This data set includes the supplementary material for the article \"Be Precise if You Must: Asymmetric Patterns in the Comprehension and Production of Distributivity across Development\".
\nAbstract: Sentences with plural expressions can be ambiguous between a collective interpretation, where a group of agents acts together on a single object, and a distributive interpretation, where individual members act separately on different objects. Previous studies have identified developmental differences: adults tend to prefer collective interpretations and produce more explicit distributive marking, while children sometimes favor distributive readings and struggle to use disambiguating linguistic cues. This study is the first to compare both interpretation preferences and production patterns across three age groups: Italian-speaking preschoolers, second graders, and adults. In a picture selection task, participants chose between collective and distributive pictures in response to unmarked, distributive, or collective sentences. In a production task, they described scenes depicting either collective or distributive actions. Results showed that all groups – including, surprisingly, preschoolers – accurately comprehended both distributive and collective markers and interpreted unmarked sentences as collective. However, in production, adults and second graders were more likely to explicitly mark distributive rather than collective interpretations, while preschoolers rarely used any disambiguating expressions. We argue that these findings reflect a developmental shift in pragmatic competence rather than in lexical knowledge, contributing new insights into the interface between semantics, pragmatics, and language development.
", "funding": [ { "award": { "acronym": "LeibnizDream", "id": "00k4n6c32::856421", "identifiers": [ { "identifier": "https://cordis.europa.eu/projects/856421", "scheme": "url" } ], "number": "856421", "program": "H2020-EU.1.1.", "title": { "en": "Realizing Leibniz\u2019s Dream: Child Languages as a Mirror of the Mind" } }, "funder": { "id": "00k4n6c32", "name": "European Commission" } } ], "languages": [ { "id": "eng", "title": { "en": "English" } } ], "publication_date": "2026-05-26", "publisher": "Zenodo", "resource_type": { "id": "dataset", "title": { "de": "Datensatz", "en": "Dataset" } }, "rights": [ { "description": { "en": "" }, "icon": "cc-by-nc-sa-icon", "id": "cc-by-nc-sa-4.0", "props": { "scheme": "spdx", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode" }, "title": { "en": "Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial Share Alike 4.0 International" } } ], "subjects": [ { "subject": "distributivity" }, { "subject": "comprehension" }, { "subject": "production" }, { "subject": "language development" }, { "subject": "semantics" }, { "subject": "pragmatics" } ], "title": "Supplementary material for the article \"Be Precise if You Must: Asymmetric Patterns in the Comprehension and Production of Distributivity across Development\"" }, "parent": { "access": { "owned_by": { "user": "285813" }, "settings": { "accept_conditions_text": null, "allow_guest_requests": false, "allow_user_requests": false, "secret_link_expiration": 0 } }, "communities": { "default": "9cf2a500-447b-48ba-88eb-494b80ef4593", "entries": [ { "access": { "member_policy": "open", "members_visibility": "public", "record_submission_policy": "open", "review_policy": "open", "visibility": "public" }, "children": { "allow": false }, "created": "2022-01-13T10:13:20.239909+00:00", "custom_fields": {}, "deletion_status": { "is_deleted": false, "status": "P" }, "id": "9cf2a500-447b-48ba-88eb-494b80ef4593", "links": {}, "metadata": { "curation_policy": "This community only accepts publications and data sets created within the LeibnizDream project by one or more team members or partners.
\r\n", "funding": [ { "award": { "id": "00k4n6c32::856421" }, "funder": { "id": "00k4n6c32" } } ], "page": "This community shares publications and data sets related to the ERC Synergy Project LeibnizDream, funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 856421).
\r\n\r\nThe project is hosted by the Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, ZAS Berlin (Germany), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (Germany) and Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca (Italy).
\r\n\r\nThe ERC-project LeibnizDream investigates the relationship between language and cognition. Our central hypothesis is that language radically compresses thought structures to sound or sign. Our initial evidence suggests that children are not able to compress conceptual representations as efficiently as adults - therefore, we predict that child languages are a better mirror of the human mind. To test our central hypothesis and specify how conceptual structure is compressed into language, we carry out a series of language acquisition studies on a global scale, targeting key aspects of child language.
\r\n\r\nThe LeibnizDream project was selected for funding by the European Research Council in the Synergy Grant 2019 call. The core research team of LeibnizDream is based at three host institutions: the Leibniz-Centre General Linguistics (ZAS), Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin (HU) and University of Milan-Bicocca (UniMiB). The three PIs are Artemis Alexiadou (HU), Maria Teresa Guasti (UniMiB), and Uli Sauerland (ZAS). The project launched on January 1st, 2021.
\r\n\r\nChildren around the globe acquire language and with it the human ability to communicate complex thoughts. This project develops a new linguistic theory to explain language and its acquisition. Our central hypothesis is that language radically compresses thought structures to sound or sign. While current theories assume a parallel between thought and language or meaning-preserving transformations, we assume that thought is mapped to language by only realizing some pieces of conceptual representations. Adult language is hyper-efficient at compressing information. For this reason, Leibniz and many others over the last 300 years have been unable to agree on the primitives of human thought.
\r\n\r\nWe predict that child languages are a better mirror of the human mind. Our initial evidence suggests that children are not able to compress conceptual representations as efficiently as adults. Sometimes children produce more material than adults, leading to so-called commission errors, which have never been systematically investigated. Furthermore, comprehension is easier for children when there is a one-to-one match between language and thought. To test our central hypothesis and specify how conceptual structure is compressed into language, we carry out a series of at least twelve targeted language acquisition studies on a global scale. We have recruited collaborators for more than 50 languages from 21 different language families, two sign languages and two creoles to carry out our studies. With this data, we can formulate a complete formal model of the semantic primitives, their combination into conceptual structures, the morphological compression mechanism, and the acquisition process within our model. To accomplish these goals, we rely on insights from formal semantics, generative syntax, distributed morphology, and several other linguistic frameworks. As part of our work, we also create the first open, global research collaboration to conduct language acquisition studies.
\r\n\r\nThe new architecture of grammar we develop with a hard-wired component (the Generator) and a learned layer (the Compressor) is similar to models in current computational research. We chose to investigate six areas of phenomena that are well studied in linguistic research and exhibit interesting variation across languages. The first two areas concern the internal structure of complex events, namely 1) the expression of causation and agency, and 2) the primitive components of change of state and motion events. The other four areas concern the internal structure of propositions: 3) the binary connectives, especially Boolean disjunction (or), 4) negative concepts such as exclusion (only), adjectival antonyms (e.g. short), and negation, 5) quantificational concepts including genericity and distributivity, and 6) dependencies most frequently analyzed as variable binding. Taken together the six areas amount to a large part of the core of linguistic theory. We simultaneously collect data on these areas and build precise formal models of the Generator and the Compressor that ultimately is implemented computationally.
\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Link to the LeibnizDream collection on Zenodo!
\r\n\r\nLink to the LeibnizDream project's website!
", "title": "LeibnizDream: Realizing Leibniz\u2019s Dream: Child Languages as a Mirror of the Mind" }, "parent": { "access": { "member_policy": "open", "members_visibility": "restricted", "record_submission_policy": "open", "review_policy": "closed", "visibility": "public" }, "children": { "allow": true }, "created": "2022-11-23T15:53:29.436323+00:00", "custom_fields": {}, "deletion_status": { "is_deleted": false, "status": "P" }, "id": "f0a8b890-f97a-4eb2-9eac-8b8a712d3a6c", "links": {}, "metadata": { "curation_policy": "The EU Open Research Repository serves as a repository for research outputs (data, software, posters, presentations, publications, etc) which have been funded under an EU research funding programme such as Horizon Europe, Euratom or earlier Framework Programmes.
\nThe community is managed by CERN on behalf of the European Commission.
\nZenodo’s general policies and Terms of Use apply to all content.
\nThe EU Open Research Repository accepts all digital research objects which is a research output stemming from one of EU’s research and innovation funding programmes. The funding programmes currently include:
\nHorizon Europe (including ERC, MSCA), earlier Framework Programmes (eg Horizon 2020) as well as Euratom.
\nIn line with the principle as open as possible, as closed as necessary both public and restricted content is accepted. See note on how Zenodo handles restricted content.
\nEU programme beneficiaries are eligible to submit content to the community. The community supports three types of content submissions:
\nSubmission via an EU Project Community (through user interface or programmatic APIs).
\nSubmission directly to the EU Open Research Repository.
\nAutomated harvesting from existing Zenodo content.
\nA representative of an EU project may request an EU Project Community and invite other project participants as members of the community. The project community is linked to one or more European Commission grants. All records in the project community are automatically integrated into the EU Open Research Repository immediately upon acceptance into the project community.
\nAny user may submit a record directly to the EU Open Research Repository. The submission will be moderated by Zenodo staff for compliance with the minimal required metadata requirements and its correctness.
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\nSubjects: Records SHOULD specify one or more fields of science from the European Science Vocabulary.
\nThese metadata requirements comes from the related open science requirements in Horizon Europe which are detailed in each project's grant agreement.
\nAll submissions undergo automated curation checks for compliance with the policy. Submissions through project communities are in addition reviewed by the project community. Submission directly to the EU Open Research Repository is in addiotn reviewed by Zenodo staff.
\nCommunity curators may at any point edit metadata of the records in the community without notice through human or automated processing. The curators may at their sole discretion remove records from the community that are deemed not to comply with the content and curation policy or which are deemed of insufficient quality.
\nThe content and curation policy is subject to change by the community owner at any time and without notice, other than through updating this page.
", "description": "Open repository for EU-funded research outputs from Horizon Europe, Euratom, and earlier Framework Programmes.", "funding": [ { "funder": { "id": "00k4n6c32" } } ], "organizations": [ { "id": "00k4n6c32" } ], "page": "The EU Open Research Repository is a Zenodo-community dedicated to fostering open science and enhancing the visibility and accessibility of research outputs funded by the European Union. The community is managed by CERN on behalf of the European Commission.
\nThe mission of the repository is to support the implementation of the EU's open science policy, providing a trusted and comprehensive space for researchers to share their research outputs such as data, software, reports, presentations, posters and more. The EU Open Research Repository simplifies the process of complying with open science requirements, ensuring that research outputs from Horizon Europe, Euratom, and earlier Framework Programmes are freely accessible, thereby accelerating scientific discovery and innovation.
\nThe EU Open Research Repository serves as a complementary platform to the Open Research Europe (ORE) publishing platform. Open Research Europe focuses on providing a publishing venue for peer-reviewed articles, ensuring that research meets rigorous academic standards. The EU Open Research Repository provides a space for all the other research outputs including data sets, software, posters, and presentations that are out of scope for ORE. This holistic approach enables researchers to not only publish their findings but also share the underlying data and materials that support their work, fostering transparency and reproducibility in the scientific process.
\nThe EU Open Research Repository is funded by the European Union under grant agreement no. 101256740 (HORIZON-ZEN Plus). For more information about the project see https://about.zenodo.org/projects/horizon-zen/.
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\nThe community is managed by CERN on behalf of the European Commission.
\nZenodo’s general policies and Terms of Use apply to all content.
\nThe EU Open Research Repository accepts all digital research objects which is a research output stemming from one of EU’s research and innovation funding programmes. The funding programmes currently include:
\nHorizon Europe (including ERC, MSCA), earlier Framework Programmes (eg Horizon 2020) as well as Euratom.
\nIn line with the principle as open as possible, as closed as necessary both public and restricted content is accepted. See note on how Zenodo handles restricted content.
\nEU programme beneficiaries are eligible to submit content to the community. The community supports three types of content submissions:
\nSubmission via an EU Project Community (through user interface or programmatic APIs).
\nSubmission directly to the EU Open Research Repository.
\nAutomated harvesting from existing Zenodo content.
\nA representative of an EU project may request an EU Project Community and invite other project participants as members of the community. The project community is linked to one or more European Commission grants. All records in the project community are automatically integrated into the EU Open Research Repository immediately upon acceptance into the project community.
\nAny user may submit a record directly to the EU Open Research Repository. The submission will be moderated by Zenodo staff for compliance with the minimal required metadata requirements and its correctness.
\nRecords found among Zenodo’s existing content will on a regular basis automatically be integrated if they are found to comply with the requirements. The submissions through this method are integrated into the EU Open Research Repository with delay in a fully automated way.
\nRecords in the EU Open Research Repository are required to comply with the following minimal metadata requirements:
\nVisibility: Both public and restricted (with or without embargo and/or access request)
\nResource types: All resource types.
\nLicenses: Public and embargoed records MUST specify a license. The chosen license SHOULD be compliant with the Horizon Europe open science requirements (see Open Science in Horizon Europe)
\nFunding information: Records MUST specify at least one grant from the European Commission.
\nCreators: Creators SHOULD be identified with a persistent identifier (e.g. ORCID, GND, …), and affiliations SHOULD be identified with a persistent identifier (e.g. ROR, ISNI, …)
\nSubjects: Records SHOULD specify one or more fields of science from the European Science Vocabulary.
\nThese metadata requirements comes from the related open science requirements in Horizon Europe which are detailed in each project's grant agreement.
\nAll submissions undergo automated curation checks for compliance with the policy. Submissions through project communities are in addition reviewed by the project community. Submission directly to the EU Open Research Repository is in addiotn reviewed by Zenodo staff.
\nCommunity curators may at any point edit metadata of the records in the community without notice through human or automated processing. The curators may at their sole discretion remove records from the community that are deemed not to comply with the content and curation policy or which are deemed of insufficient quality.
\nThe content and curation policy is subject to change by the community owner at any time and without notice, other than through updating this page.
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\nThe mission of the repository is to support the implementation of the EU's open science policy, providing a trusted and comprehensive space for researchers to share their research outputs such as data, software, reports, presentations, posters and more. The EU Open Research Repository simplifies the process of complying with open science requirements, ensuring that research outputs from Horizon Europe, Euratom, and earlier Framework Programmes are freely accessible, thereby accelerating scientific discovery and innovation.
\nThe EU Open Research Repository serves as a complementary platform to the Open Research Europe (ORE) publishing platform. Open Research Europe focuses on providing a publishing venue for peer-reviewed articles, ensuring that research meets rigorous academic standards. The EU Open Research Repository provides a space for all the other research outputs including data sets, software, posters, and presentations that are out of scope for ORE. This holistic approach enables researchers to not only publish their findings but also share the underlying data and materials that support their work, fostering transparency and reproducibility in the scientific process.
\nThe EU Open Research Repository is funded by the European Union under grant agreement no. 101256740 (HORIZON-ZEN Plus). For more information about the project see https://about.zenodo.org/projects/horizon-zen/.
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