{ "access": { "embargo": { "active": false, "reason": null }, "files": "public", "record": "public", "status": "open" }, "created": "2026-04-10T19:14:05.485872+00:00", "custom_fields": { "journal:journal": { "issue": "2", "pages": "411-427", "title": "The Journal of Contemporary Academic Research and Methodologies (JCARM)", "volume": "1" } }, "deletion_status": { "is_deleted": false, "status": "P" }, "files": { "count": 1, "enabled": true, "entries": { "Neighbours at Lodger Head A Pragmatic Approach to .pdf": { "access": { "hidden": false }, "checksum": "md5:f054ea4c05bd7ea6af12f4ce401f1e35", "ext": "pdf", "id": "e38305db-f2aa-4dcc-9f46-4993fe8845df", "key": "Neighbours at Lodger Head A Pragmatic Approach to .pdf", "links": { "content": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/files/Neighbours%20at%20Lodger%20Head%20A%20Pragmatic%20Approach%20to%20.pdf/content", "iiif_api": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:19501293:Neighbours%20at%20Lodger%20Head%20A%20Pragmatic%20Approach%20to%20.pdf/full/full/0/default.png", "iiif_base": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:19501293:Neighbours%20at%20Lodger%20Head%20A%20Pragmatic%20Approach%20to%20.pdf", "iiif_canvas": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:19501293/canvas/Neighbours%20at%20Lodger%20Head%20A%20Pragmatic%20Approach%20to%20.pdf", "iiif_info": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:19501293:Neighbours%20at%20Lodger%20Head%20A%20Pragmatic%20Approach%20to%20.pdf/info.json", "self": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/files/Neighbours%20at%20Lodger%20Head%20A%20Pragmatic%20Approach%20to%20.pdf" }, "metadata": { "height": 842, "width": 596 }, "mimetype": "application/pdf", "size": 401039, "storage_class": "L" } }, "order": [], "total_bytes": 401039 }, "id": "19501293", "is_draft": false, "is_published": true, "links": { "access": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/access", "access_grants": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/access/grants", "access_links": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/access/links", "access_request": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/access/request", "access_users": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/access/users", "archive": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/files-archive", "archive_media": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/media-files-archive", "communities": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/communities", "communities-suggestions": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/communities-suggestions", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19501293", "draft": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/draft", "file_modification": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/file-modification", "files": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/files", "latest": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/versions/latest", "latest_html": "https://zenodo.org/records/19501293/latest", "media_files": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/media-files", "parent": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501292", "parent_doi": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19501292", "parent_doi_html": "https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19501292", "parent_html": "https://zenodo.org/records/19501292", "preview_html": "https://zenodo.org/records/19501293?preview=1", "quota_increase": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/quota-increase", "request_deletion": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/request-deletion", "requests": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/requests", "reserve_doi": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/draft/pids/doi", "self": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293", "self_doi": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19501293", "self_doi_html": "https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.19501293", "self_html": "https://zenodo.org/records/19501293", "self_iiif_manifest": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:19501293/manifest", "self_iiif_sequence": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:19501293/sequence/default", "thumbnails": { "10": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:19501293:Neighbours%20at%20Lodger%20Head%20A%20Pragmatic%20Approach%20to%20.pdf/full/%5E10,/0/default.jpg", "100": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:19501293:Neighbours%20at%20Lodger%20Head%20A%20Pragmatic%20Approach%20to%20.pdf/full/%5E100,/0/default.jpg", "1200": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:19501293:Neighbours%20at%20Lodger%20Head%20A%20Pragmatic%20Approach%20to%20.pdf/full/%5E1200,/0/default.jpg", "250": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:19501293:Neighbours%20at%20Lodger%20Head%20A%20Pragmatic%20Approach%20to%20.pdf/full/%5E250,/0/default.jpg", "50": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:19501293:Neighbours%20at%20Lodger%20Head%20A%20Pragmatic%20Approach%20to%20.pdf/full/%5E50,/0/default.jpg", "750": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:19501293:Neighbours%20at%20Lodger%20Head%20A%20Pragmatic%20Approach%20to%20.pdf/full/%5E750,/0/default.jpg" }, "versions": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/versions" }, "media_files": { "count": 1, "enabled": true, "entries": { "Neighbours at Lodger Head A Pragmatic Approach to .pdf.ptif": { "access": { "hidden": true }, "ext": "ptif", "id": "808480d9-d2c5-4a75-b4e8-1e17d6a3f7bb", "key": "Neighbours at Lodger Head A Pragmatic Approach to .pdf.ptif", "links": { "content": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/files/Neighbours%20at%20Lodger%20Head%20A%20Pragmatic%20Approach%20to%20.pdf.ptif/content", "self": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/19501293/files/Neighbours%20at%20Lodger%20Head%20A%20Pragmatic%20Approach%20to%20.pdf.ptif" }, "metadata": null, "mimetype": "application/octet-stream", "processor": { "source_file_id": "e38305db-f2aa-4dcc-9f46-4993fe8845df", "status": "finished", "type": "image-tiles" }, "size": 0, "storage_class": "L" } }, "order": [], "total_bytes": 0 }, "metadata": { "additional_descriptions": [ { "description": "Copyright \u00a9 2026 by the authors. | Repository URL: https://journal.jcarm.in/index.php/home/issue/archive | Development Status: Active", "type": { "id": "notes", "title": { "de": "Anmerkungen", "en": "Notes" } } } ], "creators": [ { "affiliations": [ { "name": "Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria." } ], "person_or_org": { "family_name": "NGORO", "name": "NGORO", "type": "personal" } }, { "person_or_org": { "family_name": "Oscar Ebi", "name": "Oscar Ebi", "type": "personal" } } ], "description": "This paper provides pragmatic approach to peace building between rural communities engaged in conflict with common boundaries. The conflict between Alesi community in Ikom L.G.A and Ochon community of Obubra L.G.A in Cross River State was on land ownership tussle and boundary claims, and this has become a recurrent event in the state during planting seasons. This has often time claim lives and destroyed property worth millions of Naira. The paper objectives are; to identify causes and sources of conflict between rural communities of Cross River State, identify pragmatic peace building approaches to warring communities, examine conflict timeline in the state from 2020 to 2025, and make policy recommendations for management of conflict between warring communities. The paper adopted the human needs theory (HNT) expanded in social conflict by John Burton (1997), this theory revealed that, parties or actors always engaged in conflict whenever their needs are threatened and not met. Methodologically, the descriptive survey research design was adopted involving the collection of data through secondary sources. The pragmatic approaches to peace building identified were; community based initiative, neutrality of third party intervention measure, punitive sanction of perpetrators, empowering affected communities and incorporation of Nigerian Hunters and Forest Security Service (NHFSS). The recommendations were stakeholders in affected areas should collaborate with the government and security agencies and conflict at early warning signs should be given critical attention to advert escalation.", "languages": [ { "id": "eng", "title": { "en": "English" } } ], "publication_date": "2026-04-10", "publisher": "Ivory and Finch Publishers", "references": [ { "reference": "Abasili, K. N., Ezeneme, E. V., and Nwokike, C.E. N. (2023). Analyzing the roots of ethnic conflict in Nigeria: an in-depth examination. Global scientific journals (GSJ): Volume 11, Issue 10, October 2023, Online: ISSN 2320-9186. www.globalscientificjournal.com." }, { "reference": "Adedoyin, A. (2009), Migration in Nigeria: A country profile (Geneva: International Organization, Security and Development in Albert, I.O., and Eselebor, W.(eds). Managing Security in party intervention to community conflicts. Ibadan: John Archers." }, { "reference": "Akam, S. S., Ojen, M.I (2020). Inter/intra-state communal conflict and conflict management in Cross River and Ebonyi states of Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences Enugu state university of science and technology Volume 5, Issue 1, 2020." }, { "reference": "Albert, I.O. (2001), Building Peace, Advancing Democracy: Experience with Third Party Interventions in Nigeria's Conflict, Ibadan: John Archers Publishers Ltd." }, { "reference": "Ali, U.D. and Yahaya, G. S. (2019) Ethnic conflict in Nigeria: causes and consequences.\tInternational Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp.70-77, January (2019) E-ISSN: 2454-9312, P-ISSN: 2454-6143. www.isroset.org" }, { "reference": "Angya, C.A. &Doki, G.A. (2006). Women's Participation/Involvement in Conflict Management in Benue State: A Review. In T.T. Gyuse& O. Ajene (Eds.) Conflicts in the Benue Valley.Makurdi: Benue State University Press." }, { "reference": "Bisong, T.L. and Eremi, E. O (2018).Trends of ethnic conflicts in Cross River State, Nigeria. Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume VI, Issue XI, November 2018 74 ISSN2201-2796." }, { "reference": "Burton, J. (1997). Violence explained (Manchester: Manchester University Press)." }, { "reference": "Dormcklaims E., Egbe E.T., Omang, T.A. & Ojong-Ejoh, M.U. (2021) Communal Crisis\tand Livelihoods in Akamkpa (A Regression Analysis Study).SAINSMAT: Journal of Applied Sciences, Mathematics, and Its Education ISSN: 2775-5371 (print) Vol. 10 No. 1 (2021). ISSN: 2776-3641 (online). https://doi.org/10.35877/sainsmat225" }, { "reference": "Eteng, F. O., and Agbor, U. I. (2018).Sustainable Management of Communal Violent Conflicts and Peaceful Co-Existence in Central Cross River State, Nigeria." }, { "reference": "Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 5(10) 331-345." }, { "reference": "Galtung, J. (1975). Three approaches to peace: Peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peace\tbuilding, in Galtung, J (ed). Peace, War and Defence: Essays in Peace Research, Copenhagen: Christian Ejlers, 282-304." }, { "reference": "Haider, H (2009). Community-based approaches to peacebuilding in conflict-affected and\tfragile\tcontexts. Governance and Social Development Research Center (GSDRC). www.gsdrc.org" }, { "reference": "Hussein, A. F. F. & Al-Mamary, Y. H. S. (2019). Conflicts: Their types, and their negative\tand positive effects on organizations. International Journal of Scientific & TechnologyResearch, 8(8): 10-13. https://www.ijstr.org/finalprint/aug2019/Conflicts-Their-Types-And-Their-Negative-And-Positive-Effects-On-Organizations" }, { "reference": "Lederach, J. P. (1995). Preparing for Peace: Conflict Transformation Across Cultures Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York" }, { "reference": "Lederach (1997), Building peace: sustainable reconciliation in divided societies, Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press." }, { "reference": "Mahr, N. (2023). Third-party conflict resolution/ definition, method and examples.\thttps://study.com/academy/lesson/third-party-conflict-resolution-strategies-lesson.quiz.html Accessed 1st October 2025." }, { "reference": "Mercycorps (2018).Conflict, livelihoods, and resilience: community capacities in Nigeria's Middle belt; Mercy Corps, Portland, OR, USA, 2015.Accessible at https://www.mercycorps.org/research." }, { "reference": "Nafey, A. and Gopal, D. (2019). Conflict resolution and peace building. School of Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidan Garhi," }, { "reference": "Nicholson, M. (1992). Rationality and the Analysis of International Conflict. Cambridge\tUniversity Press." }, { "reference": "Ngoro, O. E. (2025). Communal conflict and food insecurity in Alesi and Ochon\tcommunities, Cross River State, 2020-2025. An unpublished thesis, for the Award of Master's Degree, submitted to the Department of Peace Studies and Conflict\tResolution, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria." }, { "reference": "Otora, O. A. \"Fluctuating Cooperation and Tensions in Akam-Olulumo (Okuni) Boundary Relations.\" International Journal of Advanced Research 7 (October 2019): 691-702." }, { "reference": "Reutger, T. K. (2012). Ethical Conflict, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc." }, { "reference": "Sharma, P. and Shajahan, P.K (2022). Addressing conflicts and peacebuilding in social work. University of Delhi https://www.studocus.com. Accessed 29 September, 2025." }, { "reference": "Ubani, P., Datonjo, K., Obasiolu, C.(2020). Determinants of social and rural communal conflict in the South\u2013South environment, Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume VII, Issue II, February 2020 | ISSN 2321\t2705." }, { "reference": "UNICEF (2016). Introduction & context for UNICEF conflict analysis.\thttps://www.unicef.org/media/96581/file/Guide-to-Conflict-Analysis." }, { "reference": "Van Brabant, K. (2010). What is peacebuilding? Significantly different perspectives on peacebuilding. International Peace Alliance." }, { "reference": "Vande, P (2021). Conflict and peacebuilding processes in Nigeria, 1999 \u2013 2020. In Adejoh Sunday, Martinluther Nwanieri, Ikechukwu Maxwell Ukandu (Ed.) Africa and emerging trends in global politics: festschrift in honour of Rev. Fr. Dr. Innocent\tTyomlia Jooji. PP 33-50, Pyla-Mak Services Ltd.Kaduna, Nigeria. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382821118. Accessed 29 September 2025" }, { "reference": "Wilmot, W.W. and Hocker, J. (2011). Inter-personal Conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill." }, { "reference": "Yecho, J. I. (2006), An Overview of the Tiv-Jukun Crisis, In Gyuse T.T. &Ajene, O.(eds.), Conflicts in the Benue Valley, Makurdi: Benue State University Press." }, { "reference": "An excerpt from a radio interview with Dr. Odigha Odigha, hosted by Hit FM \"95.9 FM\" Calabar, Nigeria, on the account of Alesi and Ochon communal conflict in Cross River State, Nigeria, Tuesday, 23 September, 2025." }, { "reference": "\u00a9 2026 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)." } ], "resource_type": { "id": "publication-article", "title": { "de": "Zeitschriftenartikel", "en": "Journal article" } }, "rights": [ { "description": { "en": "The Creative Commons Attribution license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the condition that the creator is appropriately credited." }, "icon": "cc-by-icon", "id": "cc-by-4.0", "props": { "scheme": "spdx", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode" }, "title": { "en": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International" } } ], "subjects": [ { "subject": "Neighbours" }, { "subject": "Lodger head" }, { "subject": "Pragmatic approach" }, { "subject": "Peace building" }, { "subject": "Conflict" }, { "subject": "Alesi" }, { "subject": "Ochon" }, { "subject": "Communities" }, { "subject": "Cross River State." } ], "title": "Neighbours at Lodger Head: A Pragmatic Approach to Peace Building in the Conflict Between Alesi and Ochon Communities of Cross River State (2020-2025)" }, "parent": { "access": { "owned_by": { "user": "1546604" }, "settings": { "accept_conditions_text": null, "allow_guest_requests": false, "allow_user_requests": false, "secret_link_expiration": 0 } }, "communities": { "default": "0010eb05-fdcb-49b1-b62b-4b1191c4682e", "entries": [ { "access": { "member_policy": "open", "members_visibility": "public", "record_submission_policy": "open", "review_policy": "closed", "visibility": "public" }, "children": { "allow": false }, "created": "2026-03-07T11:07:56.639891+00:00", "custom_fields": {}, "deletion_status": { "is_deleted": false, "status": "P" }, "id": "0010eb05-fdcb-49b1-b62b-4b1191c4682e", "links": {}, "metadata": { "curation_policy": "

For more details on submission, please visit our website www.jcarm.in.

\n

Submit your Research to www.jcarm.in/submission

", "organizations": [ { "name": "Ivory and Finch Publishers" } ], "title": "Journal of Contemporary Academic Research and Methodologies (JCARM)", "website": "https://journal.jcarm.in/" }, "revision_id": 9, "slug": "jcarm", "updated": "2026-05-10T02:58:30.149557+00:00" } ], "ids": [ "0010eb05-fdcb-49b1-b62b-4b1191c4682e" ] }, "id": "19501292", "pids": { "doi": { "client": "datacite", "identifier": "10.5281/zenodo.19501292", "provider": "datacite" } } }, "pids": { "doi": { "client": "datacite", "identifier": "10.5281/zenodo.19501293", "provider": "datacite" }, "oai": { "identifier": "oai:zenodo.org:19501293", "provider": "oai" } }, "revision_id": 5, "stats": { "all_versions": { "data_volume": 14036365.0, "downloads": 35, "unique_downloads": 32, "unique_views": 77, "views": 79 }, "this_version": { "data_volume": 14036365.0, "downloads": 35, "unique_downloads": 32, "unique_views": 77, "views": 79 } }, "status": "published", "swh": {}, "updated": "2026-04-10T19:14:07.241012+00:00", "versions": { "index": 1, "is_latest": true } }