Tree crops and USGS designation

USDA cropland and tree crops in imagery with a little settlement

Some sort of pruning

Clearing and replanting tree crops

Seems like wildfire from lava flow, NBR drops below 0 at time of loss

Wildfire from nearby lavaflow

Continuous lava flows, we put that in natural disturbance

Damage from lava and smoke; earlier loss from clearing and replanting tree crops

mango or some other type of orchard

seems to be tower associated with nearby airport

Likely nut or other fruit trees

Some tree crop management as well

no real evidence of fire but clear decline in veg

Orchard management

this is herbaceous vegetation

Most likely noise, i dont think this was a forest but cant confirm either way

In high res some trees look potentially browning but no sign of decline in time series

Loss happens in 2002, high res imagery is dark but looks like cropland to me

Early loss, high res imagery is dark but pretty sure it was a cropland - the vegetation looks herbaceous

I know what's going on - all these examples are transitions from rice paddy to sugarcane. Rice paddies are flooded and appear dark in SWIR like forests confusing the UMD model. If you look at wetness time series you see they go from 0 (flooded) to below zero (not flooded)

rice paddies confused for forest

Pruning or management of orchards

early loss and can't confirm that it was ever forest

Unclear what's going on; potentially natural disturbances such as dryness, but not sure

Likely some sort of natural disturbance, unable to verify with high res imagery

loss at the end of the time series so follow on use not 100% established

hard to confirm due to lack of clear imagery

Mostly scattered pixels where it's hard to verify loss; southeast corner has some clearings for fields

Phosphorous mine

Cleared field near houses, unclear purpose but no signs of ag or cattle

Built a barbed wire fence, pasture

energy facility

mine expansion

pasture, cropland

clear burn scar, NBR drops below 0

intensive plantations

Thinning of a plantation patches

Harvesting, also wildfire in 2007 and 2011

Forestry and powerlines

pasture

Conversion of some forestry plantation to pasture; rest remains as forestry plantations

Not enough time to see if trees regrow but most likely forestry

Seems like some thinning of trees by the road and left to regrow

A mine that gets established and then seems to get decommissioned; some early loss due to forestry

Not sure what's going on, could be clearing for pasture or even wildfire or natural disturbance

mostly forestry, also manmade lake, looks like for recreation

replanting of orchards

replanting orchards

pruning or replanting citrus orchards

tree crop management or for some it might be nat dist

secondary: small grassy patches and shed built, maybe related to some type of ag

there is also some urbanization

Loss in the south looks potentially like flooding, downed trees visible in high res imagery

Seems like flooding

Seems like there is some flooding but signs of harvest in the field

Some selective thinning and clear cuts; 2011 loss appears to be natural disturbance, with downed trees visible multiple years later

wildfire and clearing and replanting of orchards

Looks like logging then regrowth, also clearing for houses

houses and some sort of warehouse/shed

orchard replanted

Artificial water body created

loss patch in 2002 replanted, but not totally clear if it's forestry

clearing in 2011 for road maintenance?

Tree crops replaced by artificially flooded field, likely still for ag (maybe irrigation?). Other loss due to clearing and replanting tree crops, then cleared again and left fallow

on the sides of main forestry plot, it looks like maybe thinning

Replanting orchards and also replacing orchards with another type of ag

One plot cleared for long buildings, can't tell if it's ag related or some sort of storage facility

not sure if this is noise or what

pasture expansion and some houses. Also some thinning

Thinning and left to regrow; some pixels of loss for a house

thinning/logging

unsure what's happening

small patch cleared to expand pasture; other scattered loss could be selective logging but unsure

Tree crops cleared for other forms of ag

timing is everything here - first change is mostly tree crop management, later change to mining.split evenly

Mining and looks like selective logging

a patch of logging in top left

Seems like the fields are seasonally flooded, i didn't see signs of forest loss but could be wrong

Pasture

Pasture expansion, seems to be the same for 2021 loss but not enough time has passed to confirm with certainty

Mine, also a couple houses built as well

Maybe natural disturbance related to river, but can't tell if there is loss in high res imagery. Some cleared for ag

Likely some sort of animal ag

Some rows of trees removed, some for ag, some maybe just logging. unclear

Some clearing for pasture

Thinning (likely for fuel reduction), then wildfire in 2021

looks like recreational ponds created (they have docks)

power lines

solar panels and a house

Looks like drought/disease, then possibly wind or storm (lots of downed trees), then wildfire

Looks like clearing for cropland with settlement in the bottom of the plot

Downed trees visible throughout many years in wayback, some sort of storm/windthrow

Modis Burn scare for both 2009 fire south and 2020 fire

Cranberry bogs in the top left corner, some selective logging

Urbanization and looks like clearing for pasture

Flooding

Hard to say if it's logging or clearing for pasture

Urbanization and looks like small patch of forestry

Clearings for industrial manufacturer

No signs of wildfire in wayback or MODIS, seems more like scattered dying trees

Road construction, looks like for travel and not for logging

Conversion to field, additional loss in forest may be natural disturbance near stream

flooded forest, downed trees visible

Right next to mine that expands, though not obvious the clearing is for mining or forestry

Loss too recent to see replanting yet but likely forestry

change happen early and late in the time series so no cleat understanding of why

Loss too late for good imagery

looks like logging from sentinel but no high res imagery to confirm

Urbanization in early years of loss, new loss in 2022 and can't tell if it's urbanization yet or a different driver

looks like forestry road and some logging

already converted to mine by 2000

Flood

Part of forest patch looks like it was converted to pasture, other part regrows

Looks like construction/extraction, group agreed on hard commodities

very small patches cleared with regrowth, maybe forestry

This steel area has been around since 1991

conversion of forest strip to pasture possibly, other loss looks like selective logging

no imagery available

Signs of logging in wayback imagery

burn scar visible in wayback, TCLF, NBR

Looks like landslide

Looks like landslide in sentinel

no imagery

Logging and logging roads visible in Sentinel

not enough imagery but evidence from time series, MODIS, UMD

evidence from time series and UMD, not from MODIS and not enough imagery

Not a lot of imagery so not clear what happened in earlier years; fire in 2019

no imagery, no evidence besides UMD

Looks like potentially roads or powerlines but unclear, patterns don't look like forestry

not enough imagery, really not sure what's going on

Not a lot of imagery, potentially tree mortality due to nearby fires?

Tree mortality, unclear what's going on, potentially from nearby fires?

not sure what's going on

Wayback shows that its not trees plus too high north

Looks like disease and then some harvest, but majority of trees are left standing

Patch is harvested, could be salvage logging

Seems potentially like salvage logging

Seems like there is some tree mortality as well

Some expansion of fields but most loss is forestry

Seems potentially like wildfire or another disturbance but not enough high res imagery

evidence of fire in high res and in GLAD data but in MODIS

energy company in Canada LNG Kitimat

MODIS nearby, TCLF, and fire scars visible in high res imagery

little high res imagery, I suspect it's not trees based on ESA and the one high res image

Evidence in wayback and pro that there was a small patch of trees cleared to expand field

Maybe wildfire but no high res imagery and not enough evidence to tell for sure

I think its herbaceous before it gets flooded and not trees

seems like seasonal flooding; small patches cleared on trop for expansion of pasture maybe

No imagery. Could be meandering river or flooding

Not a lot of high res imagery to confirm, but Landsat imagery looks like harvest and evidence of roads in high res imagery

Not a lot of high res imagery to confirm, but Landsat imagery looks like harvest and there are signs of roads in high res

water body, seasonally fluctuating and algae like growth

some trees regrow back - not sure if it's intentional or abandoned

Seems like possibly harvest, but not a lot of good imagery at time of loss

Noise in an ag field in SE corner, otherwise could be forestry but hard to tell for sure what's going on

Logging with little regrowth observed; other scattered pixels may be natural disturbance

no signs of tree regrowth but def plantations all around

Logged patch in earlier years, then fire

very few images, i am unclear about what's going on and since patch is so small i said noise

patch of loss in 2010 to expand field; difficult to say with available imagery if 2019 loss is wood harvest to be replanted or may be converted to crop/field

seasonally flooded

expansion of ag fields but also some tee thining and some noise

trees seem to have been left to regrow

road for mine

Road for mine

could be pasture that's overgrown with shrubs or maybe it's forestry with trees coming back up

Looks like tree mortality

Harvest visible in 2003 landsat image; older wayback images show regrowing trees from harvest

Not enough high res imagery, no sign in time series of change

Tree mortality in some patches adjacent to development

too far north for trees, pics from GE show moss/grass/shrubs

No imagery at beg of ts but fairly confident it was trees, the field is left to overgrow at the end so not sure if trees are regrowing or just pasture with shrubs

Trees appear to be regrowing in latest imagery

Some evidence of wildfire but almost no high res imagery and no MODIS evidence, might not even be forest

MODIS, TCLF, burn scars visible in wayback

This is a large scale "wildfire" but not captured by MODIS so it might be nat dist

large scale event but not detected by MODIS so low conf - maybe a nat dist?

Landsat and time series show that it was likely trees in beg of ts although no high res to confirm

no imagery, no fire according to MODIS, few trees

could just be noise - i cant confirm or deny

its a flooded area - water at the beg (dark) and dried up so I think it's getting confused for deforestation. Wetness confirms

there is also a patch of energy driver

seasonally flooded i think thou some evidence of fire?

Portion converted to mine and then looks like it was later abandoned

MODIS, tclf, NBR confirm fire

hydroelectric dam

mining nearby and these look like shipping containers (upper left)

part of the same hydroelectric dam - indirect deforestation

fire scars in Wayback and TCL GLAD, no MODIS but too small of a fire to be captured by modis

Trees are harvested and left to regrow, might be salvage logging

indirect deforestation near mining

lots of mining samples from the same HUGE mine

I think it's flooded trees maybe but no evidence from Wetness ts, no MODIS evidence for fire

Secondary driver from 2003 - unclear what it is

evidence of planted trees

TCL for airport and solar panels

No conclusive evidence on fire - no MODIS, no NBR time series

TCLF, burn scars visible in esri wayback

TCLF, nbr, burn scar visible in wayback

At least part of this was converted to field, northern portion may be forestry but there doesn't seem to be any replanting in between rows of trees

No high res to confirm this was forest, but Landsat looks like forest and height data show forest

road but strange placement?

it could be just noise from flooding - water appearing like trees

not sure if a gravel pit is mining

its herbaceous vegetation, not trees

its an herbaceous wetland, no trees

a tree patch gets flooded - evidence in high res Wayback

Dredging for gold, confirmed by IIASA mining data

no evidence of fire from MODIS

I think this is a part of the army base

clear fire scars but dispresed pixels like noise

no evidence of wildfire from MODIS but clear burn scars in Wayback

some TCL for a grassy field but doesn't seem to be for ag purposes, more like abandoned lot

i think its just herbaceous, really not sure whats going on

last three tiles were the same fire event

same fire again

herbaceous vegetation

its herbaceous vegetation not trees

no great imagery - but seems like trees in Wayback and according to ESA

no clear high res but ESA shows its herbaceous veg

some high res in Wayback, prob tufts of grass, not trees

Looks like short vegetation/scrub and not forest

Looks like it is not tree cover

expansion of residential development

expansion of residential areas

No clear signs of human disturbance and imagery is sparse. Can see downed trees but unsure exactly what caused it. Maybe beavers? Turns out beavers are an invasive species in Southern Patagonia and cause lots of damage

Downed trees in Wayback imagery. Human disturbance unlikely

Not a lot of imagery but surrounding areas show signs of forestry, including roads

clear signs of logging, including roads

Signs of logging (roads, etc.); but not a lot of imagery near date of loss

burn scars, wildfire confirmed by MODIS and TCLF

Signs of possible logging, also possible there was a fire at some point. Unclear cause of loss

seems like flooding

flooding it looks like

Not enough imagery to confirm; NBR indicates potential burning but not confirmed by MODIS. TCLF indicates fire

Looks like some loss of canopy on edges surrounding lake; unclear cause

Expansion of residential areas

Not confident enough to say for these particular pixels of loss but there are clear signs of forestry nearby

Downed trees are visible, doesn't appear to be fire but not enough imagery. Possible blowdown of some sort

Clear downed trees, but unclear cause. Potentially fire or other type of natural disturbance

looks like flooding

Overlaps with TCL due to fire but not seeing any clear signs of fire. Seeing some browning in imagery that looks like insect .

no sign of trees visually or from contextual layers. water moving misclassified as trees

looks like flooding, visible dead trees in high res

Too hard to tell in imagery but overlaps with TCL. NBR not obvious

Remote location. No obvious signs of anthropogenic disturbance, but looks like there was some thinning

Overlaps with TCL due to fire, but looks more like insect / disease disturbance to me. Canopies appear to be intact but brown in color

trees are not replanted and a lot of grasslands nearby. I saw a cow and fences on streetview

Overlaps with TCL due to fire but not obvious in imagery or SR

signs of sheep grazing nearby, no evidence of trees being replanted

evidence from NBR, imagery, and TCL due to fire

Not actually seeing the loss

hard to tell which one dominates and what exactly is happening

Not enough imagery to discern exact drivers for many of these pixels, but clear that area is currently being used for agriculture / pasture

water body shifting around, bare ground

MODIS, UMD TCL due to fire, NBR time series

no sign of tree replanting but cant be sure

not sure which one of the two dominates

NBR time series, MODIS, TCL due to fire

noise in ag field and some trees cleared for ag

noise in ag fields

noise in ag fields and expansion of fields of boundaries

evidence from MODIS, TCL due to fire, and imagery

not enough imagery early on to confirm tree crop management vs deforestation

could also be tree crop management potentially

SDPT, streetview nearby

not sure which one is dominant exactly

no trees, noise in a crop field

could be ag instead of urbanization, maybe buildings are ag associated?

third driver is agriculture

noise in ag field

no evidence of trees as far as i can tell

loss on the left in field is due to fluctuations of lake, not really TCL

no evidence of trees but cant be 100% sure

no evidence of trees in 2000 but can't be completely sure

noise in cropland

could be forested but no clear signs of regrowth

could be nat dist I guess? but more like some trees were logged

noise in ag field, the rest could be urbanization cause its buildings

some plantations were turned into ag fields

I think it is small scale forestry on edge of tree crops but not confident

MODIS & visible in imagery for wildfire

MODIS & high res imagery evidence of fire in forestry system

Eucalyptus

flooding in ag field

wildfire in a forested system, evidence from MODIS and high res

evidence from MODIS + high res in a forestry system

evidence of fire from MODIS + high res imagery

evidence of fire in forestry system from MODIS, high res imagery

regrowth not great for trees, wildfire in high res + MODIS for 2017

high res and MODIS evidence for wildfire in a forestry system

MODIS, high res imagery

visible in high res imagery, MODIS, TCL due to fire

visible in high res, MODIS, TCL due to fire

wildfire in 2017 in a forestry system

evidence from MODIS and high res imagery

wildfire in a forestry system - evidence from imagery, MODIS

wildfire in 2017

not enough time to see if trees will be replanted but likely

secondary driver could be noise within an ag field

Looks like there may be some logging going on but also not clear in the imagery for the dates of loss

no imagery ater 2021 to see what's happening

Some loss pixels are clearly commodity driven, but others may be small clearings for timber or false positives. Only including confident areas in polygon

mix of the two, I am not sure which one dominates

likely rice cultivation and confusion of water with forest in time series

Loss is not obvious in every pixel but the current land use is clearly agriculture. Small area of loss towards south may be forestry

Loss is not evident in imagery but current land use is definitely agriculture

mix of the two, unsure which one dominates

corn fields and some forestry

NBR, TCL due to fire, MODIS

Not great imagery but fairly confident

Unclear what is causing loss or if there actually was loss

Not a lot of imagery but looks like cattle with some natural regrowth

forestry cleared for ag it seems

Tagged as mining, but mining and agriculture are present

fluctuations of a water body

flooding?

flooding occasionally

could be forestry and those are really young trees

Not sure that there is actual loss but there are planted crops in surroundings

Overlaps with TCL due to fire, but looks more like insect / disease disturbance to me

Clear evidence of forestry, but in some areas it is unclear if forestry was replaced by ag or if it will be replanted

tree crops cut down and replaced by crops replaced by buildings years later

some evidence of fire from imagery and MODIS but seems to be for purposes of ag

noise in sugar cane fields

Hard to tell. Could be forestry or agroforestry

NBR time series, imagery a bit unclear, MODIS, and TCL due to fire

loss in 2006 due to ag, signs of fire in 2015

MODIS, TCL due to fire, imagery

mining nearby

Definite signs of disturbance either from fire or disease but not totally sure. Overlaps with TCL due to fire

imagery shows ag since before 2013

evidence from streetview, SDPT

could be pasture

MODIS, TCL due to fire, NBR time series, imagery

prob pasture, unclear

Overlap with MODIS 2020 and TCL due to fire.

hard to tell which one dominates

MODIS, TCL due to fire, NBR time series, Planet imagery

Looks like pasture expansion but not 100% sure

Could be cattle expansion but could also be natural disturbance

Overlap with TCL fire and Modis, not clear in imagery

MODIS, TCL due to fire, no clear evidence from NBR and imagery

could be wildfire but no clear evidence

som other drivers maybe ag or nat dist?

noise in sugar can fields

wildfire in a forestry system

Overlap with MODIS and TCL, drop in NBR

looks like a landslide on the top and unsure about the rest

fire happening at some points in time but it could be intentional

fire but seems associated with ag

Looks like small gold mining operation. Also some loss due to river fluctuations

fire could have been to clear the land for ag?

NBR time series, TCL due to fire but could be another nat disturbance

Overlap with TCL fire and MODIS. Drop in NBR. Evidence of fish bone loss so fire might be intentional

Maybe natural disturbances or noise - looks like the loss is on a ridge that may have some shadowing issues

pasture expansion, evidence of watering holes and ag nearby

Looks like flooding and erosion

some regrowth but not planted trees i dont think

pasture and oil palm or some kind of other palm

Large patches seem like they are being used for grazing. Some smaller patches could be urbanization or commodity driven

Some loss is due to construction of new infrastructure, but other loss appears to be natural disturbances from river fluctuations. Also some commodity driven clearing

Small patches that appear to be for crops shifting and regrowing over time

flooding in palm

Some oil palm and potentially other tree crops

Overlap with TCL due to fire but not confident

Oil palm

seems like noise in the sugarcane fields

a patch of eucalyptus

Overlap with TCL due to fire and MODIS. NBR not super clear.

Definitely cropland now but no good imagery showing loss - according to Landsat and time series it was trees

a house but may be part of ag

could be just noise from sugarcane

Looks like a plot that has been burned for agriculture

Unclear in imagery

sugarcane the whole time

secondary is flooding

Lack of imagery

2021 loss is due to fire - images, MODIS, earlier loss is ag

noise within sugarcane fields, no evidence of trees as far back as 2000

Some clearing for oil palm, other dispersed pixels in cropland but loss is hard to see

Mix of agriculture and mining

Mix of ag and mining

pasture expansion?

Flooding from river

mix of ag and mining

most of the change is in what appears to be sugarcane fields

Some loss is in sugarcane fields (noise)

briefly became developed or a mine and then abandoned. as seen in Wayback

fire in 2014

IIASA + planet evidence

MODIS, TCL due to fire, no NBR time series, unclear high res

Maybe cattle expansion - some game trails visible

Some loss due to pasture but some appears to be from river fluctuations

water channels

Some evidence of clearing for pasture in the area and some game trails, but too hard to say with imagery. Some evidence of logging in area as well

Looks like pasture in north east corner but some scattered loss from urbanization

some regrowth so not 100 sure

Looks like cashew farming

Likely oil palm but not a lot of imagery. It also looks like the area of loss was a crop or tree crop long before loss, so this might be tree crop management

Poor imagery but evidence of agriculture Wayback

could be river fluctuations

sugar cane fields

primary is replanting palm oil, secondary is clearing for new ag

Patchwork of oil palm and other crops

Signs of burning and regrowth in small irregular patches

SDPT, plus high altitude

no trees present in 2000, seasonally flooded

no trees in 2000

Cattle

: Looks like cattle expansion - Planet + Wayback

Lava flow

Some loss due to ag expansion, some loss may also be natural disturbance

Might be natural disturbance may also have some human caused degradation near road

Could also be shifting ag but not seeing obvious regrowth in imagery

not trees

bare ground, not trees

could also be ag, unclear

Small agricultural clearings with signs of regrowth

not enough imagery to figure out what's happening

noise in the ag field in 2021

Clearing for pasture with definite regrowth in recent years

signs of fire in Planet, TCL due to fire, NBR time series but can't be sure

flooding it seems

Probably pasture but hard to see

eucalyptus plantations

No trees, has been ag for a long time but maybe seasonal flooding

earlier loss might be trees, later loss is noise

eucalyptus visible nearby in streetview

Streetview of eucalyptus plantations all around

eucalyptus all around seen thru Streetview

eucalyptus plantations all around, signs of regrowth of trees on the field over time

hard to say what's going on but TCL due to fire, some NBR audience

some regrowth

some evidence of clearing and regrowth nearby

MODIS, TCL due to fire, NBR time series

flooding visible in Wayback, wetness index shows flooding too

evidence of ag just south of this loss and all around

some signs of flooding

seasonal flooding at play - visible in Wayback and Planet

ESA land cover is herbaceous wetland. Evidence of seasonal flooding in planet imagery

loss in 2012 (bottom) is noise within sugarcane or rice

Really tough to see the loss in imagery but neighboring pastures make me lean towards ag

could be intentional fire i guess, evidence from MODIS

I think this is pasture but not super confident

loss from 2001 could be forest loss, loss in 2014 is noise, visible from high res, some urbanization in 2014 top left corner

coffee potentially

fire in a forestry system, evidence from MODISL, TCL due to fire, imagery

Really tough to see in imagery but pattern of loss looks like gold mining

Pattern consistent with mining - documentation online of mining on this river

could be noise

some areas are temporary clearings

some flooding

forestry patch visible from streetview

River fluctuations

Some thinning visible in planet imagery. Does not look to be human caused, flooding from river

potentially logging around road in Wayback but unsure

mining and some ag as well

Limited imagery

clear loss in Planet, Wayback, doesnt seem to be fire

pasture expansion

ag and mining

TCL due to fire, MODIS, NBR time series

banana plantations

High confidence on more recent loss, less confidence on older loss

dark like plantations, conifers in pictures in nearby

TCL due to fire, MODIS, high res imagery

might be scattered trees but no imagery to tell

NBR time series, MODIS, TCL due to fire, scars in wayback

might be scattered trees but no good imagery to confirm

Landslide

Not seeing an obvious driver other than maybe drought

Could also be degradation from nearby pasture but hard to see

regrowth in pasture area

regrowth in pastures

Looks like pasture but older imagery not great

Mix of tree crops and pasture

seems like noise in ag fields

tree crops and agroforestry

regrowth at the end of the time series

regrowth at the end of time series

Signs of regrowth in pasture areas

rubber plantation

Some patches could be forestry

planted trees of some sort (could be crop) cut down to plant sugarcane

seems like tree crops

rubber plantations and regrowth in ag fields

banana plantations nearby

Maybe cattle - some small structures, fence line, animal tracks

oil palm

Could be rubber plantation or forestry

regrowth in ag

rubber seen in streetview nearby, SDPT tree crop

Maybe a wind event? Not seeing evidence of human intervention

ag from streetview

Definite signs of clearing and regrowth in planet imagery

regrowth

TCL due to fire, MODIS nearby, NBR time series, imagery

Might be forestry, hard to tell for sure

secondary is tree crop management

agroforestry i think

Some pasture, some agroforestry

Lots of logging roads visible in planet

Signs of fire and regrowth

Loss is due to road - but road may be considered part of mining infrastructure.

Mix of mining and ag

2017 probably related to Hurricane Maria or Irma

mostly tree crop, some nat forest it seems

Overlap with MODIS and UMD, NBR time series

Overlap with MODIS and UMD

Likely hurricane Maria or Irma

agroforestry it seems

seems like sustenance ag in ppl yards

hurricane irma 2017

signs of regrowth

ag before 2012, no change

this one is confusing, I almost thought it could be logging at first but I think I see cattle tracks in some places... maybe commodity-driven but I feel very uncertain since a lot of it seems to regrow

Some regrowth and burning

Mix of tree crop management and ag

Unclear if it was already oil palm in 2001 but looks like it

sugarcane confused for TCL

fire nearby on MODIS, TCL due to fire, NBR time series show fire, no imagery at time of loss

Mix of mining and agriculture

tree visible under canopy - agroforestry, oil palm

Overlap with UMD fire and MODIS, NBR time series

2008 loss unclear

Definitely regrowth in loss areas but not 100% sure between shifting and com driven

Maybe pasture expansion but not confident

I don't think it's tree crops

could be shifting agriculture

Hurricane Ima in 2017, large scale damage

hurricane Irma in Cuba in 2017

lower left corner could have been cleared due to flooding

upper left is flooded but the rest seems like ag

tree mortality; logging in later years but not necessarily cause of initial loss

Denuded trees

Clearing and replanting of orchards

orchards, pruning

solar panels, orchards

how do we know if it's wildfire vs intentional

Selective harvest of pine, clearing and replanting orchards

Mine, but could also be wildfire

Harvesting of tree plantations at top of plot; unclear cause of loss in lower portion, could be associated with orchards or some sort of natural disturbance

Might actually be shrubs

clearing and replanting orchards, pruning

ag that becomes an orchard as opposed to vice versa

could be orchard but prob not, looks like selective harvest of tree plantation

signs of fire I think but quite unclear, maybe other natural dist

forest thinning

looks like some sort of pine and Eucalyptus combo

Citrus orchard clearing and replanting

roads, power lines and towers seen in Wayback

fire in the SE corner

orchard pruning and clearing

Nothing in high res, maybe slight spectral change, Drought?

potentially small fire based on TCLF and time series; unable to confirm clear burn scars in imagery

fire confirmed by MODIS, TCLF, time series. May be more shrubs than trees.

fire scars in high res, scattered UMD fire pixels, inconclusive NBR

wildfire confirmed by MODIS and TCLF, but likely more shrubs than trees

mostly non-forest, some potential fruit trees that don't change thru time

Rows of planted trees visible in high res imagery

some evidence of potential burn scars in wayback imagery, but not super clear

Clear burn scars among scattered trees, but this area is really mostly grassland/shrub

looks like small expansion of olive orchard or potentially pasture, but not entirely clear

Expansion of mining; small patch of loss in 2008 potentially due to logging but very unclear

fire, road built, and planted trees. Not entirely clear if 2016 clearing is for tree crops or planted forest

Selective logging/thinning

Maybe thinning but unclear

Forestry plots

an instance of power line forest loss as well

selective harvest/logging

forestry or potentially orchards

Some tree mortality, insect damage

wildfire in a grassland

some evidence of fire, but not enough high res

Mostly tree plantations; some small patches converted to fields

Wildfire confirmed by imagery and MODIS; though landscape is mostly grassland with scattered trees

Looks like drought or disease impacted some of the plots

Seems logged then abandoned and allowed to regrow; possibly fire set to clear land

Expansion of suburbs, some clearing near vineyards in southwest corner but not clear exactly what for

shrubs not trees and speckled change

Not great imagery, but some evidence of what looks like forest thinning in wayback imagery

thinning in north, forest replaced by vines in south

shrubby grass, not trees

Land cleared in 2021 and intended use not clear yet - pasture, timber, road?

looks like trees replanted but not enough time passed to be sure

pasture i think

Timber harvest, some small clearing for ag

looks like logging of natural forest, some trees left, no evidence of any other land use

logging of natural forest it seems

Very likely logging based on loss patterns in area

selective logging

Logging (including logging roads) visible from Wayback imagery

Logging

construction of roads

Forestry and conversion of small forest patches to vineyards

Small forestry plots

Wildfire confirmed by MODIS and TCLF; small clearing in 2011 in north of plot due to unclear causes, possibly related to mining site nearby

burn scars, MODIS burned area and TCLF

Looks like logging, but not a lot of regrowth or regeneration observed

Patch cleared for urbanization; a few pixels in wetland area may be due to natural disturbance, but not clear

Most loss due to wildfire in 2020 (confirmed by MODIS, burn scars, TCLF); scattered loss in earlier years from forestry

Wildfire in 2020; loss due to harvesting in earlier years

Looks like some trees might be sick

Looks like logging with regrowth by end of time series

selective logging and clearing

selective logging and cuts

again spotty forest loss, maybe cropland clearing

Unclear if there was actually forest or loss

Small patches of trees harvested and regrew

Some clearing along roads for unclear reasons; clearing for yards; some small patches potentially for forestry

Clearing at mine site but unclear why and no regrowth visible; some small patches logged in planted forests

Small clearings in planted forest

Planted trees harvested, but not enough time to tell if there will be conversion or if they will be replanted

Logging of planted trees

small patches logged, replanted trees visible in wayback

logging and regrowth of planted trees

small clearings for logging

conversion to field (maybe pasture), smaller patches of selective logging

powerlines

logging of planted forests; looks potentially like natural regeneration

Logging and replanting visible

time series and Landsat imagery possibly confirm forest prior to mine

No evidence of change for main patch; scattered pixels potentially due to urbanization

Harvesting and replanting of planted forest

construction of road, some noise in lake; possibly some pixels of selective logging

seems mostly logging, but unclear if there is replanting or regrowth yet

Planted forest logged; doesn't seem to be replanted yet but also doesn't seem converted to another ag land use

Area was logged; unclear if it is replanted or regenerating yet, but doesn't seem to be fully converted to another ag land use

one patch converted to field; the other harvested and left to regrow; for the latest harvest it's too early to tell

there is flooding/wetland in part of plot, could be noise thou

Forest plantation converted to some sort of vine or bush crop. Small clearings for houses

patches of disturbance - maybe disease

a few loss pixels in the middle but no imagery to confirm so i think it's noise

took a while between deforestation and planting of forests

logging

logging; small clearances for buildings

some transition to fields, some clearing along roads is more unclear and could be logging

seasonally flooded, don't see any trees being lost but hard to say

forest loss in 2001 so we have only one year prior - inconclusive

one area logged, one area converted to field

one pixel might actually be forest loss but it's unclear

a few pixels here and there lost trees

less than half of the plantations turned into pasture I think

unclear if forests were replanted - only one bad image

ag facilities the whole time. no sign of trees

Logging and logging roads

Trees harvested, unclear if replanted yet but according to streetview the area has not been converted to another land use as of 2022; assuming forestry

Mostly forestry, some pixels of loss in southern part of plot due to mining

Seems like energy as well?

early loss - Landsat SLC issue exactly over loss, time series suggest maybe forest

logging, replanting visible in latest high res imagery

recent harvest visible in sentinel

visible powerlines

Harvesting; replanting visible in north of plot; seems to be natural regeneration in south of plot

Seems to be replantings in harvested patches

Some noise in field

seems like forestry first and then ag but TCL pattern doesn't match what's on the ground exactly

mostly forestry, small patch in the middle converted to field

maybe pasture watering hole

powerlines visible in upper left. otherwise it's unclear why clearing happened. putting urbanization just to put something

Cannot confirm replanting due to recent year of harvest, but labeling as high confidence since this was clear logging of forest plantation

grassland ecosystem

Logging and replanting; small patch cleared for house

Tree plantation logged

trees very young in the north

Tree plantation logged, but not entirely sure if replanted

logging of planted forest and building construction

Logging of planted forest

not trees but herbaceous vegetation, maybe a tree here and there

not a lot of imagery to go off of

split pretty evenly between two drivers, one of which is unclear. Small patch for mine as well

forest thinning i think

Replanting visible

no high res imagery at all

Forest clearing for timber and small area cleared for expansion of field

ag expansion along edges of existing field

expansion of a lake related to nearby the mines

scattered trees - seems to maybe due to trees sickness not fire based on streetview. might actually not be trees but just shrubs

very slow regrowth prob because this is far north

regrowth visible in wayback imagery

no high res imagery, scattered loss - could be noise or nat disturbance? i dont see any sign of NDVI in time series so assume its noise

scattered and only limited evidence that it's fire

fire in 2010, some land was converted to ag after but not all

Looks like converting tree crops to another type of crop

Some forest plantations converted to crops, others replanted

Mostly converted to ag, small patch harvested in northwest

conversion of forestry plantation to crops

Forestry confirmed by street view

portion of forestry plantation converted to ag, but dominant driver still forestry

Not enough time to see replanting, but likely still forestry

Looks like conversion of forest plantation to orchard

Not enough recent high res imagery to tell if plot remained forest or was converted to ag

Mostly converted to ag, but some area lost in 2010 burn in southern end of plot not converted

cleared for mine, and then converted back to tree plantation

Mine and construction of freeway

Converted to mine and then back to forest plantation

Tree plantations, looks like there is replanting at end of time series

Disease in later years of loss (dead trees left standing), forestry in earlier years

Salvage logging from storm

Likely some sort of natural disturbance (storm, wind), but unable to verify with high res imagery at the time of loss event

Some loss in bottom southeast corner in corn field

Salvage logging from storm, then additional logging

some regrowth visible

Forest plantation, regrowth not visible yet

Some downed trees visible throughout imagery but possibly also logging taking place. Some regrowth visible in certain areas

Not a lot of replanting yet but stands of different ages visible on streetview

Logging, no replanting yet. Also looks like insect/disease may have caused some mortality

Storm damage. Early loss is salvage logged, later loss is not

This seems like conversion of forest plantation to tree crop or orchard, but cannot verify

Looks at first like conversion to commodity, but not clear if crop is ever planted; later sentinel imagery looks more like tree regrowth

Unclear if some plots are replanted or not

Mostly forestry but one area converted to field

Logging and wind storm for 2007 loss

Some areas converted to fields, middle hill seems like conversion to tree crop or orchard but cannot verify. Other areas are forestry

Likely storms but hard to verify, not a lot of high res imagery

Forestry, and one plot turned into a field

Logging, but large area recently cleared and cant confirm replanting yet

all recently harvested, some replanting visible

Looks like disease or other cause of tree mortality and then fire

Salvage logging in planted forest, not enough time to see if cleared patches are replanted

Large storm and salvage logging. Part of the plantation converted into solar

wildfire in 2022

disease, insects or drought. Tree mortality visible but they are not harvested. Also powerline

Looks like disease and then wind/storm damage

Looks like salvage logging, too early to tell if plot is replanted

Looks like disease; other patches of cleared but not sure if it's forestry

Logged (likely salvage), too early to tell if it's replanted yet

Planted forest logged (likely salvage), too early to see replanting yet

wind/storm damage and downed trees visible, possibly also disease

urbanization, biofuel facility, and also forestry

suburb expansion and power lines

Waste storage facility

suburb expansion and selective logging

suburb expansion and likely selective logging in scattered pixels

Industrial plant; power lines

Mine, then converted portion of mine to urban. Along with forestry, also solar

one clump of pixels in lake

Seems like slightly larger area of loss due to forestry

golf course

Looks like potentially two fires, 2001 and 2007

Some expansion of buildings in southeast corner of plot

Small loss patches possibly due to forestry or natural disturbance

Possibly forestry for 2011 patches but not enough imagery to confirm

Mostly loss due to fire; earlier loss looks like potential road or linear clearing related to wind infrastructure

Some earlier loss due to power lines, wildfire confirmed via streetview, modis

Mostly wildfire, but some clearing of vegetation for pasture possibly

Some small patches logged, mostly fire

confirmed by MODIS, tclf, NBR, burn scars visible in Landsat

wildfire confirmed by MODIS, nbr, tclf, and landsat imagery burn scars

multiple fires

Multiple fires and some harvest

multiple fires, one logging event

confirmed by MODIS , tclf and NBR, burned trees visible in imagery

Wildfire and some thinning in later years

wildfire and some logging

wildfire and harvesting

wildfire, and I believe fire breaks for the small amount of linear loss pattern in earlier years

MODIS, tclf, NBR, evidence of burned trees in street view

Multiple fires

wildfire. Loss in 2014 looks like logging, but strange pattern of loss for logging

Storm damage, downed trees in valley visible throughout entire time series

Selective logging

Storm damage, downed trees visible in 2022 from loss in 2019

Downed trees still visible in 2022 from storm in 2019

Big storm in 2006, does not appear to be salvage logged in this remote section, downed trees visible throughout time series

clearing of forest patches and edges for crop and pasture, some for housing

ag as third driver

There's a significant gap in the high res timeseries imagery. Difficult to tell what happened circa 2010, but does appear as though wildfire could be driver

Mainly vineyards but some forestry

Mainly forestry, but significant portion of area was converted to facility use.

Powerlines

Looks like storm damage

Not enough high-res imagery to confirm driver, but potentially noise due to proximity to water body? Could also be forestry or ag.

Unclear what the driver is, loss occurred in 2012, some trees appear cleared, others left, but area is not reforested.

third driver is forestry

storm damage

downed trees visible in wayback and are not removed as of 2023

possibly selective logging but unclear why some trees were removed

Unsure of driver here

salvage logged

Potentially wildfire but difficult to tell from only Landsat imagery.

Likely a natural disturbance that was salvage logged, but cannot confirm

thinning

orchards

landslide

Urbanization is a clear third driver here

Not enough recent high res imagery to discern driver but landsat imagery and timeseries does show disturbance. Either forestry or natural disturbance?

Expansion of pasture?

Combination of a mine and potential a military base (according to google maps)

wind turbines

mostly forestry but some pixels on edge of fields

Commodity-driven pasture as third driver

First cleared for forestry, then part of area coverted to house wind turbine

Forestry, then some areas covered to wind turbines

Ski resort

Golf course

peat extraction

unclear if forestry or natural disturbance

unclear whether wildfire or nat disturbance

downed trees, no salvage logging observed as of 2023

likely bark beetle or another disease/insect

Difficult to tell if due to forestry or due to landslide potentially? Steep slope?

salvage logging

clearing, but unsure of the driver

some expansion, some tree crop management

Not enough early imagery to confidently determine driver

not enough early high res imagery to confirm

very small patch of tree plantation as secondary

Not enough future imagery to determine if return to forestry or conversion to ag

possibly natural disturbance or selective logging

There was a fire, but unclear if this was intentional for pasture or some other use

impact from volcanic eruption

notes: used timeseries NBR and GEPro around 2013 fire . MODIS confirmed this also

wildfire confirmed by MODIS, UMD, NBR

looks like possible conversion to pasture

NBR confirms possible wildfire, but burn scars not entirely clear

Mostly replanting existing orchards, some removal of riparian trees to expand ag area

pasture look to right of loss, cattle; might be shrubs

good example forestry: Google driveby confirmed

tree plantations

tree cover loss in a field

upper left quadrant TCL: doesn't appear to be trees at any point

Mine on western side of plot. Looks like burning affects the planted forest in other parts of the plot

Either already cropland or conversion from grass to cropland, but does not appear to be forest here originally

2ndary = recycling center = urbanization

drive-by

the top 1/8 area appears to be burnt. However burnt area seems very well contained (mainmade) May have been used to cleanup forest debris?

Most loss appears to be associated with planted trees. Also some loss due to mining; planted trees may be mine related?

wetland and always wetland

combo of houses and perm. small gardens

Wildfire according to MODIS, NBR. but no high res imagery at time of loss, only some pixels mapped by TCLF. May also be some loss due to other natural disturbances

cropland expansion

althought fire layer indicates fire, man-made to clear land. Crops

Seems to be crop expansion. Looks like there is shifting ag to the southwest

seems like pasture

Seems like pasture

ag-related clearings and flooding dynamics

Cropland expansion

Agriculture and meandering river

Seems to be related to agroforestry and tree crop management

Seems like some sort of drought

very hard to verify if there is any loss in scattered pixels, possibly noise

Loss of planted trees in agroforestry systems

fire and pasture

Looks mostly like rotation of existing tree crops

Rice, tree crops

Seems like permanent rice cultivation and some shifting ag

rice and shifting cultivation

Hard to tell if this is clearing of trees to expand ag or tree crop management

Land was likely always in use as tree crops or some other type of ag as of 2000.

Looks like sugarcane misclassified as trees, some tree crop management

Crops being misclassified for trees, some tree crop management

Not enough imagery to confirm and time series inconclusive, but appears to have always been planted

Crops detected as trees, some tree crop management

Mostly noise, some tree crop management

Tree cover loss in crops, but some loss due to tree crop management

Most is noise in cropland, though some clearing of trees for ag

Pasture maybe

Likely loss due to tree crop management, also some noise

Some clearing for ag, but most loss is in fields

Loss in cropland. Some clearing of trees related to ag

Small wastewater treatment plant

Seems to be mostly loss associated with agricultural trees, and some noise

shifting ag in clumps-- an area is cultivated for a few years, then abandoned and a new area is cultivated

Fires nearby, seems to be small burned area that regrows

Pretty sure this has always been cropland

scattered pixels, very hard to verify if there is any actual loss

tree cover loss in existing cropland

Existing cropland

Some tree crop management, but some noise- loss detected in sugarcane fields

Expansion of permanent rice cultivation

Cropland expansion, secondary TCL is mine expansion

loss in cropland

MODIS and tclf

Looks like pasture that is then somewhat abandoned

Looks like pasture

Likely pasture

related to pasture

Related to pasture

Livestock visible in imagery. Pasture

Loss pixels in existing cropland

Tropical Cyclone Enawo 2017? Widespread loss along NE coast that year

Expansion of houses, and looks like possible expansion of ag, but hard to tell if fields were already there or not

Expansion of rice and other ag

Crop expansion

Tree plantations

Looks like drought or natural fluctuation in dryness

Road

Noise or natural disturbance, hard to tell if there is any loss happening with scattered pixels

Trees in a cemetery appear to be burned or cut? Unclear dyanmics

Looks like transition from abandoned cropland back to cropland

A new village is built and trees cut down for ag. Some of the loss might be for logging as well

Shifting ag, possibly some natural disturbance as well but can't confirm

crop expansion

Not enough high res to determine cause of loss, no signs of disturbance in time series. Scattered pixels

Not enough high res imagery to determine cause of loss; scattered pixels with no signs of disturbance in time series

Not enough high res imagery to confirm cause of loss, unclear signal from time series

Not enough imagery to determine driver early in time series. Time series indices do not indicate any disturbance.

establishment of cropland and some expansion of buildings

ag expansion

small scale agriculture

Noise or potentially natural disturbance, can't tell from imagery or time series

development of mine; shifting ag and other ag surrounding

Seems to be mostly stable cropland with some clearing of trees within cropland mosaic

small scale cropland

small scale ag, some fallow periods with vegetative regrowth but no shifting

small scale ag, some fallow periods but no shifting

small scale ag

Looks like some flooding and other natural disturbance dynamics

Crop expansion, no shifting or abandonment

loss of trees in mosaic small scale agricultural systems

Some crop expansion, some loss pixels may be noise

both USGS and UMD crop layers indicate loss areas croplands. larger plots than Shifting Ag.

crop expansion, don't see signs of shifting

Hard to tell if this is new cropland or management of trees in existing cropland

expansion of permanent fields and some shifting ag on the outskirts

Likely due to dynamics of nearby river flooding/drying

New cropland. Some speckled loss in forestry plantation

Ag expansion. Other loss may be fire, dryness/drought, or even selective logging

cropland. There is loss in the mine nearby, but the mine was established before 2000, so pixels are noise

Expansion of agriculture and village

Not a lot of early imagery, but this seems likely to have already been cropland as of 2000, and loss is management of trees on cropland

Seems like fire escaped from burning nearby; this appears to be a plantation but this area is not harvested. No TCLF but MODIS nearby

Ag expansion

Likely clearing for small scale ag?

Mix of small scale ag with complex of homes

Ag expansion; no shifting

Not enough early high res imagery to confirm, but likely loss related to management of existing tree crops

Mix of permanent ag and shifting

Ag expansion; not enough high res imagery to determine if earlier loss is natural or logging

Looks like combo of forestry and tree crop management, really challenging to tell which one is dominant and which is which

Small scale cropland, secondary driver is mining

May by drought or other natural disturbance, but can't confirm with imagery or time series

Modis + SWIR1 + NBR (sort of) confirm fire at time of TCL, but hard to confirm scattered pixels in high res imagery. Could also be noise

Could be some mortality due to burning (MODIS), but unable to confirm in high res

could be damage/mortality from burning in the area, but can't confirm with high res and time series not clear

small scale cropland, secondary is mining

Clearing for ag nearby, but cant discern loss in this sample. possibly damage from burning

Ag expansion and village expansion

as of 2004 there is already palm oil in this area, loss seems to be mainly replanting and management

Seems to be some sort of agroforestry or tree crop system, present in earliest high res imagery in 2009. Assume loss is related to management

seems to be logging

used graphs (tcl 2014 +/- year no help. Contextual layers, no help. Don't think its noise. Possibly drought.

Seems mostly like loss associated with management of existing tree crops (palms)

Seems to be loss associated with management of tree crops (palm)

Selective logging. To east is shifting ag

Seems like there has been fire in the area, but unable to confirm driver of loss with high res imagery. Loss occurs in early years

Likely rice farming

Not enough cloud-free imagery to discern the driver here

Looks mainly like management of tree crops and ag systems, and some harvesting of trees (likely eucalyptus)

palm oil

flooding

small palm oil plots

no hi-res. Surrounding areas appear to be small-scale forestry, thus choosing forestry.

Could be logging or a natural disturbance, not enough imagery to tell and can't discern loss in planet

Tree crop management and forestry plantation to the south

Majority is ag, but one cluster is tree crop management

Planted trees cleared for ag

logging road

Some small scale forestry(?) cleared. Some made way for ag, some future land use uncertain due to late in the time-series

Management of tree crops and agroforestry

Ag expansion and some flooding in northwest corner

big area cleared for some sort of pasture possibly

Potentially selective logging but not enough high res imagery early in the time series to confirm

Shifting ag next to palm oil plantation

Seems like mostly management of existing tree crop systems

Minimal imagery but remote location of loss suggests either natural disturbance or noise.

secondary is energy-- possibly power station

logging roads for secondary

secondary driver is logging road

Suspect pasture related

Palm plantation

shifting ag next to palm oil plantations

palm oil, unclear when it was established

Clearing pattern looks definitive & not driven by natural cause, but remoteness of plot location doesn't support this.

Small scale ag

shifting ag next to palm oil. Palm oil established before 2000

Burn scars not visible. Could also be associated with shifting ag nearby

Not seeing clear pattern of loss in imagery. NBR dips below 0 and TCLF is present. Maybe fire driven? But small patch of loss not indicative of fire.

Palm oil present as of at least 2010 in high res imagery and loss is in 2012

it appears orginally area was palm (G. pro 2011). Then went to some type of tree plantation. Since loss is early, unclear if this is tree crop management or clearing of forest for palm

Shifting ag along new road

Small patches of planted trees that are harvest; management of tree crops, also some expansion of settlements

NBR plot doesn't dip past .3. The area under question is right where a large river bends. Thus water/flooding most likely. Flooding visible in nearby loss area as well

Rural houses/huts

Rubber plantation based on Google maps

small scale ag expansion

shifting ag next to palm oil

river floodplain area: natural disturb.

palm oil. Some seems to be tree crop management, and some seems to be deforestation

looks like clearing for ag in planet imagery

Palm oil, but unclear exactly when it was established and if this is tree crop management or deforestation. Assuming deforestation since loss is early

Palm oil plantation

Conversion to palm plantations

Likely small scale ag/pasture

A mix of mining/pastureland and urbanization

Ag as secondary driver

secondary is mining

Mix of palm and other tree crops, possibly cocoa. Palm widespread as of 2013 so this is likely tree crop management

Mix of palm and other tree crops present as of 2012, likely tree crop management

Mainly ag, but some related to mining

Palm and cocoa present at 2014, loss is tree crop management

Mainly ag, but significant portion of it is mining also

Expansion of village, cocoa crops surrounding, I believe loss is in existing cocoa areas

Tree crop management related to cocoa, also new mining

Google investigation shows rubber

hard to verify cause of loss

Trees on existing farmland, likely management of tree crops or agroforestry

Unsure whether this is management of existing cocoa or establishing new cocoa

deforestation for cocoa

Third driver for agriculture

I think this is a tree plantation but can't confirm 100%

combo of tree crop management and agriculture, likely related to cocoa

Possibly selective logging or grazing, not enough imagery to tell

secondary driver is agriculture

MODIS burn area, but not enough imagery to verify if there was actually any loss

replanting palm oil

Seems to be some sort of agroforestry system, likely cocoa

cocoa

Seems to be some sort of tree crop, likely cocoa

Looks like a fire with no land use following. Some small spots of clearance in later years, likely for ag activity

Mostly flood dynamics, some ag in corners of plot

Some areas may be tree crop management

I think mostly establishment of tree crops, possibly cocoa

I believe some sort of tree crop, may be tree crop management

Seems mostly like rotation and management of existing tree crops

Likely tree crops, but could be some very small scale forestry

Noise in shadows of cliff

shadows of cliff

Tree crops

some landslides from road construction

Seems to be a tree crop, potentially cocoa

MODIS and landsat time series indicate wildfire

palm

Seems that this area has both fires and is seasonally flooded, unsure which is the cause of loss in this case

Primary is mining, secondary is agriculture

crop dynamics

Some removal of trees for ag, some noise

small scale forestry

tree crops

Seems to be tree crop systems in this area

looks like Shifting Ag yet all permanent landcover changes to Ag. : So I'm calling it Comm. Driven Ag.

scattered pixels of loss in early years, hard to tell if there is actually loss without high res in early years

Flooding and drying dynamics in wetlands

Flooding dynamics

Some may be tree crop management, not enough early high res imagery to confirm

shadows

ag expansion, but possibly also some pixels of noise

May be pasture or shifting

crop

Hard to tell if this is just dryness or fire

agriculture dynamics

Hard to verify if there was actually loss

orchards converted to crops

rice fields

road construction

wetland converted to crop

orchards converted to crop

pasture is primary, mining is secondary

some type of mine that looks like it was later abandoned

tree crops converted to settlements

possibly wildfire or drought/disease on tree plantation

tree plantations converted to crop

orchard converted to crop

Could also be another type of natural disturbance

Fire, and looks like converted to pasture

conversion of palm oil into houses/buildings

aquaculture

secondary driver is agriculture (tree crops)

Unclear whether recent clearance is for mine expansion or forestry

flooding/river meandering

meandering river

secondary is flooding for hydroelectric dam

hydroelectric dam, road construction

hydroelectric; secondary is agriculture

hydroelectric

shifting agriculture with milpa systems

difficulty distinguishing between commodity and shifting

landslides

more recent larger scale pasture

flooding or storm

rubber; some is tree crop management

Rubber

pasture expansion, possibly some shifting as well

landslides/flooding

mostly shifting, some permanent pasture

not enough high res imagery through time

secondary is agriculture

secondary is power lines

Cocoa, unsure whether new conversion or tree crop management

Flooding/sedimentation

may be some tree crop management

Tree crops, rice, other ag

natural water fluctuations

mostly pasture

oil drilling

water fluctuations

fire in 2015, storm/tsunami in 2016

river meandering

windfall or storm damage

prep for palm oil planting

not enough early high res imagery

hydroelectric; secondary may be ag

secondary is ag

not enough high res through time

expansion of small scale ag

pasture and soybean expansion in the Chaco

pasture expansion in chaco

pasture expansion in the Chaco

ag expansion in the chaco

fire but unclear if it's intentional or to clear for ag. geom shapes make me lean towards intentional

looks like logging but could be for ag ultimately

some tree crop management and noise

factory processing of minerals and metals for EVs

secondary is noise

vineyards, TCL for expansion of fields, and noise

some landsldies

noise is secondary

secondary is oil palm to crop

agriculture is third driver

seems to be agroforestry and tree crops

agriculture is secondary maybe

agriculture is secondary

energy is secondary

fire in pasture, seems contained

some regrowth but seems mostly permanent

seems to be mostly tree crop systems

looks like conversion to rubber is happening in what may previously have been shifting cultivation landscape

also ag conversion happening nearby so hard to say if this is permanent or shifting

Secondary is power lines

also seems to be some forestry in this area

ag expansion via fire

secondary may also be natural disturbance

tree crop management is secondary

windthrow or storm

Possibly also logging or agriculture, too early to tell

windfall

There is a fire but not enough recent high res imagery to tell if it's been converted to ag

Too early to tell if 2024 loss was for urbanization or a field

crop, aquaculture

crop expansion, regrowth

cropland

could be shifting agriculture, some regrowth visible that looks natural

drought

crop expansion, new buildings

Teak

rice, terraces

cropland, fire, natural disturbance

Could also include shifting agriculture. Very diverse landscape, difficult to tell dynamics and where loss is occurring. Challenging to differentiate if trees are tree crops or for wood products

small fields, crop expansion, looks like establishment of some sort of palm crop or other tree crop

tree crops, palm

tree crops, small fields

Looks like some natural regrowth after field establishment, also potentially some tree plantations and tree crops, could also include forestry

settlements

pulp, paper, maybe tree crop

expansion of road

Little imagery at beginning of time series; main loss area appeared to be terraced ag via 2011

Wayback shows palm oil

Tree cover cleared for fields visible in Google Earth Pro; no regrowth observed in loss patches

Potential logging and signs of forestry nearby, but unclear from imagery

Palm oil; based on nearby plantations in ESRI wayback, company located here in Google Maps, and Planet imagery

Potentially orchards cleared for other types of agriculture; also possibly trees in plantations being harvested in bottom of cell

Palm oil; visible in ESRI wayback and Planet imagery

palm oil; visible in ESRI wayback

Palm oil; visible in ESRI wayback

Little imagery available; no signs of human impact. Possibly some sort of natural disturbance

Construction of road and what appears to be some logging visible in Planet imagery

Imagery appears characteristic of shifting ag: Small loss patches for cleared fields across different years, followed by regrowth

Street view confirmed most of surrounding plantations are rubber. Loss associated with replacement of trees

Appears to be mix of palm oil and other tree crops, possibly rubber. Loss associated with tree replanting

Clearing and replanting of palm oil and likely other tree crops

Lower left corner is tree crop cultivation, top and left side due to mining. Crop cultivation is dominant in this plot.

Most TCL pixels in the plot due to expansion of buildings, but some tree crop replanting as well

Alluvial mining, probably gold. Other loss pixels in plot are associated with palm oil and other crops.

rubber

There appears to be clearing and regrowth dynamics, rotational plots; but unclear if regrowth is secondary forest regrowth or planted tree crops

Appears to be clearing and replanting of tree crops

Tree cover loss in sugarcane fields (Streetview); tree height data in 2000 and 2020 confirms this is short vegetation, not trees

Cannot actually verify loss of largest groups of pixels in center of plot via Planet imagery or time series; smaller groups of pixels toward bottom are related to ag

Clearing for fields and palm oil, some flooding and no imagery early in the time series

Appears to be small clearings and regrowth signals, but not a lot of imagery available

Clearing associated with palm oil, tree crops, fields

Possibly some sort of storm damage; downed trees, but unclear cause. No evidence of fire from imagery, TCL due to fire, or MODIS

Palm oil; unclear exactly if other plots are another tree crop (rubber) or tree plantation

Seems to be associated with ag

Looks like a tree plantation (maybe teak?) but not certain, not a lot of good high-res imagery

Mostly due to expansion of buildings; but some small clearings on the right side due to unknown cause; looks like possibly shifting ag, tree harvesting or natural disturbance

Since there is loss in the earlier years with not a lot of good imagery it is hard to verify if flooding is actually the dominant driver. There are also big fire scars in 2015, but this could be production related? Kind of hard to verify what is actually causing the loss in this case.

Clearing of riparian buffer for more fields (Planet imagery)

Looks like fire in 2016 and 2020, but no clear evidence of agricultural activity afterward. Some tiny clearings may be ag related, but unclear if they are associated with the fires. Some expansion of buildings on the left side

In the recent Planet imagery this is all converted to industrial ag (and MODIS burn area does roughly match area that looks converted), so I am assuming the MODIS burning was related to clearing for fields.

Mine development and expansion of settlements

Seems like tree crops, but could also be a wood fiber plantation? Not fully confident.

Mine expansion and palm oil

Tree crop (rubber?) or wood fiber plantation. This is another case where I think the fire was related to a conversion process. The field boundaries are visible in Pro, and although it looks like it may have been idle for awhile, in the most recent Planet imagery there is definitely something being planted.

Establishment of fields and tree crops

Left pixels appear to be fire, middle pixels are clearing of tree crops. Medium confidence as I'm not sure which is dominant. While there appear to be some sort of (abandoned?) plot boundaries on the left outside of the plot, it doesn't appear to be active planting.

Establishment of agriculture

Two wildfires, confirmed by MODIS, TCLF, and imagery

Fields/agriculture

Seems to mostly be expansion of buildings, unclear what bottom portion of plot was cleared for

Expansion of agriculture

Possibly natural disturbance, but most loss occurred early in time series and very little imagery available. Some more recent clearings visible in Planet imagery, but unclear if shifting ag or natural

May be some tree crop management

Not a lot of imagery available, could be natural disturbance or even shifting ag (in lower right corner)

Fire confirmed by MODIS and TCLF, no visible conversion afterwards

Both forestry and tree crops in larger area according to SDPT. Lower portion of plot could be forestry (but could potentially be rubber); top portion of plot is palm oil.

Imagery appears to show scars from light fire, or possible drought or other natural causes of tree mortality

Appears like shifting ag based on other patterns of loss in the area, but not imagery close to main loss date (2002)

Industrial tree plantation. SDPT shows planted forests and Google Maps shows 'Sinarmas Forestry''

Fire in 2015 (confirmed by MODIS, sentinel, some TCLF) and landslides

Fire in 2015, confirmed by MODIS, TCLF, imagery

Industrial tree plantation, confirmed as planted forest by SDPT

Expansion of mine

Wildfire according to TCLF, MODIS shows fire in 2017, but hard to confirm with imagery

Mostly wildfire (confirmed by MODIS, TCLF, imagery) with no visible conversion after; oil palm in bottom right corner

Expansion of palm oil; also expansion of mine at bottom of plot

Fire (confirmed by MODIS, TCLF, imagery) with no visible conversion after

Challenging to determine if plantations established in the middle of plot are tree plantations or crops; bottom right is palm oil. There is a wood manufacturer nearby with trees planted in a similar way, so maybe we assume this one is forestry (probably Teak?)

Fire confirmed by MODIS, TCLF, wayback; bottom of plot is expansion of forestry road

escaped fires, no visible conversion after. Fire confirmed by TCLF, not directly by MODIS, although MODIS does map some areas of fire surrounding in same years

Expansion of agriculture, palm oil; secondary driver is small area for mining

Mostly palm oil

palm oil, agriculture

Palm oil expansion as primary, mining expansion as secondary

Appears like shifting ag; clearing and regrowth in rotational, small plots

Can see downed trees in imagery, but challenging to determine if it's caused by wildfire or other natural disturbances. Fire according to TCLF, and some MODIS pixels in 2016. Saw images of fire in peatlands and it's consistent with imagery here.

Expansion of palm oil

Expansion of palm oil and agriculture

Challenging to determine if this is a tree plantation or tree crops. Suspect tree plantation and SDPT says planted forests, but also incorrectly maps palm oil to the south of this plot as planted forests, so not sure how reliable it is in this case.

Industrial tree plantation. Confirmed by SDPT and Google pulp/timber businesses in the area

Palm oil expansion

Mining, also some agriculture (tree crops?); medium confidence as it's challenging to determine which is dominant

Multiple fires confirmed by imagery, MODIS, TCLF; secondary driver is clearing in bottom right for some sort of plantation, but not enough time to determine what type

Looks like there may have been fire in 2003 (confirmed by TCLF, looks like may be burn scar from Landsat, but no fire detected by MODIS), and then part of plot was converted to palm oil around 2009/2010. Uncertain whether to classify entire plot as commodity-driven, since fire may have been to establish palm oil, though entire fire area not converted and conversion happened many years later

Deforestation of natural forest for industrial tree plantation. (Planted forest confirmed by SDPT, and based on harvesting patterns and visuals)

Expansion of city

some small scale palm

Mostly clearing associated with palm oil, secondary small area of clearing for houses

most of it is palm oil replacement, some is new oil palm

Expansion of mining; also loss associated with palm oil production

Looks like selective logging of natural forest

Agricultural expansion; appears to be permanent conversion similar to other ag production in the area, though not a lot of time has passed to see if fields might be left fallow to allow for regrowth

Conversion to plantation, but really challenging to tell from available imagery what type of plantation

Agricultural expansion

Mine expansion

Palm oil

Mostly palm oil. Small area was harvested earlier in the time series, presumably for wood, and then allowed to regrow naturally

Industrial timber plantation for pulp and paper. SDPT confirms planted forest, business located in middle of the plantation is pulp and paper company.

Seems like small fields with tree crops, but not a lot of high res imagery available

Expansion of urban area

Palm oil and other agricultural expansion

Appears to be selective logging of natural forest

tree crop and palm oil rotations

Loss of tree crops; also some loss that might be noise in fields, but no high res imagery early enough to tell

Looks like establishment of palm oil

Establishment of palm oil; meandering river

Clearing for roads and what looks like agricultural fields from Wayback, but could also be associated with logging

Mostly expansion of mine; some scattered pixels due to urbanization

Look like logging of natural forest

Expansion of agriculture; expansion of buildings

Looks like expansion of tree crops on left, expansion of mining on right

Clearing and replanting associated with palm oil and agricultural production

expansion of palm oil

Likely palm oil based on wayback image

Could be shifting ag; looks like periodic clearing and regrowth based on time series and Planet imagery

Establishment of palm oil; some light canopy clearances at bottom of plot that could be logging

Appears to be clearing for some type of agricultural production

Clearing related to mine, visible in wayback imagery. Regrowth in recent years

Clearing for agriculture, including tree crops. Doesn't appear to have regrowth

palm oil and agricultural production

clearing for palm oil on left side; difficult to tell if all loss is associated with palm oil/tree crops or some related to logging or tree plantations. Very little high resolution imagery available

Very likely palm oil but little high res imagery available

Possibly fire with no clear conversion afterwards; MODIS shows fire nearby in 2015, TCLF and time series seem to support fire. Also construction of road, presumably associated with nearby mine

Loss associated with palm oil and agriculture; some pixels for building expansion

wildfire in 2002/3 and 2015/16; confirmed by imagery, MODIS, tclf. No visible conversion after.

Mine in lower right corner; fire elsewhere (MODIS burn areas nearby in 2015 TCLF), not associated with mine

some clearings that look new, some tree crop management

Fire with no visible conversion after (confirmed by TCLF, MODIS burn areas nearby, imagery shows what looks like burn scars)

palm oil expansion

Establishment of agricultural fields on bottom of plot, urbanization on the right

Fire (confirmed by MODIS nearby, TCLF) with no visible conversion after; early loss appears potentially associated with logging

Wildfire (confirmed by nearby MODIS and TCLF), with no visible conversion after

Looks like some shifting ag with regrowth, as well as establishment of palm oil

Establishment of mine

possibly fire or some other natural disturbance; little high res imagery available and no conclusive indication from MODIS or other sources

Potentially some sort of natural disturbance - salt water intrusion

Appears to be fire with no visible conversion after. Nearby area confirmed by MODIS in 2016 and TCLF. Less clear from time series

loss associated with tree crops and palm oil

Urban expansion

Fire in 2002 confirmed by MODIS, TCLF; no visible conversion after

Some loss due to agriculture, seems like it could be shifting ag due to regrowth dynamics, use of fire, rotating fields; also expansion of buildings

Possibly shifting ag, some small temporary clearings visible in various images

clearing associated with palm oil, some scattered loss pixels due to new buildings

Likely loss associated with shifting ag; distinct clearings visible in earlier imagery, with later regrowth; flooding visible in high res imagery

Loss associated with tree crops and agriculture

Clearing associated with tree crops; construction of dam on right side

Mostly palm oil and possibly some rubber

Clearing for agriculture

rubber plantation. Confirmed by wayback and google business at this location

Clearing for agriculture with some palm oil visible in wayback

Looks like some palm oil or other type of palm is present, but also small, periodic clearings and regrowth indicative of shifting ag.

small clearing for agriculture and small clearing for a building

Small clearings visible in imagery that could be related to shifting ag, or natural disturbances

Looks like potential establishment of very small patches of palm oil or some other type of tree crop; could also be shifting ag

Not enough imagery to see loss event; unclear cause; could be ag related

Possibly shifting ag

Looks like logging of natural forest at various points in time from available imagery (Pro, Planet)

Tree clearance is visible, but unknown cause. Looks like potential burn scars at time of loss, so could potentially be related to agriculture, but unclear. Could also be logging.

Palm oil conversion

Periodic clearance, but looks like palms (could be palm oil, or coconut or other tree crop). May also be shifting ag. Expansion of settlement on the right.

Logging of natural forest

clearing and replanting palm oil

Palm oil grown in areas surrounding plot, but unclear what type of tree is grown in middle patch. Could be a tree crop or tree plantation

palm oil visible in wayback

Expansion of mine; also some agriculture related clearings, palm oil visible in latest Pro image

Clearing and replanting of palm oil

Loss associated with agriculture; some loss appears to be noise

Clearing of palm oil for a mine; also clearing and replanting of palm oil

Some type of aquaculture or agriculture, visible in wayback

Some tree mortality visible as early as 2015, spreads by 2019 - this indicates disease as opposed to fire because happens slowly over time

mine

Clear there were disturbances in time series, but not enough high res imagery to determine cause

Loss associated with tree crops

Very small temporary agricultural clearings with regrowth occurring at various points in time

oil palm and agriculture

Mostly small clearings for buildings, one loss event at bottom for agricultural field

Planet imagery shows clearing for fields, likely palm oil

Palm oil and another type of plantation, possibly rubber

clearing and replanting of palm oil

Small patches cleared, but unclear for what purpose-- possibly timber, or some sort of tree crop; could also be related to urbanization. Otherwise, scattered pixels of loss associated with buildings.

Loss associated with agriculture; mainly bananas growing in this plot

Loss not visible in imagery; could be due to some sort of natural disturbance

Loss mostly associated with clearing and replanting of rubber (confirmed by street view); some small groups of pixels associated with buildings

Looks like shifting ag. Rotational clearings at various points in time

Establishment of a mine. Loss patch from 2007 could be due to some sort of natural disturbance, fire, or possibly logging

Loss associated with tree crops and construction of buildings, there is also noise in ag fields

Tree crops visible, but loss patterns and regrowth look more like shifting ag

some tree crops being grown in the area, but patterns of loss appear like shifting ag and seems to be occurring in what looks like secondary forest/vegetation patches

Loss associated with existing plots of tree crops. Some noise pixels in crop fields.

Main loss patches is a landslide. Other isolated pixels likely associated with tree crops.

Mostly pruning or clearing of existing tree crops

Loss seems to be associated with existing tree crops. Could also be shifting ag.

clearing and replanting of existing rubber plantations (verified in street view)

Clearing of forest fragments and establishment of tree crops

small periodic clearings

Seems likely to be clearing associated with agriculture; unsure whether to classify as shifting ag or commodity-driven

Clearing associated with existing rubber, palm and tree crop plantations

Loss associated with existing tree crop plantations. Some loss due to construction of houses

Possible loss due to landslide or storm, not enough imagery close to date to decide with confidence

Loss associated with existing palm oil plantations

Loss associated with existing palm oil plantations.

Clearing of tree crops (palm oil) for other forms of agriculture or replanting

Clearing and replanting of palm oil, clearing of palm oil for other types of agriculture

Clearing for ag and tree crop; some may be replanting but also appears to be clearing of natural forest

Some palm oil already established as of earliest high res image in 2010, but not sure what year it was initially established; appears to be some clearing of natural forest for ag in the rest of the plot

Clearing for tree crops and ag

Hard to tell if upper right side of plot is clearing and replanting of existing tree crops, or new clearance. Lower left is due to mine

Palm oil and agriculture

Hard to determine if this is clearance and establishment of tree crops or possible shifting ag with some secondary regrowth. Some small plots of palm are visible

Much of loss here appears to be occurring in areas that are already established as tree crops. Some settlement expansion in bottom left corner.

Hard to determine if this is replanting of existing tree crops (there are clearly some tree crops in this plot); or clearance and regrowth associated with shifting ag. Some expansion of settlements on the left

Assuming clearance for some sort of tree crop

Expansion of fields; some noise pixels in fields

I suspect this is clearing of and replanting of existing rubber, but can't confirm since some loss is early and earliest high res image is from 2007

Small periodic clearings and regrowth

Loss associated with existing tree crops

Not enough imagery to tell if early loss is deforestation, but all loss post 2012 (majority of loss in plot) is clearing and replanting of rubber. Confirmed in street view.

Loss in areas with existing tree crops, assuming related to replanting or pruning.

Bottom left side of plot looks like shifting agriculture, bottom right is flooding

Looks like shifting ag

Loss in existing tree crops, area is maintained under ag production and eventually partially replanted.

Forest clearing for tree crops

Looks potentially like shifting ag, as there appears to be secondary regrowth

Area was already cleared in Landsat imagery in 1985. Pretty sure this is rubber. Clearing and replanting.

Clearing of forest for agriculture

Some loss due landslides in 2018, other looks like pruning or some other form of tree crop management

Looks like most of this loss is in areas that have been fields for a long time, possible noise. Other loss potentially due to tree crop management

Some clearing and replanting of tree crops, some expansion of buildings

Clearing and replanting of tree crops (I think rubber)

Deforestation for tree crops (some palm, some others)

Looks like logging and replanting for wood harvest. Some expansion of buildings in middle of plot.

Deforestation for agriculture

small clearings and regrowth

Deforestation for establishment of tree crops

clearing and replanting of tree crops

Clearing of what looks like natural forest. From Planet imagery in 2022 looks like they planted tree crops

Expansion of agriculture into forest

Some clearing/pruning of tree crops, small patch of loss due to meandering river.

Wildfire confirmed by TCLF and MODIS nearby, burn scars visible. Also some ag near river, but later looks abandoned.

Mainly clearing of tree crop for other forms of agriculture; not exactly tree crop management, but perhaps closest fitting label

Some clearing of edge forest for ag (lower left); some tree crop pruning/clearing

Looks like some secondary regrowth occurs after clearing

Looks like forestry with clearcuts and regrowth throughout time series but cannot verify tree type; but SDPT confirms planted forest. Some small patches of loss due to ag.

Some clearing of tree crops for buildings, some tree crop management

Clearing of forest for agriculture, visible in Planet imagery

Left side expansion of mine, right side agriculture

logging (clearcuts)

Clearing and replanting of existing rubber plantations (confirmed via streetview)

Clearing and replanting of what look like existing rubber plantations

Clearing of tree crops for other forms of agriculture

Tree/wood fiber plantations, SDPT confirms planted forest

Seems to be clearing and replanting of tree crops or conversion of tree crop to other type of ag

Some clearings in 2014 look potentially like shifting ag, and possibly fire clearing in 2019 associated with shifting ag. Could also be some natural disturbances in the plot, but hard to confirm

Clearing and replanting of tree crops

Pruning and clearing of tree crops

shifting transition into larger scale (likely permanent?) ag in later years

Looks like mostly clearing of remnant forest for agriculture and rubber plantations.

Loss in top of plot looks like clearing of tree crops; loss in bottom looks like clearing of secondary forest for ag

Clearing of forest for agriculture.

Clearing of forest for mining activities

Expansion of neighborhood

Timber/forest plantations. Small patch of loss in 2007 seems to be agriculture-driven loss

Mostly clearing remnant forest for agriculture

Clearing of remnant forest for agriculture; also clearing of forest for power lines

expansion of ag fields

Forests burned and cleared for agriculture, followed by regrowth

logging and wood/timber plantations

Clearing of remnant forest; hard to tell if replaced with ag or replanted (forestry)

Clearing for ag and regrowth

Top of plot is clearing of remnant forest for ag; bottom of plot looks like clearing and replanting of existing tree crops (or potentially noise in agricultural fields)

clearing for agriculture and regrowth

stripping the landscape in the latter years appears to be mining, otherwise clearing of forests

Clearing of forest edges for agricultural expansion; small patch of loss for new settlement

possibly wildfire; MODIS shows fire in 2020

Mostly wood/tree plantations; some conversion to tree crop

Harvesting in tree plantation

Small patch of trees for wood harvest, small patch of expansion for buildings

clearing, appears to be some regrowth in planet imagery

Some clearings appear more permanent than others, but possibly shifting ag; could potentially be logging but doesn't really look like it

expansion of ag fields + some potential natural disturbance within forest patches

Clearing of natural vegetation and trees for fields

harvesting wood

Initial clearing for agriculture, then expansion of settlements

expansion of mining

Mostly mining expansion; some small clearing for ag

Not enough imagery to see what happened, but based on loss patterns in area surrounding plot, possibly selective logging

Probably mix of commodity driven shifting ag, as there appears to be some regrowth for some loss areas

Presence of modis burn area suggests shifting cultivation

Looks like clearing in some sort of palm plantation

Don't see any evidence of shifting, this looks like expansion of permanent ag

mostly replanting in existing rubber/palm plantations

Expansion of some type of tree crop, some loss may be tree crop management

Seems likely to be shifting cultivation based on time series and other disturbances nearby

Likely rubber based on plantations nearby

there are both tree crops and forestry plantations, and I believe more loss is associated with tree crops

Looks like a mine, and palm oil

Seems to mostly be associated with agriculture and tree crops, unclear whether it's ag expansion or tree crop management

expansion of rubber

not enough high quality imagery

Seems to be logging; teak plantations nearby

Some regrowth, but seems to be mostly permanent agriculture

Selective logging and logging roads visible in Landsat

selective logging visible in Landsat

looks like palm and other tree crops

looks like establishment of new plantation

creation of reservoir for hydroelectric power generation

selective logging, conversion of forest to plantation forest

Looks like road developed along the border

Possibly mine exploration and opportunistic logging or ag, but hard to confirm

Not sure if the earlier loss is agriculture or tree crop management. Palm oil

Flooding and landslides from storms

Looks like permanent ag

some loss is shifting ag, but hard to tell what recent loss is for. Looks like potential mine development to the west and could be related but too early to tell

Seems to be management of tree crops or agroforestry systems

Not enough early high res imagery to tell what happened here

appears to be escaped fire, burn scars but no agriculture established afterward

Don't see any evidence of shifting, so I think this is ag expansion

Landslides from earthquake

escaped fire next to palm plantations

escaped fire from palm conversion nearby

Escaped fire from palm plantations nearby

Part escaped fire, part converted to commodity

rubber and tree crops

Aside from tree crops, I believe this is all urban development

maybe a landslide, but not enough high res imagery to tell

presence of small houses indicate that this is agriculture related

Not enough high res imagery

Not enough good quality imagery to see what's going on

Escaped fire from agriculture

Looks like tree crops

escaped fire

Some escaped fire, some loss associated with what appears to be drainage ditches for peat

Establishment of tree crops (probably rubber), looks like maybe some fire and third driver is commodity driven energy for power lines

escaped fire and palm oil conversion

escaped fire and palm oil

Not enough high quality imagery to determine cause of loss in earlier years

Assuming for palm oil since that is what is planted nearby

Construction of road

Flooding due to construction of hydroelectric power plant

construction of major highway

Looks like drought

I believe this is an old plantation that was replanted but not 100% sure

escaped fire and logging

management of existing tree crops/agroforestry systems

Fire with no land use following

Looks like maybe drought or mortality, but not enough high res imagery to tell

farms and greenhouses

Flooding due to construction of hydroelectric dam

escaped fires from nearby plantations

Maybe a natural disturbance but not enough high res imagery to be sure

looks like mosaic of forestry and potentially some tree crops and ag

assuming this has to do with cyclone Giri in 2010

conversion of natural forest to plantation forest

Not certain that this isn't rubber, but I believe it is forestry since tree crowns are thinner

Wood plantation and rubber plantation

rubber and other tree crops

Looks like initially cleared for ag/pasture, then flooding due to construction of hydroelectric dam (energy is secondary)

Seems to be enough regrowth to classify this as shifting

Seems like management of tree crops and agroforestry systems; lots of palms

Looks like some shifting, but some rubber present as well

Some tree crops, but seems to be mostly shifting

some sort of palm tree crop

Seems like there is ag along this road but a bit early to tell

Cannot determine if this is wood fiber or commodity

palm is being planted at edge of plot, suspect whole area was cleared for palm but haven't planted it all yet

rubber. May be some tree crop management rather than conversion

secondary driver is mining

some permanent ag but mostly shifting

Plots are persistent through time, maybe a tree crop

Looks like mostly rubber or other tree crops

Some rubber, but this appears to mostly be shifting ag

rubber to palm oil

riparian flooding and landslides

storm/river flooding

palm conversion and some logging on the outskirts I think

Mixed landscape of ag and logging

mixed ag and logging landscape

Upper part was logged first, then later converted to palm oil

rubber and palm

Not sure if loss in 2020 is just noise or natural drying dynamics, other loss appears to be fire related

palm oil replacement

Could also be wildfire but hard to confirm

not sure if tree crop management or new palm

I think rubber but there is not recent high res imagery, so hard to confirm

I believe this was logged. Looks like it was cleared again at the end of the time series

pulp and paper plantations

pulp plantations

I think forestry is dominant for this one

seasonal flooding

I think mostly tree crops

Not enough high quality imagery

Possibly logging or ag as secondary

This looks like expansion of permanent ag

Fire but then mining established

Looks like maybe a drought then converted to ag but can't confirm

Seems mostly smallholder palm and other tree crops

Looks like tree mortality but uncertain

volcanic activity

pastureland

potential cropland expansion but no high res imagery to confirm

Loss occurred on college campus - almost looks like a dirtbike course took its place. Marked as urbanization for now but not confident.

Construction of homes

Conversion to cropland

Large swaths of wildfires in Tasmanian's southwest region

Clearing for either cropland expansion or pasture lands

No signs of forest loss in high res imagery.

Regrowth in years following loss appears to be additional trees planted, suggesting initial loss was due to potential timber harvest.

Initially looked like clearing of land to expand for pasture (and cleared via fire), however, trees were allowed to grow back. Uncertain about this one.

Large wildfire, burn scars present

Clearing occurred likely in late 2021, difficult to be fully confident in true driver due to lack of imagery following loss.

Planted forest harvest

Homes built along with agricultural fields nearby

Cleared area was used for agriculture for 10 years, then three homes were built in that same area. Difficult to tell if homes are related to agricultural production or not.

Fluctuation in creek water level

Likely loss driven by forestry in 2003-2004. Lack of imagery to confirm but surrounding imagery and time-series data support loss occurring then. Challenging to determine cause of loss in 2018, could be selective logging, natural disturbance or disease, or even noise

Unsure of driver here. Clearing occurred around 2010 and path/dirt road established. Area surrounding path left to grow back.

Hard to tell what the area of loss is eventually turning into. Looks like it could be into agricultural fields, similar to the adjacent fields, but unsure as there is also forestry to the southwest/southeast.

trees/shrubs towards end of time series, prob pasture

Not a lot of high res imagery following loss but appears to be a timber harvest potentially.

harvest happens at the end of time series so I can't be sure they replant trees or pasture

forest harvest at the end of time series, no imagery to confirm trees were replanted

High res imagery shows browning - maybe disease

Some scattered pixels not associated with any loss. Labeled these as the secondary driver.

Loss appears to be natural or due to minor disturbance. Difficult to tell what the driver is as loss is so minor/speckled.

Unsure of this driver. Some growth back is occurring following deforestation, but not in a row-pattern (growth appears natural).

Planted tree stand deforested to make way for kiwifruit orchards

Deforestation driven by conversion to what appears to be kiwifruit orchards

Primary driver is building of homes, secondary driver is conversion of trees to agricultural fields

Edges of agricultural field were deforested but left to grow back. Hard to tell what the driver is here.

Loss happened late in the time series so unsure of what the future land use will be but appears to be forestry.

No evidence of forest ever existing here. Looks like rotational ag.

No loss visible in imagery or throughout time series data

Most loss appears to be associated with mining however, some loss has grown back as forestry.

Loss associated with building of new homes and creation of park.

Loss year in TCL data (2014) doesn't align with disturbance in time series data in 2018. No clear loss in high res imagery either. Appears to be a vineyard.

Looks like eucalyptus - mallet trees

Burn scars in high res imagery, TCLF layer overlaps, and NBR index has dips in time series during years of loss.

Difficult to confirm loss in earlier years. Time series indices do not show clear deviations and high res imagery does not show a clear land use in years following supposed loss.

some road-looking clearing but unsure why; potentially natural disturbance due to the pattern of loss in the imagery?

Looks like thinning in a planted forest

this is a wetland, no trees

Unsure if loss is truly occurring here - hard to tell because loss occurred early in time series.

Secondary driver uncertain - hard to tell if the construction of buildings are homes or related to agriculture/forestry use.

MODIS, UMD fire, and time series indicate fire

Reasoning for medium confidence is that it's hard to tell which driver makes up more of the plot area.

No tree cover loss observed in high res imagery.

TCLF present here and time series indicate some disturbance. However, no good high res imagery surrounding loss year (2002) and hard to confirm if the area was in fact forested as later years do not look forested.

TCLF present but lack of high res imagery makes it difficult to confirm. Not a lot of tree cover present here.

TCLF indicates wildfire driven loss but no high res imagery available to confirm. Time series does not show a strong dip in indices either.

Not enough pre-loss imagery to determine if this was actually forested. Time series indices do not show a drop around the year of loss.

Unclear what future land use is in northward area of loss. Pre-loss it looked to be a uniform stand so labelling forestry as primary driver here.

Scattered pixels appear to be noise, no tree cover change. there is building constructed but it could be for ag purposes i guess

Potentially wildfire (TCLF layer present here) but the landscape is shrubs not really trees

Mostly changes in vineyards but some trees cut down as well later in the time series

shrubland with some trees so I give it a medium cause it could also noise/non-forest

Potentially clearing for pasture? Difficult to tell from imagery what the future land use is.

Road widening

Pre-loss imagery and tree cover height data do not support the fact that this area was previously forested. It appears to be an agricultural field.

Tree clearing in the right of way

Construction billboard/ad shows residential housing lots under construction.

Both high res imagery and time series do not show any disturbance in main areas of loss

Definite clearing in a pasture-like area but uncertain if pasture was intended future land use

orchards replanted?

looks like they widened a logging road but I can't be sure what's going on; watering hole for livestock or ag purposes created

more of a shrubland but fair bit of subjectivity so leaving as med confidence

Fairly certain that trees are replanted but not 100% sure

TCLF present and time series indices align with loss. Some evidence of burn scars years later but cannot fully confirm with high res imagery.

expansion in the north and sickly orchards in the east

landscape stripped so best guess is mining?

hard to tell if trees were replanted for the most recent harvest

Signs of fire in streetview, TCLF, and time series; doesn't seem intentional as trees are left to regrow but can't be sure with mine nearby. Some secondary driver pixels might be noise

not enough imagery and no evidence from MODIS fire

Earlier years of loss definitely forestry related. Recent year of loss (2021) does not appear to be loss - high res imagery in 2022 looks forested still.

Appears that tree buffer within agricultural field was cut down but allowed to regrow naturally immediately after.

Selective logging within plantation

Not enough high res imagery to confirm before/after year of loss. Potentially wildfire?

Select removal of planted trees to add drainage channel for planted forest.

Time series indices do not support a distinct loss event and high res imagery does not show clear cut of forestry here. Based on old street view imagery, could potentially be kiwi plantations?

Harvest in 2008 followed by plantation. However, loss in 2019 results in conversion to cropland

Bulk of loss is within ag field, however there is planted forestry surrounding the field that was lost as well.

Loss from kiwi plantations potentially? Looks rotational though. Could be noise thou

tree crop replacement in NW visible via high res imagery and StreetView, the rest of loss is noise - not trees but vineyards

unclear what's happening here - i remember we discussed this point and could not come up with a definitive answer

No burn scars visible in imagery immediately after 2014 loss but forest does look thinned in 2015. NBR index also shows loss event in 2014.

Potentially gravel storage area?

Logging road/path

Artifacts from changing water levels in pond

Looks like it could be a controlled fire but no sign of cultivation afterwards for 4 years

evidence from Landsat, time series, and remaining tree lines

could be shrubs and not trees

could be shrubs

There's an ovular clearing between 2004-2009 but it's not picked up in the TCL data. The remaining pixels appear to be noise.

TCLF layer is present here but time series indices do not indicate disturbance in 2001 and high-res imagery is not available this far back to confirm.

Future land use is clearly ag but unclear if trees previously existed there. Not enough high-res imagery but Landsat does show some spectral change. Time series indices are mixed.

It's clear there was a height reduction, but area was left to regrow back. Selective logging of some sort? Could be nat dist like windthrow?

Deforested as part of mining operation but trees planted in it's place a few years after?

Secondary driver is mining

looks like wind throw based on imagery and the straight path of downed trees

Likely some sort of mining, given that mining is occurring nearby. Pattern of loss appears to support this.

evidence from TCL due to fire, MODIS

evidence from TCL due to fire, MODIS, NBR

Selective forest thinning?

cleared for ag although some of the fields could be cleared to replant orchards

Definite disturbance events in 2003 and 2009. TCLF and indices point to wildfire. Could also be other natural disturbance? Imagery does not provide a clear picture.

TCLF, MODIS, and NBR comfirm fire

Looks like clearing for grazing - many man made watering holes all around

Looks like clearing for grazing - many man made watering holes all around, cattle visible in high res imagery

TCLF, MODIS, and NBR confirm fire

Too early to tell if this is forestry or conversion to pasture

Unable to determine cause of loss. Potentially natural disturbance based on proximity to river? Loss year does not align with dips seen in indices.

Evidence from TCLF, MODIS, and NBR time series

TCLF present, pattern of loss consistent with wildfire. No clear burn scars though, so leaving as medium confidence.

Majority of loss is wildfire driven. Small amount of loss pixels in NW part of plot where driver of clearing was unclear, never developed.

Burn scars present in wayback imagery. Isolated pattern of loss - maybe fire used for clearing in some way?

Clearing for house with small plot of land, along with clearing south of river to make a canal?

earlier clearing seems to be for ag - probably grazing

2016 loss attributed to cyclone winston

cyclone winston 2016

cyclone winston

cyclone mick 2009 landed from the north, also evidence of change in wetness

cyclone Amy in 2003 and cyclone winston in 2016

cyclone winston - seems like there was already a forest opening, which made this patch vulnerable to storms

Bike park trail creation

half seems to be replanted orchards and half is actually turned into a field

Looks like normal defoliation or potentially drought induced loss? Refoliation occurs the following year.

Forest cleared late in the time series and unclear if there is regrowth, cyclone Yasa loss in 2021 apparent across landscape and in high res time series

Fluctuation of water level

planted oil palm within forest nearby and some signs of planted oil palm in Wayback but cant be sure

lava flows but the timing of lava does not match timing of loss

Difficult to tell due to lack of cloud-free imagery but likely noise/shadows

oil palm in the north cant tell what's going on exactly

Lack of high res imagery, difficult to tell driver. Small plantations/agroforestry in the area, but loss is outside of these areas. Potentially wildfire due to TCLF presence?

large scale disturbance indicates nat origins - cyclone Harold but no definitive imagery

Widespread loss driven by hurricane harold in april 2020

Loss driven by hurricane harold in april 2020

Small scale planted trees (unable to determine if planted forest or tree crop)

denuded sick trees throughout

Appears more like a wetland but does meet height criteria for tree cover. Loss is not clear from imagery though.

flooding visible nearby in high res imagery

Fun fact: world's largest bauxite mine

fire according to MODIS, ts and TCL due to fire but tree loss very localize

Logging suspected but because the baseline image in GEE is low resolution I cant tell for sure

appears to be logging

Looks like storage containers associated with nearby mining

steel factory

water fluctuation in pond

Definite clearing from older Landsat imagery but grainy, hard to tell driver. Allowed to regrow in later years of timeseries. Potentially natural disturbance? Lots of oxbow lakes

Select harvesting from plantation? SDPT labels as tree crop near by so likely similar.

Not enough cloud-free imagery to discern loss driver

likely associated with gold mine in close proximity

looks like flooding near the river, widespread, loss of trees not apparent thou

flooding visible in high res imagery nearby but not obv tree loss

no high res imagery - no way to tell what's going on at all

logging roads visible around, not enough imagery to confirm

Not enough high res imagery around loss years to discern driver. Definite loss though, shown through tree height diff from 2000 to 2020.

palm plantation

Not enough imagery around early year of loss to determine driver. 2000 tree height data is scattered in plot. Potentially related to agriculture - fields at & around

Only planet imagery is available, rest is too cloudy. Difficult to tell for certain but potentially natural disturbance due to proximity of loss to river?

it was ag the whole time

Definitely a tree plantation, hard to tell the tree type exactly, not clearly oil palm, etc. But SDPT lists as tree crop so designating as such.

Planted trees of some sort - SDPT indicates tree crops here though it's hard to confirm from the imagery

Can't see any signs of loss from imagery. Time series also does not show signs of disturbance in loss years.

Potentially shifting ag? Seeing some shifting across 3 years but not enough years of high res imagery to see continued shifting so leaving as med confidence

Limited imagery around the year of loss but looks as though oil palm plantations existed since 2000. Can't discern what change happened in 2006, potentially something associated with management of tree crop?

There is not high res imagery in 2015 overlapping the plot, but some available on wayback in surrounding area and there are definite signs of it.

Palm plantations with what looks like clearing for shifting ag or small scale ag in later years

Not a ton of high res imagery to reference but appears to be shifting ag

Very isolated, small patches of loss. Unable to tell from imagery what the driver is. Potentially some sort of natural dist?

palm plantations

cyclone Ita 2014 over Papua New Guinea

suspect a natural disturbance due to patchiness of loss and very widespread. cannot confirm exact disaster

network of roads within the forest likely for logging but could not be definitely proved

Pretty evenly split between the two drivers, hard to tell which is dominant

Establishment of tree crops

some permanent tree crops

Tiny patch of palm oil included in southwest corner

Mostly shifting, but some permanent tree crops established

Both shifting ag and small palm plantations

Some shifting, some might be more permanent establishment or rotation of tree crops

Some sort of natural disturbance affecting large area in 2022, possibly drought

Looks like combination of shifting ag and tree crop/tree crop rotation

Loss in early years without sufficient imagery

Planted forest of some sort

River flooding and sediment flow in 2012 and 2014

Selective logging and palm oil

Possibly some sort of storm, but can't confirm with imagery

Also shifting ag as third driver

This may be tree crop management but cannot verify due to lack of early high res imagery

Planted forest

Fluctuations in river height in riparian zone. Looks like area might have flooded with high amount of sediment drainage in riparian zone.

Secondary driver either natural disturbance from river dynamics or human-induced related to nearby golf-course. Difficult to determine.

planted forest

Too early to tell what will happen for this clearing

Volcanic activity

Volcanic activity, palm oil

sediment from volcanic eruption

Uncertain whether there is agriculture or if this is settlement

No signs of planting as of 2023, seems like it has been converted to pasture

Possible tree removal for pasture, but not enough early imagery to tell

fires are a natural part of this ecosystem which is largely uninhabited

flooding and sedimentation

mostly shifting ag, but also an airstrip and small community

clearing for pasture and crop

No trees replanted for 10 years, assuming converted to pasture

Looks like some disease or possibly fire as secondary

Ag and tree crops

Mortality from wildfire

Downed trees visible, possibly from storm or landslide. Looks like some of trees on other slope could have bee harvested but unsure

No evidence of disturbance in 2012 in time series or imagery

Conversion to pasture, secondary driver could be fire or drought

Buildings and houses, no signs of agriculture

Landfill and buildings, looks like there might be a mine next to it

Fire contained to field boundaries, looks like pasture

powerplant or refinery

secondary is meandering river

landslides and shifting ag

Too early to say if this remains forestry, or could potentially be converted to pasture

Pasture, likely tree crops

Seems cleared for pasture

Looks like drought, insect, or other natural disturbance

Damage from fire, also small clearing to expand pasture

Not enough good imagery to tell if there is any loss

Clearing of trees for pasture and wildfire

Some selective logging for earlier loss

Seems to be cleared for pasture, unclear cause of loss in 2012

secondary may be due to cyclone or storm

Assuming this is related to oil extraction-- seeing similar sites surrounding that seem to be related to oil drilling, but it could also be mining related

Commodity driven ag (pasture) as third driver

Seems like some sort of flooding but not confident

Mostly logging, possibly some shifting ag as well

shifting ag and flooding/sediment from river; some logging as well

looks like storm damage

River meandering/flooding

Cyclone damage

cyclone damage, but salvage logged and replanted

Berry farm (greenhouses) and highway construction

small clearing for pasture, mostly forest plantations

small portion converted to pasture, mostly forest plantations

clearing of trees for pasture, also some clearing for houses

Pasture and highway

River fluctuation

Tree plantation to crop or pasture

Selective harvest and wildfire

Tree plantation converted to pasture and cropland

Wildfire, then logging

Trees cut down, left bare for many years, and then replanted

Possibly drought

Forest plantations to pasture and cropland, some remain as forest plantations

Some clearing of vegetation for pasture, but some appears to be noise

Third driver is construction of reservoir

Maybe pasture, but hard to verify yet

grass, and no loss of vegetation

cannot verify loss in satellite imagery

Storm damage

house construction, some is also pasture

Landslides

Expansion of settlements

Looks like some clearing of brush for pasture possibly, but could just be noise; small clearing for urbanization in southeast corner

Clearing of what looks like secondary natural forest remnants for ag; also some clearing and replanting of palm oil

Early imagery looks like some sort of tree crop that was cleared and replanted or left to naturally regenerate, other patches of agricultural related clearings

agricultural expansion

Burn scars visible in high res imagery, confirmed by TCLF

expansion of settlements

Seems like mostly clearing of crops beneath trees in existing agroforestry systems (tea or coffee); small patch of new settlements

Expansion of settlements; looks also like some clearing for agriculture

Seems to be pruning or management of tree crops

Construction of dam, construction of road

Seasonal flooding in a water body; small patch of new settlements

Clearing for agriculture (looks like tree crops planted). Some clearing regrows, but unclear whether it was cleared for wood harvest or ag production.

clearing for crops

Clearing and regrowth; potentially wood harvest? Or planting of a tree crop like rubber

clearing associated with agriculture, seems likely clearing and replanting of tree crops

Expansion of fields; patch one eastern side looks like it was cleared and then abandoned, could be shifting ag?

Could be natural disturbance but hard to verify with imagery

Southern portion likely clearing for ag, but hard to verify with lack of early imagery. Later loss is noise in fields

Seems mostly clearing of existing tree crops (lots of rubber in this area); also clearing for mine

maybe natural flooding but hard to confirm, could also be noise

Expansion of fields, a few pixels of potential natural flooding in south

lots of noise in existing fields, and some expansion of fields

Looks like area was logged and potentially allowed to naturally regrow

Loss in existing agricultural areas

Clearing for crop production; unsure if earlier loss pixels are also ag related or logging

clearing in existing ag areas

Some type of palm crop

I think mostly rubber

construction of airport

Could also be tree crop management but not enough early imagery to tell. Small patch in north due to house construction.

Cleared and then flooded, but not sure why. Potentially logged?

Seems to be existing tree crops, some new houses

Not entirely clear if patch in north was ever forest; small clearings for houses

Mostly commodity (though unsure if new clearings or existing management). Some loss may be for forestry but cant tell

Uncertain whether patch in north is commodity driven but highly suspect. Small patch in south due to commodity

acacia plantations based on Streetview

Clearing for field, patches in south are clearing of existing tree crops

trees replanted once mine is no longer in use

TCL for mining but trees replanted once mine not in use

logging, some scattered pixels in north due to crop management or could be noise

likely pasture, also construction of hydroelectric infrastructure

Prior presence of forest confirmed by Landsat

fire that later regenerates (confirmed by TCLF and MODIS); southern part of plot is expansion of ag

Clearing of plots (geometric shapes clearly visible), that later regenerates

Clearing and replanting of tree crops, also a mine in east

Mostly mining, small patch due to agriculture in the north

Storm damage visible in high res imagery

potentially some clearing of scattered trees, but challenging to tell

Seems like loss due to landslide; also construction of road, and another patch of clearing for ag

possibly shifting ag, land is cleared but then left to regenerate

looks like cleared areas are regenerating, possibly shifting ag

Unclear whether this is tree crop management, forestry, or both

Unclear whether this is a tree crop like rubber or forestry

Fields cleared and then left to regenerate

Suspect management of some sort of tree crop, but can't confirm, could also be forestry

Large scale clearing and regrowth, could be logging? Could also be shifting ag, but clearings seem too large for shifting ag

Clearing of trees in between fields

Likely clearing of some forest in between fields

Clearing and regeneration, could be shifting ag or even logging

Maybe selective logging or some sort of natural disturbance (drought)?

Very early loss, so hard to tell what the cause is; maybe logging. Some scattered loss for commodity-driven

Looks like selective logging; unclear what square ditch is for, maybe something ag related?

Some forestry and some conversion to fields

Clearing of tree crops for other types of ag

looks like selective logging

seems like shifting ag, could also possibly be forestry

Brick making facility? and some logging

Maybe logging, but not enough time to see if there is regrowth

Looks like some forest may have been converted to crops; some replanted for forestry

Mostly mining, but some patches in north cleared for ag

could be crops or a storage facility so giving med confidence

Power station

Seems like small patches of logging and ag

Construction of roads and some logging

Construction of transportation infrastructure

Forestry and a mine

Mine and cropland expansion

I think logging, but not totally sure

Logging, based on other loss patterns in area and Landsat image

Not sure what large patch of loss is, maybe something related to tree crops? also potentially some patches related to logging, but not sure if that's just commodity-driven as well.

Hard to identify if there is actually loss happening

Not really sure what's going on, but looks like some sort of agriculture

Logging and construction of a road

Maybe selective logging?

Agriculture and some logging

Patch of forestry, and agriculture/greenhouses

some agriculture and potentially logging

Construction of road, also potentially some selective logging

Forestry, also construction of dam

Expansion of houses, possibly some logging in south west side of plot

Possibly wildfire, some burning in area with MODIS and TCLF

scattered pixels, some may be houses and agriculture

Possibly forestry, but early loss and not a lot of imagery

Small clearings, sometimes with burning, followed by regrowth

TCLF and NBR indicate fire

Likely logging, some scattered pixels associated with agriculture

Looks like potentially both tree crop management and forest plantations

Harvesting and rows of planted trees visible in wayback

Golf course. Some scattered loss on west of plot but unclear driver, may be natural disturbance

Looks like management of trees in tea plantations

TCLF and NBR point to wildfire; small square patch of loss in earlier year associated with power lines

Tree management in tea agroforestry plantations

Possibly logging, also construction of road

Difficult to confirm early loss without a lot of high res imagery, possibly natural disturbance

management of existing tree crops

TCLF and NBR point to wildfire, burn scars somewhat visible in Sentinel

Remote area, likely some sort of natural disturbance but cannot confirm

Seems like construction of road, but doesn't seem associated with forestry or other driver

Trees converted to fields

highway construction

Trees in middle looked thinned; possibly forestry; also construction of power lines

Expansion of fields

Hard to actually verify any loss happening

Tree loss visible, but unclear cause; possibly some sort of natural disturbance. One pixel with new buildings constructed

Early loss pixels appear to be striped artifacts. There is a fire in 2016 but later loss years don't actually correspond to the year of the fire

Some harvesting in tree plantations, some expansion of ag in southeast corner

Construction of roads and houses/buildings; earlier scattered loss may be natural disturbance or noise but cannot verify

scattered loss pixels hard to verify but may be related to agriculture

Loss in 2009 appears to be fire (looks like might be burned, TCLF and NBR point to wildfire). Other small patch in southwest corner is a landslide

early wayback image confirms expansion of agriculture

Mostly urbanization, but some very small ag fields on eastern side

Looks potentially like there may have been a natural disturbance from high res imagery but hard to verify

Very little high res imagery, might be noise or natural disturbance

Doesn't really look like trees were cleared on these fields, so likely noise

not sure what kind of buildings these are

in Shuklaphanta Natl Park

hard to confirm early loss but highly meandering river

2012/2013 square seems like noise. the rest is conversion from cropland w some sparse trees to make room for the highway

mining plus some croplands

some small spots of transition to crops, but mostly forestry

transitioned a mostly cropland area to a highway

generally transition from tree crops to cropland, except for one small part from early 2000s which is the creation of a building for a business

unsure what bottom section will be - perhaps a road? the rest is forestry

cant decide if it's ag or tree crop management

adj to ag

cropland but no evidence of trees in 2008 or any loss

solar panels

mining and tree crops

never regrew thou

no imagery pre-deforestation, but MODIS labels it as fire and it's in a remote area

in national park with bike trails next to a kibbutzim, imagery does not support fire, but contextual dataset supports fire and logging is not allowed in the park

seems like some plots were maybe lost due to a nat dist

energy infrastructure put in and removed

seems like multiple causes but mostly to create buildings, warehouses, and some solar panels

citrus or avocado trees

potential insect damage or dead trees

loss is very scattered and early on so hard to confirm

terraced ag

secondary: pasture / ag

major road construction and increased urbanization

could be a gravel mine or something similar

secondary is energy

some loss could be due to road construction but no imagery from before loss

solar power

imagery shows much more tree cutting than what the pixels show

building of green houses, not sure what's going on in the north. might be noise

forest loss around power lines and water body might be energy generating as well

~2016 drought

construction of major road

urbanization was the construction of two houses, lots of tree crops in the surrounding area, seems like ~2018 was some tree crop management and terracing

drought, some tree crop mgmt in upper right corner

forestry, a tea plantation, and some natural disturbance along the river

Primary: new highway, secondary: greenhouses

olive trees, some landslides but not detected as loss, not sure what will happen to 2022 patch

Primary: greenhouses, secondary: buildings

First is clear building construction; Second is some kind of temporal greenhouses for maybe vegetatbles

Golf club

: It was already some tree plantation (maybe orchard), that was cut down and used for agriculture.

fire in orchards

could be drought possibly?

Solar panels (commodity Energy or Urbanization?)

olive orchards, some urbanization, some forestry

peak of mountain - either natural disturbance or noise

It doesn't look like there is any clear terracing where the loss patch was, so looks more like selective harvest/forestr

Potentially forestry or urban development (back to tree cover) in an urban setting.

a road is built, some are not trees

Some fire, but not enough imagery to say if wildfire or something else

road so suspected forestry but no imagery early on to confirm

wetland

some urbanization in the area as well

forestry + road that's likely for logging

june 2014 image shows fire damage

summer 2014 imagery shows patches of burnt area

similar to previous plots

no pre imagery, could also be noise

road construction in bottom left

the earlier loss could also be fire actually - MODIS, UMD fire data, and NBR time series

looks like there's some terracing - googling showed that there's a lot of terraced ag from the 50s in the area that was later abandoned

new tree crops and tree crop management

some commodity-ag and commodity-tree crop mgmt in the area too

near some tree crops

wildfire and urbanization (road construction) about even

no imagery from around that time

maybe some forestry in the bottom section?

deforestation for a golf course

not sure what it could be

post-wildfire ag in some areas, secondary: some creation of roads, some forestry, a lot going on

about an even split between the two

the two drivers are split about even

fire in a forestry system

highway construction in last few yrs

greenhouses but never seemed to have been trees based on Landsat imagery and aux info

could be forestry i guess

flooded fields - no evidence of trees in high res and in aux data

mostly a plantation but more rounded tree crowns prob tree crops

lower right seems like a house was built

mostly forestry but some tree crops (more sparse and rounded crowns) and also some power lines and road expansion

a lot going on, hard to determine dominant driver - there is also some urbanization

stream - no evidence of trees in high res and aux data

I think this is ag but I'm not fully sure

some sparse tree loss in lines between crops

some sparse tree loss in lines between crops - most loss is early in time series so cannot be confirmed

could very well be noise, not enough imagery to determine

oil

a lot going on - forestry patch, power lines, urbanization, maybe tree cover management

some of the loss seems to be just for ag?

i think the building are greenhouses or ag infrastructure

large 2017 patch converted to solar. some conversion to ag in top part of plot

town downhill, other natural disturbance on lower face of mtn

no pre-tree-loss imagery

consistently forested area, not much imagery

highway construction and hospital

highway construction on right side, middle large area looks like mining

one species replaced by another - could be forestry or tree crop

forestry nearby

plantation replaced by ag

no good pre-deforestation imagery - suspected noise

no good pre TCL imagery

small pocket of urbanization on right side close to the road

similar amounts between commodity and urbanization. this region of turkey exports a lot from tree crops

secondary driver is close call between ag and urban

landsat inconclusive

hard to say if forestry is bigger than mining

looks like there's more deforestation than what's being caught

no pre imagery

unsure from imagery, but all loss is from same side of mtn

not much imagery but sometimes small patches missing

too early to tell whats going on - no imagery

Bosu Co. saw an increase in ag, hard to tell if wetland or not

Adj to crops

hospital courtyard or urban park with some tree loss

Looks like some patches harvested and replanted for forestry, middle patch possibly converted to ag. Some vegetative regrowth visible

Possible conversion to pasture but hard to tell if this was ever forest

Logging, looks like natural regeneration

Mostly logging with natural regeneration, small patch converted to ag as well

forestry; there is one small patch that doesn't regrow yet, but not converted to any crop either

Harvesting of planted trees, but unclear if there is any conversion; one patch of loss in field

wider urbanization

trees between cropfields

Looks like selective logging

May be clearing around edges of field but cannot verify; scattered pixels

no apparent tree loss (data going back to 2002)

no visible human activity, no wildfire

could be forestry but too early to tell

no roads implying human activity, landslides reported in the county around the same time as TCLoss

adj to crops and tree crops

forestry in central spots, ag in early 2000s (on crop spots in middle-left and bottom-right)

don't have future years to see end result of site clearing

Forestry in most of the site, but in the top left deforestation patch it looks like ag

on farm property, looks like crops

unclear what's going on

no images of years prior to deforestation

adj to cropland

likely some sort of flooding

scattered pixels

insect damage

insect damage or other natural disturbance

looks like nat dist of some sort

close to sample 8599

large wildfire in region, later imagery looks like post-burn

large wildfire in region

large wildfire in area, imagery looks post-burn

most tree harvesting in the region seems to have happened between 1985-2011 (imgs available)

insect damage?

remote area, part of larger wildfire

probable insect damage

adj to forestry or cropland

remote area, looks burned

both overlap w TCL due to fire. 2017 img has burned trees. No good imagery from early 00s

no imagery in 2000 and hard to tell from Landsat

seems burned to clear space for ag

cemetery according to Google

no prev year imagery

no prev imgs

This one is confusing me, I would expect to see more evidence of burning at this large of scale if it were a fire (but maybe there's just not good imagery or it was low intensity fire?) But the imagery is not great so also hard to confirm a different nat disturbance. I feel unsure about this one.

remote area, part of broader wildfire

water - not trees

no prev years of imagery, but looks regrown. adj to ag

8653 is right next to it!

wildfire in forestry

insect damage corresponds to loss year, logged later in time series to remove dead trees and later a healthy patch upper left

large swaths of forestry in region, roads w tree cutting alongside through mtns. big wildfire nearby.

remote area, part of large wildfire. some inroads with logging nearby pre-fire

no early imagery to confirm if fire or harvest

remote region

cleared early in the time series and never grew back so I assume it's maintained as pasture

maybe some logging in other years or dead standing trees

early oil exploration it seems - energy infrastructure present

looks like there might've been a fire or natural disaster around 2020

coal mining

mining after wildfire

seems like insect damage and salvage logging?

clearcut

conversion of pine plantation to road infrastructure

windthrow

construction

fire following clearcut

stable agriculture

road expansion

evidence of fire in plantation

flooded trees

most of the fire is outside the forest

selective logging but no early imagery to confirm, could be insect damage

selective logging in the region

not clear if expansion of crop or trees replanted

some kind of disease

coal

could be logging

very remote area

no way to tell because loss was really early

industrial infrastructure

flooded wetland

noise

quartz sand mining

loss too early to confirm

looks like maybe a pasture but unclear

gold mining

a line cut along a border between two regions but not all the way. t looks like clearings I would expect to see with power lines, but in the imagery I don't see any evidence of powerlines. If it's just to demarcate a political boundary, it doesn't really fit in a clear category... maybe urbanization?

loss was early in time series and no imagery to tell what's going on

non-forest

from wayback imagery, for 2012 and earlier loss it looks like there was a fire and then fallen burned trees. For 2015 I'm actually not sure-- there is a clearcut, but the shape is there before 2015 and in the latest wayback it kind of looks like there could have been a fire there as well? But hard to verify?

no imagery available this early in the time series so no way to tell what's going on

2012 trees cut and don't regrow ever so presumably maintained as ag

no imagery this early on in the time series, hard to tell

patterns consistent with logging but no imagery to confirm early loss

gold mining secondary

clearing forested field

possibly insect damage

pine tree plantation

ore mining

2016 might be forestry but hard to tell; 2012 loss is noise

selective logging in 2016

no imagery so hard to tell what's actually going on

no imagery available to clearly see what's going on

power line

quartzite mining

power station

no imagery early on when the loss happened

no early imagery so cannot tell what's going on for sure

insect damage in later years but no imagery in 2005 to confirm what's going on

no imagery early in the time series so cannot tell for sure

hard to tell what's going on, no clear imagery

oil refiniers

no imagery in and after 2022, a forestry system but adjacent to a lot of ag so hard to tell

no imagery available in either GE or Wayback

In wayback there are a bunch of downed trees visible throughout the time series and it doesn't look like they were burned at all. I would call this a natural disturbance, seems unlikely they were cut down and left in the field?

too small scale and imagery inconclusive

not great imagery

geological exploration

oil refining

I don't know if it is insect damage specifically, but it does look like some sort of natural disturbance-- there are downed trees visible in Pro. Maybe due to flooding from all the rivers nearby?

no imagery - hard to confirm that there was a fire

no imagery to confirm

no imagery to confirm but contextual evidence

meandering river or fire but no imagery to confirm

To me this seems most likely to be water damage, since all of it is concentrated around the river

scattered loss and no imagery

meandering river but no imagery to confirm

diamond mining

no imagery to confirm fire

evidence of fire in 2012, 3 years later than event. unsure

possibly flood dynamics

meandering

water dynamics

early imagery before loss year looks like a natural disturbance; disease or insect and then tree mortality

Looks like conversion of tree plantations to tree crops

expansion of small scale ag; also potentially some shifting

too early to tell if main loss patch is replanted or converted

third driver is urbanization

looks like preparation for development but too early to tell

too early to tell if this is wood harvest or some sort of conversion

landslides. Loss in 2022 looks like it could be forestry but no high res imagery to confirm

Road constructed, can't tell what type of infrastructure the recent loss is

possibly also a landslide in southwest corner

landslide for secondary

shifting ag and road construction

Some patches look like conversion to tree crops

establishment of rubber and other tree crops, shifting possibly as secondary

road construction for secondary

third driver is urbanization (road development)

road

Maybe flooding but not enough imagery to confirm

mix of shrub/tree crops and forestry

not enough high res imagery to confirm driver

hard to confirm if early loss is wildfire

reservoir for unknown purposes, so considering it infrastructure.

possibly wildfire and drought or disease

third driver is mining

disease or insects

possibly salvage logging

fire and geological exploration

Can't tell if secondary driver is some sort of small quarry/mine or construction

may also be forestry

Secondary looks like power lines, but can't confirm

also some conversion to ag

Looks like bark beetle or some other disease

not good satellite imagery to verify

can't confirm fire in imagery

mostly rubber. may be tree plantation in southwest corner

roads constructed; one leads to a building

road to connect cities

looks like tree plantation converted to crop

could also be natural disturbance, hard to tell with available imagery

No good early imagery

Looks like disease, insect, or storm damage

too early to determine if trees were replanted or converted

Maybe also a wildfire in the area but hard to confirm with available imagery

Road and landslides from road construction

unclear if this is logging or some form of conversion

not a lot of imagery, also looks like larger patch may have been converted to a tree crop?

Primary also includes some tree crop management, secondary is mining

third driver is commodity-energy

part of mine

Oil drilling

river fluctuations

oil drilling infrastructure

Assuming this is related to natural gas facility nearby

bark beetle or disease

some damage from wildfire, and salvage logging

volcanic eruption

sediment/washout from river

Can't tell if there was actually a disturbance

landslides and logging

looks like landslides from sentinel but hard to verify

Some plantations may have been converted to ag

Looks like rubber and other tree crops, maybe some forestry as well

Pretty confident this is replacement of existing rubber

pasture, no signs of replanting as of early 2024

Forest thinning

Flooding and some downed trees

pasture, some thinning, and also third driver is flooding dynamics

Not sure what's going on

likely some sort of landslide or avalanche

Seems to be pasture

Unclear if this is pasture

Some sort of natural disturbance, downed trees visible

logging roads and selective harvest

Likely disturbance related to river, but not enough high res imagery to confirm

Likely associated with oil wells nearby

Potential storm damage; downed trees visible in imagery

Oil and gas

Logged and then a fire came through later

Looks like pasture but cannot verify

Harvest and flooding

electrical infrastructure

harvest and possibly flooding dynamics in riverbed

No regrowth for 10 years, so potentially could be pasture or slow to regrow/replant, but not enough high res imagery to confirm

Looks like a disease outbreak, probably bark beetle

Forest thinning; clearing likely related to military base nearby

Seems related to flooding or water dynamics

Early wayback imagery looks like there are downed trees

Bark beetle infestation followed by wildfire

logging and some small landslides

Tree mortality in early years followed by fire in later years

Salvage logging, then fire

Can't tell if this was converted to pasture or slow to replant

River dynamics

Not good imagery

flooding dynamics

not a lot of imagery

MODIS confirms fire north of sample

Looks like flooding/storm damage

Seems to be related to forestry but not enough high res imagery to tell

urbanization as third driver

Doesn't seem to be replanted, but land doesn't appear to be under another use

appears to be pasture

tree mortality

also urbanization as third driver

insect or disease

Too early to tell if this is replanted or not

No good imagery

disease

looks like bark beetle

bark beetle

Too early to tell if this is conversion or forestry

Mostly bark beetle with some damage from nearby fire

Looks like storm and then salvage logging

hurricane or storm damage

periodic flooding

Initially storm damage, then years later the area is logged

Definite storm, seems like area was salvage logged, unclear if tees will be replanted

Seems to be another natural disturbance but not a lot of imagery to verify

Not enough imagery

not enough high res imagery to tell land use

landslide/river melt

Cannot determine if this is wildfire or natural disturbance

Storm damage, lots of downed trees

Possibly fire patches related to fire north of sample but unclear

Downed trees visible

Lake fluctuations

Likely beetle outbreak

likely beetle outbreak

blowdown

blowdown or storm damage

disease or beetle outbreak

harvested and then wildfire in later years

secondary is energy (power lines)

very hard to tell which one is dominant

forest plantation to ag

cannot verify if there is actually a disturbance

bark beetle followed by fire in later years

oil well

not enough imagery or clues to determine what happened

looks like a shaded crop, agroforestry, maybe coffee

regrowth so I am not 100

ag field delineation

pretty evenly split between forestry and ag

in some places looks like secondary growth so maybe forestry

in addition there is also flooding

not enough imagery to tell if its shifting ag for sure

seems like agroforestry and tree crop

no VHR imagery avail in 2022, planet imagery shows clearing for ag but then left to regrow next year?

no VHR imagery avail in 2016, Planet imagery inconclusive

water

no VHR imagery and nothing apparent happening in Planet imagery

no imagery in 2004 to confirm

looks like a landslide

ag expansion but could be shifting ag

very remote so likely nat dist or forestry or fire, unclear

setting up boundaries for an ag field

ag but it's let to regrow could be agroforestry, later patch is maybe shifting ag

potentially a flood but hard to tell if its man made, and forestry patch

banks of a river flooding

loss around mining and earlier loss is shifting ag

no VHR imagery but appears to be ag in Planet imagery, water fluctuating

lots going on - some ag clearing, some urbanization

looks like intentional fire for land clearing but left to regrow and no early imagery to confirm

seems like ag expansion

no imagery at time of loss so hard to determine

no imagery but Planet confirms ag expansion

signs of ag expansion

no imagery to confirm what happened

pretty equal split between the two drivers but wildfire more

part of the loss regrows but seems like there are maybe trees planted - looks like tree crops or agroforestry if anything

burned but in a perfect square for ag and logging

wetland drained for ag

new tcl and tree crop management but tcl dominates, meandering river loss as well

no high res imagery and other evidence is not conclusive

looks like flooding from the river but cannot be 100 sure

some kind of periodic flooding

could be forestry/logging, hard to tell

not sure which one is dominant

some ag and some oil palm replacement

secondary driver could be forestry

Mix of tree crops (?), ag infrastructure, and what looks like energy infrastructure

trees removed and replaced but seems to be for aesthetic purposes to create a botanic garden of sorts

some of it is tree crops or might be forestry

hurricane maria 2017

ag expansion but recent so I guess it's possible its shifting ag

insect disease

hurricane maria in dominica 2017

might be fire i guess?

the fires could have been intentional to clear land

sings of fire but I guess it could be intentional?

signs of fire from MODIS and UMD, but weak evidence from NBR and no high res imagery in 2016 to confirm so wildfire low conf

This one is weird, it is large scale so not typically what we see for shifting ag, but then it is completely abandoned... So I guess shifting?

not sure if it was replaced with trees or ag

some of it is tree cover management

signs of regrowth but i think it might agroforestry

only planet imagery and not high res enough to actually see what's going on

no imagery this early only

ag expansion and meandering river

no high res imagery but planet shows ag expansion

tree crops, seems more permanent than not

could be commodity I guess

no imagery but planet, consistent with logging

fire for ag expansion into forest remnants

wind turbine secondary

no high res imagery in 2022, but planet imagery

airstrip in bolivia, likely illegal? no signs of mining nearby so classifying as urbanization

there is also some urbanization as a third driver

ag expansion into the amazon

no imagery to determine what's going on

reason for earlier loss is unclear

cannot make out whats going from the imagery

flooding around a river

earlier loss cannot be verified

fire but it seems intentional for ag purposes?

infrastructure is likely ag related

unclear what kind of disturbance

looks like shifting ag but its permanent

not enough good imagery to understand what's going on

causes of scattered loss are hard to verify, bigger loss seems to be fire but cannot confirm

flooding and shifting ag in more recent years

could be shifting but signs of permanence and expansion

hurricane matthew 2016 cuba, shifting ag in recent years

the timing of loss doesn't exactly match the imagery of insect damage

hurricane orlene 2022

wildfire earlier and logging alongside roads later

gold coarse

hurricane matthew cuba 2016

forest replaced by tree crops, except one patch might have been left to regrow

forest replaced by tree crops

could be commodity i guess

tree crops i think

looks more like ag expansion than shifting ag

earlier loss could be flooding but no imagery to confirm

tree crops planted in the most recent clearing

no VHR imagery, Planet imagery inconclusive

meandering river and shifting ag

seems like logging at first and then shifting ag

no good imagery

2017 hurricane season

no imagery early on but later evidence of logging

imagery quality is low so it's hard to tell what's going on

no imagery available in VHR or planet

no good imagery in VHR or Planet

could be fire as well

prob pasture

no high res imagery, very little good quality planet imagery

dam building

tea and coffee plantations

not completely sure, it could be a meandering river

no imagery, only Planet but even planet is not good quality

fire used to clear for ag

ag expansion but it could be shifting ag

wildfire in a wetland, maybe pear drainage?

flooding, although it could be fire i guess?

no imagery, except Planet - clear evidence in Planet of flooding

harder to determine driver of earlier loss

fire to clear land

no imagery for loss in 2020 so cannot tell for sure but from Planet it looks like gold mining

shifting ag, and then small escaped fires in 2017 and 2020. It's very hard to tell which one is dominant though.

alluvial gold mining

wildfire and some intentional clearing unclear why

could be cleared by fire?

maybe intentional or some management?

clearing thru fire

mix of commodity and shifting ag

could be shifting ag i guess but it seems pretty permanent

commodity expansion into forest remnants

no imagery but landscape pattern is consistent with logging

can't tell what's going on exactly. no great imagery

looks like logging

no imagery except Planet

cannot tell what's going on, maybe logging

alluvial gold mining and meandering river

Definitely some plots in the area get abandoned over time but the dynamic seems more like expansion, rather than rotation or shifting, so maybe soft commodity

meandering rivers

very small scale ag

not a lot of imagery at time of loss but most certainly its clearing for pasture

no imagery at the time of loss but no evidence of fire and pasture later on

no imagery exactly before harvest so I guess there could have been insect damage

volcan puyehue eruption 2011 - seems like volcanic eruptions are some times detected as fire

related to the volcan chaiten eruption in 2008 it seems but now I am wondering if the eruption caused fires?

volcan chaiten eruption in 2008

Seems to be mixed tree crop systems, potentially some shifting as well

Some permanent ag present in the area, but shifting appears to be predominant

wood harvest

Combination of shifting ag and escaped fires

lots of palms and tree crops, management of tree crops and agroforestry systems

maybe drought/dryness but very hard to verify

No signs of cultivation, so this appears to be wildfire. Confirmed by MODIS

Ag expansion. No signs of shifting.

Small scale ag expansion

Ag expansion and road development

Fires and clearing, for pasture or ag

airstrip

Looks like a small mine may be third driver

Powerplant

Small scale mining. Possibly some shifting as well, but not certain

Secondary is agriculture

Trees removed for pasture, small patch of forestry

Fire confirmed by high res imagery and modis. Recent loss is small agricultural plot

Tree crops, looks like cocoa, palm and some rubber. secondary is mining.

Fluctuations in water level along river, also possibly ag

Landsat imagery shows patterns that look like ag, consistent with high res imagery in later years

tree removal in permanent cropland, some may be management

can't actually verify disturbance in 2014 in imagery. Small ag related clearing in later years

Groups of rotating fields

tree removal

Mostly shifting, but also some expansion of permanent ag

shifting ag and some expansion of permanent ag

don't see signs of shifting, seems to be mostly permanent ag

permanent ag expansion, possibly some harvesting of trees as well

Seems to be clearing for pasture and ag, seems to be expansion rather than shifting

Escaped fire from agriculture; only some of the area is used for shifting

Escaped fire from agricultural clearing

very little regrowth observed, looks mostly like ag expansion

Seems to be mostly fires with no clear land use after, maybe some small clearings for ag

seems to be mostly clearing for pasture and ag expansion

secondary- uncertain whether escaped fire or for shifting cultivation clearing

Loss seems mostly related to fire with no land use afterward. Small area converted to ag

fire seems contained, but does not seem like there is any grazing or land use afterward

Majority of loss seems to be escaped fires, with some shifting ag clearings

Uncertain what this is

Wildfire, logging roads

Clearing for pasture and ag

Seems mostly like ag expansion with little regrowth

Palm of some sort

Some permanent ag and some shifting. Fire used

looks like escaped fire from agricultural burning; no land conversion following

maybe escaped fires but uncertain

various tree crops, unclear if loss is management or expansion

small fire and doesn't seem converted after, small areas converted for agricultural use

little recovery or shifting happening, mostly permanent ag at this point

stable cropland

agricultural expansion, possibly cocoa

Cocoa and other crops, some tree crop management

Expansion of small scale permanent ag

Expansion of shifting ag; some expansion of permanent ag

seems to be little regrowth happening, mostly appears to be permanent ag

clearing for pasture and ag

fire, likely escaped from agricultural burning

some expansion of permanent ag, some shifting

Planting and removal of tree crops

plantation establishment, flooding on island

expansion of permanent ag

Little shifting or recovery happening, mostly permanent ag at this point

Agriculture primary, secondary is energy (hydroelectric dam)

not sure what this is

Cropland expansion, no shifting observed

Looks like a small settlement but poor imagery so can't really confirm

highway

some logging

loss in 2001 may be fire (MODIS), but can't confirm with NBR or imagery

mostly shifting, but loss in southern part of plot looks like it was converted to cocoa potentially

Some loss may also be tree harvrsting

Seems to be mostly permanent ag, little evidence of shifting

possibly wildfire due to later dynamics but not enough imagery to confirm

secondary is landslides

Likely natural due to remote location but cannot verify

seems to be 4x4 roads

possibly pasture

no trees

super cloudy imagery

shifting ag and flooding

fire and logging

mortality due to volcanic activity

likely escaped fire from agricultural burning

potentially tree crop rotations

likely cocoa and other crops

flooding from hydroelectric dam, secondary is ag

Ag expansion (likely cocoa) and logging

earlier years are ag

mostly tree plantation; other commodity crops as well

signs of palm oil and tree crops around plot

palm oil. Could be tree crop management but not good early imagery to tell

palm oil and likely rubber. Some tree crop management

Could be tree crop management, but not enough early imagery to confirm

Cocoa. Not sure if tree crop management or new cocoa, possibly both

Flooding due to hydroelectric dam

possibly logging but unsure

cocoa, not sure if new or management of existing cocoa

evidence of small scale plantations

mostly appears to be ag expansion with little shifting or rotation

some small clearings in recent years for ag, the rest is flooding and river fluctuation

little shifting or recovery happening, mostly permanent ag at this point

Mostly related to mining expansion, possibly also logging

seems to be expansion rather than shifting

intensification, mostly permanent ag and tree crops at this point

some crop turnover in tea plantations detected as loss

possibly fire or other natural disturbance, but difficult to confirm with available imagery

expansion of relatively permanent ag

likely natural disturbance but cannot confirm with imagery

some burning seems to be happening, but looks like trees were harvested before

Not really any signs of shifting, seems to be expansion of small scale permanent ag

expansion of small scale permanent ag

No evidence of actual loss for 2017