was difficult to classify, by merits of the extracting image global feature with PCA, and high accuracy and generalization capability with SVM. Regard class distance as criterion to construct the binary tree in multi-class SVM classification algorithm. It resolved the problem that the structure of binary tree affected the accuracy of classifier, and upgraded defect classification accuracy finally. Experiments show that six defects classification accuracy by this method is up to 97.8%, higher than best accuracy 93.3% by BP network and 83.3% by method based on region. And the training and inspecting time is few. In result, itpsilas an effective method for fineness defect identification and classification.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4566204,no
Analysis and enhancement of software dynamic defect models,"Dynamic defect models are used to estimate the number of defects in a software project, predict the release date and required effort of maintenance, and measure the progress and quality of development. The literature suggests that defects projection over time follows a Rayleigh distribution. In this paper, data concerning defects are collected from several software projects and products. Data projection showed that the previous assumption of the Rayleigh distribution is not valid for current projects which are much more complex. Empirical data collected showed that defect distribution in even simpler software projects cannot be represented by the Rayleigh curves due to the adoption of several types of testing on different phases in the project lifecycle. The findings of this paper enhance the well known Puntam's defect model and propose new performance criteria to support the changes occurred during the project. Results of fitting and predicting the collected data show the superiority of the new enhanced defect model over the original defect model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4907195,no
Dynamic Fault Handling Mechanisms for Service-Oriented Applications,"Dynamic fault handling is a new approach for dealing with fault management in service-oriented applications. Fault handlers, termination handlers and compensation handlers are installed at execution time instead of being statically defined. In this paper we present this programming style and our implementation of dynamic fault handling in JOLIE, providing finally a nontrivial example of its usage.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4711666,no
Blind correction of human lymphocyte images by optimal thresholding in UWT domain,"Epidemiological studies have shown that the presence of chromosome damage or instability in human lymphocytes create the Micro Nucleuses (MNs) not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei. Recently, the Image Flow Cytometer (IFC) was pointed out in order to acquire the image of the human lymphocytes, and to detect the MNs. The alterations introduced by the image acquisition system of the IFC causes errors in the automatic recognition, Therefore, proper methods were pointed out to correct them. The recurrent alterations are bad exposure, out of focus, motion blur, and Gaussian noise. In order to more increase the number of images correctly processed to detect and count the MNs, in the paper the new and optimized method able to perform the blind correction of the image affected by Gaussian noise is proposed. The method is based on the Un-decimated discrete Wavelet Transform (UWT). By taking into account the characteristics of the human lymphocyte images, the optimal value of threshold is evaluated with the aim to improve the quality of corrected image. Experimental tests are performed to compare the proposed correction method with the ones already available in the recent literature.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5480200,no
An algorithm for exploiting modeling error statistics to enable robust analog optimization,"Equation-based optimization using geometric programming (GP) for automated synthesis of analog circuits has recently gained broader adoption. A major outstanding challenge is the inaccuracy resulting from fitting the complex behavior of scaled transistors to posynomial functions. Fitting over a large region can be grossly inaccurate, and in fact, poor posynomial fit can lead to failure to find a true feasible solution. On the other hand, fitting over smaller regions and then selecting the best region, incurs exponential complexity. In this paper, we advance a novel optimization strategy that circumvents these dueling problems in the following manner: by explicitly handling the error of the model in the course of optimization, we find a potentially suboptimal, but feasible solution. This solution subsequently guides a range-refinement process of our transistor models, allowing us to reduce the range of operating conditions and dimensions, and hence obtain far more accurate GP models. The key contribution is in using the available oracle (SPICE simulations) to identify solutions that are feasible with respect to the accurate behavior rather than the fitted model. The key innovation is the explicit link between the fitting error statistics and the rate of the error uncertainty set increase, which we use in a robust optimization formulation to find feasible solutions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm on a two benchmarks: a two-stage CMOS operational amplifier and a voltage controlled oscillator designed in TSMC 0.18m CMOS technology. Our algorithm is able to identify superior solution points producing uniformly better power and area values under gain constraint with improvements of up to 50% in power and 10% in area for the amplifier design. We also demonstrate that when utilizing the models with the same level of modeling error, our method yields solutions that meet the constraints while the violations for the standard method were as high as 4- - 5% and larger than 15% for several constraints.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5654325,no
Improved Error Metric of Terrain Rendering for Flying High Over the Terrain,"Error metric is the key problem for generating level of detail of terrain surface, which affects the deviation between the number of triangles and triangular mesh. After analyzing various present methods of calculating error metric, we present an improved algorithm based on roughness. This paper takes the roughness which expresses relief amplitude to be an factor, by which we calculate the error metric, form the sphere of error according to the position of viewpoint, choose appropriate LOD model for each frame. The improved error metrics is applied to the high-altitude terrain when flying high over the terrain. The experiment results show that our algorithm reduces the number of required triangles in terrain rendering, and ensures correct rendering of the entire outline of high steep terrain.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4769547,no
Effects of Defects on the Thermal and Optical Performance of High-Brightness Light-Emitting Diodes,"Defects in terms of voids, cracks, and delaminations are often generated in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) devices and modules. During various manufacturing processes, accelerated testing, inappropriate handling, and field applications, defects are most frequently induced in the early stage of process development. One loading is due to the nonuniform loads caused by temperature, moisture, and their gradients. In this research, defects in various cases are modeled by a nonlinear finite-element method (FEM) to investigate the existence of interfaces, interfacial open and contacts in terms of thermal contact resistance, stress force nonlinearity, and optical discontinuity, in order to analyze their effects on the LED's thermal and optical performance. The simulation results show that voids and delaminations in the die attachment would enhance the thermal resistance greatly and decrease the LED's light extraction efficiency, depending on the defects' sizes and locations generated in packaging.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5226554,no
An adaptive fault-tolerant mechanism for Web services based on context awareness,"Dependability and adaptability are both the important issues of Web services. With the consideration of the features of Web services, an adaptive fault-tolerant mechanism is presented. It is based on a two-aspect context model including functional context and network context. Based on the context model, the paper designs an adaptive fault-tolerant framework for Web services, which involves in a series of fault-tolerant technologies, including construction of a layered failure detection system, dynamically adjustable failure detection, and an adaptive service restarting process. The experimental results show the effect of the adaptive mechanism, such as reducing the unnecessary restarting operations and promoting the accuracy of failure detection.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5228227,no
Fault detection for high availability RAID system,"Designing storage systems to provide high availability in the face of failures needs the use of various data protection techniques, such as dual-controller RAID. The failure of controller may cause data inconsistencies of RAID storage system. Heartbeat is used to detect controllers whether survival. So, the heartbeat cycle's impact on the high availability of a dual-controller hot-standby system has become the key of current research. To address the problem of fixed setting heartbeat in building high availability system currently, an adaptive heartbeat fault detection model of dual controller, which can adjust heartbeat cycle based on the frequency of data read-write request, is designed to improve the high availability of dual-controller RAID storage system. Additionally, this heartbeat mechanism can be used for other applications in distributed settings such as detecting node failures, performance monitoring, and query optimization. Based on this model, the high availability stochastic Petri net model of fault detection was established and used to evaluate the effect of the availability. In addition, we define a AHA (Adaptive Heart Ability) parameter to scale the ability of system heartbeat cycle to adapt to the environment which is changing. The results show that, relatively speaking with fixed configuration, the design is valid and effective, and can enhance dual controller RAID system high availability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5572373,no
Towards the next generation of bug tracking systems,"Developers typically rely on the information submitted by end-users to resolve bugs. We conducted a survey on information needs and commonly faced problems with bug reporting among several hundred developers and users of the APACHE, ECLIPSE and MOZILLA projects. In this paper, we present the results of a card sort on the 175 comments sent back to us by the responders of the survey. The card sort revealed several hurdles involved in reporting and resolving bugs, which we present in a collection of recommendations for the design of new bug tracking systems. Such systems could provide contextual assistance, reminders to add information, and most important, assistance to collect and report crucial information to developers.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4639063,no
Performance evaluation of gang scheduling in distributed real-time systems with possible software faults,"Distributed real-time systems play an increasingly vital role in our daily life. The most important aspect of such systems is the scheduling algorithm, which must guarantee that every job in the system will meet its deadline. In this paper we evaluate by simulation the performance of strategies for the scheduling of parallel jobs (gangs) in a homogeneous distributed real-time system with possible software faults. We provide an alternative version for each scheduling policy, which allows imprecise computations, and we propose a performance metric applicable to our problem. Our simulation results show that the alternative versions of the algorithms exhibit promising performance.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4667536,no
Awareness Behavioral Modelling for Fault Management of Agent-Based Computer Supported Cooperative Work,"Distributed software systems enable enterprise-wide computing using business applications installed in different geographical areas. The complexity of distribution in this type of software highlights the significance of managing cooperation between distributed nodes. Computer supported cooperative work (cscw) transfers business requirements for cooperation to computer-based technical solutions. In such dynamic and distributed systems, when exceptional faults occur - cooperation is hard to achieve without enough knowledge about the context, which is called awareness. The dynamic nature of distributed software systems directs us to use agents for management purposes. In this paper, we propose a behavioral model of awareness that agents need to possess for effective fault management while they are engaged in cooperative work. The main contribution of this paper is presented through an example scenario in network management.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5350241,no
Developing Fault Tolerant Distributed Systems by Refinement,"Distributed systems are usually large and complex systems composed of various components. System components are subject to various errors. These failures often require error recovery to be conducted at architectural-level. However, due to complexity of distributed systems, specifying fault tolerance mechanisms at architectural level is complex and error prone. In this paper, we propose a formal approach to specifying components and architectures of fault tolerant distributed and reactive systems. Our approach is based on refinement in the action system formalism - a framework for formal model-driven development of distributed systems. We demonstrate how to specify and refine fault tolerant components and complex distributed systems composed of them. The proposed approach provides designers with a systematic method for developing distributed fault tolerant systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5615742,no
Automated fault analysis using an intelligent monitoring system,"Distribution feeders are complex systems comprised of numerous components, which are expected to function properly for decades. Electrical, mechanical and weather-related stresses combine to degrade components. Degradation accumulates over time, gradually impairing components' ability to perform properly and ultimately leading to failures, faults and outages. Work at Texas A&M has documented electrical parametric changes that occur as apparatus degrade. Taking advantage of these changes holds promise for helping utilities improve service quality and reliability, but intelligent algorithms and systems are required to acquire, analyze and otherwise manage the significant volume of data necessary to realize such benefits.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4982515,no
Joint Base Station Placement and Fault-Tolerant Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks,"Fault tolerance techniques have been widely used in wireless sensor networks. Base station placement to maximize the network lifetime has also been well studied. However, limited research has been done on the joint base station placement and fault-tolerant routing problem. To fill this void, we study this problem and present a fully polynomial time approximation scheme in this paper. Our scheme can compute a (1 - A)approximation with a running time bounded by a polynomial in 1/A and the input size of the instance. Despite our solution is presented for the model where the base station can be placed anywhere, however it can be easily extended to cases where forbidden areas are present or candidate locations for the base station are given. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first theoretical result on this problem.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5425292,no
Using Search Methods for Selecting and Combining Software Sensors to Improve Fault Detection in Autonomic Systems,"Fault-detection approaches in autonomic systems typically rely on runtime software sensors to compute metrics for CPU utilization, memory usage, network throughput, and so on. One detection approach uses data collected by the runtime sensors to construct a convex-hull geometric object whose interior represents the normal execution of the monitored application. The approach detects faults by classifying the current application state as being either inside or outside of the convex hull. However, due to the computational complexity of creating a convex hull in multi-dimensional space, the convex-hull approach is limited to a few metrics. Therefore, not all sensors can be used to detect faults and so some must be dropped or combined with others. This paper compares the effectiveness of genetic-programming, genetic-algorithm, and random-search approaches in solving the problem of selecting sensors and combining them into metrics. These techniques are used to find 8 metrics that are derived from a set of 21 available sensors. The metrics are used to detect faults during the execution of a Java-based HTTP web server. The results of the search techniques are compared to two hand-crafted solutions specified by experts.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635154,no
Impedance-based fault location techniques for transmission lines,"Faults that occur on transmission lines are relatively more common in countries that have extreme weather. Most faults in such countries are caused by lightning storms. For long distance transmission lines, it takes a long time to find the faulted point. This not only prolongs the time of removing and recovering the fault, but also increases economical damages. If fault can be precisely located, maintenance crew can reach the faulted point quickly, and remove the fault in time. So the precise locating of the faulted point on a transmission line is very important to remove fault, improvement of system reliability, and decrease of economic damages as an inherent consequence of a long term outages. Hence, the fault location methods become of much importance for utilities and researches. In this paper, three of single-terminal impedance-based fault location techniques will be investigated to show the reliability and deficiency of each technique.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5396253,no
An efficient Routing Scheme to provide more Fault-tolerance for an Irregular Multistage Interconnection Network,"Fault-tolerance in an interconnection network is very important for its continuous operation over a relatively long period of time. Fault-tolerance is the ability of the system to continue operating in the presence of faults. In this paper a new irregular network IABN has been proposed and an efficient routing procedure has been defined to study the fault tolerance of the network. The behavior of this network has been analysed and compared with regular network ABN, under fault free conditions and in the presence of faults. It has been found that in an IABN, there are six possible paths between any source-destination pair, whereas ABN has only two paths. Thus the proposed network IABN is more fault-tolerant.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4808987,no
Error Analysis of Euclidean Reconstruction from Translational Motion,"Euclidean reconstruction of an object is one of the challenging problems in computer vision. This paper uses the singular value decomposition (SVD) method to solve the problem of Euclidean reconstruction from translational motion, under one calibrated camera. This paper mainly analyzes how the different elements (camera intrinsic parameters, corresponding error, the value and the direction of translation) affect the reconstruction results. The error analysis is based on both the simulated data experiments and the real data experiment. The results of experiments show that the corresponding error, the value and the direction of translation are the main elements affect the reconstruction results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5376615,no
An Automated Approach for Scheduling Bug Fix Tasks,"Even if a development team uses the best Software Engineering practices to produce high-quality software, end users may find defects that were not previously identified during the software development life-cycle. These defects must be fixed and new versions of the software incorporating the patches that solve them must be released. The project manager must schedule a set of error correction tasks with different priorities in order to minimize the time required to accomplish these tasks and guarantee that the more important issues have been fixed. Given the large number of distinct schedules, an automatically tool to find good schedules may be helpful to project managers. This work proposes a method which captures relevant information from bug repositories and submits them to a genetic algorithm to find near optimal bug correction task schedules. We have evaluated the approach using a subset of the Eclipse bug repository and it suggested better schedules than the actual schedules followed by Eclipse developers.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5631516,no
Assessing and improving the effectiveness of logs for the analysis of software faults,"Event logs are the primary source of data to characterize the dependability behavior of a computing system during the operational phase. However, they are inadequate to provide evidence of software faults, which are nowadays among the main causes of system outages. This paper proposes an approach based on software fault injection to assess the effectiveness of logs to keep track of software faults triggered in the field. Injection results are used to provide guidelines to improve the ability of logging mechanisms to report the effects of software faults. The benefits of the approach are shown by means of experimental results on three widely used software systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544279,no
Fast soft error rate computing technique based on state probability propagating,"Fast soft error sensitivity characterization technique is essential for the soft error tolerance optimization of modern VLSI circuits. In this paper, an efficient soft error evaluation technique based on syntax analysis and state probability propagating technique is developed, which can automatically analyze the soft error rate of combinational logic circuits and the combinational part of sequential circuits in Verilog synthesized netlist within a few seconds. We implemented the idea in a software tool called HSECT-ANLY, which use Verilog syntax analysis to automate the soft error rate evaluation procedure and state propagating technique to speed up the analyzation process. By using HSECT-ANLY, experiments are carried out on some ISCAS'85 and ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits implemented with TSMC 0.18 mum technology and results are obtained. The result comparison with the traditional test vector propagating technique shows that the introduced method is much faster (2-3 magnitudes speeding up) with some accuracy losses, and be very suitable for the reliability optimization as the sub-algorithm of the optimization algorithms such as genetic algorithms to evaluate the fitness (soft error rate) rapidly.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5138302,no
SLICED: Slide-based concurrent error detection technique for symmetric block ciphers,"Fault attacks, wherein faults are deliberately injected into cryptographic devices, can compromise their security. Moreover, in the emerging nanometer regime of VLSI, accidental faults will occur at very high rates. While straightforward hardware redundancy based concurrent error detection (CED) can detect transient and permanent faults, it entails 100% area overhead. On the other hand, time redundancy based CED can only detect transient faults with minimum area overhead but entails 100% time overhead. In this paper we present a general time redundancy based CED technique called SLICED for pipelined implementations of symmetric block cipher. SLICED SLIdes one encryption over another and compares their results for CED as a basis for protection against accidental faults and deliberate fault attacks.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5513109,no
PSO and ANN-based fault classification for protective relaying,"Fault classification in electric power system is vital for secure operation of power systems. It has to be accurate to facilitate quick repair of the system, improve system availability and reduce operating costs due to mal-operation of relay. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) can be an effective technique to help to predict the fault, when it is provided with characteristics of fault currents and the corresponding past decisions as outputs. This paper describes the use of particle swarm optimisation (PSO) for an effective training of ANN and the application of wavelet transforms for predicting the type of fault. Through wavelet analysis, faults are decomposed into a series of wavelet components, each of which is a time-domain signal that covers a specific octave frequency band. The parameters selected for fault classification are the detailed coefficients of all the phase current signals, measured at the sending end of a transmission line. The information is then fed into ANN for classifying the faults. The proposed PSO-based multi-layer perceptron neural network gives 99.91% fault classification accuracy. Moreover, it is capable of producing fast and more accurate results compared with the back-propagation ANN. Extensive simulation studies were carried out and a set of results taken from the simulation studies are presented in this paper. The proposed technique when combined with a wide-area monitoring system would be an effective tool for detecting and identifying the faults in any part of the system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5587761,no
A Novel Approach for Fault-Tolerant Ethernet Implementation,Fault-tolerant Ethernet (FTE) aims to keep data flowing in the network continuously even if there are faults in the network. This is an important requirement in mission critical systems that cannot afford for the network to go down even for a few seconds. In this paper we propose a novel approach for fault-tolerant Ethernet implementation. The proposed approach is a hybrid of conventional hardware and layer 2 software based approaches. Our approach mostly shows the strengths of conventional approaches. We then demonstrate our approach using a single network with redundant cable model that can be easily expanded into multi-cable model.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4623978,no
Fault-Tolerant Routing for P2P System with Structured Topology,"Fault-tolerant routing in existing P2P technologies is still not ideally solved. A new P2P routing algorithm FT-p2p is proposed, which is mainly used to optimize the fault-tolerant routing. The algorithm is based on directed graph and division of P2P network into two layers. The maintenance of routing information and network stability mostly depends on high-performance peers. When low-performance peers encounter difficulties, they may obtain routing-information service or data-relay service from high-performance peers. Experimental results indicate that FT-p2p algorithm is superior to Chord, Tapestry and Koodre algorithm in fault-tolerant routing.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722300,no
Fault-tolerant scheduling using primary-backup approach for optical grid applications,"Fault-tolerant scheduling is an important issue for optical gird applications because of a wide range of grid resource failures. To improve the availability of the DAGs (directed acyclic graphs), a primary-backup approach is considered when making DAG scheduling decision. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and the practicability of the proposed scheme.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5405445,no
An optimal parallel average voting for fault-tolerant control systems,"Fault-tolerant systems are such systems that can continue their operation, even in presence of faults. Redundancy as one of the main techniques in implementation of fault-tolerant control systems uses voting algorithms to choose the most appropriate value among multiple redundant and probably faulty results. Average (mean) voter is one of the commonest voting methods which is suitable for decision making in highly-available and long-missions applications in which the availability and speed of the system is critical. In this paper, we introduce a new generation of average voter based on parallel algorithms. Since parallel algorithms normally have high processing speed and are especially appropriate for large scale systems, we have used them to achieve an optimal parallel average voting algorithm with a time complexity of O (log n) with n/log n equations processors on EREW shared-memory for applications where the size of input space is large.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5508496,no
A Universal Fault Diagnostic Expert System Based on Bayesian Network,"Fault diagnosis is an area of great concern of any industry to reduce maintenance cost and increase profitability in the mean time. But most of the researches tend to rely on sensor data and equipment structure, which are expensive because each category of equipment differs from the others. Thus developing a universal system remains a key challenge to be solved. A universal expert system is developed in this paper making full use of expertspsila knowledge to diagnose the possible root causes and the corresponding probabilities for maintenance decision making support. Bayesian network was chosen as the inference engine of the system through raw data analysis. Improved causal relationship questionnaire and probability scale method were applied to construct the Bayesian network. The system has been applied to the production line of a chipset factory and the results show that the system can support decision making for fault diagnosis promptly and correctly.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4721738,no
Low Voltage Fault Attacks on the RSA Cryptosystem,"Fault injection attacks are a powerful tool to exploit implementative weaknesses of robust cryptographic algorithms. The faults induced during the computation of the cryptographic primitives allow to extract pieces of information about the secret parameters stored into the device using the erroneous results. Various fault induction techniques have been researched, both to make practical several theoretical fault models proposed in open literature and to outline new kinds of vulnerabilities. In this paper we describe a non-invasive fault model based on the effects of underfeeding the power supply of an ARM general purpose CPU. We describe the methodology followed to characterize the fault model on an ARM9 microprocessor and propose and mount attacks on implementations of the RSA primitives.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5412860,no
Definition and performance evaluation of a fault localization technique for an NGN IMS network,"Fault Localization (FL) is a critical task for operators in the context of e-TOM (enhanced Telecom Operations Map) assurance process, in order to reduce network maintenance costs and improve availability, reliability, and performance of network services. This paper investigates, in a practical perspective, the use of a well known FL technique, named codebook technique, for the IMS control layer of a real Next Generation Network, deploying wireline VoIP and advanced communication services. Moreover, we propose some heuristics to generate optimal codebooks, i.e. to find the minimum set of symptoms (alarms) to be monitored in order to obtain the desired level of robustness to spurious or missing alarms and modelling errors in the root cause detection, and we evaluate their performance through extensive simulations. Finally, we provide a list of some practical Key Performance Indicators, the value of which is compared against specific thresholds. When a threshold is exceeded, an alarm is generated and used by the FL processing.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5374832,no
A Simple Coverage-Based Locator for Multiple Faults,"Fault localization helps spotting faults in source code by exploiting automatically collected data. Deviating from other fault locators relying on hit spectra or test coverage information, we do not compute the likelihood of each possible fault location by evaluating its participation in failed and passed test cases, but rather search for each failed test case the set of possible fault locations explaining its failure. Assuming a probability distribution of the number of faults as the only other input, we can compute the probability of faultiness for each possible fault location in presence of arbitrarily many faults. As the main threat to the viability of our approach we identify its inherent complexity, for which we present two simple bypasses. First experiments show that while leaving room for improvement, our approach is already feasible in practical cases.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4815370,no
Fault Detection and Localization in Smart Grid: A Probabilistic Dependence Graph Approach,"Fault localization in the nation's power grid networks is known to be challenging, due to the massive scale and inherent complexity. In this study, we model the phasor angles across the buses as a Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF), where the partial correlation coefficients of GMRF are quantified in terms of the physical parameters of power systems. We then take the GMRF-based approach for fault diagnosis, through change detection and localization in the partial correlation matrix of GMRF. Specifically, we take advantage of the topological hierarchy of power systems, and devise a multi-resolution inference algorithm for fault localization, in a distributed manner. Simulation results are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5622016,no
"Current Sensor Fault Detection, Isolation, and Reconfiguration for Doubly Fed Induction Generators","Fault tolerance is gaining growing interest to increase the reliability and availability of distributed energy sources. Current sensor fault detection, isolation, and reconfiguration are presented for a voltage-oriented controlled doubly fed induction generator, which is mainly used in wind turbines. The focus of this analysis is on the isolation of the faulty sensor and the actual reconfiguration. During a short period of open-loop operation, the fault is isolated by looking at residuals calculated from observed and measured signals. Then, replacement signals from observers are used to reconfigure the drive and reenter closed-loop control. Laboratory measurement results are included to prove that the proposed concept leads to good results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4808148,no
Fault Tolerance in Cluster Federations with O2P-CF,"Fault tolerance is one of the key issues for large scale applications executed on high performance computing systems. In a cluster federation, clusters are gathered to provide huge computing power. To work efficiently on such systems, networks characteristics have to be taken into account: the latency between two nodes of different clusters is much higher than the latency between two nodes of the same cluster. In this paper, we present O2P-CF a message logging protocol well-suited to provide fault tolerance for message passing applications executed on cluster federations. O2P-CF is based on the combination of O2P, an extremely optimistic message logging protocol, with a pessimistic message logging protocol.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4534308,no
Fault tolerant scheduling of precedence task graphs on heterogeneous platforms,"Fault tolerance and latency are important requirements in several applications which are time critical in nature: such applications require guaranties in terms of latency, even when processors are subject to failures. In this paper, we propose a fault tolerant scheduling heuristic for mapping precedence task graphs on heterogeneous systems. Our approach is based on an active replication scheme, capable of supporting epsiv arbitrary fail-silent (fail-stop) processor failures, hence valid results will be provided even if epsiv processors fail. We focus on a bi-criteria approach, where we aim at minimizing the latency given a fixed number of failures supported in the system, or the other way round. Major achievements include a low complexity, and a drastic reduction of the number of additional communications induced by the replication mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate that our heuristics, despite their lower complexity, outperform their direct competitor, the FTBAR scheduling algorithm [3].",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536133,no
Using Fault Current Limiter to minimize effect of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor on over reach problem of distance protection,"FACTS series devices such as thyristor control series capacitor (TCSC) are used to improve the power transfer capability of long transmission lines. These series connected FACTS devices inject a series voltage with the line and change the line impedance and cause the impedance seen by distance relay to be lower or higher than the actual line impedance and the distance relay either over reaches or under reaches. In this paper, a new method is proposed to minimize the impact of TCSC on distance relay. In this method each TCSC is equipped with the Variable Impedance Fault Current Limiter, when fault is occurred, this Fault Current Limiter enters in the system and by injecting series impedance, minimizes the impact of TCSC on distance relay. The simulation results verify the suggested method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4840124,no
Determining the faulted phase,"In August 1999, a lightning strike caused a misoperation of a relay installed in the late 1980s. The relay misoperation caused a two-minute outage at a petrochemical plant and led to an exhaustive root-cause analysis. The misoperation can be attributed to incorrect fault type selection in a distance element-based, 1980s-era relay. Two separate events in different locations, one in December 2007 and another in March 2009, highlight additional incorrect operations that occurred due to the same problem and root cause. The recent events remind us that this topic is still important and should be reviewed. This paper shares details about three challenging case studies and their root causes. Methodical root-cause analysis techniques are used, including mathematical simulation and testing of old and newer relay designs. This paper contrasts distance and fault identification algorithms, demonstrates methodical analysis techniques, and proposes solutions. Fault type selection logic is discussed, and the evolution and improvement of faulted phase selection logic over several decades is demonstrated. A newer relay design, available since 1993, is proven to have improved performance, namely better security, for these challenging cases.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5469523,no
A Quickly Skew Correction Algorithm of Bill Image,"In automatic document image processing system, skew correction and black margin removal are important principal steps. In this paper, a new algorithm of quickly skew correction is proposed. Based on characteristics of bill images, the positions of four corners were obtained and the slant angle is calculated. Using the slant angle to rotate bill image and removal black margin, the needed bill image can be obtained. Experiments show that our methods can reduce black margin noise well and can detect the slanting angle of an image rapidly and accurately.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5514049,no
Integrated Fault Tolerant System for Automotive Bus Networks,"In automotive bus networks all the electronic components are interconnected to transmit and receive signals. The number of vehicles equipped with electronic components is increasing rapidly by replacing traditional mechanical and hydraulic systems. Nowadays most cars are functioning properly via many Electronic Control Units (ECUs), sensors and actuators, among which more than 2500 electronic signals are exchanged. There are several bus systems that have been developed for automotive bus systems to satisfy the different requirements of automotive applications: Local Interconnection Network (LIN), Controller Area Network (CAN), FlexRay and Media Oriented System Transport (MOST). However, there are more demands of combining these different bus networks in order to increase the efficiency and safety of the vehicle systems. The integrated automotive bus system, which communicates with software/hardware components on the different bus systems in a car, is more challenging problem. The discussion on how to interconnect those automotive bus networks in a fault tolerant way is addressed in the paper.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5445781,no
Source Code Retrieval for Bug Localization Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation,"In bug localization, a developer uses information about a bug to locate the portion of the source code to modify to correct the bug. Developers expend considerable effort performing this task. Some recent static techniques for automatic bug localization have been built around modern information retrieval (IR) models such as latent semantic indexing (LSI); however, latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), a modular and extensible IR model, has significant advantages over both LSI and probabilistic LSI (pLSI). In this paper we present an LDA-based static technique for automating bug localization. We describe the implementation of our technique and three case studies that measure its effectiveness. For two of the case studies we directly compare our results to those from similar studies performed using LSI. The results demonstrate our LDA-based technique performs at least as well as the LSI-based techniques for all bugs and performs better, often significantly so, than the LSI-based techniques for most bugs.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4656405,no
A hierarchical framework for fault propagation analysis in complex systems,"In complex systems, there are few critical failure modes. Prognostic models are focused at predicting the evolution of those critical faults, assuming that other subsystems in the same system are performing according to their design specifications. In practice, however, all the subsystems are undergoing deterioration that might accelerate the time evolution of the critical fault mode. This paper aims at analyzing this aspect, i.e. interaction between different fault modes in various subsystems, of the failure prognostic problem. The application domain focuses on an aero propulsion system of the turbofan type. Creep in the high-pressure turbine blade is one of the most critical failure modes of aircraft engines. The effects of health deterioration of low-pressure compressor and high-pressure compressor on creep damage of high-pressure turbine blades are investigated and modeled.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5314003,no
An Interaction-Pattern-Based Approach to Prevent Performance Degradation of Fault Detection in Service Robot Software,"In component-based robot software, it is crucial to monitor software faults and deal with them on time before they lead to critical failures. The main causes of software failures include limited resources, component-interoperation mismatches, and internal errors of components. Message-sniffing is one of the popular methods to monitor black-box components and handle these types of faults during runtime. However, this method normally causes some performance problems of the target software system because the fault monitoring and detection process consumes a significant amount of resources of the target system. There are three types of overheads that cause the performance degradation problems: frequent monitoring, transmission of a large amount of monitoring-data, and the processing time for fault analysis. In this paper, we propose an interaction-pattern-based approach to reduce the performance degradation caused by fault monitoring and detection in component-based service robot software. The core idea of this approach is to minimize the number of messages to monitor and analyze in detecting faults. Message exchanges are formalized as interaction patterns which are commonly observed in robot software. In addition, important messages that need to be monitored are identified in each of the interaction patterns. An automatic interaction pattern-identification method is also developed. To prove the effectiveness of our approach, we have conducted a performance simulation. We are also currently applying our approach to silver-care robot systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5693201,no
Improving testability and fault analysis in low level design,"In earlier, Fault Analysis (FA) has been exploited for several aspects of analog and digital testing. These include, test development, Design for Test (DFT) schemes qualification, and fault grading. Higher quality fault analysis will reduce the number of defective chips that slip past the tests and end up in customer's systems. This is commonly referred to as defective parts per million (DPM) that are shipped. This paper attempts to improve the fault diagnosis, controllability and testability of testing methodology. The proposed test method takes the advantage of good fault coverage in low level designs. In this low level design, I<sub>DDQ</sub> fault was focused and the testability has been enhanced in the testing procedure using a simple fault injection technique. The faults have been diagnosed by building a Built-in Current Sensor (BISC). Here the design under test (DDT) is two-stage CMOS Operational amplifier. The simulated result confirms that the number of patterns used for testing is reduced and the test coverage is also increased.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5670537,no
On the use of Dirichlet process mixtures for the modelling of pseudorange errors in multi-constellation based localisation,"In Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) positioning, the receiver measures the pseudoranges with respect to each observable navigation satellite and determines the user position. The use of many constellations should lead to highly available, highly accurate navigation anywhere. However, it is important to notice that even if modern receivers achieve high position accuracy in line-of-sight (LOS) conditions, multipath propagation highly degrades positioning performances even in multi-constellation based localisation (AGPS + GalileoA for instance). In urban area, some obstacles (cars, pedestrians, etc) can appear suddenly and thus can induce a random error in the pseudorange measure. We address here the case where the noise probability density functions are of unknown functional form. A flexible Bayesian nonparametric noise model based on Dirichlet process mixtures (DPM) is introduced. Hence, the paper will contain two main parts. The first part focuses on the modelling of the pseudorange noises using DPMs and its suitability in the estimation problem handled by an efficient particle filter. The other part contains interesting validation schemes.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5399308,no
Towards a Multi-agent Framework for Fault Tolerance and QoS Guarantee in P2P Networks,"In a distributed P2P (peer to peer) network, each computer is able to act as a server for the others. Collaboration and sharing resources are the main purpose of this distributed heterogonous network. Users need to promptly access the vast amount of data and easily use other user's result. In other words, the processing ability is improved. In this paper, a novel model named FQ (fault tolerant and QoS aware) is proposed using multi-agent technology to respond every information/QoS (quality of service) requirement. The best resources are selected for users accordingly to communication cost and traffic. Intelligent agents cooperate with each other to perform the proper tasks in the distributed network. We describe the agents' behaviour to support fault tolerance and QoS. This model is more flexible and more efficient in managing requests autonomously.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4682233,no
Duplicate bug reports considered harmful ... really?,"In a survey we found that most developers have experienced duplicated bug reports, however, only few considered them as a serious problem. This contradicts popular wisdom that considers bug duplicates as a serious problem for open source projects. In the survey, developers also pointed out that the additional information provided by duplicates helps to resolve bugs quicker. In this paper, we therefore propose to merge bug duplicates, rather than treating them separately. We quantify the amount of information that is added for developers and show that automatic triaging can be improved as well. In addition, we discuss the different reasons why users submit duplicate bug reports in the first place.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4658082,no
On extending aggregate relation in UML and its errors evaluation,"In aggregate relation, there are properties between whole object and part object because the whole object manages and controls the part object. But, UML does not provide support for these semantic properties in aggregate relation. In order to describe real world clearly and correctly, UML is extended for theirs visual expression and theirs error evaluation rules based on algebraic theory are presented.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5593830,no
Aircraft orientation error correction based on image aided navigation paper,"In allusion to the character of aircraft orientation error in inertial navigation system increasing with its working time and error accumulation, airborne image aided navigation system is imported in inertial navigation system to combine integrated navigation system. To acquire high orientation accuracy and high matching speed a new algorithm based on multi-scale edge detection and generalized point theory is put forward. At first multi-scale edge detection algorithm is adopted to realize airborne image edge detection, then image matching algorithm is used based on generalized point theory is used to eliminate error accumulation of peg-top excursion and accelerometer error to correction aircraft aircraft pose error to increase navigation accuracy of aircraft. To prove the algorithm is effective and robust, simulative experiment is done. The simulative experiment indicated that aircraft orientation accuracy is better than inertial navigation system, and its orientation error is less than 15 meters after airborne image aided navigation correction.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5610224,no
Fault Diagnosis Technology for NAMP Based on BP Neural Network,"In allusion to the insufficiency of the Built-in-test-equipment (BITE) of NAMP and the ground fault diagnosis equipment, the fault diagnosis theory and methods for a certain type NAMP based on BP neural network are investigated, and the fault diagnosis example is provided with the typical test item. The technology simplifies the structure of the fault diagnosis system, and has a farther effective distinguish from the source of fault diagnosed by BITE, and isolates the fault from the LRU level to the SRU level.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4683167,no
Plant-wide mass balance using extended support vector regression based data reconciliation and gross error detection,"In any modern petrochemical plant, the plant-wide mass data rendering the real conditions of manufacturing is the key to the operation managements such as production planning, production scheduling and performance analysis. Because of the characteristic of data reconciliation and gross error detection, it is quite suitable to address plant-wide mass balance problem using data reconciliation and gross error detection techniques. In this paper, an extended support vector regression approach for data reconciliation and gross error detection is proposed to achieve plant-wide mass balance, which can simultaneously detect and estimate measurement errors and missing mass movement information. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective and accurate.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5553606,no
The use GSM and web based SCADA for monitoring Fault Passage Indicators,"GSM communications and Web Based Telemetry have allowed Liander to deploy a large population of Fault Passage Indicators across their network, integrating the data with their Energy Management System, to effectively reduce the number of customer minutes lost.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484360,no
Joint explicit FMO map and error concealment for wireless video transmission,"H.264/AVC has a new error-resilient tool called flexible macroblock ordering (FMO). In this paper, we present a method to generate explicit FMO map based on distortion by simulating spatial and temporal error concealment at the encoder and a new error concealment method at decoder for wireless network. The error concealment method at the decoder is applied according to the residual information derived from the distortion simulation at the encoder that generated the FMO map. Our simulation result indicate the our proposed method of explicit FMO map generation and error concealment scheme could reduce the number of undecodable MB and improve quality of video under wireless network.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5341087,no
A Variable Printer Model in Tone-Dependent Error Diffusion Halftone,"Halftone is a technique used for binary devices such printers to simulate the continuous tone image. But the quality of halftone prints produced by printers can be limited by dot gain and dot-placement errors. In this paper, we propose a variable printer model which can be combined in tone-dependent error diffusion (TDED). First we analyses the characteristic of the test printer, and based on the experimental data we propose a variable inkjet printer model. With this printer model, TDED algorithm shows better quality than traditional.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4723206,no
Suppression of vibration due to transmission error of harmonic drives using peak filter with acceleration feedback,"Harmonic drives are widely used in robotics and precision positioning systems because of their unique properties such as near-zero backlash, high speed reduction ratio. However, they possess a periodic positioning error known as the transmission error and it produces a speed ripple on the gear output shaft. This is critical when the frequency of the speed variation coincides with the resonant frequency of the control system. This paper presents a speed control system to suppress the vibrations caused by the transmission error from harmonic drives. First, a new analysis scheme is proposed to analyze the effects of the transmission error. Next, a peak filter using load side acceleration information is designed and added into the servo loop in parallel with the existing controller. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed system regulates the load side velocity satisfactorily and suppresses the vibration caused by the transmission error effectively.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4516063,no
A fault tolerance approach for distributed systems using monitoring based replication,"High availability is a desired feature of a dependable distributed system. Replication is a well-known technique to achieve fault tolerance in distributed systems, thereby enhancing availability. We propose an approach relying on replication techniques and based on monitoring information to be applied in distributed systems for fault tolerance. Our approach uses both active and passive strategies to implement an optimistic replication protocol. Using a proxy to handle service calls and relying on service replication strategies, we effectively deal with the complexity and overhead issues. This paper presents an architecture for implementing the proxy based on monitoring data and the replication management. Experimentation and application testing using an implementation of the architecture is presented. The architecture is demonstrated to be a viable technique for increasing dependability in distributed systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5606398,no
A New Method to Predict Software Defect Based on Rough Sets,"High quality software should have as few defects as possible. Many modeling techniques have been proposed and applied for software quality prediction. Software projects vary in size and complexity, programming languages, development processes, etc. We research the correlation of software metrics focusing on the data sets of software defect prediction. A rough set model is presented to reduce the attributes of data sets of software defect prediction in this paper. Experiment shows its splendid performance.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4683186,no
Research on Non-contact Measurement System for Grinding Surface Roundness Error,"High speed and high precision are main research directions in modern mechanical manufacturing field; more and more parts are manufactured by high speed grinding. Effects of precision measurement instruments have obvious importance to realize zero waste manufacturing. This need to research test equipments for dynamic and quasi dynamic, even integrate with manufacturing equipments. The paper is on a new type measurement and control system using PMAC controller as a core of measurement and motion control, applied multithread technology of WIN32, multimedia timer and double buffer storage technology to realize to acquire from PMAC register and display real time. Solved real time data acquisition, mass storage and display, the experiments indicate cylindrical grinding machining and measurement realize integration.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5459593,no
Content-Adaptive Motion Compensated Frequency Selective Extrapolation for error concealment in video communication,"If digital video data is transmitted over unreliable channels such as the internet or wireless terminals, the risk of severe image distortion due to transmission errors is ubiquitous. To cope with this, error concealment can be applied on the distorted data at the receiver. In this contribution we propose a novel spatio-temporal error concealment algorithm, the Content-Adaptive Motion Compensated Frequency Selective Extrapolation. The algorithm operates in two stages, whereas at first the motion in a distorted sequence is estimated. After that, a model of the signal is generated for concealing the distortion. The novel algorithm is based on an already existent error concealment algorithm. But by adapting the model generation to the content of a sequence, the novel algorithm is able to exploit the remaining information, which is still available in the distorted sequence, more effectively compared to the original algorithm. In doing so, a visually noticeable gain of up to 0.51 dB PSNR compared to the underlying algorithm and more than 3 dB compared to other error concealment algorithms can be achieved.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5651851,no
Stochastic approach to error estimation for image-guided robotic systems,"Image-guided surgical systems and surgical robots are primarily developed to provide patient safety through increased precision and minimal invasiveness. Even more, robotic devices should allow for refined treatments that are not possible by other means. It is crucial to determine the accuracy of a system, to define the expected overall task execution error. A major step toward this aim is to quantitatively analyze the effect of registration and tracking - series of multiplication of erroneous homogeneous transformations. First, the currently used models and algorithms are introduced along with their limitations, and a new, probability distribution based method is described. The new approach has several advantages, as it was demonstrated in our simulations. Primarily, it determines the full 6 degree of freedom accuracy of the point of interest, allowing for the more accurate use of advanced application-oriented concepts, such as Virtual Fixtures. On the other hand, it becomes feasible to consider different surgical scenarios with varying weighting factors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5627624,no
"Online design bug detection: RTL analysis, flexible mechanisms, and evaluation","Higher level of resource integration and the addition of new features in modern multi-processors put a significant pressure on their verification. Although a large amount of resources and time are devoted to the verification phase of modern processors, many design bugs escape the verification process and slip into processors operating in the field. These design bugs often lead to lower quality products, lower customer satisfaction, diminishing brand/company reputation, or even expensive product recalls. This paper proposes a flexible, low-overhead mechanism to detect the occurrence of design bugs during on-line operation. First, we analyze the actual design bugs found and fixed in a commercial chip- multiprocessor, Sun's OpenSPARC Tl, to understand the behavior and characteristics of design bugs. Our RTL analysis of design bugs shows that the number of signals that need to be monitored to detect design bugs is significantly larger than suggested by previous studies that analyzed design bugs at a higher level using processor errata sheets. Second, based on the insights obtained from our analyses, we propose a programmable, distributed online design bug detection mechanism that incorporates the monitoring of bugs into the flip-flops of the design. The key contribution of our mechanism is its ability to monitor all control signals in the design rather than a set of signals selected at design time. As a result, it is very flexible: when a bug is discovered after the processor is shipped, it can be detected by monitoring the set of control signals that trigger the design bug. We develop an RTL prototype implementation of our mechanism on the OpenSPARC Tl chip multiprocessor. We found its area overhead to be 10% and its power consumption overhead to be 3.5% over the whole OpenSPARC Tl chip.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4771798,no
Applying FIRMAMENT to test the SCTP communication protocol under network faults,"How to apply a fault injector to evaluate the dependability of a network protocol implementation is the main focus of this paper. In the last years, we have been developing FIRMAMENT, a tool to inject faults directly into messages that pass through the kernel protocol stack. SCTP is a promising new protocol over IP that, due its enhanced reliability, is competing with TCP where dependability has to be guaranteed. Using FIRMAMENT we evaluate the error coverage and the performance degradation of SCTP under faults. Performing a complete fault injection campaign over a third party software give us a deep insight about the additional test strategies that are needed to reach significant dependability measures.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4813793,no
Fault tolerance based on the publish-subscribe paradigm for the BonjourGrid middleware,"How to federate the machines of all Boinc, Condor and XtremWeb projects? If you believe in volunteer computing and want to share more than one project then BonjourGrid may help. In previous works, we proposed a novel approach, called BonjourGrid, to orchestrate multiple instances of Institutional Desktop Grid middleware. It is our way to remove the risk of bottleneck and failure, and to guarantee the continuity of services in a distributed manner. Indeed, BonjourGrid can create a specific environment for each user based on a given computing system of his choice such as XtremWeb, Condor or Boinc. This work investigates, first, the procedure to deploy Boinc and Condor on top of BonjourGrid and, second, proposes a fault tolerant approach based on passive replication and virtualization to tolerate the crash of coordinators. The novelty resides here in an integrated environment based on Bonjour (publication-subscription mecanism) for both the coordination protocol and for the fault tolerance issues. In particular, it is not so frequent to our knowledge to describe and to implement a fault tolerant protocol according to the pub-sub paradigm. Experiments, conducted on the Grid'5000 testbed, illustrate a comparative study between Boinc (respectively Condor) on top of BonjourGrid and a centralized system using Boinc (respectively Condor) and second prove the robustness of the fault tolerant mechanism.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5697968,no
Identification of the faulted line using controlled short circuit of PT delta-connected winding,"For ungrounded and resonant grounded systems, it is very difficult to identify the line experiencing a single-phase to ground fault. This is due to the fact that such grounding schemes produce very small fault current. This paper presents a novel method that can overcome the difficulties. The idea is to convert the ungrounded system into a grounded system temporarily through a controlled short circuit of the distribution bus potential transformer (PT) delta-connected winding. The result is a controllable ground fault current that is large enough for identifying the faulted line and yet small enough not to cause power quality problems. Results of theoretical analysis and computer simulation have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5276276,no
Fault Tolerant Permanent Magnet Motor Drive Topologies for Automotive X-By-Wire Systems,"Future automobiles will be equipped with by-wire systems to improve reliability, safety and performance. The fault tolerant capability of these systems is crucial due to their safety critical nature. Three fault tolerant inverter topologies for permanent magnet brushless dc motor drives suitable for automotive x-by-wire systems are analyzed. A figure of merit taking into account both cost and post-fault performance is developed for these drives. Simulation results of the two most promising topologies for various inverter faults are presented. The drive topology with the highest post-fault performance and cost effectiveness is built and evaluated experimentally.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4659007,no
GOF analysis for Gaussianity assumption of range errors in WSN,"Gaussianity assumption is prevalent and fundamental to many statistical theories and engineering applications. Range measurement errors are generally assumed to reveal Gaussian distribution. We wish to analyze the hypothesis that X<sub>i</sub> ~ N(, <sup>2</sup>) for i = 0, 1, ..., n - 1 where n is total number of range measurements X. To scrutinize this hypothesis, instead of relying on artificially generated random variables, real time ranging data is obtained from experiments using IEEE 802.15.4 compliant devices, covering outdoor/indoor environment with both Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) conditions. Distribution of range measurements are analyzed using four goodness-of-fit (GOF) tests i.e. Graphical technique, Linear correlation coefficient (), Anderson-Darling (A<sup>2</sup>), and Chi-squared (<sup>2</sup>). It is observed that majority of the outcomes are same in all the tests with a high percentage disagreement with the assumption.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5624329,no
Geolocation Error Analysis of the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder,"Geolocation errors in excess of 20-30 km have been observed in the special sensor microwave imager/sounder (F-16 SSMIS) radiometer observations when compared with accurate global shoreline databases. Potential error sources include angular misalignment of the sensor spin axis with the spacecraft zenith, sample timing offsets, nonuniform spin rate, antenna deployment offsets, spacecraft ephemeris, and approximations of the geolocation algorithm in the Ground Data Processing Software. An analysis methodology is presented to automate the process of quantifying the geolocation errors rapidly in terms of partial derivatives of the radiometer data in the along-scan and along-track directions and is applied to the SSMIS data. Angular and time offsets are derived for SSMIS that reveal the root cause(s) of the geolocation errors, while yet unresolved, are systematic, correctable in the ground processing software, and may be reduced to less than 4-5 km (1-sigma).",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4475711,no
"HGRID: Fault Tolerant, Log2N Resource Management for Grids","Grid resource discovery service is currently a very important focus of research. We propose a scheme that presents essential characteristics for efficient, self-configuring and fault-tolerant resource discovery and is able to handle dynamic attributes, such as memory capacity. Our approach consists of an overlay network with a hypercube topology connecting the grid nodes and a scalable, fault-tolerant, self-configuring search algorithm. By design, the algorithm improves the probability of reaching all working nodes in the system even in the presence of failures (inaccessible, crashed or heavy loaded nodes). We analyze the static resilience of the presented approach, that is to say, how well the algorithm is able to find resources without having to update the routing tables. The results show that the presented approach has a high static resilience.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4976811,no
A method of calibrating fixing errors based on simplified ant colony algorithm,"Fixing positioning errors calibration of payload will help to improve the payload's performance. Several kinds of methods of correcting errors and their own characteristics are referred to and a new fixing positioning errors correction method of photoelectric payload of aerial mobile platform is proposed based on simplified ant colony system. By simulation of both minor errors and major errors, rapid convergence and high accuracy is achieved, which avoids the limitation of previous methods, only having effect on minor fixing positioning errors. Furthermore, the new method is tested and validated by practical data. In a way, the new method will help to solve practical fixing positioning errors calibration problem.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5342975,no
A Time-Triggered Communication Protocol for CAN-based Networks with a Fault-Tolerant Star Topology,"For nearly two decades, the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol has been used in the development of distributed embedded systems. Studies previously carried out have illustrated how various Shared-Clock (S-C) algorithms can be used with CAN-based microcontrollers to implement time-triggered network architectures. In these previous studies, it has been assumed that the underlying network topology is a bus; in the present paper, we explore some implications of working with a fault-tolerant star-based network topology and a modified S-C algorithm. A representative case study is employed and quantitative comparisons are made between equivalent bus- and star-based systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5578310,no
Active fault detection in nonlinear systems using auxiliary signals,In recent years active approaches for fault detection using test signals have been developed. This paper reports on progress in extending one of these approaches from linear systems to nonlinear systems. Theoretical results are presented on the use of linearizations which is based on sufficiently small nonlinearities. An optimization based approach is also presented for large nonlinearities. Examples are given.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4586809,no
Reduction of defects caused by chemical mechanical polishing of oxide surfaces and contamination of the wafer bevel,"In recent years chemical mechanical polishing has become the most relevant planarization technique that is applied for technologies with structures below 0.35 mum. During the CMP process slurry ingredients like abrasive particles, additives and the polishing pad are continuously in direct contact with the wafer. Therefore CMP is also known as a source of critical defects like microscratches, slurry particles and other surface contaminations on the wafer. This paper describes CMP process and hardware improvements that were implemented in a continuous defect reduction project focussing on oxide CMP processes in the BEOL.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5155942,no
A New Neural Network Approach to Machine Tool Thermally Induced Error,"In recent years, neural network methods with different architectures and training strategies are widely used in machine tool thermal error compensation field, but there are still many problems such as low model accuracy, long training time and bad generalized ability. An integrated neural network classifier is proposed for compensation of thermal error in the paper. The investigation shows that the proposed method has higher classification precision and reliability, and is an ideal pattern classifier. Real cutting experiments are conducted on a CNC turning machine to validate the effectiveness of the method. Both simulation and experiment indicate that the proposed method is quite effective and ubiquitous.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5072650,no
Differential distinguishing attack on the Shannon stream cipher based on fault analysis,"In reference, some weak points in the design of the Shannon stream cipher and a differential distinguisher with complexity of O(2<sup>14.92</sup>) keystream bits (i.e. O(2<sup>9.92</sup>) keystream words) were presented. Another distinguishing attack based on a multidimensional linear transformation was presented in which require 2<sup>106.996</sup> keystream words. Both of these attacks need to have access to the initial state that is unlikely. In this paper, a likely attack using fault analysis method is exploited to solve the mentioned problem. Additionally, a new distinguisher is proposed which improves the attack complexity to four times the complexity of running the Shannon stream cipher. Only are two differential outputs needed for successful attack with error probability equal to 0.001.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4651385,no
Reliability Prediction Method Based on Function and Fault Reasoning for Electronic Products,"In respect of the lack of suitable method of mission reliability prediction for complex product, this paper puts forward a method of mission reliability prediction for circuit based on function simulation and fault reasoning. It builds the topology reasoning model and function simulation model of circuit with the aid of existing mature EDA (Electronic Design Automation) simulation tool, simulates and analyzes hard fault and soft fault of the components composed of circuit separately, and achieves the response of components failure on circuit. Then the idea of Monte Carlo simulation is used to carry on statistical analysis of fault data and calculate the circuit mission reliability. This paper presents the basic idea of this method, expatiates the principle and techniques of circuit functional fault simulation and circuit fault reasoning. Finally, this paper analyzed a representative case using the method mentioned in the paper. It does not need to build products reliability model using this method. Automatic reliability prediction could be realized in the same time with circuit design, which provides huge advantage to circuit designer. This paper makes exploratory researches on the method of integrated prediction of performance and reliability, and it is a strong complement to the existing reliability prediction method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5532787,no
A Study of Modified Testing-Based Fault Localization Method,"In software development and maintenance, locating faults is generally a complex and time-consuming process. In order to effectively identify the locations of program faults, several approaches have been proposed. Similarity-aware fault localization (SAFL) is a testing-based fault localization method that utilizes testing information to calculate the suspicion probability of each statement. Dicing is also another method that we have used. In this paper, our proposed method focuses on predicates and their influence, instead of on statements in traditional SAFL. In our method, fuzzy theory, matrix calculating, and some probability are used. Our method detects the importance of each predicate and then provides more test data for programmers to analyze the fault locations. Furthermore, programmers will also gain some important information about the program in order to maintain their program accordingly. In order to speed up the efficiency, we also simplified the program. We performed an experimental study for several programs, together with another two testing-based fault localization (TBFL) approaches. These three methods were discussed in terms of different criteria such as line of code and suspicious code coverage. The experimental results show that the proposed method from our study can decrease the number of codes which have more probability of suspicion than real bugs.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725293,no
Runtime repair of software faults using event-driven monitoring,"In software with emergent properties, despite the best efforts to remove faults before execution, there is a high likelihood that faults will occur during runtime. These faults can lead to unacceptable program behavior during execution, even leading to the program terminating unexpectedly. Using a distributed event-driven runtime software-fault monitor to repair faulty states creates an enforceable runtime specification. Using such an architecture can help ensure that emergent systems operate within specification, increasing the reliability of such software.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062178,no
Application of Fault Tree Knowledge in Reasoning of Safety Risk Assessment Expert System in Petrochemical Industry,"In studying the safety risk assessment expert system in petrochemical industry, the conception of fault tree based on binary decision diagrams (BDD) is proposed for fault tree analysis. Taking the boiler fouling explosion for example, the fault tree model and BDD model are built. On the basis of the fault tree model and BDD model, the stress is put on the knowledge representation (KR) of BDD based fault tree in the safety risk assessment expert system and the fault tree knowledge based mechanism of reasoning in this paper.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5383592,no
Some applications of fault isolation and diagnosis based on Labview,"In modern technologies the virtual equipment techniques can greatly help the fault diagnosis of the gear box in the sense that they can share the hardware and software recourses and compromise a self test system. In this paper the Labview was first used to set up the data acquisition and analysis platform. The data pre-processing software was designed including resonance demodulation and synchronizing average in the time domain, which can provide the analyzed data for the post-diagnosis. Then the BP neural network model was utilized for the fault diagnosis. The experiment results showed that the combination of these two processing methods can help reject the noise signals, thus expose the fault attributes and greatly reduce the false diagnosis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5555553,no
Error Estimation for the Computation of Force Using the Virtual Work Method on Finite Element Models,"In most finite element analysis, the numerical error range of the computed force must be specified. In this paper, an error estimation method for force computation using the virtual work method is presented. The merits of the proposed method include its simplicity and its applicability in force computation when the objects being studied are touching other objects.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4787481,no
Application method of wavelets in the fault diagnosis of motion system,"In motion system, many types of faults are related with the abnormity of torque signal. A method was presented which was based on the wavelets function. The compactly supported orthonormal wavelets were introduced. Under it, the fault could be detected, and the type of fault could be diagnosed as well. For using convenience, the flow chart of using this method was also offered. On X-Y motion control system, collision experiments were implemented for test the given method. Using the sampled torque signals, the practicability was verified from the clear diagnosis of different types of collisions.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4620715,no
Maximum-likelihood versus maximum a posteriori based local illumination and color correction algorithm for multi-view video,"In multi-view video, illumination and color inconsistency among different views always exist because of imperfect camera calibration, CCD noise, camera positions and orientations, etc. Since illumination and color inconsistency greatly reduce the coding efficiency and rendering quality of multiview video, effective illumination and color correction modules are necessary for practical multi-view video processing system. In this paper, we proposed two local illumination and color correction algorithms. In these two algorithms, the correction matrix is estimated by applying maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum a posteriori (MAP) methods respectively. According to the Bayes rule, the MAP estimate is determined by two terms: error conditional density model (likelihood model)and priori conditional density model. Experimental results show that both the ML and MAP based correction matrices greatly improve the illumination and color consistency among different views. Moreover, images corrected by MAP based correction matrix look much nicer than those corrected by ML based correction matrix.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5293307,no
SOA-Based Alarm Integration for Multi-Technology Network Fault Management,"In order for the service provider to offer better quality of telecom services to customers, one of the possible ways is to monitor and control all kinds of deployed network resources, which are used to support the operation of these services, and to proactively analyze and recover any trouble reported from the network resources. In this study, two system integration scenarios along with the associated interface specifications for multi-technology resource alarm notification and retrieval services have been described. An NGOSS-based development methodology was followed, and a number of useful commercials tools were introduced to facilitate the evolution and transformation of legacy BSS/OSS, so that these BSS/OSS are able to support loosely-coupled interoperability by using standards-based interfaces based on the service-oriented architecture. The functionalities of multi-technology network fault management were realized by means of JMS and Web Service techniques. The implementation described in this paper shows the feasibility of the proposed development methodology.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4730490,no
Design and Reduction of UML-PN Models of Power Plant's Fault Management System,"In order to analysis models of fault management systems in power plants, a method combining software engineering techniques and DEDS (discrete event dynamic system, DEDS) models was put forward in this paper. Fault detection system was proposed as an example to set up models. Firstly, the UML charts and corresponding Petri nets were founded. Then, in order to optimize the model, reduction rules were employed. In the end, temporal logic of temporal Petri nets was used to illustrate the exterior functionality of reduction net. The results indicate that the reduction net remains the functionality, and is more effective in analysis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5359439,no
A Temporal-domain Error Concealment Algorithm Effective in Motion Boundary Improvement,"In order to ease the motion boundary in temporal-domain algorithms, the paper propose to utilize the luminance of macro-block(MB) around the lost MB, to obtain a more precise and dense motion vectors, the rational function be used in motion vector interpolation. Mutation points in the vector field are detected, as a combination of movement of the border, in the same way, the missing pieces of motion vector interpolation are available along the direction of the boundary through the final match algorithm,Experimental results show that the algorithm is better.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4769599,no
Fault Injection Scheme for Embedded Systems at Machine Code Level and Verification,"In order to evaluate software from the third party whose source codes are not available, after a careful analysis of the statistic data sorted by orthogonal defect classification, and the corresponding relation between patterns of high level language programs and machine codes, we propose a fault injection scheme at machine code level suitable respectively to the IA32 ARM and MIPS architecture, which takes advantage of mutating machine code. To prove the feasibility and validity of this scheme, two sets of programs are chosen as our experimental target: Set I consists of two different versions of triangle testing algorithms, and Set II is a subset of the Mibench which is a collection of performance benchmark programs designed for embedded systems; we inject both high level faults into the source code written in C language and the corresponding machine code level faults directly into the executables, and monitor their running on Linux. The results from experiments show that at least 96% of total similarity degree is obtained. Therefore, we conclude that the effect of injecting corresponding faults on both the source code level and machine code level are mostly the same. Therefore, our scheme is rather useful in analyzing system behavior under faults.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5368226,no
Application of pre-function information in software testing based on defect patterns,"In order to improve precision of software static testing based on defect patterns, inter-function information was extended and applied in software static testing. Pre-function information includes two parts, the effect of context to invoked function and the constraint of invoked function to context, which can be used to detect the common defects, such as null pointer defect, un-initial defect, dangling pointer defect, illegal operation defect, out of bounds defect and so on. Experiments show that, pre-function information can reduce false negative in software static testing effectively.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5412894,no
Fault Diagnosis Platform For Radar Circuit Based on Virtual Instrument,"In order to improve the efficiency of the Radar circuit maintenance, in this paper, based on PXI & GPIB Hybrid Bus and virtual instrument technology, a fault diagnosis platform for Radar circuit is developed, and also a fuzzy fault tree reasoning algorithm is presented. This platform is composed of two parts: hardware and software. The hardware consists of a built-in controller and 3 kind of virtual instruments which are digital storage oscilloscope, digital multimeter and spectrum analyzer. The software is constructed by a fuzzy fault tree reasoning algorithm and an expert knowledge database which includes 198 fault tree flow charts of 20-style Radars. By experiment of this platform, the result shows that, with virtual instruments, fuzzy fault tree reasoning algorithm and expert knowledge database, the platform can locate the Radar circuit fault effectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5460362,no
An Energy Based Approach of Electromagnetism Applied to Adaptive Meshing and Error Criteria,"In order to improve the finite-element modeling of macroscopic eddy currents (associated with motion and/or a time-varying electrical excitation), an original error criterion for adaptive meshing, based on a local power conservation, is proposed. Then, the importance of the order element in the error computation is investigated. Finally, the criterion is coupled to a ldquobubblerdquo mesh generator, and an adaptive meshing of a 2D induction heating case is performed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526924,no
Fault Diagnosis of Gas Blower Based on Genetic Fuzzy Neural Network,"In order to make full use of the capability of GA's global searching and BP network's local searching, a genetic fuzzy neural network model is proposed. And the way of fault characteristic parameters' fuzzy processing and optimizing the weights and thresholds of ANN by GA are studied. As a result, the convergence speed and convergence precision are greatly increased. Application to the fault diagnosis of a gas blower system shows that the new model overcomes the low learning rate and local minimum of BP algorithm and the fault diagnosis precision is effectively improved.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5319705,no
Integrated Genetic Neural Networks and Its Application in Fault Diagnosis,"In order to over come the problems about slow rate of convergence and falling easily into part minimums in BP algorithm, a new improved genetic BP algorithm was put forward. To determine whether the network fall into part minimum point, a discriminant of part minimum was put forth in the training process of neural network. Genetic algorithm was used to revise the weights of the neural network if the BP algorithm fell into minimums. The integrated genetic neural network fault diagnosis system was set up based on both the information fusion technology and actual fault diagnosis, which taking the sub-genetic neural network as primary diagnosis from different sides, then gained the conclusions through decision-making fusion. It can be educed from the examples that it takes full advantage of diversified characteristic information, and improves the diagnosis rate.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4667136,no
Dynamic Causality Diagram in Fault Diagnosis,"In order to overcomes some shortages of Belief Network dynamic causality diagram is put forward. Its knowledge expression, reasoning, probability computing and also the model of causality diagram used for system fault diagnosis, the model constructing method and reasoning algorithm are proposed. At last, an application example in the fault diagnosis of the nuclear power plant is given which shows that the method is effective.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5193681,no
Joint Generalized Antenna Combination and Symbol Detection Based on Minimum Bit Error Rate: A Particle Swarm Optimization Approach,"In order to reduce hardware cost and achieve superior performance in multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, this paper proposes a novel scheme for joint antenna combination and symbol detection. More specifically, the new approach simultaneously determines the transformation weighting for antenna combination to lower the RF chains called for and to design the minimum bit error rate (MBER) detector to effectively mitigate the impairment due to interference. The joint decision statistic, however, is highly nonlinear and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed to reduce the computational overhead. Conducted simulation results show that the new approach yields satisfactory performance with reduced computational overhead compared with pervious works.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4525620,no
Design for N+1 fault-tolerant integrated solar controller,"In order to solve capacity increasing of solar power system and the system's paralysis caused by the failure of host controller, a new controller was designed in this paper. Control system adopted two-level architecture which consisted of host controller and power modules. CAN bus technology was used for communication. It was easy to form solar power system of different capacities through combination of multiple power modules. When the host controller was bad, the first power module could be used as host controller to ensure the normal operation of the system. Prototyping had been made and had passed through high-low temperature test. Verification test was conducted in simulated environment. Experimental results show that the scheme is right and feasible.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609900,no
Knowledge Acquisition Model for Satellite Fault Diagnosis Expert System,"In order to solve the bottleneck problem of building an expert system, a knowledge acquisition model of fault diagnosis expert system for satellites was presented. Firstly, a data discretization algorithm based on fuzzy sets was put forward to do discretization work for decision table. Secondly, a rule extraction algorithm was brought forth to extract productive rules from decision table. Thirdly, we take an example to demonstrate how to extract productive rules for fault diagnosis expert system for satellites. The operation parameters of a satellite's power system were collected and discretized to construct a decision table. We employed attribute reduction algorithm based on discernibility matrix to do attribute reduction and then extract productive rules using the rule extraction algorithm we presented. The comparison between the rules extracted by rough sets software Rosetta and our model demonstrated the correctness and effective of our knowledge acquisition model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5366271,no
Research on identification between inrush current and internal faults of power transformer based on H-S transform,"In order to solve the problem of misoperation of transformer differential relay due to the inrush current, inrush current and internal faults must be discriminate effectively. This paper presents a novel approach by using hyperbolic S-transform (HST) which is a very powerful tool for non-stationary signal analysis giving the information of transient currents both in time and in frequency domains. The signal was transformed to phase space by using HST and the features extracted, the time-frequency contours are obtained after HST, it is found that the time-frequency contours in case of inrush current are different from that in case of internal faults. By calculating the energy and the ratio of energy level 1 and level 9 we found that ratio 6 is the threshold between inrush current and fault current.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5646191,no
On Diagnosis Prototype System for Motor Faults Based on Immune Model,"In the fault diagnosis of motor, the early detection of incipient faults of components plays an important role. To support the detection of incipient and unknown faults, an immunology based Fault diagnosis prototype system was proposed. The immune system for fault diagnosis is comprised of innate immune layer and adaptive immune layer. In the system, innate immune layer directs recognition of known fault; Adaptive immune layer learns the incipient and unknown fault pattern. The simulation shows that a satisfying result can be acquired by using the layer computation model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5208921,no
An efficient hardware-software approach to network fault tolerance with InfiniBand,"In the last decade or so, clusters have observed a tremendous rise in popularity due to excellent price to performance ratio. A variety of Interconnects have been proposed during this period, with InfiniBand leading the way due to its high performance and open standard. Increasing size of the InfiniBand clusters has reduced the mean time between failures of various components of these clusters tremendously. In this paper, we specifically focus on the network component failure and propose a hybrid hardware-software approach to handling network faults. The hybrid approach leverages the user-transparent network fault detection and recovery using Automatic Path Migration (APM), and the software approach is used in the wake of APM failure. Using Global Arrays as the programming model, we implement this approach with Aggregate Remote Memory Copy Interface (ARMCI), the runtime system of Global Arrays. We evaluate our approach using various benchmarks (siosi7, pentane, h2o7 and siosi3) with NWChem, a very popular ab initio quantum chemistry application. Using the proposed approach, the applications run to completion without restart on emulated network faults and acceptable overhead for benchmarks executing for a longer period of time.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5289168,no
Eliminating Concurrency Bugs with Control Engineering,"In the multicore era, concurrency bugs threaten to reduce programmer productivity, impair software safety, and erode end-user value. Control engineering can eliminate concurrency bugs by constraining software behavior, preventing runtime failures, and offloading onerous burdens from human programmers onto automatically synthesized control logic.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5353464,no
Effectiveness of the frequency analysis of the stator current in the rotor fault detection of induction motors,"In the paper problems connected with the rotor diagnostics of induction motors using frequency and time-frequency methods are presented. The most frequently used methods are discussed, like: fast Fourier transform FFT, short-time Fourier transform STFT and the wavelet transform WT. The comparative analysis of the efficiency of above mentioned methods in the failure sensing of cage rotors is presented.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4608635,no
All Bits Are Not Equal - A Study of IEEE 802.11 Communication Bit Errors,"In IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN (WLAN) systems, techniques such as acknowledgement, retransmission, and transmission rate adaptation, are frame-level mechanisms designed for combating transmission errors. Recently sub-frame level mechanisms such as frame combining have been proposed by the research community. In this paper, we present results obtained from our bit error study for identifying sub-frame error patterns because we believe that identifiable bit error patterns can potentially introduce new opportunities in channel coding, network coding, forward error correction (FEC), and frame combining mechanisms. We have constructed a number of IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN testbeds and conducted extensive experiments to study the characteristics of bit errors and their location distribution. Conventional wisdom dictates that bit error probability is the result of channel condition and ought to follow corresponding distribution. However our measurement results identify three repeatable bit error patterns that are not induced by channel conditions. We have verified that such error patterns are present in WLAN transmissions in different physical environments and across different wireless LAN hardware platforms. We also discuss our current hypotheses for the reasons behind these bit error probability patterns and how identifying these patterns may help improving WLAN transmission robustness.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5062078,no
Correction of paradoxical vision by simulated depth cue and inverted mirror image for laparoscopic surgery,"In laparoscopic surgery, surgeons often encounter paradoxical vision according to their position against the camera position. Such a paradoxical vision evokes confusion and surely deteriorates surgical performance. Previous researches indicated inverted mirror image is useful to compensate this problem though upside-down inversion makes depth sensation perplex. To solve the dilemma, we proposed modified method that displays inverted mirror image plus perspective projection that adds simulated depth cue. After preparing the image adjustment software, trainer box, touch panel device to measure the motion of the forceps, we tested its validity in 36 participants including 10 experienced surgeons. Each participants were requested to push buttons following computer's assignment for ten times of task at three conditions: 1. stands parallel to the camera, 2. stands at the opposite side of the camera, 3. stands at the opposite side of the camera watching inverted mirror image with perspective projection. Mean duration of time for completion of the task was 23.1+/-5.0 seconds for the subjects stand parallel to the camera. It was 98.0+/-96.5 seconds and 43.3+/-24.3 seconds for the subject stands at the opposite side of the camera without and with transformed image, respectively. Paradoxical vision significantly deteriorated performance (p<;0.001), however, it was compensated by the inverted mirror vision with perspective projection significantly (p<;0.0015). In ""rope passing"" and ""bead drop"" trial, tested by 10 experienced surgeons, inverted and perspective vision significantly compensated deteriorated performance under paradoxical vision. Inverted mirror image with perspective projection would be useful tool for correction of paradoxical vision in laparoscopic surgery, and further research would be warranted to make such system practical.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5707818,no
Evaluating the Effect of Agile Methods on Software Defect Data and Defect Reporting Practices - A Case Study,"In large, traditional software development projects, the number of defects can be considerably high. Agile methods promise code quality improvement, but while embracing the agile methods, software development organizations have realized that defects still do exist and must be managed. When the development is distributed over several sites, defect management can become even more challenging. In this study we analyzed defect data in a large multi-site organization during the first twelve months of their agile transformation. Complementing information was gathered by a survey, which was conducted in the organization twice: after six and after twelve months of starting the agile transformation. The results indicate that the defect reporting practices changed after the agile adoption was started, the defect inflow was more stable and the defect closing speed improved.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5654786,no
Determining the point of minimum error for 6DOF pose uncertainty representation,"In many augmented reality applications, in particular in the medical and industrial domains, knowledge about tracking errors is important. Most current approaches characterize tracking errors by 66 covariance matrices that describe the uncertainty of a 6DOF pose, where the center of rotational error lies in the origin of a target coordinate system. This origin is assumed to coincide with the geometric centroid of a tracking target. In this paper, we show that, in case of a multi-camera fiducial tracking system, the geometric centroid of a body does not necessarily coincide with the point of minimum error. The latter is not fixed to a particular location, but moves, depending on the individual observations. We describe how to compute this point of minimum error given a covariance matrix and verify the validity of the approach using Monte Carlo simulations on a number of scenarios. Looking at the movement of the point of minimum error, we find that it can be located surprisingly far away from its expected position. This is further validated by an experiment using a real camera system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5643548,no
Channel capacity and average error rates in generalised-K fading channels,"In the present study, the performance of digital communication systems operating over a composite fading channel modelled by the generalised-<i>K</i> distribution is analysed and evaluated. Novel closed-form expressions for the outage performance, the average bit error probabilities of several modulation schemes and the channel capacity under four different adaptive transmission schemes are derived. The analytical expressions are used to investigate the impact of different fading parameters of this composite fading channel model on the average bit error rate performance for a variety of digital modulation schemes and the spectral efficiency of different adaptive transmission policies.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5508805,no
Measurement Data Correction for Emission Tomography,"In the problems of statistical reconstruction of emission tomography images, Bayesian reconstruction, or maximum a posteriori (MAP) method, has proved its superiority over others among all the regularization methods. To further improve the reconstruction, this paper presents a novel statistical image reconstruction method based on coupled feedback (CF) iterative model for emission tomography. This CF iterative algorithm updates the noisy emission sinogram (the measurement data of the detectors) using the latest reconstructed image. The experiments and the performance analysis confirm the virtue of the new method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5163033,no
The effect of the time window width of correlation method on single-ended modern traveling wave based fault location principles,"In the technique of single-ended modern traveling wave based fault location principles for transmission lines, traveling wave correlation method is a classical algorithm applied to detect the fault reflected surge. But in actual application, the lack of an effective way to choose the time window results in the limitation of correlation method - the time window width affects the correlation coefficient value which is an important indicator to show the similarity of the waveforms. This paper presents a new conception called optimal time window width of correlation method, and analyzes different factors probably affecting the width by means of EMTP-ATP and Matlab applied to simulations. Further more, the basic idea of new correlation method based on multi-time-window is proposed, which could be applied to improve the reliability of fault location technique.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4523780,no
Design and emulate on motor fault diagnosis system,"In the traditional motor fault diagnosis, only a certain type of motor fault diagnosis was diagnosed. The less amount of information leads to diagnostic conclusions unreliable. In this article, a new fault diagnosis method was put forward. Information fusion technology, stator current and rotor vibration signals as a diagnostic characteristics input signal were introduced into the motor fault diagnosis. Neural network method was applied to the fault identification. In order to improve the diagnostic precision, the input signs were divided into the stator current signal related and the rotor vibration signal related. They separately adopt a diagnosis sub-network to complete different aspects of fault diagnosis. Finally, each sub-network diagnostic results information fusion were carried out and the final diagnosis results were got. The simulation of the diagnostic method showed that it is feasible that the neural network data fusion applied to the motor fault diagnosis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544381,no
Test Patterns for Verilog Design Error Localization,"In this article we briefly state the idea behind model-based diagnosis and its application to debugging RTL (Register Transfer Level) Verilog designs. In providing a debugging model for the Verilog HDL (Hardware Description Language) we rely on a specific abstraction (trace semantics) that captures solely quiescent states of the design. In this vein we manage to overcome the inherent complexity issues of event-based Verilog without relying on specific fault models. To leverage test patterns for design error localization we propose the filtering approach and relate it to the concept of Ackermann constraints. Notably, our empirical results demonstrate that our novel technique considerably increases the diagnosis resolution even under presence of only a couple of test cases. The article outlines a case study comprising several circuits, where the proposed technique allowed one for excluding 95 per cent of the Verilog code from being faulty by merely considering a couple of test cases.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381640,no
Analysis of the soft error effects on CAN network controller,"In this article, the effects of the single event upset on a Controller Area Network (CAN) controller and its effects on the network is being evaluated. The experiment is done using SINJECT fault injection tool in a simulation based environment. Three mail modules of the controller are used in three independent set of experiments in one of the CAN controllers of the network. The results show that the main cause of the network failure is the bit stream processor. 6.7% of the injected faults in the bit stream processor led to the network failure. On the other hand, the registers sub-module of the controller showed to be most fault tolerant. The experiment showed that 0.3% of the faults in the registers module results in network failure, and the bit timing module is responsible for the failure of the whole network in 3.2% of the injected single event upset faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5623594,no
Comparisons of multipath modeling strategies for the estimation of GPS positioning error,"In this article, two objectives were planned: the choice of an appropriate electromagnetic multipath model, and a suitable description of the environment.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5068076,no
Identification inrush current and internal faults of transformer based on hyperbolic S-transform,"In order to solve the problem of mis-operation of transformer differential relay owing to the inrush current, internal faults and inrush current must be discriminate effectively. In this paper, a novel approach of identification between inrush current and internal faults based on hyperbolic S-transform (HST) which is a very powerful tool for nonstationary signal analysis giving the information of transient currents both in time and in frequency domains is presented. The signal is transformed to phase space by using HST and the features are detected. It is found that the time-frequency contours in case of inrush current are different from that in case of internal faults. The results obtained by using HST and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) were compared. Comparison results indicate that the time-frequency localization characteristics are more distinct in ST domain, and HST has strong capability in noise reduction. The spectral energy and standard deviation from the HST of signal are computed, classification of inrush current and internal faults is done by BP neural networks. Simulation results indicate that this technique is effective and feasible.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5138163,no
Feedback aided content adaptive unequal error protection based on Wyner-Ziv coding,"In prior work, we proposed an unequal error protection algorithm based on Wyner-Ziv coding for error resilient video transmission. In subsequent work it was demonstrated that using either of content adaptive unequal error protection or feedback aided unequal error protection individually improved error resilience performance. In the current paper we propose to combine the use of a content adaptive function, implemented at the encoder, with the channel loss feedback provided by the decoder. The experimental results demonstrate improved rate distortion performance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5167376,no
A new filter scheme for the filtering of fault currents,"In protection relaying schemes, the digital filter unit plays the essential roles to calculate the accurate phasor. However, the decaying DC components in fault currents always cause false operations of relay systems. This paper presents a new filter scheme which can remove such components from fault currents. Using the proposed scheme, the full-cycle DFT (FCDFT) only needs one-cycle samples to obtain an accurate fundamental phasor. The decaying DC component is removed by an iterative computation. The proposed filter scheme can help digital filters achieve accurate results rapidly. Simulations results illustrate the effectiveness of this new algorithm for distance relaying applications.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4939611,no
Correction to A Fast Incremental Hypervolume Algorithm [Dec 08 714-723],"In the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 714-723, Dec. 08), there was an error in the pseudo-code for the incremental hypervolume by slicing objectives (IHSO) that might prevent its easy implementation. The corrected pseudo-code is presented here.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5257413,no
Bit-Error-Rate Performance Enhancement of All-Optical Clock Recovery at 42.66 Gb/s Using Passive Prefiltering,"In this letter, we demonstrate the bit-error-rate (BER) performance enhancement of an all-optical clock recovery device at 42.66 Gb/s using a prefiltering operation in front of a self-pulsating semiconductor laser. The prefilter is composed of a simple passive fiber-Bragg-grating-based Fabry-Perot bandpass filter. The assessment is obtained thanks to BER measurement using a data remodulation technique.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4603052,no
Unequal Error Protection for backward compatible 3-D video transmission over WiMAX,"In this paper, an unequal error protection (UEP) scheme for the transmission of 3-D (three - dimensional) video over WiMAX communication channel is proposed. The colour plus depth map stereoscopic video is coded with backward compatibility using a scalable video coding (SVC) architecture, where users with conventional video decoders/receivers can receive the conventional 2-D (three-dimensional) video stream whereas users with SVC decoders/receivers and necessary 3-D video displays may render 3-D video. The proposed error protection scheme is based on the perceptual importance of the coded 3-D video components. The UEP method allocates more protection to the colour video packets than the depth map packets in order to receive good quality 2-D/3-D video. The protection levels are assigned through allocating differentiated transmission power for colour and depth map video packets during transmission. On the fly power allocation is based on the estimated distortion of the colour image sequence. The objective and perceptual quality evaluations show that the proposed UEP scheme improves the quality of 2-D video while achieving pleasing quality for 3-D viewers.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5117701,no
Auto Regressive Model and Weighted Least Squares Based Packet Video Error Concealment,"In this paper, auto regressive (AR) model is applied to error concealment for block-based packet video encoding. Each pixel within the corrupted block is restored as the weighted summation of corresponding pixels within the previous frame in a linear regression manner. Two novel algorithms using weighted least squares method are proposed to derive the AR coefficients. First, we present a coefficient derivation algorithm under the spatial continuity constraint, in which the summation of the weighted square errors within the available neighboring blocks is minimized. The confident weight of each sample is inversely proportional to the distance between the sample and the corrupted block. Second, we provide a coefficient derivation algorithm under the temporal continuity constraint, where the summation of the weighted square errors around the target pixel within the previous frame is minimized. The confident weight of each sample is proportional to the similarity of geometric proximity as well as the intensity gray level. The regression results generated by the two algorithms are then merged to form the ultimate restorations. Various experimental results demonstrate that the proposed error concealment strategy is able to increase the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) compared to other methods.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5453491,no
Decision Tree-Based Preventive and Corrective Control Applications for Dynamic Security Enhancement in Power Systems,"In this paper, decision tree (DT)-based preventive and corrective control methods are proposed to enhance the dynamic security of power systems against the credible contingencies causing transient instabilities. Preventive and corrective controls such as generation rescheduling and load shedding schemes, respectively, are developed based on the security regions and boundaries that are calculated in the space of appropriate decision variables. The security regions and boundaries are determined by the rules of DTs that are developed by the generated knowledge bases. This work also involves improving the accuracy of security boundaries as well as the optimal solutions for the fuel cost and load shedding optimization problems encountered in the preventive and corrective controls. The methods are implemented on the Entergy power system model.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5374083,no
Improved MB Mode Prediction in Extended Spatial Scalability with Error Resilient Coding,"In this paper, macroblock (MB) mode prediction in extended spatial scalability (ESS) with error resilience is investigated. We extend the MB mode derivation method originally proposed by our lab to improve the efficiency of inter-layer prediction in ESS, to error prone transmission conditions. The performance of our method is evaluated in metrics such as PSNR gain and complexity reduction, which is represented by percentage change in number of MBs for each partition type at the decoder for various tested sequences. Simulation results show that significant complexity reduction is reportedly achieved with average 50% increase in the number of MBs with 1616 mode in enhancement layer and average PSNR-Y gain of 1.35 dB at the decoder compared to JVT-W030 under testing conditions specified in JVT-V302.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5600679,no
Fault diagnosis modeling of power systems using Petri Nets,"In this paper, Petri Nets (PN) is used for accurately fault diagnosis in power systems when some incomplete and uncertain alarm information of protective relays and circuit breakers is detected. After reviewing the Petri nets theory, then, models of fault diagnosis based on PN are built, and their corresponding logical testifications are carried out. Finally, the validity and feasibility of this method is illustrated by simulation results. It is shown from several cases that the faulted system elements can be diagnosed correctly by use of these models. By proposed method, it is possible to reduce diagnosis time and increase correctness of results compared to traditional methods. It is also suitable to online applications. The proposed method can easily be adapted to different power system network configurations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5559159,no
Power quality improvement using a new structure of fault current limiter,"In this paper, power quality improvement by using a new structure of non superconducting fault current limiter (NSFCL) is discussed. This structure prevents voltage sags on Point of Common Coupling (PCC) just after fault occurrence, because of its fast operation. On the other hand, previously used structures produce harmonics on load voltage and have ac losses in normal operation. New structure has solved this problem by using dc voltage source. The proposed structure is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC software and simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of this structure.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5491407,no
Distributed coordination of task migration for fault-tolerant FlexRay networks,"In this paper we present an approach to increase the fault tolerance in FlexRay networks by introducing backup nodes to replace defect ECUs (Electronic Control Units). In order to reduce the memory requirements of such backup nodes, we distribute redundant tasks over different nodes and propose the distributed coordinated migration of tasks of the defect ECU to the backup node at runtime. This approach enhances our former work in, where we extended the FlexRay bus schedule by redundant slots to consider changes in the communication/slot assignment and investigated and evaluated different solutions to migrate the redundant tasks to the backup node using the static and/or dynamic segment of the communication cycle for transmissions. We present the approach of distributed coordination for migration and communication instead of additional dedicated coordinator nodes to further increase the fault tolerance. With this approach we improve the safety of FlexRay networks by avoiding a possible single point of failure due to a dedicated coordinator node also minimizing the necessary time needed for a reconfiguration after an ECU failure. Furthermore, we reduce the overhead within the communication and the demand for additional hardware components.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5551384,no
Impact of Error Characteristics of an Indoor 802.11g WLAN on TCP Retransmissions,"In this paper we present the results of extensive measurements made over an experimental wired-to-wireless testbed, which consisted of a TCP protocol combined with a real-world indoor IEEE 802.11g WLAN. We investigated the effects of signal attenuation due to client distance from the AP on the 802.11 frame error rates (FER) and consequently on the segment loss rates and retransmission behavior of TCP at the sender in the fixed network. Specifically, we experimented with different modulation schemes belonging to the OFDM 802.11g PHY in order to gauge differences in performance between them, comparing real-world FERs calculated from actual frame captures against SNR, for both the forward and reverse WLAN channel directions. We also present real-world distributions of frame retransmissions made over the WLAN by the AP, with useful findings. Our results confirm that the reverse channel of a WLAN possesses a higher FER than the forward channel, and poses a greater threat to TCP's retransmission mechanism.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4678989,no
Bayesian Networks for Fault Detection under Lack of Historical Data,In this paper we propose a Bayesian Network approach as a promissory data fusion technique for surveillance of sensors accuracy. We prove the usefulness of this method even in case when there is not enough feasible data to construct the model in traditional way. In presence of this data constrains we suggest an inversion of the causal relationship. This approach proves to be a possible solution to help the expert in the conditional probabilities assessment process. As a result a working model is constructed what would not be possible using traditional Bayesian Network approach.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5381718,no
Autonomic Fault Identification for Ubiquitous Self Healing Systems,In this paper we report the results of our experiments conducted for fault identification in self healing systems. The proposed scheme is designed to identify faults in a large-scale system where frequent faults can increase downtime. The experiments show that the scheme proposed has linear computational complexity and highly portable.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5667171,no
Analytical redundancy based predictive fault tolerant control of a steer-by-wire system using nonlinear observer,"In this paper, a nonlinear observer based analytical redundancy methodology is presented for fault tolerant control of a steer by wire (SBW) system. A long-range predictor based on Diophantine identity has been utilized to improve the fault detection efficiency. The overall predictive fault tolerant control strategy was then implemented and validated on a steer by wire hardware in loop bench. The experimental results showed that the overall robustness of the SBW system was not sacrificed through the usage of analytical redundancy for sensors along with the designed FDIA algorithm. Moreover, the experimental results indicated that the faults could be detected faster using the developed analytical redundancy based algorithms for attenuating-type faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5472753,no
Feature Extraction for Short-Circuit Fault Detection in Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors Using Stator-Current Monitoring,"In this paper, a novel frequency pattern and competent criterion are introduced for short-circuit-fault recognition in permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). The frequency pattern is extracted from the monitored stator current analytically and the amplitude of sideband components at these frequencies is introduced as a proper criterion to determine the number of short-circuited turns. Impacts of the load variation on the proposed criterion are investigated in the faulty PMSM. In order to demonstrate the aptitude of the proposed criterion for precise short-circuit fault detection, the relation between the nominated criterion and the number of short-circuited turns is specified by the mutual information index. Therefore, a white Gaussian noise is added to the simulated stator current and robustness of the criterion is analyzed with respect to the noise variance. The occurrence and the number of short-circuited turns are predicted using support-vector machine as a classifier. The classification results indicate that the introduced criterion can detect the short-circuit fault incisively. Simulation results are verified by the experimental results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5466244,no
A Decision-Tree-Based Method for Fault Classification in Single-Circuit Transmission Lines,"In this paper, a novel method for fault classification in single-circuit transmission lines is presented. The proposed method needs voltages and currents of only one side of the protected line. After detecting the exact time of fault inception, the fault type is recognized by means of a decision-tree algorithm (DT) which is formerly trained by applying the odd harmonics of the measured signals, up to the 19th. Simulation results have shown that the proposed method can classify the faults in less than a quarter of a cycle with highest possible accuracy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5556053,no
Online monitoring and fault diagnosis system of Power Transformer,"In this paper, a novel transformer monitoring system is presented. This system combines expert system and neural network system, which improves the accuracy of fault diagnosis, monitor the trends of the condition of power transformer, timely detect transformer failure, avoid power outages accidents, and improve supply reliability. A wireless communication method to transmit the signal collected from transformer was designed to overcome the limitations of cable transmission, because of the difficult for cabling in the remote areas.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5448936,no
Checksum-Based Probabilistic Transient-Error Compensation for Linear Digital Systems,"In this paper, a probabilistic compensation technique for minimizing the effect of transient errors effect is proposed. The focus is to develop a compensation technique for DSP applications in which exact error compensation is not necessary and end-to-end system level performance is degraded minimally as long as the impact of the ldquonoiserdquo injected into the system by the transient errors is minimized. The proposed technique, called checksum-based probabilistic compensation, uses real-number checksum codes for error detection and partial compensation. Traditional coding techniques need a code of distance three and relatively complex calculations for perfect error correction. Here, it is shown that a distance-two code can be used to perform probabilistic error compensation in linear systems with the objective of improving the signal-to-noise ratio in the presence of random transient errors. The goal is to have a technique with small power and area overhead and to perform compensation in real time with negligible latency. The proposed technique is comprehensive and can handle errors in the combinational circuitry and storage elements. Comparison against a system with no error correction shows that up to 13-dB SNR improvement is possible. The area, power, and timing overheads of the proposed technique are analyzed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4803751,no
Fault tolerant DTC for six-phase symmetrical induction machine,"In this paper, a new fault tolerant direct torque control (DTC) algorithm for six phase induction machines (6PIM) is introduced. The machine presents two sets of three phase windings spatially shifted by 60 electrical degrees. The aim of the proposed approach consists in computing an average stator voltage vector in order to control the mean values of the stator flux and the electromagnetic torque over a sampling period under open phase. The main advantages are fixed switching frequency, low torque ripples and reduced line current ripples in comparison with classical DTC. Simulation and experimental results show satisfying performances and validate the proposed method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5415204,no
Minimum Mean-Squared Error Estimation of Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients Using a Novel Distortion Model,"In this paper, a new method for statistical estimation of Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) in noisy speech signals is proposed. Previous research has shown that model-based feature domain enhancement of speech signals for use in robust speech recognition can improve recognition accuracy significantly. These methods, which typically work in the log spectral or cepstral domain, must face the high complexity of distortion models caused by the nonlinear interaction of speech and noise in these domains. In this paper, an additive cepstral distortion model (ACDM) is developed, and used with a minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) estimator for recovery of MFCC features corrupted by additive noise. The proposed ACDM-MMSE estimation algorithm is evaluated on the Aurora2 database, and is shown to provide significant improvement in word recognition accuracy over the baseline.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4637897,no
The MVA-Volt Index: A Screening Tool for Predicting Fault-Induced Low Voltage Problems on Bulk Transmission Systems,"In this paper, a new method for steady-state screening of buses to identify possible fault-induced delayed-voltage recovery problems is presented. The method is particularly useful for (1) prioritizing substation relaying and breaker maintenance, (2) evaluating impacts of system improvement alternatives, (3) identifying most-effective locations for undervoltage load shedding, and (4) locating voltage (reactive) support equipment. The method is based on a single index value for each bus that is determined by considering the amount of load impacted by a fault at that bus using a weighted summation. The steady-state screening algorithm has been validated using dynamic simulations and has been used to successfully identify as a potentially severe contingency the location of an actual event that occurred on the Southern Electric System in the summer of 1999.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4562141,no
Dynamic Behavior Model for Short-Circuit Current of Power System with Capacitor and a Reducing Fault Current Method,"In this paper, a new performance for capacitor compensators is proposed to limit the fault current in power systems which capacitors used. In the normal mode of operation, the shunt capacitors banks as reactive power compensators that delivers reactive power to increase the power factor. When faults states occurs, the capacitor can reduce fault current peak value, a dynamic model for calculating short-circuit current of power system with reactive compensators is established by using the equations describing balanced three-phase power system short-circuit equivalent circuit in Matlab-Simlink program. Simulations performed in MATLAB/Simulink environment indicate that the proposed performance for capacitor compensators performs well to limit the fault currents of distribution systems and line-voltage drops.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5365355,no
Liftoff Correction Based on the Spatial Spectral Behavior of Eddy-Current Images,"In this paper, a new processing scheme for compensating the liftoff effect is proposed to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of measurements carried out when a duralumin plate with artificially manufactured defects was scanned with eddy-current probes. The mathematical algorithm is based on the spatial frequency behavior of the output signals with the liftoff distance (the distance between the probe used for inspection and the sample) and its equivalent form (deconvolution) in the spatial domain. Results are presented for measurements performed at three different distances for the same defect of the duralumin plate.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5433053,no
"Energy efficient, delay sensitive, fault tolerant wireless sensor network for military monitoring","In this paper, a new TDMA based wireless sensor network (WSN) for military monitoring is proposed. The most important design considerations of the newly developed sensor network system are energy consumption, delay, scalability and fault tolerance. There are three main parts of the system: time synchronization based on the sink with high range transmitter, SyncHRT; data indicator slot mechanism, DISM; and a new time scheduling mechanism ft_DTSM. Analytic model has shown that energy consumption performance of the newly proposed system is better than most of the existing MAC layers for WSN. According to simulation studies, its delay performance is also superior to most of the other WSN systems. Although there may be other architectures which perform better than our system for certain performance metrics, the newly proposed military monitoring system can operate with a good optimization on energy consumption, delay and fault tolerance.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4472965,no
A new EDAC technique against soft errors based on pulse detectors,"In this paper, a new technique is proposed in order to assure the reliability of digital circuits against single event upsets (SEUs) and multi-bit upsets (MBUs), which are a major concern in a radiation environment like space. This proposal reduces the area cost of triple modular redundancy (TMR), offering a similar protection level. In order to show the reliability and the area savings for this technique, it has been implemented using a commercial library to protect registers of different size. A software fault injection platform has been used in order to verify the reliability of the proposed technique.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4677062,no
Sonar-based obstacle avoidance using a path correction method for autonomous control of a biped robot for the learning stratification and performance,"In this paper, a simple path correction and obstacle avoidance method with a bipedal robot for the learning stratification and performance, using an ultrasonic sensor and electronic compass sensor, is proposed. This bipedal robot was comprised using the Lego NXT Intelligent Bricks. The proposed method is implemented on an autonomous humanoid robot (the ARSR). One ultrasonic sensor and one electronic compass sensor are installed on the ARSR to detect environmental information including obstacles, the distance to the obstacle, and the directional angle of the robot. Based on the obtained information, an obstacle avoidance and path correct method is proposed to decide the ARSR's behavior so that it can avoid obstacles and move effectively to the destination area. Obstacle avoidance experiments are carried out to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method and confirm the learning stratification and performance.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5674501,no
PID controlled synchronous motor for power factor correction,"In this paper, a synchronous motor controlled by a PID based on a PIC 18F452 microcontroller has been studied under three different working conditions using varying excitation currents. Due to the complexity of PID parameters such as integrative and derivative terms, their conversion to digital systems has proven difficult. Hence, the collection of errors in a specified time period has been multiplied be means of a sampling period rather than complex integral algorithms. The difference between the error rate and its previous value has been divided into a sampling period to obtain the derivative operation. Therefore, a PID controlled algorithm has been embedded into a microcontroller which is easily implemented without complex algorithms. In addition, the design of this study includes an LCD based visual interface, allowing users to instantly monitor the current, the voltage and the power factor of the synchronous motor.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4915214,no
Methodology of fault injection based on EDA software,"In this paper, an agile fault injection method by means of discretional fault mode is introduced, in order to go over the localization of the conventional fault injection method based on the hardware, and to offer a new means that is used to validate the testability indexes of PHM system. After describing the basic principle of such method, this paper discusses universal elements and groupware modeling, fault injection and fault confirm method in detail. Finally, by using an audio processing circuit belonged to some airplane, it is validated that this fault injection method is valid and it will be significant for engineering practicability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5413479,no
Categorization of minimum error forecasting zones using a geostatistic wind speed model,"In this paper a geostatistic wind speed model is applied to trace a wind speed map, based on data from official measurement weather stations distributed within the region of Andalucia-Spain. Each station's performance is assessed by comparing real measurements to those resulting from the linear interpolation of the rest. Once an error is associated to the station, the error is drawn in a map, in which minimum error zones can be delimited. Frequency and wind speed in each direction are the magnitudes of interest to get a first categorization of wind resources associated to the region. The interest of the method relies in the possibility of forecasting everywhere within the region with an error inside the tolerable margins.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5212048,no
A new low cost fault tolerant solution for mesh based NoCs,"In this paper a new fault tolerant routing algorithm with minimum hardware requirements and extremely high fault tolerance for 2D-mesh based NoCs is proposed. The LCFT (Low Cost Fault Tolerant) algorithm, removes the main limitations (forbidden turns) of the famous XY. So not only many new routes will be added to the list of selectable paths as well as deadlock freedom, but also it creates high level of fault tolerance. All these things are yielded only by the cost of adding one more virtual channel (for a total of two). Results show that LCFT algorithm can work well under almost bad conditions of faults in comparison with the already published methods.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5559766,no
Induction motor fault diagnosis based on analytic wavelet transform via Frequency B-Splines,"In this paper a new methodology of transient motor current signature analysis (TMCSA) is proposed. The approach consists on obtaining a 2D time frequency plot representing the time-frequency evolution of all the harmonics present on an electric machine transient current. Identifying characteristic patterns in the time-frequency plane, produced by some of the fault related components, permits the machine diagnosis. Unlike other CWT based methods, this work uses complex frequency B-splines wavelets. It is shown that these wavelets enable high detail in the time-frequency maps and an efficient filtering in the region neighbouring the main frequency. These characteristics make easy the identification of the patterns related to the fault components. As an example, the technique has been applied to no load startup currents of healthy motors and motors with broken bars, showing the Complex FBS Wavelets capabilities. The diagnosis has been done via the identification of the upper sideband harmonic.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5292777,no
A novel correction method for a low cost sensorless control system of IPMSM electrical drives,"In this paper a novel correction method for sensorless Field Oriented Control System of Brushless internal Permanent Magnet Electrical Drives is introduced discussed and experimentally validated. The novelty of this control system is the estimation of rotor speed and angular position is based on the back electromotive force space vector determination, without the aid of voltage probes. Actual voltage signals needed for estimation are replaced with the reference ones given by the current controller. This choice obviously introduces an error that have been vanished by means of a new compensating function or with the aid of data coming from experimental tests. Experimental verifications of the proposed sensorless control system were made with the aid of a flexible test bench for Brushless Motor electrical Drives. The test results presented in the paper show the validity of the proposed low cost sensorless control system and, above all, underline the good performances of the sensorless control system also with a so reduced equipment.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4677074,no
Scaling the discrete cosine transformation for fault-tolerant real-time execution,In this paper we examine the scalability of several implementations of the 2-dimensional discrete cosine transformation in the context of image processing. By scaling down the quality of the transformation the required computational complexity also decreases. Using several benchmark images we can show that no significant loss of image quality results from downscaling the computational complexity by up to 60%. This property can be used to switch between different quality levels during the execution of the DCT. A low quality level is used if only few time remains to finish the computation; otherwise a higher quality level can be used. For a certain execution model we show that this switching between quality levels can be used to meet the real-time demands of the executed image processing application even in the presence of a permanent fault in the execution units.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5941278,no
Making an SCI fabric dynamically fault tolerant,"In this paper we present a method for dynamic fault tolerant routing for SCI networks implemented on Dolphin Interconnect Solutions hardware. By dynamic fault tolerance, we mean that the interconnection network reroutes affected packets around a fault, while the rest of the network is fully functional. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of dynamic fault tolerant routing available on commercial off the shelf interconnection network technology without duplicating hardware resources. The development is focused around a 2-D torus topology, and is compatible with the existing hardware, and software stack. We look into the existing mechanisms for routing in SCI. We describe how to make the nodes that detect the faulty component do routing decisions, and what changes are needed in the existing routing to enable support for local rerouting. The new routing algorithm is tested on clusters with real hardware. Our tests show that distributed databases like MySQL can run uninterruptedly while the network reacts to faults. The solution is now part of Dolphin Interconnect Solutions SCI driver, and hardware development to further decrease the reaction time is underway.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4536137,no
Accurate Physical Modeling of Discretization Error in 1-D Perfectly Matched Layers Using Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method,"In this paper we present an accurate physical model of discretization error in a 1-D perfectly matched layer (PML) using the finite-difference time-domain method. The model is based on the concept of the discrete wave impedance of the PML. This concept implies that the wave impedance in the discretized space changes, with respect to the continuous value, when absorption occurs. These changes depend on the absorption per unit length, as well as on the discretization step. In the discretized space, both, the magnitude and phase of wave impedance are modified. We employ numerical simulations obtained using a 1-D code to test the proposed model. We then compare the results with those obtained from coaxial wave guide geometry using a commercial 3-D software package. One important consequence of this modeling scheme is the feasibility of the PML without return losses due to discretization error. In practice, numerical results show that by correctly adjusting the electromagnetic parameters of the PML (electric permittivity and magnetic permeability), a significant improvement in the reflection characteristics is obtained. In some cases, it could be as much as 78 dB. The remaining return losses are successfully explained as second-order effects related to the discontinuity of electromagnetic parameters at the interface between the simulation space and PML.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4607252,no
A fault tolerant control system for hexagram inverter motor drive,"In this paper, a fault tolerant control method for hexagram inverter motor drive is proposed. Due to its unique topology, the hexagram inverter is able to tolerate certain degree of switch failure with a proper control method. The proposed method consists of fault detection, fault isolation and post fault control. A simple fault isolation method is to use fuses in the DC links to disable the whole inverter module with switch failure. When a fault is detected in one inverter module, it is isolated by turning on all switches temporarily to blow out the fuse in the DC link, the gate drive signals for this faulty inverter module and its interconnecting legs are then disabled. After one inverter module is disabled, the hexagram inverter works in the post fault two-phase mode. The post fault control algorithm is initiated to control the two remaining output currents in order to maintain a smooth torque operation for the motor drive. Simulations and a small-scale PMSM motor drive experiment verified the proposed fault tolerant control system design.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5433662,no
A Fault Diagnosis Model Based on Language-Valued Reasoning,"In this paper, a language-valued variable is introduced into fault diagnosis. By combining global criteria optimization with maximum membership method, a new model of fault diagnosis is put up based on language-valued reasoning. This method provides a resolution to the problem which can't be resolved by numeric model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4960742,no
A realistic fault simulation model for EEPROM memories,"In this paper, a list of faults is injected in an elementary memory array circuit. Electrical simulation results show impact of each fault on EEPROM cells logical values and threshold voltages. Results are analyzed and fault coverage of EEPROM memories standard test patterns is evaluated.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5404158,no
A novel dual-band printed antenna with a defected ground plane for WLAN applications,"In this paper, a miniaturized dual-band printed antenna with a defected ground plane for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed. The radiating elements of the antenna consist of nesting ellipses with different major axis and a part of strip line. The antenna can achieve dual-band operation (2.4GHz and 5.2/5.8GHz). The simulation results show that the proposed antenna satisfies the requirements of WLAN 802.11b/g and 802.11a. The antenna is with the dimensions of 39.0mm30.0mm0.8mm. The effects of the key structure parameters on the antenna performances are also analyzed and presented. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured. The simulated and measured results agree well with each other.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5696428,no
Identification of mechanical defects in MEMS using dynamic measurements for application in the production monitoring,In this paper investigations for the non-destructive characterization of MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical- Systems) are presented that can be applied in the production monitoring in early stages. Different aspects and experimental results are shown for silicon membrane structures with artificial faults. The structures were characterized by their resonant frequencies and associated mode shapes measured via laser-Doppler vibrometry. The consequence of the artificial faults is investigated on the basis of the ratios of measured resonant frequencies and the quantified comparison of mode shapes using the MAC-value. The artificial faults have a significant influence on the dynamic properties which depends on their size. According to the results a systematical approach for the dynamic characterization is derived from the results of the investigations for a possible application in the production monitoring.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4919507,no
MR-based attenuation correction for a whole-body sequential PET/MR system,"In this paper MR-based attenuation method was implemented for a clinical whole-body PET/MR system. While awaiting future clinical evaluation, the algorithm seems promising from preliminary patient data evaluation, from both qualitative PET image quality and quantification accuracy. While the 3-segment MRAC resembles the results from short PET transmission scans, future work will be to implement and validate segmentation of more tissue classes, such as cortical bone. Robustness of MR image truncation compensation and incorporation of flexible coils need to be improved.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5401802,no
Analysis and Implementation of LMS Algorithm with Coding Error in the DSP TMS320C6713,"In this work we present the analysis and implementation in a digital signal processor (DSP), of a variant of the least mean square (LMS) algorithm. Modification is based on codifying the error of the algorithm, in order to reduce the design complexity for its implementation in digital adaptive filters, because the error is made up of whole values. The results demonstrate an increase in the convergence speed; it's affected indirectly by the convergence factor, and to obtain a floating point operation reduction, which accelerates processing. These, to demonstrate the results obtained from the implementation of the algorithm in the digital signal processor TMS320C6713 by Texas instruments.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4470531,no
PD-SOI MOSFETs: interface effect on point defects and doping profiles,"In this work, the influence of the Silicon/Buried Oxide interface (Si/BOX) on the electrical characteristics of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFETs is investigated by means of numerical simulations. Considering the State-of-Art dopant diffusion models and the recombining effect of Si/BOX interface on point defect, process simulations were performed to investigate the two-dimensional diffusion behaviour of the dopant impurities. The impact of the Si/BOX is investigated by analyzing the standard electrical characteristics of CMOS devices. Finally, a new electrical characterization methodology is detailed to better analyze dopants lateral diffusion profiles.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5318743,no
Fault Tolerant Data Collection in Heterogeneous Intelligent Monitoring Networks,"In this work, we focus on the problem of fault tolerant data collection in heterogeneous Intelligent Monitoring Networks(IMNs). IMNs are expected to have a wide range of applications in many fields such as forest monitoring, structural monitoring, and industrial plant monitoring. We present our fault tolerant data collection scheme in the hierarchical structure of IMNs. We use an interesting technique borrowed from the popular BitTorrent software to maintain a highly efficient and robust data collection in IMNs with heterogeneous and faulty devices. In our proposed scheme, monitoring sensors are instructed to randomly select some overheard transmissions and process them in data fusion. Our preliminary study confirmed the benefits of the fault tolerant data collection strategy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5575637,no
Dynamic fault tree analysis based on Petri nets,"In traditional dynamical fault tree analysis, it is necessary to modularize DFT tree firstly so as to obtain static subtrees and dynamic subtrees. Generally, binary decision diagram (BDD) and Markov chains are utilized in the DFT to process static and dynamic subtrees, respectively. However, due to the possibility of state combinatorial explosion problem in Markov chain, it is difficult to analyze system with DFT in some cases. This paper investigated Petri net method in DFT in order to solve this problem. An example of processor system is analyzed with the proposed Petri net based DFT, which contains many dynamic logic gates in two classes. The analysis results show that the proposed method can overcome the state combinatorial explosion problem and guarantee high accuracy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270223,no
Dynamic Multi-mode Switching Error Concealment Algorithm for H.264/AVC Video Applications,"In video communication based consumer device applications, the compressed video is extremely fragile to transmission errors due to channel noise. Error concealment (EC) is an efficient way to recover a damaged video sequence. The existing EC algorithms for compressed video typically apply uniform EC mode to entire video sequence regardless of frame features, or lack in sensible mode-switching considerations. This paper proposes a new dynamic multi-mode switching (DMS) EC algorithm. The proposed algorithm provides several EC modes for intra- and inter- frames. The proposed smart decoder is able to adaptively apply these modes in different situations. The mode switching in DMS depends on the spatial/temporal correlation, estimated edge features of the corrupted Macroblock (MB), the smoothness of the reconstructed MB and etc. The proposed DMS algorithm has been evaluated and compared with 3 classical EC algorithms. The experimental results show that the DMS algorithm can achieve significant gains in peak signal noise ratio (PSNR) and therefore improves the decoded picture quality in video applications.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4470038,no
Effect of sensing errors on wideband cognitive OFDM radio networks,"In wideband spectrum sensing, multiband joint detection, which jointly detects the signal energy over multiple frequency bands, is efficient in improving the dynamic spectrum utilization and reducing interference to the primary users. In this paper, we investigate the effect of sensing errors due to the time offset between the sensing and decision making on the multiband joint detection technique. By considering the primary user's spectrum usage model, we formulate the optimization problem for the multiband joint detection for the non-cooperative and hard decision cooperative schemes. Numerical results show that sensing errors lead to performance degradation in terms of the aggregate opportunistic throughput and false alarm probability. However, cooperative sensing is effective in improving the performance of the multiband detection technique in the presence of sensing errors.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5472934,no
Rate-distortion analysis of weighted prediction for error resilience,"In this paper, we extend our work in [1] and address an approach to theoretically analyze the rate-distortion (R-D) performance of the weighted prediction feature provided within the scope of H.264/AVC. We consider the weighted prediction as a standard-compatible leaky prediction approach for the purpose of error resilience. We adopt a quantization noise model that explicitly formulates the relationship between the data rate and the distortion in the mean-square-error (MSE) sense. We derive a comprehensive rate-distortion function for both the error- free scenario and the one with error drift. Through adjusting the weight coefficients in H.264/AVC, we also simulate H.264/AVC video streaming over error-prone networks and obtain the operational rate-distortion results using various leaky factors for both error-free and error- drift scenarios. We compare our theoretical results with the operational R-D curves and demonstrate that the theoretical results conform with the operational results.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4712184,no
An adaptive and reliable data-path determination for Fault-Tolerant Ethernet using heartbeat mechanism,"In this paper, we introduce an implementation of the heartbeat mechanism to determine the route (called data-path) for communication between two nodes in a subnet. The data-path is adaptive and reliable in order to keep data flowing in the network continuously even if there are faults in the network. This is a utility for Fault-Tolerant Ethernet (FTE) implementation. Our implementation has been designed and developed as an essential module in a new fault-tolerant, large-scale network scheme called scalable autonomous fault-tolerant Ethernet (SAFE). The SAFE scheme has been developed for use in the combat system data network (CSDN). Our module not only detects the network fault but also provides the information for the fault recovery process. The implementation has been also validated through experiments in various network failure scenarios.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5711098,no
Design of Resource Space Model in Fault Diagnosis Knowledge of Rotating Machinery,"In this paper, we introduce the resource space model (RSM) which is a novelty semantic data model, to semantically store and manage information. Then we use the methods to classify some rotating mechanical fault diagnosis knowledge in semantic, construct RSM of part rotating mechanical fault diagnosis knowledge. In the end, we simply analyze the modelpsilas semantic characteristics in searching and management.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725979,no
Fault Analysis in OSS Based on Program Slicing Metrics,"In this paper, we investigate the barcode OSS using two of Weiser's original slice-based metrics (tightness and overlap) as a basis, complemented with fault data extracted from multiple versions of the same system. We compared the values of the metrics in functions with at least one reported fault with fault-free modules to determine a) whether significant differences in the two metrics would be observed and b) whether those metrics might allow prediction of faulty functions. Results revealed some interesting traits of the tightness metric and, in particular, how low values of that metric seemed to indicate fault-prone functions. A significant difference was found between the tightness metric values for faulty functions when compared to fault-free functions suggesting that tightness is the `better' of the two metrics in this sense. The overlap metric seemed less sensitive to differences between the two types of function.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5349887,no
Byzantine Fault Tolerant Coordination for Web Services Business Activities,"In this paper, we present a comprehensive study on the threats towards the coordination services for Web services business activities and explore the most optimal solution to mitigate such threats. A careful analysis of the state model of the coordination services reveals that it is sufficient to use a lightweight Byzantine fault tolerance algorithm that avoids performing expensive total ordering of all request messages. The algorithm and the associated mechanisms have been incorporated into an open-source framework implementing the standard Web services business activity specification and an extension protocol that enables the separation of the coordination tasks from the business logic. The performance evaluation results obtained using the working prototype confirm the optimality of our solution.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4578488,no
Error-Resilient Video Encoding and Transmission in Multirate Wireless LANs,"In this paper, we present a cross-layer approach for video transmission in wireless LANs that employs joint source and application-layer channel coding, together with rate adaptation at the wireless physical layer (PHY). While the purpose of adopting PHY rate adaptation in modern wireless LANs like the IEEE 802.11a/b is to maximize the throughput, in this paper we exploit this feature to increase the robustness of wireless video. More specifically, we investigate the impact of adapting the PHY transmission rate, thus changing the throughput and packet loss channel characteristics, on the rate-distortion performance of a transmitted video sequence. To evaluate the video quality at the decoder, we develop a cross-layer modeling framework that considers jointly the effect of application-layer joint source-channel coding (JSCC), error concealment, and the PHY transmission rate. The resulting models are used by an optimization algorithm that calculates the optimal JSCC allocation for each video frame, and PHY transmission rate for each outgoing transport packet. The comprehensive simulation results obtained with the H.264/AVC codec demonstrate considerable increase in the PSNR of the decoded video when compared with a system that employs separately JSCC and PHY rate adaptation. Furthermore, our performance analysis indicates that the optimal PHY transmission rate calculated by the proposed algorithm, can be significantly different when compared with rate adaptation algorithms that target throughput improvement.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4563440,no
SAFE: Scalable Autonomous Fault-tolerant Ethernet,"In this paper, we present a new fault-tolerant Ethernet scheme called SAFE (scalable autonomous fault-tolerant ethernet). SAFE scheme is based on software approach which takes place in layer 2 and layer 3 of the OSIRM. The goal of SAFE is to provide scalability, autonomous fault detection and recovery. SAFE divides a network into several subnets and limits the number of nodes in a subnet. Network can be extended by adding additional subnets. All nodes in a subnet automatically detect faults and perform fail-over by sending and receiving Ethernet based heartbeat each other. For inter-subnet fault recovery, SAFE manages master nodes in each subnet. Master nodes communicate each other using IP packets to exchange the subnet status. We also propose a master election algorithm to recover faults of master node automatically. Proposed SAFE performs efficiently for large scale network and provides fast and autonomous fault recovery.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4809972,no
Error-Resilient Video Transmission for Short-Range Point-to-Point Wireless Communication,"In this paper, we present a novel error resiliency approach for short-range point-to-point wireless video transmission systems that have particularly stringent delay constraints. We propose to utilize per-packet feedback information that can be generated and transmitted instantaneously from the receiver to the transmitter in such systems to help control the transmission errors. A framework for error resilient video transmission under low-latency constraints is presented, which incorporates the instantaneous feedback into the video encoder to stop error propagation, as well as into a channel adaptive retransmission scheme at the transmitter to reduce the residual packet loss rate. The channel adaptive retransmission scheme is integrated into the system without introducing any additional delay, which is achieved by dynamically adjusting the resource allocation between video source coding and retransmission, where different resource allocation strategies are applied for different channel conditions. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated in a real-time video transmission system, showing significant video quality improvements for a wide range of channel conditions.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5560100,no
REST-Based SOA Application in the Cloud: A Text Correction Service Case Study,"In this paper, we present a REST-based SOA system, Set It Right (SIR), where people can get feedback on and help with short texts. The rapid development of the SIR system, enabled by designing it as a set of services, and also leveraging commercially offered services, illustrates the strength of the SOA paradigm. Finally, we evaluate the Cloud Computing techniques and infrastructures used to deploy the system and how cloud technology can help shorten the time to market and lower the initial costs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5575780,no
Towards On-line Adaptation of Fault Tolerance Mechanisms,"In this paper, we address the crucial issue of online software adaptation: how to determine if the system is in an adaptable state? To solve this issue, we advocate the use of both Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) and reflective technologies. Such technologies enable a metamodel of the software architecture to be established to represent both structural and behavioral aspects. Based on some requirements expressed by the software designer, and using online animation of the software model (CBSE metamodels and Petri Nets), we propose an approach to 1/decide when the system (or a sub-system) is adaptable, and 2/ guide the system towards an adaptable state. Finally, this approach is applied to the online adaptation of replication mechanisms on a small case study.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5474198,no
Quality of IT service delivery  Analysis and framework for human error prevention,"In this paper, we address the problem of reducing the occurrence of Human Errors that cause service interruptions in IT Service Support and Delivery operations. Analysis of a large volume of service interruption records revealed that more than 21% of interruptions were caused by human error. We focus on Change Management, the process with the largest risk of human error, and identify the main instances of human errors as the 4 Wrongs: request, time, configuration item, and command. Analysis of change records revealed that the human-error prevention by partial automation is highly relevant. We propose the HEP Framework, a framework for execution of IT Service Delivery operations that reduces human error by addressing the 4 Wrongs using content integration, contextualization of operation patterns, partial automation of command execution, and controlled access to resources.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5707161,no
Closed-form expressions for symbol error rates of MIMO-MRC with channel estimation error,"In this paper, we derive closed form expressions for average symbol error rate of M-ary signalling for MIMO-MRC (MRT) systems over Rayleigh fading channels taking account of channel estimation errors. Following the moment generating function (mgf), we formulate the final expressions in the form of hypergeometric functions. The expressions are valid for an arbitrary number of antennas and any modulation levels. MRT system suffers significant performance degradation due to Gaussian estimation errors. Evenly distributed antenna system offers better trade-offs.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5349533,no
A Safety Analysis Method Using Fault Tree Analysis and Petri Nets,"In this paper, we describe a safety analysis method that utilizes two models, namely, Petri nets to model the behavioral aspects of a system, and fault tree analysis to model failure and hence unacceptable behaviors of a system. Using petri nets and fault tree analysis, we should be able to perform both forward and backward reachability analyses that are related to acceptable and unacceptable behaviors of a system. To show the feasibility of our proposed method, a case study, railroad crossing system, has been conducted.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5070769,no
"LBG-SQUARE Fault-Tolerant, Locality-Aware Co-Allocation in P2P Grids","In this paper, the deployment and execution of iterative stencil applications on a P2P grid middleware are investigated. So-called iterative stencil applications are composed of sets of heavily-communicating, long-running tasks. They thus require co-allocation of multiple reliable resources for extended periods of time. P2P grids are totally decentralized and provide on-demand, transparent access to edge resources, e.g. Internet-connected, non-dedicated desktop computers. A P2P grid has the potential to provide access to a large number of resources at the fraction of the cost of a dedicated cluster. However, edge resources are heterogeneous in performance and intrinsically unreliable: task execution failures are common due to resource preemption or resource failure. Furthermore, P2P grid schedulers usually target sets of independent computational Tasks, i.e. so-called Bags of Tasks applications. It is therefore not trivial to deploy and run an iterative stencil application on a P2P grid. Checkpointing is a common fault-tolerance mechanism in high performance distributed computing, often based on a centralized architecture. Locality-aware co-allocation in P2P grids has been recently investigated. Checkpointing and locality-aware co-allocation yet have to be integrated in P2P grids. We propose to provide co-allocation through an existing middleware-level Bag of Tasks scheduling mechanism. We also introduce a layer of fault-tolerance for the iterative stencils that relies on a scalable, application-level, P2P checkpointing mechanism. Finally, LBG-SQUARE is described. This software results from the combination of a specific Iterative Stencil application (a computational fluid dynamics simulation software called LaBoGrid) with a P2P grid middleware (Lightweight Bartering Grid).",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4710988,no
Faults diagnosis methodology for the WaferNet interconnection network,"In this paper, the interconnection network (WaferNet) which is part of an active and reconfigurable prototyping board, named WaferBoardtrade, is analyzed to derive efficient defect diagnosis. The WaferNet structure spans an entire silicon wafer that inevitably contains defects, due to the nature of the microfabrication process, and defect management strategies are inserted in the design flow. Defects must be accurately located to efficiently reconfigure the circuit around them. Key differences between a conventional printed circuit board and WaferNet justify the proposed diagnosis methodology. A sequential walking-one algorithm and a broadcast algorithm are proposed to locate shorts or stuck-at faults in the network. It is shown that dedicated hardware architectures must be integrated in the network to locate those defects in a reasonable time. Analysis shows that the proposed diagnosis time complexity is O(n<sup>2</sup>), where n is the number of cells in the matrix. An upper bound time limit is calculated that depends on both the size and the number of faults in the circuits.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5290412,no
"Hardware and software realization of time error measurements with real-time assessment of ADEV, TDEV, and MTIE","In this paper, the measuring system SP-4000, which allows for the analysis of timing signals in telecommunication networks, has been described briefly. The solutions that make possible the cooperation between time error meters of this system and the real-time assessment of the parameters have been described. Because of the limitations of computer technology, the user can choose real-time computation for only a single channel. The current version does not allow simultaneous traditional computations and real-time computations. We expect that in the future such computations will be possible for channels that are not chosen for real-time assessment of ADEV, TDEV, and MTIE. We also plan to increase the number of channels capable of real-time computations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6533710,no
Robust fault detection for LPV systems using a consistency-based state estimation approach and zonotopes,"In this paper, the problem of robust fault detection for Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) systems using a consistency-based state estimation approach is proposed. Robustness is faced by considering process/measurement noises and parametric uncertainties following a set-membership approach. A set-membership state estimator based on propagating the uncertainty using zonotopes is proposed as means to check the consistency between model and measurements. Modeling uncertainty is represented by bounding model parameters in intervals. Process and measurement noise are also considered unknown but bounded. Finally, an example based on Twin Rotor MIMO System (TRMS) is proposed to validate the proposed approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7074895,no
Detection and Diagnosis of Static Scan Cell Internal Defect,"In this paper, we study the impact, detection and diagnosis of the defect inside a scan cell, which is called scan cell internal defect. We first use SPICE simulation to understand how a scan cell internal defect impacts the operation of a single scan cell. To study the detectability and diagnosability of a scan cell internal defect in a production test environment, we inject scan cell internal defects into a scan-based industrial design and perform fault simulation by using production scan test patterns. Next, we evaluate how effective an existing scan chain diagnosis technique based on traditional fault models can diagnose scan cell internal defect. We finally propose a new diagnosis algorithm to improve scan cell internal defect diagnostic resolution using scan cell internal fault model. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed scan cell internal fault diagnosis technique.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700596,no
Simulation and diagnosis in the stator fault of induction motors,"In this paper, when the stator fault, the stator input voltage of motor are deduced, based on the mathematical model of induction motor in the  reference frame. Establish and simulate the stator fault three-phase induction motor model to get the stator fault currents. Using filters to remove the 50 Hz fundamental component of stator fault currents, then do the spectral analysis of these currents. The simulation results can detect a clear (1/n<sub>p</sub>)f<sub>1</sub> harmonic component of stator fault current. Based on this simulation results we can accurately diagnose the motor stator fault. This diagnostic method has a great help to predict and identify the stator fault.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5541469,no
A scheme for peer-to-peer live streaming with multi-source multicast and forward error correction,"In this paper, we propose a scheme for peer-to-peer (P2P) live streaming with multi-source multicast and forward error correction. In our scheme, there is a control topology for membership management, and a multi-source multicast tree for data delivery. The control topology facilitates peers to locate multiple sources for media content, and the multi- source multicast tree make the system adaptive to node churn and packet loss. Simulation results show that the performance of our proposed method is significantly better than that of BitTorrent-Like (BT-Like) systems.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4518074,no
Memory Yield Improvement through Multiple Test Sequences and Application-Aware Fault Models,"In this paper, we propose a way to improve the yield of memory products by selecting the appropriate test strategy for memory Built- in Self-Test (BIST). We argue that by testing the memory through a sequence of test algorithms which differ in their fault coverage, it is possible to bin the memory into multiple yield bins and increase the yield and product revenue. Further, the test strategy must take into consideration the usage model of the memory. Thus, a number of video and audio buffers are used in sequential access mode, but are overtested using conventional memory test algorithms which model a large number of defects which do not impact the operation of the buffers. We propose a binning strategy where memory test algorithms are applied in different order of strictness such that bins have a specific defect / fault grade. Depending on the applications some of these bins need not be discarded but sold at a lower price as the functionality would never catch the fault due to its usage of memory. We introduce the notion of a test map for the on-chip memories in a SoC and provide results of yield simulation on two specific test strategies called ""Most Strict First"" and ""Least Strict First"". Our simulations indicate that significant improvements in yield are possible through the adoption of the proposed technique. We show that the BIST controller area and run-time overheads also reduce when information about the usage model of the memory, such as sequential access, is exploited.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4450498,no
Bit Error Rate Performance Enhancement of a Retrodirective Array Over a Conventional Fixed Beam Array in a Dynamic Multipath Environment,"In this paper, we provide experimental evidence to show that enhanced bit error rate (BER) performance is possible using a retrodirective array operating in a dynamically varying multipath environment. The operation of such a system will be compared to that obtained by a conventional nonretrodirective array. The ability of the array to recover amplitude shift keyed encoded data transmitted from a remote location whose position is not known <i>a priori</i> is described. In addition, its ability to retransmit data inserted at the retrodirective array back to a spatially remote beacon location whose position is also not known beforehand is also demonstrated. Comparison with an equivalent conventional fixed beam antenna array utilizing an identical radiating aperture arrangement to that of the retrodirective array are given. These show that the retrodirective array can effectively exploit the presence of time varying multipath in order to give significant reductions in BER over what can be otherwise achieved. Additionally, the retrodirective system is shown to be able to deliver low BER regardless of whether line of sight is present or absent.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5427097,no
Error-Resilient and Low-Complexity Onboard Lossless Compression of Hyperspectral Images by Means of Distributed Source Coding,"In this paper, we propose a lossless compression algorithm for hyperspectral images inspired by the distributed-source-coding (DSC) principle. DSC refers to separate compression and joint decoding of correlated sources, which are taken as adjacent bands of a hyperspectral image. This concept is used to design a compression scheme that provides error resilience, very low complexity, and good compression performance. These features are obtained employing scalar coset codes to encode the current band at a rate that depends on its correlation with the previous band, without encoding the prediction error. Iterative decoding employs the decoded version of the previous band as side information and uses a cyclic redundancy code to verify correct reconstruction. We develop three algorithms based on this paradigm, which provide different tradeoffs between compression performance, error resilience, and complexity. Their performance is evaluated on raw and calibrated AVIRIS images and compared with several existing algorithms. Preliminary results of a field-programmable gate array implementation are also provided, which show that the proposed algorithms can sustain an extremely high throughput.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5338026,no
Detecting intrusion faults in remotely controlled systems,"In this paper, we propose a method to detect an unauthorized control signal being sent to a remote-controlled system (deemed an ldquointrusion faultrdquo or ldquointrusionrdquo) despite attempts to conceal the intrusion. We propose adding a random perturbation to the control signal and using signal detection techniques to determine the presence of that signal in observations of the system. Detection of these perturbations indicates that an authorized or ldquotrustedrdquo operator is in control of the system. We analyze a worst case scenario (in terms of detection of the intrusion), discuss construction of signal detectors, and demonstrate our method through a simple example of a point robot with dynamics.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5160086,no
An Error-Minimizing Approach to Regularization in Indirect Measurements,"Indirect measurements often amount to the estimation of the parameters of a mathematical model that describes the object under investigation, and this process may numerically be ill conditioned. Various regularization techniques are used to solve the problem. This paper shows that popular regularization methods can be depicted as special cases of a generalized approach based on a penalty term in the minimized criterion function and how different kinds of a priori knowledge can be engaged into each of them. A new function, which depends on the estimate bias and variance, is proposed to find a regularization parameter that minimizes the error of estimation, as well as a novel approach for nonlinear estimation that results in the iterative minimization (IM) method. The superiority of IM with respect to the conventional Marquardt procedure is demonstrated. Based on analysis, it also follows that the regularization technique can be used even in the case of numerically well-conditioned indirect measurements, decreasing the total error of estimation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5232897,no
Generalized model of three-phase induction motor for fault analysis,"Induction motors are critical components in many industrial processes. In spite of their robustness they do occasionally fail and their resulting unplanned downtime can prove very costly. Therefore, condition monitoring of electrical machines has received considerable attention in recent years. A suitable model enables motor faults to be simulated and the change in corresponding parameters to be predicted without physical experimentation. This paper presents a mathematical foundation and theoretical analysis of asymmetric stator faults in induction machines. A three-phase induction motor is simulated with simple differential equations. Experimental verification of excitation current under healthy condition is given.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4602598,no
Sequential decision fusion for controlled detection errors,"Information fusion in biometrics has received considerable attention. The architecture proposed here is based on the sequential integration of multi-instance and multi-sample fusion schemes. This method is analytically shown to improve the performance and allow a controlled trade-off between false alarms and false rejects when the classifier decisions are statistically independent. Equations developed for detection error rates are experimentally evaluated by considering the proposed architecture for text dependent speaker verification using Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based digit dependent speaker models. The tuning of parameters, n classifiers and m attempts/samples, is investigated and the resultant detection error trade-off performance is evaluated on individual digits. Results show that performance improvement can be achieved even for weaker classifiers (FRR-19.6%, FAR-16.7%). The architectures investigated apply to speaker verification from spoken digit strings such as credit card numbers in telephone or VOIP or internet based applications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5712048,no
The effect of the number of inspectors on the defect estimates produced by capture-recapture models,"Inspections can be made more cost-effective by using capture-recapture methods to estimate post-inspection defects. Previous capture-recapture studies of inspections used relatively small data sets compared with those used in biology and wildlife research (the origin of the models). A common belief is that capture-recapture models underestimate the number of defects but their performance can be improved with data from more inspectors. This increase has not been evaluated in detail. This paper evaluates new estimators from biology not been previously applied to inspections. Using a data from seventy-three inspectors, we analyze the effect of the number of inspectors on the quality of estimates. Contrary to previous findings indicating that Jackknife is the best estimator, our results show that the SC estimators are better suited to software inspections. Our results also provide a detailed analysis of the number of inspectors necessary to obtain estimates within 5% to 20% of the actual.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4814144,no
A review on fault prognostics in integrated health management,"Integrated health management (IHM) is an advanced technology which integrated artificial intelligence with advanced test and information technologies. Having gone through fault detection, isolation and reconfiguration and immerged with the state of arts reasoning technologies, IHM monitors and controls the function of critical systems and components in order to ensure safe and efficient operation. An IHM system usually comprises seven functional modules, namely data acquisition, signal/feature extraction, condition assessment, diagnostics, prognostics, decision reasoning and human interface. Among them, fault prognostics are not only the core of IHM, but also an important guarantee to reduce the costs of life-cycle maintenance, and to improve system security. Fault prognostics is the process to project the current health state of equipment into the future taking into account estimates of future usage profiles. It may report health status at a future time, or may estimate the remaining useful lifetime (RUL) of a machine given its projected usage profile. In recent years, fault prognostics are under unprecedented attentions. And it is becoming the most challenging research area which is so-called crystal ball of IHM. Based on the theory, methods and routes adopted in the practical application, fault prognostics is generally fallen into three main categories, namely model-based approaches, knowledge-based approaches and data-based approaches. Then, based on the analysis of some typical applications on each approaches, the strengths and weaknesses of each approach are further discussed. Finally, according to the current research situation at home and abroad, the future development trend of fault prognostics is also presented.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5274082,no
The Study of Non-uniformity Correction Algorithm for IRFPA Based on Neural Network,"It is very important to study non-uniformity correction algorithm in infrared focal plane array (IRFPA). In order to improve the convergence speed and non-stability in traditional neural network non-uniformity correction algorithm, a new scene-based non-uniformity correction algorithm for IRFPA was designed in this paper. The algorithm firstly arrange a pixelpsilas gray value and its around eight pixelspsila gray value from small to big and compute the mid 5 valuespsila mean in this new sequence as the pixelpsilas new gray value. Then using a traditional neural network algorithm do a non-uniformity correction on the infrared image again. Besides, we try to use a new estimating algorithm to calculate precisely the scope of the convergence constant in iterative equations. Compared with the result of several algorithms, the new algorithm has better correction effect than other three algorithms, and gets faster convergence speed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722762,no
Design and Implementation of a Java Fault Injector for Exhaustif SWIFI Tool,"Java is a successful programming environment and its use has grown from little embedded applications until enterprise network servers based on J2EE. This intensive use of Java demands the validation of their fault tolerance mechanisms to avoid unexpected behavior of the applications at runtime. This paper describes the design and implementation of a fault injector for the ldquoExhaustif<sup>reg</sup>rdquo SWIFI tool. A specific fault model for Java applications that include class corruption/substitution at loading time, method call interception and unexpected exception thrown is proposed. The injector uses the JVMTI (Java virtual machine tool interface) to perform bytecode instrumentation at runtime to carry out the fault model previously defined. Finally a XML formalization of the specific Java fault model is proposed. This approach, JVMTI + XML fault model description, provides complete independency between the system under test and the fault injection tool, as well the interoperability with another SWIFI tools.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5261033,no
A Jittered-Sampling Correction Technique for ADCs,"Jittered sampling raises the noise floor in Analogue to Digital Converters (ADCs). This leads to a decrease in its Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) and its effective number of bits (ENOB). This extended abstract proposes a technique that compensate for the effects of sampling with a jittered clock. A novel technique based on phase demodulation of the clock oscillator and Taylor series approximation is proposed to counter the effects of clock jitter in ADCs. Since jitter is caused by phase noise, phase demodulation provides a good estimate of the instantaneous jitter. A VLSI implementation of Taylor series is used to predict the input signal value at the correct time instant.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4459550,no
An improved fault ride-through strategy for doubly fed induction generator-based wind turbines,"Keeping the generators operating during transient grid faults becomes an obligation for the bulk wind generation units connected to the transmission network and it is highly desired for distribution wind generators. A proposed scheme is implemented to keep the wind-power DFIG operating during transient grid faults. Challenges imposed on the generator configuration and the control during the fault and recovering periods are presented. A comprehensive time domain model for the DFIG with the decoupled dq controller is implemented using Matlab/Simulink software. Intensive simulation results are discussed to ensure the validity and feasibility of the proposed fault ride through technique. The scheme protects the DFIG components, fulfills the grid code requirements and optimises the hardware added to the generator.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4610978,no
Effect of correlations on the symbol error rate of orthogonal space-time block codes in keyhole MIMO channels,"Keyhole channels generally characterize rank-efficient MIMO channels, which were predicted theoretically and also observed experimentally. In this paper, we present error rate performance analysis of orthogonal space-time block codes (STBCs) in correlated keyhole multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels, which is not only suitable for exponential correlation models, but also for constant correlation models. Using a moment-generation-function (MGF) based approach, we provide the exact expressions of the average symbol error rate (SER). Simulation results are provided to validate our analytical results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5250581,no
Research on obstacles of knowledge sharing of transformation of science and technology achievements by fault tree analysis,"Knowledge sharing (KS) is important means to improve the rate of transformation of sci-tech achievements (TSA). The obstacles of KS of TSA are mainly from sharing subject obstacles, sharing environment obstacles and shared knowledge itself obstacles. Structure importance, probability importance and critical importance are analyzed based on expert investigation by fault tree analysis (FTA) to make a conclusion that main obstacles of KS of TSA are unreasonable organization structure and lack of technical platform.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4669037,no
Fault ride through of DFIG wind turbines during symmetrical voltage dip with crowbar or stator current feedback solution,"Low Voltage Ride Through is an important feature for wind turbine systems to fulfill grid code requirements. In case of wind turbine technologies using doubly fed induction generators the reaction to grid voltage disturbances is sensitive. Hardware or software protection must be implemented to protect the converter from tripping during severe grid voltage faults. In this paper two methods for low voltage ride through of symmetrical grid voltage dips are investigated. As a basis, an analysis of the rotor voltages during grid fault is given. First, the conventional hardware method using a crowbar is introduced. Then the stator current reference feedback solution is presented. Both methods are investigated and compared by simulation results using 2 MW wind turbine system parameters. Measurement results on a 22 kW laboratory DFIG test bench show the effectiveness of the proposed control technique.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5618076,no
Low error rate LDPC decoders,"Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have been demonstrated to perform very close to the Shannon limit when decoded iteratively. However challenges persist in building practical high-throughput decoders due to the existence of error floors at low error rate levels. We apply high-throughput hardware emulation to capture errors and error-inducing noise realizations, which allow for in-depth analysis. This method enables the design of LDPC decoders that operate without error floors down to very low bit error rate (BER) levels. Such emulation-aided studies facilitate complex systems designs.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5469944,no
Automatic fault detection and diagnosis in complex software systems by information-theoretic monitoring,"Management metrics of complex software systems exhibit stable correlations which can enable fault detection and diagnosis. Current approaches use specific analytic forms, typically linear, for modeling correlations. In this paper we use normalized mutual information as a similarity measure to identify clusters of correlated metrics, without knowing the specific form. We show how we can apply the Wilcoxon rank-sum test to identify anomalous behaviour. We present two diagnosis algorithms to locate faulty components: RatioScore, based on the Jaccard coefficient, and SigScore, which incorporates knowledge of component dependencies. We evaluate our mechanisms in the context of a complex enterprise application. Through fault injection experiments, we show that we can detect 17 out of 22 faults without any false positives. We diagnose the faulty component in the top five anomaly scores 7 times out of 17 using SigScore, which is 40% better than when system structure is ignored.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270324,no
Architectural-Based Validation of Fault-Tolerant Software,"Many architecture-centred approaches have been proposed for constructing dependable component-based systems. However, few of them provide an integrated solution for their development that combines fault prevention, fault removal, and fault tolerance techniques. This paper proposes a rigorous development approach based on an architectural abstraction, which combines formal methods and robustness testing. The architectural abstraction assumes a crash failure semantics, and when it is instantiated as an architectural element provides the basis for architecting fault tolerant systems. The architecture is formally specified using the B-method and CSP. Assurances that the software system is indeed dependable are obtained by combining formal specification for removing ambiguities from the architectural representation, and robustness testing for validating the source code against its software architecture. The feasibility of the proposed approach is illustrated in the context of a financial critical system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5234313,no
The Effectiveness of Automated Static Analysis Tools for Fault Detection and Refactoring Prediction,"Many automated static analysis (ASA) tools have been developed in recent years for detecting software anomalies. The aim of these tools is to help developers to eliminate software defects at early stages and produce more reliable software at a lower cost. Determining the effectiveness of ASA tools requires empirical evaluation. This study evaluates coding concerns reported by three ASA tools on two open source software (OSS) projects with respect to two types of modifications performed in the studied software CVS repositories: corrections of faults that caused failures, and refactoring modifications. The results show that fewer than 3% of the detected faults correspond to the coding concerns reported by the ASA tools. ASA tools were more effective in identifying refactoring modifications and corresponded to about 71% of them. More than 96% of the coding concerns were false positives that do not relate to any fault or refactoring modification.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4815346,no
Design of LDPC decoders for improved low error rate performance: quantization and algorithm choices,"Many classes of high-performance low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are based on parity check matrices composed of permutation submatrices. We describe the design of a parallel-serial decoder architecture that can be used to map any LDPC code with such a structure to a hardware emulation platform. High-throughput emulation allows for the exploration of the low bit-error rate (BER) region and provides statistics of the error traces, which illuminate the causes of the error floors of the (2048, 1723) Reed-Solomon based LDPC (RS-LDPC) code and the (2209, 1978) array-based LDPC code. Two classes of error events are observed: oscillatory behavior and convergence to a class of non-codewords, termed absorbing sets. The influence of absorbing sets can be exacerbated by message quantization and decoder implementation. In particular, quantization and the log-tanh function approximation in sum-product decoders strongly affect which absorbing sets dominate in the errorfloor region. We show that conventional sum-product decoder implementations of the (2209, 1978) array-based LDPC code allow low-weight absorbing sets to have a strong effect, and, as a result, elevate the error floor. Dually-quantized sum-product decoders and approximate sum-product decoders alleviate the effects of low-weight absorbing sets, thereby lowering the error floor.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5336848,no
Automated Generation of Similar Paths for Localizing Program Faults,"Localizing a program fault accurately in debugging is complex and time-consuming. In the process of fault diagnosing, identifying or generating the successful test paths as similar as possible to the failed test is core for the effectiveness of faults localization. A method for calculating the similarity between two test paths based on analyzing difference between program control-flow is defined, and a novel algorithm based on DD-graph for generating similar path set directly from a failed test is proposed. It is experimentally proved that the proposed algorithm can generate a similar path set for a failed path and can help to localize the program faults.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5363524,no
Tool Support for Fault Localization Using Architectural Models,"Locating software faults is a problematic activity in many systems. Existing tool approaches usually work close to the system implementation, requiring the developer to perform tedious code analyses in which the amount of information she must manage is usually overwhelming. This problem calls for approaches able to work at higher abstraction levels than code. In this context, we present a tool approach, called FLABot, to assist fault-localization tasks. A novelty of FLABot is that it reasons about faults using software architecture information. Based on Use-case-maps and system logs, FLABot performs a heuristic search for possible faulty functions in the architecture, and then maps these functions to code sections. This allows the developer to quickly navigate large systems and spot code regions that may contain faults, which can be further debugged using conventional techniques. Our preliminary experiments have shown that FLABot is practical and reduces the efforts for discovering faults.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4812739,no
Error Corrected Rectangulation Method for Location Determination of Mobile in GSM Network,Location determination in GSM network is the major challenging issue due to the several complexities on both software and hardware side. The location of mobile node is always an important issue in GSM network because location based services to facilitate the user is gaining popularity in public. An error corrected rectangulation method based on intensity (ECRMI) is proposed that estimate the location of the mobile using the similar idea as DGPS.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4756419,no
A Novel Collaborative Sparse-Anchored Localization Algorithm and Error Analysis for WSN,"Location information is very crucial for the sensing data in wireless sensor networks (WSN). But localization precision and cost are two challenging problems for practical localization applications. We proposed a novel algorithm to tackle these challenges. Our collaborative sparse-anchored scheme, CSA, utilizes multi-hop anchors collaboration to improve localization accuracy and ratio, especially for unknown nodes on edge of network. Furthermore, it overcomes ill-equation problem of minimal mean square algorithm (MMS). Error analysis demonstrates that position error and ranging error of some anchors can incur huge error. So it is necessary to judge the feasibility of reference anchor. Our experimental results verify validity and accuracy. It improves feasibility and cost of WSN positioning techniques, significantly.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4678852,no
Compensation of inertia error in brake dynamometer testing,"Loss in terms of windage and bearing friction is an important origin of inertia error to be compensated in brake dynamometer testing, acquisition of which has always been a troublesome problem. An indirect method of loss measurement using speed data under null pipeline pressure is described in this paper. Mathematical model of resistance torque or energy loss is calculated by regression of collected speed data using SPSS software. Error compensation of two inertia simulating methods, torque control method and energy compensation method, is discussed. Experiments of the former are conducted on NT11 brake dynamometer, which proves it to be effective in eliminating inertia error.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5157728,no
A method for diagnosing resistive open faults with considering adjacent lines,"It is believed that resistive open faults can cause small delay defects at wires, contacts, and/or vias of a circuit. However, it remains to be elucidated whether any methods could diagnose resistive open faults. We propose a method for diagnosing resistive open faults by using a diagnostic delay fault simulation with the minimum detectable delay fault size. We also introduce a fault excitation function for the resistive open fault to improve the accuracy of the diagnostic result. The fault excitation function for the resistive open fault can determine a size of an additional delay at a faulty line with considering the effect of the adjacent lines. We demonstrated that the proposed method is capable of identifying fault locations for the resistive open fault with a small computation cost.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5665061,no
Influence of window width selection in fault diagnosis of loudspeaker based on Short-time Fourier Transform,"It is important that selects window function and width to Short-time Fourier Transform(STFT). Especially, when diagnosing fault loudspeaker, the different analysis window function and width can influent the result of analysis on respond signal of loudspeaker. So, it proposed a selecting analysis window function and width method based on the energy correction factor, the maximum side lobe and main lobe peak value in the frequency domain. Through reasonable selecting analysis window function and width, it can reduce the influence of truncation of signal caused by the Gibbs phenomenon and resolve the frequency resolution problem on STFT. Therefore, it can be more accurately to extract the fault feature of loudspeaker, and improve the loudspeaker on-line automatic fault detection accuracy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5563855,no
Error-Correcting Output Coding for the Convolutional Neural Network for Optical Character Recognition,"It is known that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are efficient for optical character recognition (OCR) and many other visual classification tasks. This paper applies error-correcting output coding (ECOC) to the CNN for segmentation-free OCR such that: 1) the CNN target outputs are designed according to code words of length N; 2) the minimum Hamming distance of the code words is designed to be as large as possible given N. ECOC provides the CNN with the ability to reject or correct output errors to reduce character insertions and substitutions in the recognized text. Also, using code words instead of letter images as the CNN target outputs makes it possible to construct an OCR for a new language without designing the letter images as the target outputs. Experiments on the recognition of English letters, 10 digits, and some special characters show the effectiveness of ECOC in reducing insertions and substitutions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5277584,no
A background removing method of MR images and its application in the intensity nonuniformity correction methods,"Intensity nonuniformity correction is a necessary preprocessing method in MR images segmentation. Most of intensity nonuniformity correction methods need to remove the background of the images. In this paper, we propose a segmentation method based on the region growing to remove the background as a instead of the threshold method which is wildly used in the intensity nonuniformity correction methods. We tested this method on a lot of MR images and applied it to the N3 method. The experiments showed that it performances better than the threshold method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4570607,no
A Novel Routing Algorithm for Achieving Static Fault-Tolerance in 2-D Meshes,"Interconnection networks encompass a large number of technologies; from chip-to-chip communications to the system area networks (SANS), and in particular as the communication medium for multiprocessors. Interconnection networks offer communication with high reliability, high throughput, and low latency, all being vital factors for closely cooperating units. In the event that the interconnection network fails, the remainder of the system is left disconnected. Thus, it is essential to be able to keep the graceful degradation of reliability in these systems, even in the presence of faulty components. Adaptive fault-tolerant routing algorithms have been the subject of extensive research in recent years. In this paper, this issue is addressed through a new fault-tolerant routing algorithm to prevent static faults in interconnection networks with 2-D mesh topology. The suggested algorithm requires no change to the way packets are routed in the fault-free case, can be easily implemented, does not require the use of routing tables, and is well-suited for use in high-performance systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5578234,no
Towards understanding the effects of intermittent hardware faults on programs,"Intermittent hardware faults are bursts of errors that last from a few CPU cycles to a few seconds. They are caused by process variations, circuit wear-out, and temperature, clock or voltage fluctuations. Recent studies show that intermittent fault rates are increasing due to technology scaling and are likely to be a significant concern in future systems. We study the propagation of intermittent faults to programs; in particular, we are interested in the crash behaviour of programs. We use a model of a program that represents the data dependencies in a fault-free trace of the program and we analyze this model to glean some information about the length of intermittent faults and their effect on the program under specific fault and crash models. The results of our study can aid fault detection, diagnosis and recovery techniques.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5542613,no
Handling errors in parallel programs based on happens before relations,"Intervals are a new model for parallel programming based on an explicit happens before relation. Intervals permit fine-grained but high-level control of the program scheduler, and they dynamically detect and prevent deadlocking schedules. In this paper, we discuss the design decisions that led to the intervals model, focusing on error detection and handling. Our error propagation scheme makes use of the happens before relation to detect and abort dependent tasks that occur between the point where a failure occurs and where the failure is handled.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5470943,no
A Continuous Fault Countermeasure for AES Providing a Constant Error Detection Rate,"Many implementations of cryptographic algorithms have shown to be susceptible to fault attacks. To detect manipulations, countermeasures have been proposed. In the case of AES, most countermeasures deal with the non-linear and the linear part separately, which either leaves vulnerable points at the interconnections or causes different error detection rates across the algorithm. In this paper, we present a way to achieve a constant error detection rate throughout the whole algorithm. The use of extended AN+B codes together with redundant table lookups allows to construct a countermeasure that provides complete protection against adversaries who are able to inject faults of byte size or less. The same holds for adversaries who skip an instruction. Other adversaries are detected with a probability of more than 99%.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5577364,no
A Distributed Workflow Mapping Algorithm for Minimum End-to-End Delay under Fault-Tolerance Constraint,Many large-scale scientific applications feature distributed computing workflows of complex structures that must be executed and transferred in shared wide-area networks consisting of unreliable nodes and links. Mapping these computing workflows in such faulty network environments for optimal latency while ensuring certain fault tolerance is crucial to the success of eScience that requires both performance and reliability. We construct analytical cost models and formulate workflow mapping as an optimization problem under failure rate constraint. We propose a distributed heuristic mapping solution based on recursive critical path to achieve minimum end-to-end delay and satisfy a pre-specified overall failure rate for a guaranteed level of fault tolerance. The performance superiority of the proposed mapping solution is illustrated by extensive simulation-based comparisons with existing mapping algorithms.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5695642,no
Improving MapReduce fault tolerance in the cloud,"MapReduce has been used at Google, Yahoo, FaceBook etc., even for their production jobs. However, according to a recent study, a single failure on a Hadoop job could cause a 50% increase in completion time. Amazon Elastic MapReduce has been provided to help users perform data-intensive tasks for their applications. These applications may have high fault tolerance and/or tight SLA requirements. However, MapReduce fault tolerance in the cloud is more challenging as topology control and (data) rack locality currently are not possible. In this paper, we investigate how redundent copies can be provisioned for tasks to improve MapReduce fault tolerance in the cloud while reducing latency.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5470865,no
A Method for Diagnosing the Cylinder Fault of Engine Based on Artificial Neural Network,"Measured the instantaneous speed of diesel engine and analyzed the mechanism of fault diagnosis with speed signal. Processed the speed signal with method of spectrum analysis and complexity analysis and analyzed the change law of speed in condition of mis-cylinder. Calculated [K,C] complexity of speed signal and got the features of mis-cylinder fault. Set up a BP neural network to diagnose mis-cylinder fault of diesel engine.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4721702,no
A research of an improved ellipse method in magnetoresistive sensors error compensation,"Measurement of the weak geomagnetic signal is very prone to the factors of the environmental interference. Through theory analysis and simulation research, it is found that the error compensation ellipse method commonly applied in engineering practice is unable to reduce the quadrant error due to soft iron materials effectively. In response to the phenomenon that the ellipse revolves around the long and short axes in the plane, the conception and mathematical description of the rotation factor are brought forward, in the meantime, the error compensation experiments and data analysis concerning this improved ellipse method are also carried out. The result of research shows that the error compensation effect by using this particular method is improved significantly compared with the ellipse method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246599,no
3DPPS for early detection of arcing faults,"New approach to high impedance fault detection, which allows for detecting it basing on yet some random arcing at the beginning of the fault, is presented in this paper. The proposed solution was developed within novel protection methodology - 3D power protection scheme (3DPPS). The identification of the fault is based on monitoring of symmetry deviations of three phase voltage or current signals. Fundamental signal components carry the biggest amount of information on the actual state of the protected system and are processed in order to extract out the necessary information proving an occurrence of a high impedance fault that must be cleared for safety purposes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6007202,no
Generating Minimal Fault Detecting Test Suites for Boolean Expressions,"New coverage criteria for Boolean expressions are regularly introduced with two goals: to detect specific classes of realistic faults and to produce as small as possible test suites. In this paper we investigate whether an approach targeting specific fault classes using several reduction policies can achieve that less test cases are generated than by previously introduced testing criteria. In our approach, the problem of finding fault detecting test cases can be formalized as a logical satisfiability problem, which can be efficiently solved by a SAT algorithm. We compare this approach with respect to the well-known MUMCUT and Minimal-MUMCUT strategies by applying it to a series of case studies commonly used as benchmarks, and show that it can reduce the number of test cases further than Minimal-MUMCUT.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463715,no
New results on periodic sequences with large k-error linear complexity,"Niederreiter showed that there is a class of periodic sequences which possess large linear complexity and large k- error linear complexity simultaneously. This result disproved the conjecture that there exists a trade-off between the linear complexity and the k-error linear complexity of a periodic sequence by Ding et al.. Using the entropy function in coding theory, we obtain three main results which hold for much larger k than those of Niederreiter et al.: a) sequences with maximal linear complexity and almost maximal k-error linear complexity with general periods; b) sequences with maximal linear complexity and maximal k-error linear complexity with special periods; c) sequences with maximal linear complexity and almost maximal k-error linear complexity in the asymptotic case with composite periods.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4595423,no
Error analysis of 3Dc-based normal map compression and its application to optimized quantization,"Normal mapping is one of the most essential technologies for realistic three-dimensional computer graphics. In conventional normal map compression such as 3Dc, only the x and y components are encoded and the z components are restored based on the normalizing condition. In this paper, we present an intuitively comprehensive error analysis for this approach. As a result, we reveal in what condition compression error becomes larger. We also present a non-linear quantization algorithm based on the formula for better compression performance than the conventional approaches. Experimental results using 300 normal map demonstrate that the PSNR is improved by 0.29 dB on average. Our algorithm is compatible with random access and highly-parallel processing on GPU.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4517825,no
"SLAM With Joint Sensor Bias Estimation: Closed Form Solutions on Observability, Error Bounds and Convergence Rates","Notable problems in Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) are caused by biases and drifts in both exteroceptive and proprioceptive sensors. The impacts of sensor biases include inconsistent map estimates and inaccurate localization. Unlike Map Aided Localisation with Joint Sensor Bias Estimation (MAL-JSBE), SLAM with Joint Sensor Bias Estimation (SLAM-JSBE) is more complex as it encompasses a state space, which increases with the discovery of new landmarks and the inherent map to vehicle correlations. The properties such as observability, error bounds and convergence rates of SLAM-JSBE using an augmented estimation theoretic, state space approach, are investigated here. SLAM-JSBE experiments, which adhere to the derived constraints, are demonstrated using a low cost inertial navigation sensor suite.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5208263,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>A Method of Improving Precision in Software Testing Based on Defect Patterns,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>This paper presents a method, control-flow interval iteration in presence of interprocedural side-effect analysis, to improve test precision in software testing based on defect patterns, then an exact interval computation can be used in defect test algorithm of DTS. Our experiment shows that the DTS, using this method, can reduce the false positive rate and drop defect rate effectively.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5116354,no
Spatial non-stationary correlation noise modeling for Wyner-Ziv error resilience video coding,"Most of the Wyner-Ziv (WZ) video coding schemes in literature model the correlation noise (CN) between original frame and side information (SI) by a given distribution whose parameters are estimated in an offline process. In this paper, an online CN modeling algorithm is proposed towards a more practical WZ-based error resilient video coding (WZ-ERVC). In ERVC scenario, the side-information is typically generated from the error concealed picture instead of bi-directional motion prediction. The proposed online CN modeling algorithm achieves the so-called classification gain by exploiting the spatially non-stationary characteristics of the motion field and texture. The CN between the source and error concealed SI is modeled by a Laplacian mixture model, where each mixture component represents the statistical distribution of prediction residuals and the mixing coefficients portray the motion vectors estimation error. Experimental results demonstrate significant performance gains both in rate and distortion versus the conventional Laplacian model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5413508,no
Fault tree analysis of a fire hazard of a power distribution cabinet with Petri Nets,Motivation of this study is to verify system safety analysis of HAVELSAN Peace Eagle Program developed hardware items for Ground Support Systems. A preliminary hazard analysis for each of the hardware developed items are performed and safety hazard analysis models are constructed with risk assessment of hazards based on their probability of occurrences for future operational and maintenance activities. An example for this kind of analysis the system safety fault tree analysis model of a Ground Support Segment Mission Simulator subsystem Power Distribution Adapter Cabinet design with hazardous risk assessments criteria according to the military standard specifications. Same analysis approach then modeled with Petri Nets that has extensions from fault tree analysis approach and enables the modeler to represent the probability of occurrences in the system design phase. Same model can be built in the specification phase which creates the potential for early validation of the system design behavior.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5641966,no
Targeting error simulator for image-guided prostate needle placement,"Motivation: Needle-based biopsy and local therapy of prostate cancer depend multimodal imaging for both target planning and needle guidance. The clinical process involves selection of target locations in a pre-operative image volume and registering these to an intra-operative volume. Registration inaccuracies inevitably lead to targeting error, a major clinical concern. The analysis of targeting error requires a large number of images with known ground truth, which has been infeasible even for the largest research centers. Methods: We propose to generate realistic prostate imaging data in a controllable way, with known ground truth, by simulation of prostate size, shape, motion and deformation typically encountered in prostatic needle placement. This data is then used to evaluate a given registration algorithm, by testing its ability to reproduce ground truth contours, motions and deformations. The method builds on statistical shape atlas to generate large number of realistic prostate shapes and finite element modeling to generate high-fidelity deformations, while segmentation error is simulated by warping the ground truth data in specific prostate regions. Expected target registration error (TRE) is computed as a vector field. Results: The simulator was configured to evaluate the TRE when using a surface-based rigid registration algorithm in a typical prostate biopsy targeting scenario. Simulator parameters, such as segmentation error and deformation, were determined by measurements in clinical images. Turnaround time for the full simulation of one test case was below 3 minutes. The simulator is customizable for testing, comparing, optimizing segmentation and registration methods and is independent of the imaging modalities used.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5626494,no
Diagnosis of Induction Motor Faults in the Fractional Fourier Domain,"Motor current signature analysis (MCSA) is a well-established method for the diagnosis of induction motor faults. It is based on the analysis of the spectral content of a motor current, which is sampled while a motor runs in steady state, to detect the harmonic components that characterize each type of fault. The Fourier transform (FT) plays a prominent role as a tool for identifying these spectral components. Recently, MCSA has also been applied during the transient regime (TMCSA) using the whole transient speed range to create a unique stamp of each harmonic as it evolves in the time-frequency plane. This method greatly enhances the reliability of the diagnostic process compared with the traditional method, which relies on spectral analysis at a single speed. However, the FT cannot be used in this case because the fault harmonics are not stationary signals. This paper proposes the use of the fractional FT (FrFT) instead of the FT to perform TMCSA. This paper also proposes the optimization of the FrFT to generate a spectrum where the frequency-varying fault harmonics appear as single spectral lines and, therefore, facilitate the diagnostic process. A discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is used as a conditioning tool to filter the motor current prior to its processing by the FrFT. Experimental results that are obtained with a 1.1-kW three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor with broken bars are presented to validate the proposed method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5282569,no
High Frequency Resolution Techniques for Rotor Fault Detection of Induction Machines,"Motor current signature analysis (MCSA) is the reference method for the diagnosis of medium-large machines in industrial applications. However, MCSA is still an open research topic, as some signatures may be created by different phenomena, wherein it may become sensitive to load and inertia variations, and with respect to an oscillating load torque, although suitable data normalization can be applied. Recently, the topic of diagnostic techniques for drives and low to medium size machines is becoming attractive, as the procedure can be embedded in the drive at no additional thanks to a dedicated firmware, provided that a suitable computational cost is available. In this paper, statistical time-domain techniques are used to track grid frequency and machine slip. In this way, either a lower computational cost or a higher accuracy than traditional discrete Fourier transform techniques can be obtained. Then, the knowledge of both grid frequency and machine slip is used to tune the parameters of the zoom fast Fourier transform algorithm that either increases the frequency resolution, keeping constant the computational cost, or reduces the computational cost, keeping constant the frequency resolution. The proposed technique is validated for rotor faults.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4663714,no
A new deterministic fault tolerant wormhole routing strategy for k-ary 2-cubes,"Multicomputers have experienced a rapid development during the last decade. Multicomputers rely on an interconnection network among processors to support the message-passing mechanism. Therefore, the reliability of the interconnection network is very important for the reliability of the whole system. In this paper a new fault-tolerant routing algorithm, which is based on dimension order routing, is proposed for k-ary 2-cubes. Packets are sent to their destination through XY routing algorithm and if this transmission is not possible, YX routing algorithm is applied. The XY routing algorithm nullifies offset in ""X"" direction before routing in ""Y"" direction, but the YX routing algorithm first nullifies offset in ""Y"" direction and then start routing in ""X"" direction. For evaluation, this algorithm is compared with the Gomez method [1] which uses intermediate nodes for tolerating faults. The results show that our method is preferred, especially in the environments where the fault probability is low and the message generation rate is high.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5705721,no
Notice of Retraction<BR>Based on Integrated Adaptive Fuzzy Neural Network Tolerance Analog Circuit Fault Diagnosis,"Notice of Retraction<BR><BR>After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.<BR><BR>We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<BR><BR>The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.<BR><BR>Based on multiple input single output of adaptive fuzzy neural network, this paper design the integrated adaptive fuzzy neural network based on the Takagi-Sugeno type fuzzy rules, adopt a hybrid learning algorithm to train the network connection weights, optimize membership function. Simulation results verified the effectiveness and feasibility of this method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5677750,no
A Fault Injection Approach Based on Operational Profile,"Now that most security violations (may cause vulnerabilities) are triggered by the way the software including potential vulnerabilities interacts with malicious users and theist abnormal runtime environment, we generate test cases from the aspect of user of target software. We develop the operational profile to generate the test cases and the requirement specification of security is generated to check the data collected from the experiment. This approach emulates the faults as accurately as possible in order to trigger new vulnerabilities, and it can inject faults both in the random and determine mode. Test cases are injected during the running application, without instrument the code.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5302738,no
Test mode method and strategy for RF-based fault injection analysis for on-chip relaxation oscillators under EMC standard tests or RFI susceptibility characterization,"Nowadays some microcontroller clock circuits have been implemented using relaxation oscillators instead of quartz type approach to attend cost effective designs. The oscillator is compensated over temperature and power supply and trimming during device test phase adjusts the oscillation frequency on target to overcome process variations. In that way, the relaxation oscillator becomes competitive with regard to ceramic resonator options. However, robust applications as industrial, automotive and aero spatial, requires aggressive EMC tests reproducing the behavior in these environments. High levels of RF interference introduce frequency deviation, jitter or clock corruption causing severe faults on the application. This work discusses the impact of RF interference in relaxation oscillators proposing a strategy to implement test mode in microcontrollers and other complex SOCs, allowing yet characterization and fault debug. Theoretical analysis and experimental results with a silicon implementation are presented and discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5550382,no
A Hardware-Scheduler for Fault Detection in RTOS-Based Embedded Systems,"Nowadays, Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOSs) are often adopted in order to simplify the design of safety-critical applications. However, real-time embedded systems are sensitive to transient faults that can affect the system causing scheduling dysfunctions and consequently changing the correct system behavior. In this context, we propose a new hardware-based approach able to detect faults that change the tasks' execution time and/or the tasks' execution flow in embedded systems based on RTOS. To demonstrate the effectiveness and benefits of using the proposed approach, we implemented a hardware prototype named Hardware-Scheduler (Hw-S) that provides real-time monitoring of the Plasma Microprocessor's RTOS in order to detect the above mentioned types of faults. The Hw-S has been evaluated in terms of the introduced area overhead and fault detection capability.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5350062,no
Design about Real-time Fault Detection Information System of the Transformer Substation,"Nowadays, the automation of our countrypsilas power grid operation and management has reached a high level, by contrast, the automation of analysis and management of relay protection monitoring, system fault and protection action behavior seems relatively backward. This paper emphatically introduces the design of fault information system based on real-time detection platform aiming at 220 kV transformer substation, including design of master station and sub-station, communication realization between master station and substation and security protection of the system and briefly clarifies the functions which the system can realize according to the characteristics of power grid.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4769587,no
UML Specification and Correction of Object-Oriented Anti-patterns,"Nowadays, the detection and correction of software defects has become a very hard task for software engineers. Most importantly, the lack of standard specifications of these software defects along with the lack of tools for their detection, correction and verification forces developers to perform manual modifications; resulting not only in mistakes, but also in costs of time and resources. The work presented here is a study of the specification and correction of a particular type of software defect: Object-Oriented anti-patterns. More specifically, we define a UML based specification of anti-patterns and establish design transformations for their correction. Through this work, we expect to open up the possibility to automate the detection and correction of these kinds of software defects.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5298450,no
An efficient error concealment method for mobile TV broadcasting,"Nowadays, TV broadcasting has found its application in mobile terminal, however, due to the prediction structure of video coding standards, compressed video bitstreams are vulnerable to wireless channel disturbances for real-time transmission. In this paper, we propose a novel temporal error concealment method for mobile TV sequences. The proposed ordering methods utilizes continuity feature among adjacent frames, so that both inter and intra error propagation are alleviated. Combined with our proposed fuzzy metric based boundary matching algorithm (FBMA) which provides more accurate distortion function, experiment results show our proposal achieves better performance under error-prone channel, compared existing error concealment algorithms.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5383889,no
Modeling Fault Tolerant Services in Service-Oriented Architecture,"Nowadays, using of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) is spreading as a flexible architecture for developing dynamic enterprise systems.In this paper we investigate fault tolerance mechanisms for modeling services in service-oriented architecture. We propose a metamodel (formalized by a type graph) with graph rules for monitoring services and their communications to detect existing faults.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5198530,no
Enhancing fault prediction on automatic foundry processes,"Microshrinkages are known as probably the most difficult defects to avoid in high-precision foundry. This failure renders the casting invalid, with the subsequent cost increment. Modelling the foundry process as an expert knowledge cloud allows machine learning algorithms to foresee the value of a certain variable, in this case, the probability that amicroshrinkage appears within a casting. In this paper, we extend previous research on foundry production control by adapting and testing support vector machines and decision trees for the prediction in beforehand of microshrinkages. Finally, we compare the obtained results and show that decision trees are more suitable than the rest of the counterparts for the prediction of microshrinkages.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5665435,no
A Model-Based Soft Errors Risks Minimization Approach,"Minimizing the risk of system failure in any computer structure requires identifying those components whose failure is likely to impact on system functionality. Clearly, the degree of protection or prevention required against faults is not the same for all components. Tolerating soft errors can be much improved if critical components can be identified at an early design phase and measures are taken to lower their criticalities at that stage. This improvement is achieved by presenting a criticality ranking (among the components) formed by combining a prediction of faults, consequences of them, and a propagation of errors at the system modeling phase; and pointing out ways to apply changes in the model to minimize the risk of degradation of desired functionalities. Case study results are given to validate the approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5402994,no
Automatic registration of cardiac PET/CT for attenuation correction,"Misalignments of images in cardiac Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-CT imaging may lead to erroneous Attenuation Correction (AC) and mis-diagnosis. Such misalignment may be corrected manually prior to reconstruction and clinical assessment; however this step is laborious and may be subject to operator variability. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of an algorithm to automatically align CT to PET prior to AC. We conclude that automatic registration is a viable option for the task of aligning cardiac CT and PET for AC, with a consistency comparable to that of using manual alignment.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4774500,no
Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Web Services for n-Tier and Service Oriented Architectures,"Mission-critical services must be replicated to guarantee correctness and high availability in spite of arbitrary (Byzantine) faults. Traditional Byzantine fault tolerance protocols suffer from several major limitations. Some protocols do not support interoperability between replicated services. Other protocols provide poor fault isolation between services leading to cascading failures across organizational and application boundaries. Moreover, traditional protocols are unsuitable for applications with tiered architectures, long-running threads of computation, or asynchronous interaction between services. We present Perpetual, a protocol that supports Byzantine fault-tolerant execution of replicated services while enforcing strict fault isolation. Perpetual enables interaction between replicated services that may invoke and process remote requests asynchronously in long-running threads of computation. We present a modular implementation, an Axis2 Web Services extension, and experimental results that demonstrate only a moderate overhead due to replication.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4595891,no
Cross layer error-control scheme for video quality support over 802.11b wireless LAN,"Mitigating the impact of errors on video quality over wireless network has been a major issue of concern which requires highly efficient and effective scheme. The dynamic and heterogeneous nature of the wireless network requires highly sophisticated approach to mitigate the impact of transmission error on video quality. The trade-off between delay and video quality should be considered while designing such applications to reasonably maintain video quality in wireless channel. In order to significantly reduce the impact of high error bit and error burst on transmitted video, more efficient error correction scheme are needed. In this paper, we paper presents an approach using forward error correction and cross layer mechanism which dynamically adapts with the channel condition to recover the loss packets in order to enhance the perceived video quality. The scenario has been simulated using NS-2 and it shows more dramatic improvement in video quality.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5395883,no
The bone slot effect study of PI procedure for craniosynostosis correction plan based on finite element method,"Objective: The main purpose of correction craniosynostosis is to reopen cranial sutures with some bone slots in order to free the skull transformation with the brain development from the closed craniums. The skull rigidity is severely depend on the shape of bone slots, the main purpose of this paper is to obtain a right bone slots shape to decrease skull rigidity. Finite element method is utilized to calculate the stress distribution and deformation clouds of different schemes vary in bone slots shape. Methods: A Congenital craniosynostosis case is selected to design the surgery treatment plan. A modified PI-shape craniosynostosis correction plan is used and bone slots used for reconstruction the cranial suture are in variance to simulate the stress distribution and a best scheme is advanced. The cranial bone and endocranium 3D models are reconstructed from CT data, and then tetrahedron element models for finite element analysis are established. For the instantaneous stress take into account when the slots shape change, the viscoelastic material properties of the cranial bone and endocranium are ignored here. Results: The skull rigidity is apparent difference in kinds surgery schemes. Different bone slot shapes induce different cranium stress distribution and skull rigidity. Appropriate bone slots can make the cranium to win the right stress values and distribution and displacements. Conclusion: The results of stress distribution and deformation of cranial bone under the intracranial pressure after the correction craniosynostosis operation can be obtained by the finite element method. These results reflect the ability of the cranial bone expanding with the brain tissues growth. The finite element method is an available way, with which surgical prediction can be made to guide surgeons to make the decision of improving surgical treatment.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5640019,no
Securing AES Implementation against Fault Attacks,"On smart card environment, speed and memory optimization of cryptographic algorithms are an ongoing preoccupation. In addition, there is the necessity to protect the device against various attacks. In this paper we present a fault attack detection scheme for the AES using digest values. They are deduced from the mathematical description of each AES individual transformation. The security of our countermeasure is proved in a realistic fault model. Moreover we show that it can be combined with data masking to thwart efficiently both FA and DPA. Eventually, implementations of our method are presented, showing that it can be an interesting alternative to the traditional doubling countermeasure method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5412856,no
Research on Web-Based Multi-Agent System for Aeroengine Fault Diagnosis,"On the analysis of current state of aeroengine remote diagnosis, collaborative mechanism based on multi-agent was introduced to overcome the obstacles of conventional remote fault diagnosis. The model of aeroengine remote collaborative diagnosis based on multi-agent was put forward on analysis of the positional relationship of all agents in the collaborative environment and the relationship between collaborative agents and roles in the course of collaboration. Some key technologies such as coordination mechanism, task assignment mechanism, agent interaction mechanism, case-based reasoning (CBR) in treatment agent, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in decision analysis were discussed and specific methods of realization were given concretely. Based on these, a Web-based prototype system for aeroengine fault diagnosis was developed on the JADE (Java Agent DEvelopment Framework) platform. The process of system implementation and a case example of fault diagnosis were presented to illustrate and prove the proposed system's applicability. Running results show the feasibility and reliability of the framework, which will be helpful to integrate the aeroengine diagnosis knowledge, improve the diagnosis efficiency effectively and decrease the aeroengine diagnosis cost remarkably.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4597014,no
A New Approach for Transient Fault Injection Using Symbolic Simulation,"One effective fault injection approach involves instrumenting the RTL in a controlled manner to incorporate fault injection, and evaluating the behaviour of the faulty RTL whilst running some benchmark programs. This approach relies on checking the effects of faults whilst the design is executing a specific binary image, and therefore the true impact of the fault is limited by the shadow of the program image. Another limitation of this approach is the use of extra hardware for fault injection which is not needed during the fault-free running of the design. The aim of this paper is to propose a new approach for transient fault injection based on symbolic simulation and model checking that circumvents the problems experienced due to application dependent fault injection and RTL modification. In this paper we present our approach and analyse the effect of transient faults on the fetch unit of a 32-bit multi-cycle RISC processor. Our approach can be applied generally to any faulty design, not necessarily a processor.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4567068,no
An Efficient Forward and Backward Fault-Tolerant Mobile Agent System,"Mobile agent is a special program and it can switch and execute the task of user commands among the networks and hosts. During the task executing, the mobile agent can convey the data, state and program code to another host in order to autonomously execute and continue the task in another host. While the mobile agent is executing the task at any of the software and hardware fault incurred or network problems, there will be two conditions as following lists: 1. Users continuously wait the reply from the agent, but users will never have the reply because of the some faults incurred to the agent in the networks or hosts. 2. Users assign a new agent as the former agent has been lost to restart the former task, but the former agent only congested the delay problem of the network or host. This causes that these two agents have the same task to be executed. Therefore, the fault detecting and recovering of the mobile agent are important issues to be discussed. However, this paper propose a front behind failure detection and recovery method that the task agent has to report the task process at the present stage to the former and latter agent and agents will exchange their messages for the present stage. This is more accurate than the method in for the task at present because it can reduce the loading of the task fault report from the network congested.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4696307,no
A Survey of Fault Tolerance Techniques in Mobile Agents and Mobile Agent Systems,"Mobile agent technology is one of the fastest growing and emerging areas for application development in the past few years. A mobile agent is a computer program that acts autonomously on behalf of a user/application and travels to the network of diverse machines. For the mobile agent's technology to survive, it is necessary that the mobile agents should be reliable. In this prospective, fault tolerance for mobile agents and mobile agents systems is of substantial importance. This survey paper evaluates fault tolerance techniques used in mobile agents and mobile agent systems. These techniques are evaluated on the basis defined parameters. Survey concludes that MoCA and CHAMELEON are appropriate techniques for fault tolerance in mobile agents and mobile agent systems respectively.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5383469,no
Effective Diagnostic Pattern Generation Strategy for Transition-Delay Faults in Full-Scan SOCs,"Nanometric circuits and systems are increasingly susceptible to delay defects. This paper describes a strategy for the diagnosis of transition-delay faults in full-scan systems-on-a-chip (SOCs). The proposed methodology takes advantage of a suitably generated software-based self-test test set and of the scan-chains included in the final SOC design. Effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach were evaluated on a nanometric SOC test vehicle including an 8-bit microcontroller, some memory blocks and an arithmetic core, manufactured by STMicroelectronics. Results show that the proposed technique can achieve high diagnostic resolution while maintaining a reasonable application time.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4801556,no
Least order fault and model detection using multi-models,Multi-model based fault detection is often a viable alternative to various multi-model based state estimation techniques using banks of Kalman filters. A main advantage of the fault detection techniques based approach is the possibility to use detectors having low order dynamics with disturbance decoupling capabilities. The proposed synthesis algorithm of detectors relies on numerically reliable rational nullspace techniques enhanced with optimal tuning of detection sensitivities. The applicability of the multi-model based approach to solve fault identification problems is illustrated by solving a flight actuator fault detection problem with simultaneous faults.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5400784,no
Fault tolerant permanent magnet synchronous machine for electric power steering systems,"Multiphase motor drives posses many advantages over the traditional three-phase motor drives such as reducing the amplitude and increasing the frequency of torque pulsation, reducing the stator current per phase without increasing the voltage per phase, lowering the dc link current harmonics and higher reliability. By increasing the number of phases it is also possible to increase the torque per ampere for the same volume and improving the fault tolerance of the drive. The present paper approaches in a comparative manner two winding connection for a 12 stator slots/10 rotor pole permanent magnet synchronous machine. The magnetic filed and developed electromagnetic torque will be analyzed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4581310,no
Cryptographic Test Correction,"Multiple choice questionnaires (MCQs) are an assessment procedure invented in 1914. Today, they're widely used in education, opinion polls, and elections. When we first encountered MCQs in the university environment, we faced the daunting challenge of having to grade 600 of them. This article explores the possibility of safely transferring part of an MCQ's correction burden to the examinee - in this case, students - when sophisticated technological means such as optical character recognition systems aren't available. The MCQ grader uses a scoring algorithm C to compute the student's final mark. We call such a procedure a cryptographic test correction (CTC) scheme.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4489853,no
Effective Static Analysis to Find Concurrency Bugs in Java,"Multithreading and concurrency are core features of the Java language. However, writing a correct concurrent program is notoriously difficult and error prone. Therefore, developing effective techniques to find concurrency bugs is very important. Existing static analysis techniques for finding concurrency bugs either sacrifice precision for performance, leading to many false positives, or require sophisticated analysis that incur significant overhead. In this paper, we present a precise and efficient static concurrency bugs detector building upon the Eclipse JDT and the open source WALA toolkit (which provides advanced static analysis capabilities). Our detector uses different implementation strategies to consider different types of concurrency bugs. We either utilize JDT to syntactically examine source code, or leverage WALA to perform interprocedural data flow analysis. We describe a variety of novel heuristics and enhancements to existing analysis techniques which make our detector more practical, in terms of accuracy and performance. We also present an effective approach to create inter-procedural data flow analysis using WALA for complex analysis. Finally we justify our claims by presenting the results of applying our detector to a range of real-world applications and comparing our detector with other tools.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5601820,no
Mesh simplification algorithm based on absolute curvature-weighted quadric error metrics,"Most existing mesh simplification algorithms ignore some important geometric features during the simplification process, especially in the low-level models. A novel edge collapse based mesh simplification algorithm, which utilizes the absolute curvature of the simplified vertex as one factor of the simplification error metrics is presented in this paper. Since the half-edge collapse is adopted in the proposed algorithm, the storage requirements can be efficiently reduced. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can preserve the geometric feature of the original mesh very well as well as maintaining the simplification error.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5516908,no
Considering the Dependency of Fault Detection and Correction in Software Reliability Modeling,"Most existing software reliability growth models (SRGMs) focused on the fault detection process, while the fault correction process was ignored by assuming that the detected faults can be removed immediately and perfectly. However, these assumptions are not realistic. The fault correction process is a critical part in software testing. In this paper, we studied the dependency of the fault detection and correction processes in view of the number of faults. The ratio of corrected fault number to detected fault number is used to describe the dependency of the two processes, which appears S-shaped. Therefore, we adopt the logistical function to represent the ratio function. Based on this function, both fault correction and detection processes are modeled. The proposed models are evaluated by a data set of software testing. The experimental results show that the new models fit the data set of fault detection and correction processes very well.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722140,no
Tolerating Concurrency Bugs Using Transactions as Lifeguards,"Parallel programming is hard, because it is impractical to test all possible thread interleavings. One promising approach to improve a multi-threaded program's reliability is to constrain a production run's thread interleavings in such a way that untested interleavings are avoided as much as possible. Such an approach would avoid hard-to-test rare thread interleavings in production runs, and thereby improve correctness. However, a key challenge in realizing this goal is in determining thread interleaving constraints from the tested correct interleavings, and enforcing them efficiently in production runs. In this paper, we propose a new method to determine thread interleaving constraints from the tested interleavings in the form of lifeguard transactions (LifeTxes). An untested code region initially is contained in a single LifeTx. As the code region is tested over more thread interleavings, its original LifeTx is automatically split into multiple smaller LifeTxes so that the newly tested interleavings are permitted in production runs. To efficiently enforce LifeTx constraints in production runs, we propose a hardware design similar to the eager conflict detection capability that exist in a conventional hardware transactional memory (TM) systems, but without the need for versioning, rollback and unbounded TM support.We show that 11 out of 14 real concurrency bugs in programs like Apache, MySQL and Mozilla could be avoided using the proposed approach for a negligible performance overhead.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5695542,no
Concurrent Error Detection in Digit-Serial Normal Basis Multiplication over GF(2m),"Parity prediction schemes have been widely studied in the past. Recently, it has been demonstrated that this prediction scheme can achieve fault-secureness in arithmetic circuits for stuck-at and stuck-open faults. For most cryptographic applications, encryption/decryption algorithms rely on computations in very large finite fields. The hardware implementation may require millions of logic gates and this may lead to the generation of erroneous outputs by the multiplier. In this paper, a concurrent error detection (CED) technique is used in the digit-serial basis multiplier over finite fields of characteristic two. It is shown that all types of normal basis multipliers possess the same parity prediction function.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4483132,no
Recovering Connected Error Region Based on Adaptive Error Concealment Order Determination,"Parts of compressed video streams may be lost or corrupted when being transmitted over bandwidth limited networks and wireless communication networks with error-prone channels. Error concealment (EC) techniques are often adopted at the decoder side to improve the quality of the reconstructed video. Under the conditions of a high rate of data packets that arrives at the decoder corrupted, it is likely that the incorrectly decoded macro-blocks (MBs) are concentrated in a connected region, where important spatial reference information is lost. The conventional EC methods usually carry out the block concealment following a lexicographic scan (from top to bottom and from left to right of the image), which would make the methods ineffective for the case that the corrupted blocks are grouped in a connected region. In this paper, a temporal error concealment method, adaptive error concealment order determination (AECOD), is proposed to recover connected corrupted regions. The processing order of an MB in a connected corrupted region is adaptively determined by analyzing the external boundary patterns of the MBs in its neighborhood. The performances, on several video sequences, of the proposed EC scheme have been compared with those obtained by using other error concealment methods reported in the literature. Experimental results show that the AECOD algorithm can improve the recovery performance with respect to the other considered EC methods.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4895290,no
A new approach in patient motion correction for cardiac SPECT: A simulation study,"Patient motion artifacts created in cardiac SPECT imaging can lead to misinterpretation of the images, resulting in false diagnoses. This simulation study proposes a new technique for patient motion correction (MC), where we utilize a modified template projection/reconstruction (TPR) algorithm to perform a voxel-by-voxel correction to the original image. Using NCAT, we developed two female phantoms with large breasts containing a non-beating heart (heart: background = 5:1). Phantom 1 had a healthy heart, and phantom 2 had a heart with a small (10%) perfusion defect in the lateral wall (severity = 50%). The SimSET code was used to perform simulations for both phantoms modeling cardiac SPECT acquisitions with Tc-99m, 128 A 128 matrix, and 60 camera stops. In addition to two standard (no motion) acquisitions (ST) for each phantom, seven acquisitions with different degrees of phantom motion were created by manually shifting a selected number of projections in a given direction (motion ranged from 8 to 22 mm). MC images (MCI) were created using a modified TPR, where the projected template was adjusted to match the motion detected in the experimental projections by aligning the center of mass in each projection. All reconstructions were performed using OSEM with resolution recovery and attenuation correction. For all simulated movements, the MCI images exhibited improvements in both standard deviation (SD) and mean accuracy relative to the uncorrected experimental reconstructions (ER). On average, the accuracies calculated for ER, MCI and the ST reconstructions were 68%, 77%, and 76%, respectively. The average SD for ER, MCI and the ST reconstructions were 5.2, 4.0, and 4.0, respectively. Our proposed technique offers a voxel-by-voxel motion correction, which provides improved image accuracy and standard deviation of counts relative to the uncorrected images and, in many cases, the images created without patient motion.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5401707,no
Investigation of motion induced errors in scatter correction for the HRRT brain scanner,"Patient motion during PET scans introduces errors in the attenuation correction and image blurring leading to false changes in regional radioactivity concentrations. However, the potential effect that motion has on simulation-based scatter correction is not fully appreciated. Specifically for tracers with high uptake close to the edge of head (e.g. scalp and nose) as observed with [<sup>11</sup>C]Verapamil, mismatches between transmission and emission data can lead to significant quantification errors and image artefacts due to over scatter correction. These errors are linked with unusually high values in the scatter scaling factors (SSF) returned during the single scatter simulation process implemented in the HRRT image reconstruction. Reconstruction of -map with TXTV (an alternative -map reconstruction using non-linear filtering rather than brain segmentation and scatter correction of the transmission data) was found to improve the scatter simulation results for [<sup>11</sup>C]Verapamil and [<sup>18</sup>F]FDG. The errors from patient motion were characterised and quantified through simulations by applying realistic transformations to the attenuation map (-map). This generated inconsistencies between the emission and transmission data, and introduced large over-corrections of scatter similar to some cases observed with [<sup>11</sup>C]Verapamil. Automated Image Registration (AIR) based motion correction was also implemented, and found to remove the artifact and recover quantification in dynamic studies after aligning all the PET images to a common reference space.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5874334,no
Correction of patient movement with a phase-only correlation method in a SPECT study,"Patient movement during SPECT and PET data acquisition makes serious distortions in reconstructed images. In most conventional methods a correction of this movement is conducted in the sinogram space. However, the direction of movement occurs at an angle that is parallel to collimator holes, making it is difficult to detect the movement of an object. This paper proposes a new correction method of patient movement. This method basically uses a phase-only correlation method. We applied the phase-only correlation method to both a sinogram space and image space. That is, we apply a one dimensional Fourier transform to a measured sinogram and detect an angle at which a movement occurs with the phase information of neighboring projection data. After we detect the angle at which a movement takes place, we split the sinogram into two angular regions and reconstruct images corresponding to these angular regions. We also apply a one-dimensional Fourier transform to these reconstructed images and estimate the extent of movement. Next we replace the wrong projection data with correct data that are calculated by forward projection of the image positioned correctly. By reconstructing an image with a corrected sinogram we could obtain a distortion free image. This paper showed the validity of our method with some simulations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5874194,no
Application-Level Fault-Tolerance Solutions for Grid Computing,"One of the key functionalities provided by Grid systems is the remote execution of applications. This paper introduces a research proposal on fault-tolerance mechanisms for the execution of sequential and message-passing parallel applications on the Grid. A service-based architecture called CPPC-G is proposed. The CPPC (Controller/Precompiler for Portable Checkpointing) framework is used to insert checkpointing instrumentation into the application code. CPPC-G services will be in charge of the submission and monitoring of the application execution, management of checkpoint files generated by CPPC-enabled applications, and detection and automatic restart of failed executions. The development of the CPPC-G architecture will involve research in different areas such as storage and management of data files (checkpointfiles); automatic selection of suitable computing resources; reliable detection of execution failures and robustness issues to make the architecture fault-tolerant itself.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4534262,no
Compensation of third-harmonic field error in LHC main dipole magnets,"One of the main requirements for the operations of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is a suitable correction of multipole errors in magnetic field. The feed-forward control of the LHC is based on the Field Description for the LHC (FiDel), capable of forecasting the magnet's behavior in order to generate adequate current ramps for main and corrector magnets. Magnetic measurements campaigns aimed at validating the model underlying FiDel highlighted the need for improving the harmonic compensation of the third-harmonic (b<sub>3</sub>) component of the main LHC dipoles. In this paper, the results of a new measurement campaign for b<sub>3</sub> harmonic compensation, carried out through the new Fast Acquisition Measurement Equipment (FAME), are reported. In particular, the mechanism and the measurement procedure of the compensation, as well as the new perspectives opened by preliminary experimental results, are illustrated.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5488043,no
SQualTrack: A Tool for Robust Fault Detection,"One of the techniques used to detect faults in dynamic systems is analytical redundancy. An important difficulty in applying this technique to real systems is dealing with the uncertainties associated with the system itself and with the measurements. In this paper, this uncertainty is taken into account by the use of intervals for the parameters of the model and for the measurements. The method that is proposed in this paper checks the consistency between the system's behavior, obtained from the measurements, and the model's behavior; if they are inconsistent, then there is a fault. The problem of detecting faults is stated as a quantified real constraint satisfaction problem, which can be solved using the modal interval analysis (MIA). MIA is used because it provides powerful tools to extend the calculations over real functions to intervals. To improve the results of the detection of the faults, the simultaneous use of several sliding time windows is proposed. The result of implementing this method is semiqualitative tracking (SQualTrack), a fault-detection tool that is robust in the sense that it does not generate false alarms, i.e., if there are false alarms, they indicate either that the interval model does not represent the system adequately or that the interval measurements do not represent the true values of the variables adequately. SQualTrack is currently being used to detect faults in real processes. Some of these applications using real data have been developed within the European project advanced decision support system for chemical/petrochemical manufacturing processes and are also described in this paper.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4717262,no
Fault-tolerance for exascale systems,"Periodic, coordinated, checkpointing to disk is the most prevalent fault tolerance method used in modern large-scale, capability class, high-performance computing (HPC) systems. Previous work has shown that as the system grows in size, the inherent synchronization of coordinated checkpoint/restart (CR) limits application scalability; at large node counts the application spends most of its time checkpointing instead of executing useful work. Furthermore, a single component failure forces an application restart from the last correct checkpoint. Suggested alternatives to coordinated CR include uncoordinated CR with message logging, redundant computation, and RAID-inspired, in-memory distributed checkpointing schemes. Each of these alternatives have differing overheads that are dependent on both the scale and communication characteristics of the application. In this work, using the Structural Simulation Toolkit (SST) simulator, we compare the performance characteristics of each of these resilience methods for a number of HPC application patterns on a number of proposed exascale machines. The result of this work provides valuable guidance on the most efficient resilience methods for exascale systems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5613081,no
Multimodal target correction by local bone registration: A PET/CT evaluation,"PET/CT guidance for percutaneous interventions allows biopsy of suspicious metabolically active bone lesions even when no morphological correlation is delineable in the CT images. Clinical use of PET/CT guidance with conventional step-by-step technique is time consuming and complicated especially in cases in which the target lesion is not shown in the CT image. Our recently developed multimodal instrument guidance system (IGS) for PET/CT improved this situation. Nevertheless, bone biopsies even with IGS have a trade-off between precision and intervention duration which is proportional to patient and personnel exposure to radiation. As image acquisition and reconstruction of PET may take up to 10 minutes, preferably only one time consuming combined PET/CT acquisition should be needed during an intervention. In case of required additional control images in order to check for possible patient movements/deformations, or to verify the final needle position in the target, only fast CT acquisitions should be performed. However, for precise instrument guidance accounting for patient movement and/or deformation without having a control PET image, it is essential to be able to transfer the position of the target as identified in the original PET/CT to a changed situation as shown in the control CT. Therefore, we present a pipeline for faster target-position correction by isolating and registering the bone of interest, as shown in the control CT, with the CT dataset of the original PET/CT acquisition. Challenges such as the masking of the bone of interest and registration robustness in the presence of the needle and its associated metal artifacts are also addressed in this work. Our results confirmed the feasibility of clinically using this technique for target correction on PET/CT bone intervention, and motivated us to incorporate it as part of our IGS for multimodal intervention.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5626797,no
"Video image based attenuation correction for PETbox, a preclinical PET tomograph","PETBox is a new simplified bench top PET scanner dedicated for pre-clinical imaging of mice. It has only two facing detector heads in a static gantry. Using iterative methods, limited-angle reconstruction of 3D images is possible. The geometry of the PETBox is such that very oblique emission angles are detected traversing significant lengths of tissue, making attenuation correction necessary. To that effect, we have developed a method by which two orthogonal optical views are combined to create a 3-dimensional estimate of the subject. This estimate is used to produce attenuation correction data that significantly improve the quantitative accuracy of the reconstructed images. In this paper, we present the method and evaluate its accuracy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5401754,no
Defect localization using photon emission microscopy analysis with the combination of OBIRCH analysis,"Photon emission microscopy analysis with the combination of OBIRCH analysis are very effective for defect localization, which can decrease analysis cycle time and improve success rates remarkably. In this paper, some cases are presented to show how to locate defects quickly by photon emission microscopy analysis with the combination of OBIRCH analysis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5532247,no
Predicting Defect Content and Quality Assurance Effectiveness by Combining Expert Judgment and Defect Data - A Case Study,"Planning quality assurance (QA) activities in a systematic way and controlling their execution are challenging tasks for companies that develop software or software-intensive systems. Both require estimation capabilities regarding the effectiveness of the applied QA techniques and the defect content of the checked artifacts. Existing approaches for these purposes need extensive measurement data from his-torical projects. Due to the fact that many companies do not collect enough data for applying these approaches (es-pecially for the early project lifecycle), they typically base their QA planning and controlling solely on expert opinion. This article presents a hybrid method that combines commonly available measurement data and context-specific expert knowledge. To evaluate the methodpsilas applicability and usefulness, we conducted a case study in the context of independent verification and validation activities for critical software in the space domain. A hybrid defect content and effectiveness model was developed for the software requirements analysis phase and evaluated with available legacy data. One major result is that the hybrid model provides improved estimation accuracy when compared to applicable models based solely on data. The mean magni-tude of relative error (MMRE) determined by cross-validation is 29.6% compared to 76.5% obtained by the most accurate data-based model.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700306,no
Bridging the Gap between Fault Trees and UML State Machine Diagrams for Safety Analysis,"Poorly designed software systems are one of main causes of accidents in safety-critical systems, and thus, the importance of safety analysis for software has greatly increased over the recent years. Software safety can be improved by analyzing both its desired and undesired behaviors, and this in turn requires expressive power such that both can be modeled. However, there is a considerable gap between modeling methods for desired and undesired behaviors. Therefore, we propose a method to bridge the gap between fault trees (for undesired behavior) and UML state machine diagrams (for desired behavior). More specifically, we present rules and algorithms that facilitate the transformation of a hazard (in the context of fault trees) to a UML state machine diagram. We illustrate our proposed approach via an example on a microwave-oven system. Our proposed transformation can help engineers identify how the hazards may occur, thereby allowing them to prevent the hazard from occurring.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5693195,no
Physical and conceptual identifier dispersion: Measures and relation to fault proneness,"Poorly-chosen identifiers have been reported in the literature as misleading and increasing the program comprehension effort. Identifiers are composed of terms, which can be dictionary words, acronyms, contractions, or simple strings. We conjecture that the use of identical terms in different contexts may increase the risk of faults. We investigate our conjecture using a measure combining term entropy and term context coverage to study whether certain terms increase the odds ratios of methods to be fault-prone. Entropy measures the physical dispersion of terms in a program: the higher the entropy, the more scattered across the program the terms. Context coverage measures the conceptual dispersion of terms: the higher their context coverage, the more unrelated the methods using them. We compute term entropy and context coverage of terms extracted from identifiers in Rhino 1.4R3 and ArgoUML 0.16. We show statistically that methods containing terms with high entropy and context coverage are more fault-prone than others.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5609748,no
"Bugs, moths, grasshoppers, and whales","Popular wisdom has it that the term ""debug"" dates back to 1947, when a team working on the Harvard University Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator removed a moth trapped between one of the relays. The team affixed the moth in their log book, and wrote next to it: ""First actual case of bug being found."" The hardware equivalent of software bugs are design errors. Next to those, microelectronics suffers from manufacturing defects. The hardware community uses the term ""debug"" for locating and resolving design errors, and uses the term ""diagnosis"" for pinpointing the cause and location of manufacturing defects. But is ""debug"" really the best term to use? A bug is small and perhaps hard to find, but once located it is easy for a human to defeat. However, some design errors have consequences of giant proportions. Perhaps a better term would be ""dewhale.""",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4534178,no
"Data-driven reliability modeling, based on data mining in distribution network fault statistics",Power distribution fault statistics provide splendid resource for extracting experimental knowledge. The extracted knowledge includes the inherit characteristics of the network assets. Analysis and estimation of failures require a comprehensive understanding of faults in terms of the relevant effective parameters. This paper outlines a data-driven model to represent momentary failure rate in terms of the most influential factors based on the study of the recorded historical fault data as well as the expert's experiments in the Greater Tehran Electricity Distribution Company. A methodology is presented for momentary fault causes identification and model construction using artificial neural networks. Satisfactory results indicate that the developed model can easily be implemented to estimate other fault types in power distribution systems.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5281796,no
A method based on Analytical Hierarchy Process for generator fault diagnosis,"Power generator is the most important equipment in power system, and the security and reliability of power system are influenced by its running status. Generators failure or generators break down can cause high financial consequences. For this reason, several concepts for the condition monitoring of generators have been developed. Large volume of available data from monitoring systems can overwhelm personnel and require extensive interpretation. Correctly handling this information requires expertise in generator design, operating limits, alarm processing and interpretation. Because expertise is often a scarce quantity, decisions must often be made when expert group is unavailable. The purpose of this article is to collect significant generator data in order to form a comprehensive analysis by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The AHP is a multi criteria analysis approach, where is used in order to combine the results of diagnostic methods and draw conclusions on the most probable failure. A fault diagnosis structure has been designed and several comparison charts have been generated. As a case study characteristics of a generator have been analyzed using Expert Choice (EC) software. The EC results confirmed high performance of AHP method for utilizing in generator fault diagnosis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5568190,no
Study on remote fault diagnosis system using multi monitoring methods on dredger,"Power machinery and key equipments are regarded as the monitoring objects. Remote fault diagnosis system based Web is proposed using multi monitoring methods in dredger, which gives a comprehensive consideration of monitoring technology about performance parameters, lubricant oil, vibration and instantaneous speed. The modern ship maintenance management mode of two modes, three levels and four methods is established and used in the selected dredgers of Changjiang Waterway Bureau. Monitoring subsystem on ship, diagnostic subsystem in lab and maintenance decision subsystem in dredgers maintenance management center are designed and realized using computer technology and data fusion technology. Remote fault diagnosis system has been realized using wireless communication technology between the dredger and the technology center. The system to be used on the dredgers has proved to be effective.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5413406,no
Detection of insulation faults on disc-type winding transformers by means of leakage flux analysis,"Power transformers figure amongst the most costly pieces of equipment used in electrical systems. Major research effort has therefore focused on detecting failures of their insulating systems prior to unexpected machine outage. Although several industrial methods exist for the on-line and off-line monitoring of power transformers, all of them are expensive and complex, and require the use of specific electronic instrumentation. For these reasons, this paper will present on-line analysis of transformer leakage flux as an efficient alternative procedure for assessing machine integrity and detecting the presence of insulating failures during their earliest stages. A 12kVA 400V/400V power transformer was specifically manufactured for the study. A finite element model of the machine was designed to obtain the transient distribution of leakage flux lines in the machine's transversal section under normal operating conditions and when shorted turns are intentionally produced. Very cheap, simple sensors, based on air core coils, were built in order to measure the leakage flux of the transformer, and non-destructive tests were also applied to the machine in order to analyse pre- and post-failure voltages induced in the coils. Results point to the ability to detect very early stages of failure, as well as of locating the position of the shorted turn in the transformer windings.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5292756,no
The use of characteristic features of wireless cellular networks for transmission of GNSS assistance and correction data,"Precise Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning using Real Time Kinematics (RTK) correction data is currently utilized in many fields of surveying, mapping and precision agriculture. In the near future, sub decimeter precision data usage is expected to extend to autonomous vehicles navigation and public safety areas. To satisfy this increasing demand of precision positioning correction bandwidth, new techniques and protocols in assistance and correction data transmission are needed. This paper reviews one such possible technique involving sending correction dataset via public wireless cellular networks. The data will be transmitted through a hybrid system integrating correction data broadcasted in the wireless cellular network control plane with AGNSS assistance data and correction metadata in the user plane. Through this system, the bandwidth intensive, low refresh rate data of GNSS system ephemeris, reference station and satellite identification is omitted from the main data stream. Instead, a constant bit rate (CBR) stream for correction data is used and bandwidth is conserved. The results show that the proposed system can achieve scalability required for widespread usage of sub decimeter level positioning data from GNSS.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5546382,no
Rational Fitting of S-Parameter Frequency Samples With Maximum Absolute Error Control,"Rational fitting techniques are often used for the macromodeling of linear systems from tabulated S-parameter frequency samples. This letter proposes a modified weighting scheme for the Vector Fitting algorithm that iteratively minimizes the maximum absolute error over the frequency range of interest, rather than the least-squares error. By considering the appropriate error measure in the fitting process, it is possible to obtain more accurate broadband macromodels without increasing the number of poles. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated by several numerical examples.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5440966,no
Mobile robot fault tolerant control introducing ARTEMIC,"Real-time applications should timely deliver synchronized data-sets, minimize latency in their response and meet their performance specifications in the presence of disturbances and faults. The fault tolerant behavior in mobile robots refers to the possibility to autonomously detect and identify faults as well as the capability to continue operating after a fault occurred. This paper introduces a real-time distributed control application with fault tolerance capabilities for differential wheeled mobile robots, named ARTEMIC. Specific design, development and implementation details will be provided in this paper.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5529958,no
Software Fault Prediction Models for Web Applications,"Our daily life increasingly relies on Web applications. Web applications provide us with abundant services to support our everyday activities. As a result, quality assurance for Web applications is becoming important and has gained much attention from software engineering community. In recent years, in order to enhance software quality, many software fault prediction models have been constructed to predict which software modules are likely to be faulty during operations. Such models can be utilized to raise the effectiveness of software testing activities and reduce project risks. Although current fault prediction models can be applied to predict faulty modules of Web applications, one limitation of them is that they do not consider particular characteristics of Web applications. In this paper, we try to build fault prediction models aiming for Web applications after analyzing major characteristics which may impact on their quality. The experimental study shows that our approach achieves very promising results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5615749,no
Measuring errors for massive triangle meshes,"Our proposal is a method for computing the distance between two surfaces modeled by massive triangle meshes which can not be both loaded entirely in memory. The method consists in loading at each step a small part of the two meshes and computing the symmetrical distance for these areas. These areas are chosen in such a way as the orthogonal projection, used to compute this distance, have to be in it. For this, one of the two meshes is simplified and then a correspondence between the simplified mesh and the triangles of the input meshes is done. The experiments show that the proposed method is very efficient in terms of memory cost, while producing results comparable to the existent tools for the small and medium size meshes. Moreover, the proposed method enables us to compute the distance for massive meshes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5662050,no
Defect-Tolerant Design and Optimization of a Digital Microfluidic Biochip for Protein Crystallization,"Protein crystallization is a commonly used technique for protein analysis and subsequent drug design. It predicts the 3-D arrangement of the constituent amino acids, which in turn indicates the specific biological function of a protein. Protein crystallization experiments are typically carried out in well-plates in the laboratory. As a result, these experiments are slow, expensive, and error-prone due to the need for repeated human intervention. Recently, droplet-based AdigitalA microfluidics have been used for executing protein assays on a chip. Protein samples in the form of nanoliter-volume droplets are manipulated using the principle of electrowetting-on-dielectric. We present the design of a multi-well-plate microfluidic biochip for protein crystallization; this biochip can transfer protein samples, prepare candidate solutions, and carry out crystallization automatically. To reduce the manufacturing cost of such devices, we present an efficient algorithm to generate a pin-assignment plan for the proposed design. The resulting biochip enables control of a large number of on-chip electrodes using only a small number of pins. Based on the pin-constrained chip design, we present an efficient shuttle-passenger-like droplet manipulation method and test procedure to achieve high-throughput and defect-tolerant well loading.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5433748,no
A Constraint Based Bug Checking Approach for Python,"Python is a powerful dynamically typed programming language. Dynamic typing brings great flexibility for programming. However, lack of static type checking, it is hard to detect some bugs before run time. We present a constraint framework based on Pythonpsilas structural equivalence type system. The framework does not introduce any new language features, thus without losing benefits of Pythonpsilas dynamic typing. Constraints are extracted from source code via static analysis and are used to check bugs, such as passing wrong parameters to function. A case study shows how to use the framework to check validity of function calls.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5254110,no
Recurring bug fixes in object-oriented programs,"Previous research confirms the existence of recurring bug fixes in software systems. Analyzing such fixes manually, we found that a large percentage of them occurs in code peers, the classes/methods having the similar roles in the systems, such as providing similar functions and/or participating in similar object interactions. Based on graph-based representation of object usages, we have developed several techniques to identify code peers, recognize recurring bug fixes, and recommend changes for code units from the bug fixes of their peers. The empirical evaluation on several open-source projects shows that our prototype, FixWizard, is able to identify recurring bug fixes and provide fixing recommendations with acceptable accuracy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062099,no
Analysis of soft error rates in combinational and sequential logic and implications of hardening for advanced technologies,"Previous results and models have predicted that combinational logic errors would dominate over flip-flop errors for the past few technology nodes. However, recent experimental results show very little contribution from combinational-logic soft errors to overall soft-error rates. A model that explains the soft error rates as a function of frequency is developed to account for the inconsistency in observed data. Implications for hardening against soft errors for advanced technologies are discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5488680,no
A Fault Tolerance Approach for Enterprise Applications,"Service oriented architectures (SOAs) have emerged as a preferred solution to tackle the complexity of large-scale, complex, distributed, and heterogeneous systems. Key to successful operation of these systems is their reliability and availability. In this paper, we propose an approach to creating fault tolerant SOA implementations based on an architectural pattern called Rich Services. Our approach is model-driven, focuses on interaction specifications as the means for defining services and managing their failures, and is technology independent. We leverage an enterprise service bus (ESB) framework to implement a system based on the fault tolerant Rich Service pattern. We evaluate our approach by measuring availability and reliability of an experimental system in the e-business domain.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4578510,no
A Fault Detection Mechanism for SOA-Based Applications Based on Gauss Distribution,"Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an ideal solution to build application system with low cost and high efficiency, but fault detection is not supported in most SOA-based applications. Based on Gauss distribution, a fault detection mechanism for SOA-based applications is proposed. The fault in SOA can be detected through comparing the calculated confidence interval with the predefined parameters at runtime according to the descriptor. Based on the fault detection algorithm, the reference service model is improved to support the proposed algorithm through adding some suitable components.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5362466,no
PEEC: a channel-adaptive feedback-based error,"Reliable transmission is a challenging task over wireless LANs since wireless links are known to be susceptible to errors. Although the current IEEE802.11 standard ARQ error control protocol performs relatively well over channels with very low bit error rates (BERs), this performance deteriorates rapidly as the BER increases. This paper investigates the problem of reliable transmission in a contention free wireless LAN and introduces a packet embedded error control (PEEC) protocol, which employs packet-embedded parity symbols instead of ARQ-based retransmission for error recovery. Specifically, depending on receiver feedback, PEEC adaptively estimates channel conditions and administers the transmission of (data and parity) symbols within a packet. This enables successful recovery of both new data and old unrecovered data from prior transmissions. In addition to theoretically analyzing PEEC, the performance of the proposed scheme is extensively analyzed over real channel traces collected on 802.11b WLANs. We compare PEEC performance with the performance of the IEEE802.il standard ARQ protocol as well as contemporary protocols such as enhanced ARQ and the hybrid ARQ/FEC. Our analysis and experimental simulations show that PEEC outperforms all three competing protocols over a wide range of actual 802.11b WLAN collected traces. Finally, the design and implementation of PEEC using an adaptive low-density-parity-check (A-LDPC) decoder is presented.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641948,no
Cleansing Test Suites from Coincidental Correctness to Enhance Fault-Localization,"Researchers have argued that for failure to be observed the following three conditions must be met: 1) the defect is executed, 2) the program has transitioned into an infectious state, and 3) the infection has propagated to the output. Coincidental correctness arises when the program produces the correct output, while conditions 1) and 2) are met but not 3). In previous work, we showed that coincidental correctness is prevalent and demonstrated that it is a safety reducing factor for coverage-based fault localization. This work aims at cleansing test suites from coincidental correctness to enhance fault localization. Specifically, given a test suite in which each test has been classified as failing or passing, we present three variations of a technique that identify the subset of passing tests that are likely to be coincidentally correct. We evaluated the effectiveness of our techniques by empirically quantifying the following: 1) how accurately did they identify the coincidentally correct tests, 2) how much did they improve the effectiveness of coverage-based fault localization, and 3) how much did coverage decrease as a result of applying them. Using our better performing technique and configuration, the safety and precision of fault-localization was improved for 88% and 61% of the programs, respectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5477086,no
Differential Histogram Modification-Based Reversible Watermarking with Predicted Error Compensation,"Reversible watermarking inserts watermark into digital media in such a way that visual transparency is preserved and the original media can be restored from the marked one without any loss of media quality. High capacity and high visual quality are a major requirement for reversible watermarking. In this paper, we present a novel reversible watermarking scheme that embeds message bits by modifying the differential histogram of adjacent pixels. Also, overflow and underflow problem is prevented with the proposed predicted error compensation scheme. Through experiments on various images, we prove that the presented scheme achieves 100% reversibility, high capacity, and high visual quality over other methods, while maintaining the induced-distortion low.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635977,no
Operational control and protection implications of fault current limitation in distribution networks,"Rising short-circuit fault current levels is one of the problems associated with the increased presence of distributed generation (DG) in electrical networks. A fault level management system involving superconducting fault current limiters (SCFCLs) is a potential solution to this issue. The typical applications of SCFCLs and their advantages over traditional fault current limitation measures are discussed. However, several technical issues remain, relating to: SCFCL post-fault recovery time; network control and protection; and maloperation of the SCFCL due to non-fault transient currents, such as transformer inrush. Initial solutions to these problems, involving a distributed software-based fault level management system, are presented.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5429463,no
Utilisation of motion similarity in Colour-plus-Depth 3D video for improved error resiliency,"Robust 3D stereoscopic video transmission over error-prone networks has been a challenging task. Sustainability of the perceived 3D video quality is essential in case of channel losses. Colour-plus-Depth format on the other hand, has been popular for representing the stereoscopic video, due to its flexibility, low encoding cost compared to left-right stereoscopic video and backwards compatibility. Traditionally, the similarities existing between the colour and the depth map videos are not exploited during 3D video coding. In other words, both components are encoded separately. The similarities include the similarity in motion, image gradients and segments. In this work, we propose to exploit the similarity in the motion characteristics of the colour and the depth map videos by computing only a set of motion vectors and duplicating it for the sake of error resiliency. As the previous research has shown that the stereoscopic video quality is primarily affected by the colour texture quality, especially the motion vectors are computed for the colour video component and the corresponding vectors are used to encode the depth maps. Since the colour motion vectors are protected by duplication, the results have shown that both the colour video quality and the overall stereoscopic video quality are maintained in error-prone conditions at the expense of slight loss in depth map video coding performance. Furthermore, total encoding time is reduced by not calculating the motion vectors for depth map.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5715708,no
The Intelligent System Design of Remote Fault Diagnosis of Reducer Based on GA and NN,"Reducer failure was analyzed and by use of BP neural network in the paper. Model of failure diagnosis was established. By using genetic algorithms, the value of neural networks, the threshold, and the network structure were optimized. Genetic neural network model was applied to the system design of remote reducer fault diagnosis. To compare training error curve of BP neural network with genetic neural network, it was shown that genetic neural network in the training of speed and accuracy higher than the neural network training model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5376507,no
Bug-Inducing Language Constructs,"Reducing bugs in software is a key issue in software development. Many techniques and tools have been developed to automatically identify bugs. These techniques vary in their complexity, accuracy and cost. In this paper we empirically investigate the language constructs which frequently contribute to bugs. Revision histories of eight open source projects developed in multiple languages are processed to extract bug-inducing language constructs. Twenty six different language constructs and syntax elements are identified. We find that most frequent bug-inducing language constructs are function calls, assignments, conditions, pointers, use of NULL, variable declaration, function declaration and return statement. These language constructs account for more than 70 percent of bug-inducing hunks. Different projects are statistically correlated in terms of frequencies of bug-inducing language constructs. Developers within a project and between different projects also have similar frequencies of bug-inducing language constructs. Quality assurance developers can focus code reviews on these frequent bug-inducing language constructs before committing changes.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5328809,no
Comparison of accelerated DRAM soft error rates measured at component and system level,"Single event upsets from terrestrial cosmic rays (i.e. high-energy neutrons) are more important than alpha particle induced soft errors in modern DRAM devices. A high intensity broad spectrum neutron source from the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) was used to characterize the nature of these upsets in DRAM technologies ranging from 180 nm down to 70 nm from several vendors at the DIMM component level using a portable memory tester. Another set of accelerated neutron beam tests were made with DRAM DIMMs mounted on motherboards. Soft errors were characterized using these two methods to determine the influence of neutron angle, frequency, data patterns and process technology. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of these differences on DRAM soft errors.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4558933,no
Site qualification above 1 GHz and SVSWR systemic errors,"Site VSR was developed under the belief that a test site can be characterized in the same fashion as a transmission line. The intent of the test is to determine if the spatial impedance of the site deviates from free space resulting in a reflection coefficient at the boundary. The key aspect of transmission line VSWR measurements is continuous movement of the clamp or RF transducer along the transmission line to find the maximum and minimum voltages. This article will review the inherent error in the S<sub>VSWR</sub> method written into CISPR 16-1-4. This error is due to the fact that the standard samples only six discrete locations. The spacing of those locations relative to the wavelength of the sampled standing wave results in an inherent compliance bias. In other words, the method in the standard will always result in the site performance being represented as better than it actually is and the true site performance is almost never actually measured. A simple mathematical model was developed to illustrate the problem. Empirical validation tests were conducted with sampling every millimeter. Test results validate the very substantial error term in the method. An alternative approach, time domain reflectivity, provides complete site evaluation faster and more accurately than the VSWR method will be briefly discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5475754,no
Slant Correction of Vehicle License Plate Based on Feature Point and Principal Component Analysis,"Slant Correction plays an important role in vehicle license plate automatic recognition system. In order to reduce or avoid adverse effects caused by noise disturbance and fragmentary frame of vehicle license plate, as well as speed up the computation, an approach based on feature point and principal component analysis (PCA) is presented. Feature points are considered as the edge of characters on the license plate, with a lined orderliness which reflects the slant angle of the plate. Firstly, a pretreatment process is carried out to extract the feature points of the plate, and the direction of the principal component, which is considered as the slant angle of the plate, is achieved through principal component analysis of the feature points, then the correction of the plate is accomplished. The experimental results demonstrate that, this method enjoys the advantages of being simple and less demanding in image quality and frame of license plate, and makes the correction of the plate easier and more precise compare to some other method such as Hough transform.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4723304,no
Sliding mode methods for fault detection and fault tolerant control,Sliding mode methods have been historically studied because of their strong robustness properties to a certain class of uncertainty. This is achieved by employing nonlinear control/injection signals to force the system trajectories to attain in finite time a motion along a surface in the state-space. This paper will consider how these ideas can be exploited for fault detection (specifically fault signal estimation) and subsequently fault tolerant control. The paper will also describe applications of these ideas to aerospace systems. It will describe piloted flight simulator results associated with the GARTEUR AG16 action group on fault tolerant control. The results demonstrate the successful real-time implementation of the proposed fault tolerant control scheme on a motion flight simulator configured to represent the EL-AL aircraft.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675944,no
Fault Analysis of the Stream Cipher Snow 3G,"Snow 3G is the backup encryption algorithm used in the mobile phone UMTS technology to ensure data confidentiality. Its design - a combiner with memory - is derived from the stream cipher Snow 2.0, with improvements against algebraic cryptanalysis and distinguishing attacks. No attack is known against Snow 3G today. In this paper, a fault attack against Snow 3G is proposed. Our attack recovers the secret key with only 22 fault injections.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5412853,no
A Generic Fault Countermeasure Providing Data and Program Flow Integrity,"So far many software countermeasures against fault attacks have been proposed. However, most of them are tailored to a specific cryptographic algorithm or focus on securing the processed data only. In this work we present a generic and elegant approach by using a highly fault secure algebraic structure. This structure is compatible to finite fields and rings and preserves its error detection property throughout addition and multiplication. Additionally, we introduce a method to generate a fingerprint of the instruction sequence. Thus, it is possible to check the result for data corruption as well as for modifications in the program flow. This is even possible if the order of the instructions is randomized. Furthermore, the properties of the countermeasure allow the deployment of error detection as well as error diffusion. We point out that the overhead for the calculations and for the error checking within this structure is reasonable and that the transformations are efficient. In addition we discuss how our approach increases the security in various kinds of fault scenarios.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4599559,no
Can Knowledge Regarding the Presence of Countermeasures Against Fault Attacks Simplify Power Attacks on Cryptographic Devices?,"Side-channel attacks are nowadays a serious concern when implementing cryptographic algorithms. Powerful ways for gaining information about the secret key as well as various counter-measures against such attacks have been recently developed. Although it is well known that such attacks can exploit information leaked from different sources, most prior works have only addressed the problem of protecting a cryptographic device against a single type of attack. Consequently, there is very little knowledge on how a scheme for protecting a device against one type of side-channel attack may affect its vulnerability to other types of side-channel attacks. In this paper we focus on devices that include protection against fault injection attacks (using different error detection schemes) and explore whether the presence of such fault detection circuits affects the resistance against attacks based on power analysis. Using the AES S-Box as an example, we performed attacks on the unprotected implementation as well as modified implementations with parity check circuits or residue check circuits (mod3 and mod7). In particular, we focus on the question whether the knowledge of the presence of error detection circuitry in the cryptographic device can help an attacker who attempts to mount a power attack on the device. Our results show that the presence of error detection circuitry helps the attacker even if he is unaware of this circuitry, and that the benefit to the attacker increases with the number of check bits used for the purpose of error detection.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641174,no
Research of analysis method of power system real-time digital simulation error,"Simulation accuracy has great effects on power system analysis and control. In this paper, in order to analyze the power system real-time digital simulation error, prony algorithm is used to extract the features of signal. Based on the analysis results of this algorithm, residual similar index was used to characterize the global error of simulation, and then frequency, damping and amplitude similar indexes were employed to represent features error of transient signals respectively. A calculation program for power system real-time digital simulation accuracy evaluation was employed to analyze the measured waveforms and results of fault simulations on RTDS. Simulation results have proved the validity of the proposed analysis method of power system real time digital simulation error.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5617539,no
Cross-talk correction for dual-isotope imaging with a dedicated cardiac SPECT camera,"Simultaneous dual-isotope perfusion imaging has the potential to reduce protocol durations and improve image alignment but requires cross-talk correction. The Discovery NM 530c dedicated cardiac camera offers two possible advantages over traditional cameras with respect to cross-talk. The cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors have improved energy resolution and the pinhole collimators lead to reduced lead-X-ray production. The objective of this study is to determine the crosstalk fractions and blurring kernels required for <sup>99m</sup>Tc/<sup>201</sup>Tl rest/stress imaging. Forty-six pairs of single-isotope clinical <sup>99m</sup>Tc-tetrofosmin and <sup>201</sup>Tl studies were examined. The patients were matched for height, weight, and gender. Listmode data (8min) were reprocessed to obtain the signal in the following windows: Tc-10 (140keV10%), Tc-8 (140keV8%), Tc-6 (140keV6%), Sc (100keV10%), Tl-167 (167keV8%), Tl-70a (70keV15%), and Tl-70b (70keV-15%+10%). The relative counts in each window were determined for both isotopes for rest and stress imaging. Symmetric 2D Gaussian kernels were found that minimized the squared difference between convolved photon distributions from one window and corresponding measured cross-talk. 14 sets of simulated dual-isotopes studies were created and the correction assessed by comparing the summed stress scores before and after correction. <sup>99m</sup>Tc contributes 1% of the counts in the Tl-167 window and 40-80% of the counts in the Tl-70 window. <sup>201</sup>Tl contributes 1-10% of the counts in the <sup>99m</sup>Tc-photopeak windows. Crosstalk contamination is less with the narrower energy windows that capitalize on the improved energy resolution of the CZT system. The weighting factors for Tc-6 and Sc windows for optimal estimation of the Tl-70b window interference were: -0.24:1.24 with Gaussian =0.58 and 1.2 pixels respectively. Considering the 14 - - sets of simulated dual-isotope studies, the summed stress scores for the corrected data correlated more closely with truth than did the uncorrected data. The multi-energy window convolution subtraction approach has promise for correcting cross-talk in <sup>201</sup>Tl/<sup>99m</sup>Tc simultaneous dual-isotope myocardial perfusion imaging with a dedicated cardiac SPECT system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5874469,no
Frame Error Concealment Technique Using Adaptive Inter-Mode Estimation for H.264/AVC,"Since H.264/AVC achieves a high compression ratio by reducing spatio-temporal redundancy in video sequences, the payload of a single packet can often contain a whole frame encoded by H.264/AVC. Therefore, the loss of a single packet does not only cause the loss of a whole frame, but also produce error propagation into succeeding frames. To deal with this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel frame error concealment method for H.264/AVC. First, the proposed method extrapolates motion vectors from available neighboring frames onto the lost frame. Then, inter-modes of all macroblocks in the lost frame are adoptively estimated by using the extrapolated motion vectors and features of H.264/AVC. Experimental results exhibit that the proposed method outperforms the conventional methods in terms of both objective and subjective video quality.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4470039,no
Maximizing the Fault Tolerance Capability of Fixed Priority Schedules,"Real-time systems typically have to satisfy complex requirements, mapped to the task attributes, eventually guaranteed by the underlying scheduler. These systems consist of a mix of hard and soft tasks with varying criticality, as well as associated fault tolerance requirements. Additionally, the relative criticality of tasks could undergo changes during the system evolution. Time redundancy techniques are often preferred in embedded applications and, hence, it is extremely important to devise appropriate methodologies for scheduling real-time tasks under failure assumptions.In this paper, we propose a methodology to provide a priori guarantees in fixed priority scheduling (FPS) such that the system will be able to tolerate one error per every critical task instance. We do so by using integer linear programming (ILP) to derive task attributes that guarantee re-execution of every critical task instance before its deadline, while keeping the associated costs minimized. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach, in comparison with fault tolerant (FT) adaptations of the well-known rate monotonic (RM) scheduling, by simulations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4617303,no
Single-Event Upset (SEU) Results of Embedded Error Detect and Correct Enabled Block Random Access Memory (Block RAM) Within the Xilinx XQR5VFX130,Recent heavy ion measurements of the single-event upset (SEU) cross section for 65 nm embedded block random access memory (Block RAM) are presented. Results of initial investigation into the on-chip Error Detection and Correction (EDAC) are also discussed.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5657995,no
Intelligent Agents for Fault Tolerance: From Multi-agent Simulation to Cluster-Based Implementation,"Recent research in multi-agent systems incorporate fault tolerance concepts, but does not explore the extension and implementation of such ideas for large scale parallel computing systems. The work reported in this paper investigates a swarm array computing approach, namely 'Intelligent Agents'. A task to be executed on a parallel computing system is decomposed to sub-tasks and mapped onto agents that traverse an abstracted hardware layer. The agents intercommunicate across processors to share information during the event of a predicted core/processor failure and for successfully completing the task. The feasibility of the approach is validated by simulations on an FPGA using a multi-agent simulator, and implementation of a parallel reduction algorithm on a computer cluster using the Message Passing Interface.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5480939,no
A self-orthogonal code and its maximum-likelihood decoder for combined channel estimation and error protection,"Recent researches have confirmed that better system performance can be obtained by jointly considering channel equalization and channel estimation in the code design, when compared with the system with individually optimized devices. However, the existing codes are mostly searched by computers, and hence, exhibit no good structure for efficient decoding. In this paper, a systematic construction for the codes for combined channel estimation and error protection is proposed. Simulations show that it can yield codes of comparable performance to the computer-searched best codes. In addition, the structural codes can now be maximum-likelihoodly decodable in terms of a newly derived recursive metric for use of the priority-first search decoding algorithm. Thus, the decoding complexity reduces considerably when compared with that of the exhaustive decoder. In light of the rule-based construction, the feasible codeword length that was previously limited by the capability of code-search computers can now be further extended, and therefore facilitates their applications.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4895568,no
Fault-Tolerant Distributed Deployment of Embedded Control Software,"Safety-critical feedback-control applications may suffer faults in the controlled plant as well as in the execution platform, i.e., the controller. Control theorists design the control laws to be robust with respect to the former kind of faults while assuming an idealized scenario for the latter. The execution platforms supporting modern real-time embedded systems, however, are distributed architectures made of heterogeneous components that may incur transient or permanent faults. Making the platform fault tolerant involves the introduction of design redundancy with obvious impact on the final cost. We present a design flow that enables the efficient exploration of redundancy/cost tradeoffs. After providing a system-level specification of the target platform and the fault model, designers can rely on the synthesis of the low-level fault-tolerance mechanisms. This is performed automatically as part of the embedded software deployment through the combination of the following three steps: replication, mapping, and scheduling. Our approach has a sound foundation in fault-tolerant data flow, a novel model of computation that simplifies the integration of formal validation techniques. Finally, we report on the application of our design flow to two case studies from the automotive industry: a steer-by-wire system from General Motors and a drive-by-wire system from BMW.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4492843,no
Polyphase Downsampling Based Redundant Picture Coding for SVC Error Resiliency,Scalable video coding (SVC) is currently being developed as an extension to the H.264/AVC by the Joint Video Team (JVT). The SVC addresses coding schemes for reliable video delivery over heterogenous network for diverse clients using available system resources. SVC error resilience strives for reliability as well as efficiency of video transmission under unreliable network conditions. This paper presents a polyphase downsampling based redundant picture coding for SVC error resilience. Simulation results report that the proposed method outperforms the SVC error concealment method by 1.7 dB on average in terms of the PSNR.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4566274,no
Error Resilient Coding and Error Concealment in Scalable Video Coding,"Scalable video coding (SVC), which is the scalable extension of the H.264/AVC standard, was developed by the Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) and ITU-T VCEG (Video Coding Experts Group). SVC is designed to provide adaptation capability for heterogeneous network structures and different receiving devices with the help of temporal, spatial, and quality scalabilities. It is challenging to achieve graceful quality degradation in an error-prone environment, since channel errors can drastically deteriorate the quality of the video. Error resilient coding and error concealment techniques have been introduced into SVC to reduce the quality degradation impact of transmission errors. Some of the techniques are inherited from or applicable also to H.264/AVC, while some of them take advantage of the SVC coding structure and coding tools. In this paper, the error resilient coding and error concealment tools in SVC are first reviewed. Then, several important tools such as loss-aware rate-distortion optimized macroblock mode decision algorithm and error concealment methods in SVC are discussed and experimental results are provided to show the benefits from them. The results demonstrate that PSNR gains can be achieved for the conventional inter prediction (IPPP) coding structure or the hierarchical bi-predictive (B) picture coding structure with large group of pictures size, for all the tested sequences and under various combinations of packet loss rates, compared with the basic joint scalable video model (JSVM) design applying no error resilient tools at the encoder and only picture copy error concealment method at the decoder.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4801607,no
Error resilience of intra-die and inter-die communication with 3D spidergon STNoC,"Scaling down in very deep submicron (VDSM) technologies increases the delay, power consumption of on-chip interconnects, while the reliability and yield decrease. In high performance integrated circuits wires become the performance bottleneck and we are shifting towards communication centric design paradigms. Networks-on-chip and stacked 3D integration are two emerging technologies that alleviate the performance difficulties of on-chip interconnects in nano-scale designs. In this paper we present a design-time configurable error correction scheme integrated at link-level in the 3D Spidergon STNoC on-chip communication platform. The proposed scheme detects errors and selectively corrects them on the fly, depending on the critical nature of the transmitted information, making thus the correction software controllable. Moreover, the proposed scheme can correct multiple error patterns by using interleaved single error correction codes, providing an increased level of reliability. The performance of the link and its cost in silicon and vertical wires are evaluated for various configurations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5457198,no
A Posteriori Error Estimation and Adaptive Mesh Refinement Controlling in Finite Element Analysis of 3-D Steady State Eddy Current Fields,Several methods of <i>a posteriori</i> error estimation and adaptive refinement controlling in finite element analysis of 3-D steady-state eddy current field are described in this paper. An improved Z-Z method and a more efficient method of CIL are presented. The numerical models of TEAM Workshop Problem 7 and 21A are used to verify the validity of the presented method.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5512836,no
Differential Fault Analysis on SHACAL-1,"SHACAL-1, known as one of the finalists of the NESSIE project, originates from the compression component of the widely used hash function SHA-1. The requirements of confusion and diffusion are implemented through mixing operations and rotations other than substitution and permutation, thus there exists little literature on its immunity against fault attacks. In this paper, we apply differential fault analysis on SHACAL-1 in a synthetic approach. We introduce the random word fault model, present some theoretical arguments, and give an efficient fault attack based on the characteristic of the cipher. Both theoretical predications and experimental results demonstrate that, 72 random faults are needed to obtain 512 bits key with successful probability more than 60%, while 120 random faults are enough to obtain 512 bits key with successful probability more than 99%.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5412851,no
More on general error locator polynomials for a class of binary cyclic codes,"Recently, the general error locator polynomials have been widely used in the algebraic decoding of binary cyclic codes. This paper utilizes the proposed general error locator polynomial to develop an algebraic decoding algorithm for a class of the binary cyclic codes. This general error locator polynomial differs greatly from the previous general error locator polynomial. Each coefficient of the proposed general error locator polynomial is expressed as a binary polynomial in the single syndrome and the degrees of nonzero terms in the binary polynomial satisfy at least one congruence relation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5648965,no
Robustness with respect to error specifications,"Summary form only given. Formal specifications used in automatic verification typically describe the desired behavior of a system only in absence of environment failures. That is, specifications are often of the form A ->; G, where A is an assumption on the environment and G is the guarantee, the system should provide. This approach leaves the behavior of the system unspecified when A is not fulfilled and neither verification tools nor synthesis tools take such behavior into account. In practice, however, the environment may fail, due to incomplete specifications, operator errors, faulty implementations, transmission errors, and the like. Thus, a system should not only be correct, it should also be robust, meaning that it ""behaves 'reasonably' even in circumstances that were not anticipated in the requirements specification. In this talk we present a formal notion of robustness through graceful degradation for discrete functional safety properties: A small error by the environment should induce only a small error by the system, where the error is defined quantitatively as part of the specification, for instance, as the number of failures. Given such an error specification, we define a system to be robust if a finite environment error induces only a finite system error. As a more fine-grained measure of robustness, we define the notion of k-robustness, meaning that on average, the number of system failures is at most k times larger than the number of environment failures. We show that the synthesis question for robust systems can be solved in polynomial time as a one-pair Streett game and that the synthesis question for k-robust systems can be solved using ratio games. Ratio games are a novel type of graph games in which edges are labeled with a cost for each player, and the aim is to minimize the ratio of the sum o",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5775101,no
Intelligent monitoring and fault tolerance in large-scale distributed systems,"Summary form only. Electronic devices are starting to become widely available for monitoring and controlling large-scale distributed systems. These devices may include sensing capabilities for online measurement, actuators for controlling certain variables, microprocessors for processing information and making realtime decisions based on designed algorithms, and telecommunication units for exchanging information with other electronic devices or possibly with human operators. A collection of such devices may be referred to as a networked intelligent agent system. Such systems have the capability to generate a huge volume of spatial-temporal data that can be used for monitoring and control applications of large-scale distributed systems. One of the most important research challenges in the years ahead is the development of information processing methodologies that can be used to extract meaning and knowledge out of the ever-increasing electronic information that will become available. Even more important is the capability to utilize the information that is being produced to design software and devices that operate seamlessly, autonomously and reliably in some intelligent manner. The ultimate objective is to design networked intelligent agent systems that can make appropriate real-time decisions in the management of large-scale distributed systems, while also providing useful high-level information to human operators. One of the most important classes of large-scale distributed systems deals with the reliable operation and intelligent management of critical infrastructures, such as electric power systems, telecommunication networks, water systems, and transportation systems. The design, control and fault monitoring of critical infrastructure systems is becoming increasingly more challenging as their size, complexity and interactions are steadily growing. Moreover, these critical infrastructures are susceptible to natural disasters, frequent failures, as well as malicio- - us attacks. There is a need to develop a common system-theoretic fault diagnostic framework for critical infrastructure systems and to design architectures and algorithms for intelligent monitoring, control and security of such systems. The goal of this presentation is to motivate the need for health monitoring, fault diagnosis and security of critical infrastructure systems and to provide a fault diagnosis methodology for detecting, isolating and accommodating both abrupt and incipient faults in a class of complex nonlinear dynamic systems. A detection and approximation estimator based on computational intelligence techniques is used for online health monitoring. Various adaptive approximation techniques and learning algorithms will be presented and illustrated, and directions for future research will be discussed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675940,no
A Case Study of Bias in Bug-Fix Datasets,"Software quality researchers build software quality models by recovering traceability links between bug reports in issue tracking repositories and source code files. However, all too often the data stored in issue tracking repositories is not explicitly tagged or linked to source code. Researchers have to resort to heuristics to tag the data (e.g., to determine if an issue is a bug report or a work item), or to link a piece of code to a particular issue or bug. Recent studies by Bird et al. and by Antoniol et al. suggest that software models based on imperfect datasets with missing links to the code and incorrect tagging of issues, exhibit biases that compromise the validity and generality of the quality models built on top of the datasets. In this study, we verify the effects of such biases for a commercial project that enforces strict development guidelines and rules on the quality of the data in its issue tracking repository. Our results show that even in such a perfect setting, with a near-ideal dataset, biases do exist - leading us to conjecture that biases are more likely a symptom of the underlying software development process instead of being due to the used heuristics.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5645567,no
Methodology for Reliability Evaluation of N-Version Programming Software Fault Tolerance System,"Software reliability can be improved by tolerating software faults, such as using N-version programming technique. Reliability evaluation is focused on the modeling and analysis techniques for fault prediction purpose. In this paper, a straightforward analysis method for evaluating reliability of software system established by N-version programming is proposed. The dependent failure parameters are assumed as random variables instead of constant. A case study is presented of the analysis of failure data from two software projects; the effectiveness of proposed evaluation methodology is demonstrated.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722136,no
A Hybrid Fault Tolerance Method for Recovery Block with a Weak Acceptance Test,"Software reliability represents a major requirement for safety critical applications. Several fault tolerance methods have been proposed to improve software reliability. These methods are based on either fault masking such as N-version programming or on fault detection such as in the recovery block method. The success of the recovery block method depends on a high quality of the effective acceptance test, which is sometimes very difficult to achieve. In this paper, we propose a hybrid fault tolerance method called recovery block with backup voting to improve the reliability of the normal recovery block in the case of a weak acceptance test. In the proposed method, a copy of the outcome of each version is stored in a cache memory as backup, and when the recovery block method fails to produce a correct output due to a weak acceptance test, the stored values are used as inputs to a voting method to produce the correct output. A Monte Carlo based simulation method is used to show the reliability improvement in the new proposed hybrid method as well as to show the decreased dependency of the new method on the quality of the acceptance test, which makes the new method more suitable for critical applications where the construction of an effective acceptance test is difficult.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4756378,no
Towards a Bayesian Approach in Modeling the Disclosure of Unique Security Faults in Open Source Projects,"Software security has both an objective and a subjective component. A lot of the information available about that today is focused on the security vulnerabilities and their disclosure. It is less frequent that security breaches and failures rates are reported, even in open source projects. Disclosure of security problems can take several forms. A disclosure can be accompanied by a release of the fix for the problem, or not. The latter category can be further divided into voluntary and involuntary security issues. In widely used software there is also considerable variability in the operational profile under which the software is used. This profile is further modified by attacks on the software that may be triggered by security disclosures. Therefore a comprehensive model of software security qualities of a product needs to incorporate both objective measures, such as security problem disclosure, repair and, failure rates, as well as less objective metrics such as implied variability in the operational profile, influence of attacks, and subjective impressions of exposure and severity of the problems, etc. We show how a classical Bayesian model can be adapted for use in the security context. The model is discussed and assessed using data from three open source software projects. Our results show that the model is suitable for use with a certain subset of disclosed security faults, but that additional work will be needed to identify appropriate shape and scaling functions that would accurately reflect end-user perceptions associated with security problems.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635125,no
Predicting Fault Proneness of Classes Trough a Multiobjective Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm,"Software testing is a fundamental software engineering activity for quality assurance that is also traditionally very expensive. To reduce efforts of testing strategies, some design metrics have been used to predict the fault-proneness of a software class or module. Recent works have explored the use of machine learning (ML) techniques for fault prediction. However most used ML techniques can not deal with unbalanced data and their results usually have a difficult interpretation. Because of this, this paper introduces a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm for fault prediction. It allows the creation of classifiers composed by rules with specific properties by exploring Pareto dominance concepts. These rules are more intuitive and easier to understand because they can be interpreted independently one of each other. Furthermore, an experiment using the approach is presented and the results are compared to the other techniques explored in the area.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4669800,no
Research on application of software defect analysis based on PCA,"Software defect is an important factor that influences software quality. In this paper, we apply principal component analysis(PCA) to analyze the factors which lead to defects, and determine the important factors. In the process of software projects developing, we make use of the analysis results to improve the developing process. The results show that our method can avoid software defect effectively, and improve software quality.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5579464,no
On the Trend of Remaining Software Defect Estimation,"Software defects play a key role in software reliability, and the number of remaining defects is one of most important software reliability indexes. Observing the trend of the number of remaining defects during the testing process can provide very useful information on the software reliability. However, the number of remaining defects is not known and has to be estimated. Therefore, it is important to study the trend of the remaining software defect estimation (RSDE). In this paper, the concept of RSDE curves is proposed. An RSDE curve describes the dynamic behavior of RSDE as software testing proceeds. Generally, RSDE changes over time and displays two typical patterns: 1) single mode and 2) multiple modes. This behavior is due to the different characteristics of the testing process, i.e., testing under a single testing profile or multiple testing profiles with various change points. By studying the trend of the estimated number of remaining software defects, RSDE curves can provide further insights into the software testing process. In particular, in this paper, the Goel-Okumoto model is used to estimate this number on actual software failure data, and some properties of RSDE are derived. In addition, we discuss some theoretical and application issues of the RSDE curves. The concept of the proposed RSDE curves is independent of the selected model. The methods and development discussed in this paper can be applied to any valid estimation model to develop and study its corresponding RSDE curve. Finally, we discuss several possible areas for future research.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4604821,no
TODO or to bug,"Software development is a highly collaborative activity that requires teams of developers to continually manage and coordinate their programming tasks. In this paper, we describe an empirical study that explored how task annotations embedded within the source code play a role in how software developers manage personal and team tasks. We present findings gathered by combining results from a survey of professional software developers, an analysis of code from open source projects, and interviews with software developers. Our findings help us describe how task annotations can be used to support a variety of activities fundamental to articulation work within software development. We describe how task management is negotiated between the more formal issue tracking systems and the informal annotations that programmers write within their source code. We report that annotations have different meanings and are dependent on individual, team and community use. We also present a number of issues related to managing annotations, which may have negative implications for maintenance. We conclude with insights into how these findings could be used to improve tool support and software process.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4814136,no
A Fault Tree Analysis Based Software System Reliability Allocation Using Genetic Algorithm Optimization,"Software fault tree analysis is first adopted to establish the lower bound data (LBD) of individual modules in a software system. Due to the fact that both the internal relations within the system and the practical requirements enforced on every functional modules is formulated while analyzing the software fault, the assigned LBD using FTA is more reasonable compared with those using traditional AHP. Then the LBD are utilized in establishing the nonlinear programming model for the software utility oriented module reliability allocation optimization. In the end, the general frame of the simple genetic algorithm is implemented and linear programming prototype corresponding to the problem is simulated as a special case. Since the promoted algorithm has incorporated the merit of determining the module reliability LBD using software fault tree analysis with the global searching ability of genetic algorithm, the assigned reliability data to respective modules can ensure reliably running as well as enhancing utility to full extent of the software system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5319681,no
Has the bug really been fixed?,"Software has bugs, and fixing those bugs pervades the software engineering process. It is folklore that bug fixes are often buggy themselves, resulting in bad fixes, either failing to fix a bug or creating new bugs. To confirm this folklore, we explored bug databases of the Ant, AspectJ, and Rhino projects, and found that bad fixes comprise as much as 9% of all bugs. Thus, detecting and correcting bad fixes is important for improving the quality and reliability of software. However, no prior work has systematically considered this bad fix problem, which this paper introduces and formalizes. In particular, the paper formalizes two criteria to determine whether a fix resolves a bug: coverage and disruption. The coverage of a fix measures the extent to which the fix correctly handles all inputs that may trigger a bug, while disruption measures the deviations from the program's intended behavior after the application of a fix. This paper also introduces a novel notion of distance-bounded weakest precondition as the basis for the developed practical techniques to compute the coverage and disruption of a fix. To validate our approach, we implemented Fixation, a prototype that automatically detects bad fixes for Java programs. When it detects a bad fix, Fixation returns an input that still triggers the bug or reports a newly introduced bug. Programmers can then use that bug-triggering input to refine or reformulate their fix. We manually extracted fixes drawn from real-world projects and evaluated Fixation against them: Fixation successfully detected the extracted bad fixes.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062073,no
Automated software diversity for hardware fault detection,"Software in dependable systems must be able to tolerate or detect faults in the underlying infrastructure, such as the hardware. This paper presents a cost efficient automated method how register faults in the microprocessor can be detected during execution. This is done with the help of using compiler options to generate diverse binaries. The efficacy of this approach has been analyzed with the help of a CPU emulator, which was modified exactly for this purpose. The promising results show, that by using this approach, it is possible to automatically detect the vast majority of the injected register faults. In our simulations, two diverse versions have-despite of experiencing the same fault during execution - never delivered the same incorrect result, so we could detect all injected faults.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5347167,no
On Hardware Resource Consumption for Aspect-Oriented Implementation of Fault Tolerance,"Software-implemented fault tolerance is a widely used technique for achieving high dependability in cost-sensitive applications. One approach to implementing fault tolerance in software is to use aspect-oriented programming (AOP). This paper investigates the hardware overhead imposed by software mechanisms for time-redundant execution and control flow checking implemented by using AOP. The impacts on static and dynamic memory consumption as well as execution time are measured. The overheads caused by using AOP were shown to be an issue. However, two optimizations to the weaver that reduce the overhead caused by the AOP language weaver were identified. Using these optimizations the overhead was reduced to acceptable or even beneficial levels compared to using standard C.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5474196,no
Design of IEC Portable Flickermeter with Error Correction,"Some improving methods are proposed concerning the existing problem of flickermeter. Firstly, the system error of flickermeter is tested by the simulation of voltage fluctuation with different frequencies that are provided by IEC. The error expression is obtained by polynomial fit. The instantaneous flicker sensation level S(t) is corrected by the mean of correction curve. Then, by calling function module of Matlab in LabVIEW, the parameters of digital filter can vary according to different sampling frequencies. Finally, the results of simulation experiment in LabVIEW show that the improved methods for design of flikermeter are feasible. And the experiment results of the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) also indicate that the improved flikermeter possesses some characteristics such as flexibility of sample frequency, high accuracy of measurement, etc.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5630955,no
An Improving Fault Detection Mechanism in Service-Oriented Applications Based  on Queuing Theory,"SOA has become more and more popular, but fault tolerance is not fully supported in most existing SOA frameworks and solutions provided by various major software companies. SOA implementations with large number of users, services, or traffic, maintaining the necessary performance levels of applications integrated using an ESB presents a substantial challenge, both to the architects who design the infrastructure as well as to IT professionals who are responsible for administration. In this paper, we improve the performance model for analyzing and detecting faults based on the queuing theory. The performance of services of SOA applications is measuring in two categories (individual services and composite services). We improve the model of the individuals services and add the composite services performance measuring.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4730494,no
Reliability Analysis of Embedded Applications in Non-Uniform Fault Tolerant Processors,"Soft error analysis has been greatly aided by the concept of Architectural vulnerability Factor (AVF) and Architecturally Correct Execution (ACE). The AVF of a processor is defined as the probability that a bit flip in the processor architecture will result in a visible error in the final output of a program. In this work, we exploit the techniques of AVF analysis to introduce a software-level vulnerability analysis. This metric allows insight into the vulnerability of instruction and software to hardware faults with a micro-architectural involved fault injection method. The proposed metric can be used to make judgments about the reliability of different programs on different processors with regard to architectural and compiler guidelines for improving the processor reliability.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5482675,no
Soft error considerations for computer web servers,"Soft errors are caused by cosmic rays striking sensitive regions in electronic devices. Termed as single event upset (SEU), in the past this phenomenon mostly affected the high altitude systems or avionics. The small geometries of today's nanodevices and their use in high-density and high-complexity designs make electronic systems sensitive even to the ground-level radiation. Therefore, large computer systems like workstations or computer web servers have become major victims of single event upsets. Given that the idea of cloud computing is an unavoidable trend for the next generation internet, which might involve almost every company in the IT industry, the urgency and criticality of the reliability rise higher then ever. This paper illustrates how soft errors are a reliability concern for computer servers. The soft error reduction techniques that are significant for the IT industry are summarized and a possible soft error rate (SER) reduction method that considers the cosmic ray striking angle to redesign the circuit board layout is proposed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5442820,no
Data mining based on improved neural network and its application in fault diagnosis of steam turbine,"Steam turbine is an important equipment in the industry, especially in the electric power industry. Because of the complexity of steam turbine and particularity of its running environment, the fault rate of steam turbine is high and its harm is serious. So the fault diagnosis of steam turbine is a difficult problem. A novel approach for fault diagnosis of steam turbine based on improved neural network is brought forward, aimed at overcoming shortages of some current knowledge attaining methods. An application of artificial neural networks methodology was investigated using experimental data. Multiplayer backpropagation neural network with two hidden layers, hyperbolic tangent as the activation function and target function were studied. Neuro-fuzzy systems were also applied. Based on the ontology of neural network, the data mining algorithm for classified fault diagnosis rules about steam turbine is brought forward; its realization process is as follows: (1) computing the measurement matrix of effect; (2) extracting rules; (3) computing the importance of rules; (4) shearing the rules by genetic algorithm. An experimental system for data mining and fault diagnosis of steam turbine based on neural network is implemented. Its diagnosis precision is 84%. And experiments do prove that it is feasible to use the method to develop a system for fault diagnosis of steam turbine, which is valuable for further study in more depth.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4593575,no
Modular bug detection with inertial refinement,"Structural abstraction/refinement (SAR) holds promise for scalable bug detection in software since the abstraction is inexpensive to compute and refinement employs pre-computed procedure summaries. The refinement step is key to the scalability of an SAR technique: efficient refinement should avoid exploring program regions irrelevant to the property being checked. However, the current refinement techniques, guided by the counterexamples obtained from constraint solvers, have little or no control over the program regions explored during refinement. This paper presents inertial refinement (IR), a new refinement strategy which overcomes this drawback, by resisting the exploration of new program regions during refinement: new program regions are incrementally analyzed only when no error witness is realizable in the current regions. The IR procedure is implemented as part of a generalized SAR method in the F-Soft verification framework for C programs. Experimental comparison with a previous state-of-the-art refinement method shows that IR explores fewer program regions to detect bugs, leading to faster bug-detection.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5770950,no
Fault Detection in Distributed Climate Sensor Networks Using Dynamic Bayesian Networks,"The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program operated by the U.S. Department of Energy is one of the largest climate research programs dedicated to the collection of long-term continuous measurements of cloud properties and other key components of the earth's climate system. Given the critical role that collected ARM data plays in the analysis of atmospheric processes and conditions and in the enhancement and evaluation of global climate models, the production and distribution of high-quality data is one of ARM's primary mission objectives. Fault detection in ARM's distributed sensor network is one critical ingredient towards maintaining high quality and useful data. We are modeling ARM's distributed sensor network as a dynamic Bayesian network where key measurements are mapped to Bayesian network variables. We then define the conditional dependencies between variables by discovering highly correlated variable pairs from historical data. The resultant dynamic Bayesian network provides an automated approach to identifying whether certain sensors are malfunctioning or failing in the distributed sensor network. A potential fault or failure is detected when an observed measurement is not consistent with its expected measurement and the observed measurements of other related sensors in the Bayesian network. We present some of our experiences and promising results with the fault detection dynamic Bayesian network.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5693908,no
Research on fault monitoring for railway automatic blocking and continuous transmission lines,"The characteristics of railway automatic blocking and continuous transmission lines are studied. On this basis, a fault monitoring system is designed. Monitoring units installed on lines can detect the short fault directly (when earth fault happens, S-injection method is applied), and send out this information to adjacent GPRS units via Radio Frequency (RF). Then adjacent GPRS units send the data to the server. Through analyzing the gathered data, the server can locate the fault section. The test and field operation indicates that this system can identify fault section accurately and rapidly, increasing both of economic and social benefits.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5497563,no
Design and Realization of Remote Fault Diagnosis System with Hiberarchy,"The characteristics of the remote fault diagnosis (RFD) is analyzed, the levels of the diagnostic participators, diagnostic processes, system structure, and the responsibilities and obligations for founding and maintaining RFD system are pointed out. The multi-level RFD system with the local, remote and domain fault diagnosis subsystem is designed. The system fully accords with RFD's characteristics, supports the graded fault diagnosis and is convenient to ensure the diagnosed equipment. The system is realized with Internet, LAN, PSTN, GSM communication network and database techniques, which is in favor of exerting the excellence of various communication networks, founding and widely applying RFD system.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4681214,no
Non-Uniform error criteria for automatic pattern and speech recognition,"The classical Bayes decision theory [1] is the foundation of statistical pattern recognition. Conventional applications of the Bayes decision theory result in ubiquitous use of the maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decision policy and the paradigm of distribution estimation as practice in the design of a statistical pattern recognition system. In this paper, we address the issue of non-uniform error criteria in statistical pattern recognition, and generalize the Bayes decision theory for pattern recognition tasks where errors over different classes have different degrees of significance. We further propose extensions of the method of minimum classification error (MCE) [2] for a practical design of a statistical pattern recognition system to achieve empirical optimality when non-uniform error criteria are prescribed. In addition, we apply our method upon speech recognition tasks. In the context of automatic speech recognition (ASR), we present a variety of training scenarios and weighting strategies under our framework. The experimental demonstrations for both general pattern recognition and continuous speech recognition are provided to support the effectiveness of our new approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4517994,no
Multi-View Video Coding Using Color Correction,The color variations between multi-view video sequences may degrade the inter-view prediction and result in low coding efficiency. In this paper we propose an efficient multi-view video coding scheme using dominant basic color mapping based color correction. The experimental coding results show that color correction has the potential to make multi-view video coding more efficient.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4634833,no
Spectral Smile Correction of CRISM/MRO Hyperspectral Images,"The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) is affected by a common artifact to pushbroom-type imaging spectrometers, the so-called spectral smile. For this reason, the central wavelength and the width of the instrument spectral response vary according to the spatial dimension of the detector array. As a result, the spectral capabilities of CRISM get deteriorated for the off-axis detector elements while the distortions are minimal in the center of the detector array, the so-called sweet spot. The smile effect results in a data bias that affects hyperspectral images and whose magnitude depends on the column position (i.e., the spatial position of the corresponding detector element) and the local shape of the observed spectrum. The latter is singularly critical for images that contain chemical components having strong absorption bands, such as carbon dioxide on Mars in the gas or solid phase. The smile correction of CRISM hyperspectral images is addressed by the definition of a two-step method that aims at mimicking a smile-free spectral response for all data columns. First, the central wavelength is uniformed by resampling all spectra to the sweet-spot wavelengths. Second, the nonuniform width of the spectral response is overcome by using a spectral sharpening which aims at mimicking an increase of the spectral resolution. In this step, only spectral channels particularly suffering from the smile effect are processed. The smile correction of two CRISM images by the proposed method show remarkable results regarding the correction of the artifact effects and the preservation of the original spectra.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5580048,no
Multiple Bit Error Detection and Correction in Memory,"Technology evolution provides ever increasing density of transistors in chips, lower power consumption and higher performance. In this environment the occurrence of multiple-bit upsets (MBUs) becomes a significant concern. Critical applications need high reliability, but traditional error mitigation techniques assume only the single error model, and only a few techniques to correct MBUs at algorithm level have been proposed. In this paper, a novel circuit level technique to detect and correct multiple errors in memory is proposed. Since it is implemented at circuit level, it is transparent to programmers. This technique is based in the Decimal Hamming coding and here it is compared to Reed Solomon coding at circuit level. Experimental results show that for memory words wider than 16 bits, the proposed technique is faster and imposes lower area overhead than optimized RS, while mitigating errors affecting up to 25% of the memory word.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5615530,no
Flexible Error Protection for Energy Efficient Reliable Architectures,"Technology scaling is having an increasingly detrimental effect on microprocessor reliability, with increased variability and higher susceptibility to errors. At the same time, as integration of chip multiprocessors increases, power consumption is becoming a significant bottleneck that could threaten their growth. To deal with these competing trends, energy-efficient solutions are needed to deal with reliability problems. This paper presents a reliable multicore architecture that provides targeted error protection by adapting to the characteristics of individual cores and workloads, with the goal of providing reliability with minimum energy. The user can specify an acceptable reliability target for each chip, core, or application. The system then adjusts a range of parameters, including replication and supply voltage, to meet that reliability goal. In this multicore architecture, each core consists of a pair of pipelines that can run independently (running separate threads) or in concert (running the same thread and verifying results). Redundancy is enabled selectively, at functional unit granularity. The architecture also employs timing speculation for mitigation of variation-induced timing errors and to reduce the power overhead of error protection. On-line control based on machine learning dynamically adjusts multiple parameters to minimize energy consumption. Evaluation shows that dynamic adaptation of voltage and redundancy can reduce the energy delay product of a CMP by 30 - 60% compared to static dual modular redundancy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5644930,no
PEDS: A Parallel Error Detection Scheme for TCAM Devices,"Ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) devices are increasingly used for performing high-speed packet classification. A TCAM consists of an associative memory that compares a search key in parallel against all entries. TCAMs may suffer from error events that cause ternary cells to change their value to any symbol in the ternary alphabet {0,1,*}. Due to their parallel access feature, standard error detection schemes are not directly applicable to TCAMs; an additional difficulty is posed by the special semantic of the * symbol. This paper introduces PEDS, a novel parallel error detection scheme that locates the erroneous entries in a TCAM device. PEDS is based on applying an error-detecting code to each TCAM entry and utilizing the parallel capabilities of the TCAM by simultaneously checking the correctness of multiple TCAM entries. A key feature of PEDS is that the number of TCAM lookup operations required to locate all errors depends on the number of symbols per entry in a manner that is typically orders of magnitude smaller than the number of TCAM entries. For large TCAM devices, a specific instance of PEDS requires only 200 lookups for 100-symbol entries, while a naive approach may need hundreds of thousands of lookups. PEDS allows flexible and dynamic selection of tradeoff points between robustness, space complexity, and number of lookups.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5454422,no
Video text detection and localization based on localized generalization error model,"Texts in videos provide plenteous information for video analysis such as video indexing, understanding and retrieval. We propose a neural network based method detecting text in the video frames in this work. The proposed method consists of three major steps: feature extraction, text region detection and candidate region refinement. Firstly, we extract texture features from four edge maps yielded from the target video frame. Secondly, a Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) optimized by the Localized Generalization Error Model (L-GEM) is applied to detect text candidates. Finally, a false detection of text is applied to fine tune the result. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is efficient for different font-colors, font-sizes and language in complex background.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5580484,no
Using an Error Detection Strategy for Improving Web Accessibility for Older Adults,"The ability to use the Internet can provide an important contribution to an older adult's quality of life. Communication via email with family, friends and service providers has become a critical factor for improving ones ability to cope with modern society as individual's age. The problem is that as users age, natural physical and cognitive impairments make it more difficult for them to use the required technology. The present study investigates the use of error detection as a means of improving Web access amongst older adults. Specifically, error detection strategies are compared to observation as a means of identifying the impairments of Internet users.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4782543,no
Experimental inter-turn short circuit fault characterization of wound rotor induction machines,"The aim of this paper is to compare different experimental techniques for detecting a stator inter-turn short-circuit in a Wound rotor induction machine working as generator. Three methods using different signals such as stator or rotor current and the leakage flux will be described and experimented. The rotor currents provide interesting signatures since the stator faults introduce new harmonics in the rotor windings. Hence, in this paper, it is proved that sensing one rotor current by using a current sensor is one of possible techniques for detecting this kind of electrical fault. The leakage flux is another alternative for this kind of problems since in this paper; it is proved that a simple external leakage flux sensor is efficient to detect, in the low frequency range, the intern-turn short circuit in three-phase induction machines even in presence of power supply harmonics. Stator currents space vector is also an interesting technique since it is proved that inter-turn short circuit faults can be considered as a stator unbalance which can be detected using negative sequence of stator currents. The comparison of these three methods is performed using experiments on a 5.5kW-220V/380V-50Hz-8 poles wound-rotor induction machine working in both healthy and faulty modes at different load conditions.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5637971,no
Double-fed three-phase induction machine model for simulation of inter-turn short circuit fault,"The aim of this paper is to develop a doubly-fed induction machine (DFIM) model suitable for the simulation of this machine in the healthy mode and faulty mode. Indeed, the developed model allows the simulation of the inter-turn short circuit in the stator or the rotor of the machine in any system with control circuits and/or connections to the grid by means of power electronics converters. The circuit-oriented approach has been chosen in order to represent the DFIM model as a rotating transformer. Of course, since this model doesn't need any transformation, it is possible to simulate any kind of asymmetry in both stator and rotor sides with or without variations of the machine parameters. In addition, the first turn of one phase of the stator and the rotor was modeled using the circuit-oriented approach to simulate an inter-turn short circuit in both stator and rotor. A specific wound-rotor induction machine model, using only resistances, inductances and controlled voltage sources, has been developed. The coupling effects between stator and rotor have been taken into account stator-rotor mutual inductances. The performances of the model have been verified by comparison between simulation and experimental results on a 5.5 kW-50 Hz-8 poles DFIM working in generating mode at different load conditions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5075263,no
Analyzing program dynamic graphs for software fault localization,"The aim of this paper is to extract dynamic behavioral graphs from different executions of a program and analyze them to find bug relevant sub-graphs. Similar graph mining methods for software fault localization extract discriminate sub-graphs in failing and passing executions. However, due to the nature of software bugs, a failure context does not necessarily appear in a discriminative sub-graph. Therefore, we have proposed a new formula to rank the edges based on their suspiciousness to the failure. These suspicious edges are further applied to form best candidate faulty sub-graphs. In order to show the significance of using weights to construct program dynamic graphs, we have analyzed both weighted and un-weighted graphs with proposed ranking technique. The experimental results on Siemens suite reveal high capability of the proposed technique on weighted dynamic graphs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5734019,no
A design- for-diagnosis technique for diagnosing both scan chain faults and combinational circuit faults,"The amount of die area consumed by scan chains and scan control circuit can range from 15%~30%, and scan chain failures account for almost 50% of chip failures. As the conventional diagnosis process usually runs on the faulty free scan chain, scan chain faults may disable the diagnostic process, leaving large failure area to time-consuming failure analysis. In this paper, a design-for-diagnosis (DFD) technique is proposed to diagnose faulty scan chains precisely and efficiently, moreover, with the assistant of the proposed technique, the conventional logic diagnostic process can be carried on with faulty scan chains. The proposed approach is entirely compatible with conventional scan-based design. Previously proposed software-based diagnostic methods for conventional scan designs can still be applied to our design. Experiments on ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed DFD technique.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4484017,no
Noise-Related Radiometric Correction in the TerraSAR-X Multimode SAR Processor,"Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image intensity is disturbed by additive system noise. During SAR focusing, pattern corrections that are adapted to the characteristics of the wanted signal, but not to the characteristics of the noise, influence the spatial distribution of the noise power. Particularly in the case of ScanSAR, a distinct residual noise pattern in low backscatter areas results. This necessitates a noise-adapted radiometric correction of the focused image for almost all applications except interferometry. In this paper, we thoroughly investigate this topic. Based on signal theoretical and stochastic considerations, we develop a radiometric correction scheme. Simulations and the application of the algorithm to TerraSAR-X datatakes support the theoretical results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5340568,no
Design of Power Transformer Fault Diagnosis Model Based on Support Vector Machine,Support vector machines (SVM) is a machine-learning algorithm based on statistical learning theory. The method for power transformer fault diagnosis based on SVM is proposed in this paper. The principle and algorithm of this method are introduced. Through a finite learning sample the relation is established between the transformer fault signature and the quantity of its dissolved gas. A faults classifier is constructed by using the dissolved gas data of the fault transformer. The testing results show that this method can successfully be applied to the diagnosis of gear faults.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5223286,no
Radarsat-2 image geometric correction & validation using a few GCPs,"Taking advantage of its onboard GPS receiver, Radarsat-2 satellite can determine orbit in real-time with three times RMS less than 60 meters, a rapid geometric correction technique is proposed in this paper. The system error between Radarsat-2 image and the actual reference coordinates can be eliminated by imposing a few Ground Control Points to the RPF coefficients extracted from SAR product. The relative accuracy of this method has been tested by the formulation which got by the principle of SAR imaging. The absolute accuracy has been tested by 11 field collected GPS data. This experiment proofs that this technology can achieve geometric correction accuracy with a mean square error less than 2 pixels.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5758929,no
Error analysis of hemispherical resonator gyro drift data,"The hemispherical resonator gyro (HRG) is a vibration gyro with high accuracy, long life and great reliability. Analyzing and studying its output signal is one of the key techniques to science evaluating performance. This paper presents the principle of the HRG, induces the Allan variance methods, and uses the MATLAB programming to simulate and calculate. Itpsilas the first time in China to apply the Allan variance methods to separate and estimate HRG errors. And experimentally proves the Allan variance method is an effective method to evaluate the HRG performance.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4776218,no
Research on the Application of Data Mining in Software Testing and Defects Analysis,"The high dependability software is not only one of software technique development commanding points, but also is the software industry development essential foundation, this paper summarizes the data mining to face the detect of the software credibility test, the appraisal and the technical aspect newest research, elaborated the data mining technology in the software flaw test application, including flaw test in commonly used data mining method, data mining system and software testing management system. Introduced specifically in view of the software flaw's different classification based on the connection rule's software flaw parsing technique's application, proposed based on the association rule's software detect evaluation method, the purpose of which is to decrease software defects and to achieve the rapid growth of software dependability.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5287758,no
Hardware in loop implementation and analysis of a neural augmented fault tolerant flight controller for a high performance dynamic fighter aircraft model on a target digital signal processor,"The high performance fighter aircraft achieves a high angle of attack (up to 90A) and superb maneuverability because of the presence of leading edge flaps. In this paper we make an attempt to achieve reconfigurable control of this high performance fighter aircraft during auto-landing[1], using Extended Minimal Resource Allocating Network (EMRAN) augmented controller [2] with additional faults and validate the same through software simulation using MATLAB<sup>A</sup> Simulink<sup>A</sup> and also hardware implementation of the controller on a target Digital Signal Processor (DSP) using Hardware-in-the-loop simulation technique. A high fidelity aircraft model [1] with seven control surfaces, including leading edge flaps (LEF) in comparison to the low fidelity model that employs only five control surfaces is employed in the simulation as well as hardware implementation. Also while reconfiguring the aircraft model will be made dynamic where in multiple faults can occur at different instances.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5396191,no
Color Correction for Digital Images Based on the Finite-Dimensional Linear-Model,"The image color recorded in a computer vision system depends on three factors: the physical content of the scene, the illumination on the scene, and the characteristics of the camera. The goal of computational color correction is to reset the intensities of the color channels in digital images, and express the scene colors canonically. In the color correction method based on spectral reflectance reproduction, the finite-dimensional linear-model is an effective way to condense spectral reflectance. Since there are only three channels for each pixel in digital images, color correction based on spectral reflectance reproduction using the finite-dimensional model with three dimensions is needed. In the definite gamut, the spectral reflectance curves are analyzed using the finite-dimensional model. It is shown that reflectance generated by three basis functions which is capturing 99.13% of the overall variance, provides good approximations to the measured spectral reflectance. Together with the measured spectral power distribution of the illumination and the estimated spectral responses of the camera, the quantum catches are calculated. Errors caused by approximation of the finite-dimensional model are relatively small, which shows that color correction based on the finite-dimensional linear-model has feasibility to some extent.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4723260,no
A modified Dendritic Cell Algorithm for on-line error detection in robotic systems,"The immune system is a key component in the maintenance of host homeostasis. Key actors in this process are cells known as dendritic cells (DCs). An artificial immune system based on DCs (known as the Dendritic Cell Algorithm: DCA) is well established in the literature and has been applied in a number of applications. Work in this paper is concerned with the development of an integrated homeostatic system for small, autonomous robotic systems, implemented on a resource limited micro-controller. As a first step, we have modified the DCA to operate in both simulated robotic units, and a resource constrained micro-controller that can operate in an on-line manner. Errors can be introduced into the robotic unit during operation, and these can be detected and then circumvented by the modified DCA.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4983194,no
Automating defects simulation and fault modeling for SRAMs,"The continues improvement in manufacturing process density for very deep sub micron technologies constantly leads to new classes of defects in memory devices. Exploring the effect of fabrication defects in future technologies, and identifying new classes of realistic functional fault models with their corresponding test sequences, is a time consuming task up to now mainly performed by hand. This paper proposes a new approach to automate this procedure. The proposed method exploits the capabilities of evolutionary algorithms to automatically identify faulty behaviors into defective memories and to define the corresponding fault models and relevant test sequences. Target defects are modeled at the electrical level in order to optimize the results to the specific technology and memory architecture.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4695898,no
Formalization and automated detection of human errors,"The contribution describes a novel approach for the detection and classification of human errors in interaction with complex dynamic systems, according to Donierpsilas error taxonomy. The programmed implementation of the approach based on situation-operator-modeling (SOM) is already realized using software tools for high-level Petri nets (HPN). An experimental environment consisting of an arcade style game communicating with the HPN-software CPN Tools is used. With CPN Tools, the interaction between a human operator and the arcade game is modeled and further mapped to an automatically generated state space. Using generically formulated state space queries, the human error dasiarigiditypsila is detected.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4654949,no
Fault Surviving Optimisation within Brick Based Storage System,"The cost of providing an organization with enterprise class storage is continuing to rise, due primarily to the use of specialised components and the complex internal storage system structures. This high cost has resulted in researchers directing their efforts towards modular or 'brick' based storage, which utilise commodity components while employing autonomic principles for the management of the system, reducing the costs incurred during the lifetime of the storage system. While systems based upon this brick structure incorporate high levels of data reliability/availability, they fail to recognise the importance of ensuring the management services of a system are also tolerant of failures (such as optimisation). If system management services are not provided reliably, such storage systems which experience failures will degradedramatically in performance, especially when the node/s responsible for providing the management fails. This paper addresses the issue of providing fault tolerant management services within brick storage systems. We present in this paper our model of a system that can ensure the integrity and availability of data stored within brick based storage while ensuring the continual execution of the systems management services irrespective of failures within the system.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4579559,no
Charge sharing and interaction depth corrections in a wide energy range for small pixel pitch CZT detectors,"The CSTD project aims at developing a high resolution pixel gamma detector based on CdZnTe for Compton imaging applications. Our research group has been working recently on the design and characterization of a new pixel detector with specifications focused at high energy SPECT for medical imaging applications. The detector pitch, 0.3 mm, and its thickness, 5 mm, allows to reach high spatial resolution and high detector efficiency. Non-ideal performance appears with more strength in small pixel pitch CdZnTe detectors, below 1 mm, affecting at the spectroscopic results. In order to recuperate the shared charge, the customized ASIC simultaneously collects the charge in the triggering pixel and its eight neighboring pixels per event. The detector design, readout electronics, acquisition software and data analysis have been completed at CIEMAT. Data has been taken by irradiating the CdZnTe detector with high and low energy gamma-ray sources. The high energy events of the <sup>137</sup>Cs source suffer from a great proportion of charge sharing in the neighboring pixels. Two <sup>137</sup>Cs spectra, with and without energy correction, are shown and compared. To obtain the corrected spectra offline, the collected charge at the neighboring pixels is added to the trigger pixel collected charge. The corrected spectra show that the 662 keV photopeak is reconstructed. Interaction depth correction follows to improve the energy resolution by data segmentation of the 662 keV energy peak according to fifty cathode to pixel ratios. The computed interaction depth correction profile is the inverse of the charge collection efficiency. Energy resolution can be improved discarding the segmented data which do not achieve an acceptable energy resolution. Several interaction depth correction profiles at 81, 356 and 662 keV are shown and reveal a second correlation between the charge collecting efficiency and the collecting energy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5874512,no
Effect of Domain Shape Modeling and Measurement Errors on the 2-D D-Bar Method for EIT,"The D-bar algorithm based on Nachman's 2-D global uniqueness proof for the inverse conductivity problem (Nachman, 1996) is implemented on a chest-shaped domain. The scattering transform is computed on this chest-shaped domain using trigonometric and adjacent current patterns and the complete electrode model for the forward problem is computed with the finite element method in order to obtain simulated voltage measurements. The robustness and effectiveness of the method is demonstrated on a simulated chest with errors in input currents, output voltages, electrode placement, and domain modeling.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4915791,no
A Design Approach for Soft Error Protection in Real-Time Embedded Systems,"The decreasing line widths employed in semiconductor technologies means that soft errors are an increasing problem in modern system on a chip designs. Approaches adopted so far have focused on recovery after detection. In real-time systems, though, that can easily lead to missed deadlines. This paper proposes a preventative approach. Specifically a design methodology that uses metrics in design space exploration that highlight where in the structure of the systems model and at what point in its behaviour, protection is needed against soft errors. The approach does not eliminate the impact of soft errors completely, but aims to significantly reduce their impact.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4483256,no
An innovative fault injection method in embedded systems via background debug mode,"The embedded systems usage in different applications is prevalent in recent years. These systems include a wide range of equipments from cell phones to medical instruments, which consist of hardware and software. In many examples of embedded systems, fault occurrence can lead to serious dangers in system behavior (for example in satellites). Therefore, we try to increase the fault tolerance feature in these systems. Therefore, we need some mechanisms that increase the robustness and reliability of such systems. These objects cause the on-line test to be a great concern. It is not important that these mechanisms work in which level (Hardware level, Software level or Firmware). The major concern is that how well these systems can provide debugging, test and verification features for the user regardless of their implementation levels. Background Debug Module is a real time tool for these features. In this paper we apply an innovative way to use the BDM tool for fault injection in an embedded system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5349343,no
Embedded Implementation of a SIP Server Gateway with Forward Error Correction to a Mobile Network,"The emergence of the Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services requires interconnection between different technologies. In this paper we present an embedded Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Proxy Gateway (GW) to a Mobile Network with Forward Error Corrections (FEC). Our server registers, locates and forwards the calls of an end user providing intelligent routing for user tracking. In addition, FEC along with a Markov-Chain loss model has been integrated into the server to perform a range of tests. Results prove that under high packet loss rate the embedded SIP server GW improves the speech quality.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5578291,no
3D Video communication scheme for error prone environments based on motion vector sharing,"The Emergence of three dimensional (3D) video applications, based on Depth Image Based Rendering (DIBR) has brought about new dimensions to the video transmission problem, due to the need to transmit additional depth information to the receiver. Until the transmission problem of 3D video is adequately addressed, consumer applications based on 3D video will not gain much popularity. Exploiting the unique correlations that exist between the color and their corresponding depth images, will lead to more error resilient video encoding schemes for 3D video. In this paper we present an error resilient 3D video communication scheme that exploits the correlation of motion vectors in color and depth video streams. The presented method achieves up to 0.8 dB gain for color sequences and up to 0.7 dB gain for depth sequences over error prone communication channels.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5506476,no
Componentization of Fault Tolerance Software for Fine-Grain Adaptation,"The evolution of systems during operational lifetime is becoming a core assumption of the design. This is the case for resource constrained embedded systems. Such an evolution may be driven by environment or the execution context. The adequacy of the service delivery with respect to the current operational conditions depends on the ability to tune the software configuration accordingly. This is true for application services, but also for dependability services, in particular the fault tolerance software. This paper presents a design of fault tolerance software for its runtime adaptation. This design relies on a reflective framework and open component based software engineering (CBSE) techniques. We demonstrate in this paper the feasibility of adapting componentized fault tolerance at a meta-level of the application.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725303,no
Research of fault diagnosis expert system for hydraulic components,"The failure knowledge of hydraulic component was expatiated based on the object-oriented method in this paper, and established a failure knowledge database. A fault reasoning strategy was defined, and given a detailed explanation of failure reasoning process, according to characteristics of directed tree and failure knowledge. A fault diagnosis expert system for hydraulic components was developed, which is structured based on VB language and SQL Server database technology. The system can diagnose failure occurred quickly and correctly, and provide a viable method of troubleshooting.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5536219,no
Considering Fault Correction Lag in Software Reliability Modeling,"The fault correction process is very important in software testing, and it has been considered into some software reliability growth models (SRGMs). In these models, the time-delay functions are often used to describe the dependency of the fault detection and correction processes. In this paper, a more direct variable ""correction lag"", which is defined as the difference between the detected and corrected fault numbers, is addressed to characterize the dependency of the two processes. We investigate the correction lag and find that it appears Bell-shaped. Therefore, we adopt the Gamma function to describe the correction lag. Based on this function, a new SRGM which includes the fault correction process is proposed. And the experimental results show that the new model gives better fit and prediction than other models.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725319,no
An Error-Resilient Scheme for Video Transmission,The framework of a systematic lossy error protection for error-resilient video transmission is discussed and an unequal error protection base on systematic lossy error protection is proposed. The systematic portion of the transmission consists of a video bitstream transmitted without channel coding over an error-prone channel. Error-resilience is achieved by transmitting a supplementary bitstream generated by Wyner-Ziv encoding of the video signal. The macroblock information and the transform coefficients are protected separately. The simulation results show that this scheme can provide graceful degrading video quality over a great range of symbol error rates compared with conventional FEC.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5301282,no
Multi-converter operation of variable speed wind turbine driving permanent magnet synchronous generator during network fault,"The full or partial rating frequency converters, in general, are used widely for the operation of variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) driven wind generators. Among the variable speed wind generators, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) which uses a full rating frequency converter for grid interfacing is drawing much attention nowadays due to its some salient features. However, considering the factors such as higher-reliability, higher efficiency, and lower harmonics, the multi-converter topology is preferable. This paper proposes a detailed control strategy of multiple parallel connected frequency converter units integrated with VSWT driving PMSG to augments the transient performance during a network disturbance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5382710,no
"Invited talk: Self-aware wireless communication and signal processing systems: Real-time adaptation for error resilience, low power and performance","The functions required of real-time systems in the future such as the ability to see or hear, understand and react to external stimulus and the environment in much the same way that humans do, will force underlying communication and computing platforms to operate across very large changes in instantaneous workload. Supporting such workload variations on resource-constrained mobile systems will require new design approaches that cut across the traditional boundaries between the processing, mixed-signal, wireless, and sensor/ actuator (physical) domains, as well as the layers of each domain, i.e. circuit, architecture, algorithm, and application. Due to components fabricated in aggressive nanoscale technologies, such cyber-physical systems must deal with the impact of manufacturing process variations and component failures as well as different environmental conditions (temperature, noise environment) while operating in the most reliable manner with respect to mission goals. An integrated approach to designing such systems that utilizes real-time, cross-domain control and adaptation to operate the system at an optimal point that minimizes power consumption while meeting error resilience and performance constraints across different workloads and operating environments is proposed. The core strategy relies on the design and use of tunable algorithms, tunable architectures and tunable circuits that have the capability to trade off power vs. performance. Adaptation is performed by sensing the operating environment and workload using hardware and software sensors and dynamically tuning the system via an optimal control law. A critical observation is that this control law depends on the health of the system when power minimization is a key objective. The core ideas are demonstrated using a video surveillance system as a test case.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5512788,no
Comparison of fault-tolerance techniques for massively defective fine- and coarse-grained nanochips,"The fundamental question addressed in this paper is how to maintain the operation dependability of future chips built from forthcoming nano- (or subnano-) technologies characterized by the reduction of component dimensions, the increase of atomic fluctuations and the massive occurrence of physical defects. We focus on fault tolerance at the architectural level, and especially on fault-tolerance approaches, which are based on chip self-diagnosis and self-reconfiguration. We study test and reconfiguration methodologies in massively defective nanoscale devices, either at fine granularity field programmable devices or at coarse granularity multi-core arrays. In particular, we address the important question of up to which point could future chips have self-organizing fault-tolerance mechanisms to autonomously ensure their own dependable operation. In the case of FPGAs, we present known fault tolerant approaches and discuss their limitations in future nanoscale devices. In the case of multicore arrays, we show that such properties as self-diagnosis, self-isolation of faulty elements and self-reorganization of communication routes are possible.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5289570,no
Estimation of short circuit capability of Generator Circuit Breaker for a generator fed fault,"The generator circuit breaker (GCB) is a core component of a power plant, protecting both the generator and the power transformers. Currently, the only standard that addresses GCB ratings is IEEE C37.013. This standard defines the primary short circuit rating of a GCB based on a system fed fault. When attempting to determine the required ratings for a GCB, it is sometimes difficult to check the capability of a particular model of GCB with respect to the characteristics of the project specific HV system, connected generator, and the associated MV distribution system. The difficulty increases with the emergence of large generators contributing high symmetrical fault current with a very high degree of asymmetry. Many of todaypsilas large MVA generators can produce a maximum degree of asymmetry up to 130% for generator fed faults. Currently there are no guidelines available to the end user to determine the suitability of the GCB tested at a certain degree of asymmetry when being applied to a system with a higher degree of asymmetry. This paper provides a discussion on selection of a GCB to interrupt generator-source faults with a high degree of asymmetry. Suitability for a given application may have to be confirmed by the GCB manufacturer.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641745,no
Early errors detection in parallel programs,"The goal of this paper is to tell about the methodology and tools for errors detection in parallel programs at the code writing stage. Applying static code analysis methodology allows developers to significantly reduce the error correction costs at the testing and support stages. The error diagnostics in multithread applications will be demonstrated with the examples of PC-Lint, VivaMP, and Intel C++ Parallel Lint analyzers. The paper will be useful for developers who create parallel Windows applications in C/C++ languages.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5501180,no
The design of digital fault recorder module based on S12XD,"The hardware architecture and software designs of the digital fault recorder module are described in this paper. The enhanced MSCAN module and the XGATE co-processor of S12XD MCU are used to receive and manage the operate data through high-speed CAN bus. F-RAM is used as non-volatile data storage memory. The software, especially mentioned XGATE and fault data storage strategy, is discussed in detail. This module has been applied in the distributed generator excitation equipment.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5274760,no
Evaluation of H.264/AVC error resilience in HD IPTV applications,"The delivery of High Definition Television (HDTV) over IP networks, namely the HD IPTV, has emerged as one of the major distribution and access techniques for broadband multimedia services. IPTV adopts H.264/AVC as its coding standard due to its high video compression efficiency as well as powerful error resilience features. This paper presents studies on some of these features applied to HD IPTV applications. A test system is deployed to simulate the delivery of HD video over a DSL based IPTV network. Effects of error resilience of slicing and Instantaneous Decoding Refreshing (IDR) features on video quality are examined in both channel non-impaired and channel impaired with burst noise circumstances. Based on the acquired results, optimal slice size was obtained for HD video transmission over an impaired channel. The quality of experience related to the IDR interval in combating error propagation was also characterized.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463161,no
Smart energy meters for energy conservation & minimizing errors,"The monitoring of the power quality helps to lower the energy costs and to prolong the machine's life. Smart metering is such a complete end to end solution which minimizes the several errors and helps in distributing Quality Power. It is an energy policy for consumers to provide them a user friendly face in dealing with utility (especially the Electricity) bills. It provides the users, a Digital Meter which displays the real time power consumption every time in very friendly and detailed format, and a website to check & analyze their consumption and expenses on energy, using different types of graphs, tabulated and manipulated data. It not only comforts their users but also give relief to the distribution company by minimizing power losses by using automatic Power factor maintenance technique, and providing anti-power theft capability. It also gives a control of power distribution through which Distribution Company can limit the user from exceeding usage of power in specific time duration.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5712393,no
An improved monte carlo method in fault tree analysis,"The Monte Carlo (MC) method is one of the most general ones in system reliability analysis, because it reflects the statistical nature of the problem. It is not restricted by type of failure models of system components, allows to capture the dynamic relationship between events and estimate the accuracy of obtained results by calculating standard error. However, it is rarely used in Fault Tree (FT) software, because a huge number of trials are required to reach a tolerable precision if the value of system probability is relatively small. Regrettably, this is the most important practical case, because nowadays highly reliable systems are ubiquitous. In the present paper we study several enhancements of the raw simulation method: variance reduction, parallel computing, and improvements based on simple preliminary information about FT structure. They are efficiently developed both for static and dynamic FTs. The effectiveness and accuracy of the improved MC method is confirmed by numerous calculations of complex industrial benchmarks.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5447989,no
Rating issues in fault tolerant PMSM,"The necessary reliability of a safety critical drive system is often partly achieved by using fault tolerant electrical machines. Although there are various degrees as to what types of faults and to the duration the machine has to tolerate, these generally include open and short circuit winding faults. There are numerous published literatures on the design of fault tolerant machines as well as on control algorithms used to maintain drive operation with an incurred fault. This paper is set to look at the effects of various fault tolerant control methods on the losses in three and five phase surface mount Permanent Magnet (PM) machines when in fault tolerant operation in order to be able to choose the correct rating for such conditions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5075416,no
"Parameterized IP Infrastructures for fault-tolerant FPGA-based systems: Development, assessment, case-study",The objective of this article is to present technique elements of Intellectual Properties Cores (IP) and Infrastructure IP (IIP) parameterization for fault-tolerant FPGA-based systems (FTFS). The FTFS IIP parameters classification is discussed and some elements of IIP parameterization technique are observed. Case-study of proposed technique is illustrated for the airborne ice protection system.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5742075,no
The studying of combined power-load forecasting by error evaluation standard based on RBF network and SVM method,"The load forecasting method usually starts from a single method, we usually improved prediction methods to get the better forecasting accuracy, but this often confined to the application of the method, combination forecasting method can achieve superiority of various methods, the forecast accuracy is higher than single forecasting method. In this paper, we used RBF neural network prediction method and support vector machine forecasting method.RBF neural network prediction method is the more popular method in recent years, it has the better generalization ability to the traditional neural network prediction method, It can effectively avoid local minima value and has a very good learning ability; SVM prediction method is transformed into one-dimensional nonlinear prediction of linear space, it has very precise calculation process and can meet the high forecast precision. Based on the combination of the two methods, not only from the Angle of artificial memory model prediction, and using the tight nonlinear model, ultimately meet the purpose of combined forecasting. The main innovation in this paper is that assess the result of every kind of prediction method by making the standards of error qualified, using the error rate to determine the weight of combination, finally, we can get the satisfactory results through an empirical analysis.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5192606,no
Application on Virtual Instrument and Neural Networks in the Fault Diagnosis,"The main point of intelligent fault diagnosis theory is fault mode distinguishing principle based on data processing methods. Pointing to the problems of the traditional fault diagnosis mode, a fault diagnosis method based on the virtual instrument and neural networks is proposed. The signals collection and management based on virtual instrument is introduced, the basic method of the neural networks for distinguishing the faults is analyzed. For fastness and accuracy, connecting the wavelet analysis with the neural networks organically, and based on the wavelet transfer and the neural networks, the system of the speedy features extraction and identification for the faults is founded. The method of the feature extraction for the faults based on the wavelet analysis are established, the realization idea of the fault diagnosis based on the neural networks is put forward, and the hardware and software structure of the fault diagnosis based on the neural networks are discussed. The experimental and simulated results show: it is feasible that analyses for the faults with the neural networks and the wavelet analysis. The method can remarkably heighten the accuracy and credibility of the fault diagnosis results, and the results are of repeatability.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5287995,no
Skull Mechanics Study of PI Procedure Plan for Craniosynostosis Correction Based on Finite Element Method,"The main purpose of correction craniosynostosis is to reopen cranial sutures with some bone slots in order to free the skull transformation with the brain development from the closed craniums. The intent of this paper is to analysis the relationship between the shapes of bone slots and the skull rigidity. Finite element method is utilized to obtain the stress distribution and deformation clouds of the different surgery schemes. And then a best cranial suture bone slot's shape is brought up according to the stress distribution simulation results. Methods: A Congenital craniosynostosis case is selected to design the surgery treatment plan. PI-shape craniosynostosis correction scheme is used, and bone slots used for reconstruction the cranial suture are in variance to simulate the stress distribution change after the slots shape change. The cranial bone and endocranium models are meshed as tetrahedron element for finite element analysis. For the instantaneous stress take into account when the slots shape change, the viscoelastic material properties of the crianial bone and endocranium are ignored here. Abaqus is used to calculate the stress result. Results: Different bone slot shapes induce different cranium stress distribution and skull rigidity. Appropriate bone slots as the new cranial suture can make the cranium to win the maximum stress value about 46.12Mpa and the maximum displacement about 10.25mm. Conclusion: The results of stress distribution and deformation of cranial bone under the intracranial pressure after the correction craniosynostosis operation can be obtained by the finite element method. These results reflect the ability of the cranial bone expanding with the brain tissues growth. With finite element method, surgical prediction can be made to guide surgeons to make the decision of improving surgical treatment.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5517212,no
On-line fault diagnosis in a Petri Net framework,"The paper addresses the fault detection problem for discrete event systems modeled by Petri nets (PN). Assuming that the PN structure and initial marking are known, faults are modeled by unobservable transitions. The paper recalls a previously proposed diagnoser that works online and employs an algorithm based on the definition and solution of some integer linear programming problems to decide whether the system behavior is normal or exhibits some possible faults. To reduce the on-line computational effort, we prove some results showing that if the unobservable subnet enjoys suitable properties, the algorithm solution may be obtained with low computational complexity. We characterize the properties that the PN modeling the system fault behavior has to fulfill and suitably modify the proposed diagnoser.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5234113,no
DC converter based fault analysis using simulink and RTDS,"The paper aims at analyzing various DC fault detection and protection techniques. In the proposed model of a DC ship system, various AC-DC, DC-DC and DC-AC converters are used. Different converters, controlled or uncontrolled, six or twelve pulse converters are used. The paper aims at modeling and simulation of different converters in Matlab Simulink and the RTDS environment to analyze DC fault effect on the DC side and its propagation from the DC to the AC side. Comparisons are made between the simulations in the real time and Simulink environments. By comparing the results of the different converters, a strategy for developing fault identify and removal for DC shipboard distribution systems will be determined. The effect of fault resistance on fault parameters is also highlighted in the paper.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4768767,no
Virtual measuring system of the geometric error based on LabView,"The paper constructs a virtual detection system of geometrical errors with powerful virtual instrument LabView software, and realizes the simulation tests of the parts' form error, direction error, position error and run-out error. The system could test the data by different data processing methods, and get the reports of the tested data and error results.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5681965,no
Analysis of exception fault types based on AspectJ,"The improper use of exception handling mechanism will affect the efficiency of the application development in programming, so this paper analyzed and summarized several exception fault types for the exception fault problem of AspectJ, and gave the corresponding examples to analyze the impact of exception fault on program control flow, so that the developers can better avoid or deal with these exception fault.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5619408,no
Improved WNN to Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis,"The improved algorithm of WNN based on BP was proposed in this paper. Theoretical analysis and simulation result show it avoids both the blindness of framework designs for BP neural networks and the problem of nonlinear optimizations, such as local optimization. So it can simplify the training of neural networks. It has better abilities in function learning and generalization. This algorithm was successfully applied to rotating machinery fault diagnosis. Therefore it has wide application prospect.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5364431,no
Research on Multi-function Fault Management System Model Based on SNMP,"The improving network technology and application make it a challenge to the network manager. A feasible and efficient network management strategy will become an important method to insure the network running well. Therefore, itpsilas meaningful to be familiar with the network and network management technology. In accordance with practical network environment, we design and implement fault management system FMS based on SNMP. Using Client/Server architecture, our system established a distributed management model which is compose of Console/Manager/Agent, finished network status monitoring, event processing, fault alarm and log etc.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4737093,no
Fault ride-through of fully enclosed squirrel-cage induction generators for wind farms in Thailand,"The increasing amount of wind power generation in Thailand power systems requires stability analysis considering interaction between wind-farms and transmission systems. Dynamics introduced by dispersed wind generators at the distribution level can usually be neglected. However, large wind farms have a considerable influence to power system dynamics and must definitely be considered for analyzing power system dynamics. For this purpose, a detailed dynamic model of fully enclosed squirrel cage induction generator with gearbox (full-scale power electronics converters) of a 2.3 MW wind turbine with has been implemented using the modeling environment of the simulation software DIgSILENT PowerFactory. For investigating grid compatibility aspects of this wind generator concept, a model of a 96.6 MW wind farm, with typical layout, based on 42 wind turbines of the 2.3 MW-class has been analyzed. This paper is focusing on transient stability and fault ride through capability when the grid voltage has dropped to a very low value.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484266,no
Failure Prediction Models for Proactive Fault Tolerance within Storage Systems,"The increasingly large demand for data storage has spurred on the development of systems that rely on the aggregate performance of multiple hard drives. In many of these applications, reliability and availability are of utmost importance. It is therefore necessary to closely scrutinize a complex storage system's reliability characteristics. In this paper, we use Markov models to rigorously demonstrate the effects that failure prediction has on a system's mean time to data loss (MTTDL) given a parameterized sensitivity. We devise models for a single hard drive, RAID1, and N+1 type RAID systems. We find that the normal SMART failure prediction system has little impact on the MTTDL, but striking results can be seen when the sensitivity of the predictor reaches 0.5 or more. In past research, machine learning techniques have been proposed to improve SMART, showing that sensitivity levels of 0.5 or more are possible by training on past SMART data alone. The results of our stochastic models show that even with such relatively modest predictive power, these failure prediction algorithms can drastically extend the MTTDL of a data storage system. We feel that these results underscore the importance and need for complex prediction systems when calculating impending hard drive failures.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4770560,no
Transmission line fault classification based on wavelet singular entropy and artificial immune recognition system algorithm,"The method based on wavelet singular entropy(WSE) and artificial immune recognition system (AIRS) for transmission line fault classification is presented in this paper. Wavelet singular entropy is used to quantify uncertainty of fault high frequency transient voltages so as to reflect and identify various failure states of power system. On this basis, AIRS for fault classification is presented to overcome the shortcomings of artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machines (SVMs). The classifier can also decrease number of input parameters, relieve the dependence on prior knowledge of decision maker and improve generalization ability. The simulation results show the method is effective and correct.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5407046,no
Identification of ground faults according to the analysis of electromagnetic fields of MV lines,"The methods of assessing the place of the ground fault in compensated MV networks are known. At present realizations, the evaluation of ground faults is usually based on using more methods specialized for the detection of individual types of ground faults. The methods used in the paper follow from the analysis of electromagnetic fields of phase conductors and lines. Ground fault indicators have been installed at points with telecontrolled section switches and reclosers. The development of communication technologies enables new system-wide solutions to be applied in this field. A system-wide solution with telecommunicating indicators and with transmitting not only the result of evaluation but also the development of quantities being measured leads not only to increasing the reliability of determining the section of a MV line affected by the ground fault but, at the same time, it is also possible to assess the type of the ground fault including the prediction of the origination of subsequent ground faults, with the possibility of reducing the number of short-circuits to ground. The used solution enables us to telemeasure the values of phase currents at the point where the indicators have been installed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5255918,no
Study on the tooth profile and meshing equation of the anti-backlash double-roller enveloping hourglass worm with errors,"The mismatched errors of the anti-backlash double-roller enveloping hourglass worm (ADEHW) plays a very critical role on its performance, but the influence of errors on ADEHW are rarely reported in available literatures, and the most important thing that we concerned is how to acquire the meshing equation and generate the tooth profile of ADEHW involving errors. Therefore, the new anti-backlash double-roller enveloping hourglass worm tooth profile equation which involved the grinding wheel radius, angular position error of the worm wheel axis, the centre distance errors and the shaft angle was established for the first time in order to study the effects of worm parameters on the worm tooth profile by using the theories of differential geometry and gear meshing. A new method to acquire the contact line of worm was presented by using the corresponding computer program and dichotomy. The real tooth surface was acquired based on the Pro/E software using the contact helix line equation and the three-dimension (3D) geological modeling of the Anti-backlash double-roller enveloping hourglass worm was established. The results obtained show that the formula established of worm tooth profile is important to analysis the characters of gearing mesh and parameter.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5536333,no
Optimistic Replication Approach for Transactional Mobile Agent Fault Tolerance,"The mobile agent is a computer program that can move between different hosts in heterogeneous networks. This paradigm is advantageous for distributed systems implementation, especially in mobile computing application characterized by low bandwidth, high latency and unreliable networks connections. Mobile agent is also attractive for distributed transactions applications. Although mobile agent has been studied for twenty years for some good reasons, it is not largely used in developing distributed systems for simple reasons: important issues like security and fault tolerance are not solved in effective way. In this paper we address the issue of fault tolerance in mobile agent systems and transactional support. We present the agent system design and describe the protocol of our approach in which we treat infrastructure failures to prevent a partial or complete loss of mobile agent and deal with semantic failures to ensure atomic execution and transactional support for mobile agent.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5521523,no
Fault-Tolerant Middleware for Grid Computing,"The major challenge in Grid environment is fault tolerance. Faults ranging from machine crashes, media failures, operator errors and random data corruption results in loss of data, both temporarily and permanently. The paper proposes a solution for handling faults in grid environment. Fault-Tolerance using Adaptive Replication in Grid Computing (FTARG) is an adaptive replication middleware which addresses the fault tolerance of Grid based applications by providing data replication at different sites. FTARG is an Aneka based Grid middleware especially designed for high-performance Grid based applications. FTARG enables data synchronization between multiple heterogeneous databases located in the Grid by supporting a variety of synchronization modes. Experimental analysis proves that proposed FTARG handles faults in the Grid by improving the performance of data management for large scale complex grid based applications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5581432,no
Analysis of software quality cost modelings industrial applicability with focus on defect estimation,The majority of software quality cost models is by design capable of describing costs retrospectively but relies on defect estimation in order to provide a cost forecast. We identify two major approaches to defect estimation and evaluate them in a large scale industrial software development project with special focus on applicability in quality cost models. Our studies show that neither static models based on code metrics nor dynamic software reliability growth models are suitable for an industrial application.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4737876,no
"Comprehensive Analysis of Performance, Fault-Tolerance and Scalability in Grid Resource Management System","The management of the large scale heterogeneous resources is a critical issue in grid computing. The resource management system (RMS) is an essential component of grids. To ensure the QoS of the upper layer service, it raises high requirement for the performance, fault-tolerance and scalability of RMS. In this paper, we study three typical structures of RMS, including centralized, hierarchical and peer-to-peer structures, and make a comprehensive analysis of performance, fault tolerance and scalability. We put forward the performance, fault tolerance and scalability evaluation metrics of the RMS, and give the mathematical expressions and detailed calculation processes. Besides, we make further discussions on the interactions of the performance, fault-tolerance and scalability, and make a comparison of the RMSs with the three typical structures. We believe that the results of this work will help system architects make informed choices for building the RMS.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5280112,no
A Task-Based Fault-Tolerance Mechanism to Hierarchical Master/Worker with Divisible Tasks,"The master/worker API of the ProActive middleware provides with an easy way to use framework for parallelizing embarrassingly parallel applications. However, the traditional master/worker model faces great challenges as the development of the scalability of the distributed computing. A single-layer hierarchical master/worker has been implemented as a solution to the scalability issues of the MW API. In the new framework, the mainmaster only communicates with some submasters, and each submaster manages a set of workers. A ldquobully election algorithmrdquo and an ldquoobject discovery mechanismrdquo are implemented to solve the fault-tolerance problems of the submasters. An automatic load-balancing mechanism is implemented for the hierarchical master/worker to solve divisible tasks. Moreover, an optimization has been done to make the fault-tolerance mechanism more efficient.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5167062,no
The electronic capacitive voltage transformers error characteristics research and parameter optimization design,"The mathematical model of electronic capacitive voltage transformers (ECVT) in the power system is built by analyzing the sensing principles and applied environment of the ECVT, and point out that the existence of the distribution stray capacity is the key factor effecting to the transformer accuracy. From the viewpoint of the equivalent circuit, the interaction mechanism of the ECVT measuring error caused by stray capacity and the interphase interference is quantitatively analyzed. The structure finite element calculation model of the condenser divider of ECVT in 220 kV power system is built using the finite element software. The distribution stray capacitance matrix for the voltage divider is measured by simulating its static electric field. The parameters of the condenser divider are optimized by using the ECVT mathematical models established. The experiment results show that the measuring accuracy of ECVT is within 0.2 levels with the nominal capacitance of the condenser divider more than 3500 pF. This paper provide reference basis for error analyzing and parameters optimization design of ECVT.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275999,no
McEliece/Niederreiter PKC: Sensitivity to Fault Injection,"The McEliece and Niederreiter public key cryptosystems (PKC) are presumed secure in a post quantum world because there is no efficient quantum algorithm that solves the hard problems upon which these cryptosystems are built. The present article indicates, however, a different type of vulnerability for such cryptosystems, namely fault injection. We present the injection fault in the McEliece scheme using Goppa codes and in two variants using quasi-cyclic alternant and quasi-dyadic codes, and describe the main difference of those constructions in this context.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5482663,no
Fault tolerant permanent magnet machines used in automobile applications,"The paper deals with the fault tolerant analysis of several permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) used in hybrid automobiles. There will be treated 3 distinctive elements: the electrical traction, the starter/generator and the steering system. By means of numerical analysis and through experiments, three different types of PMSM and their drives will be verified, while the fault tolerant concept is employed and verified.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5608281,no
Confirming the reliability and safety of MV distribution network including DG applying protection applications for earth faults,"The paper describes the effects of distributed generation on the earth fault protection of a medium voltage feeder and protection coordination. Neutral isolated and compensated systems were considered. The aim was to investigate the behaviour of the production unit during automatic reclosings, especially as regards electrical safety. Methods possibly feasible for clearing a temporary earth fault without voltage break were considered. Thus disturbances affecting production and customers are less than with automatic reclosings. The method of the study was dynamic simulation of the earth faults in medium voltage system. The network model including a wind power plant was implemented applying PSCADTM simulation software.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5255946,no
PSC-PWM in fault tolerant drive system for EMA operation,The introduction of EMA Systems requires the use of redundant inverters to drive the EMA and ensure reliability and safety. Redundant converters allow the implementation of fault tolerant control and high quality operation. Fault control has been implemented by means of redundant converter and fault detection system.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5613584,no
The analysis and research on defect results of software localization testing,"The paper discusses the role defect analysis in the software testing, defect data collection and the specific methods of defect data.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5578965,no
On-line Fault Diagnosis Model of the Hydropower Units Based on MAS,"The paper introduced a novel on-line fault diagnosis system model of the hydropower units based on multi-agent system. In allusion to the classical MAS-based fault diagnosis model, it proposes a new function of information interactive between the mission-controlled subsystem and the task decomposition subsystem to increase the transmission rate of control signals and designs the status-monitoring subsystem to detect the abnormal signals directly from local to increase the fault diagnostic sensitivity. In the fault-diagnosis subsystem, a multi-agent interactive parallel structure is designed to meet the requirements of the high reliability and good real-time. A Java-based language so called as JAFMAS is used to build a multi-agent cooperation platform. Experimental results show the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5319192,no
The fault-tolerant design and fault injection test for embedded software,"The paper introduces the fault-tolerant technique of chuangxin-1 micro-satellite on-board computer. A fault injection test system is built to verify the fault-tolerant function. The test system is made up of monitor computer, Trace32 ICE, monitor instrument for output, and fault injection instrument. The test case is employed to verify the behavior of fault-tolerance and judge the validity of fault-tolerant design of hardware and software, and it includes typically test case name, test content, instrument and device, test method, verification method, expectation result, actual result, etc. The result shows that the fault injection test system can verify the fault-tolerant design well.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5626979,no
Current Sensor Fault-Tolerant Control for WECS With DFIG,"The performances of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) heavily depend on the accurate current sensing. A sudden failure in one of the current sensors decreases the system performances. Moreover, if a fault is not detected and handled quickly, its effect leads to system disconnection. Hence, to reduce the failure rate and to prevent unscheduled shutdown, a real-time fault detection, isolation, and compensation scheme could be adopted. This paper introduces a new field-programmable-gate-array (FPGA)-based grid-side-converter current sensor fault-tolerant control for WECS with doubly fed induction generator. The proposed current sensor fault detection is achieved by a predictive model. ldquoFPGA-in-the-looprdquo and experimental results validate the effectiveness and satisfactory performances of the proposed method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5226611,no
Automatic detection and correction for glossy reflections in digital photograph,"The popularization of digital technology has made shooting digital photos and using related applications a part of daily life. However, the use of flash, to compensate for low atmospheric lighting, often leads to overexposure or glossy reflections. This study proposes an auto-detection and inpainting technique to correct overexposed faces in digital photography. This algorithm segments the skin color in the photo as well as uses face detection and capturing to determine candidate bright spots on the face. Based on the statistical analysis of color brightness and filtering, the bright spots are identified. Finally, bright spots are corrected through inpainting technology. From the experimental results, this study demonstrates the high accuracy and efficiency of the method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5543933,no
Fixed series compensation protection evaluation using transmission lines faults simulations,"The power demands of Brazilian national industries need an economical solution to increase power transmission capacity of existing transmission lines. Due to environmental and economical difficulties for construction of new power transmission lines, the use of fixed series compensation (FSC) has turned into a common practice of power transmission companies in Brazil. The FSC is presented as the best choice, because not only does it make possible to increase power transmission capacity as well as it stabilizes the interconnected energy nets through reduction of the impedance of the transmission line. The main purpose of this work is to present the FSC protection evaluation installed at Rio Verde 230 kV substation with 216 MVAr (FURNAS Centrais Eletricas S.A. - Brazilian Power Transmission Utility). This evaluation will be realized simulating faults internal and external to the 230 kV transmission line where the FSC were installed. The final conclusion of the work is to present the importance of the FSC to a transmission system and a complete evaluation of the FSC protection, observing the dimensioning and the situations that this protection operates in the transmission system with the purpose to keep the energy flow against faults due to lightning discharges and other causes.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641794,no
Sampling Error Estimation in High-Speed Sampling Systems Introduced by the Presence of Phase Noise in the Sampling Clock,"The presence of phase noise in the sampling clock of fast analog-to-digital converters introduces time jitter into the sampling instants of the analog-to-digital converter. In this paper, an analysis has been performed to quantify the impact of phase perturbation in the sampling clock on the signal-to-noise ratio of the digitized waveform. Close form formulae have been obtained for the signal-to-jitter noise (S/N<sub>jit</sub>) ratio when the phase perturbation is random as well as when it is dominated by a periodic and deterministic component. The result obtained is then used to predict the jitter noise generated by a sampling clock with typical phase noise performance. The results obtained will help identify the impact of the various sampling and phase noise parameters on the resulting S/N<sub>jit</sub> ratio.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4479796,no
Analog Circuit Fault Diagnosis Based on RBF Neural Network Optimized by PSO Algorithm,"The present paper proposes a fault diagnosis methodology of analog circuits base on radial basis function (RBF) artificial neural network trained by particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Using the appropriate stimulus signal, fault features are extracted from efficient points in frequency response of the circuit directly, and then a fault dictionary is created by collecting signatures of different fault conditions. Trained by the examples contained in the fault dictionary, the RBF neural network optimized by PSO has been demonstrated to provide robust diagnosis to the difficult problem of soft faults in analog circuits. The experimental result shows that the proposed technique is succeeded in diagnosing and locating faults effectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5523009,no
Simulated SMOS Levels 2 and 3 Products: The Effect of Introducing ARGO Data in the Processing Chain and Its Impact on the Error Induced by the Vicinity of the Coast,"The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Mission is the second of the European Space Agency's Living Planet Program Earth Explorer Opportunity Missions, and it is scheduled for launch in July 2009. Its objective is to provide global and frequent soil-moisture and sea-surface-salinity (SSS) maps. SMOS' single payload is the Microwave Imaging Radiometer by Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS) sensor, an L-band 2-D aperture-synthesis interferometric radiometer. For the SSS, the output products of SMOS, at Level 3, will have global coverage and an accuracy of 0.1-0.4 psu (practical salinity units) over 100 times 100-200 times 200 km<sup>2</sup> in 10-30 days. During the last few years, several studies have pointed out the necessity of combining auxiliary data with the MIRAS-measured brightness temperature to provide the required accuracy. In this paper, we propose and test two techniques to include auxiliary data in the SMOS SSS retrieval algorithm. Aiming at this, pseudo-SMOS Level-3 products have been generated according to the following steps: 1) A North Atlantic configuration of the NEMO-OPA ocean model has been run to provide consistent geophysical parameters; 2) the SMOS end-to-end processor simulator has been used to compute the brightness temperatures as measured by the MIRAS; 3) the SMOS Level-2 processor simulator has been applied to retrieve SSS values for each point and overpass; and 4) Level-2 data have been temporally and spatially averaged to synthesize Level-3 products. In order to assess the impact of the proximity to the coast at Level 3, and the effect of these techniques on it, two different zones have been simulated: the first one in open ocean and the second one in a coastal region, near the Canary Islands (Spain) where SMOS and Aquarius CAL/VAL activities are foreseen. Performance exhibits a clear improvement at Level 2 using the techniques proposed; at Level 3, a smaller effect has been recorded. Coastal proximity has been found to affect the retrieva- - l of up to 150 and 300 km from the coast, at Levels 2 and 3, respectively. Results for both scenarios are presented and discussed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4815461,no
Extended Ocean Salinity Error Budget Analysis within the SMOS Mission,"The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission will provide from 2009 onwards sea surface salinity maps over the oceans. In this paper an ocean salinity error budget is described. Instrumental, external noise sources and geophysical errors have been analysed, stressing their relative degree of impact. With the aim of improving this study, an extended version of this analysis provides an overall vision of the salinity retrieval in a wider set of configurations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4779776,no
Space shuttle fault tolerance: Analog and digital teamwork,"The Space Shuttle control system (including the avionics suite) was developed during the 1970s to meet stringent survivability requirements that were then extraordinary but today may serve as a standard against which modern avionics can be measured. In 30 years of service, only two major malfunctions have occurred, both due to failures far beyond the reach of fault tolerance technology: the explosion of an external fuel tank, and the destruction of a launch-damaged wing by re-entry friction. The Space Shuttle is among the earliest systems (if not the earliest) designed to a ldquoFO-FO-FSrdquo criterion, meaning that it had to Fail (fully) Operational after any one failure, then Fail Operational after any second failure (even of the same kind of unit), then Fail Safe after most kinds of third failure. The computer system had to meet this criterion using a Redundant Set of 4 computers plus a backup of the same type, which was (ostensibly!) a COTS type. Quadruple redundancy was also employed in the hydraulic actuators for elevons and rudder. Sensors were installed with quadruple, triple, or dual redundancy. For still greater fault tolerance, these three redundancies (sensors, computers, actuators) were made independent of each other so that the reliability criterion applies to each category separately. The mission rule for Shuttle flights, as distinct from the design criterion, became ldquoFO-FS,rdquo so that a mission continues intact after any one failure, but is terminated with a safe return after any second failure of the same type. To avoid an unrecoverable flat spin during the most dynamic flight phases, the overall system had to continue safe operation within 400 msec of any failure, but the decision to shut down a computer had to be made by the crew. Among the interesting problems to be solved were ldquocontrol sliveringrdquo and ldquosync holes.rdquo The first flight test (Approach and Landing only) was the proof of the pudding: when a key wire harness solder - joint was jarred loose by the Shuttle's being popped off the back of its 747 mother ship, one of the computers ldquowent bananasrdquo (actual quote from an IBM expert).",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5347450,no
Fault Evaluator: A tool for experimental investigation of effectiveness in software testing,"The specifications for many software systems, including safety-critical control systems, are often described using complex logical expressions. It is important to find effective methods to test implementations of such expressions. Analyzing the effectiveness of the testing of logical expressions manually is a tedious and error prone endeavor, thus requiring special software tools for this purpose. This paper presents Fault Evaluator, which is a new tool for experimental investigation of testing logical expressions in software. The goal of this tool is to evaluate logical expressions with various test sets that have been created according to a specific testing method and to estimate the effectiveness of the testing method for detecting specific faulty variations of the original expressions. The main functions of the tool are the generation of complete sets of faults in logical expressions for several specific types of faults; gaining expected (Oracle) values of logical expressions; testing faulty expressions and detecting whether a test set reveals a specific fault; and evaluating the effectiveness of a testing approach.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5688000,no
"Vietnamese spelling detection and correction using Bi-gram, Minimum Edit Distance, SoundEx algorithms with some additional heuristics","The spelling checking problem is considered to contain two main phases: the detecting phase and the correcting phase. In this paper, we present a new approach for Vietnamese spelling checking based on Vietnamese characteristics for each phase. Our research approach includes the use of a syllable Bi-gram in combination with parts of speech (POS) to find out suspected syllables. In the correcting phase, we based on minimum edit distance, SoundEx algorithms and some heuristics to build a weight function for assessing suggestion candidates. The training corpus and the test set were collected from e-newspapers.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4586339,no
A Fault-tolerance Framework for Distributed Component Systems,"The requirement for higher reliability and availability of systems is continuously increasing even in domains not traditionally strongly concerned by such issues. Required solutions are expected to be efficient, flexible, reusable on rapidly evolving hardware and of course at low cost. Combining both model and component seems to be a very promising cocktail for building solutions to this problem. Hence, we will present in this paper an approach using a model as its first structural citizen all along the development process. Our proposal will be illustrated with an application modeled with UML (extended with some of its dedicated profiles). Our approach includes an underlying execution infrastructure/middleware, providing fault-tolerance services. For the component aspect, our framework promotes firstly an infrastructure based on the Component/Container/Connectorparadigm to provide run-time facilities enabling transparent management of fault-tolerance (mainly fault-detection and redundancy mechanisms). For the model-driven point of view, our framework provides tool support for assisting the users to model their applications and to deploy and configure them on computing platforms. In this paper we focus on the run-time support offered by the component framework, specially the replication-aw are interaction mechanism enabling a transparent replication management mechanisms and some additional system components dedicated to fault-detection and replicas management.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725709,no
Middleware-Based Failure Detection and Recovery Services for Fault-Tolerant E-services,"The runtime detection of failure and recovery from failure is a major challenge facing e-business and e-commerce applications. Different types of failure are well understood through the failure model, but the detection and differentiation between these failures still proves difficult at runtime. Even when failures are detected, recovery may be hindered as certain failures may mask the root cause failure making it difficult to elaborate a recovery strategy. Through this paper we describe a pragmatic approach to failure detection and recovery based on the combination of middleware-based instrumentation and control services. In particular, we describe the development of failure detection instruments and failure recovery control services using Jini middleware technology. The failure detection instruments are capable of identifying different failure types and failure recovery control services make use of failure patterns to activate appropriate recovery strategies.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5395173,no
Layer-weighted unequal error protection for scalable video coding extension of H.264/AVC,"The scalable video coding extension of H.264/AVC is a current standardization project. This paper deals with unequal error protection (UEP) scheme for scalable video bitstream over packet-lossy networks using forward error correction (FEC). The proposed UEP scheme is developed by exploiting jointly the unequal importance existing both in temporal layers and quality layers of hierarchial scalable video bitstream. For efficient assignment of FEC codes, the proposed UEP scheme uses a simple and efficient performance metric, namely layer-weighted expected zone of error propagation (LW-EZEP). The LW-EZEP is adopted for quantifying the error propagation effect on video quality degradation from packet loss in temporal layers and in quality layers. Compared to other UEP schemes, the proposed UEP scheme demonstrates strong robustness and adaptation for variable channel status.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4560155,no
A Novel Intelligent Algorithm for Fault-Tolerant Task Scheduling in Real-Time Multiprocessor Systems,"The scheduling problem for real-time tasks on multiprocessor is one of NP-hard problems. In fault-tolerant real-time systems, tasks have deadlines to be met in spite of the presence of fault. Many attempts such as classical algorithms and intelligent methods have been made to solve this problem. Primary-backup (PB) scheme is one of the most important classical algorithms that have been employed for fault-tolerant scheduling for real-time tasks, wherein each task has two versions and the versions must be scheduled on two different processors. In this paper a novel scheduling algorithm is proposed based on genetic algorithm (GA) which uses PB for tolerating faults since all tasks employ the processors equally as much as possible.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4682346,no
Predicting the severity of a reported bug,"The severity of a reported bug is a critical factor in deciding how soon it needs to be fixed. Unfortunately, while clear guidelines exist on how to assign the severity of a bug, it remains an inherent manual process left to the person reporting the bug. In this paper we investigate whether we can accurately predict the severity of a reported bug by analyzing its textual description using text mining algorithms. Based on three cases drawn from the open-source community (Mozilla, Eclipse and GNOME), we conclude that given a training set of sufficient size (approximately 500 reports per severity), it is possible to predict the severity with a reasonable accuracy (both precision and recall vary between 0.65-0.75 with Mozilla and Eclipse; 0.70-0.85 in the case of GNOME).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463284,no
Fault Slip Through measurement in software development process,"The pressure to improve software development process is not new, but in today's competitive environment there is even greater emphasis on delivering a better service at lower cost. In market-driven development where time-to-market is of crucial importance, software development companies seek improvements that can decrease the lead-time and improve the delivery precision. One way to achieve this is by analyzing the test process since rework commonly accounts for more than half of the development time. A large reason for high rework costs is fault slippage from earlier phases where they are cheaper to find and remove. As an input to improvements, this article introduces a measure that can quantify this relationship. That is, a measure called faults-slip-through, which determines the faults that would have been more cost-effective to find in an earlier phase.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5606110,no
Fault diagnosis using Neuro-Fuzzy Transductive Inference algorithm,"The primary goal of this research is to develop a novel intelligent fault diagnosis method employing neuro-fuzzy transductive inference algorithm (NFTI) in order to solve the the global model application problem, as well as the global availability of the model and sample data set. The method is characterized by that a personal local model which is established for every new fault symptom input data in the fault diagnosis systems, based on some closest samples next to this fault symptom data in an existing sample database. Compared with other similar inductive method (ANFIS - adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system) on Fisherpsilas Iris data set, the mentioned algorithm classifier has reduced 15% of the average test error and increased approximately 30% of classification speed. Detecting the fault symptom data set sampled from actual aeronautic thrustor test, the presented system can identify accurately three fault states. The results of the research indicate that the availability and efficacy of the fault diagnostic strategy is superior to any other inductive reasoning technique about some fault diagnosis issues.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4776196,no
Estimating Error-probability and its Application for Optimizing Roll-back Recovery with Checkpointing,"The probability for errors to occur in electronic systems is not known in advance, but depends on many factors including influence from the environment where the system operates. In this paper, it is demonstrated that inaccurate estimates of the error probability lead to loss of performance in a well known fault tolerance technique, Roll-back Recovery with checkpointing (RRC). To regain the lost performance, a method for estimating the error probability along with an adjustment technique are proposed. Using a simulator tool that has been developed to enable experimentation, the proposed method is evaluated and the results show that the proposed method provides useful estimates of the error probability leading to near-optimal performance of the RRC fault-tolerant technique.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5438676,no
Flexible power converters for the fault tolerant operation of Micro-Grids,"The progressive penetration level of Distributed Generation (DG) is destined to cause deep changes in the existing distribution networks no longer considered as passive terminations of the whole electrical system. A possible solution is the realization of small networks, namely the Micro-Grids, reproducing in themselves the structure of the main production and distribution of the electrical energy system. In order to gain an adequate reliability level of the microgrids the individuation and the management of the faults with the goal of maintaining the micro-grid operation (fault tolerant operation) is quite important. In the present paper flexible power converters and a companion control algorithm for the fault tolerant operation of microgrids are presented. The effectiveness of such an algorithm and of the fault tolerant power converters are verified through computer simulations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5608224,no
Characterization of Gain Enhanced In-Field Defects in Digital Imagers,"The quality of images produced by a digital imager is degraded by the presence of defects, mainly hot pixels, which develop continuously during the imager's lifetime. We previously studied the spatial and temporal distributions of these defects (at ISO 400) and concluded that they most likely result from random radiation and are not material related. With the advancement in imaging technology, the noise level at high ISO had been overcome and new cameras have a wider ISO range (ISO 100-6400). ISO gain is applied to all pixels, good or defective; thus defect parameters get amplified, causing defects to become more visible at high ISO settings. Preliminary defect identification with high ISO has revealed 2 to 3 times more defects at ISO 1600 compared to the standard ISO 400 setting. Amplification of the defect parameters causes defects to become more distinguishable relative to the background noise level. In fact, by measuring the distribution of defect parameters, our experiment results suggest that 2-3% of the faulty pixels behave as stuck-high defects at ISO 1600. With more defects found at higher ISO, we gain a more complete map of defects from each sensor and thus improve our statistical analysis of the spatial and temporal defect distributions. Our current results show that although more defects were found in the tested sensors, the defects are very small and not clustered, pointing to a random defect source rather than a material related one.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5372260,no
Measuring Gain Imbalance and Quadrature Error in WiMAX Transmitters,"The paper presents a new method for measuring the most common I/Q impairments affecting WiMAX transmitters, that are gain imbalance and quadrature error. The method operates on the signal at the output of the transmitter, acquired through a general purpose I/Q receiver. It is designed to correctly take into account the peculiarities of systems compliant to the standard IEEE 802.16-2004, such as the potentially noxious effects of impairments on signal normalization. The results of experiments carried out on standard-compliant signals are also given.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4547294,no
Soft error detection and correction for FFT based convolution using different block lengths,"The structure of radix-2 Fast Fourier Transforms of length 2<sup>n</sup> where n is an integer is used to propose a new soft error detection and correction scheme for transform based convolution. The scheme can provide up to 100% detection and correction of isolated soft errors for, in many cases, approximately double the original system cost in terms of area and/or computational complexity. This is a substantial reduction when compared with conventional Triple Modular Redundancy. The method can be used for both hardware and software implementations of transform-based convolution.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5195996,no
Computer vision based offset error computation for web printing machines using FPGA,The use of computer vision based approach has started to bring the intelligence to many of the modern machineries. Such kind of high performance image processing systems can be efficiently built using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). This paper presents the design and implementation of FPGA based Computer Vision System for offset error computation of a new proposed registration mark pattern in 4-color web offset printing machines. The color printing quality of offset machine degrades due to a genuine problem of registration error caused by improper alignment of the prints from each process color section. This system can be used in an automated registration control system for web printing press that will control the position of each of CMYK cylinders depending on offset error calculated which will improve printing quality.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5712716,no
C-type filter design based on power-factor correction for 12-pulse HVDC converters,"The use of conventional (single-tuned and high-pass) filters for HVDC systems can be difficult due to the likelihood of resonance caused by single-tuned filters, and considerable power losses in high-pass filters. This paper presents the C-type filter as an alternative to the conventional filtering in HVDC systems, to improve both the power quality and the power factor, and to reduce the power losses. The merits and limitations of the C-type filter compared to the conventional filters are studied in this paper, and a design method is presented based on power factor correction over a wide range of frequencies. The performance of the designed filters and their superior performance is evaluated for a 12-pulse HVDC converter system, based on simulation studies conducted in the MATLAB software environment.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4758445,no
Integrity-Preserving Replica Coordination for Byzantine Fault Tolerant Systems,"The use of good random numbers is essential to the integrity of many mission-critical systems. However, when such systems are replicated for Byzantine fault tolerance, a serious issue arises, i.e., how do we preserve the integrity of the systems while ensuring strong replica consistency? Despite the fact that there exists a large body of work on how to render replicas deterministic under the benign fault model, the solutions regarding the random number control are often overly simplistic without regard to the security requirement, and hence, they are not suitable for practical Byzantine fault tolerance. In this paper, we present a novel integrity-preserving replica coordination algorithm for Byzantine fault tolerant systems. The central idea behind this algorithm is that all random numbers to be used by the replicas are collectively determined, based on the contributions made by a quorum of replicas, at least one of which is correct. We have implemented the algorithm in Java and conducted extensive experiments, in both a LAN testbed and an emulated WAN environment. We show that our algorithm is particularly suited for Byzantine fault tolerant systems operating in the LAN environment, or where replicas are connected by high-speed low-latency networks.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4724351,no
A History-Based Diagnosis Technique for Static and Dynamic Faults in SRAMs,"The usual techniques for memory diagnosis are mainly based on signature analysis. They consist in creating a fault dictionary that is used to determine the correspondence between the signature and the fault models affecting the memory. The effectiveness of such diagnosis methods is therefore strictly related to the fault dictionary accuracy. To the best of our knowledge, most of existing signature-based diagnosis approaches targets static faults only. In this paper, we present a new diagnosis approach that represents an alternative to signature-based approaches. This new diagnosis technique, named history-based diagnosis, makes use of the effect-cause paradigm already developed for logic design diagnosis. It consists in creating a database containing the history of operations (read and write) performed on a faulty memory core-cell. This information is crucial to track the root cause of the observed faulty behavior and it can be used to generate the set of possible fault primitives representing the set of suspected fault models. This new diagnosis method is able to identify static as well as dynamic faults. Although applied to SRAMs in this paper, it can be effective also for other memory types such as DRAMs. Experimental results are provided to prove the efficiency of the proposed methodology in generating a list of suspected faults as well as the location of the faulty components in the memory.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700555,no
Diagnosis and identification of fault waveform of power,"The waveform of power system's parameter is related closely to its status, it can reflects and foresees that curtain status and fault will occur in power system. In this paper chaos and fractal theory is used to analyze parameter waveform, abstract characteristic value, build standard model library about parameter waveform, and analysis overall and evaluate property of power system. To power system' fault waveform characteristic, A new identification algorithm -fractal dimension and average value density is proposed. This algorithm can recognize all kinds of fault waveform effectively, thus analysis result can be used faulty diagnosis and status property monitor of power system.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4523675,no
Research on Embedded Airborne Electronic Equipment Fault Diagnosis Expert System,"The traditional airborne electronic equipment fault diagnosis systems have the disadvantage that the dynamic processing ability is low. The weakness of low effectiveness and accuracy is gradually exposed for it highly depends on the sample set and inherent module. The embedded airborne electronic fault diagnosis system built in this paper executes the dynamic processing by the subsystems, then summaries the information and makes the integrated diagnosis by the expert system which is embedded in the Flash in the microprocessor, realizes the real-time ability. The forward extract rule based on RETE algorithm is adopted in the expert system inference engine, which avoids the repeated match, reduces the time-complexity, and improves the efficiency.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5677724,no
Improved quality of experience of reconstructed H.264/AVC encoded video sequences through robust pixel domain error detection,"The transmission of H.264/AVC encoded sequences over noisy wireless channels generally adopt the error detection capabilities of the transport protocol to identify and discard corrupted slices. All the macroblocks (MBs) within each corrupted slice are then concealed. This paper presents an algorithm that does not discard the corrupted slices but tries to detect those MBs which provide major visual artefacts and then conceal only these MBs. Results show that the proposed solution, based on a set of image-level features and two support vector machines (SVMs), manages to detect 94.6% of those artefacts. Gains in peak signal-to-noise ratios (PSNR) of up to 5.74 dB have been obtained when compared to the standard H.264/AVC decoder.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4665108,no
Study on the dynamic performance characteristics of HVDC control and protections for the HVDC line fault,"The travelling wave protection and under voltage protection which are initiated by the rate of change of voltage can not detect the high impedance fault. The operation time of differential protection is so long that it can not play the role of back-up protection of the DC line fault. What's more, the HVDC control system has great influence on the performance characteristic of the DC line protection, especially in case of the low load level. The differential protection will miss tripping because of the current fluctuation caused by the control system. Based on the EMTDC simulation including the actual HVDC line parameters, control and protection models, the currently used DC line protection and the influence of the control system are evaluated in this paper, which is analyzed by combination of the fault records and the simulation results. The improvement scheme is also proposed for the actual system.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275974,no
Monitoring and fault diagnosis system for the diesel engine based on instantaneous speed,"This article makes use of marine diesel engine local instantaneous speed signals. These signals have properties of non-stationary, non-Gauss and low signal-to-noise, and been deal with according to blind source separation (bss) algorithm and combining other time domain, frequency domain analysis method. Hardware design and software design of a vibration monitoring and fault diagnosis system for diesel engine makes use of PC104 bus, high synchronization sampling, and asynchronies FIFO and DOS operation system and so on. It can realize the marine diesel on-line diagnosis at the same time exactly.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5451800,no
A novel signal processing and defect recognition method based on multi-sensor inspection system,"This article presented a novel signal processing and defect recognition method in MFL inspection system. During the preprocessing course, time-frequency analysis, median and adaptive filter, and interpolation processing are adopted to preprocess MFL inspection signal. In order to obtain high sensitivity and precision, we adopted multi-sensor data fusion technique to inspection data. A wavelet basis function (WBF) neural network was used to recognize defect parameters. Through constructing a knowledge-based off-line inspection expert system, the system improved its defect recognition capability greatly.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5543693,no
Dissolved gas analysis technique for incipient fault diagnosis in power transformers: A bibliographic survey,This article presents a bibliographic survey over the last 40 years on the research and development and on the procedures for evaluating faults by dissolved gas analysis of power transformers.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5599978,no
"Flexible, Any-Time Fault Tree Analysis with Component Logic Models","This article presents a novel approach to facilitating fault tree analysis during the development of software-controlled systems. Based on a component-oriented system model, it combines second-order probabilistic analysis and automatically generated default failure models with a level-of-detail concept to ensure early and continuous analysability of system failure behaviour with optimal effort, even in the presence of incomplete information and dissimilar levels of detail in different parts of an evolving system model. The viability and validity of the method are demonstrated by means of an experiment.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5635118,no
Learning from errors: A bio-inspired approach for hypothesis-based machine learning,"This contribution present an approach extending existing learning strategies based on situation-operator-modeling (SOM), which can be used to model interactions with the environment and to represent the knowledge of cognitive systems. The approach proposes a planning process using hypotheses to bridge the gap of knowledge, which is refined by a following check of the applied hypothesis. The hypotheses are inspired by human errors according to Dornerpsilas classification, which is related to the interaction within complex dynamic systems. The programmed implementation of the approach is based on an experimental environment using a software tool for high-level Petri nets.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4654736,no
Application of adaptive probing for fault diagnosis in computer networks,This dissertation presents an adaptive probing based tool for fault diagnosis in computer networks by addressing the problems of probe station selection and probe selection. We first present algorithms to place probe stations to monitor the network in the presence of various failures in the network. We then present algorithms for probe selection in an adaptive manner to perform fault diagnosis. We present algorithms considering both deterministic as well as non-deterministic environments. We present evaluation of the proposed algorithms through comprehensive simulation studies. The dissertation is available at http://www.cis.udel.edu/~natu/papers/dissertation.pdf.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4575278,no
Accurate fault prediction of BlueGene/P RAS logs via geometric reduction,"This investigation presents two distinct and novel approaches for the prediction of system failures occurring in Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Blue Gene/P supercomputer. Each technique uses raw numeric and textual subsets of large data logs of physical system information such as fan speeds and CPU temperatures. This data is used to develop models of the system capable of sensing anomalies, or deviations from nominal behavior. Each algorithm predicted event log reported anomalies in advance of their occurrence and one algorithm did so without false positives. Both algorithms predicted an anomaly that did not appear in the event log. It was later learned that the fault missing from the log but predicted by both algorithms was confirmed to have occurred by the system administrator.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5542626,no
Defect classification as problem classification for quality control in the software project management by DTL,"There are various reasons and causes which lead to failure of software that may come right from it's starting point of requirement analysis up to launching of product in the market. One has to do the root cause analysis of software failure so that these failures should not be reproducible. There are various problems due to which the software may give the bugs, errors, fault and ultimately the failure. Enlisting the problem, analyzing the problem after reporting is must before the fixing of the problem and going into the root cause of the problem. The classification of the problem will definitely help us to sort out the problems and will help to go to the root of problem. Once problems have been reported it can be classified by using any classification method depending upon the properties and their values. We do combine the decision tree learning with the input as the current problems. Decision Tree will be trained with trainee example with similar type of problems, their properties and values. The DTL will help us to classify the problem and ultimately give us the sorted problems to do analysis of problem. Analysis and classification of the problems will also help in the quality control of the product. We have taken defects classification as an example in this paper.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5485644,no
Relative cost of fault-tolerant transmission for connecting distributed resources,"There exists a need for additional transmission capacity to connect distributed resources such as wind energy from remote locations to the power grid. The high cost of running transmission lines necessitates having a way to minimize the length of transmission required to connect the distributed resources to load centers. In addition, the substations that connect to the transmission lines need to be fault tolerant by ensuring that the loss of any one transmission line does not result in the loss of power to any substation. In this paper, the relative cost of connecting a range of sources to a range of loads with and without fault tolerance is presented. Fault tolerance is achieved through a 2-path redundant graph approach. Studies show that the additional cost of ensuring fault tolerance for selected schemes ranges between 8% and 33%. This percentage value can support decision making in practice.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5484414,no
A hybrid scatter correction method for cone-beam CT,"There's great influence on the reconstructed image by X-ray scatter in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). X-ray scatter correction technique is one of the hot research fields in 3D imaging of CBCT. A hybrid scatter correction method is proposed, which combines the beam attenuation grid and the beam stop block. Combined with the scatter correction equipments, a scatter correction algorithm is designed to reduce the X-ray scatter in this paper. The scatter correction performance is investigated by real experiments with an industrial metallic bolt. The results showed that the proposed method could more effectively suppress the scatter artifacts than which based on an attenuation grid alone.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5639468,no
An improved approach to the simulation of Single-Line-to-Ground faults in transmission networks,"These paper presents a mathematical model for studying the single-line-to-ground fault in transmission networks, giving a personal contribution for a methodical and accurate analysis of complex systems, by providing an evolution of the Acircuital methodA able to solve the case of a system in which more than one line supply the fault.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5429457,no
"Basic measurement sites, methods, and associated errors","This article consists of power point presentation on EMC test facilities. The topics dealt include reverberation chamber testing, electromagnetic absorber, spectrum analyser, antenna calibration, immunity testing and radiation pattern.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4652176,no
Fault-Tolerance in Dataflow-Based Scientific Workflow Management,"This paper addresses the challenges of providing fault-tolerance in scientific workflow management. The specification and handling of faults in scientific workflows should be defined precisely in order to ensure the consistent execution against the process-specific requirements. We identified a number of typical failure patterns that occur in real-life scientific workflow executions. Following the intuitive recovery strategies that correspond to the identified patterns, we developed the methodologies that integrate recovery fragments into fault-prone scientific workflow models. Compared to the existing fault-tolerance mechanisms, the propositions reduce the effort of workflow designers by defining recovery fragments automatically. Furthermore, the developed framework implements the necessary mechanisms to capture the faults from the different layers of a scientific workflow management architecture. Experience indicates that the framework can be employed effectively to model, capture and tolerate the typical failure patterns that we identified.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5577254,no
Design of robust fault detection filter for hybrid switched systems,"This paper addresses the problem of design a fault detection system for switched systems with unknown inputs. The residual generator based robust fault detection filter (RFDF) will be used, where the switching signal is assumed to be known, and the continuous states will be estimated, resulting a generation of residual signals for each linear model. Dwell-time constraint will be used to ensure the stability for the switched system. The RFDF design is formulated as optimization problem, and solved iteratively by linear matrix inequality (LMI). Stability is analyzed by using the switched Lyapunov functions. Finally a practical example from lateral vehicle dynamics is provided to illustrate the functionality of the proposed technique.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675996,no
Detecting Inconsistent Values Caused by Interaction Faults Using Automatically Located Implicit Redundancies,"This paper addresses the problem of detecting inconsistent values caused by interaction faults originated from an external system.This type of error occurs when a correctly formatted message that is not corrupted during transmission is generated with a field that contains incorrect data.When traditional schemes cannot be used, one alternative is resorting to receiver-based strategies that employ implicit redundancies - relations between events or data, often identified by a human expert.We propose an approach for detecting inconsistent values using implicit redundancies which are automatically located in examples of communications.We show that, even without adding any redundant information to the communication, the proposed approach can achieve a reasonable error detection coverage in fields where sequential relations exist.Other aspects, such as false alarms and latency, are also evaluated.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725289,no
A Simple Alternative Derivation of the Expectation Correction Algorithm,"The switching linear dynamical system (SLDS) is a popular model in time-series analysis. However, the complexity of inferring the state of the latent variables scales exponentially with the length of the time-series, resulting in many approximation strategies in the literature. We focus on the recently devised expectation correction (EC) approximation which can be considered a form of Gaussian sum smoother. The algorithm has excellent numerical performance compared to a wide range of competing techniques, exploiting more fully the available information than, for example, generalised pseudo Bayes. We show that EC can be seen as an extension to the SLDS of the Rauch, Tung, Striebel inference algorithm for the linear dynamical system. This yields a simpler derivation of the EC algorithm and facilitates comparison with existing, similar approaches.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4745942,no
A Superstring Galaxy Associative Memory Model with Expecting Fault-Tolerant Fields,"The synthesis problems of associative memory models are not better solved until now. Learning from the idea of superstring theory, a design method of superstring galaxy associative memory model with expecting fault-tolerant field is proposed by making the sphere mapping and giving the algorithm of galaxy covering. The method better solves a difficult synthesis problem of associative memory models. The superstring galaxy associative memory model designed by the method can have expecting fault-tolerant fields of the samples.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5362338,no
Research on Error Analysis and Calibration Method of Laser Scan Range Finder,"The technology of laser scan range finder is researched, a line laser is used to survey the object section outlines. The system is composed of line laser, CCD camera, Frame Grabber, computer and the software. The mathematical model of the system is defined and studied, the error is analysed, the calibration method is researched. the system is calibrated and tested, the result showed that the survey data moved towards with the stripe shape tallies and the system achieve the accuracy requirements.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5629930,no
Application of Multi-layer Feed-forward Neural Network in Fault Diagnosis Based on FBP Algorithm,"This paper aims at the BP neural network model, to against the problems of the weakness of capability of knowledge acquisition and low stability of learning and memory. The paper put forward a new fast error back propagation algorithm, and give an example to make a comparison between BP algorithm and FBP algorithm on fault diagnosis, The diagnosis results indicate the reliability of this method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4617358,no
Very high-resistance fault on a 525 kV transmission line - Case study,"This paper analyzes a 300 ohm primary ground fault, which is an unusually high value for a 525 kV transmission line in southeastern Brazil. This case study emphasizes the techniques used by the analysts. Considering that the fault impedance was larger than those usually observed in single-phase faults on extra-high-voltage (EHV) lines, this paper discusses the probable cause of the fault and mentions an analysis technique to evaluate such faults. The protective relaying community lacks information regarding the causes and values of fault resistances to ground on high-voltage (HV) and EHV transmission lines. The objectives of this paper are to stimulate research and contribute to the collection of very high-resistance fault information. The analysis techniques are presented using symmetrical components and fault calculations to arrive at fault parameter values that are very close to the ones provided by protective relays. The performance of the line protection is evaluated for the specific fault conditions, with calculation of the observed impedances and currents. The importance of the ground over- current directional protection on a pilot directional comparison scheme is shown. Speculation on the widespread use of differential protection for transmission lines should stimulate discussions of line protection philosophies and applications. The criteria for the resistive reach setting of the quadrilateral ground distance characteristic are presented to show an evolution of past criteria and to open discussion about the setting limits. The conclusions of this paper highlight the importance of present event report analysis techniques regarding fault calculation software and the need for appropriate settings criteria for the resistive ground distance element threshold. This paper also supports the use of ground directional overcurrent protection with a pilot scheme for HV and EHV transmission line protection, while proposing the widespread use of differential functions f- r transmission lines, even for the most extensive cases.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4982523,no
A Hybrid Error Control and Artifact Detection Mechanism for Robust Decoding of H.264/AVC Video Sequences,"This letter presents a hybrid error control and artifact detection (HECAD) mechanism which can be used to enhance the error resilient capabilities of the standard H.264/advanced video coding (AVC) codec. The proposed solution first exploits the residual source redundancy to recover the most likelihood H.264/AVC bitstream. If error recovery is unsuccessful, the residual corrupted slices are then passed through a pixel-level artifact detection mechanism to detect the visually impaired macroblocks to be concealed. The proposed HECAD algorithm achieves overall peak signal-to-noise ratio gains between 0.4 dB and 4.5 dB relative to the standard with no additional bandwidth requirement. The cost of this solution translates in a marginal increase in the complexity of the decoder. In addition, this method can be applied in conjunction with other error resilient strategies and scales well with different encoding configurations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5430910,no
Studying the Impact of Clones on Software Defects,"There are numerous studies that examine whether or not cloned code is harmful to software systems. Yet, few of them study which characteristics of cloned code in particular lead to software defects. In our work, we use survival analysis to understand the impact of clones on software defects and to determine the characteristics of cloned code that have the highest impact on software defects. Our survival models express the risk of defects in terms of basic predictors inherent to the code (e.g., LOC) and cloning predictors (e.g., number of clone siblings). We perform a case study using two clone detection tools on two large, long-lived systems using survival analysis. We determine that the defect-proneness of cloned methods is specific to the system under study and that more resources should be directed towards methods with a longer 'commit history'.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5645480,no
Mobile Positioning Using Enhanced Signature Database Method and Error Reduction in Location Grid,"There are some methods to mobile location determination; one of these methods is signal strength (power of arrivals). In this research, mobile location determination using enhanced signature database method in a Location grid will be introduced; several ways for positioning error reduction will also be described.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4797111,no
Robust Fault Diagnosis for Atmospheric Reentry Vehicles: A Case Study,"This paper deals with the design of robust model-based fault detection and isolation (FDI) systems for atmospheric reentry vehicles. This work draws expertise from actions undertaken within a project at the European level, which develops a collaborative effort between the University of Bordeaux, the European Space Agency, and European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company Astrium on innovative and robust strategies for reusable launch vehicles (RLVs) autonomy. Using an <i>H</i><sub></sub>/<i>H</i><sub>-</sub> setting, a robust residual-based scheme is developed to diagnose faults on the vehicle wing-flap actuators. This design stage is followed by an original and specific diagnosis-oriented analysis phase based on the calculation of the generalized structured singular value. The latter provides a necessary and sufficient condition for robustness and FDI fault sensitivity over the whole vehicle flight trajectory. A key feature of the proposed approach is that the coupling between the in-plane and out-of-plane vehicle motions, as well as the effects that faults could have on the guidance, navigation, and control performances, are explicitly taken into account within the design procedure. The faulty situations are selected by a prior trimmability analysis to determine those for which the remaining healthy control effectors are able to maintain the vehicle around its center of gravity. Finally, some performance indicators including detection time, required onboard computational effort, and CPU time consumption are assessed and discussed. Simulation results are based on a nonlinear benchmark of the HL-20 vehicle under realistic operational conditions during the autolanding phase. The Monte Carlo results are quite encouraging, illustrating clearly the effectiveness of the proposed technique and suggesting that this solution could be considered as a viable candidate for future RLV programs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5546994,no
Multi-fault diagnosis of rolling-element bearings in electric machines,"This paper deals with the diagnosis of faults in roller-element bearings as the core of a dedicated Condition based Maintenance (CBM) system. Vibration signals recorded by accelerometers feed into a classification model in charge of monitoring and evaluating bearing wear. The chosen feature extraction technique is based on the computation of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and on the estimation of the normalized frequency content in each of the considered spectrum sub-bands as an indicative measure of the state of health of the roller-element bearing. Three different damage attributes have been investigated. For each attribute, both Support Vector Machines (SVM) and neurofuzzy Min-Max classifiers have been employed as the core of the diagnostic system. Test results show that it is possible to achieve high accuracy in all diagnostic problems considered. The pre-processing procedure and the classification stage, especially in the case of Min-Max fuzzy networks, do not require demanding computational hardware resources, and as a result, a simple and effective diagnostic system can be designed by feeding the synthesized Min-Max classifiers with the spectral features computed from vibration sensor outputs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5608123,no
Predicting the SEU error rate through fault injection for a complex microprocessor,"This paper deals with the prediction of SEU error rate for an application running on a complex processor. Both, radiation ground testing and fault injection, were performed while the selected processor, a Power PC 7448, executed a software issued from a real space application. The predicted error rate shows that generally used strategies, based on static cross-section, significantly overestimate the application error rate.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4677290,no
Diagnosing permanent faults in distributed and parallel computing systems using artificial neural networks,"This paper deals with the problem of identifying faulty nodes (or units) in diagnosable distributed and parallel systems under the PMC model. In this model, each unit is tested by a subset of the other units, and it is assumed that, at most, a bounded subset of these units is permanently faulty. When performing testing, faulty units can incorrectly claim that fault-free units are faulty or that faulty units are fault-free. Since the introduction of the PMC model, significant progress has been made in both theory and practice associated with the original model and its offshoots. Nevertheless, this problem of efficiently identifying the set of faulty units of a diagnosable system remained an outstanding research issue. In this paper, we describe a new neural-network-based diagnosis algorithm, which exploits the off-line learning phase of artificial neural network to speed up the diagnosis algorithm. The novel approach has been implemented and evaluated using randomly generated diagnosable systems. The simulation results showed that the new neural-network-based fault identification approach constitutes an addition to existing diagnosis algorithms. Extreme faulty situations, where the number of faults is around the bound t, and large diagnosable systems have been also experimented to show the efficiency of the new neural-network-based diagnosis algorithm.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5470695,no
Fault isolation with intermediate checks of end-to-end checksums in the Time-Triggered System-on-Chip Architecture,"This paper deploys end-to-end message checksums for error detection in the time-triggered system-on-chip architecture (TTSoCA). The end-to-end checksums are not only checked at the end, but also intermediately in the communication subsystem of the system-on-chips (SoCs) concurrently with the message transmission in order to isolate faults: if a message transmission error occurs, the goal is to pinpoint whether the fault has originated in an IP core, in the communication subsystem, or in a gateway.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5196200,no
Error Performance of DQPSK with EGC Diversity Reception over Fading Channels,"This paper derives the average bit error probability (BEP) of differential quaternary phase shift keying (DQPSK) with postdetection equal gain combining (EGC) diversity reception over independent and arbitrarily correlated fading channels. First, using the associated Legendre functions, the average BEP of DQPSK is analyzed over independent Rayleigh, Nakagami-m, and Rician fading channels. Finite-series closed-form expressions for the average BEP of DQPSK over L-branch independent Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading channels (for integer Lm) are presented. Besides, a finite-series closed-form expression is given for the average BEP of differential binary phase shift keying (DBPSK) with EGC over independent Rician fading channels. Second, an alternative approach is propounded to study the performance of DQPSK over arbitrarily correlated Nakagami-m and Rician fading channels. Relatively simple BEP expressions in terms of a finite sum of a finite-range integral are proposed. Moreover, the penalty in signal to noise ratio (SNR) due to arbitrarily correlated channel fading is also investigated. Finally, the accuracy of the results is verified by computer simulation.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4489745,no
Application Research of a Fault Diagnosis Expert System for Cement Kiln Based on .Net Platform,"This paper describes a fault diagnosis expert system for cement kiln developed in the way of integrating the new theories and methods of artificial intelligence and network technology with related production technology. The system can give online fault diagnosis and has features of simple network interface, excellent openness and easy expansibility. The design of the system layout, database, knowledge base and reasoning engine is presented in detail. The experiment application in a factory shows its high adaptability and the wide prospect of the system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5590633,no
XML Schema Based Faultset Definition to Improve Faults Injection Tools Interoperability,"This paper describes an XML schema formalization approach for the definition of basic fault sets which specify memory and/or register value corruption in microprocessor-based systems. SWIFI (software implemented fault injection) tools use fault injectors to carry out the fault injection campaign defined in a GUI-based application. However, the communication between the fault injector and the application is defined in an ad-hoc manner. Through this proposed XML schema definition different injectors could be used to carry out the same fault set injection. To validate this approach floating point register and memory corruptions with temporal triggers and routine interception mechanisms to carry out argument and return value, corruption has been considered. Moreover, an experimental tool called Exhaustifreg, consisting of a GUI Java application for defining the fault sets and injection policies and two injectors for SPARC and i386 architectures under RTEMS, has been developed. The XML-based approach improves the interoperability between SWIFI tools by uncoupling the injectors from the experiment manager in charge of the fault campaign.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4573038,no
Azvasa:- Byzantine Fault Tolerant Distributed Commit with Proactive Recovery,"This paper describes Azvasa protocol: a Byzantine fault tolerant distributed commit protocol with proactive recovery for transactions running over untrusted networks. Traditional Three phase agreement protocol among coordinator replicas to tolerate Byzantine faults has been used in distributed commit. We propose two phase agreement protocol to tolerate Byzantine faults which not only reduces total time to reach agreement but also message overhead. Proactive recovery is an essential method for ensuring long term reliability of fault tolerant systems that are under continuous threats from malicious adversaries. The primary benefit of our proactive recovery scheme is faster standby node registration, service migration and reduced overhead in new membership notification to participants.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5395383,no
An Introspection Framework for Fault Tolerance in Support of Autonomous Space Systems,"This paper describes a software system designed for the support of future autonomous space missions by providing an infrastructure for runtime monitoring, analysis, and feedback. The objective of this research is to make mission software executing on parallel on-board architectures fault tolerant through an introspection mechanism that provides automatic recovery minimizing the loss of function and data. Such architectures are essential for future JPL missions because of their increased need for autonomy along with enhanced on-board computational capabilities while in deep space or time-critical situations. The standard framework for introspection described in this paper integrates well with existing flight software architectures and can serve as an enabling technology for the support of such systems. Furthermore, it separates the introspection capability from applications and the underlying system, providing a generic framework that can be also applied to a broad range of problems beyond fault tolerance, such as behavior analysis, intrusion detection, performance tuning, and power management.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4526592,no
DefSim: A Remote Laboratory for Studying Physical Defects in CMOS Digital Circuits,"This paper describes a unique remote laboratory for studying CMOS physical defects that is meant to be used in advanced courses in the scope of microelectronic design and test. Both the measurement equipment and the remote access mechanism were custom developed in the frame of the European Union project REASON. The core of the equipment is an educational chip that contains different manufacturing defects physically implemented into standard digital cells and small logic circuits on the layout level. The chip is supplied with a dedicated plug-and-play measurement box, which provides an interface between the chip and the training software. This measurement kit offers a glimpse into the silicon reality, revealing behavior of the most common defects and their influence on the circuits' operations. Students can choose between approximately 500 different defects, which can be classified into different groups by studying their properties, and find differences or similarities. The remote server-based version of the laboratory is accessible over the Internet, thereby supporting distance learning and e-learning modes of training. A personal version of the training software is also available.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4470577,no
Embedded displacement measuring device based on error separating technique of multi-circle overlapping three-probe method,"This paper designs an embedded displacement measuring device based on error separating technique of multi-circle overlapping three-probe method. Considering the requirement of high precision and high speed of modern CNC machine, high accuracy CCD laser displacement sensor is used in the system to measure the rotating spindle, and then the device send the result to PC for further analysis by error separating software. According to the experiment, the roundness errors separated by such method are totally similar, rotation accuracy increase as rotation speed accelerated in a certain speed. All of these are realistic.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5536681,no
Sensor network scheduling algorithm considering estimation error variance and communication energy,"This paper deals with a sensor scheduling algorithm considering estimation error variance and communication energy in sensor networked feedback systems. We propose a novel decentralized estimation algorithm with unknown inputs in each sensor node. Most existing works deal with the sensor network systems as sensing systems and it is difficult to apply them to the real physical feedback control systems Then some local estimates are merged and the merged estimates can be optimized in the proposed method and the estimation error covariance has a unique positive definite solution under some assumptions. Next, we propose a novel sensor scheduling algorithm in which each sensor node transmits information. A sensor node uses energy by communication between other sensor node or the plant. The proposed algorithm achieves a sub-optimal network topology with minimum energy and a desired variance. Experimental results show an effectiveness of the proposed method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5611316,no
Fault diagnosis of manufacturing systems using continuous Petri nets,"This paper deals with fault detection of manufacturing systems modeled by Petri nets. We show that the theoretical results obtained for continuous Petri nets allow us to treat with systems that are intractable using the theory developed for discrete Petri nets. In particular systems in which the unobservable part contains cycles can be studied. On the other hand, only three diagnosis states can be defined making impossible the splitting of the uncertain state into two different states, to obtain different degrees alarm for the uncertainty.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5642021,no
Redundant graph to improve fault diagnosis in a Gas Turbine,"This paper deals with fault diagnosis issues for a Gas Turbine, GT, of a Combined Cycle Power Plant, CCPP. To analyze under which conditions faults in the turbogenerator can be detected and isolated, structural properties of the model are used. The structure redundancy is studied by graph tools considering the standard available measurements. A non-linear dynamic model given by 37 algebraic and differential equations is considered to identify the required redundancy degrees for diverse fault scenarios without numerical values. As result 10 relations are obtained which detect faults in all units of the turbine except one: the thermodynamic gas path. Moreover, using the redundant graph concept it is suggested to add a sensor to increase the redundance and consequently to have detectability of the mechanical faults in the gas path. This is the main contribution of the work. The implementation of redundant relations with specific simulated data of a GT validates this statement.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675978,no
A fault tolerant electric drive for an aircraft nose wheel steering actuator,"This paper describes the design and testing of a dual-lane electric drive for the operation of a prototype, electromechanically actuated, nose wheel steering system for a commercial aircraft. The drive features two fully independent motor controllers, each operating one half of a three-phase motor to produce an actuator capable of full operation in the event of an electrical fault. An isolated communications link between the controllers allows for consolidation of parameters to identify faults and synchronise outputs to ensure even load sharing. A selection of results is presented from motor dynamometer performance analysis and fully loaded output tests on an Airbus hydraulic test rig at Filton, UK.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5522475,no
"Operation, Design and Testing of Generator 100% Stator Earth Fault Protection Using Low Frequency Injection","This paper describes the development of a new 100% generator stator earth fault protection scheme, based on low frequency injection principle. The design of a new analogue input module and the digital filtering technique are presented. Results of the simulation and site testing are also discussed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4496966,no
HW/SW co-detection of transient and permanent faults with fast recovery in statically scheduled data paths,"This paper describes a hardware-/software-based technique to make the data path of a statically scheduled super scalar processor fault tolerant. The results of concurrently executed operations can be compared with little hardware overhead in order to detect a transient or permanent fault. Furthermore, the hardware extension allows to recover from a fault within one to two clock cycles and to distinguish between transient and permanent faults. If a permanent fault was detected, this fault is masked for the rest of the program execution such that no further time is needed for recovering from that fault. The proposed extensions were implemented in the data path of a simple VLIW processor in order to prove the feasibility and to determine the hardware overhead. Finally a reliability analysis is presented. It shows that for medium and large scaled data paths our extension provides an up to 98% better reliability than triple modular redundancy.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5456957,no
Enhanced Fault Ride-Through Method for Wind Farms Connected to the Grid Through VSC-Based HVDC Transmission,"This paper describes a new control approach for secure fault-ride through of wind farms connected to the grid through a voltage source converter-based high voltage DC transmission. On fault occurrence in the high voltage grid, the proposed control initiates a controlled voltage drop in the wind farm grid to achieve a fast power reduction. In this way overvoltages in the DC transmission link can be avoided. It uses controlled demagnetization to achieve a fast voltage reduction without producing the typical generator short circuit currents and the related electrical and mechanical stress to the wind turbines and the converter. The method is compared to other recent FRT methods for HVDC systems and its superior performance is demonstrated by simulation results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5170211,no
Error rates of DPSK systems with MIMO EGC diversity reception over Rayleigh fading channels,"This paper analyzes the average bit error probability (BEP) of the differential binary and quaternary phase-shift keying (DBPSK and DQPSK respectively) with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems employing postdetection equal gain combining (MIMO EGC) diversity reception over Rayleigh fading channels. Finite closed-form expressions for the average BEP of DBPSK and DQPSK are presented. Two approaches are introduced to analyze the error rate of DQPSK. The proposed structure for the differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) with MIMO EGC provides a reduced-complexity and low-cost receiver for MIMO systems compared to the coherent phase-shift keying system (PSK) with MIMO employing maximal ratio combining (MIMO MRC) diversity reception. Finally, a useful procedure for computing the associated Legendre functions of the second kind with half-odd-integer order and arbitrarily degree is presented.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4542745,no
Research on fault diagnosis for ship course control system,"This paper analyzes the fault information of ship's course control system, and establishes a fault diagnosis model based on fuzzy nerve network algorithms. Using the fuzzy logic processing data so as to make full use of the experience and knowledge, using the nerve network so as to avoid some problems of the complications fault tree diagnosis system, such as matching conflict, combination explosion, and infinite recursion. Also adopting the improved BP arithmetic to train the nerve network which can solve the problems of convergence speed and convergence surge. The fault diagnosis result shows this fault diagnosis system has strong robustness and generalization. That method uses model free diagnosis, so that is easy to learn by self and perfect system function constantly, and has some theories and engineering application value.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5245034,no
Failure mechanisms and design considerations for fault tolerant aerospace drives,"This paper considers existing More Electric technologies in commercial aircraft, observing recent technologies adopted by aerospace and discussing the reasons restricting the application of other designs. Fault tolerant drives are considered, assessing where reliability may affect application in aerospace. Failure conditions and design issues are proposed which will present challenges in the evolution of laboratory prototypes to actual aerospace hardware. Results are presented from fault tolerant drives, highlighting some of these design considerations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5607981,no
Improving TTCN-3 Test System Robustness Using Software Fault Tolerance,This paper contributes an analysis of possible pitfalls of automated test execution and provides an novel approach for TTCN-3 test system to manage and recover from errors occurred in the system under test (SUT) during test execution. The research problem addressed in this paper is how to facilitate recovery of distributed test system to recover from cascading errors caused by software faults in the SUT. This research problem is addressed by applying the software fault tolerance techniques in the implementation of the testing environment. Provided solutions for error recovery and management are derived from the software fault tolerance research work carried out during last decades. The presented approach is validated in a prototype TTCN-3 test environment supporting testing of distributed communication systems.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5279969,no
Timing error suppression scheme for CDMA network based positioning system,This paper discusses an improved method for location in CDMA based cellular communication system. An effective technique is proposed for locating a mobile stationpsilas position based on Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) technique. This technique is based on estimating the difference in the arrival time of the signal from the source at multiple receivers. The major error sources in the CDMA network location system are nonline-of-sight (NLOS) propagation error and hardware system such as repeater. Proposed algorithm based on probability of mobile station (MS) location in serving cell radius. We adopt an enhanced TDOA (E-TDOA) technique for suppress those timing errors. The performance of proposed algorithm is evaluated for CDMA based location system. Simulation also demonstrates in field environments.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4570057,no
Evaluation of fault protection methods using ATP and MathCAD,"This paper discusses combining the Alternative Transients Program (ATP) and MathCAD to teach protective relaying and to develop relay algorithms. A power system model is created in ATP with appropriate current and voltage measurements. The simulation output is converted to a COMTRADE format and imported into a detailed relay model implemented in MathCAD. The MathCAD model performs digital filtering calculations, symmetrical components calculations and models relay algorithms based on relay manufacturers published information. Focus here is on differential and ground fault protection for the common two bus, parallel line case. Emphasis is placed on fault detection and localization methods for ungrounded or high impedance grounded systems.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4763331,no
Application specific configuration of a fault-tolerant NoC architecture,"This paper discusses the configuration of a fault-tolerant mesh-based NoC architecture. In this architecture, spare links provide a mechanism for rerouting data packets in presence of NoC faults. Two algorithms, exhaustive and greedy, are used to find the best configuration. The NoC is modeled at the high transaction level using SystemC TLM. This enables easy design space exploration and performance analysis of the proposed NoC architecture. The performance results driven from simulation of this model are used as the input of the spare link selection algorithms.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4657508,no
Workload-Cognizant Impact Analysis and its Applications in Error Detection and Tolerance in Modern Microprocessors,"This paper discusses the relative importance of errors in a modern microprocessor based on the impact that they incur on the execution of typical workload. These information can prove immensely useful in allocating resources to enhance on-line testability and error resilience through concurrent error detection/correction methods. This paper also presents an extensive fault simulation infrastructure which is being developed around a superscalar, dynamically- scheduled, out-of-order, Alpha-like microprocessor, which supports execution of SPEC2000 integer benchmarks and enables the aforementioned correlation study.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5372231,no
A new approach to find fault locations on distribution feeder circuits - Part II,"This paper focuses on results of that initial project, and introduce another R&D fault location project.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4520134,no
Machine current signature analysis as a way for fault detection in permanent magnet motors in elevators,This paper focuses on the experimental investigation for incipient fault detection and fault detection methods suitably adapted for use in permanent-magnet motors for direct-drive elevator systems. The proposed system diagnoses permanent-magnet motors having two types of faults such as short circuit of stator windings and bearing fault. After processing current data the classical fast Fourier transform is applied to detect characteristics under the healthy and various faulted conditions with MCSA.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4799863,no
The analysis of frequency deviation on synchrophasor calculation and correction methods,"This paper gave a brief introduction of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) in the Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) of power systems, and studied the error characteristics of the discrete Fourier calculation of phasor in the condition of a sinusoidal signal with frequency deviation from nominal frequency. Then, a program calculated the phasor using discrete Fourier transform under the platform of MATLAB was implemented, and the simulating analysis of off-nominal frequency was studied in detail. The simulating results showed that the error characteristics of calculated phasor had taken on the error ellipse shape. Finally, several methods of error correction were introduced for calculating the accurate phasor in power systems.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5348320,no
Spurious Valleys in the Error Surface of Recurrent NetworksAnalysis and Avoidance,"This paper gives a detailed analysis of the error surfaces of certain recurrent networks and explains some difficulties encountered in training recurrent networks. We show that these error surfaces contain many spurious valleys, and we analyze the mechanisms that cause the valleys to appear. We demonstrate that the principle mechanism can be understood through the analysis of the roots of random polynomials. This paper also provides suggestions for improvements in batch training procedures that can help avoid the difficulties caused by spurious valleys, thereby improving training speed and reliability.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4798196,no
Fault Detection System Based on Embedded Platform,"This paper introduced a gear-box fault detection system that based on PC/104 embedded platform. Gear-box is almost as important as engine in a vehicle, so it is necessary to make sure that it is not out of order when driving. By collecting the vibrant signal from the gear, axes and bearing in gear-box, then processing and analysis the data, we can get acquirement of the working condition of the gear-box. And we can store the information in PC/104 embedded module for a future analysis or send the data to control center or upper PC by network or serial port, then achieving remote monitoring in real-time. This system can help safely driving, and it can reduce the risk of accident that caused by the fault of gear-box.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5070485,no
Diagnosis of induction machines under transient conditions through the Instantaneous Frequency of the fault components,"This paper introduces a methodology for diagnosing different types of faults of induction machines working under transient conditions; the method is based on the extraction of the Instantaneous Frequency (IF) of the fault related components of stator current. It is shown that the IF of the fault components, evolves in the time-frequency and slip-frequency planes following characteristic patterns, different for each type of fault; the identification of these characteristic patterns, which are theoretically explained, is proposed as the base of the diagnosis method. This paper also introduces several mathematical approaches which enables for the extraction of the instantaneous frequency of the fault components of the transient stator current. Each of this methods is explained and also and validated with both simulated and tested signal. A comparison of the different methods for extracting the instantaneous frequency of the fault components is also given.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5608001,no
Impact of quantization and roundoff errors on the performance of a noise radar correlator,"This paper evaluates the influence of quantization effects on the performance of correlators. The problem is decomposed into two smaller ones, each dealing with difference source of errors (quantization of input signals and finite-precision arithmetics) separately. A discussion of the first type of errors is held on a general level and applicable to any type of correlator. However, roundoff effects depend strongly on details of computations. Therefore, a case study is performed using a fixed-point FFT-based correlator, implemented using LogiCORE IP FFT v. 7.0 engine.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5547464,no
Reliability analysis of fault tolerant drive topologies,"This paper examines fault tolerant power converter topologies and develops a technique for producing data to compare the reliability of topologies. The various states of fault-tolerant systems are modelled, following which reliability curves and failure rate data is constructed.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4528791,no
Fault Management Driven Design with Safety and Security Requirements,"This paper exemplifies principles of embedded system design that props safety and security using operational errors management in frame of a dedicated Computer-Based System architecture. After reviewing basic principles of Cyber-Physical Systems as a novel slant (or marker?) to modeling and design in this domain, attention is focused on a real-world solution of a safety and security critical embedded system application offering genuine demonstration of that approach. The contribution stresses those features that distinguish the real project from a demonstration case study.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5457779,no
Safe current injection strategies for a STATCOM under asymmetrical grid faults,"This paper explores different strategies to set the reference current of a STATCOM under unbalanced grid voltage conditions and determines the maximum deliverable reactive power in each case to guarantee the injected current is permanently within the STATCOM secure operation limits. The paper presents a comprehensive derivation of the proposed STATCOM control strategies to set the reactive current reference under unbalanced grid faults, together with an extensive evaluation using simulation and experimental results from a low-scale laboratory setup in order to verify and validate the dynamic performance achieved by the proposed reactive current limiting algorithms.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5617794,no
Trend analysis techniques for incipient fault prediction,"This paper extends the application of the Laplace Test Statistic for trend analysis and prediction of incipient faults for power systems. The extensions proposed in this paper consider the situation where two parameters believed to contribute explicitly to the eventual failure are monitored. The developed extensions applied to actual incipient failure events provide promising results for prediction of the impending failure. It is demonstrated that by incorporating two parameters in the trend analysis, the robustness to outliers is increased and the flexibility is augmented by increasing the degrees of freedom in the generation of the alarm signal.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275651,no
Design of Unit Fault Diagnosis System Software Based on Artificial Immune System,"This paper first introduces negative selection algorithm of artificial immune system and non-dimension-parameter, and then designs the unit fault diagnosis system software based on artificial immune system by combining negative selection algorithm and non-dimension-parameter. The advanced nature, practicability, validity and correctness of the idea on software design are proofed by the experiment of test machine. The design of this software offers the support for practice of new algorithm and new technology.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722086,no
Automated fault tolerant control synthesis based on discrete games,"This paper focuses on how fault tolerant controllers can be designed based on discrete game abstractions of piecewise-affine hybrid systems (PAHS). The proposed method aims at automatic generation of the controllers by converting the discrete games to timed games, which can be solved by the UppAal toolbox. Winning strategies to the games are then refined to piecewise-affine control strategies which is a type of gain scheduling. The feasibility of the method is shown through the automated design of a fault tolerant controller for a simple example.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5400374,no
Grid-Enabled Fault Diagnostic System for Manufacturing Equipments,"This paper investigated the development history of fault diagnostic technology for equipments, especially remote fault diagnostic system based on Internet and Web technology in detail. Then, this paper proposed a framework of remote fault diagnostic system based on emerging Grid technology to enable coordinated resource sharing and problem solving among multiple equipment suppliers and equipment users, and then described its architecture. Multiple fault diagnostic Grid services are integrated in a uniform web portal upon the Manufacturing Enterprise Grid Support Platform (MEGridSP). Case study is conducted based on our practice in implementing fault diagnosis system for manufacturing equipments based on MEGridSP.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4683237,no
Investigation of transient faults on JOP processor,"This paper investigates the effect and propagation of transient faults on JOP (Java Optimized Processor). JOP processor is intended for applications of embedded real-time systems and the primary implementation technology is in an FPGA. The investigation is based on 4350 transient faults which are injected in the processor using simulation-based fault injection method. The effect and propagation of the faults on different parts of this processor are observed and evaluated. Based on the experimental results, bytecode cache and bytecode memory are two sensible parts in the processor, since about 100 percent of injected faults have affected them. The results show that between 81% and 85% of injected faults cause processor failure and between 12% and 14% of non-failing faults are overwritten.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5520800,no
Fault Detection and Diagnosis Based on Modeling and Estimation Methods,"This paper investigates the problem of fault detection and diagnosis in a class of nonlinear systems with modeling uncertainties. A nonlinear observer is first designed for monitoring fault. Radial basis function (RBF) neural network is used in this observer to approximate the unknown nonlinear dynamics. When a fault occurs, another RBF is triggered to capture the nonlinear characteristics of the fault function. The fault model obtained by the second neural network (NN) can be used for identifying the failure mode by comparing it with any known failure modes. Finally, a simulation example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4838119,no
Fault Detection for Fuzzy Systems With Intermittent Measurements,"This paper investigates the problem of fault detection for Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy systems with intermittent measurements. The communication links between the plant and the fault detection filter are assumed to be imperfect (i.e., data packet dropouts occur intermittently, which appear typically in a network environment), and a stochastic variable satisfying the Bernoulli random binary distribution is utilized to model the unreliable communication links. The aim is to design a fuzzy fault detection filter such that, for all data missing conditions, the residual system is stochastically stable and preserves a guaranteed performance. The problem is solved through a basis-dependent Lyapunov function method, which is less conservative than the quadratic approach. The results are also extended to T--S fuzzy systems with time-varying parameter uncertainties. All the results are formulated in the form of linear matrix inequalities, which can be readily solved via standard numerical software. Two examples are provided to illustrate the usefulness and applicability of the developed theoretical results.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4781785,no
Fault emulation and test pattern generation using reconfigurable computing,"This paper investigates the use of reconfigurable computing and readily available Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) platforms to expedite the generation of input-patterns for testing integrated circuits after manufacture. In this paper, we describe our techniques that efficiently identify the fault locations and the most effective input patterns by leveraging the parallel nature of the FPGA hardware. Our result on benchmark circuits show that our approach is able to create the smallest test-set size for detection of nodes stuck-at high or low voltages.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5548694,no
FPGA-based real-time simulation of fault tolerant current controllers for power electronics,"This paper investigates a FPGA-based real-time simulation of fault tolerant current controllers (FTCC) algorithm for three phase inverter fed electrical systems. The focus of the proposed method is on the identification of the faulty current sensor in AC machines drives and the actual reconfiguration between two control-sampling times which ensures a safety continuous working of the faulty system. For performances verification, the method is analyzed within a FPGA-based real-time simulator (RTS) of the studied electrical system, based on criteria such as accuracy, execution speed and implementation complexity. For the RTS modeling process, a multi-sampling approach is adopted allowing a real-time functioning with different time-steps. ModelSim simulations and experimental results are presented to emphasize the effectiveness of the proposed method.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5222730,no
Achieving network on chip fault tolerance by adaptive remapping,This paper investigates achieving fault tolerance by adaptive remapping in the context of networks on chip. The problem of dynamic application remapping is formulated and an efficient algorithm is proposed to address single and multiple PE failures. The new algorithm can be used to dynamically react and recover from PE failures in order to maintain system functionality. The quality of results is similar to that achieved using simulated annealing but in significantly shorter runtimes.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5161202,no
Run-time resource management in fault-tolerant network on reconfigurable chips,"This paper investigates the challenges of run-time resource management in future coarse-grained network-on-reconfigurable-chips (NoRCs). Run-time reconfiguration is a key feature expected in future processing systems which must support multiple applications whose processing requirements are not known at design time. This paper investigates a stochastic routing algorithm in a NoC-based system with dynamically reconfigurable tiles, able to cope with the dynamic behaviour of run-time task mapping. Experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed stochastic task mapping.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5272400,no
Fault Tolerant Maximum Likelihood Event Localization in Sensor Networks Using Binary Data,"This paper investigates Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for achieving fault tolerant localization of an event using only binary information from the sensor nodes. In this context, faults occur due to various reasons and are manifested when a node outputs a wrong decision. The main contribution of this paper is to propose the Fault Tolerant Maximum Likelihood (FTML) estimator. FTML is compared against the Centroid (CE) and the classical maximum likelihood (ML) estimators and is shown to be significantly more fault tolerant. Moreover, this paper compares FTML against the SNAP (Subtract on Negative Add on Positive) algorithm and shows that in the presence of faults the two can achieve similar performance; FTML is slightly more accurate while SNAP is computationally less demanding and requires fewer parameters.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4806269,no
Fault detection and isolation based on system feedback,"This paper present a method to detect the transducers fault in the close loop control systems. The necessities imposed for the fault detection algorithm are: rapid answer in the case of fault, which comes out; the diminution of the risk to come out false alarms; lower effort calculation. In the paper are presented the equations of fault detection structure that suggest the software algorithms. In last part of the paper, the algorithm was verified on the steam overhead equations, developed in this paper.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4588720,no
An Asymmetric Checkpointing and Rollback Error Recovery Scheme for Embedded Processors,"This paper presents a checkpointing scheme for rollback error recovery, called Asymmetric Checkpointing and Rollback Recovery (ACRR) which stores the processor states in an asymmetric manner. In this way, error recovery latency and the number of checkpoints are reduced to increase the probability of timely task completion for soft real-time applications. To evaluate the ACRR, this scheme was studied analytically. The analytical results show that the recovery latency is reduced as non-uniformity of the checkpoint increases. As a case study, the ACRR is implemented and simulated on a behavioral VHDL model of LEON2 processor. The simulation results follow the results obtained in the analytical study.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641202,no
Performance analysis of permanent magnet synchronous motor drives under inverter fault conditions,"This paper presents a comparative study regarding the performance of a permanent magnet synchronous motor drive, under normal and faulty operating conditions. Two different failure types in the inverter are considered: single power switch and single phase open-circuit faults. In order to compare the drive performance under these three operating conditions, global results are presented concerning the analysis of some key parameters like motor efficiency, power factor, electromagnetic torque and currents RMS and total harmonic distortion values.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4799864,no
Model-based fault detection and isolation for a powered wheelchair,"This paper presents a model-based fault detection and isolation (FDI) for a powered wheelchair handling faults of both the internal sensors (two wheel-resolvers and a gyro) and the external sensor (a forward-looking laser range sensor), as well as actuators (two wheel motors). Hard faults of the internal sensors and actuators are diagnosed based on mode probability estimated with interacting multi-model estimator. Soft faults, which appear in the internal sensors as change of sensor gains, are diagnosed based on estimating the robot velocity with the fault-free external sensor via scan matching method. Faults of the external sensor are detected based on errors related to the scan matching. Experimental results in indoor environments show the performance of our FDI method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463421,no
Fault ride through control for a delta connected induction motor with an open winding fault by controlling the zero sequence voltage,This paper presents a modified fault ride through method for use when open circuit winding faults appear on an induction motor drive. The work includes a new feedforward compensation term introduced into the zero sequence component of the dq reference voltages which considerably reduces current and torque ripple in the faulted motor drive. A method for extending the operating range under fault conditions by employing intelligent field weakening control is presented. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate the effectiveness of the complete system and show that it can be incorporated onto existing commercial drives as a simple software addition.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5523689,no
Using a Square-Wave Signal for Fault Diagnosis of Analog Parts of Mixed-Signal Electronic Embedded Systems,"This paper presents a new approach to the detection and localization of single hard and soft faults of analog parts in embedded mixed-signal electronic systems controlled with microcontrollers, DSPs, or systems-on-a-chip (SoCs) (generally control units). The approach consists of three stages: a pretesting stage of creation of the fault dictionary using identification curves, a measurement stage based on stimulating the tested circuit by a square-wave signal generated by the control unit, and measurements of voltage samples of the circuit response by the internal ADC of the control unit. In the final stage, fault detection and localization are performed by the control unit. The measurement microsystem [the built-in self test (BIST)] consists only of internal devices of the control unit already existing in the system. Hence, this approach simplifies the structure of BISTs, which allows reduction of test costs. The results of experimental verification of the approach are included in this paper.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4539639,no
Scalable fault-tolerant logic system based on regular array of locally interconnected gates,"This paper presents a new approach towards fault-tolerant information processing. The proposed system combines different types of redundancy into a solution suitable for implementation with nanodevices. The architecture is based on regular array of locally interconnected processing elements (PE). The interconnections are binary programmable in order to achieve network versatility. The array can be divided into a set of segments in a flexible manner, providing a means for implementing functions with different levels of complexity and redundancy.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4588661,no
Monitoring power quality disturbances under frequency changes using Complex Least Error Squares algorithm,"This paper presents a new complex least error squares (CLES) algorithm for off nominal frequency power quality disturbances detection. First, a new complex least error squares structure is introduced that compresses three phase signals into a complex vector and produces a tuning vector. In the second layer of the filter, estimation of symmetrical components in off nominal frequency condition is carried out by use of the produced tuning vector and least error squares (LES) algorithm. Presented simulations evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4812996,no
A New Neural-Network-Based Fault Diagnosis Approach for Analog Circuits by Using Kurtosis and Entropy as a Preprocessor,"This paper presents a new fault diagnosis method for analog circuits. The proposed method extracts the original signals from the output terminals of the circuits under test (CUTs) by a data acquisition board and finds the kurtoses and entropies of the signals, which are used to measure the high-order statistics of the signals. The entropies and kurtoses are then fed to a neural network as inputs for further fault classification. The proposed method can detect and identify faulty components in an analog circuit by analyzing its output signal with high accuracy and is suitable for nonlinear circuits. Preprocessing based on the kurtosis and entropy of signals for the neural network classifier simplifies the network architecture, reduces the training time, and improves the performance of the network. The results from our examples showed that the trochoid of the entropies and kurtoses is unique when the faulty component's value varies from zero to infinity; thus, we can correctly identify the faulty components when the responses do not overlap. Applying this method for three linear and nonlinear circuits, the average accuracy of the achieved fault recognition is more than 99%, although there are some overlapping data when tolerance is considered. Moreover, all the trochoids converge to one point when the faulty component is open-circuited, and thus, the method can classify not only soft faults but also hard faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5256198,no
Fault tolerant control for Takagi-Sugeno systems with unmeasurable premise variables by trajectory tracking,"This paper presents a new method for fault tolerant control of nonlinear systems described by Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems with unmeasurable premise variables. The idea is to use a reference model and design a new control law to minimize the state deviation between a healthy reference model and the eventually faulty actual model. This scheme requires the knowledge of the system states and of the occurring faults. These signals are estimated from a Proportional-Integral Observer (PIO) or Proportional-Multi-Integral Observer (PMIO). The fault tolerant control law is designed by using the Lyapunov method to obtain conditions which are given in Linear Matrix Inequality formulation (LMI). Finally, an example is included.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5637766,no
Method for Extraction Wavelet Packets' Coefficients in Loudspeaker Fault Detection Based on PCA,"This paper presents a new method using principal component analysis (PCA) to eliminate data redundancy in loudspeaker fault detection. It uses wavelet packet transformation (WPT) to decompose the loudspeaker acoustics signal into 32 packet node signals. Then, get the mean, max, standard deviation and correlation coefficient of every node envelopment .With the way of observing, it gets 63 coefficients from 128 ones which are helpful for detection of fault. Using the new way above, 32 coefficients are removed from the 63. The failed loudspeaker can be found with the help of artificial neural network (ANN). It is proved that the method is very effective in experiment.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4756683,no
Applications of Wavelet-Packet in Fault Analysis of Hydroelectric Sets,"This paper presents a new method using wavelet packet transform to fault diagnosis of the hydroelectric generating. The use of wavelet packet analysis unit to achieve multi-level vibration signals of wavelet packet decomposition, the analysis provides a favorable means of the high-frequency signals that may exist in fault signal detection and identifications. Computer simulation shows that this signal analysis method is very effective for hydro-generator unit vibration fault diagnosis.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5631584,no
A New Approach for Skew Correction of Documents Based on Particle Swarm Optimization,"This paper presents a novel approach for skew correction of documents. Skew correction is modeled as an optimization problem, and for the first time, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to solve skew optimization. A new objective function based on local minima and maxima of projection profiles is defined, and PSO is utilized to find the best angle that maximizes differences between values of local minima and maxima. In our approach, local minima and maxima converge to the locations of lines and spaces between lines. Results of our skew correction algorithm are shown on documents written in different scripts such as Latin and Arabic related scripts (e.g. Arabic, Farsi,Urdu,...). Experiments show that our algorithm can handle a wide range of skew angles, also it is robust to gray level and binary images of different scripts.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5277499,no
Wireless Sensor Network Modeling Using Modified Recurrent Neural Networks: Application to Fault Detection,"This paper presents a dynamic model of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and its application to sensor node fault detection. Recurrent neural networks (NNs) are used to model a sensor node, the node's dynamics, and interconnections with other sensor network nodes. An NN modeling approach is used for sensor node identification and fault detection in WSNs. The input to the NN is chosen to include previous output samples of the modeling sensor node and the current and previous output samples of neighboring sensors. The model is based on a new structure of a backpropagation-type NN. The input to the NN and the topology of the network are based on a general nonlinear sensor model. A simulation example, including a comparison to the Kalman filter method, has demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4429838,no
High-Speed Fault Classification in Power Lines: Theory and FPGA-Based Implementation,"This paper presents a fast hardware-efficient logic for fault detection and classification in transmission lines, implemented using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The general-purpose SPARTAN3E FPGA was employed for developing the prototype, with all the coding done using a hardware description language (HDL) called very high speed integrated circuit (VHDL). The proposed logic employs only one-terminal current samples and is based on wavelet analysis. Depending on the amount of high frequency components in the current signals after processing, the faults are classified into ten types. The real time windows target toolbox of MATLAB was used to apply the current signal inputs to the prototype in real time. An adaptive threshold value is chosen, rather than a fixed threshold in the case of faults involving the ground, to make the classification reliable and accurate. The fault classification time is 6 ms, which is about 1/3 of the power frequency cycle (20 ms). A high level of computational efficiency is achieved as compared to the other wavelet-transform-based algorithms, since only the high frequency details at first level are employed in this algorithm. The validity of the proposed logic was exhaustively tested by simulating various types of faults on a system modeled in the electromagnetic transients program/alternative transients program. The proposed logic was found to be highly reliable and accurate, even in the presence of fault resistance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4738338,no
Layout-Based Defect-Driven Diagnosis for Intracell Bridging Defects,"This paper presents a layout-based methodology to predict the exact physical location of a bridging defect inside a standard cell. It involves a number of techniques. First of all, most likely intracell bridging defects are identified through layout analysis and then converted into equivalent logic models. Next, we use a new defect-oriented formulation to generate test pattern for each candidate defect so as to further enhance the diagnostic resolution. Experimental results indicate that this methodology can remove 90% false defect candidates beyond gate-level diagnosis for four real designs and ISCAS'85 benchmark circuits.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4838835,no
Measurement-based analysis of fault and error sensitivities of dynamic memory,"This paper presents a measurement-based analysis of the fault and error sensitivities of dynamic memory. We extend a software-implemented fault injector to support data-type-aware fault injection into dynamic memory. The results indicate that dynamic memory exhibits about 18 times higher fault sensitivity than static memory, mainly because of the higher activation rate. Furthermore, we show that errors in a large portion of static and dynamic memory space are recoverable by simple software techniques (e.g., reloading data from a disk). The recoverable data include pages filled with identical values (e.g., `0') and pages loaded from files unmodified during the computation. Consequently, the selection of targets for protection should be based on knowledge of recoverability rather than on error sensitivity alone.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544287,no
Architectural and algorithm level fault tolerant techniques for low power high yield multimedia devices,"This paper presents a novel architecture that allows a high level of fault tolerance in embedded memory devices for multimedia applications. The benefits are two fold by allowing systems to operate at a lower voltage thus saving power, while improving yield via error masking. The proposed architecture performs a remapping of defective parts of the memory while allowing single cycle access to the remapped portions. Furthermore, it provides run time control of the enforced protection policies leading to an expanded design space that trades off power, error tolerance and quality. Simulations indicate a reduction of up to 35% in encoder power for a 65 nm CMOS process.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4664855,no
A Novel Rotor Ground-Fault-Detection Technique for Synchronous Machines With Static Excitation,"This paper presents a novel ground-fault-detection technique for synchronous machines. This technique is suitable for synchronous machines with static excitation systems, whose excitation field winding is fed by rectifiers through an excitation transformer. The main contribution of this new technique is that it can detect and discriminate both ac- and dc-side ground faults in the excitation system, without the need for traditional power injection sources. This detection technique is based on the frequency analysis of the voltages or currents at a grounding impedance placed at the excitation transformer neutral terminal. This technique has been validated through computer simulations and experimental laboratory tests.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5477162,no
Calculation of transformer internal faults in short circuit analysis,This paper presents a novel method of modeling internal faults in a power transformer. The method leads to a model which is compatible with commercial phasor-based software packages. Consequently; it enables calculation of fault currents in any branch of the network due to a winding fault of a power transformer. These currents can be used for evaluation of protective relayspsila performance and can lead to better setting of protective functions.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4596059,no
Fault Detection by Means of HilbertHuang Transform of the Stator Current in a PMSM With Demagnetization,"This paper presents a novel method to diagnose demagnetization in permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). Simulations have been performed by 2-D finite-element analysis in order to determine the current spectrum and the magnetic flux distribution due to this failure. The diagnostic just based on motor current signature analysis can be confused by eccentricity failure because the harmonic content is the same. Moreover, it can only be applied under stationary conditions. In order to overcome these drawbacks, a novel method is used based upon the Hilbert-Huang transform. It represents time-dependent series in a 2-D time-frequency domain by extracting instantaneous frequency components through an empirical-mode decomposition process. This tool is applied by running the motor under nonstationary conditions of velocity. The experimental results show the reliability and feasibility of the methodology in order to diagnose the demagnetization of a PMSM.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5404255,no
Methodology for automated testing of transmission line fault locator algorithms,"This paper presents a novel methodology for automated testing of fault locator algorithms and testing their output sensitivity. The proposed methodology is based on Quasi Monte Carlo technique implemented in SIMLAB. The proposed methodology interfaces among SIMLAB, MATLAB and EMTP/ATP programs. A case study with a number of simulated fault locations along a transmission line is presented in the paper. For each fault location we were varying parameters of fault resistance and pre-fault power flow on the line. In order to measure sensitivity of fault locator output to fault resistance and power flow, a large number of cases with varying fault resistance and power flow were generated using Sobol sampling technique. Two types of fault locator algorithms, Reactance algorithm and Takagi algorithm, are tested. Results obtained and presented in this paper indicate performance of each algorithm.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5356619,no
Application-driven co-design of fault-tolerant industrial systems,"This paper presents a novel methodology for the HW/SW co-design of fault tolerant embedded systems that pursues the mitigation of radiation-induced upset events (which are a class of Single Event Effects - SEEs) on critical industrial applications. The proposal combines the flexibility and low cost of Software Implemented Hardware Fault Tolerance (SIHFT) techniques with the high reliability of selective hardware replication. The co-design flow is supported by a hardening platform that comprises an automatic software hardening environment and a hardware tool able to emulate Single Event Upsets (SEUs). As a case study, we selected a soft-micro (PicoBlaze) widely used in FPGA-based industrial systems, and a fault tolerant version of the matrix multiplication algorithm was developed. Using the proposed methodology, the design was guided by the requirements of the application, leading us to explore several trade-offs among reliability, performance and cost.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5637483,no
Fault-Tolerant and Fail-Safe Control Systems - Using Remote Redundancy,"This paper presents a novel redundancy concept for safety-critical control systems. By using signature-protected communication, it allows connecting each redundant peripheral just to the most proximate control computer while forwarding information to or from any other units (sensors, actuators, further control computers) over a bus system. We will show that wiring harness can thus be reduced drastically with regard to both weight and complexity without compromising fault tolerance characteristics. Moreover, since function and location are decoupled, remote redundancy can be shared between different subsystems if more than one control loop (e. g. brakes and steering) exists in the overall system. Finally, our approach is highly flexible and not at all restricted to a certain degree of fault tolerance, as example systems for both a fault-tolerant and a fail-safe application (steer-by-wire/flap control) will demonstrate.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5755249,no
"Error Behavior Comparison of Multiple Computing Systems: A Case Study Using Linux on Pentium, Solaris on SPARC, and AIX on POWER","This paper presents an approach to conducting experimental studies for the characterization and comparison of the error behavior in different computing systems. The proposed approach is applied to characterize and compare the error behavior of three commercial systems (Linux 2.6 on Pentium 4, Solaris 10 on UltraSPARC IIIi, and AIX 5.3 on POWER 5) under hardware transient faults. The data is obtained by conducting extensive fault injection into kernel code, kernel stack, and system registers with the NFTAPE framework while running the Apache Web server as a workload. The error behavior comparison shows that the Linux system has the highest average crash latency, the Solaris system has the highest hang rate, and the AIX system has the lowest error sensitivity and the least amount of crashes in the more severe categories.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4725314,no
Hardware/software optimization of error detection implementation for real-time embedded systems,"This paper presents an approach to system-level optimization of error detection implementation in the context of fault-tolerant real-time distributed embedded systems used for safety-critical applications. An application is modeled as a set of processes communicating by messages. Processes are mapped on computation nodes connected to the communication infrastructure. To provide resiliency against transient faults, efficient error detection and recovery techniques have to be employed. Our main focus in this paper is on the efficient implementation of the error detection mechanisms. We have developed techniques to optimize the hardware/software implementation of error detection, in order to minimize the global worst-case schedule length, while meeting the imposed hardware cost constraints and tolerating multiple transient faults. We present two design optimization algorithms which are able to find feasible solutions given a limited amount of resources: the first one assumes that, when implemented in hardware, error detection is deployed on static reconfigurable FPGAs, while the second one considers partial dynamic reconfiguration capabilities of the FPGAs.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5751522,no
Correction of the Sea State Impact in the L-Band Brightness Temperature by Means of Delay-Doppler Maps of Global Navigation Satellite Signals Reflected Over the Sea Surface,"This paper presents an efficient procedure based on 2-D convolutions to obtain delay-Doppler maps (DDMs) of Global Navigation Satellite Signals reflected (GNSS-R) over the sea surface and collected by a spaceborne receiver. Two DDM-derived observables (area and volume) are proposed to link the sea-state-induced brightness temperature to the measured normalized DDM. Finally, the requirements to use Global Positioning System reflectometry to accurately correct for the sea state impact on the L-band brightness temperature (quantization levels, decimation, truncation, and noise impact) are analyzed in view of its implementation in the Passive Advanced Unit instrument of the Spanish Earth Observation Satellite (SeoSAT/INGENIO) project.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4637956,no
Redundant Picture Coding Using Residual-Adaptive Polyphase Downsampling for H.264 Error Resiliency,"This paper presents a redundant picture coding method that employs polyphase downsampling (PD) technique adaptive to the energy of residual signal and efficiently enhances the error resiliency of H.264. The latest H.264 hierarchically allocates redundant pictures and encodes them with reference picture selection, which effectively restrains temporal error propagation. The proposed method takes advantage of the current redundant picture coding scheme and applies residual energy adaptive PD to the residual signal coding. A neighbor-friendly pixel construction method is also presented which further enhances the reconstruction quality. Simulation results show that the proposed method favorably improves the H.264 error resiliency by 0.5 dB on average in terms of the PSNR.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4780865,no
A robust sensorless fault diagnosis algorithm for low cost motor drives,"This paper presents a sensorless fault diagnosis technique for low cost AC drives. Currently, in order to achieve a reliable fault diagnosis, a high resolution speed sensor is employed to measure the frequencies of fault signature which depends on motor shaft speed. There is an increased tendency toward sensorless control of AC motor drives because of mounting problems, associated cost, etc. Therefore, the speed sensors become less common feedback tools in high performance motor control applications. The fault diagnosis becomes quite a challenging task in the absence of information from a speed sensor as highly precise motor speed estimation is needed. In this paper, a simple and efficient algorithm for fault diagnosis is proposed utilizing frequency tracking method which does not require speed sensor feedback. It is explicitly verified that the performance of the proposed algorithm is almost comparable to the cases where an accurate speed sensor is used. The algorithm is derived mathematically and its efficacy is proved experimentally using a 3-hp motor generator setup.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5433507,no
Analysis of Transient Faults on a MIPS-Based Dual-Core Processor,"This paper presents a simulation-based fault injection analysis of a MIPS-based dual-core processor. In order to fulfill the requirement of this analysis, 114 different fault targets are used in various points of main components which are described in VHDL language; each experiment was repeated 50 times, resulting in 5700 transient faults in this simulation model. The experimental results demonstrate that, depending on the fault injection targets and the benchmark characteristics, fault effects vary significantly. On average, up to 35.2% of injected faults are recovered in simulation time, while 52.6% of faults lead to system failure, and the remaining 12.2%, treat as latent errors. Different benchmarks show different vulnerability for various components; but on average, Arbiter and Message passing interface are the most vulnerable components outside the tiles, while PC and Bus Handler have highest failure rate among in-tile components. Fault injection on each region has noticeable impact on the result of the other core. In general, fault injection in Shared regions has highest contribution in system failure.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5438103,no
"Fault Propagation Pattern Based DFA on Feistel Ciphers, with Application to Camellia","This paper presents a systematic Differential Fault Analysis (DFA) method on Feistel ciphers, the outcome of which closely links to that of the theoretical cryptanalysis with provable security. For this purpose, we introduce the notions of Fault Propagation Path (FPPath) and Fault Propagation Pattern (FPPattern). By this method, it can be programmed to automatically compute FPPaths and FPPatterns, which will facilitate the automatic DFA on Feistel ciphers. In this case, the length of FPPath can be regarded as a quantitative metric to evaluate the efficiency of DFA attacks. Moreover, one consequent result of this systematic method is performance enhancement. Specifically, not only the number of attacked rounds but also the number of fault injection points is reduced, which rapidly decrease the amount of required faulty ciphertexts for successful attacks. To verify both the correctness and the efficiency of our method, we perform FPPattern based DFA on Camellia. By making better use of the fundamental property of P-function utilized in Camellia, our attack, without any brute-force search, only requires 6 faulty ciphertexts to retrieve the 128-bit key and 22 faulty ciphertexts to recover 192/256-bit keys, respectively.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5578610,no
Canceling tradeoff between phase noise and phase error in parallel coupled quadrature oscillators,"This paper presents an analytic approach for the estimation of the phase imbalances duo to mismatch between two LC-tank of oscillators. We derive equations with different coupling factors for the two coupled LC oscillators for more generality. We show that choosing appropriate inversely proportional coupling factors makes it possible to have exactly zero phase error. Choosing so hasn't any impact on phase noise, indeed the tradeoff between phase noise and phase error in coupled quadrature oscillators have been broken here. The theoretical results and proposed quadrature oscillator are evaluated and confirmed through simulations using TSMC 0.18 m model technology on a 5-GHz quadrature oscillator with 1.8 V supply voltage.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5507024,no
The Probabilistic Program Dependence Graph and Its Application to Fault Diagnosis,"This paper presents an innovative model of a program's internal behavior over a set of test inputs, called the probabilistic program dependence graph (PPDG), which facilitates probabilistic analysis and reasoning about uncertain program behavior, particularly that associated with faults. The PPDG construction augments the structural dependences represented by a program dependence graph with estimates of statistical dependences between node states, which are computed from the test set. The PPDG is based on the established framework of probabilistic graphical models, which are used widely in a variety of applications. This paper presents algorithms for constructing PPDGs and applying them to fault diagnosis. The paper also presents preliminary evidence indicating that a PPDG-based fault localization technique compares favorably with existing techniques. The paper also presents evidence indicating that PPDGs can be useful for fault comprehension.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5374423,no
Power Transformer Fault Classification Based on Dissolved Gas Analysis by Implementing Bootstrap and Genetic Programming,"This paper presents an intelligent fault classification approach to power transformer dissolved gas analysis (DGA), dealing with highly versatile or noise-corrupted data. Bootstrap and genetic programming (GP) are implemented to improve the interpretation accuracy for DGA of power transformers. Bootstrap preprocessing is utilized to approximately equalize the sample numbers for different fault classes to improve subsequent fault classification with GP feature extraction. GP is applied to establish classification features for each class based on the collected gas data. The features extracted with GP are then used as the inputs to artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM) and K-nearest neighbor ( KNN) classifiers for fault classification. The classification accuracies of the combined GP-ANN, GP-SVM, and GP-<i>K</i>NN classifiers are compared with the ones derived from ANN, SVM, and <i>K</i>NN classifiers, respectively. The test results indicate that the developed preprocessing approach can significantly improve the diagnosis accuracies for power transformer fault classification.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4717246,no
Design and development of a software for fault diagnosis in radial distribution networks,"This paper presents an on-line fault diagnosis software in primary distribution feeders. The software is written in DELPHI and C++ languages and its interaction with the operator is made in a very friendly environment. The input data are the currents of the feeder per phase, monitored only in the substation. An artificial immune system was developed using the negative selection algorithm to detect and classify the faults. The fault location was identified by a genetic algorithm which is triggered by negative selection algorithm. The main application of the software is to assist in the operation during a fault, and supervise the protection system. A 103-bus non-transposed real feeder is used to evaluate the proposed software. The results show that the software is effective for diagnosing all types of faults involving short-circuits and it has great potential for online applications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5740045,no
Vibration-based fault diagnostic platform for rotary machines,"This paper provides a vibration-based diagnostic platform to systematically monitor and diagnose of rotary machine faults. Commonly rotary machine faults described in this paper are misalignment fault, bearing cage defect, ball bearing defect, bearing outer race fault and inner race fault. The use of structural resonance frequency, ISO 10816 for vibration level assessment, spectrum assessment for misalignment and bearing faults have been detailed. Beside fault diagnosis, repair action has been included to recommend different maintenance plans according to the faulty conditions. These methods form the basis of a knowledge-based system for diagnosis. The results have been successfully tested on a Hitachi Seiki high speed milling machine. The developed diagnosis platform minimized the need for human intervention in rotary machine performance monitoring and degradation detection.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5675477,no
Macroblock-based retransmission for error-resilient video streaming,"This paper revisits the problem of source-channel coding for error-resilient video streaming. We propose a new method to enable adaptive redundancy in the bitstream: fine-grain retransmission. Redundancy decisions are made per macroblock (MB), which are locally adaptive and of low overhead, as opposed to coarse packet-level redundancy (e.g. forward error correction). In this scheme, the encoder jointly optimizes the coding mode and redundancy per MB. A corresponding algorithm is presented for exploiting this redundancy at the decoder. The proposed method is general in nature, and can be implemented on top of any (hybrid) video codec. An example implementation is provided, which uses the redundant slice mechanism of H.264 (JM 13.2 reference software). Simulation results show significant performance gains over conventional error-resilient coding techniques.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4712253,no
Hybrid Method to Assess Sensitive Process Interruption Costs Due to Faults in Electric Power Distribution Networks,"This paper shows a new hybrid method for risk assessment regarding interruptions in sensitive processes due to faults in electric power distribution systems. This method determines indices related to long duration interruptions and short duration voltage variations (SDVV), such as voltage sags and swells in each customer supplied by the distribution network. Frequency of such occurrences and their impact on customer processes are determined for each bus and classified according to their corresponding magnitude and duration. The method is based on information regarding network configuration, system parameters and protective devices. It randomly generates a number of fault scenarios in order to assess risk areas regarding long duration interruptions and voltage sags and swells in an especially inventive way, including frequency of events according to their magnitude and duration. Based on sensitivity curves, the method determines frequency indices regarding disruption in customer processes that represent equipment malfunction and possible process interruptions due to voltage sags and swells. Such approach allows for the assessment of the annual costs associated with each one of the evaluated power quality indices.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5454390,no
Error-free simplification of transparent Mamdani systems,"This paper shows that combinatorial complexity of fuzzy systems is at least in part caused by redundancy in these systems and presents the algorithm and its implementation for detection and removal of such redundancy for a special class of Mamdani systems. Performance of the simplification algorithm is demonstrated with uniformly impressive results on acknowledged benchmarks coming from different areas of engineering - truck backer-upper control, Mackey-Glass time series prediction and iris data classification.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4670399,no
Combinational fault diagnosis in a monitored environment by a wireless sensor network,"This paper studies a combinational algorithm of a limit-trend checking, plausibility test and model-based method to attain a secure fault diagnosis in a wireless sensor network. It has been implemented based on a new theoretical identification method. The sensor nodes of the network have been distributed inside an intelligent container to monitor environmental parameters (temperature and relative humidity). It employs measured parameters, residuals and a developed model of the environment to introduce a topology, applicable in several applications of fault diagnosis area.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5164569,no
"Multimode WSN: Improving Robustness, Fault Tolerance and Performance of Randomly Deployed Wireless Sensor Network","This paper proposes an advanced, robust and flexible solution that applies the (revised) concept of Always Best Connected (ABC) Network, typical of multimode modern mobile devices, to Wireless Sensor Network. Hostile environments and unpredictable conditions (e.g. interferences) can negatively affect communication range, potentially increasing the number of unconnected nodes in random deployments. Multimode Wireless Sensor Network (MM-WSN) is provided with an adaptive mechanism for environmental condition evaluation and with the ability of self-configuring itself for optimal networking independence of detected conditions. Proposed solution is based on advanced smart nodes provided with multiple resource in terms of computation, storage, communication and sensing that, with the support of proposed framework, allows complex mechanisms for fault detecting/tolerance and for the increasing of network robustness and performance. Several research issues are addressed by the paper.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5614754,no
Differential power analysis and differential fault attack resistant AES algorithm and its VLSI implementation,"This paper proposes an AES algorithm against both differential power analysis and differential fault analysis and its hardware implementation. This new algorithm emphasizes the feature of defending hardware against two kinds of side-channel attack simultaneously. Since the modified AES algorithm is much more complex than the original one, this paper exploits low hardware cost architecture to realize it. Furthermore, a pipelined structure is adopted to achieve high throughput. Simulations show that this architecture can protect hardware against both differential power analysis and differential fault attack. Synthesis result demonstrates that this design achieves adequately high data throughput with low hardware cost.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4735012,no
Dynamic strength scaling for delay fault propagation in nanometer technologies,"This paper proposes an algorithm for the detection of resistive delay faults in deep submicron technology using dynamic strength scaling, which is applicable for 45 nm and below. The approach uses an advanced coding system to build logical functions that are sensitive to strength and able to detect even the slightest voltage changes in the circuit. Such changes are caused by interconnection resistive behavior and result in timing-related defects.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5349362,no
Development of a data compression index for discrimination between transformer internal faults and inrush currents,This paper proposes an algorithm for transformer differential protection. The paper presents the development of an index based on discrete wavelet transform to discriminate between internal faults and inrush currents. The index is retained energy in percentage. The proposed technique consists of decomposition of differential current signals up to a specific level and compression by level thresholding. Various simulations and analysis have been performed to determine the best compression ratio for distinguishing between transformer inrush and fault currents. The performance of the index is demonstrated by simulation of different faults and switching conditions on a modeled power system. Obtained results show that the proposed scheme is robust and reliable.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275767,no
A power quality monitoring system for real-time fault detection,"This paper proposes an embedded system applied for power quality monitoring that captures waveform of fault signal on single phase or 3-phases system in real time and allows users to control and receive data from remote module via Ethernet networks by using TCP/IP protocol. The power quality monitoring system stored fault data in CSV (comma separated value) format into SD-CARD which are easy to analyze later by spread sheet program. The monitoring system uses the energy measurement integrated circuit (IC) ADE7758 with integrated power quality monitoring features, AL440B FIFO (first-in first-out) memory, LPC2368 microcontroller and ADUC7024 microcontroller. The monitoring system can detect sags, swell and interruptions in power lines and stored fault data when fault signals detected.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5213582,no
Analytical Evaluation of Timing Offset Error in OFDM System,This paper proposes an idea of developing a model of estimating timing offset error of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system without the use of additional pilots relying on inherent characteristics of the OFDM signal. An analytical expression has been derived and formulated to analyze the effect of bit error rate (BER) due to timing offset introduced by the transmission channel. This will help in determining the exact length of cyclic prefix to be added to each OFDM symbol to avoid misinterpretation by the receiver. The performances have also been evaluated under coded (convolution) and uncoded systems. The introduction of channel coding decreases this basic impairment of OFDM systems significantly. Simulated results show that the symbol error rate (SER) linearly depends on timing offset. It is expected that further works on the proposed estimated method will lead to a standard model so that at the receiving end the effect of timing offset can be eliminated totally.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5437649,no
Fault-section estimation in power systems based on improved optimization model and binary particle swarm optimization,"This paper proposes an improved model which takes the failure of protetive relays (PRs) or circuit breakers (CBs) into account, and classifies different information per its importance. A weighted contribution factor is introduced in objective function, which aims to solve two problems: the influence of PRs and CBs failure, and information important factor. Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) is employed to solve the fault-section estimation (FSE) optimization problems. In order to measure the efficiency of BPSO and make comparisons, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is also employed. The software codes have been developed to implement the algorithms. Numerical studies reveal that BPSO is superior to GA for the convergence speed and estimation results. The proposed method based on the new model and BPSO is rational and practical and the diagnosis results are more accurate.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5275866,no
Discrete wavelet transform and probabilistic neural network based algorithm for classification of fault on transmission systems,"This paper presents the development of an algorithm based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and probabilistic neural network (PNN) for classifying the power system faults. The proposed technique consists of a preprocessing unit based on discrete wavelet transform in combination with PNN. The DWT acts as extractor of distinctive features in the input current signal, which are collected at source end. The information is then fed into PNN for classifying the faults. It can be used for off-line process using the data stored in the digital recording apparatus. Extensive simulation studies carried out using MATLAB show that the proposed algorithm not only provides an accepted degree of accuracy in fault classification under different fault conditions but it is also reliable, fast and computationally efficient tool.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4768827,no
Image-position Technology of the Digital Circuit Fault Diagnosis Based on Lab Windows/CVI,"This paper presents the different methods and processes of the implement of image-positioning technique, by which the user can locate the probe quickly and accurately during the process of circuit-fault diagnosis. The article introduces the fault diagnosis program that can retrieve information from fault dictionary, presents the image-position technique of BMP and PCB and proposes the usage of the significant function and controls are given which can used to locate the probe accurately. During the test, the real circuit graph guides the user and points out the fault location, thus raising the efficiency of fault removal.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4732044,no
Initial Experiences with a New FPGA Based Traveling Wave Fault Recorder Installed on a MV Distribution Network,"This paper presents the initial results obtained from a newly developed FPGA based traveling wave fault recorder installed on a medium voltage (MV) distribution line. The recorder is capable of recording six input signals, simultaneously sampling at 40 mega samples per second (MSPS) and at 14 bit resolution. It uses high bandwidth 17 MHz Rogowski coils connected to the secondary of a current transformer inside the substation to acquire the high frequency traveling wave components. Initial results during the testing phase show that recorder is capable of recording high fidelity signals relating to switching events. It has also highlighted that the distribution line is subject to many other transient phenomena in addition to faults and switching events which must be taken into consideration when choosing a suitable triggering mechanism.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4745179,no
Real-Time Implementation of Fault Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Neural Networks,"This paper presents the real-time implementation of a neural network-based fault detection for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The method is implemented on TinyOS operating system. A collection tree network is formed and multi-hoping data is sent to the base station root. Nodes take environmental measurements every N seconds while neighboring nodes overhear the measurement as it is being forwarded to the base station and record it. After nodes complete M and receive/store M measurements from each neighboring node, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are used to model the sensor node, the node's dynamics, and interconnections with neighboring nodes. The physical measurement is compared against the predicted value and a given threshold of error to determine sensor fault. By simply overhearing network traffic, this implementation uses no extra bandwidth or radio broadcast power. The only cost of the approach is battery power required to power the receiver to overhear packets and MCU processor time to train the RNN.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4492509,no
Stator-Interlaminar-Fault Detection Using an External-Flux-Density Sensor,"This paper presents the results of a research work devoted to the detection of short circuits between stator laminations of an electrical machine using external magnetic field. The theoretical developments lead one to display the influence of various phenomena on this magnetic field in a wide frequency range. It is shown that surface currents due to burrs at the external surface of the machine have an important contribution compared to the increase of eddy currents in the short-circuit volume. Finally, experimental measurements confirm this theory, and an online method of detection for large generators is proposed.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5208383,no
An exploratory study of fault-proneness in evolving aspect-oriented programs,"This paper presents the results of an exploratory study on the fault-proneness of aspect-oriented programs. We analysed the faults collected from three evolving aspect-oriented systems, all from different application domains. The analysis develops from two different angles. Firstly, we measured the impact of the obliviousness property on the fault-proneness of the evaluated systems. The results show that 40% of reported faults were due to the lack of awareness among base code and aspects. The second analysis regarded the fault-proneness of the main aspect-oriented programming (AOP) mechanisms, namely pointcuts, advices and intertype declarations. The results indicate that these mechanisms present similar fault-proneness when we consider both the overall system and concern-specific implementations. Our findings are reinforced by means of statistical tests. In general, this result contradicts the common intuition stating that the use of pointcut languages is the main source of faults in AOP.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062074,no
Multi-Stage Frame Error Concealment Algorithm for H.264/AVC Based on Estimated MB Feature,"This paper proposes a novel multi-stage frame error concealment (EC) algorithm for H.264/AVC based on estimated MB modes and MVs. The proposed method first divides the lost frame into three regions according to MB features in previous frame: which are regular motion region within the object and background, irregular motion region mainly including border areas between various parts of moving object and background, and intra-coded MB region. Then we recover the three regions sequentially by utilizing suitable schemes, motion vector copy method for regular motion region, improved optical flow based method for irregular motion region, and bilinear interpolation (BI) or directional interpolation (DI) method for intra-coded MB region. Experimental results show that our proposed adaptive algorithm can effectively utilize the advantages of classic methods and obtain better recovery performance both in subjective and objective video quality at low computational complexity, and our method effectively prevents the error propagation in the following frames and thus improves the reconstruction quality of the entire video sequence.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5303399,no
Compact Delay Test Generation with a Realistic Low Cost Fault Coverage Metric,This paper proposes a realistic low cost fault coverage metric targeting both global and local delay faults. It suggests the test strategy of generating a different number of the longest paths for each line in the circuit while maintaining high fault coverage. This metric has been integrated into the CodGen ATPG tool. Experimental results show significant reductions in test generation time and vector count on ISCAS89 and industry designs.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5116610,no
Health-status-based condition detection and fault diagnosis system of hydroelectricity production equipment,"This paper proposes a system of health-status-based condition detection and fault diagnosis of hydroelectricity production equipment. The proposed system has rational architecture and comprehensive functional modules, and aims at improving the health status of hydroelectricity production equipment and cuts down the cost of maintenance. The technical and managing systems, which are critical to the well operation and full utilization of the proposed system but usually ignored by the management personnel, are particularly included in this paper except the study on the condition detection and fault diagnosis of hydroelectricity production equipment. The proposed system is practically useful and application prospective proven by the customer.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5598348,no
Recent Developments in Fault Detection and Power Loss Estimation of Electrolytic Capacitors,"This paper proposes a comparative study of current-controlled hysteresis and pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques, and their influence upon power loss dissipation in a power-factor controller (PFC) output filtering capacitors. First, theoretical calculation of low-frequency and high-frequency components of the capacitor current is presented in the two cases, as well as the total harmonic distortion of the source current. Second, we prove that the methods already used to determine the capacitor power losses are not accurate because of the capacitor model chosen. In fact, a new electric equivalent scheme of electrolytic capacitors is determined using genetic algorithms. This model, characterized by frequency-independent parameters, redraws with accuracy the capacitor behavior for large frequency and temperature ranges. Thereby, the new capacitor model is integrated into the converter, and then, software simulation is carried out to determine the power losses for both control techniques. Due to this model, the <i>equivalent series resistance</i> (ESR) increase at high frequencies due to the skin effect is taken into account. Finally, for hysteresis and PWM controls, we suggest a method to determine the value of the series resistance and the remaining time to failure, based on the measurement of the output ripple voltage at steady-state and transient-state converter working.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5200514,no
A Generalized Fault Coverage Model for Linear Time-Invariant Systems,"This paper proposes a fault coverage model for linear time-invariant (LTI) systems subject to uncertain input. A state-space representation, defined by the state-transition matrix, and the input matrix, is used to represent LTI system dynamic behavior. The uncertain input is considered to be unknown but bounded, where the bound is defined by an ellipsoid. The state-transition matrix, and the input matrix must be such that, for any possible input, the system dynamics meets its intended function, which can be defined by some performance requirements. These performance requirements constrain the system trajectories to some region of the state-space defined by a symmetrical polytope. When a fault occurs, the state-transition matrix, and the input matrix might be altered; and then, it is guaranteed the system survives the fault if all possible post-fault trajectories are fully contained in the region of the state-space defined by the performance requirements. This notion of guaranteed survivability is the basis to model (in the context of LTI systems) the concept of fault coverage, which is a probabilistic measure of the ability of the system to keep delivering its intended function after a fault. Analytical techniques to obtain estimates of the proposed fault coverage model are presented. To illustrate the application of the proposed model, two examples are discussed.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4967909,no
Fault detection of eccentricity and bearing damage in a PMSM by means of wavelet transforms decomposition of the stator current,"This paper presents the study of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) running with eccentricity and bearings damage. The objective is to detect and identify the fault through the current signature analysis. The stator current has been analyzed by means of both Fourier (FFT) and Discrete Wavelet (DWT) transforms. Simulations have been carried out with a two-dimensional (2-D) finite element analysis (FEA), and they have been also compared with experiments. The results prove that the method proposed can be used to identify mechanical faults in a PMSM.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4522708,no
Fault diagnosis of node in wireless sensor network based on the interval-numbers rough neural network,"This paper proposed a new fault diagnosis method of node in WSN based on the interval-numbers rough neural network. Firstly, this method established the most simple decision-making table of the fault diagnosis by the improved discriminate matrix, then applied rough decision-making analysis method constructed a interval-value information decision-making system of WSN node, and constructed the rough neuron of the input layer; Finally, constructed the fault diagnosis system based on the three-layers feed-forward rough neural network with the interval numbers. The simulation results show that this method made the rate of diagnostic accuracy to 99.24% when the computing time was greatly reduced, and it has high practical value.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5477786,no
The study of fault diagnosis in rotating machinery,"This project presents a detail review of the subject fault diagnosis; feature extraction, dimensionality reduction and fault classification are being discussed. This project focuses on the faulty bearing which mainly caused by mass imbalance and axis misalignment. By analyzing the vibration signal obtained from the test rigs (rigs that are built to demonstrate the effect of faults in rotating machinery), it gives solid information concerning any faults within the rotating machinery.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5069191,no
Spatial avoidance of hardware faults using FPGA partial reconfiguration of tile-based soft processors,"This paper presents the design of a many-core computer architecture with fault detection and recovery using partial reconfiguration of an FPGA. The FPGA fabric is partitioned into tiles which contain homogenous soft processors. At any given time, three processors are configured in triple modulo redundancy to detect faults. Spare processors are brought online to replace faulted tiles in real time. A recovery procedure involving partial reconfiguration is used to repair faulted tiles. This type of approach has the advantage of recovering from faults in both the circuit fabric and the configuration RAM of an FPGA in addition to spatially avoiding permanently damaged regions of the chip.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5446663,no
Fault Models and Injection Strategies in SystemC Specifications,"This paper presents fault models and fault injection strategies designed in a simulation platform with reflection capabilities, used for simulating complex systems specified by using SystemC and by adopting a platform-based design approach. The approach allows the designer to work at different levels of abstraction and to take into account permanent and transient faults, and -- most important -- it features a transparent and dynamic mechanism for both injecting faults and analyzing the produced errors, in order to evaluate possible fault detection and/or tolerance design techniques.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4669223,no
A Method of Error Compensation on Sensors Based on Neural Networks Algorithm,"To improve the error compensation precision of sensors, a method of the error compensation of sensors based on the neural network algorithm is proposed. The convergence of the algorithm is researched. The theory gist to select learning rate is provided by the convergence theorem. To validate the validity of the algorithm, the simulation example of the error compensation of sensor was given. The result shows that the approach of the error compensation of sensors using the neural network algorithm has a very high accuracy. Thus, the method proposed is effective.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4724758,no
Fault diagnosis of frequency convert system based on networked virtual instrument,"To obtain sufficient fault information and extract important fault characteristics are the key to fault diagnosis. For the core of control unit, some important fault characteristics must be obtained from users' on-site environment. However, at present, there are some problems in the design of virtual instrument which is on-site application-oriented. For example, the on-site resources often can not meet the requirements of fault diagnosis; sufficient knowledge in the application field and design ability of software and hardware must be obtained by the software designers. Based on the fault diagnosis of frequency convert system, this paper put forward a design method of networked virtual instrument which is on-site application-oriented. Remote resource is called by Internet technology, and networked virtual instrument is constructed in the case of insufficient on-site resource. Requirement design, resource calling and data management are relatively independent of flow and flow assembling, resource and resource matching, data dictionary and data image. Design process of networked virtual instrument is simplified.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5274696,no
Tolerance of performance degrading faults for effective yield improvement,"To provide a new avenue for improving yield for nano-scale fabrication processes, we introduce a new notion: performance degrading faults (pdef). A fault is said to be a pdef if it cannot cause a functional error at system outputs but may result in system performance degradation. In a processor, a fault is a pdef if it causes no error in the execution of user programs but may reduce performance, e.g., decrease the number of instructions executed per cycle. By identifying faulty chips that contain pdef's that degrade performance within some limits and binning these chips based on the their resulting instruction throughput, effective yield can be improved in a radically new manner that is completely different from the current practice of performance binning on clock frequency. To illustrate the potential benefits of this notion, we analyze the faults in the branch prediction unit of a processor. Experimental results show that every stuck-at fault in this unit is a pdef. Furthermore, 97% of these faults induce almost no performance degradation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5355594,no
Skew Detection and Correction Method of Fabric Images Based on Hough Transform,"To solve the skew situation of scanned fabric image, a method based on Hough transform for skew detection and correction in fabric images was presented. By combining the characteristics of fabric images and the weft direction information extracted by Sobel operator, this method performed hierarchical Hough transform on the weft boundary to detect the skew angle of fabric image. Finally, a rotation algorithm based on the image linear storage structure was introduced, and the skew image was corrected rapidly. The skew detect algorithm has been experimented on various skew angles of fabric image and very promising results have been achieved given more than 99% accuracy. Experimental results show that the proposed method with high adaptability is more accurate and rapidly than traditional Hough transform.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5287959,no
Research on virtual position noise control technology based on secondary error filter control algorithm,"To the traditional ANC system, the noise reduction region is strictly limited around the error sensors within a certain range, but in terms of drivers, it is difficult to be installed in fixed error sensors around the human ear. In this paper, the idea of the virtual location of noise control will be introduced, and combined with the second error filtering algorithm. This method can effectively reduce the noise level in a remote location by adjusting the gain coefficient and the virtual noise location, and according to actual requirement, the amount of attenuation of noise in different frequency domain can be controlled.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5270058,no
Impact analysis of performance faults in modern microprocessors,"Towards improving performance, modern microprocessors incorporate a variety of architectural features, such as branch prediction and speculative execution, which are not critical to the correctness of their operation. While faults in the corresponding hardware may not necessarily affect functional correctness, they may, nevertheless, adversely impact performance. In this paper, we investigate quantitatively the performance impact of such faults using a superscalar, dynamically-scheduled, out-of-order, Alpha-like microprocessor, on which we execute SPEC2000 integer benchmarks. We provide extensive fault simulation-based experimental results and we discuss how this information may guide the inclusion of additional hardware for performance loss recovery and yield enhancement.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5413171,no
Research and Design of Tower Crane Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis System,"Tower cranes are playing an important role in hoisting apparatus, while reducing tower crane accident and improving crane safety performance are always urgent. C8051F020 SCM is selected as the core of this system, and many advanced technology such as multisensor data acquisition, expert system and neural network are to be used. The system has self-contained condition monitor in and fault diagnosis function, stable performance and friendly interface, provides the powerful guarantee for efficient and safe operation.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5656390,no
Ontology-based fault diagnosis for industrial control applications,"Traditional fault detection systems in industrial control applications are just able to report occurring faults. Fault diagnosis systems are more desirable for plant operators, as such systems are capable to reduce the number of occurring alarms by elimination of consecutive alarms and prioritization of critical alarms. The disadvantage of those systems is that they have to be implemented anew for every control application, as the system dependencies vary from application to application. Ontology-based fault diagnosis systems do not have this disadvantage. Only the ontology has to be created for the new system, which greatly reduces time and effort for new systems, as old ontologies can be reused for the new system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5641192,no
The Portable PCB Fault Detector Based on ARM and Magnetic Image,"Traditional fault detector technique can hardly adapt to the modern electronic technique. This paper introduces how to set up military electronic equipmentspsila portable fault detector based on magnetic image, which can fast detect the electronic equipment in the scene. The detector has made use of ARM and uC/OS-II as the developing platform, taking MiniGUI as the figure interface.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4722506,no
Reliability analysis of AUV based on fuzzy fault tree,"Traditional fault tree analysis method need obtain exact value of the event occurrence's probability, un-completeness and fuzziness of the data is ignored. Fuzzy fault tree analysis method is proposed in study on the system reliability. The fuzzy fault tree of the AUV is established. Using operational rule calculated the fuzzy probability of the top event which is AUV can't work normally and analysis the results. The results showed that this method can resolve the problem of fuzzy data and have part events failure criterion in fault tree analysis. It provided valuable reference for the design of the AUV, fault diagnosis and maintenance.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5246655,no
Research of on-line monitoring and fault diagnosis system for cold-rolling based on RBF neural network,"Through the analysis of electric drive system of a cold-rolling steel plant and selecting detection signal reasonably, the on-line monitoring system has been exploited. It possesses the functions of real-time data display, alarm, sample data storage, data acquisition, parameter setting and others. By using MATLAB-Simulink tools, the simulation system has been built, which is for fault diagnosis of three-phase induction motor, a key machine of cold-rolling electric drives. By applying RBF neural network to diagnosis, a diagnosis system has been designed. Through verifying the trained network, the fault diagnosis system proves to have the good ability of predicting and diagnosing the faults of three-phase induction motor, and have a good application prospect.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5412972,no
Test-Pattern Selection for Screening Small-Delay Defects in Very-Deep Submicrometer Integrated Circuits,"Timing-related defects are major contributors to test escapes and in-field reliability problems for very-deep submicrometer integrated circuits. Small delay variations induced by crosstalk, process variations, power-supply noise, as well as resistive opens and shorts can potentially cause timing failures in a design, thereby leading to quality and reliability concerns. We present a test-grading technique that uses the method of output deviations for screening small-delay defects (SDDs). A new gate-delay defect probability measure is defined to model delay variations for nanometer technologies. The proposed technique intelligently selects the best set of patterns for SDD detection from an <i>n</i>-detect pattern set generated using timing-unaware automatic test-pattern generation (ATPG). It offers significantly lower computational complexity and excites a larger number of long paths compared to a current generation commercial timing-aware ATPG tool. Our results also show that, for the same pattern count, the selected patterns provide more effective coverage ramp-up than timing-aware ATPG and a recent pattern-selection method for random SDDs potentially caused by resistive shorts, resistive opens, and process variations.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5452121,no
Transmission surveillance and self-restoration against fibre fault for time division multiplexing using passive optical network,"This study proposes a practical transmission surveillance and self-protection scheme for time division multiplexing using passive optical network (TDM-PON) with centralised monitoring and self-restorable apparatus. Troubleshooting a TDM-PON involves locating and identifying the source of an optical problem in what may be a complex optical network topology that includes several optical line terminals (OLTs), optical splitters, fibres and optical network units (ONUs). Since most components in the network are passive, a large part of the issues are due to dirty/damaged/misaligned connectors or breaks/macrobends in optical fibre cables. These will affect one, some or all subscribers in the network, depending on the location of the problems. The proposed scheme is able to prevent and detect the occurrence of fibre faults in a network system through centralised monitoring and remotely operate from a central office via Ethernet connection. Even with fibre fault prevention mechanisms, failures will still occur. Therefore fibre fault detection is required in order to detect potential faults and precisely localise the exact failure location. Whenever any failure occurs on the primary entity, the proposed system can protect and switch the failure line to the protection line to ensure that traffic flows continuously. Meanwhile, the failure information will be delivered to field engineers for taking appropriate recovery action to treat the fibre fault and failure link. One suggestion in point-to-multipoint (P2PM) applications has been proposed with the experimental results as the feasibility approach. This approach has bright prospects for improving the survivability and reliability as well as increasing the efficiency and monitoring capabilities in TDM-PON.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5343507,no
Design of a defected ground beam forming network,"This text presents the design of a novel, wideband beam forming network (BFN) realized by defected ground structure (DGS). The BFN is a corporate one with equi-phase and magnitude output ports. In a regular microstrip BFN design, non-standard, thin-and-thick lines are used together with the standard-width (50 ) lines for matching purposes. However, in this design, the BFN is implemented by using standard-width microstrip lines, and rectangular defects at the ground with a 0.508 mm-thick Rogers RO4003C substrate in between. Results of the simulation show that the designed structure is a wideband, equi-phase, and equi-magnitude BFN with at most 0.4 dB magnitude difference, and 4 phase difference in the 5.6 GHz-11.1 GHz band. The resulting structure is in a compact form with constant width line lengths on the upper side, and defects on the ground side. In order to avoid the radiation effects from the defect, another substrate of the same dielectric is also placed beneath the DGS.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5605169,no
Fault tolerant IPMS motor drive based on adaptive backstepping observer with unknown stator resistance,"This work considers the problem of designing a fault tolerant system for IPMS motor drive subject to current sensor fault. To achieve this goal, two control strategies are considered. The first is based on field oriented control and a developed adaptive backstepping observer which simultaneously are used in the case of fault-free. The second approach proposed is concerned with fault tolerant strategy based on observer for faulty conditions. Stator resistance as possible source of system uncertainty is taken into account under different operating conditions. Current sensors failures are detected and observer based on adaptive backstepping approach is used to estimate currents and stator resistance. The nonlinear observer stability study based on the Lyapunov theory guarantees the stability and convergence of the estimated quantities, if the appropriate adaptation laws are designed and persistency of excitation condition is satisfied. In our control approach, references of d-q axis currents are generated on the basis of maximum power factor per ampere control scheme related to IPMSM drive. The complete proposed scheme is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. Simulation is made to illustrate the proposed strategy.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4582827,no
Improving transient memory fault resilience of an H.264 decoder,"Traditionally, fault-tolerance has been the domain of expensive, hard real-time critical systems. However, the rates of transient faults occurring in semiconductor devices will increase significantly due to shrinking structure sizes and reduced operating voltages. Thus, even consumer-grade embedded applications with soft real-time requirements, like audio and video players, will require error detection and correction methods to ensure reliable everyday operation. Cost, timing and energy considerations, however, prevent the embedded system developer from correcting every single error. In many situations, however, it will not be required to create a totally error-free system. In such a system, only perceptible errors will have to be corrected. To distinguish between perceptible and non-perceptible errors, a classification of errors according to their relevance to the application is required. When real-time conditions have to be observed, the current timing properties of the system will provide additional contextual information. In this paper, we present a structure for an error-correcting embedded system based on a real-time aware classification. Using a cross-layer approach utilizing application annotations of error classifications as well as information available inside the operating system, the error correction overhead can be significantly reduced. This is shown in a first evaluation by analyzing the achievable improvements in an H.264 video decoder under error injection and simulated error correction.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5666989,no
Real time error concealment in H.264 video decoder for embedded devices,"Transmission of compressed video over unreliable network is an interesting topic of research. As compression is inversely proportional to data redundancy. Highly compressed data are hence more susceptible to errors. This paper discusses error recovery and concealment techniques for H.264/AVC baseline profile decoder, where bandwidth, decoder performance and memory are critical constraints for real time implementation. This paper proposes a technique which gives improved perceptual concealment without affecting the decoder performance and its memory requirement. The technique is based on novel algorithm which uses the available features in H.264 standard to perform concealment, with minimal pre-processing. Comparison of the novel algorithm has been made with the error concealment capability of JM 13.2 reference software.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4753906,no
Joint Temporal and Spatial Error Concealment for Multiple Description Video Coding,"Transmission of compressed video signals over error-prone networks exposes the information to losses and errors. To reduce the effects of these losses and errors, this paper presents a joint spatial-temporal estimation method which takes advantages of data correlation in these two domains for better recovery of the lost information. The method is designed for the hybrid multiple description coding which splits video signals along spatial and temporal dimensions. In particular, the proposed method includes fixed and content-adaptive approaches for estimation method selection. The fixed approach selects the estimation method based on description loss cases, while the adaptive approach selects the method according to pixel gradients. The experimental results demonstrate that improved error resilience can be accomplished by the proposed estimation method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5604677,no
Optimization of Hybridized Error Concealment for H.264,"Transmission of highly compressed video bitstreams can result in packet erasures when channel status is unfavorable, the consequence being not only the corruption of a single frame, but propagation to its successors. In order to avoid error-catalyzed artifacts from producing visible corruption of affected video frames, the use of error concealment at the video decoder becomes essential. The purpose of this paper proposes an efficient and integrated novel EC method for the latest video compression standard H.264/AVC, using not only spatially and temporally correlated information but also the tandem utilization of two new coding tools: directional spatial prediction for intracoding and variable block size motion compensation of H.264/AVC. Experiments performed using the proposed hybridization method of combining the above spatial and temporal estimation elements fulfilled the expectations of control-whole-scheme. The experimental results show that the proposed method offers excellent gains of up to 10.62 dB compared to that of the Joint Model (JM) decoder for a wide range of benchmark sequences without any considerable increase in time demand.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4579743,no
Impact of Scaling on Neutron-Induced Soft Error in SRAMs From a 250 nm to a 22 nm Design Rule,"Trends in terrestrial neutron-induced soft-error in SRAMs from a 250 nm to a 22 nm process are reviewed and predicted using the Monte-Carlo simulator CORIMS, which is validated to have less than 20% variations from experimental soft-error data on 180-130 nm SRAMs in a wide variety of neutron fields like field tests at low and high altitudes and accelerator tests in LANSCE, TSL, and CYRIC. The following results are obtained: 1) Soft-error rates per device in SRAMs will increase x6-7 from 130 nm to 22 nm process; 2) As SRAM is scaled down to a smaller size, soft-error rate is dominated more significantly by low-energy neutrons (<; 10 MeV); and 3) The area affected by one nuclear reaction spreads over 1 M bits and bit multiplicity of multi-cell upset become as high as 100 bits and more.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5467170,no
Template based attenuation correction for PET in MR-PET scanners,"This work investigates a template based procedure for attenuation correction (TBA) of PET scans acquired in future hybrid MR-PET scanners which will not offer a measured attenuation correction. A previous report of our group described a method (TBA-SPM) how individual attenuation maps can be obtained from an attenuation template which is spatially normalized to the SPM2 standard brain shape. Attenuation maps of females and males obtained from PET transmission scans were used as input for this template. The present study replaces the template referring to SPM2 by a female and a male attenuation template (fAT and mAT), each based on four measured attenuation images (TBA-f&m). The corresponding T1-MR templates (fMR and mMR) were also available. Thus, possible morphological gender-related differences, not considered when the standardized SPM2 <sup>1</sup>brain shape is used, may be taken into account. To examine this approach PET scans of 15 female and 15 male subjects of an ongoing study were attenuation corrected using the templates fAT and mAT. For this purpose and depending on the subjects gender the fMR or mMR templates were warped onto the individual MR image. The resulting warping matrix was applied to fAT or mAT, respectively. The individualized attenuation maps were used to reconstruct the PET emission data. These were compared to PET images attenuation corrected with the conventional PET based transmission data (PBA). While the relative differences between PBA and TBA=f&m reconstructed images averaged over each group and all regions of interest were 0.57%  3.76% for females and 0.59%  3.56% for males, the corresponding values obtained with the TBA-SPM method showed an overestimation with similar standard deviations (2.39%  3.76% for females and 2.42%  3.37% for males). In conclusion, the alternative gender-related template method TBA-f&m gives acceptable results with no significan- - t differences between the genders.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4774281,no
Fault attack on AES with single-bit induced faults,"This work presents a differential fault attack against AES employin any key size, regardless of the key scheduling strategy. The presented attack relies on the injection of a single bit flip, and is able to check for the correctness of the injection of the fault a posteriori. This fault model nicely fits the one obtained through underfeeding a computing device employing a low cost tunable power supply unit. This fault injection technique, which has been successfully applied to hardware implementations of AES, receives a further validation in this paper where the target computing device is a system-on-chip based on the widely adopted ARM926EJ-S CPU core. The attack is successfully carried out against two different devices, etched in two different technologies (a generic 130 nm and a low-power oriented 90 nm library) running a software implementation of AES-192 and AES-256 and has been reproduced on multiple instances of the same chip.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5604061,no
Research and simulation of amplitude error and quadrature error for inductosyn,"Two-phase amplitude and quadrature error of inductosyn have a great impact on the detection accuracy, through researching amplitude and quadrature error of inductosyn,eliminate its effects, and improve accuracy of inductosyn. First, analysis the characteristics of these two errors and their impact on the measurement accuracy. Then, research a new method, in the two position of 0A and 90A, respectively detecte their sine and cosine winding voltage , achieve amplitude and quadrature error detection, and amend their by using the software . Finally,experiments show that this new detection and correction method of error could improve the accuracy of Inductosyn.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5456526,no
A Fault-Tolerant Middleware Switch for Space Applications,"Typical data systems for space applications are computer-centric. The central component is a computer to which several devices are attached. The computer handles devices, communication, computation and storage of data. Furthermore, fault-tolerance is an important issue in space systems. This paper presents a novel multicast embedded middleware switch which at the first implementation is fully implemented on an FPGA. SRAM-based FPGAs are very susceptible to SEUs stemmed from radiation effects in space, therefore considering fault-tolerance is inevitable. High capability of this switch to handle different interfaces in form of an integrated single system together with its fault-tolerance feature makes it very suitable for space data handling applications.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5226815,no
Fault-Tolerant Coverage Planning in Wireless Networks,"Typically wireless networks coverage is planned with static redundancy to compensate temporal variations in the environment. As a result, the service still is delivered but the network coverage could have entered a critical state, meaning that further changes in the environment may lead to service failure. Service failures have to be explicitly notified by the applications. Therefore, in this paper we propose a methodology for fault-tolerant coverage planning. The idea is detecting the critical state and removing it by on-line system reconfiguration, and restoration of the original static redundancy. Even in case of a failure the system automatically generates a new configuration to restore the service, leading to shorter repair times. We describe how this approach can be applied to wireless mesh networks, often used in industrial applications like manufacturing, automation and logistics. The evaluation results show that the underlying model used for error detection and system recovery is accurate enough to correctly identify the system state.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4690812,no
Evaluating the Accuracy of Fault Localization Techniques,"We investigate claims and assumptions made in several recent papers about fault localization (FL) techniques. Most of these claims have to do with evaluating FL accuracy. Our investigation centers on a new subject program having properties useful for FL experiments. We find that Tarantula (Jones et al.) works well on the program, and we show weak support for the assertion that coverage-based test suites help Tarantula to localize faults. Baudry et al. used automatically-generated mutants to evaluate the accuracy of an FL technique that generates many distinct scores for program locations. We find no evidence to suggest that the use of mutants for this purpose is invalid. However, we find evidence that the standard method for evaluating FL accuracy is unfairly biased toward techniques that generate many distinct scores, and we propose a fairer method of accuracy evaluation. Finally, Denmat et al. suggest that data mining techniques may apply to FL. We investigate this suggestion with the data mining tool Weka, using standard techniques for evaluating the accuracy of data mining classifiers. We find that standard classifiers suffer from the class imbalance problem. However, we find that adding cost information improves accuracy.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5431780,no
On the Correlation between Controller Faults and Instruction-Level Errors in Modern Microprocessors,"We investigate the correlation between register transfer-level faults in the control logic of a modern microprocessor and their instruction-level impact on the execution flow of typical programs. Such information can prove immensely useful in accurately assessing and prioritizing faults with regards to their criticality, as well as commensurately allocating resources to enhance testability, diagnosability, manufacturability and reliability. To this end, we developed an extensive infrastructure which allows injection of stuck-at faults and transient errors of arbitrary starting point and duration, as well as cost-effective simulation and classification of their repercussions into various instruction-level error types. As a test vehicle for our study, we employ a superscalar, dynamically-scheduled, out-of-order, Alpha-like microprocessor, on which we execute SPEC2000 integer benchmarks. Extensive experimentation with faults injected in control logic modules of this microprocessor reveals interesting trends and results, corroborating the utility of this simulation infrastructure and motivating its further development and application to various tasks related to robust design.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700613,no
Perceptually Unequal Packet Loss Protection by Weighting Saliency and Error Propagation,"We describe a method for achieving perceptually minimal video distortion over packet-erasure networks using perceptually unequal loss protection (PULP). There are two main ingredients in the algorithm. First, a perceptual weighting scheme is employed wherein the compressed video is weighted as a function of the nonuniform distribution of retinal photoreceptors. Secondly, packets are assigned temporal importance within each group of pictures (GOP), recognizing that the severity of error propagation increases with elapsed time within a GOP. Using both frame-level perceptual importance and GOP-level hierarchical importance, the PULP algorithm seeks efficient forward error correction assignment that balances efficiency and fairness by controlling the size of identified salient region(s) relative to the channel state. PULP demonstrates robust performance and significantly improved subjective and objective visual quality in the face of burst packet losses.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5473075,no
Convolutional Decoding in the Presence of Synchronization Errors,"We describe the operation of common convolutional decoding algorithms in the presence of insertions, deletions, as well as substitutions in the received message. We first propose a trellis description that can handle the existence of insertions and deletions. Then, we use this trellis diagram to develop the Viterbi algorithm and the Log-MAP algorithm in the presence of synchronization errors. The proposed techniques are presented in the most general form where standard convolutional codes are used and no change to the encoder is required. We establish the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms using standard convolutional codes at different rates.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5402489,no
Defected ground structure to reduce mutual coupling between cylindrical dielectric resonator antennas,Use of a simple ring-shaped defected ground structure is experimentally demonstrated to suppress considerable mutual coupling between two cylindrical dielectric resonators. About 5 dB suppression has been obtained near the operating frequency around 3.3 GHz. The radiation characteristics with and without defect in the ground plane are also reported.,2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4558436,no
Compact Power Divider using Defected Ground Structure for Wireless Applications,"Use of different types of defected ground structures (DCS) has been reported in this paper to design compact power dividers in microstrip medium. Unit cell's (of DGS) equivalent circuit has been used to evaluate the performance of power divider. Based on this approach, compact two-way equal power dividers have been designed in GSM (900 MHz) band. Results show a size reduction of 35% and 32% for the power dividers using T shaped DGS and split ring DGS over the conventional power divider.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4447155,no
Accurate Lateral Scatter Correction Within the MatriXX,"Using an IMRT MatriXX, which is used to measure intensity maps in 2D, is a promising method for the dosimetric verification of external beam, megavoltage radiation therapy. From MatriXX images, two dimensional dose distributions inside a phantom or patient can be obtained. Whereas, the lateral X-ray scatter within the MatriXX makes the accuracy in dose reconstruction dissatisfactory. Therefore, a more accurate correction for the lateral scatter contribution has to be considered. In this study, a scatter kernel was introduced to correct the dose values determined with the MatriXX. The model requires the primary dose component at the position of the MatriXX. A parametrized description of the lateral scatter within the MatriXX was obtained from measurements with an ionization chamber in a miniphantom. This yielded a good description of the lateral scatter within the MatriXX on the central axis. This is relevant since the treatment outcome critically depends on the dose delivered to the tumor (usually close to the isocenter). There is an excellent agreement between the dose values measured with the ionization chamber in a miniphantom and those obtained from the MatriXX after the scatter correction with the kernel. It can be concluded that the scatter correction is able to improve the accuracy of the MatriXX dose values on the central axis.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4535782,no
Research of error correction of LEO satellite orbit prediction for vehicle-borne tracking and position device,"Vehicle-borne tracking and position device is used to track LEO satellite. Because of the absence of the target which might be caused by cloud or zenith blind zone, the forecasting data will be used to acquire the target. While orbit prediction has serious errors, the target is always missed. Meanwhile, in its application to the vehicle-borne tracking and position device, due to the base of instability in the tracking process, it will result in significant difference between predicting data and tracking data, so the target will be not tracked rapidly. We applied tracking data to predict satellite orbits by improving Laplace method, and then corrected the error between Predicted data and actual measured data by interpolation method of Lagrange which improves the accuracy of prediction values. The testing data shows the accuracy of predicted data ranging from 3' to 10' for both azimuth and elevation when extrapolated satellite orbit to 7 seconds time.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5610389,no
Comments on an evolutionary intensity inhomogeneity correction algorithm,"We discuss some aspects of a well known algorithm for inhomogeneity intensity correction in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), the parametric bias correction (PABIC) algorithm. In this approach, the intensity inhomogeneity is modelled by a linear combination of 2D or 3D Legengre polynomials (computed as outer products of 1D polynomials). The model parameter estimation process proposed in the original paper is similar to a (1+1) Evolution Strategy, with some small and subtle differences. In this paper we discuss some features of the algorithm elements, trying to uncover sources of undesired behaviors and the limits to its applicability. We study the energy function proposed in the original paper and its relation to the image formation model. We also discuss the original minimization algorithm behavior. We think that this detailed discussion is needed because of the high impact that the original paper had in the literature, leading to an implementation into the well known ITK library, which means that it has become a de facto standard.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4631363,no
A framework for reduced order modeling with mixed moment matching and peak error objectives,"We examine a new method of producing reduced order models for LTI systems which attempts to minimize a bound on the peak error between the original and reduced order models subject to a bound on the peak value of the input. The method, which can be implemented by solving a set of linear programming problems that are parameterized via a single scalar quantity, is able to minimize an error bound subject to a number of moment matching constraints. Moreover, because all optimization is performed in the time-domain, the method can also be used to perform model reduction for infinite dimensional systems, rather than being restricted to finite order state space descriptions. We begin by contrasting the method we present here to two classes of standard model reduction algorithms, namely moment matching algorithms and singular-value-based methods. After motivating the class of reduction tools we propose, we describe the algorithm (which minimizes the L<sub>1</sub> norm of the difference between the original and reduced order impulse responses) and formulate the corresponding linear programming problem that is solved during each iteration of the algorithm. We then show how to incorporate moment matching constraints into the basic error bound minimization algorithm, and present an example which utilizes the techniques described herein. We conclude with some general comments for future work, including a nonlinear programming formulation with potential implementation benefits.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5531569,no
Automatic Test Pattern Generation for Interconnect Open Defects,"We present a fully automated flow to generate test patterns for interconnect open defects. Both inter-layer opens (open- via defects) and arbitrary intra-layer opens can be targeted. An aggressor-victim model used in industry is employed to describe the electrical behavior of the open defect. The flow is implemented using standard commercial tools for parameter extraction (PEX) and test generation (ATPG). A highly optimized branch-and bound algorithm to determine the values to be assigned to the aggressor lines is used to reduce both the ATPG efforts and the number of aborts. The resulting test sets are smaller and achieve a higher defect coverage than stuck-at n-detection test sets, and are robust against process variations.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4511719,no
Measurement-based frame error model for simulating outdoor Wi-Fi networks,"We present a measurement-based model of the frame error process on a Wi-Fi channel in rural environments. Measures are obtained in controlled conditions, and careful statistical analysis is performed on the data, providing information which the network simulation literature is lacking. Results indicate that most network simulators use a frame loss model that can miss important transmission impairments even at a short distance, particularly when considering antenna radiation pattern anisotropy and multi-rate switching.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4801463,no
Solving In-Circuit Defect Coverage Holes with a Novel Boundary Scan Application,"Virtual test access, offered by boundary-scan at in-circuit test (ICT), is insufficient for the challenges of next generation's high density printed circuit boards (PCBs). The loss of test access translates to loss of defect coverage. This paper describes a novel use of existing technologies that increases the effectiveness of boundary-scan.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4700579,no
Optimal Wavelet Design for Multicarrier Modulation with Time Synchronization Error,"Wavelet packet based multi-carrier modulation (WPMCM) is an efficient transmission technique which has the advantage of being a generic scheme whose characteristics can be customized to fulfill a design specification. However, WPMCM is sensitive and vulnerable to time synchronization errors because its symbols overlap. In this paper, we design new wavelets to alleviate WPMCM's vulnerability to timing errors. First, a filter design framework that facilitates the development of new wavelet bases is built. Then the expressions for errors due to time offset in WPMCM transmission are derived and stated as a convex optimization problem. Finally, an optimal filter that best handles these deleterious effects is designed by means of semi definite programming (SDP). Through computer simulations the performance advantages of the newly designed filter over standard wavelet filters are proven.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5425608,no
Anomaly Detection Support Vector Machine and Its Application to Fault Diagnosis,"We address the issue of classification problems in the following situation: test data include data belonging to unlearned classes. To address this issue, most previous works have taken two-stage strategies where unclear data are detected using an anomaly detection algorithm in the first stage while the rest of data are classified into learned classes using a classification algorithm in the second stage. In this study, we propose anomaly detection support vector machine (ADSVM) which unifies classification and anomaly detection. ADSVM is unique in comparison with the previous work in that it addresses the two problems simultaneously. We also propose a multiclass extension of ADSVM that uses a pairwise voting strategy. We empirically present that ADSVM outperforms two-stage algorithms in application to an real automobile fault dataset, as well as to UCI benchmark datasets.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4781181,no
An online monitoring system of friction fault based on acoustic emission technology,"Vibration signals are usually used to monitor friction fault between stator and rotor of steam turbine in fossil-fuel power plant indirectly, and the effect is not ideal due to the limitation of vibration meter and heavy mass of rotor. The reason why vibration signals can not monitor friction fault between stator and rotor of steam turbine is analyzed in this paper in theory. A method of monitoring friction fault between stator and rotor of steam turbine based on acoustic emission (AE) technology is supposed. An online monitoring system of friction fault for steam turbine is designed. It is shown that the monitoring system can measure friction fault between stator and rotor of steam turbine effectively and accurately and improve the reliability of steam turbine.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5407005,no
A Whole-Frame Error Concealment Algorithm Based on Optical Flow Estimation in H.264/AVC,"Video communication over wireless network may cause whole-frame loss. To solve the problem, in this paper we proposed a novel whole-frame concealment method. We firstly calculate the optical flow of the previous frame of the lost frame. Then the MV of each pixel in the lost frame is obtained by using the motion information of its previous frame. Finally, with the MVs we can conceal the lost frame pixel by pixel. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods in JM on both PSNR and visual quality.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5362747,no
A new H.264/AVC error resilience model based on Regions of Interest,"Video transmission over the Internet can sometimes be subject to packet loss which reduces the end-user's quality of experience (QoE). Solutions aiming at improving the robustness of a video bitstream can be used to subdue this problem. In this paper, we propose a new region of interest-based error resilience model to protect the most important part of the picture from distortions. We conduct eye tracking tests in order to collect the region of interest (RoI) data. Then, we apply in the encoder an intra-prediction restriction algorithm to the macroblocks belonging to the RoI. Results show that while no significant overhead is noted, the perceived quality of the video's RoI, measured by means of a perceptual video quality metric, increases in the presence of packet loss compared to the traditional encoding approach.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5152159,no
Error supression in view synthesis using reliability reasoning for FTV,"View synthesis using depth maps is a crucial application for Free-viewpoint TV (FTV). In this paper, we propose a novel reliability based view synthesis method using two references and their depth maps. The depth estimation with stereo matching is known to be error-prone, leading to noticeable artifacts in the synthesized new views. In order to provide plausible virtual views for FTV, our focus is on the error suppression for the synthesized view. We innovatively introduce the continuous reliability using error approximation by the reference cross-check. The new view interpolation algorithm is generated with the criterion of Least Sum of Squared Errors (LSSE). Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can be considered as a reliable version of the conventional linear view blending. We experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework with MPEG standard test sequences. The results show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art view interpolation methods both at eliminating artifacts and improving PSNR.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5506260,no
Flexible Fault Tolerance in Distributed Enterprise Communities,"We are witnessing the birth of the digital enterprise, in which many of the enterprise operations will be performed by independent software programs or by programs acting on behalf of humans. These heterogeneous agents are often managing different activities (such as stock trading or inventory management) in an autonomous manner and interact with each other in order to perform their job, creating distributed communities of agents. The involved agents are usually complex software entities, that should be able maintain a state that survives software or hardware failures. The classic solution is to use a relational database (such as Oracle), possibly replicated, to save the states of the agents in a manner that can survive failures and implement the communal invariants inside the database. However, keeping the invariants inside the database is difficult, since these invariants are application dependent and might be difficult to be formalized inside the database. But even more important, since the agents are distributed, keeping the states consistent in the presence of faults might require the use of distributed transactions, which are notoriously hard to handle and very expensive. In this paper we present a flexible, yet robust framework that will allow the states of the involved agents to survive hardware or software failures. In our system, the interactions of the agents that work in a given community are governed by a given law that is enforced in a distributed manner. The state of an agent is defined by the law and several options to handle the failures and keep the states consistent with each other are provided. The implementation of our system will employ the distributed coordination and control mechanism called Law-Governed Interaction (LGI).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5715298,no
"We're Finding Most of the Bugs, but What are We Missing?","We compare two types of model that have been used to predict software fault-proneness in the next release of a software system. Classification models make a binary prediction that a software entity such as a file or module is likely to be either faulty or not faulty in the next release. Ranking models order the entities according to their predicted number of faults. They are generally used to establish a priority for more intensive testing of the entities that occur early in the ranking. We investigate ways of assessing both classification models and ranking models, and the extent to which metrics appropriate for one type of model are also appropriate for the other. Previous work has shown that ranking models are capable of identifying relatively small sets of files that contain 75-95% of the faults detected in the next release of large legacy systems. In our studies of the rankings produced by these models, the faults not contained in the predicted most fault prone files are nearly always distributed across many of the remaining files; i.e., a single file that is in the lower portion of the ranking virtually never contains a large number of faults.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5477073,no
Enhancing error localization of DFT codes by weighted l<inf>1</inf>-norm minimization,"We consider the problem of decoding of real BCH discrete Fourier transform codes (RDFT) which are considered for joint source channel codes to provide robustness against errors in communication channels. In this paper, we propose to combine the subspace based algorithm like MUSIC algorithm with l<sub>1</sub>-norm minimization algorithm, which is promoted as a sparsity solution functional, to enhance the error localization of RDFT codes. Simulation results show that the combined algorithm performs better over the performances of these individual algorithms.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7080434,no
Defect-Tolerant CMOL Cell Assignment via Satisfiability,"We present a novel CAD approach to cell assignment of CMOL, a hybrid CMOS/molecular circuit architecture. Our method transforms any logically synthesized circuit based on AND/OR/NOT gates to a NOR gate circuit and maps the NOR gates to CMOL. We encode the CMOL cell assignment problem as Boolean conditions. The Boolean constraints are satisfiable if and only if there exists a solution to map all the NOR gates to the CMOL cells. We further investigate various types of static defects for the CMOL architecture and propose a reconfiguration technique that can deal with these defects. We introduce a new CMOL static defect model and provide an automated solution for CMOL cell assignment. Experiments show that our approach can result in smaller area (CMOL cell usage) and better timing delay than prior approach.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4529190,no
Dense error correction via l1-minimization,"We study the problem of recovering a non-negative sparse signal x isin Ropf<sup>n</sup> from highly corrupted linear measurements y = Ax+e isin Ropf<sup>m</sup>, where e is an unknown (and unbounded) error. Motivated by an observation from computer vision, we prove that for highly correlated dictionaries A, any non-negative, sufficiently sparse signal x can be recovered by solving an lscr<sup>1</sup>-minimization problem: min ||x||<sub>1</sub> + ||e||<sub>1</sub> subject to y = Ax + e. If the fraction rho of errors is bounded away from one and the support of x grows sublinearly in the dimension m of the observation, for large m, the above lscr<sup>1</sup>-minimization recovers all sparse signals x from almost all sign-and-support patterns of e. This suggests that accurate and efficient recovery of sparse signals is possible even with nearly 100% of the observations corrupted.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4960263,no
Razor II: In Situ Error Detection and Correction for PVT and SER Tolerance,"We take advantage of these findings and propose a Razor II approach that introduces two components. First, instead of performing both error detection and correction in the FF, Razor II performs only detection in the FF, while correction is performed through architectural replay.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4523226,no
A Chu Spaces Semantics of BPEL-Like Fault Handling,We use Chu spaces and an algebra of them to give a denotational semantics of a subset of BPEL. The emphasis is on the scope-based fault handling mechanism. We propose BPEL-F as an abstraction of the subset of BPEL including typical control flow and fault handling. Chu spaces form the main semantic domain. We study the influence of fault handling to the algebraic operators of Chu spaces. and present modified versions of the sequence and concurrence operators. The trigger operator is designed to model the scope-based fault handling. We present valuation functions mapping BPEL-F constructs to Chu spaces.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5392901,no
Finding Bugs in Web Applications Using Dynamic Test Generation and Explicit-State Model Checking,"Web script crashes and malformed dynamically generated webpages are common errors, and they seriously impact the usability of Web applications. Current tools for webpage validation cannot handle the dynamically generated pages that are ubiquitous on today's Internet. We present a dynamic test generation technique for the domain of dynamic Web applications. The technique utilizes both combined concrete and symbolic execution and explicit-state model checking. The technique generates tests automatically, runs the tests capturing logical constraints on inputs, and minimizes the conditions on the inputs to failing tests so that the resulting bug reports are small and useful in finding and fixing the underlying faults. Our tool Apollo implements the technique for the PHP programming language. Apollo generates test inputs for a Web application, monitors the application for crashes, and validates that the output conforms to the HTML specification. This paper presents Apollo's algorithms and implementation, and an experimental evaluation that revealed 673 faults in six PHP Web applications.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5416728,no
Fault-Based Web Services Testing,"Web services are considered a new paradigm for building software applications that has many advantages over the previous paradigms; however, Web services are still not widely used because Service Requesters do not trust Web services that were built by others. Testing can participate in solving this problem because it can be used to assess the quality attributes of Web services and hence increase the requesters' trustworthiness. This paper proposes an approach that can be used to test the robustness and other related attribute of Web services, and that can be easily enhanced to assess other quality attributes. The framework is based on rules for test case generation that are designed by, firstly, analyzing WSDL document to know what faults could affect the robustness quality attribute of Web services, and secondly, using the fault-based testing techniques to detect such faults. A proof of concept tool that depends on these rules has been implemented in order to assess the usefulness of the rules in detecting robustness faults in different Web services platforms.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4492524,no
Color correction of multiview video with average color as reference,"When capturing multiview video, there can be significant variations in the color of views captured with different cameras. This negatively affects compression efficiency when multiview video is coded using inter-view prediction. In this paper we propose a method for correcting the color of multiview video sets as a preprocessing step to compression. Unlike previous work where one of the captured views is used as the color reference, we correct all views to match the average color of the set of views. Block based disparity estimation is used to find matching points between all views in the video set, and the average color is calculated for these matching points. Least squares regressions are used to find functions that will make each view match the average color. Experimental results show that the proposed method results in video sets that closely match in subjective color. Furthermore, when multiview video is compressed with JMVM, the proposed method increases compression efficiency by up to 1.0 dB compared to compressing the original uncorrected video.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5117892,no
Optical Wireless Communications With Heterodyne Detection Over Turbulence Channels With Pointing Errors,"We study the error performance of an heterodyne differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) optical wireless (OW) communication system operating under various intensity fluctuations conditions. Specifically, it is assumed that the propagating signal suffers from the combined effects of atmospheric turbulence-induced fading, misalignment fading (i.e., pointing errors) and path-loss. Novel closed-form expressions for the statistics of the random attenuation of the propagation channel are derived and the bit-error rate (BER) performance is investigated for all the above fading effects. Numerical results are provided to evaluate the error performance of OW systems with the presence of atmospheric turbulence and/or misalignment. Moreover, nonlinear optimization is also considered to find the optimum beamwidth that achieves the minimum BER for a given signal-to-noise ratio value.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5062297,no
Propagation model for estimating vor bearing error in the presence of windturbines  Hybridation of parabolic equation with physical optics,"Windturbines near VOR ground station can yield significant bearing errors in the azimuth estimation. We propose a model that combines the parabolic equation and the physical optics approximation to predict these errors. It accounts for a possible hilly terrain, and a generic model of windturbines that includes dielectric blades. All the hypotheses made in the model are carefully justified by means of numerical simulations. In a realistic test case, this model is employed to compute the error caused by a complete windfarm located on a hilly terrain within acceptable computation time.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5505086,no
Performance analysis of distributed intermittent fault diagnosis in wireless sensor networks using clustering,"Wireless sensor network (WSN) has become monitoring solution of variety of applications. As one of the key technologies involved in WSNs, node fault detection is indispensable in most WSN applications. Faults occurring to sensor nodes are common due to the sensor device itself and the harsh environment where the sensor nodes are deployed. The goal of this paper is to locate the faulty sensors in the wireless sensor network. In this paper, a distributed fault diagnosis (DFD) scheme using clustering is proposed which satisfies three important diagnosis properties such as consistency, completeness and accuracy. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm a comparative analysis and implementation is presented in this paper using an existing diagnosis algorithm i.e. distributed fault diagnosis algorithm (DFD).",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5578744,no
Improving Fault Management Using Voting Mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks,Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have the potential of significantly enhancing our ability to monitor and interact with our physical environment. Realizing a fault management operation is critical to the success of WSN. The main challenge is providing fault-tolerance (FT) while conserving the limited resources of the network. In this work we propose a new method for fault management that do the fault detection and fault recovery in decentralized. Simulation result shows that proposed method have better performance.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5701994,no
A Survey on Fault Tolerant Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks,"Wireless sensor networks are without a doubt one of the central issues in current research topics due to the harsh environmental conditions in which such networks can be deployed and their unique sensor network characteristics,specifically limited power supply, sensing, processing and communication capabilities. Presented with many challenges and design issues that affect the data routing, a need for a fault tolerant routing protocol becomes essential. In this paper, we summarize and highlight the key ideas of existing fault tolerant techniques of routing protocols, survey existing routing protocols proposed to support fault tolerance. Finally, we provide some future research directions in the area of fault tolerance in wireless sensor networks routing.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5210891,no
Self-Managed Fault Management in Wireless Sensor Networks,"Wireless sensor networks usually deploy in the harsh operational environment where the physical presence of human administrators is impractical. Applications and systems of these networks are thus expected to operate with the minimum aid or supervision. Biologically-inspired behaviors, such as self-healing, self-adaptation, have already been recognized as the desirable features for these systems to self-adapt to various unpredicted changes occurred in the environment. In this paper, we address such biological feature in terms of fault management. We propose a hierarchical structure to properly distribute fault management tasks among sensor nodes by introducing more dasiaself-managingpsila functions. In addition, we also consider an alternate solution to self-reconfigure fault management function of sensor nodes adapting to various system requirements, such as replacement of a faulty node.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4641306,no
A machine-learning-based fault diagnosis approach for intelligent condition monitoring,"We propose a machine-learning-based fault diagnosis approach for condition monitoring on the constant-speed rotating machines via vibration signals. There are mainly five phases in our approach, i.e., vibration signal measurement, discrete-wavelet-transformation-based preprocessing, feature extraction, base-line encoding, and fuzzy neural network. The advantage of this approach can identify the condition and faults of machine without sufficient diagnosis knowledge. Experimental results have demonstrated this approach is a useful tool for condition monitoring application.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5580753,no
Efficient Utilization of Error Protection Techniques for Transmission of Data-Partitioned H.264 Video in a Capacity Constrained Network,"We propose an efficient error protection technique for data-partitioned H.264 video in a capacity constrained network. Our scheme maximizes video quality by choosing the optimal point in the application layer and medium access control (MAC) layer redundancy. We have shown that, in a capacity constrained network and highly lossy environment, neither forward error correction (FEC) nor retransmissions alone can result in optimum performance. Instead, it is the combination of these two techniques that effectively reduces the overall loss.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5198980,no
Robust Speech Recognition Using a Cepstral Minimum-Mean-Square-Error-Motivated Noise Suppressor,"We present an efficient and effective nonlinear feature-domain noise suppression algorithm, motivated by the minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) optimization criterion, for noise-robust speech recognition. Distinguishing from the log-MMSE spectral amplitude noise suppressor proposed by Ephraim and Malah (E&M), our new algorithm is aimed to minimize the error expressed explicitly for the Mel-frequency cepstra instead of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spectra, and it operates on the Mel-frequency filter bank's output. As a consequence, the statistics used to estimate the suppression factor become vastly different from those used in the E&M log-MMSE suppressor. Our algorithm is significantly more efficient than the E&M's log-MMSE suppressor since the number of the channels in the Mel-frequency filter bank is much smaller (23 in our case) than the number of bins (256) in DFT. We have conducted extensive speech recognition experiments on the standard Aurora-3 task. The experimental results demonstrate a reduction of the recognition word error rate by 48% over the standard ICSLP02 baseline, 26% over the cepstral mean normalization baseline, and 13% over the popular E&M's log-MMSE noise suppressor. The experiments also show that our new algorithm performs slightly better than the ETSI advanced front end (AFE) on the well-matched and mid-mismatched settings, and has 8% and 10% fewer errors than our earlier SPLICE (stereo-based piecewise linear compensation for environments) system on these settings, respectively.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4497834,no
Multi-classifier fusion approach based on data clustering for analog circuits fault diagnosis,"When there are large amount of fault classes in analog circuits, normally single multi-class classifier cannot achieve satisfactory diagnosis accuracy because of its difficult training process. A method of multi-classifier fusion diagnosis approach based on data clustering is presented in this paper to improve fault diagnosis veracity. After extracting fault feature vectors by wavelet transform, fuzzy C-mean clustering algorithm is used to pre-partition the feature space into multiple sub-class groups as binary tree. According to the structure of the fault tree, multi-classifiers are created to form hierarchical diagnosis system. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach for analog circuit fault diagnosis is superior to conventional ones. The fault diagnosis accuracy is greater than 98%. It has good performance in tackling large number of fault classes in analog circuits.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5351195,no
Perceptually optimized error resilient transcoding using attention-based intra refresh,"While deployment of wireless channels has become widespread and fast-growing for mobile applications, transmitting data over these existing error-prone networks can be very unreliable and challenging due to time-varying interference and channel errors. Many error-resilient algorithms have been proposed to provide adequate resilient features in order to protect video data from channel errors. However, these algorithms often aim to achieve the optimal decoded video quality in terms of mean square error without any consideration for the visual quality. In this paper, we present a perceptually error-resilient method for video transcoding based on the attention-based intra refresh technique and the characteristics of the human visual system to enhance the perceptual performance of the transcoded video. Specifically, the foveated just noticeable distortion and visual attention models are employed to estimate the perceptual loss impact due to error propagation for allocating intra-refreshed macroblocks in the transcoded video. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve a much better performance than the existing methods in terms of both the visual quality and perceptual quality measure.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5537572,no
Petri nets and mobile agent composed fault unit lock scheme,"When the power system happened with the protection information lost or the incorrect operation, at present it still depends on the backup protection to isolate the fault with prolonged time and the extended tripped area. In this paper use the Petri nets as the synthetically analysis on the protection information tool and the mobile agent the distributional intelligence tool, finds a better solution to the above problem. The substation level central system carries on the integration process to both the distributional protection information and dynamic information along with the protection acting process, and then it dispatch the mobile agents to carry on the task download and logic calculation to the correlation distributed nodes. In case of the need for further information initiation, it activate the sequence trip to carry on the fault area dynamic lock, finally complete the fault isolation based on the smallest unit.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4523714,no
Observer-based fault diagnosis of power electronics systems,"We propose a fault diagnosis method for power electronics systems that extends classical observer-based fault-sensitive detection filters for linear time-invariant systems to switched-linear systems commonly encountered in power electronics. The result is a piecewise-linear detection filter, which in the absence of faults, works the same way as an observer-it predicts the system states exactly. If a fault occurs, the state predicted by the filter differs from the true state of the system, and by appropriately choosing the filter gain, the filter residual has certain geometrical characteristics that makes the fault identifiable. An experimental platform to verify the feasibility of the proposed method is presented along with simulation and experimental results illustrating the feasibility and effectiveness of the method.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5618444,no
Defects detection based on principal component analyses and support vector machines,"Woods are used in many fields. The appearance of woods is important for the quality of wood products. In this paper, we present an image series fusion method based principal component analyses and recognize the defects by support vector machines. We select the histogram of the feature image as feature vector, and send it to support vector machines for recognition and classification. The results show that this method can fuse the image series and detect the defects.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5544326,no
Empirical cupping correction for CT scanners with tube voltage modulation (ECCU),"X-ray CT measures the attenuation of polychromatic x-rays through an object of interest. The CT data aquired are the negative logarithm of the relative x- ray intensity behind the patient. These data must undergo water precorrection to linearize the measured data and convert them into line integrals through the patient that can be reconstructed to yield the final CT image. The function to linearize the measured projection data depends on the tube voltage U. In most circumstances, CT scans are carried out with a constant tube voltage. For those cases there are dozens of different techniques to carry out water precor-rection. In our case the tube voltage is rather modulated as a function of the object. We propose an empirical cupping correction (ECCU) algorithm to correct for CT cupping artifacts that are induced by non-linearities in the projection data. The method is rawdata-based, empirical and does neither require knowledge of the x-ray spectrum nor of the attenuation coefficients. It aims at linearizing the attenuation data using a precorrection function of polynomial form in the polychromatic attenuation data q and in the tube voltage U. The coefficients of the polynomial are determined once using a calibration scan of a homogeneous phantom. Computing the coefficients is done in image domain by fitting a series of basis images to a template image. The template image is obtained directly from the uncorrected phantom image and no assumptions on the phantom size or of its positioning are made. Rawdata are precorrected by passing them through the once-determined polynomial. Numerical examples are shown to demonstrate the quality of the precorrection. ECCU achieves to remove the cupping artifacts and to obtain well-calibrated CT-values. A combination of ECCU with analytical techniques yielding a hybrid cupping correction method is possible and allows for channel-dependent correction functions.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5401946,no
Merits of using repository metrics in defect prediction for open source projects,Many corporate code developers are the beta testers of open source software. They continue testing until they are sure that they have a stable version to build their code on. In this respect defect predictors play a critical role to identify defective parts of the software. Performance of a defect predictor is determined by correctly finding defective parts of the software without giving any false alarms. Having high false alarms means testers/developers would inspect bug free code unnecessarily. Therefore in this research we focused on decreasing the false alarm rates by using repository metrics. We conducted experiments on the data sets of Eclipse project. Our results showed that repository metrics decreased the false alarm rates on the average to 23% from 32% corresponding up to 907 less files to inspect.,2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5071357,yes
The effect of granularity level on software defect prediction,"Application of defect predictors in software development helps the managers to allocate their resources such as time and effort more efficiently and cost effectively to test certain sections of the code. In this research, we have used naive Bayes classifier (NBC) to construct our defect prediction framework. Our proposed framework uses the hierarchical structure information about the source code of the software product, to perform defect prediction at a functional method level and source file level. We have applied our model on SoftLAB and Eclipse datasets. We have measured the performance of our proposed model and applied cost benefit analysis. Our results reveal that source file level defect prediction improves the verification effort, while decreasing the defect prediction performance in all datasets.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5291866,yes
Exploratory study of a UML metric for fault prediction,"This paper describes the use of a UML metric, an approximation of the CK-RFC metric, for predicting faulty classes before their implementation. We built a code-based prediction model of faulty classes using Logistic Regression. Then, we tested it in different projects, using on the one hand their UML metrics, and on the other hand their code metrics. To decrease the difference of values between UML and code measures, we normalized them using Linear Scaling to Unit Variance. Our results indicate that the proposed UML RFC metric can predict faulty code as well as its corresponding code metric does. Moreover, the normalization procedure used was of great utility, not just for enabling our UML metric to predict faulty code, using a code-based prediction model, but also for improving the prediction results across different packages and projects, using the same model.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6062214,yes
An extensive comparison of bug prediction approaches,"Reliably predicting software defects is one of software engineering's holy grails. Researchers have devised and implemented a plethora of bug prediction approaches varying in terms of accuracy, complexity and the input data they require. However, the absence of an established benchmark makes it hard, if not impossible, to compare approaches. We present a benchmark for defect prediction, in the form of a publicly available data set consisting of several software systems, and provide an extensive comparison of the explanative and predictive power of well-known bug prediction approaches, together with novel approaches we devised. Based on the results, we discuss the performance and stability of the approaches with respect to our benchmark and deduce a number of insights on bug prediction models.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5463279,yes
Using the Conceptual Cohesion of Classes for Fault Prediction in Object-Oriented Systems,"High cohesion is a desirable property of software as it positively impacts understanding, reuse, and maintenance. Currently proposed measures for cohesion in Object-Oriented (OO) software reflect particular interpretations of cohesion and capture different aspects of it. Existing approaches are largely based on using the structural information from the source code, such as attribute references, in methods to measure cohesion. This paper proposes a new measure for the cohesion of classes in OO software systems based on the analysis of the unstructured information embedded in the source code, such as comments and identifiers. The measure, named the Conceptual Cohesion of Classes (C3), is inspired by the mechanisms used to measure textual coherence in cognitive psychology and computational linguistics. This paper presents the principles and the technology that stand behind the C3 measure. A large case study on three open source software systems is presented which compares the new measure with an extensive set of existing metrics and uses them to construct models that predict software faults. The case study shows that the novel measure captures different aspects of class cohesion compared to any of the existing cohesion measures. In addition, combining C3 with existing structural cohesion metrics proves to be a better predictor of faulty classes when compared to different combinations of structural cohesion metrics.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4384505,yes
Thermoreflectance imaging of defects in thin-film solar cells,We have identified and characterized various defects in thin-film a-Si and CIGS solar cells with sub-micron spatial resolution using thermoreflectance imaging. A megapixel silicon-based CCD was used to obtain noncontact thermal images simultaneously with visible electroluminescence (EL) images. EL can be indicative of pre-breakdown sites due to trap assisted tunneling and stress induced leakage currents. Physical defects appear at reverse bias voltages of 8 V in a-Si samples. Linear and nonlinear shunt defects are investigated as well as electroluminescent breakdown regions at reverse biases as low as 4.5 V. Pre-breakdown sites with electroluminescence are investigated.,2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5488780,yes
Predicting Faults in High Assurance Software,"Reducing the number of latent software defects is a development goal that is particularly applicable to high assurance software systems. For such systems, the software measurement and defect data is highly skewed toward the not-fault-prone program modules, i.e., the number of fault-prone modules is relatively very small. The skewed data problem, also known as class imbalance, poses a unique challenge when training a software quality estimation model. However, practitioners and researchers often build defect prediction models without regard to the skewed data problem. In high assurance systems, the class imbalance problem must be addressed when building defect predictors. This study investigates the roughly balanced bagging (RBBag) algorithm for building software quality models with data sets that suffer from class imbalance. The algorithm combines bagging and data sampling into one technique. A case study of 15 software measurement data sets from different real-world high assurance systems is used in our investigation of the RBBag algorithm. Two commonly used classification algorithms in the software engineering domain, Naive Bayes and C4.5 decision tree, are combined with RBBag for building the software quality models. The results demonstrate that defect prediction models based on the RBBag algorithm significantly outperform models built without any bagging or data sampling. The RBBag algorithm provides the analyst with a tool for effectively addressing class imbalance when training defect predictors during high assurance software development.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5634306,yes
A self-optimization of the fault management strategy for device software,"With the growth of network technologies, abundance of network resources, and increase of various services, mobile devices have gained much functionality and intelligence. At the same time, mobile devices are becoming complicated and many software related problems appear. The traditional remote repair method needs the software providers to supply fault information with corresponding repair strategy. It is inconvenient for users when the sold mobile devices have software faults. However, it is impossible for the manufacturers to supply all the fault information and repair-strategy before selling them. So far, no method has been given to collect repair-strategy from the sold mobile device and optimize the self-repair strategy. In this paper, we propose a self-optimization method to learn the software repair strategy from the sold mobile devices and to optimize self-repair strategy based on the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Device Management (DM) standard. The managed objects (MOs) are defined for collecting the strategy data and the self-optimization algorithm is proposed and implemented at the central server.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5212143,no
Similarity-Based Bayesian Learning from Semi-structured Log Files for Fault Diagnosis of Web Services,"With the rapid development of XML language which has good flexibility and interoperability, more and more log files of software running information are represented in XML format, especially for Web services. Fault diagnosis by analyzing semi-structured and XML like log files is becoming an important issue in this area. For most related learning methods, there is a basic assumption that training data should be in identical structure, which does not hold in many situations in practice. In order to learn from training data in different structures, we propose a similarity-based Bayesian learning approach for fault diagnosis in this paper. Our method is to first estimate similarity degrees of structural elements from different log files. Then the basic structure of combined Bayesian network (CBN) is constructed, and the similarity-based learning algorithm is used to compute probabilities in CBN. Finally, test log data can be classified into possible fault categories based on the generated CBN. Experimental results show our approach outperforms other learning approaches on those training datasets which have different structures.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5616413,no
Research on low voltage ride through technology for symmetrical grid fault,"With the wind power installation capacity sharply increasing, the effects caused by wind farms on the regional power system stability becomes very remarkable. Accordingly, more and more researches are focused on the low voltage ride through (LVRT) technology used for DFIG under short-time grid fault, and new power grid regulation requires power system to achieve LVRT capability. But we have no interrelated criterion in our country. First, the requirement and applying of LVRT is introduced, and the electromagnetism relation of DFIG stability factor under symmetrical grid fault is analyzed. Then based on the professional power system simulate software platform PSCAD/EMTDC, a LVRT simulation experiment which applied crowbar protection method when grid voltage falls down is done. Recur to this experiment, DFIG performance characteristic is analyzed and some helpful conclusions are achieved. The emulation experiment validate the availability of proposed electromagnetism relation, remarkable effect of improved crowbar, exactness of simulant model.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5348264,no
Fault-tolerant control system research based on dual CPU redundancy for high-voltage inverter,"With the deepening of China's reform and the rapid development of economic construction, the needs of energy-saving and environmental protection are growing significantly. As the optimal method of induction motor control, high-voltage frequency conversion technology has been widely used. In some industries the reliability of high-voltage high frequency device is concerned. The purpose of this paper is to provide the method of multi-CPU redundancy, fault-tolerant design based on high-voltage inverter, to enhance the reliability of the high voltage inverter. With the application, high-voltage inverter control system can automatically switch main and standby CPU without stopping motor or affecting the operation. The situation that frequency can not be adjusted or motor must be stopped for errors can be avoided. This improves the continuous operation and reliability of control system and the whole system.",2010,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5735970,no
Infrared technology in the fault diagnosis of substation equipment,"With the development of infrared technology and the further application in electric power system, it plays a more and more important role in electrical equipment fault diagnosis. Improving the accuracy of infrared diagnosis technology and its application effect is of important practicality value to the research of infrared diagnosis application technology. From the point of electric power system daily patrol, the paper expatiates how to diagnose the most popular radiation fault and trouble using the infrared imaging equipment, the operation process of obtaining infrared images of electrical equipment and the analysis of infrared images. In addition, the paper presents a series of management methods associating with infrared diagnosis daily work.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5211792,no
"A Lightweight, Fault-Tolerant, Load Balancing Service Discovery and Invocation Algorithm for Pervasive Computing Environment","With the development of the related technologies and the increasing applications of ad hoc networks, pervasive computing is becoming more and more powerful. In order to achieve the goal of wide use of computing capability at anytime and everywhere, service discovery service must be used in pervasive computing applications. As a very important problem in pervasive computing, there have been lots of researches on service discovery, but the load balance problem has been ignored. While it is essential that services could be found in pervasive computing environment, it is also important that each device that can provide services is load balancing. In this paper, we present a service discovery and invocation algorithm that is lightweight, fault-tolerant and load balancing. From the simulation results, we can see that the algorithm is reliable and robust enough to adapt to the devices limitation and frequent changes of devices in pervasive computing environment.",2008,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4603275,no
Analysis and Comparison of Fault Simulation,"With the development of VLSI, circuit Design for Testability has become the focus of attention. Fault diagnosis and detection VLSI has become an important part of the development of essential. This paper is based on DFT theory as background, introduced the concept of fault simulation. Then introduce several fault simulation algorithm. And they conducted a comparative analysis. This paper expounds fault simulation algorithms on the improvement and development direction.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5223041,no
The research on fault equivalent analysis method in testability experiment validation,"With the existing fault injection techniques, many faults that can fully expose testability design defects can not be injected. To solve this problem, a method of fault equivalent analysis is proposed. By this means, some characteristics are extracted from the faults those unable to be injected, and ldquoyield analysisrdquo or ldquoyielded analysisrdquo is performed. Then the minimal cut sets of atom faults is obtained and selected, which are finally equivalent to the atom faults sequence. Applications show that the method not only solves the problem that many faults are not able to be injected, but also ensures the effect of testability experiment validation.",2009,http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5269965,no