Genetic Engineering for Drought Tolerance In Crop Plants: Advances and Strategies

Drought stress represents one of the most critical abiotic factors limiting global crop productivity by disrupting physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes in plants. This review provides a comprehensive overview of advancements in genetic engineering strategies aimed at enhancing drought tolerance in crop plants. Genetic approaches, including the introduction of drought-responsive genes, overexpression of native stress-regulatory transcription factors, and modification of root architecture, have significantly improved plant resilience. The manipulation of Osmo protectants such as proline and trehalose helps maintain cellular osmotic balance and stabilize proteins under water-deficit conditions. Transcription factors like DREB, MYB, bZIP, NAC, and WRKY families play pivotal roles in orchestrating drought-responsive gene networks through ABA-dependent and independent pathways. Additionally, targeted modifications of root traits, including deep rooting and enhanced root hair development, contribute to improved water uptake and drought avoidance. Collectively, these genetic interventions represent powerful tools for developing resilient crops capable of sustaining yield stability under water-limited environments. Continued research integrating molecular biology, genome editing, and systems-based breeding holds promise for improving drought adaptability and safeguarding global food security in the face of climate change.