Extraction of Rosmarinus officinalis and Citrus bergamia Essential Oils and Their Application in The Development of Novel Fragrances

Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) and Citrus bergamia (bergamot) are two essential oils that are some of the most commercially important aromatic raw materials in the fragrance industry of the world. The critical review gives a detailed assessment of the main extraction methods used in these plant species, hydro distillation, steam distillation, cold-press expression, supercritical CO2 extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction, and critically evaluates their yields, chemical profiles, and sustainability indices. The volatile constituents of both oils, in particular, 1,8-cineole, camphor, and borneol in rosemary, and linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene, and bergapten in bergamot are the most commonly volatile and are addressed in the context of their olfactory properties, stability, and functional consideration to fragrance formulation. The review also looks at modern approaches in new fragrance creation, including molecular encapsulation, green solvent extraction, and chemo-enzymatic biotransformation and regulatory concerns in phototoxic furocoumarins in bergamot and IFRA guidelines. Recent developments in scent design with artificial intelligence, aroma profiling with GC-MS/olfactometry, and chemometrics, as well as are presented. The accruing literature highlights the critical and increasing role of such essential oils in developing advanced, bio-based, and health-conscious fragrance structures.