Split run through the wood fibers, typically exhibiting large widths (often exceeding 2-4 mm) and considerable depth. They are mainly caused by overloading or torsional deformation of the structural members and have the most significant impact on the load-bearing capacity of wooden components.
Tearingcracks feature irregular trajectories, often appearing in oblique or twisted forms. They are usually associated with eccentric loading or local stress concentration and represent a typical damage pattern observed in wooden bridges under complex stress conditions.
Linearcracks propagate along the wood grain, with relatively small widths and shallow depths. They are commonly induced by natural shrinkage, variations in temperature and humidity, or long-term service stress, and are the most prevalent type of surface cracks in timber structures.
Shrinkagecracks are superficial cracks caused primarily by moisture-induced swelling and shrinking cycles. They are characterized by small scale and minimal depth, with widths generally less than 1 mm, and exert relatively limited influence on the load-bearing performance of the components.