Circular economy for water education: Job market expectations and higher educational offerings in Finland

The transition to a circular economy (CE) is crucial for sustainability, particularly in the water and environment sectors. This study investigates the alignment between CE competencies required by the job market and those provided in higher education curricula in Finland using a mixed methods approach. The stakeholders survey revealed that CE competencies, such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and knowledge of water and environmental services, are highly valued by the market. It also revealed that graduates lack proficiency in areas like economic aspects and best available technologies. In addition, the analysis of master's-level course offering on CE identified significant gaps in specific thematic areas, such as water education, and CE competencies. While general CE principles and communication skills were well covered, knowledge of best available technologies and economic principles, among others, were insufficiently addressed. These findings highlight the need for stronger CE curriculum integration to better prepare graduates for evolving market demands. By implementing holistic CE courses that blend interdisciplinarity with discipline-specific needs, higher education institutions can equip graduates with the necessary skills to contribute effectively to the CE transition.