The CHETNA–Power Plants dataset provides a unit-level, daily record of electricity generation and associated CO\u2082 emissions for India’s power sector covering the period 2018–2025. The dataset integrates a harmonized plant–unit inventory with daily power generation records and unit-year-specific emission intensity estimates, enabling consistent tracking of power-sector activity and emissions at high spatial and temporal resolution.
\nThe dataset covers all major power-generation technologies in India, including coal-fired thermal power plants, gas–diesel units, hydropower, and nuclear power. For each generating unit, the inventory component provides standardized identifiers, geographic location, administrative attributes, installed and monitored capacity, fuel type, generation technology, commissioning and retirement information, and annual performance indicators. Daily records report gross and net electricity generation, outage indicators, and estimated CO\u2082 emissions, with explicit flags to distinguish reported values from gap-filled, rescaled, or constrained estimates.
\nCO\u2082 emissions are estimated by linking harmonized daily electricity generation with unit-year-specific emission intensity, allowing the dataset to capture heterogeneity in operational performance across plants and units rather than relying on fuel-based temporal downscaling or uniform emission factors. Uncertainty bounds are provided for emission intensity and daily emissions to document model-related uncertainty and data-processing effects. All data processing steps, including plant–unit matching, gap filling, and consistency constraints, are transparently documented.
\nThe CHETNA–Power Plants dataset is intended to support high-resolution emission monitoring, model evaluation, efficiency benchmarking, and system-level analyses of power-sector emissions and operational dynamics in India. A detailed description of all dataset attributes, variables, units, and flags is provided in the table below.
\n\n
| \n Variable name \n | \n\n Description \n | \n\n Unit \n | \n
| \n zone_name \n | \n\n Power grid zone of the plant \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n type \n | \n\n Plant type (e.g. THER, THER (GT), DG) \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n state_id \n | \n\n Indian state or union territory \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n fiscal_year \n | \n\n Fiscal year of record \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n plant_name \n | \n\n Standardized plant name \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n unit \n | \n\n Unit identifier within the plant \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n possible_names \n | \n\n Alternative plant names used across datasets \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n latitude \n | \n\n Latitude of the plant \n | \n\n degrees \n | \n
| \n longitude \n | \n\n Longitude of the plant \n | \n\n degrees \n | \n
| \n unit_status \n | \n\n Operational status of the unit \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n start_year \n | \n\n Year of commissioning \n | \n\n year \n | \n
| \n retired_year \n | \n\n Year of retirement (if applicable) \n | \n\n year \n | \n
| \n fuel_gem \n | \n\n Primary fuel category (GEM classification) \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n technology \n | \n\n Generation technology (e.g. subcritical, combined cycle) \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n fuel1 \n | \n\n Primary fuel type \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n fuel2 \n | \n\n Secondary fuel type (if applicable) \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n installed_capacity_mw \n | \n\n Installed capacity \n | \n\n MW \n | \n
| \n monitored_capacity_mw \n | \n\n Capacity covered by operational records \n | \n\n MW \n | \n
| \n net_generation_mu \n | \n\n Annual net electricity generation \n | \n\n MU (GWh) \n | \n
| \n fuel_1_consumption_if_coal_only_national_coal \n | \n\n Annual fuel-1 consumption (domestic coal) \n | \n\n t \n | \n
| \n fuel_1_consumption_only_for_imported_coal \n | \n\n Annual fuel-1 consumption (imported coal) \n | \n\n t \n | \n
| \n fuel_2_consumption \n | \n\n Annual fuel-2 consumption \n | \n\n t \n | \n
| \n gcvkcal_kg_fuel_1_if_coal_only_national_coal \n | \n\n GCV of domestic coal \n | \n\n kcal kg\u207b¹ \n | \n
| \n gcvkcal_kg_fuel_1_only_for_imported_coal \n | \n\n GCV of imported coal \n | \n\n kcal kg\u207b¹ \n | \n
| \n gcvkcal_kg_fuel_2 \n | \n\n GCV of secondary fuel \n | \n\n kcal kg\u207b¹ \n | \n
| \n co2ton_fuel_1 \n | \n\n CO\u2082 emissions from fuel 1 \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 \n | \n
| \n co2ton_fuel_2 \n | \n\n CO\u2082 emissions from fuel 2 \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 \n | \n
| \n co2_fuel2_pct \n | \n\n Share of fuel-2 in total CO\u2082 emissions \n | \n\n % \n | \n
| \n total_co2ton \n | \n\n Total annual CO\u2082 emissions \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 \n | \n
| \n emission_factor_ton_mwh \n | \n\n CO\u2082 emission intensity \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 MWh\u207b¹ \n | \n
| \n auxilary_cons_pct_cal \n | \n\n Auxiliary consumption rate \n | \n\n % \n | \n
| \n is_emission_factor_predicted \n | \n\n Flag indicating predicted emission factor \n | \n\n 0/1 \n | \n
| \n daily_agg_gross_GWh \n | \n\n Aggregated daily gross generation \n | \n\n GWh \n | \n
| \n lower_95_prediction_emission_factor_ton_mwh \n | \n\n Lower 95 % bound of the emission factor from the ML model \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 MWh\u207b¹ \n | \n
| \n upper_95_prediction_emission_factor_ton_mwh \n | \n\n Upper 95 % bound of the emission factor from the ML model \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 MWh\u207b¹ \n | \n
| \n emission_factor_ton_mwh_knn_q05 \n | \n\n 5th percentile bound from scenario analysis with KNN \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 MWh\u207b¹ \n | \n
| \n emission_factor_ton_mwh_knn_q25 \n | \n\n 25th percentile bound from scenario analysis with KNN \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 MWh\u207b¹ \n | \n
| \n emission_factor_ton_mwh_knn_q75 \n | \n\n 75th percentile bound from scenario analysis with KNN \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 MWh\u207b¹ \n | \n
| \n emission_factor_ton_mwh_knn_q95 \n | \n\n 95th percentile bound from scenario analysis with KNN \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 MWh\u207b¹ \n | \n
| \n emission_factor_ton_mwh_knn_mean \n | \n\n Mean emission factor from scenario analysis with KNN \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 MWh\u207b¹ \n | \n
\n
| \n Variable name \n | \n\n Description \n | \n\n Unit \n | \n
| \n state \n | \n\n Indian state or union territory \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n date \n | \n\n Calendar date \n | \n\n YYYY-MM-DD \n | \n
| \n plant_name \n | \n\n Standardized plant name \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n unit \n | \n\n Unit identifier \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n type \n | \n\n Plant type \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n fiscal_year \n | \n\n Fiscal year \n | \n\n – \n | \n
| \n actual_GWh \n | \n\n Reported gross electricity generation \n | \n\n GWh \n | \n
| \n net_generation \n | \n\n Net electricity generation \n | \n\n GWh \n | \n
| \n outage_flag \n | \n\n Indicator of unit outage \n | \n\n 0/1 \n | \n
| \n emissions_tons \n | \n\n Estimated daily CO\u2082 emissions \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 \n | \n
| \n prediction_flag \n | \n\n Flag indicating predicted daily emissions \n | \n\n P - gap filled \nS - rescaled \nC - constrained with daily sum \n | \n
| \n emissions_tons_lower_95 \n | \n\n Lower 95 % bound of daily CO\u2082 emissions \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 \n | \n
| \n emissions_tons_upper_95 \n | \n\n Upper 95 % bound of daily CO\u2082 emissions \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 \n | \n
| \n emissions_tons_knn_q05 \n | \n\n 5th percentile (KNN) \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 \n | \n
| \n emissions_tons_knn_q95 \n | \n\n 95th percentile (KNN) \n | \n\n t CO\u2082 \n | \n
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