Subgenus
MelandrenaPérez, 1890Genetics.
The Subgenus Melandrena remains challenging to resolve using barcodes (e. g. nitida - limata-thoracica complex), and the widespread species Andrena morio Brullé, 1833 (originally described from Greece) is currently incompletely characterised with seemingly multiple mitochondrial lineages (Wood 2023 b). These two groups are not presented in the current phylogenetic analysis, as the subgenus would benefit from a revision utilising nuclear markers. Their statuses remain open questions, and for now the typical Warncke concepts (as modified by Wood 2023 b) are used here. One further reason for this is that the sequences of Andrena hungarica Friese, 1887 and Andrena quadrimaculata Friese, 1921 presented here are strongly intermixed with sequences of the nitida-limata-thoracica complex. Those of A. hungarica fall into BIN BOLD: AGU 5376 which contains sequences of A. nitida (Müller, 1776) and A. limata Smith, 1853, and those of A. quadrimaculata fall into BIN BOLD: AAE 1815 which contains sequences of A. nitida, A. limata, and A. thoracica (Kirby, 1802), as well as a likely mis-identification of A. assimilis Radoszkowski, 1876. This group of species requires molecular revision using nuclear DNA to understand current levels of gene flow; their exclusion from the current barcode tree represents the challenging use of this marker in the Subgenus Melandrena, and a desire for higher-quality data, rather than an attempt to avoid dealing with this complex issue.
Concerning the taxa that are included here, many East Mediterranean taxa are represented by DNA barcodes for the first time (Fig. 28). Members of the subgenus showed sometimes strange patterns of very low genetic divergence, with species like Andrena flavipes Panzer, 1799 (Portugal to India; 3.85 %), Andrena albopunctata (Rossi, 1792) (Italy to Kyrgyzstan; 0.30 %), A. assimilis (Morocco to Kyrgyzstan; 0.95 %) separated by low percentages considering the geographic distances involved. Equally, some geographically close sequences showed moderate divergence, specifically between Levantine and Cypriot sequences of Andrena pyrozonata Friese, 1921 (average 3.16 %; range 2.74–3.93 %) and Andrena elmaria Gusenleitner, 1998 (average 4.46 %; range 4.41–4.56 %). Surprisingly, sequences of Andrena discors Erichson, 1841 from Portugal and Israel were very strongly separated from sequences from Crete (ssp. creticola Strand, 1915) by an average genetic distance of 8.85 % (range 8.81–8.97 %). This resulted in a major topographical separation, placing creticola much closer to Andrena gravida Imhoff, 1832, Andrena korleviciana Friese, 1887, and Andrena vulcana Dours, 1873. This case is discussed here.
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