Impact_NN1 on_II Entrepreneurship_NP1 towards_II Economic_JJ Performance_NN1 
in_II Malaysia_NP1 Ahmad_NP1 Ghazali_NP1 Ismail1_FO ,_, Abdul_NP1 Kadir_NP1 
Rosline2_FO ,_, Mohammad_NP1 Firdaus_NP1 Mohamad3_FO 1Faculty_FO of_IO 
Business_NN1 &; Management_NN1 ,_, Universiti_NP1 Teknologi_NP1 MARA_NP1 ,_, 
Sabah_NP1 ,_, Malaysia_NP1 ,_, ahmad2355@sabah.uitm.edu.my_FO 2Faculty_FO 
of_IO Administrative_JJ Science_NN1 &; Policy_NN1 Studies_NN2 ,_, 
Universiti_NP1 Teknologi_NP1 MARA_NP1 ,_, Sabah_NP1 ,_, Malaysia_NP1 ,_, 
akrosline@sabah.uitm.edu.my_FO 3Faculty_FO of_IO Business_NN1 &; 
Management_NN1 ,_, Universiti_NP1 Teknologi_NP1 MARA_NP1 ,_, Sabah_NP1 ,_, 
Malaysia_NP1 ,_, moham2373@sabah.uitm.edu.my_FO ABSTRACT_JJ 
Entrepreneurship_NN1 has_VHZ emerged_VVN as_II an_AT1 important_JJ element_NN1 
in_II the_AT organization_NN1 of_IO economies_NN2 ._. 
The_AT contribution_NN1 of_IO entrepreneurship_NN1 towards_II economic_JJ 
growth_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN discussed_VVN by_II a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO 
studies_NN2 ._. 
Therefore_RR ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO determine_VVI the_AT 
relationship_NN1 between_II entrepreneurship_NN1 and_CC economic_JJ growth_NN1 
in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO Malaysia_NP1 ,_, by_II using_VVG 
self-employment_JJ to_TO explain_VVI entrepreneurship_NN1 while_CS GDP_NN1 
is_VBZ applied_VVN to_TO explain_VVI economic_JJ growth_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 study_NN1 observed_VVD data_NN from_II the_AT year_NNT1 1991_MC to_II 
2016_MC ._. 
This_DD1 study_NN1 used_VVD empirical_JJ tests_NN2 of_IO Johannsen_NP1 
Cointegration_NN1 to_TO achieve_VVI the_AT objectives_NN2 ._. 
The_AT outcomes_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 long_JJ run_NN1 
cointegration_NN1 among_II variables_NN2 ._. 
Additionally_RR ,_, when_CS applying_VVG Granger_NN1 Causality_NN1 test_NN1 
,_, the_AT study_NN1 found_VVD that_CST there_EX is_VBZ unidirectional_JJ 
causality_NN1 from_II economic_JJ growth_NN1 towards_II entrepreneurship_NN1 
._. 
Key_JJ Words_NN2 :_: entrepreneurship_NN1 ,_, economic_JJ growth_NN1 ,_, 
Johannsen_NP1 ,_, causality_NN1 1_MC1 ._. 
INTRODUCTION_NN1 The_AT entrepreneur_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 elusive_JJ 
character_NN1 in_II economic_JJ theory_NN1 due_II21 to_II22 the_AT 
difficulty_NN1 in_II providing_VVG an_AT1 exact_JJ explanation_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 appears_VVZ impossible_JJ to_TO produce_VVI a_AT1 single_JJ 
definition_NN1 of_IO entrepreneurship_NN1 and_CC most_RGT theoretical_JJ 
approaches_NN2 yield_VV0 operational_JJ difficulties_NN2 ._. 
By_II the_AT same_DA token_NN1 ,_, most_RGT operational_JJ definitions_NN2 
are_VBR incomplete_JJ and_CC cover_VV0 only_RR single_JJ parts_NN2 of_IO 
the_AT concept_NN1 ._. 
According_II21 to_II22 Wennekers_NP1 and_CC Thurik_NP1 (_( 1999_MC )_) ,_, 
entrepreneurship_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 ability_NN1 and_CC willingness_NN1 of_IO 
individuals_NN2 ,_, on_II their_APPGE own_DA ,_, in_II teams_NN2 ,_, within_RL 
and_CC outside_JJ existing_JJ organizations_NN2 ,_, to_TO perceive_VVI and_CC 
create_VVI new_JJ economic_JJ opportunities_NN2 (_( new_JJ products_NN2 ,_, 
new_JJ production_NN1 methods_NN2 ,_, new_JJ organizational_JJ schemes_NN2 ,_, 
and_CC new_JJ product-market_JJ combinations_NN2 )_) and_CC to_TO 
introduce_VVI their_APPGE ideas_NN2 in_II the_AT market_NN1 ,_, in_II the_AT 
face_NN1 of_IO uncertainty_NN1 and_CC other_JJ obstacles_NN2 ,_, by_II 
making_VVG decisions_NN2 on_II location_NN1 ,_, form_VV0 ,_, and_CC the_AT 
use_NN1 of_IO resources_NN2 and_CC institutions_NN2 ._. 
According_II21 to_II22 Omoruyi_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
(_( 2017_MC )_) ,_, entrepreneurship_NN1 is_VBZ generally_RR described_VVN 
as_II the_AT ability_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 individual_JJ or_CC a_AT1 group_NN1 
of_IO individuals_NN2 to_TO create_VVI or_CC discover_VVI an_AT1 
opportunity_NN1 and_CC utilize_VV0 it_PPH1 to_II the_AT benefit_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT society_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ ,_, in_II turn_NN1 ,_, will_VM bring_VVI 
success_NN1 to_II the_AT innovators_NN2 and_CC their_APPGE organization_NN1 
._. 
For_IF the_AT past_JJ decades_NNT2 ,_, numerous_JJ nations_NN2 in_II 
developed_JJ and_CC developing_JJ nations_NN2 have_VH0 moved_VVN their_APPGE 
policies_NN2 from_II being_VBG directed_VVN towards_II a_AT1 managed_JJ 
economy_NN1 to_II an_AT1 entrepreneurial_JJ economy_NN1 ._. 
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, entrepreneurship_NN1 largely_RR contributes_VVZ 
to_II proper_JJ utilization_NN1 of_IO resources_NN2 ,_, the_AT 
establishment_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 developed_JJ self-sufficient_JJ society_NN1 ,_, 
and_CC creation_NN1 of_IO employment_NN1 opportunities_NN2 ._. 
Eventually_RR ,_, entrepreneurship_NN1 has_VHZ emerged_VVN as_II an_AT1 
important_JJ element_NN1 in_II the_AT organization_NN1 of_IO economies_NN2 ._. 
This_DD1 emergence_NN1 did_VDD not_XX occur_VVI simultaneously_RR in_II all_DB 
countries_NN2 ._. 
Differences_NN2 in_II growth_NN1 rates_NN2 are_VBR often_RR attributed_VVN 
to_II differences_NN2 in_II the_AT speed_NN1 with_IW which_DDQ countries_NN2 
embrace_VV0 entrepreneurial_JJ energy_NN1 ._. 
According_II21 to_II22 Lucas_NP1 (_( 1978_MC )_) ,_, entrepreneurship_NN1 
has_VHZ been_VBN modelled_VVN as_II an_AT1 occupational_JJ choice_NN1 
between_II self-employment_NN1 and_CC wage-employment_NN1 ._. 
The_AT statement_NN1 was_VBDZ later_RRR approved_VVN by_II Evans_NP1 and_CC 
Jovanovic_NN1 (_( 1989_MC )_) and_CC Murphy_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
(_( 1991_MC )_) in_II their_APPGE studies_NN2 ._. 
Therefore_RR ,_, someone_PN1 will_VM become_VVI an_AT1 entrepreneur_NN1 if_CS 
profits_NN2 and_CC the_AT non-pecuniary_JJ benefits_NN2 from_II 
self-employment_NN1 exceed_VV0 wage_NN1 income_NN1 plus_II additional_JJ 
benefits_NN2 from_II being_VBG in_II wage_NN1 employment_NN1 ._. 
Today_RT ,_, emerging_VVG countries_NN2 are_VBR also_RR starting_VVG to_TO 
direct_VVI their_APPGE policies_NN2 towards_II encouraging_JJ 
entrepreneurship_NN1 ._. 
Moreover_RR ,_, international_JJ ,_, regional_JJ and_CC local_JJ media_NN 
have_VH0 also_RR focused_VVN on_II entrepreneurship_NN1 as_II a_AT1 
vehicle_NN1 for_IF growth_NN1 ._. 
1.1_MC Entrepreneurship-Growth_NP1 in_II Malaysia_NP1 Malaysia_NP1 is_VBZ 
a_AT1 fast-growing_JJ state_NN1 located_VVN in_II Southeast_ND1 Asia_NP1 ._. 
The_AT total_JJ area_NN1 is_VBZ 329,847_MC square_JJ kilometers_NNU2 which_DDQ 
consist_VV0 of_IO the_AT Peninsular_JJ Malaysia_NP1 ,_, Sabah_NP1 ,_, and_CC 
Sarawak_NP1 ._. 
Generally_RR ,_, Malaysias_NP2 GDP_NN1 grew_VVD steadily_RR over_II the_AT 
past_JJ decades_NNT2 ._. 
However_RR ,_, growth_NN1 was_VBDZ sluggish_JJ due_II21 to_II22 some_DD 
events_NN2 ._. 
In_II 1998_MC ,_, Malaysia_NP1 was_VBDZ severely_RR affected_VVN due_II21 
to_II22 the_AT Asian_JJ Financial_JJ Crisis_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II 2001_MC ,_, 
once_RR21 again_RR22 Malaysia_NP1 was_VBDZ facing_VVG challenges_NN2 due_JJ 
to_TO slow_VVI growth_NN1 of_IO export_NN1 activities_NN2 ._. 
Besides_II that_DD1 ,_, Malaysia_NP1 was_VBDZ also_RR adversely_RR 
affected_VVN by_II the_AT slowdown_NN1 of_IO world_NN1 economic_JJ 
activities_NN2 in_II the_AT last_MD few_DA2 years_NNT2 ._. 
In_II October_NPM1 2010_MC ,_, Malaysia_NP1 has_VHZ launched_VVN Economic_JJ 
Transformation_NN1 Programme_NN1 (_( ETP_NP1 )_) to_TO enhance_VVI the_AT 
economy_NN1 ,_, and_CC in_II the_AT first_MD year_NNT1 of_IO 
implementation_NN1 ,_, gross_JJ domestic_JJ product_NN1 (_( GDP_NN1 )_) 
had_VHD risen_VVN 7.2%_FO (_( Prime_JJ Ministers_NN2 Office_NN1 Malaysia_NP1 
,_, 2012_MC )_) ._. 
However_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 believed_VVD that_CST the_AT economy_NN1 of_IO 
Malaysia_NP1 could_VM be_VBI growing_VVG more_RRR if_CS resources_NN2 
such_II21 as_II22 land_NN1 ,_, labor_NN1 ,_, capital_NN1 and_CC 
entrepreneurship_NN1 are_VBR used_VVN efficiently_RR ,_, where_CS they_PPHS2 
should_VM be_VBI allowed_VVN to_TO flow_VVI in_RP and_CC out_II21 of_II22 
the_AT economy_NN1 with_IW minimum_JJ restrictions_NN2 ,_, especially_RR 
entrepreneurship_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ because_CS entrepreneurship_NN1 is_VBZ considered_VVN as_CSA 
one_MC1 of_IO the_AT main_JJ drivers_NN2 of_IO economic_JJ growth_NN1 in_II 
which_DDQ it_PPH1 creates_VVZ wealth_NN1 ,_, innovation_NN1 and_CC 
technology_NN1 deployment_NN1 and_CC reduces_VVZ poverty_NN1 ._. 
It_PPH1 is_VBZ also_RR one_MC1 of_IO the_AT economic_JJ strategies_NN2 to_TO 
perpetuate_VVI the_AT countrys_NN2 competitiveness_NN1 in_II dealing_VVG 
with_IW the_AT increasing_JJ trend_NN1 of_IO globalization_NN1 (_( 
Venkatachalam_NP1 and_CC Waqif_NP1 ,_, 2005_MC )_) ._. 
This_DD1 statement_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN previously_RR conveyed_VVN by_II 
Soete_NP1 and_CC Stephen_NP1 (_( 2004_MC )_) where_CS they_PPHS2 proposed_VVD 
that_CST when_CS a_AT1 country_NN1 focused_VVN on_II entrepreneurship_NN1 ,_, 
we_PPIS2 shall_VM witness_VVI stronger_JJR economic_JJ growth_NN1 ._. 
In_II Malaysia_NP1 ,_, entrepreneurship_NN1 activities_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN 
given_VVN a_AT1 lot_NN1 of_IO attention_NN1 by_II the_AT government_NN1 as_CSA 
they_PPHS2 recognize_VV0 the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO entrepreneurship_NN1 
development_NN1 for_IF economic_JJ development_NN1 ._. 
Hence_RR ,_, the_AT government_NN1 has_VHZ continuously_RR encouraged_VVN 
the_AT involvement_NN1 of_IO its_APPGE people_NN ,_, especially_RR the_AT 
Bumiputera_NP1 or_CC the_AT Malays_NN2 in_II entrepreneurship_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ demonstrated_VVN by_II the_AT number_NN1 and_CC diversity_NN1 
of_IO programs_NN2 and_CC policies_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 been_VBN 
formulated_VVN to_TO boost_VVI the_AT growth_NN1 of_IO entrepreneurs_NN2 ._. 
One_MC1 of_IO the_AT indications_NN2 that_CST can_VM be_VBI observed_VVN 
is_VBZ the_AT establishment_NN1 of_IO several_DA2 agencies_NN2 such_II21 
as_II22 TEKUN_NP1 Nasional_NP1 and_CC Amanah_NP1 Ikhtiar_NP1 Malaysia_NP1 (_( 
AIM_NP1 )_) which_DDQ provides_VVZ micro-credit_NN1 facilities_NN2 for_IF 
the_AT entrepreneurs_NN2 ._. 
Moreover_RR ,_, these_DD2 facilities_NN2 are_VBR provided_VVN together_RL 
with_IW entrepreneurship_NN1 training_NN1 to_TO build_VVI their_APPGE 
entrepreneurial_JJ skills_NN2 ._. 
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO encourage_VVI more_RGR young_JJ people_NN to_TO 
get_VVI involved_JJ and_CC interested_JJ in_II entrepreneurship_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
Malaysian_JJ government_NN1 has_VHZ introduced_VVN the_AT Malaysian_JJ 
Global_JJ Innovation_NN1 and_CC Creativity_NN1 Centre_NN1 (_( MaGIC_JJ )_) ,_, 
and_CC Graduate_VV0 Entrepreneurship_NN1 Fund_NN1 ,_, and_CC also_RR has_VHZ 
implemented_VVN various_JJ programs_NN2 which_DDQ offers_VVZ courses_NN2 
and_CC training_NN1 ,_, related_VVN to_II entrepreneurship_NN1 ._. 
Besides_RR ,_, special_JJ programs_NN2 for_IF women_NN2 entrepreneurs_NN2 
were_VBDR also_RR introduced_VVN ,_, such_II21 as_II22 skills_NN2 training_VVG 
in_II micro_NN1 enterprises_NN2 through_II the_AT program_NN1 of_IO Women_NN2 
Entrepreneurship_NP1 Incubator_NP1 (_( I-KeuNITA_NP1 )_) ._. 
Also_RR ,_, the_AT government_NN1 through_II the_AT Department_NN1 of_IO 
Women_NN2 Development_NN1 has_VHZ organized_VVN the_AT incubator_NN1 
Skills_NN2 Training_VVG for_IF Single_JJ Mothers_NN2 (_( I-KIT_NN1 )_) to_TO 
generate_VVI income_NN1 for_IF single_JJ mothers_NN2 ._. 
2_MC ._. 
LITERATURE_NN1 REVIEW_VV0 The_AT performance_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 economy_NN1 
is_VBZ usually_RR assessed_VVN in_II31 terms_II32 of_II33 the_AT 
achievement_NN1 of_IO economic_JJ objectives_NN2 ._. 
These_DD2 objectives_NN2 can_VM be_VBI long_JJ term_NN1 ,_, such_II21 as_II22 
sustainable_JJ growth_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 ,_, or_CC short_JJ term_NN1 
,_, such_II21 as_II22 the_AT stabilisation_NN1 of_IO the_AT economy_NN1 
in_II31 response_II32 to_II33 sudden_JJ and_CC unpredictable_JJ events_NN2 ._. 
Gross_JJ domestic_JJ product_NN1 (_( GDP_NN1 )_) is_VBZ the_AT most_RGT 
commonly_RR used_JJ measure_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 country_NN1 's_GE economic_JJ 
activity_NN1 ._. 
In_RR21 short_RR22 ,_, GDP_NN1 reflects_VVZ the_AT value_NN1 of_IO all_DB 
final_JJ goods_NN2 and_CC services_NN2 legally_RR produced_VVN in_II an_AT1 
economy_NN1 in_II a_AT1 given_JJ time_NNT1 period_NN1 ._. 
Kitov_NP1 (_( 2005_MC )_) and_CC Ikovic_NN1 (_( 2016_MC )_) describes_VVZ 
GDP_NN1 as_II a_AT1 constant_JJ growth_NN1 increment_NN1 and_CC also_RR a_AT1 
measure_NN1 of_IO progress_NN1 ,_, prosperity_NN1 and_CC even_RR 
well-being_NN1 ._. 
Therefore_RR ,_, GDP_NN1 is_VBZ an_AT1 unsurpassed_JJ indicator_NN1 to_TO 
explain_VVI economic_JJ performance_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 country_NN1 ._. 
A_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO factors_NN2 may_VM influence_VVI the_AT GDP_NN1 
which_DDQ directly_RR impact_VV0 the_AT economic_JJ performance_NN1 of_IO 
a_AT1 country_NN1 ,_, some_DD of_IO which_DDQ show_VV0 an_AT1 inverse_JJ 
relationship_NN1 while_CS other_JJ factors_NN2 show_VV0 a_AT1 direct_JJ 
relationship_NN1 ._. 
In_II this_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, we_PPIS2 try_VV0 to_TO study_VVI the_AT 
impact_NN1 of_IO entrepreneurship_NN1 towards_II GDP_NN1 ._. 
Entrepreneurship_NN1 is_VBZ widely_RR believed_VVN to_TO be_VBI a_AT1 main_JJ 
source_NN1 of_IO economic_JJ growth_NN1 ._. 
Therefore_RR ,_, for_IF a_AT1 few_DA2 decades_NNT2 ,_, the_AT concept_NN1 
of_IO entrepreneurship_NN1 has_VHZ become_VVN an_AT1 active_JJ research_NN1 
._. 
It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN discussed_VVN in_II different_JJ perspectives_NN2 
and_CC disciplines_NN2 ,_, where_CS the_AT outcomes_NN2 have_VH0 diverged_VVN 
,_, depending_VVG upon_II several_DA2 factors_NN2 such_II21 as_II22 
economic_JJ performance_NN1 ,_, social_JJ conditions_NN2 ,_, political_JJ 
system_NN1 and_CC government_NN1 policies_NN2 ._. 
According_II21 to_II22 Henrekson_NP1 and_CC Stenkula_NP1 (_( 2007_MC )_) 
one_MC1 way_NN1 of_IO classifying_VVG the_AT multitude_NN1 of_IO economic_JJ 
theories_NN2 that_CST have_VH0 evolved_VVN is_VBZ to_TO divide_VVI them_PPHO2 
according_II21 to_II22 the_AT function_NN1 of_IO entrepreneurship_NN1 ._. 
We_PPIS2 can_VM distinguish_VVI theories_NN2 that_CST focus_VV0 on_II the_AT 
entrepreneur_NN1 as_II an_AT1 innovator_NN1 (_( Schumpeter_NP1 1911_MC )_) ,_, 
as_CSA an_AT1 arbitrator_NN1 (_( Kirzner_NP1 1973_MC )_) ,_, and_CC as_II 
a_AT1 risk-_JJ taker_NN1 and_CC decision-maker_NN1 (_( Knight_NP1 1921_MC )_) 
._. 
A_AT1 fourth_MD function_NN1 is_VBZ the_AT coordinator_NN1 (_( Say_VV0 1816_MC 
)_) ._. 
In_II classical_JJ economy_NN1 ,_, Smith_NP1 (_( 1776_MC )_) perceives_VVZ 
no_AT substantial_JJ role_NN1 of_IO entrepreneurship_NN1 in_II economic_JJ 
development_NN1 ._. 
The_AT reason_NN1 is_VBZ that_DD1 economic_JJ growth_NN1 in_II the_AT 
traditional_JJ growth_NN1 models_NN2 is_VBZ achieved_VVN by_II capital_NN1 
accumulation_NN1 and_CC exogenous_JJ technological_JJ progress_NN1 ,_, 
both_DB2 of_IO which_DDQ leave_VV0 little_JJ room_NN1 for_IF any_DD 
entrepreneurial_JJ role_NN1 whatsoever_DDQV (_( Baumol_NP1 ,_, 1968_MC )_) ._. 
The_AT idea_NN1 that_CST entrepreneurship_NN1 and_CC economic_JJ growth_NN1 
are_VBR very_RG closely_RR and_CC positively_RR linked_VVN together_RL has_VHZ 
undoubtedly_RR made_VVN its_APPGE way_NN1 since_CS the_AT early_JJ works_NN 
of_IO Schumpeter_NP1 (_( 1911_MC )_) ._. 
He_PPHS1 suggested_VVD that_CST an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II the_AT number_NN1 
of_IO entrepreneurs_NN2 leads_VVZ to_II an_AT1 increase_NN1 in_II economic_JJ 
growth_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 effect_NN1 is_VBZ a_AT1 result_NN1 of_IO the_AT concrete_JJ 
expression_NN1 of_IO their_APPGE skills_NN2 ,_, and_CC more_RGR precisely_RR 
,_, their_APPGE propensity_NN1 to_TO innovate_VVI ._. 
Later_RRR ,_, the_AT statement_NN1 was_VBDZ sustained_VVN with_IW the_AT 
study_NN1 by_II Penrose_NP1 (_( 1959_MC )_) ,_, who_PNQS study_VV0 
discovered_VVD that_CST entrepreneurial_JJ activities_NN2 create_VV0 job_NN1 
opportunities_NN2 which_DDQ subsequently_RR enhance_VV0 the_AT economic_JJ 
growth_NN1 and_CC socio-economic_JJ well-being_NN1 of_IO the_AT people_NN ._. 
Afolabi_NN2 (_( 2015_MC )_) has_VHZ discussed_VVN the_AT evolution_NN1 and_CC 
current_JJ development_NN1 of_IO principles_NN2 and_CC practice_NN1 of_IO 
entrepreneurship_NN1 in_II Nigeria_NP1 and_CC at_II the_AT same_DA time_NNT1 
examined_VVD the_AT effect_NN1 of_IO entrepreneurship_NN1 in_II fostering_VVG 
economic_JJ growth_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 ._. 
By_II applying_VVG narrative-textual_JJ case_NN1 study_NN1 (_( NTCS_NP2 )_) 
method_NN1 ,_, the_AT study_NN1 found_VVD that_CST Nigerias_NP2 economy_NN1 
has_VHZ continued_VVN to_TO grow_VVI ._. 
The_AT study_NN1 proposed_VVD that_CST by_II generating_JJ employment_NN1 
and_CC fostering_VVG the_AT growth_NN1 of_IO entrepreneurship_NN1 ,_, 
economic_JJ growth_NN1 and_CC development_NN1 in_II Nigeria_NP1 can_VM be_VBI 
improved_VVN ._. 
The_AT result_NN1 is_VBZ supported_VVN by_II Ogunlana_NP1 (_( 2018_MC )_) ,_, 
whom_PNQO also_RR found_VVN that_DD1 entrepreneurship_NN1 can_VM play_VVI 
a_AT1 significant_JJ role_NN1 in_II achieving_VVG economic_JJ growth_NN1 
for_IF the_AT country_NN1 to_TO overcome_VVI economic_JJ crisis_NN1 by_II 
generating_JJ employment_NN1 ,_, innovation_NN1 ,_, increase_VV0 
production_NN1 ,_, and_CC diversify_VV0 the_AT economy_NN1 source_NN1 of_IO 
revenue_NN1 while_CS fostering_VVG the_AT development_NN1 of_IO small_JJ 
and_CC medium_JJ enterprises_NN2 ._. 
In_RR21 addition_RR22 ,_, evidence_NN1 from_II West_NP1 Germany_NP1 also_RR 
indicates_VVZ positive_JJ outcome_NN1 of_IO the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II 
entrepreneurship_NN1 and_CC economic_JJ growth_NN1 ._. 
Audretsch_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
(_( 2008_MC )_) in_II a_AT1 study_NN1 declared_VVD that_DD1 innovation_NN1 
efforts_NN2 have_VH0 an_AT1 indirect_JJ effect_NN1 on_II economic_JJ 
performance_NN1 through_II entrepreneurship_NN1 ._. 
Then_RT ,_, Mueller_NP1 (_( 2006_MC )_) when_CS conducting_VVG a_AT1 test_NN1 
to_TO demonstrate_VVI connection_NN1 concerning_II entrepreneurship_NN1 and_CC 
economic_JJ growth_NN1 in_II West_NP1 German_JJ regions_NN2 between_II 1992_MC 
and_CC 2002_MC ,_, reported_VVD that_CST regions_NN2 with_IW a_AT1 
prominent_JJ level_NN1 of_IO entrepreneurship_NN1 record_NN1 greater_JJR 
productivity_NN1 ,_, and_CC consequently_RR ,_, economic_JJ growth_NN1 ._. 
Investigating_VVG further_RRR ,_, they_PPHS2 found_VVD that_DD1 north_ND1 
start-ups_NN2 in_II innovative_JJ industries_NN2 and_CC university_NN1 
research_NN1 in_II engineering_NN1 science_NN1 are_VBR found_VVN to_TO 
advance_VVI economic_JJ growth_NN1 ._. 
In_II a_AT1 broader_JJR scope_NN1 ,_, Stefanescu_NP1 (_( 2012_MC )_) 
examined_VVD the_AT correlation_NN1 between_II economic_JJ development_NN1 
and_CC entrepreneurial_JJ activity_NN1 in_II the_AT European_JJ context_NN1 
._. 
The_AT survey_NN1 on_II 22_MC European_JJ countries_NN2 discovered_VVD 
that_CST nations_NN2 with_IW diverse_JJ economic_JJ development_NN1 level_NN1 
are_VBR distributed_VVN based_VVN on_II their_APPGE entrepreneurial_JJ 
activity_NN1 ,_, particularly_RR during_II the_AT international_JJ crisis_NN1 
._. 
Kardos_NN2 (_( 2012_MC )_) investigated_VVD the_AT connections_NN2 between_II 
sustainable_JJ entrepreneurship_NN1 and_CC sustainable_JJ development_NN1 
in_II European_JJ Union_NN1 countries_NN2 ._. 
His_APPGE results_NN2 indicate_VV0 that_CST sustainable_JJ 
entrepreneurship_NN1 is_VBZ part_NN1 of_IO the_AT support_NN1 system_NN1 
for_IF sustainable_JJ development_NN1 ._. 
Also_RR ,_, Zsuzsanna_NP1 and_CC Herman_NP1 (_( 2012_MC )_) when_CS 
analyzing_VVG the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II entrepreneurship_NN1 ,_, 
innovative_JJ entrepreneurship_NN1 ,_, and_CC economic_JJ development_NN1 
in_II the_AT EU_NP1 ,_, established_VVD that_CST economic_JJ development_NN1 
can_VM be_VBI explained_VVN by_II innovative_JJ entrepreneurship_NN1 ._. 
Meanwhile_RR ,_, Harbi_NP1 et_RA21 al_RA22 ._. 
(_( 2011_MC )_) when_CS exploring_VVG the_AT causal_JJ relationship_NN1 
between_II entrepreneurship_NN1 and_CC economic_JJ growth_NN1 in_II 34_MC 
OECD_NP1 countries_NN2 ,_, reported_VVD that_CST there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 
unidirectional_JJ causality_NN1 running_VVG from_II entrepreneurship_NN1 to_II 
economic_JJ growth_NN1 ._. 
The_AT results_NN2 also_RR suggest_VV0 that_CST increases_VVZ in_II 
self-employment_NN1 stimulate_VV0 economic_JJ growth_NN1 over_II the_AT 
short_JJ term_NN1 but_CCB reduce_VV0 economic_JJ growth_NN1 in_II the_AT 
long-term_JJ ._. 
A_AT1 dominating_JJ paradigm_NN1 views_NN2 entrepreneurship_NN1 as_II an_AT1 
endogenous_JJ component_NN1 of_IO economic_JJ growth_NN1 ,_, maintaining_VVG 
a_AT1 positive_JJ ,_, causal_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II entrepreneurial_JJ 
activity_NN1 and_CC growth_NN1 (_( Audretsch_NP1 and_CC Thurik_NP1 ,_, 2004_MC 
)_) ._. 
This_DD1 positive_JJ relationship_NN1 ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ claimed_VVN ,_, 
has_VHZ been_VBN empirically_RR verified_VVN across_II a_AT1 wide_JJ 
spectrum_NN1 from_II the_AT enterprise_NN1 ,_, the_AT industry_NN1 ,_, the_AT 
region_NN1 ,_, to_II the_AT country_NN1 (_( Thurik_NP1 and_CC Wennekers_NP1 
,_, 2004_MC )_) ._. 
On_II the_AT contrary_NN1 ,_, some_DD empirical_JJ evidence_NN1 on_II the_AT 
relationship_NN1 between_II entrepreneurship_NN1 and_CC economic_JJ growth_NN1 
had_VHD showed_VVN inconsistency_NN1 ._. 
Based_VVN on_II the_AT study_NN1 conducted_VVN by_II Van_NP1 Stel_NP1 et_RA21 
al_RA22 ._. 
(_( 2005_MC )_) ,_, entrepreneurship_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 positive_JJ 
correlation_NN1 with_IW per_JJ21 capita_JJ22 GDP_NN1 growth_NN1 in_II 
wealthy_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 
However_RR ,_, for_IF poor_JJ countries_NN2 ,_, its_APPGE relationship_NN1 
with_IW economic_JJ growth_NN1 is_VBZ negative_JJ ._. 
In_II another_DD1 study_NN1 ,_, Reynolds_NP1 et_RA21 al._RA22 ,_, (_( 2003_MC 
)_) revealed_VVD that_CST there_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 negative_JJ correlation_NN1 
between_II real_JJ per_JJ21 capita_JJ22 GDP_NN1 among_II all_DB countries_NN2 
and_CC the_AT entrepreneurial_JJ activity_NN1 ._. 
Also_RR ,_, some_DD other_JJ authors_NN2 find_VV0 the_AT similar_JJ 
outcome_NN1 in_II their_APPGE studies_NN2 ._. 
Zaki_NN2 and_CC Rashid_NP1 (_( 2016_MC )_) had_VHD conducted_VVN a_AT1 
regression_NN1 analysis_NN1 to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO 
entrepreneurship_NN1 on_II the_AT economic_JJ growth_NN1 in_II seven_MC 
emerging_JJ countries_NN2 ._. 
Results_NN2 have_VH0 revealed_VVN a_AT1 significant_JJ negative_JJ 
relationship_NN1 between_II entrepreneurship_NN1 and_CC economic_JJ growth_NN1 
._. 
It_PPH1 indicates_VVZ that_CST the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II these_DD2 
two_MC variables_NN2 is_VBZ attributed_VVN by_II the_AT importance_NN1 of_IO 
the_AT role_NN1 of_IO other_JJ factors_NN2 ._. 
Reviewing_VVG past_JJ literatures_NN2 ,_, they_PPHS2 brought_VVD attention_NN1 
to_II the_AT impact_NN1 of_IO entrepreneurship_NN1 development_NN1 on_II 
the_AT economic_JJ growth_NN1 ._. 
Therefore_RR ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 tries_VVZ to_TO determine_VVI the_AT 
relationship_NN1 between_II entrepreneurship_NN1 and_CC economic_JJ growth_NN1 
in_II the_AT context_NN1 of_IO Malaysia_NP1 ,_, by_II using_VVG self-_JJ 
employment_NN1 to_TO explain_VVI entrepreneurship_NN1 while_CS GDP_NN1 is_VBZ 
applied_VVN to_TO explain_VVI economic_JJ growth_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 study_NN1 uses_VVZ some_DD empirical_JJ tests_NN2 to_TO achieve_VVI 
the_AT objectives_NN2 ._. 
3_MC ._. 
DATA_NN AND_CC METHODOLOGY_NN1 Secondary_NN1 data_NN is_VBZ used_VVN to_TO 
examine_VVI the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II entrepreneurship_NN1 and_CC 
economic_JJ growth_NN1 in_II Malaysia_NP1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ the_AT unit_NN1 
of_IO observation_NN1 used_VVN in_II this_DD1 study_NN1 for_IF the_AT 
period_NN1 of_IO year_NNT1 1991_MC to_II 2017_MC ._. 
GDP_NN1 ,_, SEMPL_NP1 ,_, INF_NP1 ,_, PAT_NP1 and_CC TRADE_NN1 were_VBDR 
used_VVN to_TO represent_VVI economic_JJ growth_NN1 (_( GDP_NN1 )_) ,_, 
entrepreneurship_NN1 (_( self-employment_NN1 )_) ,_, inflation_NN1 ,_, 
patent_NN1 application_NN1 and_CC trade_NN1 ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
All_DB data_NN are_VBR taken_VVN from_II World_NN1 Bank_NN1 which_DDQ 
available_JJ online_JJ ._. 
For_IF the_AT purpose_NN1 of_IO the_AT analysis_NN1 ,_, the_AT variables_NN2 
were_VBDR then_RT transformed_VVN into_II natural_JJ logarithms_NN2 ._. 
In_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO answer_VVI the_AT main_JJ research_NN1 question_NN1 
as_II21 to_II22 whether_CSW a_AT1 relationship_NN1 exists_VVZ between_II 
the_AT level_NN1 of_IO entrepreneurial_JJ activity_NN1 and_CC economic_JJ 
growth_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 used_JJ correlations_NN2 and_CC 
regression_NN1 analysis_NN1 ._. 
The_AT analyses_NN2 have_VH0 produced_VVN a_AT1 model_NN1 consisting_VVG of_IO 
two_MC equations_NN2 to_TO examine_VVI the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II 
the_AT self-employed_JJ and_CC GDP_NN1 ._. 
Below_RL is_VBZ the_AT equation_NN1 for_IF this_DD1 regression_NN1 ,_, 
which_DDQ explores_VVZ the_AT relationship_NN1 between_II GDP_NN1 growth_NN1 
and_CC the_AT set_NN1 of_IO independent_JJ variables_NN2 :_: (_( )_) =_FO 
0+_FO 1ln_NNU (_( )_) 1+_FO 2ln()1+_FO 3ln()_FO 1_MC1 +_FO 3ln_NNU (_( )_) 
1_MC1 1_MC1 )_) The_AT unit_NN1 root_NN1 tests_NN2 are_VBR implemented_VVN 
to_TO look_VVI at_II the_AT level_NN1 of_IO joining_VVG between_II 
variables_NN2 ._. 
It_PPH1 has_VHZ been_VBN prescribed_VVN as_II an_AT1 option_NN1 for_IF 
inspecting_VVG the_AT causal_JJ relationship_NN1 between_II 
entrepreneurship_NN1 (_( self-employment_NN1 )_) and_CC economic_JJ growth_NN1 
(_( GDP_NN1 )_) ._. 
Unit_NN1 root_NN1 test_NN1 are_VBR conducted_VVN using_VVG both_DB2 the_AT 
Augmented_VVN Dickey-Fuller_NP1 (_( ADF_NP1 )_) and_CC the_AT 
Philip-Perron_NP1 (_( PP_NN1 )_) tests_NN2 ._. 
Both_DB2 techniques_NN2 employed_VVN are_VBR based_VVN on_II the_AT 
McKinnon_NP1 critical_JJ values_NN2 ._. 
If_CS the_AT calculated_JJ statistic_NN1 is_VBZ higher_JJR than_CSN 
McKinnon_NP1 's_GE critical_JJ value_NN1 then_RT we_PPIS2 do_VD0 not_XX 
reject_VVI 0_MC and_CC the_AT considered_JJ variable_NN1 is_VBZ non_FU 
stationary_JJ ,_, if_CS not_XX ,_, it_PPH1 is_VBZ stationary_JJ ._. 
First_MD ,_, tests_NN2 in_II levels_NN2 and_CC then_RT in_II first_MD 
differences_NN2 were_VBDR carried_VVN out_RP ,_, with_IW and_CC without_IW 
a_AT1 linear_JJ trend_NN1 ._. 
Once_CS the_AT determination_NN1 of_IO integration_NN1 in_II previous_JJ 
test_NN1 are_VBR completed_VVN ,_, then_RT it_PPH1 is_VBZ possible_JJ to_TO 
implement_VVI tests_NN2 of_IO co-integration_NN1 to_TO check_VVI the_AT 
existence_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 long_JJ run_NN1 relationship_NN1 between_II 
entrepreneurship_NN1 and_CC economic_JJ growth_NN1 ._. 
The_AT tests_NN2 of_IO cointegration_NN1 between_II variables_NN2 are_VBR 
based_VVN on_II a_AT1 vector_NN1 autoregression_NN1 (_( VAR_NP1 )_) 
approach_NN1 initiated_VVN by_II Johansen_NP1 (_( 1988_MC )_) ._. 
Johansen_NP1 and_CC Juselius_NP1 (_( 1990_MC )_) developed_VVD two_MC 
likelihood_NN1 ratio_NN1 tests_NN2 :_: the_AT Maximum_JJ Eigen_NN1 Value_NN1 
test_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ evaluates_VVZ the_AT null_JJ hypothesis_NN1 of_IO r_ZZ1 
cointegrating_JJ vectors_NN2 against_II the_AT alternative_NN1 of_IO (_( 
r+1_FO )_) cointegrating_VVG vectors_NN2 and_CC the_AT Trace_NN1 test_NN1 ,_, 
which_DDQ evaluates_VVZ the_AT null_JJ hypothesis_NN1 of_IO ,_, at_RR21 
most_RR22 ,_, r_ZZ1 cointegrating_JJ vectors_NN2 versus_II the_AT general_JJ 
null_JJ of_IO p_ZZ1 cointegrating_JJ vectors_NN2 ._. 
In_II the_AT case_NN1 of_IO a_AT1 bivariate_JJ VAR_NP1 ,_, the_AT null_JJ 
hypotheses_NN2 is_VBZ that_CST there_EX is_VBZ no_AT cointegration_NN1 
between_II the_AT variables_NN2 and_CC the_AT alternative_JJ one_PN1 is_VBZ 
the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO only_RR one_MC1 cointegrating_JJ vector_NN1 ._. 
If_CS the_AT variables_NN2 are_VBR cointegrated_VVN ,_, we_PPIS2 use_VV0 
an_AT1 error_NN1 correction_NN1 model_NN1 to_TO test_VVI causality_NN1 
between_II financial_JJ development_NN1 and_CC growth_NN1 since_CS 
co-integration_NN1 implies_VVZ the_AT existence_NN1 of_IO an_AT1 error_NN1 
correction_NN1 model_NN1 (_( ECM_NP1 )_) ._. 
4_MC ._. 
RESULTS_NN2 AND_CC DISCUSSION_NN1 All_DB data_NN were_VBDR tested_VVN for_IF 
stationarity_NN1 using_VVG Augmented_VVD Dickey-Fuller_NP1 and_CC Phillips_NP1 
and_CC Perron_NN1 Tests_NN2 ._. 
The_AT test_NN1 for_IF each_DD1 variable_NN1 was_VBDZ performed_VVN on_II 
both_DB2 levels_NN2 and_CC first_MD difference_NN1 with_IW two_MC stages_NN2 
;_; for_IF intercept_VV0 and_CC for_IF intercept_VV0 &; trend_NN1 ._. 
Table_NN1 1_MC1 represents_VVZ the_AT results_NN2 of_IO Augmented_VVN 
Dickey-Fuller_NP1 and_CC Philips-Perron_NP1 unit_NN1 root_NN1 tests_NN2 to_TO 
determine_VVI the_AT order_NN1 of_IO integration_NN1 of_IO each_DD1 
variable_NN1 ._. 
The_AT results_NN2 reveal_VV0 that_CST the_AT null_JJ hypothesis_NN1 of_IO 
non-stationary_JJ is_VBZ rejected_VVN for_IF all_DB variables_NN2 in_II 
their_APPGE first_MD difference_NN1 at_II the_AT 5%_NNU level_NN1 of_IO 
significance_NN1 ._. 
Therefore_RR ,_, all_DB the_AT time_NNT1 series_NN are_VBR integrated_VVN 
of_IO order_NN1 one_MC1 ,_, I_ZZ1 (_( 1_MC1 )_) ._. 
Note_VV0 :_: significance_NN1 at_II 1%_NNU Level_NN1 and_CC *_FU at_II 5%_NNU 
Level_NN1 ._. 
Figures_NN2 within_II parenthesis_NN1 indicate_VV0 p-values_NN2 ._. 
Since_CS all_DB the_AT variables_NN2 have_VH0 been_VBN integrated_VVN of_IO 
the_AT same_DA order_NN1 ,_, Johansens_NP2 cointegration_NN1 based_VVN on_II 
Trace_NN1 and_CC Maximum_JJ Eigenvalue_NN1 tests_NN2 was_VBDZ applied_VVN 
to_TO test_VVI the_AT cointegration_NN1 between_II the_AT study_NN1 
variables_NN2 ._. 
The_AT results_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 3_MC and_CC Table_NN1 
4_MC ,_, respectively_RR ._. 
The_AT p-value_NN1 associated_VVN with_IW Trace_NN1 test_NN1 reveals_VVZ 
that_CST there_EX is_VBZ at_RR21 most_RR22 three_MC cointegration_NN1 
equation_NN1 between_II the_AT variable_NN1 ,_, since_CS null_JJ 
hypothesis_NN1 can_VM not_XX be_VBI rejected_VVN ._. 
Therefore_RR ,_, the_AT results_NN2 show_VV0 that_CST there_EX is_VBZ 
long-run_JJ cointegration_NN1 among_II variables_NN2 ._. 
Even_CS21 though_CS22 the_AT cointegration_NN1 has_VHZ shown_VVN a_AT1 long_JJ 
run_NN1 association_NN1 between_II the_AT variables_NN2 ,_, there_EX may_VM 
be_VBI some_DD deviation_NN1 from_II the_AT equilibrium_NN1 in_RR21 short_RR22 
run_VVN ._. 
Therefore_RR ,_, Vector_NN1 Error_NN1 Correction_NN1 Model_NN1 (_( VECM_NP1 
)_) was_VBDZ performed_VVN to_TO investigate_VVI the_AT short-run_JJ 
disequilibrium_NN1 converges_VVZ to_II the_AT long-run_JJ equilibrium_NN1 ._. 
The_AT results_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II Table_NN1 5_MC ._. 
Based_VVN on_II the_AT result_NN1 above_RL ,_, the_AT error_NN1 correction_NN1 
term_NN1 (_( ECM_NP1 )_) has_VHZ a_AT1 negative_JJ value_NN1 and_CC is_VBZ 
statistically_RR significant_JJ ._. 
It_PPH1 means_VVZ that_CST the_AT results_NN2 are_VBR in_II31 line_II32 
with_II33 expectation_NN1 which_DDQ reveals_VVZ that_CST the_AT long-run_JJ 
relationship_NN1 between_II the_AT variables_NN2 would_VM not_XX be_VBI 
influenced_VVN by_II short_JJ run_NN1 dynamics_NN ._. 
The_AT absolute_JJ value_NN1 of_IO the_AT error_NN1 correction_NN1 term_NN1 
indicates_VVZ that_CST the_AT variables_NN2 adjust_VV0 very_RG quickly_RR 
towards_II their_APPGE long-run_JJ equilibrium_NN1 position_NN1 ._. 
The_AT model_NN1 is_VBZ generally_RR robust_JJ ;_; this_DD1 is_VBZ shown_VVN 
by_II the_AT value_NN1 of_IO the_AT F-statistic_NN1 which_DDQ is_VBZ 
statistically_RR significant_JJ at_II 10%_NNU ._. 
The_AT model_NN1 has_VHZ a_AT1 good_JJ statistical_JJ fit_JJ ._. 
The_AT Durbin-_JJ Watson_NP1 statistic_NN1 ,_, which_DDQ is_VBZ 1.8297_MC ,_, 
suggests_VVZ that_CST the_AT model_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX suffer_VVI from_II 
first_MD order_NN1 autocorrelation_NN1 ._. 
Thus_RR ,_, the_AT estimates_NN2 of_IO the_AT model_NN1 are_VBR reliable_JJ 
and_CC should_VM be_VBI taken_VVN with_IW high_JJ degree_NN1 of_IO 
confidence_NN1 ._. 
To_TO observe_VVI the_AT causality_NN1 direction_NN1 among_II variables_NN2 
,_, the_AT study_NN1 conducted_VVD a_AT1 Pair_NN wise_JJ Granger_NN1 
Causality_NN1 test_NN1 ._. 
The_AT results_NN2 are_VBR shown_VVN in_II the_AT Table_NN1 6_MC ._. 
From_II the_AT table_NN1 above_RL ,_, it_PPH1 shows_VVZ the_AT rejection_NN1 
of_IO the_AT null_JJ hypothesis_NN1 GDP_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX Granger_VV0 
Cause_NN1 self-employment_NN1 while_CS self-employment_NN1 does_VDZ not_XX 
Granger_NP1 cause_VVI GDP_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 implies_VVZ a_AT1 unidirectional_JJ causation_NN1 between_II 
economic_JJ growth_NN1 rates_NN2 towards_II entrepreneurship_NN1 in_II 
Malaysia_NP1 during_II that_DD1 time_NNT1 period_NN1 ._. 
The_AT outcome_NN1 is_VBZ similar_JJ with_IW the_AT study_NN1 conducted_VVN 
by_II Audretsch_NP1 and_CC Keilbach_NP1 (_( 2004_MC )_) ,_, where_CS the_AT 
result_NN1 demonstrating_VVG that_CST the_AT economic_JJ growth_NN1 is_VBZ 
expected_VVN to_TO drive_VVI entrepreneurship_NN1 as_CSA high_JJ rates_NN2 
of_IO economic_JJ growth_NN1 lead_NN1 to_II increasing_JJ wealth_NN1 ,_, 
which_DDQ in_II turn_NN1 stimulates_VVZ consumption_NN1 and_CC investment_NN1 
._. 
This_DD1 implies_VVZ an_AT1 enhanced_JJ consumer_NN1 demand_NN1 for_IF 
variety_NN1 (_( increasing_VVG the_AT market_NN1 size_NN1 )_) ,_, which_DDQ 
creates_VVZ more_RGR entrepreneurial_JJ opportunities_NN2 and_CC therefore_RR 
confirms_VVZ the_AT Baumols_NP2 theory_NN1 (_( Baumol_NP1 ,_, 1990_MC )_) ._. 
The_AT theory_NN1 demonstrating_VVG that_CST a_AT1 good_JJ economic_JJ 
atmosphere_NN1 may_VM favour_VVI the_AT development_NN1 of_IO productive_JJ 
entrepreneurship_NN1 sustaining_VVG economic_JJ growth_NN1 ._. 
In_II the_AT meantime_NNT1 ,_, the_AT result_NN1 indicate_VV0 that_DD1 
inflation_NN1 and_CC self-employment_NN1 has_VHZ bidirectional_JJ 
causality_NN1 and_CC also_RR ,_, patent_NN1 application_NN1 is_VBZ 
impacted_VVN by_II the_AT trade_NN1 ,_, vice_RR21 versa._RR22 5_MC ._. 
CONCLUSION_NN1 Entrepreneurship_NN1 has_VHZ become_VVN one_MC1 of_IO the_AT 
main_JJ focus_NN1 nowadays_RT as_II the_AT world_NN1 now_RT is_VBZ moving_VVG 
towards_II industrial_JJ revolution_NN1 4.0_MC which_DDQ focuses_VVZ more_RRR 
on_II human_JJ capital_NN1 or_CC talent_NN1 ._. 
Traditional_JJ economy_NN1 which_DDQ involves_VVZ land_NN1 ,_, labor_NN1 
and_CC substantial_JJ capital_NN1 should_VM be_VBI improved_VVN by_II 
emphasising_VVG more_RRR on_II another_DD1 factor_NN1 of_IO production_NN1 ,_, 
namely_REX entrepreneurship_NN1 ._. 
The_AT element_NN1 of_IO entrepreneurship_NN1 ,_, as_CSA proven_VVN by_II 
a_AT1 number_NN1 of_IO studies_NN2 ,_, could_VM contribute_VVI to_II the_AT 
development_NN1 of_IO economy_NN1 ._. 
Entrepreneurship_NN1 has_VHZ emerged_VVN as_II an_AT1 important_JJ element_NN1 
in_II the_AT organization_NN1 of_IO economies_NN2 ._. 
For_IF that_DD1 reason_NN1 ,_, governments_NN2 around_II the_AT world_NN1 
have_VH0 been_VBN implementing_VVG various_JJ policies_NN2 to_TO promote_VVI 
entrepreneurship_NN1 ._. 
However_RR ,_, this_DD1 emergence_NN1 did_VDD not_XX occur_VVI in_II all_DB 
countries_NN2 ._. 
The_AT relationship_NN1 between_II entrepreneurship_NN1 and_CC economic_JJ 
growth_NN1 has_VHZ been_VBN debated_VVN for_IF years_NNT2 as_CSA there_EX 
are_VBR several_DA2 found_VVD negative_JJ ,_, instead_II21 of_II22 positive_JJ 
relationship_NN1 among_II both_DB2 ._. 
This_DD1 study_NN1 focuses_VVZ on_II Malaysia_NP1 due_II21 to_II22 some_DD 
factors_NN2 ,_, specifically_RR because_CS Malaysia_NP1 is_VBZ now_RT 
moving_VVG towards_II becoming_VVG a_AT1 high-income_JJ nation_NN1 ._. 
Thus_RR ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 is_VBZ to_TO observe_VVI if_CSW the_AT 
entrepreneurship_NN1 is_VBZ indeed_RR contributing_VVG towards_II economic_JJ 
growth_NN1 ._. 
By_II using_VVG GDP_NN1 and_CC self-_JJ employment_NN1 ,_, together_RL with_IW 
the_AT data_NN of_IO inflation_NN1 ,_, patent_NN1 application_NN1 and_CC 
trade_NN1 in_II Malaysia_NP1 ,_, an_AT1 empirical_JJ study_NN1 has_VHZ 
been_VBN conducted_VVN ._. 
Based_VVN on_II the_AT outcomes_NN2 ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 found_VVD 
long-run_JJ cointegration_NN1 among_II variables_NN2 ._. 
In_II further_JJR investigation_NN1 ,_, this_DD1 study_NN1 establishes_VVZ 
that_CST there_EX is_VBZ unidirectional_JJ causality_NN1 running_VVG from_II 
economic_JJ growth_NN1 towards_II entrepreneurship_NN1 ._. 
Therefore_RR ,_, we_PPIS2 can_VM conclude_VVI that_CST the_AT upsurge_NN1 
in_II entrepreneurial_JJ activities_NN2 in_II Malaysia_NP1 is_VBZ due_II21 
to_II22 the_AT growth_NN1 in_II the_AT economic_JJ development_NN1 ._. 
Thus_RR ,_, Malaysia_NP1 should_VM take_VVI advantage_NN1 of_IO growing_JJ 
economic_JJ development_NN1 to_TO boost_VVI the_AT entrepreneurial_JJ 
activities_NN2 and_CC consequently_RR the_AT entrepreneurship_NN1 shall_VM 
become_VVI the_AT main_JJ component_NN1 to_TO increase_VVI economic_JJ 
growth_NN1 in_II the_AT future_NN1 ._. 
Extra_JJ comprehensive_JJ policies_NN2 and_CC measures_NN2 regarding_II 
entrepreneurship_NN1 ,_, include_VV0 the_AT entrepreneurial_JJ training_NN1 
and_CC financing_NN1 ,_, should_VM be_VBI considered_VVN by_II the_AT 
Malaysian_JJ government_NN1 ._. 
This_DD1 is_VBZ important_JJ in_BCL21 order_BCL22 to_TO achieve_VVI rapid_JJ 
economic_JJ growth_NN1 ,_, and_CC to_TO stop_VVI wasting_VVG time_NNT1 and_CC 
factors_NN2 of_IO production_NN1 ._.