therapy_class,example_agents,primary_circuit_node,engagement_type,expected_circuit_effect,support_type,draft_citations
Anti-TNF,"infliximab, adalimumab",Downstream inflammatory output (indirect IL23R branch),Indirect,Lowers cytokine amplification and tissue injury; limited upstream repair,Established efficacy; relapse after withdrawal common,"[87,88,113,114]"
Anti-IL12/23 p40,ustekinumab,IL23R axis (shared p40),Direct/partial,Reduces IL-23-driven amplifier state and promotes mucosal healing,Phase 3 efficacy,"[44,78]"
IL-23 p19,risankizumab,IL23R axis,Direct,Dampens Th17/ILC3 maintenance and chronic inflammatory loop,Phase 3 induction/maintenance efficacy,"[11,45]"
Integrin blockade,vedolizumab,Trafficking (not a core node),Indirect,Reduces leukocyte recruitment; does not directly restore epithelial core lesions,Clinical efficacy in subsets,[125]
JAK inhibition,"tofacitinib, upadacitinib",Multi-cytokine downstream signaling,Indirect,Broad cytokine signal dampening downstream of IL23/TNF,Class activity; agent- and indication-dependent,"[90,91,122]"