This repository contains the Pl@ntNet South Western Europe (SWE) crowdsourced dataset (V2), including species identification and user votes for observations made between 2017 and 2023 in the SWE flora.
\nIn total, the dataset contains 5,561,512 plant observations labeled by 765,981 users between January 2017 and October 2023. The users have proposed 9,132 species, while the AI system has provided (possibly low) probabilities covering 57,660 species in total. In addition, 98 experts were selected to obtain ground truth values for 21,656 observations.
\n\n
| Statistic | \nValue | \n
|---|---|
| Total observations | \n5,561,512 | \n
| Total users | \n765,981 | \n
| Total species (mentioned by AI or humans) | \n57,660 | \n
| Human proposed species | \n9,132 | \n
| Expert-validated observations | \n21,656 | \n
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The main difference with the current version Pl@ntNet-CrowdSWE-v2 and the original Pl@ntNet-CrowdSWE dataset is that mutli-image observations were removed.
Pl@ntNet-CrowdSWE-v2/\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 votes/\n\u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 ai_votes.json\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 ground_truth.json\n\u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 human_votes.json\n\u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 PN_valid_votes.json\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 ai_scores/\n\u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 ai_scores.json\n\u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 ai_scores_all.json\n\u2514\u2500\u2500 converters/\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 all_valid_id.json\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 authors.json\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 reverse_unified_classes.json\n \u2514\u2500\u2500 unified_classes.jsonvotesThe votes folder contains several types of votes: each task (identified by obsID) correspond to a plant picture for which a species is provided (identified by a class label from 0 to 57,659). The three kind of votes are as follows:
human_votes.json : The crowdsourced votes in this file includes over 5 million tasks with votes from 765,881 users. The data is structured as follows:{\n \"obsID\": {\n \"userID1\": \"vote\",\n \"userID2\": \"vote\",\n ...\n },\n ...\n}ground_truth.json: A partial ground truth created by 98 experts. Each obsID is associated with a class label if an expert voted for a species, or -1 otherwise.ai_votes.json: AI-generated votes (as of January 2025), where each key is also an obsID and the value is the predicted class.PN_valid_votes.json: the validated human labels obtained from the Pl@ntNet label aggregation strategy (extracted in August 2025). They are aggregated human labels, and consolidated using an iterative algorithm. To run the Pl@ntNet label aggregation strategy (available in the peerannot library), use the files in the aggregation folder.ai_Scoresai_scores_all.json: Softmax scores from the AI model (threshold: 0.001).ai_scores.json: Top-1 softmax scores from the AI model. This is the softmax score associated to the votes in ai_votes.json.convertersThe converters folder provides essential files for data processing:
all_valid_id.json: Contains valid observation IDs (the last part of the URL: https://identify.plantnet.org/fr/k-world-flora/observations/<id>).authors.json: Identifies the author of each task (obsID). If the author did not propose a species, the value is set to -1.unified_classes.json: Maps species names to unified class labels (e.g., {\"Quercus ilex L.\": \"1234\", \"Pinus halepensis Mill.\": \"5678\", ...}). This dictionary converts botanical names to numeric identifiers from 0 to 57,659.reverse_unified_classes.json: The inverse mapping that converts class labels back to species names (e.g., {\"1234\": \"Quercus ilex L.\", \"5678\": \"Pinus halepensis Mill.\", ...}). Use this to translate numeric predictions into readable species names.To run the Pl@ntNet label aggregation strategy described in the associated journal paper (https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.14486) and available in the peerannot library, several other pieces of information are needed.
\nauthors.txt file, where each row is the obsId and the value is the userID of the author. If the author did not propose any species, this identification is set to -1.ai_votes.json. Each species is associated with a number, including newly introduced species by the AI.ai_scores.json file, where each key is the obsID and each value is the probability given for the predicted class (i.e., the op-1 answer). For a more exhaustive score outputs, consider the ai_scores_all.json file.