group , parameter , value_used , value_numeric, unit , interview_sector , published_values , sources , position_of_value_used Truck , CAPEX (tractor and cryogenic trailer) , 0.475 MEUR , 0.475, MEUR , , "tractor 0.20 MEUR [Ashkavand2025_TruckingTEA], cryogenic trailer US$0.29 M [McKaskle2022_GHGT16] | truck and tanker 0.66 MEUR (2020) [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | tractor 110500 EUR, trailer 29700 EUR (standard, not cryogenic) [BMDV2024_BVWP]" , Ashkavand2025_TruckingTEA; BMDV2024_BVWP; DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; McKaskle2022_GHGT16 , Inside range Truck , OPEX (fixed) , 20 kEUR/yr , 20 , kEUR/yr, , "20.96 kEUR/yr (interest, depreciation, insurance, overhead) [BMDV2024_BVWP] | maintenance 4 % of 0.66 MEUR, 26.4 kEUR/yr [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | 20 kEUR/yr [Ashkavand2025_TruckingTEA] | 26.8 kEUR/yr [KiMPanteia2023]" , Ashkavand2025_TruckingTEA; BMDV2024_BVWP; DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; KiMPanteia2023 , Inside range Truck , OPEX (variable) , 80 EUR/h (Interview: haulier) , 80 , EUR/h , haulier , "68-92 EUR/h [Ashkavand2025_TruckingTEA] | wages and per-kilometer cost, 33.8 EUR/h (own conversion), without dispatch and margin [BMDV2024_BVWP] | 79.9 EUR/h all-in rate [KiMPanteia2023]" , Ashkavand2025_TruckingTEA; BMDV2024_BVWP; KiMPanteia2023 , "Equal to [KiMPanteia2023], inside range, above BVWP (other scope)" Truck , Diesel consumption , 30 L/100 km , , , , 21-29 L/100 km (free flow to saturated traffic) [BMDV2024_BVWP] | 45 L/100 km [Ashkavand2025_TruckingTEA] | 31.9 L/100 km (Austria) [Herry2021_Beihilfe] , Ashkavand2025_TruckingTEA; BMDV2024_BVWP; Herry2021_Beihilfe , "Between, near saturated traffic and Austria" Truck , Diesel price , 1.5 EUR/L , 1.5 , EUR/L , , "1.09-1.68 EUR/L (2021 and 2040, net and gross) [BMDV2024_BVWP] | Germany 2025 1.605 EUR/L including taxes, about 1.35 EUR/L without VAT (own conversion) [EC2026_WeeklyOilBulletin]" , BMDV2024_BVWP; EC2026_WeeklyOilBulletin , Between net and gross Truck , Toll , 0.40 EUR/km , 0.40 , EUR/km , , "0.35-0.40 EUR/km (EURO VI, 4 axles, 2024/25) [BALM2024_LkwMaut] | 0.324 EUR/km (4 axles), 0.348 EUR/km (5 axles) including the CO2 component [BFStrMG2023_Anlage1]" , BALM2024_LkwMaut; BFStrMG2023_Anlage1 , Upper end Truck , Payload , 20 t , 20 , t , , "20-22 t [Ho2024] | 18 t [Schuetzenhofer2024] | 20 t [Ashkavand2025_TruckingTEA], 19-19.6 t [IEAGHG2025_CostReview]" , Ashkavand2025_TruckingTEA; Ho2024; IEAGHG2025_CostReview; Schuetzenhofer2024 , Between 18 and 22 t Truck , Speed , 50 km/h (Interview: haulier) , 50 , km/h , haulier , "50 km/h [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | trucks about 60 km/h [ECA2016_RailFreight] | 41.7 km/h (110000 km in 2640 h, own conversion) [KiMPanteia2023]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; ECA2016_RailFreight; KiMPanteia2023 , "Equal to first, inside range" Truck , Lifetime , 10 yr (Interview: haulier) , 10 , yr , haulier , "10 yr [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | 12 yr tractor, 15 and 9 yr trailer [BMDV2024_BVWP]" , BMDV2024_BVWP; DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS , "Equal to first, inside range" Truck , Availability , 0.60 (Interview: haulier) , 0.60 , , haulier , "0.80 [Ashkavand2025_TruckingTEA] | 3000 h/yr, that is 0.34 [BMDV2024_BVWP] | 2640 h/yr, that is 0.30 (own conversion) [KiMPanteia2023]" , Ashkavand2025_TruckingTEA; BMDV2024_BVWP; KiMPanteia2023 , Between 0.30 and 0.80 Rail (36-wagon train) , CAPEX (train) , "18.0 MEUR (Interview: rail operator, wagon lessor)" , 18.0 , MEUR , "rail operator, wagon lessor" , "locomotives 3.5-4.5 MEUR, dual-mode 4.5 MEUR including ETCS [BMDV2024_BVWP] | cryogenic tank wagon US$200-225 k [Ho2024] | Build-up of two dual-mode locomotives and 36 wagons at 0.20-0.25 MEUR: 16.2-18.0 MEUR (own conversion)" , BMDV2024_BVWP; Ho2024 , Equal to own build-up Rail (36-wagon train) , OPEX (fixed) , 0.901 MEUR/yr including the cost of the railway undertaking , , , , "locomotive maintenance 1.29 EUR/km, train operation 1.79 EUR/km, technical build-up 0.43-0.61 MEUR/yr [BMDV2024_BVWP] | operating cost 20-40 EUR per train-kilometer, whole rail sector [EC2015_RailCost] | leasing 312.4 EUR/h, about 1.12 MEUR/yr at 3600 h/yr (own conversion) [KiMPanteia2023]", BMDV2024_BVWP; EC2015_RailCost; KiMPanteia2023 , Between BVWP and [KiMPanteia2023] Rail (36-wagon train) , OPEX (variable) , 320 EUR/h (Interview: rail operator) , 320 , EUR/h , rail operator , "sum 388 EUR/h (driver, wagons, locomotives, maintenance, operation) [BMDV2024_BVWP] | 1000-2000 EUR/h all-in at 50 km/h (own conversion) [EC2015_RailCost] | freight train all-in 909 EUR/h including leasing and energy [KiMPanteia2023]" , BMDV2024_BVWP; EC2015_RailCost; KiMPanteia2023 , "Below BVWP (other scope), model sum 975 EUR/h near [KiMPanteia2023]" Rail (36-wagon train) , Electricity use , 2700 kWh/100 km , , , , "regression, 2699 kWh/100 km at 3251 t [BMDV2024_BVWP] | same formula family [EcoTransIT2024_Methodology] | average long-distance freight train about 18 kWh per train-kilometer [BNetzA_Marktuntersuchung2025]" , BMDV2024_BVWP; BNetzA_Marktuntersuchung2025; EcoTransIT2024_Methodology , "Equal to regression, above average train (heavier)" Rail (36-wagon train) , Diesel use (non-electrified) , 900 L/100 km , , , , 735 L/100 km at 3251 t [BMDV2024_BVWP] | same formula family [EcoTransIT2024_Methodology] , BMDV2024_BVWP; EcoTransIT2024_Methodology , "22 % above (heavy train), conservative" Rail (36-wagon train) , Track-access charge , 5.60 EUR/km (Interview: rail infrastructure manager) , 5.60 , EUR/km , rail infrastructure manager , "dangerous-goods block train 4.66 EUR/km, envelope 4.46-6.86 EUR/km [DBInfraGO2025_TPS] | same basis [DBInfraGO2024_TPS_SGV] | 2026: charge 4.25 EUR/km, 5.93 EUR/km with surcharges (own sum) [DBInfraGO_INB2026_A53]" , DBInfraGO2024_TPS_SGV; DBInfraGO2025_TPS; DBInfraGO_INB2026_A53 , Inside envelope and 2026 range Rail (36-wagon train) , Wagon payload , 62 t (Interview: wagon lessor) , 62 , t , wagon lessor , "62 m3, tare 28.3 t, 61.7 t (own conversion) [VTG2024_CryoTankCars] | up to 62 t [Schuetzenhofer2024] | 82 t (US wagon) [IEAGHG2025_CostReview] | 66 t for a European mineral-oil tank wagon (not cryogenic) [SCHIG2022]" , IEAGHG2025_CostReview; SCHIG2022; Schuetzenhofer2024; VTG2024_CryoTankCars , Equal to European wagons Rail (36-wagon train) , Single-track factor , 0.55 (Interview: rail infrastructure manager) , 0.55 , , rail infrastructure manager , No published value found , , Interview value only Rail (36-wagon train) , Speed , 50 km/h (Interview: rail operator) , 50 , km/h , rail operator , "about 50 km/h on freight corridors, 20-30 km/h in central and eastern Europe [ECA2016_RailFreight] | 49.6 km/h (178500 km in 3600 h, own conversion) [KiMPanteia2023]" , ECA2016_RailFreight; KiMPanteia2023 , Equal to corridor value and [KiMPanteia2023] Rail (36-wagon train) , Lifetime , 30 yr , 30 , yr , , 30 yr for locomotives and tank wagons [BMDV2024_BVWP] , BMDV2024_BVWP , "Equal, single source" Rail (36-wagon train) , Availability , 0.35 , 0.35 , , , "net operating time 3055 h/yr, that is 0.349 [BMDV2024_BVWP] | 3600 h/yr, that is 0.41 (own conversion) [KiMPanteia2023]" , BMDV2024_BVWP; KiMPanteia2023 , "Equal to BVWP, below [KiMPanteia2023]" Inland barge (2.0 / 4.0 / 8.6 kt) , CAPEX , 22.2 / 31.8 / 63.5 MEUR (Interview: inland-shipping operator) , , , inland-shipping operator , "35.8 MEUR (2000 t), own estimate of the study [Schuetzenhofer2024] | CO2 sea carriers of 2.5-10 kt at 16.2-70.6 MEUR, interpolated for 4.0 and 8.6 kt: 20.6-44.2 MEUR and 31.4-65.3 MEUR (own conversion) [Roussanaly2021] | no price published [SWZ2024_HGKPioneer]" , Roussanaly2021; SWZ2024_HGKPioneer; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "Below study (2.0 kt), inside carrier range (4.0, 8.6 kt)" Inland barge (2.0 / 4.0 / 8.6 kt) , OPEX (fixed) , 1.42 / 2.02 / 4.05 MEUR/yr (Interview: inland-shipping operator) , , , inland-shipping operator , "5 % of CAPEX, 1.79 MEUR/yr (2000 t) [Schuetzenhofer2024] | 1.08-1.34 MEUR/yr, conventional vessels [BMDV2024_BVWP] | 0.46 MEUR/yr for a 2.4 kt vessel [KiMPanteia2023]" , BMDV2024_BVWP; KiMPanteia2023; Schuetzenhofer2024 , Inside range (2.0 kt) Inland barge (2.0 / 4.0 / 8.6 kt) , OPEX (variable) , "200 / 240 / 360 EUR/h (interview ratios of the vessel classes, scaled to the literature)" , , , , 123-153 EUR/h (own conversion of annual values) [BMDV2024_BVWP] | 118-172 EUR/h all-in for vessels of 1.4 and 2.4 kt [KiMPanteia2023] , BMDV2024_BVWP; KiMPanteia2023 , "1.2 times highest all-in rate, conservative" Inland barge (2.0 / 4.0 / 8.6 kt) , Gas-oil consumption , 1260 / 1800 / 2574 L/100 km (Interview: inland-shipping operator) , , , inland-shipping operator , "installed power 0.74-3.26 MW, 200 g/kWh, that is load factors of 58-80 % (own conversion) [EcoTransIT2024_Methodology] | 600-1000 kW upstream and 100-300 kW downstream for a 110 m vessel, 220 g/kWh [CESNI2020_EnergyIndex]" , CESNI2020_EnergyIndex; EcoTransIT2024_Methodology , "Plausible load factors, inside CESNI range" Inland barge (2.0 / 4.0 / 8.6 kt) , Gas-oil price , 0.9 EUR/L , 0.9 , EUR/L , , "0.90-1.01 EUR/L (2025) [CCNR2025_MarketReport] | 0.937 EUR/L (KBN index, third quarter 2025) [Contargo2025_BAF]" , CCNR2025_MarketReport; Contargo2025_BAF , "Inside, 4 % below the index" Inland barge (2.0 / 4.0 / 8.6 kt) , Port fee , 1472 / 2103 / 2103 EUR per trip (Interview: inland-shipping operator) , , , inland-shipping operator , "0.112 EUR per dwt and 7 days, that is 224-963 EUR (own conversion) [PortRotterdam2026_Tariffs] | 8920 EUR per trip (2000 t) [Schuetzenhofer2024] | quay dues 0.62 EUR/t plus port dues 1.97 EUR per 100 t deadweight, about 1.3 kEUR for 2000 t (own conversion) [Duisport2026_Hafentarif]" , Duisport2026_Hafentarif; PortRotterdam2026_Tariffs; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "Inside range, near Duisburg tariff" Inland barge (2.0 / 4.0 / 8.6 kt) , Payload , 2.0 / 4.0 / 8.6 kt (Interview: inland-shipping operator) , , , inland-shipping operator , "1.35-11.2 kt [EcoTransIT2024_Methodology] | tanker fleet mean 2.56 kt, new builds 5.33 kt [CCNR2025_MarketReport]" , CCNR2025_MarketReport; EcoTransIT2024_Methodology , "Inside fleet (2.0, 4.0 kt), 8.6 kt above" Inland barge (2.0 / 4.0 / 8.6 kt) , Speed , 15 km/h (Interview: inland-shipping operator) , 15 , km/h , inland-shipping operator , "10.5 km/h [EcoTransIT2024_Methodology] | 9-15 km/h upstream, 16-20 km/h downstream (Danube sections) [viadonau2019_Manual]" , EcoTransIT2024_Methodology; viadonau2019_Manual , "Inside Danube range, above EcoTransIT" Inland barge (2.0 / 4.0 / 8.6 kt) , Lifetime , 40 yr (Interview: inland-shipping operator) , 40 , yr , inland-shipping operator , "40 yr [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | hull 61 yr, components 15 yr [BMDV2024_BVWP] | 20 yr [Schuetzenhofer2024]" , BMDV2024_BVWP; DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "Equal to first, inside range" Seagoing tanker (7.5 / 22 / 50 kt) , CAPEX , 27.8 / 59.1 / 126.0 MEUR , , , , "22000 m3 for 65.6 MEUR [RivieraMM2023_LCO2Carriers, gCaptain2023_LCO2Carriers] | 29.2-61.2 MEUR (7.5 kt), 51.9-104.4 MEUR (22 kt), 80.9-157.5 MEUR (50 kt) for 7 and 15 bar(g) [Roussanaly2021] | 94.9 MEUR (50 kt) [Schuetzenhofer2024], gas tankers 29.0-66.4 MEUR [BMDV2024_BVWP]" , BMDV2024_BVWP; RivieraMM2023_LCO2Carriers; Roussanaly2021; Schuetzenhofer2024; gCaptain2023_LCO2Carriers , "Near 7 bar (7.5 kt), between (22, 50 kt)" Seagoing tanker (7.5 / 22 / 50 kt) , OPEX (fixed) , 5 % of CAPEX per year , , , , 5 % [Roussanaly2021] | 5 % [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | 5 % [Schuetzenhofer2024] , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; Roussanaly2021; Schuetzenhofer2024 , Equal Seagoing tanker (7.5 / 22 / 50 kt) , Port-call fee , 1.1 EUR/t (8.25 / 24.2 / 55.0 kEUR per call) , , , , 1.1 EUR/t at each harbor [Roussanaly2021] | 39.5 kEUR per trip (50 kt) [Schuetzenhofer2024] , Roussanaly2021; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "Equal to first, 2.8-3.4 times above others per round trip" Seagoing tanker (7.5 / 22 / 50 kt) , OPEX (variable) , "500 / 750 / 1000 EUR/h (interview ratios of the vessel classes, scaled to the literature)", , , , "crew and other operating cost of gas tankers 112-270 EUR/h [BMDV2024_BVWP] | variable O&M without fuel assumed insignificant [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | 1619 EUR/h all-in, including fixed cost, for a 78.5 kt tanker [KiMPanteia2023]" , BMDV2024_BVWP; DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; KiMPanteia2023 , "Between BVWP and [KiMPanteia2023], 3.5-4.5 times above BVWP" Seagoing tanker (7.5 / 22 / 50 kt) , Fuel consumption (LNG) , 9710 / 13960 / 18294 L/100 km (Interview: shipping operator) , , , shipping operator , "254-415 MWh/d, 3.9-1.0 g/t/km (own conversion) [ElementEnergy2018_CO2Shipping] | 6.9-5.2 g/t/km [Roussanaly2021] | [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS], 1.9-2.4 g/t/km, 415 MWh/d [Schuetzenhofer2024]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; ElementEnergy2018_CO2Shipping; Roussanaly2021; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "Between studies per tonne-km, 1.5-1.8 times above absolute" Seagoing tanker (7.5 / 22 / 50 kt) , LNG price , "0.4 EUR/L, about 890 EUR/t" , , , , "431 EUR/t (2040) [BMDV2024_BVWP] | 325 EUR/t [Roussanaly2021] | 458 EUR/t [Schuetzenhofer2024] | Rotterdam 901 USD/t, one week in July 2026 [EngineLNGSnapshot2026]" , BMDV2024_BVWP; EngineLNGSnapshot2026; Roussanaly2021; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "Above older sources, near 2026 market" Seagoing tanker (7.5 / 22 / 50 kt) , Service speed , 26 km/h (14 kn) , , , , "14 kn [Roussanaly2021] | 14 to 15 kn [ZEP2011_TransportCosts] | 15 kn (13 to 16 kn) [ElementEnergy2018_CO2Shipping], 15 kn [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; ElementEnergy2018_CO2Shipping; Roussanaly2021; ZEP2011_TransportCosts , "Equal, inside range" Seagoing tanker (7.5 / 22 / 50 kt) , Lifetime , 30 yr (Interview: shipping operator) , 30 , yr , shipping operator , "40 yr [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS], 40 yr [ZEP2011_TransportCosts] | 25 yr [Roussanaly2021], 27.5 yr [BMDV2024_BVWP], 20 yr [Schuetzenhofer2024] | 15-40 yr, project 25 yr [Knoope2015_ShipsPipelinesUncertainty]" , BMDV2024_BVWP; DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; Knoope2015_ShipsPipelinesUncertainty; Roussanaly2021; Schuetzenhofer2024; ZEP2011_TransportCosts , Between 25 and 40 yr Seagoing tanker (7.5 / 22 / 50 kt) , Payload , 7.5 / 22 / 50 kt , , , , "2.5-100 kt, at most 50 kt for 7 bar [Roussanaly2021] | 6-50 kt [ElementEnergy2018_CO2Shipping]" , ElementEnergy2018_CO2Shipping; Roussanaly2021 , Inside Onshore pipeline , "Pipe CAPEX per meter, diameter component (gas / dense)", 1063-3560 / 1523-3270 EUR/m , , , , "identical values (catalog DN100-1400 gas, DN100-800 dense) [Schuetzenhofer2024] | dense, 1290-1560 EUR/m for 6 to 10 inch [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | Review bands in [Knoope2014_PipelineConfig, McCoyRubin2008_PipelineCost, Morgan2024_NETLTransport]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; Knoope2014_PipelineConfig; McCoyRubin2008_PipelineCost; Morgan2024_NETLTransport; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "Equal to first, above second (small diameters)" Onshore pipeline , Construction and laying base (all diameters) , 2000 EUR/m (Interview: network operator) , 2000 , EUR/m , network operator , "share independent of capacity (land, installation, engineering) [IEAGHG2025_CostReview] | gap between material and installed cost [Knoope2014_PipelineConfig, Morgan2024_NETLTransport]" , IEAGHG2025_CostReview; Knoope2014_PipelineConfig; Morgan2024_NETLTransport , "Structure supported, value from interview" Onshore pipeline , OPEX-fix ratio , 2.5 % of CAPEX per year (Interview: network operator) , , , network operator , "2.5 % [Morgan2024_NETLTransport] | 1.5 % [Schuetzenhofer2024] | 0.8-1.0 % [EHB2022_Report], 1.5-4 % [Knoope2013]" , EHB2022_Report; Knoope2013; Morgan2024_NETLTransport; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "Equal to first, inside 1.5-4 %" Onshore pipeline , Variable energy (gas / dense) , 0.041 / 0.0061 EUR/t/km , , , , "recompression every 70-140 km [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | booster dense 2.4-4.1 kWh/t, gas 27.4 kWh/t (own conversion at 100 km spacing: 0.024-0.041 and 0.27 kWh/t/km) [Schuetzenhofer2024]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; Schuetzenhofer2024 , Upper end (spacing assumed) Onshore pipeline , Design velocity (gas / dense) , 12 / 4 m/s , , , , "liquid 0.5-6 m/s, gas 5-20 m/s [Knoope2013_GasVsDense] | typical gas 6 m/s [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; Knoope2013_GasVsDense , Inside bands Onshore pipeline , Design density (gas / dense) , 46 / 860 kg/m3 , , , , "gas 30-70, dense 400-800 kg/m3 [Schuetzenhofer2024] | real gas 45-50 kg/m3 [Menon2005_GasPipeline], 78 kg/m3 at 30 bar(g) [IEAGHG2025_CostReview]" , IEAGHG2025_CostReview; Menon2005_GasPipeline; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "Gas inside, dense above range, lower end of averaged density" Onshore pipeline , Diameters (gas / dense) , 0.1-1.4 / 0.1-0.8 m , , , , "DN100-1400 gas, DN100-800 dense [Schuetzenhofer2024] | onshore 12-32 inch (0.30-0.81 m) [ZEP2011_TransportCosts]" , Schuetzenhofer2024; ZEP2011_TransportCosts , Inside Onshore pipeline , Maximum pressure (gas / dense) , 35 / 200 bar , , , , "gas operation 10-35 bar, dense nominal 150 bar (operation 85-145 bar) [Schuetzenhofer2024] | onshore up to 100 bar [ZEP2011_TransportCosts] | inlet pressure dense 90-240 bar [Knoope2013_GasVsDense]" , Knoope2013_GasVsDense; Schuetzenhofer2024; ZEP2011_TransportCosts , "Gas equal, dense above first two, inside third" Onshore pipeline , Capacity availability , 0.85 (Interview: network operator) , 0.85 , , network operator , "0.85 default [Morgan2024_NETLTransport] | 7500 h/yr, that is 0.856 [ZEP2011_TransportCosts]" , Morgan2024_NETLTransport; ZEP2011_TransportCosts , Equal Onshore pipeline , Lifetime , 50 yr (Interview: network operator) , 50 , yr , network operator , "45-55 yr [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | 40 yr [EHB2022_Report], 40 yr [ZEP2011_TransportCosts], 35 yr [Schuetzenhofer2024]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; EHB2022_Report; Schuetzenhofer2024; ZEP2011_TransportCosts , "Upper end, equal to first" Offshore pipeline (dense phase) , "Pipe CAPEX per meter, diameter component" , "3796-7324 EUR/m (2.0 times onshore dense, Interview: pipeline operator)" , , , , "about twice the onshore cost [Tumara2024] | about 1.7 times onshore [EHB2023_CostUpdate] | 3600-4200 EUR/m (20 to 26 inch) [IEAGHG2025_CostReview], 3960 EUR/m [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; EHB2023_CostUpdate; IEAGHG2025_CostReview; Tumara2024 , "Equal to first, above second (factor)" Offshore pipeline (dense phase) , Laying base (all diameters) , 2000 EUR/m (Interview: pipeline operator) , 2000 , EUR/m , pipeline operator , "installation 200-300 EUR/m, trenching 20-400 EUR/m [ZEP2011_TransportCosts] | installation premium (qualitative) [IEAGHG2025_CostReview]" , IEAGHG2025_CostReview; ZEP2011_TransportCosts , Conservative estimate Offshore pipeline (dense phase) , Diameters , 0.3-0.9 m , , , , 12-40 inch [ZEP2011_TransportCosts] | 20-26 inch [IEAGHG2025_CostReview] , IEAGHG2025_CostReview; ZEP2011_TransportCosts , Inside Offshore pipeline (dense phase) , Maximum pressure , 250 bar (Interview: pipeline operator) , 250 , bar , pipeline operator , up to 250 bar offshore [ZEP2011_TransportCosts] | inlet pressure of long offshore lines 120-190 bar [Knoope2013_GasVsDense] , Knoope2013_GasVsDense; ZEP2011_TransportCosts , Equal to first Offshore pipeline (dense phase) , Lifetime , 50 yr (Interview: pipeline operator) , 50 , yr , pipeline operator , "50 yr [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | 40 yr [ZEP2011_TransportCosts], 35 yr [Schuetzenhofer2024]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; Schuetzenhofer2024; ZEP2011_TransportCosts , Upper end "Compressor, pump, and liquefier stations" , Compressor station CAPEX , 45 MEUR (about 4.1 MEUR/MW at 11 MW) , , , , 4.0 MEUR/MW [EHB2023_CostUpdate] | 2.2 / 3.4 / 6.7 MEUR/MW [EHB2022_Report] | 2.0-2.3 MEUR/MW at large capacity (own conversion) [Schuetzenhofer2024] , EHB2022_Report; EHB2023_CostUpdate; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "Equal to first, above third" "Compressor, pump, and liquefier stations" , Pump station CAPEX , 30 MEUR [Schuetzenhofer2024] , , , , 2.2-3.3 MEUR per booster [Schuetzenhofer2024] | about US$11 M at 10 MW (2005) [Morgan2024_NETLTransport] , Morgan2024_NETLTransport; Schuetzenhofer2024 , Conservative estimate "Compressor, pump, and liquefier stations" , Station OPEX , 5-6 % of CAPEX per year , , , , "4 % [Schuetzenhofer2024] | 4 % [Morgan2024_NETLTransport], 1.7 % [EHB2022_Report]" , EHB2022_Report; Morgan2024_NETLTransport; Schuetzenhofer2024 , Conservative estimate "Compressor, pump, and liquefier stations" , Lifetime , 25 yr , 25 , yr , , 25 yr [EHB2022_Report] | 20 yr [Schuetzenhofer2024] , EHB2022_Report; Schuetzenhofer2024 , Equal to first "Terminals (rail yard, inland port)" , CAPEX , "20 / 53 MEUR (Interview: hub operator and builder, reduced-scope first of its kind)" , , , "hub operator and builder, reduced-scope first of its kind", "bottom-up berth 28-35 MEUR [IEAGHG2020_ShippingInfra] | 1434-2390 EUR/t, that is 7.2 and 20.1 MEUR (own conversion) [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | buffer 710 EUR/t [Schuetzenhofer2024]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; IEAGHG2020_ShippingInfra; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "Inside berth plus buffer 46-55 MEUR, export terminals (190-300 EUR/t/yr [NorthernLights2025_Phase1]) wider scope" "Terminals (rail yard, inland port)" , OPEX , "1.15 / 2.70 MEUR/yr (Interview: hub operator), 5.1-5.8 % of CAPEX" , , , hub operator , "3 % [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | 3 % terminal, 5 % storage [Schuetzenhofer2024] | 2 / 6 % [Roussanaly2021], 3 / 5 / 10 % [ElementEnergy2018_CO2Shipping] | 2 % for loading, 5 % for buffer storage [Knoope2015_ShipsPipelinesUncertainty]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; ElementEnergy2018_CO2Shipping; Knoope2015_ShipsPipelinesUncertainty; Roussanaly2021; Schuetzenhofer2024 , Inside 2-10 % "Terminals (rail yard, inland port)" , Throughput , 1.2 / 6.0 Mt/yr (Interview: hub operator) , , , hub operator , "phase 1 1.5 Mt/yr, phase 2 at least 5 Mt/yr [NorthernLights2025_Phase1] | 3-5 Mt/yr, extension to 10 Mt/yr [Ramboll2025_TESWilhelmshaven] | Longship terminal 1.5 Mt/yr, extension to 5 Mt/yr [Gassnova2025]" , Gassnova2025; NorthernLights2025_Phase1; Ramboll2025_TESWilhelmshaven , "Inside, sea-port analogy" "Terminals (rail yard, inland port)" , Lifetime , 20 / 30 yr (Interview: hub operator) , , , hub operator , "25 yr [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | 20 yr [Schuetzenhofer2024], 40 yr [ZEP2011_TransportCosts]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; Schuetzenhofer2024; ZEP2011_TransportCosts , "Between 20 and 25 yr, port above" "Terminals (rail yard, inland port)" , Handling energy , 2.5 kWh/t , 2.5 , kWh/t , , unloading conditioning 2.3-2.5 kWh/t [IEAGHG2020_ShippingInfra] | 0.2 kWh/t/d [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; IEAGHG2020_ShippingInfra , "Upper end of first, above second" "Terminals (rail yard, inland port)" , Tier scaling factors , 0.12-1.0 (Interview: hub builder) , , , hub builder , "scaling exponent 0.67 (own conversion) [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | exponent 0.85 [Roussanaly2021] | compressors, exponent 0.43 (own conversion) [Schuetzenhofer2024]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; Roussanaly2021; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "Medium, large tiers inside (exponent 0.63-0.69), micro tier without literature" Coastal hub (liquefaction priced separately), CAPEX (excluding liquefaction) , 35 MEUR at 10 Mt/yr (Interview: hub builder) , , , hub builder , "loading 7.9 MEUR per 3 Mt/yr, that is 26 MEUR at 10 Mt/yr, plus buffer 550 / 920 EUR/m3 [Roussanaly2021] | loading 1.6 EUR/t/yr [ElementEnergy2018_CO2Shipping], 1.9 EUR/t/yr [Schuetzenhofer2024]" , ElementEnergy2018_CO2Shipping; Roussanaly2021; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "3.5 EUR/t/yr, between loading and loading plus buffer" Coastal hub (liquefaction priced separately), Liquefier module CAPEX , 55 MEUR per 1.5 Mt/yr , , , , "70 MEUR per 1.8 Mt/yr [IEAGHG2020_ShippingInfra] | annualized 4.2 / 4.0 EUR/t, that is 42.7-44.8 MEUR per 1 Mt/yr (own back-calculation) [Roussanaly2021]" , IEAGHG2020_ShippingInfra; Roussanaly2021 , 6-18 % below sources Coastal hub (liquefaction priced separately), Conditioning energy (ship / pipeline) , 3 / 5 kWh/t , , , , "Liquefaction 90-120 kWh/t [Roussanaly2021, IEAGHG2020_ShippingInfra], 61-70 kWh/t for gas to liquid [Schuetzenhofer2024]" , IEAGHG2020_ShippingInfra; Roussanaly2021; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "Not comparable, liquefaction separate ((see Supplement, tab:state-change-energy))" Coastal hub (liquefaction priced separately), Ship loading buffer , 1.5 ship capacities at 1300 EUR/t , , , , "same rule [IEAGHG2020_ShippingInfra] | 1.2 capacities, 478-868 EUR/t [Roussanaly2021] | 1.2 capacities, 710 EUR/t [Schuetzenhofer2024], 1434-2390 EUR/t [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; IEAGHG2020_ShippingInfra; Roussanaly2021; Schuetzenhofer2024 , Inside 478-2390 EUR/t Coastal hub (liquefaction priced separately), OPEX , 5 % of CAPEX per year (Interview: hub builder) , , , hub builder , "2 / 6 / 6 % [Roussanaly2021] | 3 / 5 / 10 % [ElementEnergy2018_CO2Shipping] | 3 / 5 % [Schuetzenhofer2024], 2 / 5 / 5 % [ZEP2011_TransportCosts]" , ElementEnergy2018_CO2Shipping; Roussanaly2021; Schuetzenhofer2024; ZEP2011_TransportCosts , Inside 2-10 % Coastal hub (liquefaction priced separately), Lifetime , 30 yr (Interview: hub builder) , 30 , yr , hub builder , "25 yr [DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS] | 20 yr [Schuetzenhofer2024], 40 yr [ZEP2011_TransportCosts]" , DEA2024_TechnologyDataCCTS; Schuetzenhofer2024; ZEP2011_TransportCosts , Between 25 and 40 yr Energy and state change , Electricity price , 0.15 EUR/kWh (industrial) , 0.15 , EUR/kWh, , "Germany 0.138-0.161 EUR/kWh without taxes [Eurostat2026_ElectricityPricesNonHousehold] | 0.1435 EUR/kWh [Schuetzenhofer2024] | 0.164 (2021) and 0.085 EUR/kWh (2040) [BMDV2024_BVWP] | Germany 2025, industry 0.144-0.159 EUR/kWh [BDEW_Strompreisanalyse2026]" , BDEW_Strompreisanalyse2026; BMDV2024_BVWP; Eurostat2026_ElectricityPricesNonHousehold; Schuetzenhofer2024 , "Inside first range, near others" Energy and state change , Sink injection energy , 4 kWh/t , 4 , kWh/t , , 4-5 kWh/t [IEAGHG2020_ShippingInfra] | 5.4-6.8 kWh/t [ElementEnergy2018_CO2Shipping] , ElementEnergy2018_CO2Shipping; IEAGHG2020_ShippingInfra , Lower end Energy and state change , Discount rate , 5 % (real) , 5 , % , , "regulated 5 % [BNetzA2021_EKZins], 5.0 % [EHB2022_Report] | 7 % [Schuetzenhofer2024], 8 % [Roussanaly2021], 8 % [ZEP2011_TransportCosts], 8-12 % [CATF2025_CO2TransportCost] | 5.2 % real, SDE++ category with CCS [PBL_SDEpp2026], 5.14 % real [NETL_QGESS2021]" , BNetzA2021_EKZins; CATF2025_CO2TransportCost; EHB2022_Report; NETL_QGESS2021; PBL_SDEpp2026; Roussanaly2021; Schuetzenhofer2024; ZEP2011_TransportCosts, "Equal to real rates (PBL, NETL), regulated end, below nominal 7-8 %"