This readme file was generated on 2025-11-25 by Charlotte Carp, Honor Stone, Lucy Henderson and Tegan Amelia Darcey Frampton.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Title of Dataset: Assessing the environmental impact of land abandonment and the sustainability of Mediterranean olive groves in Andratx, Mallorca under future climate scenarios. 

Author/Co-investigator Information
Name: Charlotte Carp
Institution: Durham University
Address: Department of Geography, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham, DJ1 3LE UK 
Email: charlotte.carp@durham.ac.uk

Author/Co-investigator Information
Name: Honor Stone
Institution: Durham University
Address: Department of Geography, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham, DJ1 3LE UK 
Email: honor.stone@durham.ac.uk

Author/Co-investigator Information
Name: Lucy Henderson
Institution: Durham University
Address: Department of Geography, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham, DJ1 3LE UK  
Email: lucy.henderson@durham.ac.uk

Author/Co-investigator Information
Name: Tegan Amelia Darcey Frampton 
Institution: Durham University
Address: Department of Geography, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham, DJ1 3LE UK  
Email: tegan.frampton@durham.ac.uk

Date of data collection: 2025-09-29   2025-09-30 

Geographic location of data collection: 
Managed (Site 1: 2025-09-29): 
39.59512 N 2.417218 E, Andratx, Mallorca, Spain.
Abandoned (Site 2: 2025-09-30): 
39.59701 N 2.409018 E, Sa Font De La Vila Catchment, Andratx, Mallorca, Spain. 

Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: No funding was used in collection or processing of this dataset.

SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION

Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. 

Links to publications that cite or use the data: None at present.

Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: None at present.

Links/relationships to ancillary data sets: None at present. 

Sources of secondary data:
Daily meteorological data from La Agencia Estatal de Meteorlogia (AEMET)
Vegetation characteristics of managed Mediterranean terraces from Brilli et al. (2018).
Baseline atmospheric CO2 values from Statista (2025). 
Future CO2 concentrations from SSP pathways (Meinshausen et al., 2020). European Climate Assessment and Dataset (2024). Daily data. 

Recommended citation for this dataset: Carp, C., Stone, H., Henderson, L., Frampton, T. A. D. (2025). Assessing the environmental impact of land abandonment and the sustainability of Mediterranean olive groves in Andratx, Mallorca under future climate scenarios. Zenodo. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.17816378.

DATA & FILE OVERVIEW 

File List:  

Coordinates_Abandoned.csv - GPS North and East coordinates for abandoned site.
pH_Raw_Abandoned.csv - field soil pH measurements at abandoned site.
Relative_Soil_Nutrients_Raw_Abandoned.csv - qualitative Nitrogen and Phosphorus from soil test kits at abandoned site.
Soil_Bulk_Density_Raw_Abandoned.csv - core bulk density measurements at abandoned site.
Soil_Moisture_Raw_Abandoned.csv - soil moisture at tape measure and at tree at abandoned site.
Soil_Texture_Fractions_Raw_Abandoned.csv - rock/sand/silt/clay fractions for abandoned site.
Tree_Height_Raw_Abandoned.csv - tree height measurements along transects at abandoned site.
Vegetation_Cover_Processed_Abandoned.txt - vegetation cover data derived from drone imagery and details on how it was processed for abandoned site.
Vegetation_Cover_Raw_Abandoned.csv - raw species and vegetation cover for abandoned site.
Coordinates_Managed.csv - GPS North and East coordinates for managed site.
pH_Raw_Managed.csv - field soil pH measurements at managed site.
Relative_Soil_Nutrients_Raw_Managed.csv - qualitative Nitrogen and Phosphorus from soil test kits at managed site.
Soil_Bulk_Density_Raw_Managed.csv - core bulk density measurements at managed site. 
Soil_Moisture_Raw_Managed.csv - soil moisture at tape measure and at tree at managed site.
Soil_Texture_Fractions_Raw_Managed.csv - rock/sand/silt/clay fractions at managed site. 
Tree_Height_Raw_Managed.csv - tree height measurements along transects at managed site.
Vegetation_Cover_Processed_Managed.txt - canopy data derived from drone imagery and details on how it was processed for managed site.

1. Field Data (Raw and Processed)
Abandoned
Coordinates_Abandoned.csv
pH_Raw_Abandoned.csv
Relative_Soil_Nutrients_Raw_Abandoned.csv
Soil_Bulk_Density_Raw_Abandoned.csv
Soil_Moisture_Raw_Abandoned.csv
Soil_Texture_Fractions_Raw_Abandoned.csv
Tree_Height_Raw_Abandoned.csv
Vegetation_Cover_Processed_Abandoned.txt
Vegetation_Cover_Raw_Abandoned.csv
Managed
Coordinates_Managed.csv
pH_Raw_Managed.csv
Relative_Soil_Nutrients_Raw_Managed.csv
Soil_Bulk_Density_Raw_Managed.csv
Soil_Moisture_Raw_Managed.csv
Soil_Texture_Fractions_Raw_Managed.csv
Tree_Height_Raw_Managed.csv
Vegetation_Cover_Processed_Managed.txt
2. Secondary Data
Weather Files
Observed
andratx_climate1.wth
format_aemet_met_station_data_for_DAYCENT.R
RR_STAID026832.txt
TN_STAID026832.txt
TX_STAID026832.txt
Projections
Data
ILLES_BALEARS_MALLORCA_Inputs
...

ILLES_BALEARS_Mallorca_Inputs = empty folder, included to demonstrate the correct file setup needed for the process_all_data.R script to run. The data downloads for this folder (48 files with downloaded precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature time series for models EC-Earth3-Veg, MIROC6, MPI-ESM1-2-HR, and MRI-ESM2-0 from 2015 to 2100) can be accessed from https://archivo-proyecciones-climaticas.aemet.es/

Outputs
ssp126EarthVeg3.wth
ssp126MIROC6.wth
ssp126MPI.wth
ssp126MRI.wth
ssp245EarthVeg3.wth
ssp245MIROC6.wth
ssp245MPI.wth
ssp245MRI.wth
ssp370EarthVeg3.wth
ssp370MIROC6.wth
ssp370MPI.wth
ssp370MRI.wth
ssp585EarthVeg3.wth
ssp585MIROC6.wth
ssp585MPI.wth
ssp585MRI.wth
process_all_data.R	
CO2ppm Baseline And Future.txt
Fertiliser Schedule.txt
Irrigation Schedule.txt
3. Model, Input, and Output Files
1. Spin-up
DDcent_v16_MED_ENV
andratx.100
andratx.wth
base.sch
base1145.bin
bio.out
cflows.out
co2.out
crop.100
cult.100
daily.out
dc_sip.csv
DDCent_list100_vDec2016.exe
DDcent_vDec2016.exe
deadc.out
dels.out
dN2lyr.out
dN2Olyr.out
fert.100
fire.100
fix.100
graz.100
harv.100
harvest.csv
herm.100
irri.100
livec.out
nflux.out
omad.100
outfiles.in
outvars.txt
resp.out
sitepar.in
soilc.out
soiln.out
soils.in
soiltavg.out
soiltmax.out
soiltmin.out
stemp_dx.out
summary.out
sysc.out
tgmonth.out
tree.100
trem.100
vswc.out
watrbal.out
wflux.out
wfps.out
year_cflows.out
year_summary.out
2. Managed Modern Baseline
DDcent_v16_MED_ENV
base1145.bin
base1455.bin
(otherwise same as 1. Spin-up, DDcent_v16_MED_ENV)
3. Managed Project
DDcent_v16_MED_ENV
base1455.bin
base1503.bin
(otherwise same as 1. Spin-up, DDcent_v16_MED_ENV)
4. Abandoned Modern Baseline
DDcent_v16_MED_ENV
base1145.bin
base1610.bin
(otherwise same as 1. Spin-up, DDcent_v16_MED_ENV)
5. Abandoned Project
DDcent_v16_MED_ENV
base1610.bin
base1633.bin
(otherwise same as 1. Spin-up, DDcent_v16_MED_ENV)
Future CO2ppm Scenarios (fix.100)
fix_ssp126.100
fix_ssp245.100
fix_ssp370.100
fix_ssp585.100

METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: 

A random systematic sampling strategy was employed using nine 30 metre transects at both the managed and abandoned sites. Samples were taken every 10 metres along each transect to capture representative spatial variations in soil and vegetation characteristics between sites.
At each point we recorded:
•	GPS location.
•	Soil samples at each transect for texture fractions, bulk density and nutrients testing.
•	Soil pH.
•	Soil moisture readings.
•	Percentage of vegetation cover by species for Site 2 (abandoned).
•	Tree height (m) if a tree occurred along the transect. 

Drone imagery was analysed in ArcGIS Pro 3.5 to derive: 
-	Canopy cover for Site 1 (managed).
-	Bare ground/rock cover for Site 2 (abandoned).
-	Total site areas.

Methods for processing the data: 

Soil samples were dried overnight and then weighed. The soil sample cylinder used for collection has a radius of 2.5 cm and height of 5cm, with a volume of 98.17 cm2. To calculate the bulk density, we used the following equation: Bulk density = dry mass/ volume. 
Soil texture samples were sieved and split into fractions of coarser than sand (Rock), sand (Sand), and finer than sand (50% of which was assumed to be Silt and 50% Clay). These fractions were then weighed. 

Relative soil nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) were assessed using a qualitative soil nutrient kit.

Drone-derived vegetation and ground cover metrics were extracted in ArcGIS Pro. Details of processing can be found in VegetationCoverProcessedManaged.txt and VegetationCoverProcessedAbandoned.txt files.

Processing to convert primary and secondary data to input files in DAYCENT version 16:
•	Tree.100
o	Tree parameters were changed to more accurately simulate olive trees using the Brilli et al. 2018 supplementary information for Mediterranean olive grove parameters. 
•	Fert.100
o	Fertiliser parameters were changed in fert.100 using the details in Fertiliser Schedule.txt. 
•	Irri.100 
o	Irrigation parameters were changed in irri.100 using the details in Irrigation Schedule.txt. 
•	Site.100
o	Site parameters were changed in Site.100 using mean coordinate information from Coordinates_Abandoned.csv and Coordinates_Managed.csv. Mean soil fraction information was added from Soil_Texture_Fractions_Raw_Abandoned.csv and Soil_Texture_Fractions_Raw_Managed.csv. Mean pH information was added from pH_Raw_Abandoned.csv and pH_Raw_Managed.csv.
•	Fix.100 
o	Initial (2025) and final (2100) CO2 ppm from “CO2 ppm Baseline And Future” used for CO2PPM(1) and CO2PPM(2).
•	Soils.in
o	Soil parameters were changed in soils.in using information on mean bulk density from Soil_Bulk_Density_Raw_Abandoned.csv and Soil_Bulk_Density_Raw_Managed.csv. Sand and silt fractions were changed in soils.in using information from Soil_Texture_Fractions_Raw_Abandoned.csv and Soil_Texture_Fractions_Raw_Managed.csv. pH means were added using information from pH_Raw_Abandoned.csv and pH_Raw_Managed.csv. 
-	Weather files (.wth)
o	Downloaded weather data was processed using the relevant R scripts to generate .wth files. See “Observed” and “Projections” folders within “2. Secondary Data”. 
•	Base.sch 
o	The schedule file was altered for each model set-up using the above listed files, along with information from “CO2ppm Baseline And Future.txt”, “Fertiliser Schedule.txt” and “Irrigation Schedule.txt”. 

Instrument- or software-specific information needed to interpret the data:

ArcGIS Pro 3.5 was used for drone imagery to determine vegetation cover for Sites 1 and 2.
R Studios Version 4.40 used to run R scripts to process downloaded weather data into correct DAYCENT format.                               For ‘format_aemet_met_station_data_for_DAYCENT.R’, used libraries dplyr, readr, lubridate, tidyr, and zoo.
For ‘process_all_data.R’, used libraries data.table and lubridate.
Our model runs were conducted using DAYCENT version 16. 

Environmental/experimental conditions: 

Sampling at Site 1 on 29-09-2025 occurred under dry conditions. However, overnight rain meant wetter conditions at Site 2 on 2025-09-30. This influenced soil moisture measurements, meaning soil moisture cannot be directly compared between sites.

Describe any quality-assurance procedures performed on the data: 

All raw data was checked for errors.
Every soil sample was placed in separate bags and labelled to avoid cross contaminations. 
Some nutrients tests were redone for accuracy and equipment was cleaned with distilled water between each test.
A GPS coordinate was recorded at each sample point to track our sampling.
Soil moisture measurements were duplicated at each transect point to test reliability and accurate readings.

People involved with sample collection, processing, analysis and/or submission: 

Charlotte Carp, Honor Stone, Lucy Henderson and Tegan Amelia Darcey Frampton.  

Assistance from Durham University Department of Geography, University of the Balearics, and Sr Andres Liron (Manager of the Managed Olive Grove Site). 

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Coordinates_Abandoned.csv]
Number of variables: 3
Number of cases/rows: 37
Variable List: 
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect)
GPS North (°)
GPS East (°)

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [pH_Raw_Abandoned.csv]
Number of variables: 2
Number of cases/rows: 37
Variable List: 
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect)
pH
Missing data codes: N/A, data was Not applicable

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Relative_Soil_Nutrients_Raw_Abandoned.csv] 
Number of variables: 3
Number of cases/rows: 37
Variable List: 
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect)
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Missing data codes: N/A, data was Not applicable

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Soil_Bulk_Density_Raw_Abandoned.csv]
Number of variables: 4
Number of cases/rows: 37
Variable List: 
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect)
Total Mass (g)
Volume (cm3)
Bulk Density (g/cm3)

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Soil_Moisture_Raw_Abandoned.csv]
Number of variables: 2
Number of cases/rows: 37	
Variable List: 
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect)
Soil Moisture at Tape Measure (%)

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Soil_Texture_Fractions_Raw_Abandoned.csv]
Number of variables: 5
Number of cases/rows: 37
Variable List: 
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect)
Rock (g)
Sand (g)
Silt (g)
Clay (g)

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Tree_Height_Raw_Abandoned.csv]
Number of variables: 3
Number of cases/rows: 37
Variable List:
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect
Tree Height (m)
Missing data codes: N/A, data was Not applicable 

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Vegetation_Cover_Processed_Abandoned.txt] 
Number of variables: N/A
Number of cases/rows: N/A
Variable List: N/A 

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Vegetation_Cover_Raw_Abandoned.csv]
Number of variables: 8
Number of cases/rows: 63
Variable List: 
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect)
AP (Aleppo Pine, %)
SB (Peloponnese Broom/ Genista Species, %)
U1 (White Leaf Rock Rose, %)
U2 (Mediterranean Heath, %)
U3 (White Wormwood, %)
Rosemary (%)
Grass (%)
Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: 
AP = Aleppo Pine
SB = Peloponnese Broom/Genista Species
U1 = White Leaf Rock Rose
U2 = Mediterranean Heath
U3 = White Wormwood 

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Coordinates_Managed.csv]
Number of variables: 3
Number of cases/rows: 37
Variable List:
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect)
GPS North (°)
GPS East (°)

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [pH_Raw_Managed.csv]
Number of variables: 2
Number of cases/rows: 37
Variable List: 
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect)
pH
Missing data codes: N/A, data was Not applicable

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Relative_Soil_Nutrients_Raw_Managed.csv]
Number of variables: 3
Number of cases/rows: 37
Variable List: 
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect)
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Missing data codes: N/A, data was Not applicable 

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Soil_Bulk_Density_Raw_Managed.csv]
Number of variables: 4
Number of cases/rows: 37
Variable List: 
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect)
Total Mass (g)
Volume (cm3)
Bulk Density (g/cm3)

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Soil_Moisture_Raw_Managed.csv]
Number of variables: 3
Number of cases/rows: 37
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect)
Soil Moisture at Tape Measure (%)
Soil Moisture at Tree (%)
Missing data codes: N/A, data was Not applicable 

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Soil_Texture_Fractions_Raw_Managed.csv]
Number of variables: 5
Number of cases/rows: 37
Variable List: 
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect)
Rock (g)
Sand (g)
Silt (g)
Clay (g)

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Tree_Height_Raw_Managed.csv]
Number of variables: 3
Number of cases/rows: 37
Variable List: 
Transect, Point (Transect number and 10m points along transect)
Tree Height (m)
Missing data codes: N/A, data was Not applicable

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Vegetation_Cover_Processed_Managed.txt]
Number of variables: N/A
Number of cases/rows: N/A
Variable List: N/A 

DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Modelling files]
Input files: .in and .100
Schedule/event files: .sch
Output files: .out 

References: 

Brilli, L., Lugato, E., Moriondo, M., Gioli, B., Toscano, P., Zaldei, A., Leolini, L., Cantini, C., Caruso, G., Gucci, R., Merante, P., Dibari, C., Ferrise, R., Bindi, M. and Costafreda-Aumedes, S. (2018). Carbon sequestration capacity and productivity responses of Mediterranean olive groves under future climates and management options. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 24(3), pp.467–491. doi: 10.1007/s11027-018-9824-x.

European Climate Assessment and Dataset (2024). Daily data. [online] Ecad.eu. Available at: https://www.ecad.eu/dailydata/ 

Meinshausen, M., Nicholls, Z. R. J., Lewis, J., Gidden, M. J., Vogel, E., Freund, M., Beyerle, U., Gessner, C., Nauels, A., Bauer, N., Canadell, J. G., Daniel, J. S., John, A., Krummel, P. B., Luderer, G., Meinshausen, N., Montzka, S. A., Rayner, P. J., Reimann, S., Smith, S. J., van den Berg, M., Velders, G. J. M., Vollmer, M. K. & Wang, R. H. J. (2020) The shared socio-economic (SSP) greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions to 2500, Geoscientific Model Development, 13(8):3571- 3605. doi: 10.5194/gmd-13-3571-2020 

Proyeccios climaticas Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (2025). Available at: https://archivo-proyecciones-climaticas.aemet.es/ (Accessed: 4 December 2025) 

Statista (2025) Average monthly carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere worldwide from 1990 to 2025, 2025, Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/ 1091999/atmospheric-concentration-of-co2-historic/ (accessed 2 December 2025)